Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 12388 631945 148707 2026-05-05T00:53:18Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Frances Parkinson Keyes''' (Julaị 21, 1885 &#x2013; Julaị 3, 1970) bụ onye odee America nke dere gbasara ndụ ya dị ka nwunye onye omebe iwu US na akwụkwọ akụkọ ewepụtara na New England, Louisiana, na Europe. Onye tọghatara n'okpukpe Roman Katọlik, ọrụ ya mechara na-egosipụtakarị isiokwu na nkwenkwe Katọlik . Aha ikpeazụ ya na "anya," ọ bụghị "igodo." <ref>{{Cite book|title=Letters from a Senator's Wife|author=Keyes|first=Frances Parkinson|publisher=Appleton|year=1924|pages=13}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ '''Frances Parkinson Wheeler''' na Charlottesville, Virginia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://badger.uvm.edu/omeka/exhibits/show/fpk-2014/becoming/becoming-family|title=Restless Lady: The Life and Times of Frances Parkinson Keyes|author=Alberico, Blake, Bucci, Butler, Colby, Doyle, Ellis, LaPrade Seuthe, Payne, Rayner and Gustafson|work=University of Vermont Center for Teaching and Learning}}</ref> Nne ya, Louise Fuller Johnson, bụ ada Edward Carlton Johnson, onye a mụrụ na Newbury, Vermont . N'afọ 1868, Louise lụrụ di mbụ ya, James Underhill, onye ọka iwu New York, ha mụrụ nwa nwoke, James Underhill, Jr., bụ onye mesịrị ghọọ onye injinia geological wee biri na Colorado. Na 1878, Louise ghọrọ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ. Ọ lụrụ onye mmụta Classics John Henry Wheeler, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard (BA 1871; AM 1875) na Mahadum Bonn (PhD 1879), onye kuziri na kọleji Bowdoin tupu a họpụta ya na prọfesọ na Mahadum Virginia . Otu nwa ha mụrụ, Frances Parkinson Wheeler, ka akpọrọ aha nne nne Frances Cochran Parkinson Wheeler. Ọrịa manyere John Henry Wheeler ka ọ hapụ ọrụ prọfesọ ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Newbury, Vermont, ebe John Henry Wheeler nwụrụ. Louise lụrụ onye ọka iwu Boston Albert Pillsbury . Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1897. Mgbe Louise Fuller Johnson Wheeler Pillsbury dị afọ iri isii na asaa, ọ lụrụ onye ọrụ ugbo Newbury dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ aha ya bụ William Taisey. Frances mụtara ịgụ ihe n'aka nne nne ya bụ Wheeler. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Keyes|first=Frances Parkinson|date=October 1924|title=How I Learned to Write|journal=Good Housekeeping|pages=24}}</ref> O kwuru na agụmakwụkwọ kacha baa uru ọ nwetara bụ otu afọ ọ nọrọ na Yurop na 1895. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Roses in December|author=Keyes|first=Frances Parkinson|publisher=Doubleday|year=1970|pages=101}}</ref> Agụmakwụkwọ izizi ya bụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Miss Winsor dị na Boston. Ọ nwara mana ọ naghị enweta nnabata na kọleji Bryn Mawr . Na June 8, 1904, Frances dị afọ iri na asatọ lụrụ Henry (Harry) Wilder Keyes dị afọ iri anọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Keyes|first=Frances Parkinson|title=Roses in December|url=https://archive.org/details/rosesindecember00keye|date=1960|publisher=Doubleday & Company, Inc.|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/rosesindecember00keye/page/309 309–321]}}</ref> Harry Keyes, onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harvard, mụrụ na Newbury, Vermont, mana etolite na Haverhill, New Hampshire. Ọ ketara Pine Grove Farm (nke a na-akpọbu General Moses Dow Farm) n'aka nna ya. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ akụ nke ghọrọ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Republican wee jee ozi otu oge dịka Gọvanọ nke New Hampshire (1917-1919) tupu ntuli aka ya na United States Senate (1919-1937). <ref>{{Cite news|title=Francis Parkinson Keyes Dies; Writer and Washington Hostess|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-jazz-poet-reflects-on-New-Orleans-10-6473566.php|accessdate=23 July 2021|publisher=New York Times|date=July 4, 1970}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Metcalf|first=Frances Matilda|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/One_Thousand_New_Hampshire_Notables/2NwhdOQ88wEC?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=One thousand New Hampshire notables|date=1919|publisher=Rumford printing Company|isbn=|location=|pages=|oclc=}}</ref> Frances Parkinson Keyes na-akọ akụkọ ya banyere mkpakọrịta ha na ha na-akpa na akwụkwọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ onwe ya, ''Roses na December'', na akụkọ ya banyere alụmdi na nwunye ha na nke abụọ ya, ''All Flags Flying'' . Dị ka Keyes si kwuo, tupu alụmdi na nwunye ha, o wetara nkwa n'aka Harry na ọ bụrụ na ha nwere nwa nwanyị a ga-enye ya ohere ịga mahadum. Frances na Harry nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ ọnụ: Henry Wilder Keyes, Jr. (b. 1905), John Parkinson Keyes (b. 1907), na Francis (a na-akpọ Peter) Keyes (b. 1912). Ụmụ nwoke atọ ahụ gara Mahadum Harvard. Keyes malitere ide ihe mgbe o bi na Pine Grove Farm. Edemede mbụ ya, "Nganga na Ụdị iru uju" na November 1917 na magazin New York nke a na-akpọ ''Chronicle'' . Ọ kwadoro echiche bụ́ na ndị inyom ndị onye ha hụrụ n’anya nwụnahụrụ n’agha kwesịrị iyi kpakpando ọla edo dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke àjà ha. Ọzọ bịara mbipụta nke sketch nke nne nne ya bụ Frances Parkinson na ''Granite Monthly'', akwụkwọ akụkọ New Hampshire nke gara n'ihu bipụta ọtụtụ ihe osise akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Keyes na ụfọdụ akụkọ ya. Enwetara ihe ịga nke ọma ka ukwuu site na mbipụta nke akụkọ ya bụ "Mmetụta afọ ojuju nke Semi-Bostonian" na ''Atlantic Monthly'' na December 1918. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, Houghton Miffin bipụtara ''Old Grey Homestead'' na 1919. Mgbe ọ kwagara Washington, DC, Keyes dere usoro isiokwu maka ''ezigbo ụlọ'' akwụkwọ akụkọ nke akpọrọ "Letters from a Senator's Wife." E mechara chịkọta ndị a n'ime otu akwụkwọ aha ya bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ atọ o dere banyere ahụmahụ ya na Washington. <ref>{{Cite book|author=|first=|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Mississippi_Valley_Historical_Review/TGUKAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0|title=The Mississippi Valley Historical Review|publisher=Mississippi Valley Historical Association|year=1925|isbn=|location=|pages=437–438}}</ref> (Ndị ọzọ bụ ''Capital Kaleidoscope'' na ''All Flags Flying'' . Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke 1941 ''All That Glitters'' bụkwa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Washington. ) [[Usòrò:Magazine_cover_The_Delineator_June_1922_man_and_woman_in_garden.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| E gosipụtara ọrụ Keyes na ''The Delineator'' maka June 1922]] Na 1934 Keyes nwetara akara ugo mmụta nke Litt. D. sitere na kọleji Bates . Mgbe nwunye ya nwụsịrị na 1938, o dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu magazin. Edere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na New England, Virginia, Louisiana, Normandy, na South America, na-egosipụta nzụlite ya na njem dị ukwuu. N'afọ ndị 1950, Keyes zụtara ụlọ Beauregard akụkọ ihe mere eme na New Orleans 'French Quarter wee bụrụ ihe ndabere nke ndụ New Orleans. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bruno|first=R. Stephanie|title=Historic Beauregard-Keyes house upgrading facade as renovations continue|url=https://www.nola.com/entertainment_life/home_garden/article_85e14aa8-2530-11ea-96a3-6b5ec47ad647.html|work=NOLA.com|publisher=Times-Picayune, New Orleans Advocate|accessdate=23 July 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gecan|first=Alex N.|title=Stamford jazz poet reflects on New Orleans 10 years after Hurricane Katrina|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/news/article/Stamford-jazz-poet-reflects-on-New-Orleans-10-6473566.php|work=Stamford Advocate|accessdate=23 July 2021}}</ref> Ọ bụ nna nna nna chess Paul Morphy wuru ụlọ ahụ, onye ndụ ya bụ isiokwu nke akwụkwọ Keyes ''The Chess Players'' . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Samuel|title=The Beauregard-Keyes House|date=1993|publisher=Laborde Printing Co.|location=New Orleans, Louisiana|isbn=1-879714-05-1}}</ref> A kọrọ ọnọdụ ndị e ji arụ ụlọ na ebe obibi mbụ n’akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Keyes ka edobere na ndịda [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]], ọ kọwakwara nke ọma ndụ ọha na mgbakọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Keyes ''Blue Camellia'' na-akọ maka mmepe nke mpaghara ndịda Louisiana site na swampland ruo n'ugbo osikapa na-arụpụta ihe. ''The River Road'' na-eche banyere ihe ubi sugar nke [[Mississippi]] River Delta na ''Crescent Carnival'' (akwụkwọ akụkọ Louisiana mbụ ya) na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Carnival kemgbe 1890 (ya na ezigbo ihe gbasara omenala Creole na ọdịda ya n'oge ahụ). ''N'otu oge na Esplanade: okirikiri n'etiti agbamakwụkwọ abụọ nke Creole'' bụ akụkọ akụkọ ifo, nke edere maka ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ iri na ụma, nke nwanyị Creole nke nyere Keyes ọtụtụ nghọta ya banyere ndụ Creole n'etiti Agha Obodo na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Ọ gbasiri mbọ ike nyocha ihe gbasara isiokwu ya wee hụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme, mpaghara ala, asụsụ na ọbụna sayensị nke ederede ya ziri ezi.  ya gụnyere mmadụ iri na abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa n'ezie n'etiti ndị a ma ama, ụfọdụ ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ụfọdụ ọbụna ka dị ndụ n'oge o dere ha n'ime akwụkwọ ya (na ikike ha, n'ezie). Keyes gara ebe ọ ga-amụta gbasara isiokwu ya wee tinye ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na mpaghara ka ha nyere ya aka. Ịdị nkọ nke ihe ndekọ ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu na-eme ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụrụ ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ịmụta banyere ogologo oge gara aga na omenala ndị nwụrụla anwụ.  [[Usòrò:1509_16th_Street,_N.W..JPG|thumb|203x203px| Ebe obibi Keyes na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]]] Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ n'oge a ga-ahụ ihe ngosi ya nke agwa ndị Africa-American n'ozuzu regressive na mfe, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Prichard|first=Ella Wall|title=Tearing down statues doesn't erase history|url=https://baptistnews.com/article/tearing-down-statues-doesnt-erase-history/#.YPqS9C9h3BI|work=Baptist News Global|accessdate=23 July 2021}}</ref> na e nwere oge ụfọdụ patches nke tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] fashionable mgbochi Semitism na ya Juu odide. Ụfọdụ n'ime agwa Irish ya na ndị Ịtali bụ ndị a na-akpụ akpụ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ụdị echiche efu. Ọ bụ ezie na Keyes bụ onye odee ama ama nke 1940 na 50s, mbipụta akwụkwọ ya dị adị na-adị ụkọ, ọtụtụ ọba akwụkwọ ewepụla akwụkwọ ya na shelf ha. Enwere saịtị mkparịta ụka ndị fan na-etinye aka na ọrụ ya, ọkachasị okpukpe Katọlik ya, nke na-amasị ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado Katọlik. Enwere ike ịchọta ntọghata Keyes na Katọlik site n'ihe odide ya. Ka ụwa ya na-agbasa site na nke onye New England gụrụ akwụkwọ ruo n'ọsọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emepe emepe na onye njem mba ọzọ, otu ahụ ka mmasị ya nwere n'okpukpe Katọlik gbakwara.  ndị Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe bụ́ ndị isi n'ofe mpaghara Ụka. N’okwu mmalite nke “ ire ọkụ,” akwụkwọ ya banyere ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst nke mmụọ nsọ kpalitere, o ji ọchị kwuo na ọ pụrụ ịbụ n’oge okwuchukwu nke were otu awa nke ụka ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ka o “were nzọụkwụ mbụ n’ebe ndị Katọlik nọ.” N'afọ 1958, Generalissimo Francisco Franco mere Keyes mma, onye nyere ya rịbọn nke Order nke Isabel onye Katọlik . <ref>{{Cite news|title=FRANCO DECORATES 250; 2 Americans Cited|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1958/07/19/91398547.html?pageNumber=16|accessdate=23 July 2021|publisher=The New York Times|date=July 15, 1958}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 1970, mgbe ọ dị afọ 84, na New Orleans. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909469,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030181054/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909469,00.html|archivedate=October 30, 2010|title=Milestones|date=July 13, 1970|work=Time|publisher=Time Inc.|accessdate=June 24, 2010}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Louisiana na ndagwurugwu Mississippi == Nke mbụ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Keyes setịpụrụ na Louisiana bụ ''Crescent Carnival'', nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere ọgbọ atọ nke ezinụlọ abụọ jikọtara ọnụ. Ndị Breckenridges bụ ndị Protestant, mgbe Fontaines bụ ndị Katọlik [[Luwisiánà|Louisiana]] Creoles, na nkata ahụ na-adabere n'ụzọ nke mpako na ihe ọjọọ na-agbakọta na omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị iche iche iji mee ka ndị na-achọ ịhụ n'anya ghara ịlụ di na nwunye. Usoro ọdịda na-akwụsị naanị na mmadụ abụọ nwere obi ike imeri ihe isi ike ma nabata ịhụnanya ha nwere n'ebe ibe ha nọ. Ememme Carnival-karịsịa bọọlụ Carnival, ma gụnyere Mardi Gras parades-bụ ebe ndabere nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Ihe omume metụtara ụzọ abụọ Mardi Gras na-eche ihu mgbe ha fọrọ nke nta ka ha na-agbakọ dabere na akụkọ eziokwu, dịka Robert Talent dekọrọ n'akwụkwọ ya, ''Mardi Gras'' . ''The River Road'' ka edobere megide ndabere nke ochie ezinụlọ sugar ugbo, na d'Alvery ezinụlọ na-agbasi mbọ ike ime ka ọ dị irè n'etiti agha ụwa abụọ. ''The River Road'' bụ ihe ama ama n'ime akwụkwọ Keyes maka njedebe jọgburu onwe ya nke abụọ n'ime alụmdi na nwunye atọ ahụ edepụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ agwa anaghị enweta 'ngwụcha obi ụtọ'. Na UK, ''The River Road'' ka ebipụtara dị ka mpịakọta abụọ, ''The River Road'' (akụkụ I-VI nke akwụkwọ US) na ''Vail d'Alvery'' (akụkụ VII-XI nke mbipụta US). [[Usòrò:SanFranciscoPlantationHouse1938.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ ihe ọkụkụ nke San Francisco na 1938]] ''Steamboat Gothic'' bụ ezigbo akwụkwọ akụkọ Gothic edobere n'okporo ụzọ Osimiri ama ama nke Louisiana. Ụlọ ihe ọkụkụ nke kpaliri akwụkwọ akụkọ a ka dị; a na-akpọ ya "San Francisco", nke nwere ihe owuwu etiti Victoria na-echetara ụgbọ mmiri steam . Nịm n'etiti 1865 na oké ịda mbà n'obi, ''Steamboat Gothic'' na-atụle mgbanwe nke ụzọ njem site na steamboat gaa ụgbọ okporo ígwè na mmetụta mgbanwe ahụ nwere n'osisi ndị dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ River. Na UK, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na mpịakọta abụọ, ''Steamboat Gothic'' na 1952 na ''Larry Vincent'' na 1953. Akwụkwọ nke mbụ na-ekpuchi oge site na 1869 ruo 1895, na nke abụọ bụ oge site na 1897 ruo 1930. Eyre &amp;amp; Spottiswoode bipụtara aha abụọ na UK. Oriakụ Keyes bikwara nwa oge n'otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ River. "The Cottage" dị n'ebe ugwu nke ebe a maara dị ka Duncan's Point ma bụrụ ntọala maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, ''The River Road'' . "Cottage" gbara ọkụ n'ala na 1960. Agbanyeghị, mkpọmkpọ ebe ebe ahụ ka dị. A na- ''edobe Blue Camellia'' na obodo ndị dị na South Louisiana ma na-eme n'ubi osikapa. A na-atụgharị onye na-akwado protagonist na nwunye ya Midwestern ndị rutere na obodo Cajun ma hụ omenala Cajun site n'anya ndị si mba ọzọ. [[Usòrò:AntoinesDiningRoom8Oct07B.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ iri nri na Antoine's]] Ihe omimi ihe omimi igbu ọchụ ''na Antoine's'', nke e debere ozugbo na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ghọrọ onye na-ere ahịa Keyes (ma bụrụkwa naanị ihe omimi ya, ma e wezụga England-set ''The Royal Box'', nke nwere ihe odide ole na ole). Atụmatụ ahụ bụ ntụgharị na-atọ ụtọ na echiche "Onye kacha nta nwere ike ịbụ" nke ihe omimi igbu ọchụ ma bụrụ onye ama ama maka "ịkpọ egwuregwu ziri ezi" na onye na-agụ ya: akara niile ịchọrọ iji dozie ihe omimi ahụ agbakwunyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Atụmatụ aghụghọ nke metụtara ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jiri ahụmịhe Keyes na Washington, DC, dịka nwunye Senator. ''Madame Castel's Lodger'' bụ akụkọ akụkọ ifo nke General PGT Beauregard . Akwụkwọ akụkọ agha obodo Keyes ọzọ bụ ''ndị egwuregwu Chess'' bụ akụkọ akụkọ ifo nke ukwuu nke Paul Morphy, onye mmeri chess ụwa nke amụrụ na New Orleans. A na-ejikọta akwụkwọ akụkọ Keyes' Louisiana nke ọma site n'ụdị ndabere nke n'apụta n'akwụkwọ dị iche iche. Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ Antoine na -egosi ma ọ dịkarịa ala obere oge na ihe niile ma ''Blue Camellia'' . General Beauregard n'apụtakwa na nke ọ bụla n'ime akwụkwọ ndị e debere tupu 1900, a n'akpọkwa ya n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma e wezụga otu n'ime ndị ọzọ (ọzọ, ewezuga ''Blue Camellia'' ). Paul Morphy bụ onye ndu na ''The Chess Player'' na a tụlere ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu ntakịrị akụkọ banyere otu nwanyị Creole na-atụ ụjọ n'abalị agbamakwụkwọ ya na ''River Road'' ma kpọọ ya n'otu ''oge na Esplanade'', ''Madame Castel's Lodger'', ''Ndị na-egwu Chess'' na ndị ọzọ. Ezinụlọ Villere nọ na etiti etiti na ''Ozugbo na Esplanade'' wee pụtachi (ọkachasị Madame Claiborne née Villere, enyi Keyes) n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Louisiana ndị ọzọ. Onye na-agụ ya nwere echiche nke otu ụwa akụkọ jikọtara ọnụ na-adabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Louisiana niile. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Louisiana ya nwere ogologo okwu okwu mmalite ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ edemede na-akọwa nchọnchọ nzụlite ya (gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ) yana depụta ọtụtụ ndị nyere ya ozi na/ma ọ bụ mkpali. [[Usòrò:FQ29Jan07Beauregard1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ụlọ Beauregard-Keyes]] Ụlọ ya na New Orleans, Ụlọ Beauregard-Keyes na Vieux Carré, bụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. N'oge gara aga, ma ọ bụghị nke ya, Confederate General PGT Beauregard, Keyes weghachiri ụlọ ahụ na ebube Victorian, ụlọ ọrụ ya na-anọgide na-egosipụta, zuru ezu na ihe odide. A maara ugbu a dị ka Ụlọ Beauregard-Keyes na ubi, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nwere akwụkwọ ozi Keyes buru ibu, yana nchịkọta ụmụ bebi ya, ndị fan, uwe ndị okenye na-anakọta na njem ụwa ya na veilleuses poselin na-adịghị ahụkebe, ụdị teapot nke ọdịnaya ya. -ihe ọ bụla sitere na tii ruo na mmiri ara ehi - na-eji obere ọkụ vootu na-ekpo ọkụ. The veilleuse nwere agbakwunyere ego nke ije ozi dị ka ìhè abalị na a na-ejikarị ya n'oge ụra. Oriakụ Keyes' kwuru banyere ojiji nke veilleuse n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. Nchịkọta veilleuse ya bụ na ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu n'ụwa, nke abụọ na otu na Trenton, [[Tennessee]] . Oriakụ E gosipụtara nchịkọta nwa bebi Keyes na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ nke Laurie McGill mepụtara maka United Federation of Doll Clubs, Inc. (www.ufdc.org) nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ozugbo N'otu oge: Akụkọ nke Dixie Doll." Ụlọ Beauregard-Keyes pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe dị njọ maka eyi mgbe Hurricane Katrina gasịrị, ma ihe owuwu ahụ mebiri n'elu ụlọ. == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Ọrụ ndị ama ama nwere ụbọchị mbipụta US mbụ (akwụkwọ Louisana / Mississippi Valley) nwere akara nrịbama*: * ''The Old Grey Homestead'' (aka ''Sylvia Carey'' ) (1919, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Ọrụ David Noble'' (1924, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka nwunye Senator'' (1924, ihe ncheta) * ''Lace Queen Anne'' (1930, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Oké Osimiri Silver na Obodo ọla edo'' (1931, akwụkwọ akụkọ njem) * ''Ugbo Lady Blanche: Romance nke ebe a na-ahụkarị'' (1931, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Ada Senator Marlowe'' (1933, akwụkwọ akụkọ) (aka ''Christian Marlowe's Daughter'', UK) * ''The Safe Bridge'' (1934, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Onye Wanderer Obi Ụtọ: Amaokwu Anakọtara nke Frances Parkinson Keyes'' (1935, abụ uri) * ''Sọpụrụ Bright'' (1936, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Edere ya n'eluigwe: Ndụ n'ụwa nke obere ifuru nke Lisieux'' (1937, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Ndị mmadụ na-asụ ụzọ na Northern New England: Usoro ihe osise mbụ'' (1937, akụkọ ihe mere eme) * ''Isi obodo Kaleidoscope: Akụkọ nke onye ọbịa Washington'' (1937, ihe ndekọ) * ''Akụkụ Amaghị'' (1938, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Omenala Ukwu ahụ'' (1939, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Onye Ọzụzụ Ọzụzụ Dị Mma: St. Bernadette Soubirous'' (1940, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Nzuzu nke Fielding'' (1940, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Ihe niile na-egbuke egbuke'' (1941, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Crescent Carnival'' (1942, akwụkwọ akụkọ - akwụkwọ mbụ nke akwụkwọ Louisiana; aka ''Ọ bụrụ na m kwụsịrị ịhụ n'anya'', UK)* * ''Ọzọkwa ugwu'' (1943, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''The River Road'' (1945, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Ọ bịara Cavalier'' (1947, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''N'otu oge na Esplanade: Usoro n'etiti Agbamakwụkwọ Creole Abụọ'' (1947, akụkọ ndụ ụmụaka nwere ntakịrị akụkọ ifo)* * ''Nri abalị na Antoine'' (1948, akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe omimi)* * ''N'akụkụ obere ụzọ'' (1948, ihe ndekọ na mkpali) * ''Ọnụ ego nke onye na-ere ahịa kacha mma'' (1950, ihe ndekọ na otu esi ede akwụkwọ maka ndị na-achọ akwụkwọ) * ''Ihe a niile bụ Louisiana: Akwụkwọ akụkọ'' e sere ese (1950, akwụkwọ foto tebụl kọfị)* * ''Joy Street'' (1950, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''St. Therese nke Lisieux'' (aka ''Therese: Saint of a Little Way'' ) (1950, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Amara nke Guadalupe'' (1951, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Steamboat Gothic'' (1952, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Ambassadress'' (1953, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Igbe Royal'' (1954, akwụkwọ akụkọ, ihe omimi)* * ''Akwụkwọ nri Frances Parkinson Keyes'' (1955, akwụkwọ nri)* * ''St. Anne: Nne Nne nke Onye Nzọpụta Anyị'' (1955, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Blue Camellia'' (1957, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Idebe ekeresimesi'' (1957, mkpali) * ''The Golden Slippers'' (aka ''Victorine'' ) (1958, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Ala nke nkume na ndị nsọ'', Doubleday & Co. Inc., New York City (1958, akụkọ ndụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme) * ''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Spain'' ( ''nke a na-akpọ Letter si Spain'' (1959, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Nne Cabrini'' (1959, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Onyinye Krismas'' (1960, mkpali) * ''Roses na Disemba'' (1960, ihe ndekọ) * ''The Explorer'' (1964, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Ndị egwuregwu Chess: Akwụkwọ akụkọ New Orleans na Paris'' (1960, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Ihe nketa'' (1960, akwụkwọ akụkọ) * ''Rose na Lily: Akụkọ nke Ndị Nsọ South America abụọ'' (1961, akụkọ ndụ) * ''Ebe nchekwa'' (1961?, akwụkwọ akụkọ? ) * ''Madame Castel's Lodger'' (1962, akwụkwọ akụkọ)* * ''Ụzọ atọ iji hụ n'anya: Akụkọ banyere nnukwu ụmụ nwanyị atọ'' (1963, akụkọ ndụ ụmụaka) * ''Akụ nke uri ọkacha mmasị'' (agụmagụ uri, edeziri) (1963) * ''Nwanyị ezumike nka na akụkọ ndị ọzọ'' (1963, akụkọ mkpirisi) * ''Krismas dị ebe niile'' (1964, mkpali) * ''Krismas N'ụlọ'' (1965, mkpali) * ''Asụsụ nke Ọkụ: Akụkọ nke Ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst site na St. Paul ruo ugbu a'' (1966, akụkọ ihe mere eme) * ''I, Eze'' (1966, akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara Philip IV nke Spain) * ''Ọkọlọtọ niile na-efe efe: Ncheta nke Frances Parkinson Keyes'' (1972, ihe ndekọ) == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ 1790 (Woburn, Massachusetts) == Ntụaka == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Works by Frances Parkinson Keyes * Works by or about Frances Parkinson Keyes * [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/vc22638.htm Ịchọta enyemaka nye Frances Parkinson Keyes nzikọrịta ozi, 1927-1938] na New York State Library, enwetara na February 16, 2016 * Keyes na-enye nghọta na ndụ ya dị ka onye edemede na nwunye onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na edemede maka "Ndị ode akwụkwọ Katọlik": [http://www.catholicauthors.com/keyes.html] * Akụkọ ndụ dị nkenke dị nkenke, ihe onyonyo onye odee, na ụfọdụ onyonyo, niile sitere na mkpokọta Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọha New Orleans: [https://web.archive.org/web/20211202101253/http://nutrias.org/~nopl/monthly/july97/july97b.htm] * Banyere Ụlọ Beauregard na New Orleans: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311212642/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/victorygarden/victorygardens/othergardens/beauregard_keyes/] * Ndepụta akụkụ nke akwụkwọ Keyes' Louisiana, sitere na ihe nketa akwụkwọ Louisiana: [https://web.archive.org/web/20050827052236/http://media.louisianatravel.com/literary/] * A na-eme akwụkwọ nke Frances Parkinson Keyes na Mahadum Vermont, Ọbá akwụkwọ Nchọpụta mkpokọta Pụrụ Iche. Enyemaka nchọta na ngwa ahịa dị mgbe a rịọrọ ya. Akwụkwọ Keyes nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ozi ya na onye mbipụta ya, Julian Messner na nne ya, Louisa. [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lcnay7kh3knr0eqi01ie8awa5fdlwlc 0 12787 631910 210086 2026-05-04T15:53:43Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Rally_for_the_Right_to_Health_in_Pakistan_(15425333409).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agbakọta maka ikike ahụike na Pakistan]] Ikike ahụike bụ ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọdịbendị maka oke ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ nke mmadụ niile nwere ikike inweta. [nkọwa dị mkpa] E depụtara echiche nke ikike ahụike na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa ọnụ nke gụnyere Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, Ọgbụgba Ndụ Mba Nile Maka Ikike Akụ na ụba, Ọha na Ọdịbendị, na Nkwekọrịta Maka '''Ikike''' nke Ndị Nwere Nkwarụ. E nwere arụmụka banyere nkọwa na itinye ikike ahụike n'ọrụ n'ihi echiche ndị dị ka otu esi akọwa ahụike, ikike kacha nta dị na ikike ahụike, na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịhụ mgbaso ikike ahụike. Ntụnye ihe ikike mmadụ nke a kpọrọ The Human Rights Measurement Initiative , n'asụsụ Bekee, na-atụle ikike ahụike maka mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa, dabere na ọkwa ego ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries|url=https://humanrightsmeasurement.org/|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=humanrightsmeasurement.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Right to health - HRMI Rights Tracker|url=https://rightstracker.org/|accessdate=2022-03-09|work=rightstracker.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220324233849/https://rightstracker.org/}}</ref> === Iwu nke World Health Organization (1946) === Okwu mmalite nke Iwu 1946 World Health Organization (WHO) na-akọwa ahụike n'ụzọ sara mbara dị ka "ọnọdụ nke ahụ ike zuru oke, uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ọ bụghị naanị enweghị ọrịa ma ọ bụ ọrịa."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Constitution of the World Health Organization|year=1948|url=http://apps.who.int/gb/bd/PDF/bd47/EN/constitution-en.pdf|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> Iwu ahụ kọwara ikike ahụike dị ka "ịnara ogo ahụike kachasị elu," ma depụta ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ nke ikike a dị ka mmepe ụmụaka dị mma; mgbasa ozi ziri ezi nke ihe ọmụma ahụike na uru ya; na usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze gọọmentị nyere iji hụ na ahụike zuru oke. Frank P. Grad kwuru na Iwu WHO dị ka "na-ekwu ... mpaghara zuru ezu nke ahụike ọha na eze nke mba ụwa nke oge a," na-eme ka ikike ahụike dị ka "ihe bụ isi, ikike mmadụ na-apụghị iwepụ" nke gọọmentị na-enweghị ike iwepụ, kama ọ bụ iwu na ha ga-echebe ma kwado.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grad|first=Frank P.|title=The Preamble of the Constitution of the World Health Organization|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=Jan 2002|volume=80|issue=12|pages=981–4|pmid=12571728|url=http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/bwho/v80n12/8012a13.pdf|accessdate=14 October 2013}}</ref> Iwu WHO, ọkachasị, na-egosi akara mbụ nke ikike ahụike na iwu mba ụwa. === Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (1948) === [[Usòrò:Global_Day_of_Action_for_the_Right_to_Health_in_Romania_(15005393014).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ihe ike na Romania na-emepụta "25" site na iji ihe mkpuchi, na-ezo aka na Nkeji edemede 25 nke Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke United Nations]] Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise nke United Nations' 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights na-ekwu na "Onye ọ bụla nwere [[Ikike ibi ndụ nke ọma|ikike]] ibi ndụ zuru oke maka ahụike na ọdịmma nke onwe ya na nke ezinụlọ ya, gụnyere nri, uwe, ụlọ na nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị mkpa. " Nkwupụta Ụwa Nile na-eme ebe obibi ndị ọzọ maka nchekwa ma ọ bụrụ na anụ ahụ adịghị ike ma ọ bụ nkwarụ, ma na-ekwu okwu pụrụ iche banyere nlekọta e nyere ndị nọ na nne ma ọ bụ nwata. A na-ahụ Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ dị ka nkwupụta mbụ nke mba ụwa nke ikike mmadụ, ma nnwere onwe ma ikike. Kọmishọna Ukwu nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ Navanethem Pillay na-ede na Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ "na-eme ka ọhụ nke chọrọ iwere ikike mmadụ niile - obodo, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị dị ka ihe a na-ekewaghị ekewa na nke a na-ekewaghị ekewa ma na-adabere n'otu. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Pillai|first=Navanethem|title=Right to Health and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|journal=The Lancet|date=Dec 2008|volume=372|issue=9655|pages=2005–2006|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61783-3|pmid=19097276}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Gruskin et al. na-ekwusi ike na ọdịdị metụtara ikike ndị e gosipụtara na Nkwupụta Ụwa niile na-eme ka "ibu ọrụ [nke] gafere inye ọrụ ahụike dị mkpa iji dozie ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike dịka, inye agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke, ụlọ, nri, na ọnọdụ ọrụ dị mma," na-ekwukwa na ndokwa ndị a "bụ ikike mmadụ n'onwe ha ma dị mkpa maka ahụike. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gruskin|first=Sofia|title=History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights|journal=The Lancet|date=August 2007|volume=370|issue=9585|pages=449–455|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61200-8|pmid=17679022}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ niile (1965) === === International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966) === [[Usòrò:ICESCR_members.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mba ndị so na ndị bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị.   ]] Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kọwakwuru ikike ahụike na Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ nke afọ 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, nke na-ekwu:   ==== General Comment No. 14 (2000) ==== N'afọ 2000, Kọmitii Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu na-ahụ maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nyere General Comment No. 14, nke na-ekwu maka "nsogbu ndị dị mkpa na-ebilite na mmejuputa ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa banyere ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị" gbasara Isiokwu nke iri na abụọ na "ikike nke ahụike kachasị elu".<ref>{{Cite book|title=General Comment No. 14|year=2000|publisher=UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights|url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/40d009901358b0e2c1256915005090be?Opendocument|location=Geneva|accessdate=5 August 2009}}</ref> General Comment na-enye nkọwa doro anya, asụsụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnwere onwe na ikike gụnyere n'okpuru ikike ahụike, The General Comment na-eme nkọwa doro anya na "a gaghị aghọta ikike ahụike dị ka ''ikike'' inwe ahụ ike. " Kama nke ahụ, a na-akọwa ikike ahụike dị ka nnwere onwe na ikike nke na-anabata ọnọdụ ndụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya yana akụ na ụba Steeti, ha abụọ nwere ike igbochi ''ikike inwe ahụ ike'' n'ihi ihe karịrị mmetụta ma ọ bụ njikwa nke Steeti. Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ na-enye Steeti ọrụ ịghọta na onye ọ bụla nwere ikike ebumpụta ụwa maka ụkpụrụ ahụike kachasị mma, ma kọwaa (ọ dịkarịa ala n'otu akụkụ) 'nnwere onwe' na' na 'ikike' nke na-esonyere ikike dị otú ahụ; Otú ọ dị, ọ naghị akwụ Steeti ụgwọ iji hụ na mmadụ niile, n'ezie, nwere ahụ ike zuru oke, ma ọ bụ na mmadụ niile amaala ikike na ohere zuru oke edepụtara na ikike ahụike. ===== Mmekọrịta na ikike ndị ọzọ ===== Dị ka Nkwupụta Ụwa nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, General Comment na-akọwapụta ọdịdị metụtara ikike mmadụ, na-ekwu na, "ikike ahụike nwere njikọ chiri anya ma dabere na mmezu nke ikike mmadụ ndị ọzọ," ma si otú a na-emesi mkpa ọganihu dị na ikike ndị ọzọ dịka [[Ikike inwe nri|ikike nri]], ọrụ, ụlọ, ndụ, enweghị ịkpa ókè, ùgwù mmadụ, na ịnweta mkpa, tinyere ndị ọzọ, maka nkwenye nke ikike ahụike. N'otu aka ahụ, General Comment na-ekweta na "ikike ahụike na-agụnye ọtụtụ ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke na-akwalite ọnọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibi ndụ dị mma, ma na-agbatị na ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike. " N'akụkụ a, General Comment na-ekwusi ike na nzọụkwụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ iji nweta ikike ahụike edepụtara na Nkebi nke iri na abụọ abụghị ihe na-agwụ agwụ ma na-egosi n'ọdịdị. '''Njikọ na-enweghị nkewa n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ''' [[Usòrò:Lisa_Murkowski_at_2019_Alaska_State_of_Reform_Health_Policy_Conference.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Lisa Murkowski n'afọ 2019 Alaska State of Reform Health Policy Conference]] Jonathan Mann bụ Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Prọfesọ nke Ahụike na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na Prọfesọ nke Epidemiology na Ahụike Mba Nile na Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. A maara ya maka ịbụ onye ọsụ ụzọ dị ike na onye na-akwado ịkwalite ahụike, ụkpụrụ omume, na ikike mmadụ, na-akwado echiche na ahụike na ikike mmadụ nwere njikọ na mmekọrịta dị ike. Dị ka Mann si kwuo, ahụike na ikike mmadụ bụ ụzọ mgbakwunye maka ịkọwa na ịkwalite ọdịmma mmadụ. N'afọ 1994, Jonathan Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya malitere "Health and Human Rights Journal" iji gosipụta mkpa njikọ a na-enweghị atụ n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ. Na mpịakọta mbụ nke "Health and Human Rights Journal", Jonathan Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya bipụtara isiokwu na-agbanwe agbanwe iji chọpụta mmekorita nwere ike na ahụike na ikike mmadụ. N'isiokwu a, Mann et al. na-akọwa usoro maka ijikọ ngalaba abụọ jikọtara ọnụ. A na-agbaji usoro a n'ime mmekọrịta atọ sara mbara. Mmekọrịta mbụ dị n'etiti ahụike na ikike mmadụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya na-ekwu na iwu ahụike, mmemme, na omume nwere mmetụta na ikike mmadụ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-atụle ike steeti na mpaghara ahụike ọha na eze. Na-esote, isiokwu ahụ na-egosi mmekọrịta dị iche: na mmebi ikike mmadụ nwere mmetụta ahụike. Ọ na-akpọkwa oku maka ọkachamara ahụike iji nyere aka ịghọta otú mmebi ikike mmadụ nwere ike isi metụta ahụike na ọdịmma site na ịtụ na nyocha. Akụkụ nke atọ nke usoro jikọtara ahụike na ikike mmadụ na-ewebata echiche na nchedo na nkwalite ikike mmadụ na ahụike nwere njikọ dị mkpa na mmekọrịta dị ike. Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ akwadola mmekọrịta abụọ mbụ ahụ, a chọpụtabeghị echiche nke atọ a dị ka nke ọma. Isiokwu ahụ na-akwado echiche a site n'ikwu na njikọ a na-atụ aro na enwere nsonaazụ dị egwu na ọrụ onwe onye nke, kamakwa na mmekọrịta na ọrụ nke, omume ahụike ọha na eze na omume nke ikike mmadụ. E nwere ihe a na-ewere dị ka ịdabere na ibe ya nke a na-apụghị ịgbagha. Mann na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gara n'ihu kwuo na nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụmịhe, na nkwado niile dị mkpa iji ghọta njikọ a, iji ghọta ma kwalite ọdịmma mmadụ n'ụwa niile. N'ikpeazụ, ọrụ Mann na onye ọrụ ibe ya bụ ikwupụta na, ọ bụ ezie na ahụike nke onye ọ bụla bụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya maka ọrụ ahụike na ahụike ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị banyere ọrịa anụ ahụ na nkwarụ, ''ahụike ọha'' na eze na-elekwasị anya n'otú ndị mmadụ nwere ike isi nwee ahụ ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/03/4-Mann.pdf|title=Health and Human Rights|work=cdn2.sph.harvard.edu|accessdate=11 December 2018|archivedate=8 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308062608/https://cdn2.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2014/03/4-Mann.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka nkọwa a dị mfe n'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze bụ ịkwalite ahụike dị mma na igbochi nsogbu ahụike - ọrịa, nkwarụ, ọnwụ tupu oge eruo. Nke ahụ bụ, echiche ọdịnala nke ahụike nke onye ọ bụla dị ka ndị ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ghọtara ma hazie ya bụ "otu ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka ahụike", mana ọ bụghị naanị onye ruru eru ma ọ bụ okwu a na-agbanwe agbanwe na "ahụ ike". N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọrụ nlekọta ahụike ezughị maka ahụike, dịka ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ọha na eze ghọtara ya - enwere ihe ndị dị n'èzí nke nwere mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma na ahụike na ọdịmma nke ndị mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. [[Usòrò:HEI_LOGO_RGB.png|thumb|Health Equity Logo]] General Comment na-ekwukwa okwu ndị ọzọ na ajụjụ banyere ahụike ziri ezi, echiche a na-ekwughị na ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa mbụ. Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu, "Ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ machibidoro ịkpa ókè ọ bụla n'inweta nlekọta ahụike na ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike, yana ụzọ na ikike maka ịzụta ha. " Ọzọkwa, a na-ekenye steeti ọrụ maka imeziwanye ịkpa ókè na mmetụta ya gbasara ahụike: "Steeti nwere ọrụ pụrụ iche inye ndị na-enweghị ego zuru oke mkpuchi ahụike na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị mkpa, na igbochi ịkpa ókè ọ bụla n'ihi ihe ndị mba ụwa machibidoro iwu na inye nlekọta ahụike na ọrụ ahụike. " A na-ekwusi ike na enweghị ịkpa ókè na ndabere nke nwoke na nwanyị, afọ, nkwarụ, ma ọ bụ ndị otu na obodo ụmụ amaala. ===== Ibu ọrụ nke steeti na òtù mba ụwa ===== Akụkụ ndị sochirinụ nke General Comment na-akọwapụta ọrụ nke mba na òtù mba ụwa maka ikike ahụike. A na-etinye ọrụ nke mba dị iche iche n'ụdị atọ: ọrụ ịkwanyere ùgwù, ọrụ ichebe, na ọrụ iji mezuo ikike ahụike. Ihe atụ nke ndị a (n'ụzọ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ) gụnyere igbochi ịkpa ókè na ịnweta ma ọ bụ inye nlekọta; izere mmachi na ịnweta ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ atụmatụ ezinụlọ; igbochi ịgọnahụ ịnweta ozi ahụike; ibelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi; igbochi omume ahụike na-amanye na / ma ọ bụ na-emerụ ahụ na ọdịbendị; ịhụ na ịnweta ohere ziri ezi maka ihe ndị na-ekpebi ahụike; na inye ụkpụrụ nduzi kwesịrị ekwesị maka nkwenye nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụike, ndị ọrụ, na ngwá ọrụ. Ọrụ mba ụwa gụnyere inye ohere maka ịnụ ụtọ ahụike na mba ndị ọzọ; igbochi mmebi ahụike na mba ndị ọzọ; imekọ ihe ọnụ n'inye enyemaka enyemaka maka ọdachi na ọnọdụ mberede; na izere iji mgbochi na ngwongwo ahụike ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ dị ka omume nke mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba. === Nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụnwanyị === [[Usòrò:CEDAW_Participation.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Isonye na nkwekọrịta maka iwepụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụnwanyị (CEDAW).  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Party through Signature and ratification</div>        ]] Nkeji edemede nke iri na abụọ (12th) nke afọ 1979 United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women na-akọwa nchebe ụmụnwanyị pụọ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-anata ọrụ ahụike na ikike ụmụnwanyị nwere maka ndokwa ahụike metụtara nwoke na nwanyị. Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Isiokwu nke iri na abụọ (12th) na-ekwu:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women|url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/text/econvention.htm|year=1979|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|accessdate=29 June 2017}}</ref>   === Nkwekọrịta Maka Ikike nke Nwa === [[Usòrò:Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mba ndị sonyere na nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke nwatakịrị.  <div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#00aa00; color:black;">&nbsp;</span>&nbsp;Parties</div>    ]] A kpọtụrụ ahụike aha n'ọtụtụ oge na Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). Isiokwu nke atọ na-akpọ ndị otu ka ha hụ na ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ maka nlekọta ụmụaka na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ahụike. Nkebi nke iri na asaa na-anabata ikike nwatakịrị ahụ nwere ịnweta ozi metụtara ahụike anụ ahụ na nke uche ya na ọdịmma ya. Isiokwu nke iri abụọ na atọ na-ezo aka kpọmkwem na ikike nke ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ, nke ọ gụnyere ọrụ ahụike, mmeghari, nlekọta mgbochi. Isiokwu nke iri abụọ na anọ na-akọwa ahụike ụmụaka n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ma kwuo, "Ndị otu na-aghọta ikike nke nwatakịrị ahụ ịnụ ụtọ ahụike kachasị elu na ụlọ ọrụ maka ịgwọ ọrịa na mmeghari ahụ ike. Steeti ga-agbasi mbọ ike ịhụ na a napụrụ nwatakịrị ikike ịnweta ọrụ nlekọta ahụike dị otú ahụ. " Iji mejuputa ndokwa a, Mgbakọ ahụ depụtara ihe ndị a:<ref>{{Cite book|title=Convention on the Rights of the Child|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx|year=1989|publisher=United Nations|location=New York|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref>   Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke World Health Organization na-ekwu, "CRC bụ usoro iwu na usoro iwu maka ọrụ WHO n'ọtụtụ ahụike ụmụaka na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Child Rights|url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/rights/en/|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=5 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105014255/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/topics/child/rights/en/|archivedate=5 November 2013}}</ref> Goldhagen na-egosi CRC dị ka "template maka nkwado ụmụaka" ma na-atụ aro iji ya dị ka usoro iji belata ọdịiche na imeziwanye nsonaazụ na ahụike ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goldhagen|first=Jeffrey|title=Children's Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child|journal=Pediatrics|date=Sep 2003|volume=112|issue=Supp. 3|pages=742–745|url=http://www.pediatricsdigest.mobi/content/112/Supplement_3/742.full|accessdate=5 November 2013|pmid=12949339}}</ref> === Nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ === Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise nke nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ (2006) na-akọwa na "ndị nwere nkwarụ nwere ikike ịnụ ụtọ ahụike kachasị elu n'enweghị ịkpa ókè n'ihi nkwarụ. " Iwu ndị dị n'okpuru nke Nkeji edemede nke iri abụọ na ise na-ekwu na Steeti ga-enye ndị nwere nkwarụ otu "ụdị, ịdị mma, na ụkpụrụ" nke nlekọta ahụike dịka ọ na-enye ndị ọzọ, yana ọrụ ndị ahụ a chọrọ kpọmkwem maka mgbochi, njirimara, na njikwa nkwarụ. Ndokwa ndị ọzọ na-akọwa na a ga-eme ka nlekọta ahụike maka ndị nwere nkwarụ dị na obodo nakwa na nlekọta kwesịrị ịdị nhata na mpaghara, na nkwupụta ndị ọzọ megide ịgọnahụ ma ọ bụ inye ọrụ ahụike na-adịghị nhata (gụnyere "nri na mmiri" na "nchekwa ndụ") na ndabere nke nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article 25 – Health {{!}} United Nations Enable|date=14 May 2015|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021004144/https://www.un.org/development/desa/disabilities/convention-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities/article-25-health.html|archivedate=21 October 2017}}</ref> Hendriks na-akatọ ọdịda nke ọgbakọ ahụ iji kọwaa kpọmkwem okwu ahụ bụ "nkwarụ"; ọ na-ekwusi ike n'ihu na "enweghị nkọwa doro anya [...] nwere ike imebi nkọwa otu, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala tinye n'ihe ize ndụ nchebe na-agbanwe agbanwe nke Mgbakọ ahụ na-achọ ijide n'aka. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hendriks|first=Aart|title=UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities|journal=[[European Journal of Health Law]]|date=Nov 2007|volume=14|issue=3|pages=273–298|doi=10.1163/092902707X240620|pmid=18229764}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ekweta na enweghị nkọwa doro anya maka "nkwarụ" nwere ike ịbara ndị nwere nkwarụ uru site na ibelata ikike Steeti iji belata mmụba nke ndokwa ọgbakọ ahụ na ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ndị nwere ọnọdụ ụfọdụ. === Nkọwa n'akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ === Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ikike mmadụ na-echepụta dị ka ''ikike na-adịghị mma'', nke pụtara na ha bụ ebe ọha mmadụ na-enweghị ike itinye aka ma ọ bụ gbochie site na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Mervyn Susser na-ekwusi ike na ikike ahụike bụ ikike pụrụ iche na ihe ịma aka n'ihi na a na-egosipụtakarị ya dị ka ikike dị mma, ebe ọha mmadụ nwere ọrụ inye ụfọdụ akụ na ụba na ohere nye ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu. Susser gara n'ihu na-edepụta ndokwa anọ ọ na-ahụ dị ka ndị a na-ekpuchi n'okpuru ikike ahụike: ịnweta ahụike na ọrụ ahụike n'ụzọ ziri ezi; mgbalị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya iji kwalite ahụike nhata n'etiti ndị otu dị iche iche; ụzọ iji tụọ ma nyochaa ahụike ziri ezi; na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nhata iji nye ndị otu niile olu pụrụ iche na nkwado ahụike na nkwalite. Ọ na-akpachara anya iburu n'uche ebe a na, ọ bụ ezie na nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ kacha nta nke ịnweta akụ ahụike, ọ naghị ekwe nkwa ma ọ bụ chọọ ọnọdụ ahụike ziri ezi maka onye ọ bụla n'ihi ọdịiche dị na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Susser|first=Mervyn|title=Health as a Human Right: An Epidemiologist's Perspective on the Public Health|journal=American Journal of Public Health|date=Mar 1993|volume=83|issue=3|pages=418–426|doi=10.2105/ajph.83.3.418|pmid=8438984}}</ref> Ọdịiche a bụ ihe dị mkpa, dịka ụfọdụ nkatọ a na-ahụkarị maka "ikike ahụike" bụ na ọ na-eme ka ikike maka ụkpụrụ a na-apụghị iru eru nakwa na ọ na-achọ ọnọdụ ahụike nke na-agbanwe agbanwe site n'otu onye gaa n'otu onye ma ọ bụ site n'otu ọha mmadụ gaa na nke ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Toebes|first=Brigit|title=Towards an Improved Understanding of the International Human Right to Health|journal=Human Rights Quarterly|date=Aug 1999|volume=21|issue=3|pages=661–679|doi=10.1353/hrq.1999.0044|pmid=12408114}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mkparịta ụka Susser na-elekwasị anya na ahụike dị ka ikike dị mma, Paul Hunt na-agbagha echiche a ma na-arụ ụka na ikike ahụike gụnyekwara ụfọdụ ikike na-adịghị mma dịka nchebe pụọ na ịkpa ókè na ikike ịghara ịnata ọgwụgwọ ahụike n'enweghị nkwenye afọ ofufo nke onye natara ya. Otú ọ dị, Hunt kwetara na ụfọdụ ikike dị mma, dị ka ibu ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ iji lebara mkpa ahụike nke ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na ndị na-adịghị ike anya, gụnyere na ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hunt|first=Paul|title=The Human Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: New Opportunities and Challenges|journal=Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|date=Mar 2006|volume=100|issue=7|pages=603–607|url=http://www.essex.ac.uk/hrc/research/projects/rth/docs/Paul_hunt_leading_article.pdf|accessdate=14 November 2013|doi=10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.001|pmid=16650880}}</ref> Paul Farmer na-ekwu okwu banyere ohere na-adịghị nhata maka nlekọta ahụike n'isiokwu ya ọ kpọrọ "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World - To Treat or Not to Treat" n'asụsụ Bekee."Ọ na-atụle "mgbagwoju anya" na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ndị mmadụ na-anata enyemaka ahụike na ndị na-adịghị. Ndị ogbenye anaghị enweta otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ dị, dị ka ndị nwere ego. Ọnụ ego dị elu nke ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nsogbu maka mba ndị dara ogbenye ịnata nlekọta nhata. Ọ na-ekwu, "Ọdị mma na-enweghị ịkwụwa aka ọtọ na-apụta dị ka nsogbu ikike mmadụ nke nlekọta ahụike na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu nke a kpọrọ 21st Century n'asụsụ Bekee. "<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1056/NEJM200107193450310|pmid=11463018|title=The Major Infectious Diseases in the World – to Treat or Not to Treat?|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=345|issue=3|pages=208–210|year=2001|author=Farmer|first=Paul}}</ref> == Ikike mmadụ maka nlekọta ahụike == [[Usòrò:Healthcare_is_a_human_right_-WomensMarch_-WomensMarch2018_-SenecaFalls_-NY_(28029120109).jpg|thumb|Ahụike bụ ikike mmadụ]] Ụzọ ọzọ iji chepụta otu akụkụ nke ikike ahụike bụ "ikike mmadụ maka '''nlekọta''' ahụike". N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, nke a gụnyere ikike ndị ọrịa na ndị na-ahụ maka nnyefe nke ọrụ ahụike, nke ikpeazụ na-emeghe n'otu aka ahụ maka mmetọ ugboro ugboro site na steeti.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1">{{Cite journal|title=Advancing human rights in patient care: the law in seven transitional countries|journal=Open Society Foundations|year=2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/advancing-human-rights-patient-care-practitioner-guides|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Ikike ndị ọrịa na nnyefe nlekọta ahụike gụnyere: ikike nke nzuzo, ozi, ndụ, na nlekọta dị mma, yana nnwere onwe pụọ na ịkpa ókè, mmekpa ahụ, na mmeso obi ọjọọ, obi ọjọọ, ma ọ bụ mmeso mkparị.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health and human rights: a resource guide|journal=Open Society Foundations|year=2013|url=http://www.equalpartners.info/Chapter1/ch1_1How.html|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Ndị otu dị n'akụkụ, dị ka ndị mbịarambịa na ndị a chụpụrụ n'ụlọ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ dị nta, ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ, na ndị bu nje HIV, bụ ndị nwere ike imebi ikike mmadụ na ọnọdụ ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ezer T.|title=making laws work for patients|journal=Open Society Foundations|date=May 2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/making-laws-work-patients|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite journal|author=J Amon.|title=Abusing patients: health providers' complicity in torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment|journal=World Report 2010, Human Rights Watch|year=2010|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report-2010/abusing-patients|accessdate=4 December 2016}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịkewapụ agbụrụ na agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ime ụlọ ndị dara ogbenye, enwere ike ijide ndị nwere nkwarụ ma nye ha ọgwụ n'ike, enwere ike ịgọnahụ ndị na-eji ọgwụ ọjọọ eme ọgwụgwọ riri ahụ, enwere ike ịmanye ụmụ nwanyị ka ha ka ha banye n'ime nyocha nke nwanyị ma nwee ike ịgọnahụ ha na-azọpụta ndụ, enwere ike ịmanye ụmụ nwoke na-enyo enyo na-edina ụdị onwe ha n'ime nyocha anal, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị a na-eleghara anya na ndị transgender nwere ike ịwa ahụ.<ref name="autogenerated1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ezer T.|title=Making Laws Work for Patients|journal=Open Society Foundations|date=May 2013|url=http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/making-laws-work-patients|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Ikike ndị na-enye ihe gụnyere: ikike nke ụkpụrụ dị mma nke ọnọdụ ọrụ, ikike ịkpakọrịta n'efu, na ikike ịjụ ịme usoro dabere na omume ha.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1"/> Ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-enwekarị mmebi nke ikike ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkachasị na mba ndị nwere iwu na-adịghị ike, a na-amanyekarị ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike ime usoro nke na-ajụ omume ha, na-agọnahụ ndị otu a na-eleghara anya ụkpụrụ nlekọta kachasị mma, na-emebi nzuzo nke ndị ọrịa, ma na-ezobe mpụ megide mmadụ na mmekpa ahụ.<ref name="amazonaws1993">{{Cite journal|author=International Dual Loyalty Working Group.|title=Dual Loyalty & Human Rights in Health Professional Practice: Proposed Guidelines & Institutional Mechanisms|year=1993|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/PHR_Reports/dualloyalties-2002-report.pdf|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=F Hashemian|title=Broken laws, broken lives: medical evidence of torture by US personnel and its impact|journal=Physicians for Human Rights|year=2008|url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pdf/phrbrokenlaws.pdf|accessdate=7 November 2013}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a na-akpagbu ndị na-enye ndị na-adịghị enye nrụgide ndị a iwu.<ref name="amazonaws1993" /> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọkachasị na United States, ọtụtụ arụmụka gbara gburugburu okwu nke "nghọta onye na-enye ihe", nke na-ejigide ikike nke ndị na-enye ya izere ịme usoro ndị na-ekwekọghị na ụkpụrụ omume ha, dị ka ite ime.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Rule aims to protect health providers' right of conscience|year=2008|url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/HEALTH/12/18/provider.conscience|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=T Stanton Collett.|title=Protecting the healthcare provider's right of conscience|journal=Trinity International University, the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity|year=2004|volume=10|issue=2|pages=1, 5|url=http://cbhd.org/content/protecting-health-care-providers-right-conscience|accessdate=14 June 2013}}</ref> Mgbanwe iwu dị ka usoro iji lụso ma gbochie mmebi nke ikike ndị ọrịa na ndị na-enye ya na-enye ụzọ na-ekwe nkwa. Otú ọ dị, na mba mgbanwe (mba ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ na-eme mgbanwe), na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ nwere iwu na-adịghị ike, nwere ike ịdị oke.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1"/> E meela ihe onwunwe na ngwá ọrụ maka ndị ọka iwu, ndị na-enye ya, na ndị ọrịa nwere mmasị imeziwanye ikike mmadụ na nlekọta ndị ọrịa.<ref name="opensocietyfoundations1" /> == Ikike Iwu maka nlekọta ahụike == Ọtụtụ iwu ugbu a na-anabata ikike ahụike.<ref>Katharine G. Young. "The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa." Harvard Human Rights Journal 26, no.1 (2013): 179–216.</ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, ikike ndị a bụ ikpe ziri ezi, nke pụtara na enwere ike ịchụso ha site na ime ihe n'ụlọ ikpe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/future-of-economic-and-social-rights/2C2C20AE05EC2C48FB2807739843D610|title=The Future of Economic and Social Rights|date=2019|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-41813-3|editor=Young|series=Globalization and Human Rights|location=Cambridge}}</ref> N'ezie, ihe na-eme n'usoro iwu gburugburu ụwa bụ iji mee ka ikike ahụike sie ike ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name=":0" /> Mba US bụ mba na-abụghị nke ọnọdụ ndị a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala na ọkwa gọọmentị etiti.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Versteeg|first=Mila|date=2014-03-26|title=American Constitutional Exceptionalism Revisited|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2416300|language=en}}</ref> Ka o sina dị, e nweela mkpọsa na mba US na-achọ ịkwado nkwenye iwu nke ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Health Care As a Human Right|url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/the-state-of-healthcare-in-the-united-states/health-care-as-a-human-right/|work=americanbar.org|accessdate=2 May 2020}}</ref> N'ebe usoro iwu kwadoro ikike ikpe ziri ezi maka ahụike, nzaghachi nke ụlọ ikpe agwakọtawo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Yamin|first=Alicia Ely|title=Litigating Health Rights, Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health?|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2011|isbn=9780979639555}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Philip Barlow na-ede na e kwesịghị iwere nlekọta ahụike dị ka ikike mmadụ n'ihi ihe isi ike nke ịkọwa ihe ọ gụnyere na ebe a ga-eguzobe 'ụkpụrụ kacha nta' nke ikike n'okpuru ikike ahụ. Ọzọkwa, Barlow na-ekwusi ike na ikike na-eme ka ndị ọzọ nwee ọrụ iji chebe ma ọ bụ kwe ha nkwa, nakwa na ọ maghị onye nwere ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya maka ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Barlow|first=Philip|title=Health Care Is Not a Human Right|journal=British Medical Journal|date=31 July 1999|volume=319|issue=7205|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321|pmid=10426762}}</ref> John Berkeley, na nkwekọrịta ya na Barlow, na-akatọ n'ihu na ikike ahụike anaghị atụle nke ọma ibu ọrụ mmadụ nwere ịkwado ahụike ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Berkeley|first=John|title=Health Care Is Not a Human Right|journal=British Medical Journal|date=4 August 1999|volume=319|issue=7205|url=http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/28/health-care-not-human-right|doi=10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321|pmid=10426762}}</ref> Richard D Lamm na-arụ ụka n'ụzọ siri ike megide ime ka ahụike bụrụ ikike. Ọ na-akọwa ikike dị ka nke a ga-agbachitere n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla, na echiche nke usoro ikpe kọwara ma kọwaa. Ime ka ahụike bụrụ ikike ga-achọ ka gọọmentị jiri akụkụ buru ibu nke ego ya nye ụmụ amaala ya ya ya. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na usoro ahụike dabeere na echiche na-ezighị ezi nke ego na-akparaghị ókè. Obere ego na-egbochi gọọmentị inye onye ọ bụla nlekọta ahụike zuru oke, ọkachasị na ogologo oge. Ịgbalị inye ndị niile na-eji obere ego eme ihe ahụike "bara uru" nwere ike ibute ọdịda akụ na ụba. Lamm na-ekwusi ike na ịnweta ahụike mana ọ bụ obere akụkụ n'ịmepụta ọha mmadụ dị mma, na ịmepụta ọha mmadụ dị mma, a ga-etinyekwa ego na akụ na ụba ọha na eze. Nkatọ ọzọ nke ikike ahụike bụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume. Imre JP Loefler, onye bụbu onye nchịkọta ''akụkọ'' nke Nairobi Hospital Proceedings na onye na-enyekarị aka na British Medical Journal, na-arụ ụka na ibu ego na ihe eji eme ihe iji hụ na nlekọta ahụike maka mmadụ niile enweghị ike inweta, nakwa na ihe mgbochi akụ na ụba na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-enweghị isi iji kwado ikike iji mee ka ndụ dị ogologo ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Kama nke ahụ, Loefler na-atụ aro na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke imeziwanye ahụike ndị mmadụ ka mma site na iwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya karịa ikike ahụike.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Loefler|first=Imre J.P.|title="Health Care Is a Human Right" Is a Meaningless and Devastating Manifesto|journal=British Medical Journal|date=26 June 1999|volume=318|issue=7200|pages=1766|doi=10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1766a|pmid=10381735}}</ref> == Leekwa == * Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike na ikike mmadụ * Nlekọta ahụike bụ isi * Nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ == Ebenside == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080218103153/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs323_en.pdf Joint Fact Sheet WHO/OHCHR/323] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040704070426/http://www.who.int/hhr/news/en/cartoon_health.pdf Ikike nke Ahụike Katọn] * [http://childrensrightsportal.org/fundamental-rights/health/ Ikike ahụike na Portal Rights Portal nke Ụmụaka] * [http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/40d009901358b0e2c1256915005090be?Opendocument General Comment No. 14. Ikike maka ogo ahụike kachasị elu] CESCR, 2000 * [http://www.coe.int/T/DGHL/Monitoring/SocialCharter/Theme%20factsheets/FactsheetHealth_en.pdf Ikike ahụike na European Social Charter] Secretariat nke ESC, 2009 * Ikike Ahụike: Akwụkwọ Eziokwu No. 31 WHO na UN HCHR * 25 Ajụjụ na Azịza na Ahụike na Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, WHO == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == * Andrew Clapham, Mary Robinson (eds), Realizing the Right to Health, Zurich: rüffer & rub, 2009. * Bogumil Terminski, Selected Bibliography on Human Right to Health, Geneva: University of Geneva, 2013. * Judith Paula Asher, The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for Ngos, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. I [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dmm20b3s07v6pg364g7ja4g4t14vymj 0 13321 631935 577644 2026-05-05T00:49:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631935 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Children learn about 'stranger danger', how to identify 'good guys' 161022-F-IP756-087.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka na-amụta banyere 'ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa', otu esi amata 'ezigbo ụmụ okorobịa]] "'''Ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa'''" bụ echiche ma ọ bụ ịdọ aka ná ntị na ndị ọbịa niile nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ. Ọ bụ ihe atụ nke ụjọ omume nke ndị mmadụ na-enwe banyere onye ọ bụla ha na-amaghị na ọha mmadụ. Ebumnuche ahịrịokwu a bụ iji gosipụta ihe ize ndụ metụtara ndị okenye ụmụaka na-amaghị. Okwu a ejirila ọtụtụ ihe ma ọtụtụ ụmụaka ga-anụ ya n'oge ndụ nwata ha. E tinyela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, ihe nkiri na ọkwa ọrụ ọha na eze iji nyere ụmụaka aka icheta ndụmọdụ a. A katọrọ echiche a maka ileghara anya na ọtụtụ ntọrọ ụmụaka na mmerụ ahụ na-esiteghị n'aka ndị bịara abịa, kama ọ bụ onye nwatakịrị ahụ maara. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ịtọrọ mmadụ maka mgbapụta, isi iyi egwu nke mgbasa ozi ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa na-emetụta bụ mmetọ ụmụaka. Ihe ngosi na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-eme ka egwu ọha na eze na-atụ ndị bịara abịa dị ka ndị nwere ike ịbụ ndị na-edina ụmụaka, n'agbanyeghị na mmetọ ụmụaka nwere ike ime n'ime ezinụlọ. [1] N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, [mgbe?] mmesi ike nke mkpọsa ndị dị otú ahụ agbanweela, iji gosipụta ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ site n'aka ndị nwatakịrị maara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2025260.stm|title=Abusers targeted in new campaign|date=June 5, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocfs.state.ny.us/main/publications/Pub1154.pdf|title=Say NO!: Protecting Children Against Sexual Abuse|work=state.ny.us}}</ref> == Aro == Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ihe ize ndụ ndị ọzọ dị ka ịtọrọ mmadụ maka mgbapụta, isi iyi egwu nke mgbasa ozi ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa na-emetụta bụ mmetọ mmekọahụ. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, [mgbe?] mmesi ike nke mkpọsa ndị dị otú ahụ agbanweela, iji gosipụta ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ nke ndị nwatakịrị ahụ maara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/2025260.stm|title=Abusers targeted in new campaign|date=June 5, 2002}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ocfs.state.ny.us/main/publications/Pub1154.pdf|title=Say NO!: Protecting Children Against Sexual Abuse|work=state.ny.us}}</ref> Okwu ụmụaka ga-anụkarị gụnyere: * Atụkwasịla ndị bịara abịa obi * Ekwula ndị bịara abịa okwu * Ejila ndị bịara abịa * Ejila ebe ọ bụla na ndị bịara abịa * Anabatala onyinye, nri, ihe ọṅụṅụ, swiiti, swiiti ma ọ bụ ego site n'aka ndị bịara abịa. * Agwakwala ndị bịara abịa okwu maọbụ ọ bụrụ na ha arịọ maka ntụziaka, gwa gị ka ị na-azụ nkịta ha ma ọ bụ gwa gị na nne ma ọ bụ nna merụrụ ahụ ma ọ bụ n'ihe mberede. * Ọ bụrụ na onye bịara abịa abịakwute gị, gwa onye okenye a tụkwasịrị obi. E nwere ihe ndị ọzọ ị nwere ike ime dị ka igbochi ha ma gakwuru onye toro eto. * Ejila ndị bịara abịa banye n'ụgbọala ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ banye n'ụlọ onye bịara abịa * Ọ bụrụ na onye bịara abịa abịakwute gị n'akụkụ ụlọ akwụkwọ gị, laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gị ozugbo ma gwa onye ọrụ<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://docs.nycenet.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-152/A-418%20%204-11-06.pdf|title=NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION: SEX OFFENDER NOTIFICATION|work=nycenet.edu|accessdate=2022-05-02|archivedate=2022-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217020039/http://docs.nycenet.edu/docushare/dsweb/Get/Document-152/A-418%20%204-11-06.pdf}}</ref> * Ejila ndị bịara abịa na-ekwurịta okwu site na ozi ederede na ekwe ntị ma ọ bụ ozi-e na kọmputa. Ọ bụrụ na ndị bịara abịa anwa ịkpọtụrụ gị site na ozi na ekwe ntị ma ọ bụ ozi-e na kọmputa, gwa ndị uwe ojii, nne ma ọ bụ nna, ma ọ bụ okenye ọ bụla ọzọ a tụkwasịrị obi. * Ahụ gị bụ ihe onwunwe gị. Ọ dịghị onye ọzọ nwere ikike imetụ ya aka. (Mgbe ị dị obere n'ezie, ikekwe ndị ezinụlọ gị, dị ka nne gị, nna gị, nne nne, nna nna gị, nwanne nne gị, ma ọ bụ nwanne nna gị kwesịrị imetụ ahụ gị aka mgbe ha nyeere gị aka n'ime ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ gbanwee diaper gị ebe ọ bụ na ị dị obere ime ya n'onwe gị. Ọzọkwa, ọ dị mkpa ka ndị dọkịta metụ ahụ gị aka iji mee ka ị nwee ahụ ike, n'ihi na ha nọ n'ọrụ ahụ.) Ụfọdụ ndị na-akwado ihe ize ndụ nke onye bịara abịa na-atụ aro ịgwa ụmụaka na ọ dị mma ịgwa ndị bịara abịa okwu n'ọnọdụ ebe nwatakịrị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dịka ma ọ bụrụ na nwatakịrị ahụ furu efu ma ọ bụ merụọ ahụ. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, izere ndị ọbịa nwere ike inye aka nwere ike, n'onwe ya, dị ize ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị ọzọ na-akwado ịdọ aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ na-atụ aro ịkụziri ụmụaka ka ha ghara ịgakwute ndị ọzọ n'enweghị ikike nne na nna. Ndụmọdụ a na-agbatị na ịghara ịbanye n'ụgbọala, ọ bụrụgodị na nwatakịrị ahụ amata onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ahụ. == Njirimara ụmụaka == Na mgbakwunye na ịdọ aka ná ntị dị ize ndụ nke ndị ọbịa, mmemme sitere na Federal Bureau of Investigation, ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmanye iwu obodo na òtù ndị ọzọ na-enye ọrụ mkpịsị aka n'efu nke a na-emekarị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, ụlọ ahịa, ihe ngosi, na ememme. A na-enye ndị nne na nna / ndị nlekọta akwụkwọ njirimara ụmụaka iji mee ihe n'ọnọdụ ịtọrọ ụmụaka na ọnọdụ mberede ndị ọzọ. Mpempe akwụkwọ njirimara ụmụaka gụnyere mkpịsị aka nwa ahụ, foto na data nkeonwe ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụghị ndị nchekwa FBI ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mmanye iwu ọ bụla ọzọ na-ejigide ozi a. A na-enyekwa ndị nne na nna DNA samples.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/community-outreach|title=FBI Community Outreach|work=fbi.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEOdear3UR4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502225409/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEOdear3UR4|archivedate=2022-05-02|title=Headline News Digital Fingerprinting TV spot 2010|author=Newport Aquarium|date=October 29, 2010|accessdate=2022-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iqvfjhwo0RM|title=Fingerprinting event focuses on safety|author=KMBC 9 News Kansas City|date=October 12, 2012}}</ref> == Iwu == N'oge ogbugbu Leiby Kletzky n'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2011, onye isi obodo [[Nú Yọk|steeti New York]] bụ David Greenfield kwuru na ọ ga-atụ aro "Leiby's Law", ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike iwepụta onwe ha ka a họpụta ha dị ka ebe nchekwa maka ụmụaka furu efu ma ọ bụ ndị ọzọ nọ na nsogbu. Ndị ọrụ ga-anwale nyocha ndabere na ndị nwe ụlọ ahịa ga-etinye mpempe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na windo ụlọ ahịa ha ka ụmụaka wee mara na azụmahịa ahụ bụ ebe dị nchebe iji nweta enyemaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/ny_crime/2011/07/21/2011-07-21_leibys_law_would_provide_safe_places_for_children_who_are_lost_or_in_trouble.html|title='Leiby's Law' would provide safe places for children who are lost or in trouble|work=Daily News|date=July 21, 2011|accessdate=July 21, 2011}}</ref> N'abalị iri na isii (16) n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011, ụlọ ọrụ onye ọka iwu mpaghara obodo Brooklyn kwupụtara mmemme yiri nke a kpọrọ "Safe Stop". Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011, ụlọ ahịa 76 debanyere aha iji gosipụta mpempe akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ "Safe Haven" na windo ha iji nyere ụmụaka furu efu aka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/ny_local/brooklyn/2011/08/17/2011-08-17_safe_haven_for_kids_storeowners_to_post_signs_on_windows.html|title=Storeowners post 'Safe Stop' signs on windows to help lost kids|author=Rizzo|first=Lillian|date=August 17, 2011|accessdate=August 18, 2011|work=Daily News}}</ref> == Ọkwa nke ihe ize ndụ == Akụkọ mgbasa ozi na-ekwubiga okwu ókè banyere ihe ize ndụ nke "ihe ize ndụ nke onye ọbịa" site n'igosi ihe omume ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. [1] [1] Karịsịa banyere mmetọ ụmụaka, ihe ize ndụ kasịnụ na-abịa site n'aka ndị ezinụlọ nwatakịrị ahụ. Ka o sina dị, "ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa" yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ ihe a na-elekwasị anya n'isi akụkọ na mgbasa ozi agụmakwụkwọ. [1] Dị ka Ngalaba Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke mba [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] si kwuo, ọtụtụ ụmụaka na-efu efu bụ ndị na-agba ọsọ, na pasentị iri itoolu na itoolu (99%) nke ụmụaka a tọọrọ bụ ndị ikwu, na-abụkarị nna na-abụghị onye nlekọta. [1] Na nzaghachi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a, National Center for Missing and Exploited Children agbanweela mkpọsa ha na-elekwasị anya na "ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa". [1] A na-akatọkwa ụmụaka aka ná ntị mgbe niile banyere ihe ize ndụ nwere ike ime n'ụdị ndị bịara abịa maka ịgbasa enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, ọkachasị mgbe ị na-atụle na (dịka ọmụmaatụ) na mba US, a na-akọ na ihe dị ka ụmụaka 800,000 na-efu ma ọ dịkarịa ala nwa oge kwa afọ, mana ọ bụ naanị 115 "ghọrọ ihe a na-ele anya dị ka ntọ ndị ọbịa."<ref name="TOOFAR">[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/8331335 "Does 'stranger danger' go too far?"]</ref> Naanị pasentị iri (10%) nke ndị na-emegbu ụmụaka na mpụ ime ihe ike bụ ndị bịara abịa, na mpụ mmekọahụ bụ mpụ ndị na-enweghị ike ịgụnye ndị bịara abịa dị ka ndị na-eme ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://scholars.unh.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=ccrc|title=Characteristics of Crimes against Juveniles by David Finkelhor & Anne Shattuck}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2002 lere anya n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụaka 800,000 ndị a kọrọ na ha furu efu n'ime otu afọ. Ọtụtụ bụ ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ. Ihe dị ka pasent iri abụọ na ise bụ ntọrọ ezinụlọ, ihe dị ka pasent asaa bụ ntọrọ na-abụghị nke ezinụlọ, na naanị 115 - ihe dị ka otu n'ime ụmụaka 10,000 nke ụmụaka niile a kọrọ na ha furu efu - bụ “‘ntọrọ mmadụ na-enweghị atụ,' akọwapụtara n'otu nnyocha dị ka 'ntọrọ na-abụghị nke ezinụlọ nke onye maara ya ma ọ bụ onye ọbịa mere nke a na-ejide nwatakịrị n'otu abalị, na-ebuga ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala kilomita iri ise, jide ya maka mgbapụta ma ọ bụ tọọrọ ya n'ebumnobi ime ka nwatakịrị ahụ na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ gbuo ya'[19] Onye nta akụkọ bụ Stephen J. Dubner, onye so dee ''Freakonomics'', zoro aka na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị ka ihe atụ nke isi ihe ya na "ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ dị egwu na nyocha ihe ize ndụ. Ha na-ekwukarị ihe ize ndụ nke ihe omume dị egwu na nke a na-atụghị anya ya na mmefu nke ihe omume ndị na-ahụkarị ma na-agwụ ike (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-emebi emebi). " N'ọnọdụ ebe nwatakịrị ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi ihe ndị ọzọ, izere ndị bịara abịa (ndị nwere ike inye aka) nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ n'onwe ya, dịka n'ihe banyere Boy Scout dị afọ iri na otu nke na-ezere ndị na-achọ nnapụta n'ihi na ọ na-atụ egwu na ha nwere ike ịchọ "izuru" ya.<ref name="TOOFAR"/> Dị ka Mahadum nke New Hampshire's Crimes Against Children Research Center si kwuo, "ihe ize ndụ nke onye ọbịa" na-eme ka egwu ndị bịara abịa na-arịwanye elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere egwu nke ndị na-emegbu ụmụaka ahụ maara. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ụmụ mmadụ ga-arụ ọrụ na ndabere nke ntụkwasị obi na mmeghachi omume na ndị enyi ma ọ na-esiri ike ile ndị enyi anya dị ka ndị na-eyi egwu ma ọ bụ ịtụ egwu ha egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/|title=Crimes Against Children Research Center|publisher=unh.edu}}</ref> == Mmetụta na ụmụaka na ezinụlọ == A katọrọ echiche nke "ihe ize ndụ nke onye ọbịa" maka itinye ụmụaka dị ka ihe ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke iyi egwu nke na-enye ndị okenye ohere ịkwado ụzọ ha si achịkwa ma ọ bụ kewapụ ụmụaka. Gill Valentine na-arụ ụka na ịmepụta ozi na-eduhie eduhie ma ọ bụ ikwubiga okwu ókè banyere "ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa" na-akpata echiche na ebe ọha na eze bụ ebe ndị okenye ebe a ghaghị ichebe ụmụaka mgbe niile.<ref>Valentine, Gill (2004). </ref> Egwu dị oke egwu nke "ihe ize ndụ nke ndị ọbịa" emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị nne na nna belata ikike ụmụaka inwe ike imega ahụ, dịka site n'inyocha agbata obi ha n'enweghị nlekọta; dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị nne na nna ole na ole na-enye ụmụaka ohere ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ naanị ha karịa n'oge gara aga. [1] Mmasị a na-arịwanye elu nke ime ka ụmụaka nọrọ n'ime ụlọ emeela ka ụmụaka nwee nsogbu a na-ekwu na ha.<ref name="Agitators">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110614215355/http://www.pittsburghcitypaper.ws/gyrobase/Content?oid=oid%3A53025 "Outside Agitators"] by Bill O'Driscoll, ''Pittsburgh City Paper''</ref> == Na United Kingdom == Na mba [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa abụwo isi okwu na nchekwa ụmụaka. A hụla ihe ize ndụ nke nwatakịrị ịbụ onye bịara abịa na-emegbu ma ọ bụ gbuo ya dị ka isi ihe na-eme ka ụmụaka ghara inwe nnwere onwe site na etiti narị afọ nke iri abụọ gaa n'ihu, ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị gụnyere mpụ ndị ọzọ yana mmụba okporo ụzọ (ịbawanye ihe ize ndụ nke ịbụ onye a na-agba ọsọ) ka ihe ndị na-eme ka ndị nne na nna na-echebe ụmụ ha n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Ọtụtụ ndị hụrụ ikpe Ian Brady na Myra Hindley nke ogbugbu Moors n'afọ 1966 dị ka ihe omume nke mere ka ndị nne na nna kwe ka ụmụ ha ghara inwe nnwere onwe - yana ime ka ndị nne na nna na ụmụaka mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na e nwekwara ụmụnwanyị dị ize ndụ yana ụmụnwoke dị ize ndụ. Nwanne nwoke nke otu n'ime ndị Brady na Hindley metụtara chetara ọtụtụ afọ mgbe e mesịrị na a dọrọ nwanne ya nwoke e gburu egbu aka ná ntị mgbe niile ka ọ ghara ịnakwere swiiti ma ọ bụ ihe n'aka ndị ikom na-amaghị ama, mana ọ dịghị mgbe a gwara ya ka ọ ghara ịgwa nwanyị na nwanyị na-amaghị okwu ma ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na mmadụ ole na ole n'oge ahụ maara na nwanyị na-amaghị ama nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ dị ka nwoke na-amaghị ama. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akọkarị igbu ụmụaka na Britain tupu Moors Murders apụta ìhè, eziokwu ahụ bụ na nwanyị tinyere aka bụ ihe doro anya na ikpe ahụ ji dị elu na mgbasa ozi na anya ọha na eze - ma nọgide na-adị otú ahụ n'afọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu, n'agbanyeghị ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ikpe igbu ọchụ ndị ọzọ dị elu nke mere isi akụkọ. Onye mbụ n'ime mmadụ ise Brady na Hindley maara, Pauline Reade, bụ ọbụna onye agbata obi Myra Hindley. Otú ọ dị, Brady na Hindley amaghị mmadụ anọ ndị ọzọ ahụ. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, igbu ụmụaka "ihe ize ndụ" gụnyere nke ọ dịkarịa ala ụmụ agbọghọ anọ site n'aka Robert Black n'oge afo 1980s, na nke Sarah Payne na obodo West Sussex n'ọnwa Jụlaị afọ 2000, nwere ike ime ka ndị nne na nna na-echebe ụmụ ha - yana ịkpali ndị nne na nna na ndị nkụzi ime ka ụmụaka mara ihe ize ndụ nke ndị bịara abịa. Black bụ onye ọbịa nke dọtara ndị o metụtara site n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke Britain mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ oloko, ebe onye gburu Sarah Payne bụ Roy Whiting amaghị onye ahụ ma ọ bụla n'ime ezinụlọ ya, onye kwadoro nke a nye ndị uwe ojii mgbe Sarah Payne ka na-efu ma bụrụ onye mbụ a chọpụtara Whiting dị ka onye a na-enyo enyo.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8399749.stm|title=How stranger danger changed the way children play|date=December 8, 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke gọọmentị na ndị uwe ojii gosipụtara na igbu ụmụaka "ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa" dị oke ụkọ, nakwa na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke mmetọ ụmụaka na igbu ọchụ bụ onye nwatakịrị ahụ maara. Ogbugbu Soham na Cambridgeshire, ebe a hụrụ ụmụagbọghọ abụọ dị afọ iri nwụrụ izu abụọ ka ha nwụsịrị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2002, bụ ihe atụ a ma ama - onye gburu ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, Ian Huntley, bụ onye ndị ọ metụtara maara, ọrụ ya dị ka onye nlekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo nwere ike igosi ya dị ka nwoke nwere ọnọdụ ntụkwasị obi, onye na-agaghị eyi ka ọ bụ ihe ize ndụ nye ụmụaka ma ha maara ya ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. Ndị uwe ojii kwudịrị ndị mgbasa ozi mgbe ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ ka na-efu na ọ ga-abụ na onye ha maara tọọrọ ha. E jidere Huntley ihe dị ka awa iri na abụọ tupu a hụ ozu ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ruo mgbe mmepe a, ọtụtụ ọha na eze na ndị mgbasa ozi nwere ike ikpe na ụmụagbọghọ ahụ na-apụ n'anya dị ka ịtọrọ "ihe ize ndụ nke ndị ọbịa".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2202479.stm|title=Are we too scared for our children?|date=August 19, 2002|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> Ogbugbu ụmụaka ndị sochirinụ, gụnyere nke Tia Sharp na South [[London]] na April Jones (onye a hụbeghị ozu ya) na Mid Wales n'afọ 2012, gosikwara na ọ bụ ndị ikom maara onye ahụ mere ya - n'ihe banyere Tia Sharp, ogbu ọchụ ahụ bụ onye òtù ezinụlọ. Enwekwara ikpe igbu ọchụ ebe onye ahụ bụ nwatakịrị tọrọ ya ma ọ bụ onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke nnwere onwe ya dị ukwuu (ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi nwa na-eto eto) mere ka ọ ghara ikwe omume maka ndị uwe ojii ịchọpụta ma onye ahụ gburu ya maara onye ahụ. Otu ihe atụ a ma ama bụ Amanda Dowler, onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma nke Surrey nke furu efu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2002 ma hụ ozu ya na Hampshire ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị. Levi Bellfield, onye nọworị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndụ maka igbu ọchụ abụọ ọzọ, a mara ya ikpe maka igbu ọchụ ya ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri ka e mesịrị, ndị uwe ojii kwuru na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na ọ maara Bellfield dịka ọ bụ nna nke otu n'ime ndị enyi ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'afọ 2005, onye agbata obi ya dị anya bụ John McGrady gburu Rochelle Holness dị afọ iri na ise (15) ma mebie ya na ụlọ kansụl dị elu na obodo South London, mana dịka ọ dị n'ihe banyere Amanda Dowler, ndị uwe ojii enweghị ike ikwenye ma Rochelle Holness maara onye gburu ya. Nke a bụ ụkọ nke "ihe ize ndụ ndị ọbịa" ịtọrọ na igbu ụmụaka na United Kingdom, na n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, ndị nkatọ katọrọ vidiyo n'ịntanetị nke na-egosi ihe ize ndụ nke ndị bịara abịa na ọnọdụ ndị nwere ike ịtọrọ mmadụ, n'ihi mpụ ndị a dị ụkọ. N'ezie, ogbugbu Sarah Payne afọ iri na ise tupu mgbe ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ogbugbu kachasị ọhụrụ nke nwatakịrị na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma site n'aka onye bịara abịa na Britain.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-32706642|title=Would your child go off with a stranger?|date=May 12, 2015|publisher=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> == Leekwa == * ''Charley kwuru'' * Onye na-eri anụ n'ịntanetị * Nne na nna n'efu * Xenophobia == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name="Barbovschi et al.">{{cite book|last1=Barbovschi|first1=M.|last2=Marinescu|first2=V.|last3=Velicu|first3=A.|last4=Laszlo|first4=E.|editor1-last=Livingstone|editor1-first=Sonia|display-editors=etal|title=Children, Risk and Safety on the Internet: Research and Policy Challenges in Comparative Perspective|date=2012|publisher=Policy Press|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84-742883-7|page=177|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R__hfWbE3DwC&q=%22stranger+danger%22|chapter=Meeting New Contacts Online}}</ref> <ref name="Beam">{{cite news |last=Beam |first=Christopher |title=800,000 Missing Kids? Really? |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2007/01/800000_missing_kids_really.html |access-date=December 25, 2017 |work=Slate |date=January 17, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="Dubner">{{cite web |last=Dubner |first=Stephen J. |title=The Cost of Fearing Strangers (6 Jan 2009) |url=http://freakonomics.com/2009/01/06/the-cost-of-fearing-strangers/ |website=Freakonomics |access-date=December 25, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Jackson & Scott">{{cite book|last1=Jackson|first1=Stevi|last2=Scott|first2=Sue|editor1-last=Lupton|editor1-first=Deborah|title=Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0-52-164207-8|page=93|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyf-YWZleFgC&q=%22stranger+danger%22|chapter=Risk Anxiety and the Social Construction of Childhood}}</ref> <ref name="Kelty et al.">{{cite book|last1=Kelty|first1=Sally F.|last2=Giles-Corti|first2=Billie|last3=Zubrick|first3=Stephen R.|editor1-last=Beaulieu|editor1-first=N.P.|title=Physical Activity and Children: New Research|date=2008|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1-60-456306-1|pages=23–24|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbEC2dszV_UC&q=%22stranger+danger%22|chapter=Physical Activity and Young People: The Impact of the Built Environment in Encouraging Play, Fun and Being Active}}</ref> <ref name="Kitzinger">{{cite book |last=Kitzinger |first=Jenny |editor1-last=Jewkes, Yvonne |editor2-last=Letherby, Gayle |title=Criminology: A Reader |date=2002 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=London, UK |isbn=0-7619-4710-8 |pages=145–6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1j5g8pvLxQC&q=%22stranger+danger%22&pg=PA145 |chapter=The Ultimate Neighbour From Hell? Stranger Danger and the Media Framing of Paedophiles}}</ref> <ref name="Strom">{{cite book |last1=Strom |first1=Paris S. |last2=Strom |first2=Robert D. |title=Thinking in Childhood and Adolescence |date=2013 |publisher=IAP |location=Charlotte, N.C. |isbn=978-1-62-396435-1 |pages=50–52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AQoDwAAQBAJ&q=%22stranger+danger%22}}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/films/1964to1979/filmpage_strangers.htm Ihe nkiri British Public Service site na 1973] * Child Lures Prevention - Mmemme maka ịkụziri ụmụaka nchekwa onwe onye. Gụnyere ihe mmụta na "Eziokwu banyere ndị ọbịa." [afọ kwesịrị ekwesị] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150101101157/http://www.chp.edu/CHP/People+Smarts+for+Parents Ndị mmadụ nwere ọgụgụ isi maka ndị nne na nna] site na ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka nke Pittsburgh * National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC) - Ozi agụmakwụkwọ maka obodo. Nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ n'efu. * Nolan, J., Raynes-Goldie, K., na McBride, M. (2011). The Stranger Danger: Exploring Surveillance, Autonomy, and Privacy in Children's Use of Social Media. Canadian Children Journal. (36)2, 24–32. * Davis, Jeff Rossen na Josh. "Undercover investigation: 'Stranger danger' applies to college kids, too". [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 26146dnxr7nwcajzdnld87ve62w3kcs 0 14958 631909 199305 2026-05-04T15:53:29Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Evan Penny''' (a mụrụ n'afọ 1953, na South Africa), bi ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na Toronto, Ontario, [[Kánada|Canada]]. N'afọ 1978, Penny gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Alberta College of Art and Design wee nwetakwa akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Evan Penny na-eji silicone, pigmenti, ntutu isi na alumini eme ihe ọkpụkpụ nke ụdị mmadụ. Akụkụ ya sitere na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndụ, ruo na mgbagwoju anya ma ọ bụ gbatịrị agbatị. Penny na-ekwu na otu n'ime mmasị ya "bụ itinye ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ n'ụzọ nghọta n'etiti ụzọ anyị nwere ike isi hụ ibe anyị n'oge na ohere na ụzọ anyị si echepụta ihe yiri anyị na ihe ngosiputa nké foto. "<ref name="sw">{{Cite web|url=http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/articles/record.html?record=374|title=Sperone Westwater Press Release, . "Evan Penny: No - One In Particular ." Sperone Westwater. N.p., 9 Sep- 29 Oct 2005 . Web. 10 Aug 2010|accessdate=11 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727085818/http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/articles/record.html?record=374|archivedate=27 July 2011}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe okike ya yiri ndụ, Penny kwenyere na "a pụghị ịnọchite anya ma ọ bụ gosipụta ihe n'ezie," na-ahapụ ihe niile ka ọ bụrụ ihe nnọchianya.<ref name="sw2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/articles/record.html?record=467|title=Enright, Robert, and Meeka Walsh. "The Artful Doubter." Border Crossings. 98 (2006): pp. cover, 24-39 . Print.|accessdate=2010-08-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727085542/http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/articles/record.html?record=467|archivedate=2011-07-27}}</ref> == Ọrụ mbụ == Ọrụ izizi nke Evan Penny gụnyere ihe ọkpụkpụ, yana foto dijitalụ. Ihe ọkpụkpụ Penny karịrị echiche nke photorealism na mbara igwe atọ. N'ihe ọkpụkpụ ihe atụ izizi ya, Penny na-anọgide na-eme ihe n'ụdị mmadụ na-enweghị mgbagha, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-adịkarị obere karịa nha ndụ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị a ma ama site na otu a bụ ''Ali'' (afọ 1984); nwa agbọghọ gba ọtọ. A na-akọwapụta ihe ọkpụkpụ ahụ nke ọma, Penny na-asụgharịkwa akụkụ ọ bụla nke ahụ nwanyị ahụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ mmetụta dị ịtụnanya na nke na-enweghị atụ. A chịkọtara ihe ọkpụkpụ ihe atụ izizi nke Penny na Absolutely Unreal, nnukwu nyocha nke ọrụ onye na-ese ihe nke gara Museum [[London]] na London, Ontario, Mendel Art Gallery na Saskatoon, Saskatchewan na Glenbow Museum na Calgary, Alberta (afọ 2003 rụọ afọ 2006). == ''Ọ dịghị onye - Karịsịa'' (2004–2007) == ''Ọ dịghị Onye - Karịsịa'' bụ nchịkọta nke ihe ọkpụkpụ okpukpu abụọ nke na-agbanye ókè nke nnọchiteanya n'etiti akụkụ abụọ na akụkụ atọ. Ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a bụ ihe osise a na-eche n'echiche nke e wuru ka ha yie ndị nkịtị mana ha nwere akụkụ ahụ buru ibu. A naghị eme ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a n'ezie dịka otu onye, kama ọ bụ njikọta nke atụmatụ mmadụ, na-emepụta nkọwa banyere atụmanya nke eziokwu n'ime foto. Penny na-aga n'ihu na-agbanye ókè na eziokwu ọkpụkpụ nke oge a na ọrụ ndị a site n'ime ka ọdịiche dị n'ụdị mmadụ pụta ìhè. == Stretch / ''Anamorphs'' (2003–2008) == [[Usòrò:Stretch_1.jpg|thumb|''Ịgbatị #1'']] Penny's Stretch na ''Anamorph'' sculptures na-agbasawanye ókè nke mgbagwoju anya n'ime oghere atọ. Ọrụ ndị a na-agbatị, na-agbagwoju anya ma na-achịkwa ọdịdị mmadụ na mbara igwe n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ụzọ enwere ike ijikwa foto dijitalụ abụọ. N'ime ọrụ ndị dị ka Stretch # 1 afọ 2003, a na-agbatị busts ọdịnala Penny n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ na-eme ka isi na ubu dị ogologo ógè ọ na-anọgide na-eme ihe n'eziokwu na-eme ka ihu mmadụ dị oke mma. Ọrụ Penny's ''Panagiota'' bụ akụkụ nke usoro a. A na-ekwu n'ihe banyere echiche nke oge kpọmkwem na ibe ''Panagiota''. Ọrụ ahụ na-egosi mkparịta ụka Penny na nwa agbọghọ nwere site n'ịkọwa ọdịdị ihu ya n'ebe dị iche iche na mkparịta ụka ha - na-eweta oge-foto kpọmkwem n'ụdị ihe ọkpụkpụ. == Backs (2004–2008) == Penny kere usoro ihe ọkpụkpụ dị egwu nke azụ nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a na-aga n'ihu na ngalaba nke ma ọ bụghị ụdị ọnụọgụ abụọ ma ọ bụ akụkụ atọ na ọrụ Penny. Otú ọ dị, a na-eji nlezianya sụgharịa ubu, olu na azụ nke isi. ''Back of Evan'' bụ akụkụ nke e dechara n'afọ 2005 nke nwoke isi nkwọcha na-eche ihu n'aka nri. A na-eji nlezianya rụọ ihe ọkpụkpụ a nke na mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ ihe ndị dị n'olu nwoke ahụ. == Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya == Ọrụ Penny na-adịbeghị anya na-eji teknụzụ ọhụrụ eme ihe iji mee ihe ọkpụkpụ dị oke mma. N'afọ 2011, Penny kere ihe ọkpụkpụ ya kachasị ukwuu ruo ugbu a, ''Jim Revisited'', nwoke dị mita iri n'ogologo nke nwere ọnụnọ na-enye iwu. Dị ka ihe nlereanya maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ọhụrụ a, Penny tụleghachiri ibe ya nke afọ 1985, ''Jim'', obere ihe ọkpụkpụ 4/5 nke dị ndụ nke dị ndụ nke dị na ọnọdụ contrapposto. Na ''Jim Revisited'', Penny jiri teknụzụ nyocha dijitalụ mee ihe n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama iji megharịa ma megharịa ọnọdụ ahụ. Ógè ahụ, ọ rụgharịrị elu ahụ na ụrọ iji tinye nkọwa zuru ezu. Ọganihu nke ''Jim'' site n'afọ 1985 ruo afọ 2011, na-egosipụta mmepe nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Penny n'ime afọ iri abụọ na isii gara aga, na mgbakwunye na igosipụta ọganihu nke teknụzụ, foto, na nnọchi anya nke ahụ na oge foto dijitalụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Penny kpụrụkwa ihe osise onwe ya abụọ - otu n'ime onwe ya ka ọ na-echeta onwe ya ka ọ na-ele anya dị ka nwa okorobịa, na nke ọzọ ka ọ na-eche na ọ ga-ele agadi anya. Ihe ọkpụkpụ abụọ a na-ekpughe ntụgharị uche onwe onye nke Penny site na oge na-aga n'ihu, ma na-ezo aka n'ọdịdị nke ebe nchekwa na ọchịchọ, na otú foto foto si agwa ma na-agbagọ nghọta na nnọchianya nke Onwe. == Ihe ngosi == * 2011: ''Evan Penny''. ''Re Figured'', Kunsthalle Tübingen, mgbe e mesịrị na Museum der Moderne Salzburg na Art Gallery nke Ontario, Toronto * 2012–2013: Lifelike, ihe ngosi otu sitere na Walker Art Center, na-aga [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|New Orleans Museum of Art]], Museum of Contemporary Art, San Diego, na Blanton Museum of Art na Austin, Texas == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ === * {{Cite web|author=Tippett|first=Maria|title=Sculpture in Canada|publisher=Douglas & McIntyre, 2017|url=https://search.library.utoronto.ca/search?N=0&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&Nu=p_work_normalized&Np=1&Ntt=tippett%2C%20sculpture%20in%20canada&Ntk=Anywhere|accessdate=2020-08-21|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422185014/https://search.library.utoronto.ca/search?N=0&Ntx=mode+matchallpartial&Nu=p_work_normalized&Np=1&Ntt=tippett,%20sculpture%20in%20canada&Ntk=Anywhere}} * Alberto Fiz/Daniel Schreiber (Eds.): ''Evan Penny''. ''Re Figured'', Buchhandlung König, Köln, Germany 2011 == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.evanpenny.com/ evanpenny.com] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100125122833/http://www.speronewestwater.com/cgi-bin/iowa/artists/record.html?record=113 Evan Penny na Sperone Westwater] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120428162832/http://www.castyourart.com/en/2012/02/13/evan-penny-museum-der-moderne/ Evan Penny artist-portrait by CastYourArt, 2012] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oteajvnrfacgrr9dlspitoof6jy5i65 0 15906 631906 79788 2026-05-04T14:19:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631906 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Men_and_Bek_in_Aswan.png|thumb|280x280px|Ihe ncheta Aswan nke ndị ikom na Bek]] {{Hiero|Bek|<hiero>G29-k-A1</hiero>|align=right|era=nk}} '''Bek''' ma ọ bụ '''Bak''' (asụsụ Egyptmaka "Ohu") bụ onye isi mbụ na-ese ihe n'oge ọchịchị Fero Akhenaten. Nna ya Men nwere otu ọkwá ahụ n'okpuru nna Akhenaten Amenhotep III; nne ya Roi bụ nwanyị si Heliopolis. Bek tolitere na Heliopolis, ebe ofufe dị mkpa nke chi anyanwụ Ra. Nwa eze Amenhotep (onye ghọrọ Fero Akhenaten) nwere obí eze n'ebe a, o yikarịrị ka echiche okpukpe ya esitere na nkuzi Heliopolitan.<ref>Aldred, pp.259–260</ref> Bek sooro nna ya ukwu gaa Akhet-Aten, obodo nke Akhenaten tọrọ ntọala ya. O lekọtara iwu nnukwu ihe oyiyi ụlọ nsọ nke eze na mmeghe nke Aswan na Gebel es-Silsila nkume quarries, ebe a na-ebute nkume ahụ.<ref>Aldred, op.cit., p.262</ref> Otu stela a chọtara na Aswan, nke e mere n'ihe dị ka afọ nke itoolu nke Akhenaten na-egosi Men na nwa ya nwoke Bek na ndị Fero ha na-ejere ozi. N'akụkụ aka nri, ndị ikom na-eguzo n'ihu ihe oyiyi nke Amenhotep nke Atọ. O yikarịrị ka ihe oyiyi ahụ ọ bụ otu n'ime colossi nke Fero nke ụmụ mmadụ mere. Akụkụ a nke stela na-egosipụta ụdị nka ọdịnala nke 18th Dynasty, naanị ihe na-egosi oge Amarna bụ na aha "Amenhotep" ka a hapụrụ, kama ọ bụ aha ocheeze Fero "Nebmaatre" ka a na-ekwughachi, iji zere ịkpọ aha chi Amun nke a machibidoro ofufe ya. N'akụkụ aka ekpe nke stela Bek na-egosi n'ihu Akhenaten, onye na-enye chi ya Aten onyinye; dị ka ihe odide ahụ si kwuo, a na-egosi ihe ahụ na nnukwu ụlọ nsọ nke Aten. Ihe a na-ahụkarị na foto oge Amarna, ụzarị nke Aten na-ejedebe n'aka. E mechara wepụta aha Aten na Akhenaten.<ref>Aldred, op.cit., p.93</ref> Na stela, Bek na-ekwu na ọ bụ "onye mmụta nke Eze Ukwu kụziiri". O yikarịrị ka ọ na-ahụ maka ime ihe oyiyi nke na-egosi Akhenaten na ezinụlọ ya n'ụdị okike, na-agbagha ihe ngosi nke ọdịnala chọrọ.<ref name="autogenerated1">Aldred, p.94</ref> Otu stela (nke dị na Berlin ugbu a) na-egosi Bek na nwunye ya Taheret. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ foto onwe onye mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe odide nke stela a kwukwara na Akhenaten kụziiri ya. Ihe osise nke Akhenaten, nke na-egosi Fero na Aten ma eleghị anya e mere ya n'afọ ndị mbụ nke ọchịchị ya, nwere ike ịbụ ọrụ Bek. Ihe osise a na-egosi Aten na nwoke nwere isi falcon, nke bụ àgwà nke Ra.<ref name="autogenerated1">Aldred, p.94</ref> A makwaara ụfọdụ ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ n'oge Amarna site na aha, nke gụnyere Thutmose (onye mepụtara bust Nefertiti a ma ama) na Yuti, onye na-ese Queen Tiye. == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103139/http://ib205.tripod.com/bek.html Ihe ọmụma na foto] pnxlwtdjnsefm93c28yb2x6cnz19xww 0 16446 631983 624348 2026-05-05T02:22:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 631983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Rushdy Said Bughdady Abaza''' (Arabic) (3 August 1926 - 27 July 1980) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn.<ref name="Bibalex" /> A na-ewere ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Ijipt. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa ụbụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 53.<ref name="Bibalex" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/actors/Rushdi_Abaza.html|title=Rushdi Abaza, AlexCinema|work=www.bibalex.org}} == Ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Rushdy Abaza na Sharqia, Egypt, nna onye Ijipt, Said Abaza, nke sitere n'otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị a ma ama n'Ijipt, ezinụlọ Abaza.<ref name="Bibalex">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/actors/Rushdi_Abaza.html|title=Rushdi Abaza, AlexCinema|work=www.bibalex.org}}</ref> Rushdy gara ụlọ akwụkwọ na Collège Saint Marc na Alexandria.<ref name="Bibalex" /> Site n'akụkụ nna ya, o nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, ''Ragaa'', ''Mounira'', ''Zeinab'' na otu nwanne nwoke, ''Fekri'' (onye na-eme ihe nkiri). Site n'akụkụ nne ya, o nwere otu nwanne nne, Hamed. Naanị nwa ya bụ nwa nwanyị, ''Qismat'' (Eismat). == Alụmdi na nwunye == * Tahiya Karioka, onye Ijipt na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agba egwu * Barbara, nne America nke naanị nwa ya, Qismat * Samia Gamal, onye na-agba egwú Ijipt (alụmdi na nwunye ya kachasị ogologo) * Sabah, onye a ma ama na-agụ egwú na Lebanọn<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11265781/Sabah-obituary.html|title=Sabah - obituary|date=2014-12-01|accessdate=2017-11-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> * Nabila Abaza == Ihe nkiri == Ọ pụtara na ihe karịrị 100 ihe nkiri site n'afọ 1948 ruo 1980; afọ ọ nwụrụ.<ref>[https://najatalsaghira.wordpress.com/2015/06/19/the-magnificent-najat-al-saghira/], English Article titled “Who is Najat Al Saghira? “, 2015, Accessed 2015/08/28.</ref>   == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri 100 kachasị mma n'Ijipt * Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke afọ 1960 * Ihe nkiri Salah Zulfikar * Ihe nkiri Faten Hamama == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ihe ọzọ == * Daoud, Abd el Ghani. (1997). ''Nne nke'' Adà'a na Tamthîlî fî بەشێوەیەکیîkh Cinema el Misreyah. Cairo: nke a na-akpọ Hayʹa na nke a na na-akpọ Qosour na nke a. * Kassem, Mahmoud. ''Mawsouńat el Momathel fi-l-Cinema el Arabia''. Cairo * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nọgọm. Cairo: Ketab el Helal. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nogoum Cinema el Misreyah: Gawhar we-l-Aqniyya. Cairo: Kansụl Kasị Elu maka Ọdịbendị. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ijipt: 100 afọ nke ihe nkiri sinima Paris: Institut du Monde Arabe. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bibalex.org/alexcinema/actors/Rushdi_Abaza.html Rushdi Abaza na Ebe Ọrụ Ozi nke steeti Ijipt] * {{IMDb name}} sf3xfm8ucabyv2cyqqmxppdh2fttme4 0 16469 631966 559695 2026-05-05T01:46:38Z Goodymaraj 21567 631966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Farouk al-Fishawy''' (Arabic; 5 Febụwarị 1952 - 25 Julaị 2019) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/73167/Veteran-actor-Farouk-el-Fishawy-died-at-the-age-of|title=Veteran actor Farouk el-Fishawy died at the age of 67|work=EgyptToday}}</ref> A maara ya maka ''Al-Mashbouh'' (1981). == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ ya dịka Mohamed Farouk al-Fishawy na Sirs El-Layan, Monufia Governorate n'abalị 5 ọnwa February afọ 1952. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwoke atọ na ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filfan.com/news/details/103389|title=تعرَّف على الاسم الحقيقي للفنان فاروق الفيشاوي|work=www.filfan.com}}</ref> Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na otu na nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Rashad al-Fishawy lekọtara ya ma zụlite ya. Ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ ya na ọgwụ n'ozuzu ma tupu nke ahụ ọ natara nzere bachelụ nke nka na Mahadum Ain Shams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alquds.co.uk/وفاة-الفنان-المصري-فاروق-الفيشاوي-عن-67/|title=وفاة الفنان المصري فاروق الفيشاوي عن 67 عاما &#124; فايزة الهنداوي|date=25 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/arabic/art-and-culture-49107481|title=وفاة الممثل المصري فاروق الفيشاوي|date=25 July 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ nka ya n'afọ ndị 1970 ma mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ihe karịrị nkiri 130, gụnyere ''al-Qatila'' (1991), ''al-Tufan'' (1985), ''al-Rasif'' (1993), ''Mutarada Fi al-Mamnu'' (1993), ''Ghadan Sa'antaqem'' (1980), ''Hanafy al-Obaha'' (1990), La Tasalni Man Ana (1984), ''Siriyun Lilghaya'' (1986), ''Nessa Khalf al-Qodban'' (1986), ''Qahwat al-Muaridi'' (1981), ''el-Mar'a'' el-Hadeya (1987), ''Fatat'' Israel al-Hade (19999), Makhacitation (1992) na Hebir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mojaznews.com/15678/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%84%d9%81%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%8a/|title=السيرة الذاتية للفنان فاروق الفيشاوي وأهم أعماله الفنية|date=25 July 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Al-Fishawy lụrụ nwanyị ugboro atọ. Nwunye mbụ ya bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Samia al-Alfi, site n'afọ 1972 ruo mgbe ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'afọ 1992. Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Omar na Ahmed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lahamag.com/article/134741-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87-%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D9%88%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%89|title=فاروق الفيشاوي خان جميع زوجاته.. سمية الألفي وسهير رمزي ولم يستطع الإرتباط بليلى علوي|date=25 July 2019|work=Laha Magazine}}</ref> Nwunye ya nke abụọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Soheir Ramzi]]; ha lụrụ n'afọ 1992 ma kewaa mgbe afọ ise gasịrị, wee gbaa alụkwaghịm.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sayidaty.net/node/926921/%D9%81%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8/5-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A|title=5 فنانات في حياة فاروق الفيشاوي|date=25 July 2019|work=مجلة سيدتي}}</ref> Nwunye ya nke atọ bụ onye na-abụghị onye a ma ama, Nouran Mansor ma kewaa n'afọ 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2026796/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A|title=شائعات وحب وصداقة.. "النص الحلو" في حياة فاروق الفيشاوي|work=honna.elwatannews.com|accessdate=2022-06-21|archivedate=2024-02-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228143050/https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2026796/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%88-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A}}</ref> Ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Laila Elwi]] nwekwara mmekọrịta, mana ọ lụghị ya.<ref name="auto2" /> == Ọrịa na ọnwụ == N'abalị 3 ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, Farouk al-Fishawy, mgbe ọ natasịrị ọta site na ''Alexandria International Film Festival'', mara ọkwa na ya nwere kansa.<ref name="auto1" /> Al-Fishawy nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa imeju n'abalị 25 ọnwa Julaị afọ 2019 mgbe ọ dị afọ 67.<ref name="auto1" /> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 0zzwxcf36d2seewt4529ypw54ja2xnb 0 16472 631953 149935 2026-05-05T01:09:40Z Goodymaraj 21567 631953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard plainlist" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;" |<div class="fn">Moustafa Amar</div>مصطفى قمر |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Birth name</span> | class="infobox-data nickname" |Moustafa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Amar <br /><br /><br /><br /> مصطفى أحمد محمد حسن قمر |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Also known as</span> | class="infobox-data nickname" |Mustafa Amar, Mostafa Amar, Mustafa Gamar, Mostafa Gamar, Moustafa Gamar, Moustafa Qamar, Moustafa Kamar, Mustafa Qamar, Mostafa Qamar, Mustafa Kamar, Mostafa Kamar<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/moustafa-kamar-mn0002124035 "Moustafa Kamar – Discography"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="142">AllMusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1966-09-22</span>) </span>22 September 1966<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;55)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Origin | class="infobox-data" |[[Alexandria]], Egypt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Genres | class="infobox-data" |[[Arabic pop music|Arabic pop]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Occupation(s)</span> | class="infobox-data role" |Singer, actor, composer |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Instruments | class="infobox-data note" |Guitar, vocals |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Years active</span> | class="infobox-data" |1990–present |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Labels | class="infobox-data" |Sonar (Slam!), [[Rotana Records|Rotana]], Alam El Phan, Mazzika |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211218093957/http://moustafaamar.org/ www.moustafaamar.org]</span> |} <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Moustafa Amar''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na 22 Septemba 1966) bụ onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Ijipt. == Ọrụ == Abụ mbụ Amar bụ "Wala Yabou Khad Gameel", nke e wepụtara na abọm. N'afọ 1990, o wepụtara abọm mbụ ya, Wassaf . N'afọ 1992, o wepụtara abọm nke abụọ, Layaleki, nke rere nke ọma. Ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nilly ("Papa Noel") rụkọtara ọrụ, n'afọ 1993 ọ wepụtara abọm ya nke atọ skeet el 3ash2een . N'afọ 1994, abọm Eftekerny . N'afọ 1995, abọm Leman Yahomho El Samr (Salimonee). N'afọ 1996, abọm Taal El Lail. N'afọ 1997, abọm Nar Al Hob. N'afọ 1999, El Leila Doub. N'afọ 2000, Aysheen. N'afọ 2001, Habeeb Hayati. N'afọ 2002, Monaya. N'afọ 2003, Rohi Feek. N'afọ 2003, Bahebak O Ana Kaman. N'afọ 2004, Ensa. N'afọ 2007, Leesa Habayeb. N'afọ 2010, Heya. N'afọ 2014, Ana Metamen. Na mgbakwunye na ide egwu nke ya, o dere maka ndị na-agụ egwu Arabic ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Ehab Tawfik na [[Ali El Haggar]]. Ihe nkiri: El Battal (1998) El Hob Al Awal (2000) Ashab Wala Business (2001) Elb Gareh (2002) Bahabek Ana Kanan (2003) Nar Al Hobeen (2004) Hareem Kareem (2005) Esyabet Al Doctor Omar (2007) Mafeesh Fayda (2008) Gowa El Lohba (2012) == Ndekọ Egwu == * ''Wassaf'' (1990) * ''Eftekerney'' (1992) * ''Layaliki'' (1993) * ''Seket Al-Ashe'en'' (1994) * * * * ''Aisheen'' (ya na Gipsy Kings) (2000) * ''Hayaty'' (2001) * ''Monaya'' (2002) * ''Rohy Feek'' (2003) * ''Bahebak Wana Kaman'' (2003) * ''Enssa'' (2004) * ''Lessa Habayeb'' (2006) * ''Heya'' (2010) * ''Mawlaya Sobhanak'' (2013) * ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' * ''dehket ya'' (2019) === Egwu dị otu === * ''Ghazali'' (ft Hamid El Shari) (2000) * ''Sotak mosh kefaya'' (ft Sherine wagdy) (2006) * ''Aisheen'' (ya na Gipsy Kings) (2000) * ''Habib Hayati'' (2001) * ''Sotak mosh kefaya'' (ft. Sherine Wagdy) (2006) * Mareed Bel-Hob (2008) * ''Aywa Enta'' (2008) * ''De7ket 2alet'' (2009) * ''Hatganen'' (2011) * Papa nwel new arrangement (2013) == Ihe nkiri == * ''Al Batal'' (1997) * ''Al Hob Al Awal'' (2000) * ''As'hab Walla Business'' (2001) * ''Alb Garee'' (2002) * ''Bahebbak Wana Kaman'' (2003) * ''Hobbak Nar'' (2004) * ''Hareem Kareem'' (2005) * ''Esabet'' Al-Doctor Omar (2007) * ''Mafeesh Faida'' (2008) * ''Gowa El Le'ba'' (2012) * ''Fen'' Alby(2017) === Ihe nkiri TV === * ''Ali Ya Weka'' (2007) * ''Montaha elaeshaa'' (2010) * ''Essam w elmesba7 Akụkụ nke Abụọ'' (Vocal Performance) (2012) == Usoro FM == * ''maesr Italya wbl2ks'' (2003) * ''bahebk Ya Magnona'' (2006) * ''Fares men elzaman elgadid'' (2011) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Moustafa Amar on SoundCloud * Moustafa Amar at IMDb [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nrwvkexj1n5wuqym44z09flvqcwi3gl 631954 631953 2026-05-05T01:09:55Z Goodymaraj 21567 631954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard plainlist" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;" |<div class="fn">Moustafa Amar</div>مصطفى قمر |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Birth name</span> | class="infobox-data nickname" |Moustafa Ahmed Mohamed Hassan Amar <br /><br /><br /><br /> مصطفى أحمد محمد حسن قمر |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Also known as</span> | class="infobox-data nickname" |Mustafa Amar, Mostafa Amar, Mustafa Gamar, Mostafa Gamar, Moustafa Gamar, Moustafa Qamar, Moustafa Kamar, Mustafa Qamar, Mostafa Qamar, Mustafa Kamar, Mostafa Kamar<ref><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="141">[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/moustafa-kamar-mn0002124035 "Moustafa Kamar – Discography"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="142">AllMusic<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="143"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1966-09-22</span>) </span>22 September 1966<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;55)</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Origin | class="infobox-data" |[[Alexandria]], Egypt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Genres | class="infobox-data" |[[Arabic pop music|Arabic pop]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Occupation(s)</span> | class="infobox-data role" |Singer, actor, composer |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Instruments | class="infobox-data note" |Guitar, vocals |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<span class="nowrap">Years active</span> | class="infobox-data" |1990–present |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Labels | class="infobox-data" |Sonar (Slam!), [[Rotana Records|Rotana]], Alam El Phan, Mazzika |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20211218093957/http://moustafaamar.org/ www.moustafaamar.org]</span> |} <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] '''Moustafa Amar''' (Arabic; a mụrụ na 22 Septemba 1966) bụ onye egwu na onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Ijipt. == Ọrụ == Abụ mbụ Amar bụ "Wala Yabou Khad Gameel", nke e wepụtara na abọm. N'afọ 1990, o wepụtara abọm mbụ ya, Wassaf . N'afọ 1992, o wepụtara abọm nke abụọ, Layaleki, nke rere nke ọma. Ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Nilly ("Papa Noel") rụkọtara ọrụ, n'afọ 1993 ọ wepụtara abọm ya nke atọ skeet el 3ash2een . N'afọ 1994, abọm Eftekerny . N'afọ 1995, abọm Leman Yahomho El Samr (Salimonee). N'afọ 1996, abọm Taal El Lail. N'afọ 1997, abọm Nar Al Hob. N'afọ 1999, El Leila Doub. N'afọ 2000, Aysheen. N'afọ 2001, Habeeb Hayati. N'afọ 2002, Monaya. N'afọ 2003, Rohi Feek. N'afọ 2003, Bahebak O Ana Kaman. N'afọ 2004, Ensa. N'afọ 2007, Leesa Habayeb. N'afọ 2010, Heya. N'afọ 2014, Ana Metamen. Na mgbakwunye na ide egwu nke ya, o dere maka ndị na-agụ egwu Arabic ndị ọzọ, gụnyere [[Ehab Tawfik]] na [[Ali El Haggar]]. Ihe nkiri: El Battal (1998) El Hob Al Awal (2000) Ashab Wala Business (2001) Elb Gareh (2002) Bahabek Ana Kanan (2003) Nar Al Hobeen (2004) Hareem Kareem (2005) Esyabet Al Doctor Omar (2007) Mafeesh Fayda (2008) Gowa El Lohba (2012) == Ndekọ Egwu == * ''Wassaf'' (1990) * ''Eftekerney'' (1992) * ''Layaliki'' (1993) * ''Seket Al-Ashe'en'' (1994) * * * * ''Aisheen'' (ya na Gipsy Kings) (2000) * ''Hayaty'' (2001) * ''Monaya'' (2002) * ''Rohy Feek'' (2003) * ''Bahebak Wana Kaman'' (2003) * ''Enssa'' (2004) * ''Lessa Habayeb'' (2006) * ''Heya'' (2010) * ''Mawlaya Sobhanak'' (2013) * ''[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]'' * ''dehket ya'' (2019) === Egwu dị otu === * ''Ghazali'' (ft Hamid El Shari) (2000) * ''Sotak mosh kefaya'' (ft Sherine wagdy) (2006) * ''Aisheen'' (ya na Gipsy Kings) (2000) * ''Habib Hayati'' (2001) * ''Sotak mosh kefaya'' (ft. Sherine Wagdy) (2006) * Mareed Bel-Hob (2008) * ''Aywa Enta'' (2008) * ''De7ket 2alet'' (2009) * ''Hatganen'' (2011) * Papa nwel new arrangement (2013) == Ihe nkiri == * ''Al Batal'' (1997) * ''Al Hob Al Awal'' (2000) * ''As'hab Walla Business'' (2001) * ''Alb Garee'' (2002) * ''Bahebbak Wana Kaman'' (2003) * ''Hobbak Nar'' (2004) * ''Hareem Kareem'' (2005) * ''Esabet'' Al-Doctor Omar (2007) * ''Mafeesh Faida'' (2008) * ''Gowa El Le'ba'' (2012) * ''Fen'' Alby(2017) === Ihe nkiri TV === * ''Ali Ya Weka'' (2007) * ''Montaha elaeshaa'' (2010) * ''Essam w elmesba7 Akụkụ nke Abụọ'' (Vocal Performance) (2012) == Usoro FM == * ''maesr Italya wbl2ks'' (2003) * ''bahebk Ya Magnona'' (2006) * ''Fares men elzaman elgadid'' (2011) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Moustafa Amar on SoundCloud * Moustafa Amar at IMDb [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l6q6dfiqd015yd7r39gzm4hbrsxb5ha 0 16516 631958 197105 2026-05-05T01:26:27Z Goodymaraj 21567 631958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    '''Fouad Zaki Mohamed El Mohandes''' Arabic: ; nke a maara dịka Fouad El Mohandes (ma ọ bụ '''Fuad el-Мohandess'''; Arabic: ف Bullad المهندس, a mụrụ na September 6, 1924 , ọ nwụọ na September 16, 2006) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, na kpakpando site n'afọ 1950 na-ahụkarị na ọrụ ọchị n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, sinima, na TV na-agafe afọ iri ise. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Fouad_al-Mohandes.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb]] A mụrụ ya na Abbassia, Cairo. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zaki Mohamed el-Mohandes, onye isi nke ngalaba Dar al-Oloom na onye otu Arabic language Academy of Egypt. Ya mere, ụlọ ha bụ ebe e wusiri ike iji chekwaa asụsụ Arabic, nke ọ mụtara site n'aka nna ya, onye bụ onye mbụ nwere otuto n'ịzụlite nkà nka ya. El-Mohandes nwere nwanne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Safiya el-Mohandas nwụrụ anwụ, onye bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na redio ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri n'usoro, yana onye mgbasa ozi Egypt a ma ama nke lụrụ Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban (nke a maara dịka Baba Sharoaban), onye bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ telivish na-Mohands ruo ihe ịga nke ọma karịa afọ iri na ụlọ ọrụ Al-Moh. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị obere. N'ịbụ onye ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị [[Naguib el-Rihani|Naguib Al Rehani]] (Onye masịrị el-Mohandesʹs na egwuregwu ''Al Dunia Ala Kaf Afrit'' [Ụwa dị n'ọbụ aka nke imp]) kpaliri n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba azụmahịa, el-Mochandes kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Ezigbo enyi ya na onye agbata obi ya si n'ógbè Abbassiya [[Salah Zulfikar]] nyeere ya aka ma kọwaara ya ụmụnne ya [[Ezz El-Dine Zulficar|Ezz El-Dine Zulfikir]] na Mahmoud Zulfikari ma ha bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara ịmalite ọrụ ya na sinima. Ọ sonyeere otu a na-akpọ ''Sa'a li Qalbak'' (''Otu awa n'obi gị'') n'oge ọ malitere. Ọrụ ya dị mkpa: "Sapawy" na ''Aelet Zizi'' (''ezinụlọ Zizi''), "Zaki / Mr.X." na ''Akhtar ragol fi el aalam'' (''Nwoke kachasị ize ndụ n'ụwa''), "Bassiouni" na ''El Ard El Tayyeba'' (Ezi Ụwa), "Abdul-Salam Al-Damanhouri" na ''Khali'' min balak giranak (Leba ndị agbata obi gị), na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, ọ gosipụtakwara na mgbasa ozi redio n'afọ ndị 1960: ''Aaelet marzouk'' (''ezinụlọ Marzouk''), ''Sa'aa'' le albek (''Otu awa maka obi gị''), na ''Kilmitein Wi-Bas'' (Okwu Abụọ ''Naanị''), nke a na-agbasa kwa ụbọchị ruo ihe karịrị afọ 15. Ọrụ ya na ''Aa'ilat Zizi'' (Zizi's Family), nke Fatin Abdel Wahab duziri, bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ya na nwunye ya ''n'oge'' ahụ, Shwikar, bụ di na nwunye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri, na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Mutarada Gharamiya'' (An Amorous Pursuit), ''Ard El Nifaq'' (Land of Hypocrisy), na ''Akhtar Ragul Fil Aalam'' (The Most Dangerous Man In The World). Ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa na Theaters: ''Ana wa howa wa heia'' (M, ya, na ya), ''Sayedity el gamila'' (''ụmụ nwanyị'' mara mma m), El ''secerteair'' el fani (Onye ''odeakwụkwọ teknụzụ''), ''Ana fin'' wenty fein (Ebe m nọ, na ebe ị nọ). Ọ pụtakwara na Adel Emam (ọ ka bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye mbido), dịka egwuregwu ''Ana w Huwwa w Hiyya'' (Mụ onwe m, ya, na ya) na 1964, yana Saeed Saleh na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1970. Otú ọ dị, ọ laghachiri na Adel Emam na ihe nkiri dịka ''Khalli Balak Min Giranak'' (Watch Out for Your Neighbours) n'afọ ndị 1990. Afọ 1960 bụ oge ọlaedo nke el-Mohandes. O mere ụfọdụ egwuregwu na-aga nke ọma, dịka: ''El-Sekerteir El-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary), ''Sayydati El-Gameela'' (the Arabic adaptation of My Fair Lady), na ''Hawwa' El-Sa'aa 12'' (Eve of Midnight). Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, mmasị ya laghachiri na ihe nkiri, na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Innaha Haqqan Aa'ila Muhtarama'' (''Ọ bụ n'ezie Ezinụlọ A Na-akwanyere ùgwù''), ''Hala habibty'' (''Hala ịhụnanya m''), na ''Rawhia'' etkatafet (''A tọọrọ Rawhia''). Ụfọdụ ''n'ime'' ọrụ nkwado ya bụ na: ''Bein El Atlaal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') na Faten Hamama, ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya'' Na-acha Nri) na Salah Zulfikar & Shadia, ''Amirat El Arab'' (Princess of the Arabs), ''El Sahera El Sagheera'' (The Little Witch) na Soad Hosni, [[Rushdy Abaza|Roshdy Abaza]] & Madiha Yousri, ''Nahr El Hob'' (River of Love) na [[Omar Sharif]] & Faten Hamma, Mawwad-Sadly Majerhh & Al-Sharih na Al-Sl Bourda (N's) na Allyma, Majerh)''.. Onye na-ehicha ụlọ'') na Ahmed Zaki & Ragaa Al Geddawy & [[Safia El Emari]]. == Ndụ onwe == el-Mohandes lụrụ nwanyị ugboro abụọ; nke mbụ sitere na Effat Sorour ma ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Ahmed, onye injinia obodo nke nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Habiba nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ DSB na Egypt, ma ugbu a bi na Canada, na Mohamed, onye ọchụnta ego nwere nwa nwoke, aha ya bụ Omar ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na AUC. == Ọnwụ == Fouad el-Mohandes nwụrụ n'abalị 16 ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, ụbọchị iri mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asatọ na abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na mberede na nke siri ike, n'ihi oke egwu ya mgbe ọ hụrụ ọdịda nke elu ụlọ ihi ụra n'ụlọ ya na Zamalek, n'ime nnukwu ọkụ n'ime ya, ọ lanarịrị ya n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube. el-Mohandes nwụrụ naanị ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọnwụ nke onye ibe ya ochie Abdel Moneim Madbouly gasịrị. Na Septemba 6, 2016, [[Google]] Search mere emume ncheta afọ 92 nke ọmụmụ Fouad el-Mohandes. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Bint El Geeran'' (''Nwa nwanyị'' onye agbata obi) (1954) * ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya Na-eme'' Egwu) (1956) * ''Bayn Al-Atlal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') (1959) * ''Nahr Al-Hobb'' (River of Love) (1960) * Hub fi hub (''Ịhụnanya na Ịhụnanya Ka ukwuu'') (1960) * ''Mawwńed Mal Maadi'' (Nlekọta ya na Oge gara aga) (1961) * ''Al shoumou el sawdaa'' (Black Candles) (1962) * ''El Telmiza'' (The Student) (1962) * Ntinye aha na Ụlọ Elu (1962) * El ''Motamarreda'' (The Rebel) (1963) * ''Ana Wa Huwa Wa Hiya'' (Mụ, Ya na Ya) (1964) * ''Al ariss yassel ghadan'' (The Groom Arrives Tomorrow) (1964) * ''Chabab wa hub wa marian'' (Ntorobịa, Ịhụnanya na Ọṅụ) (1964) * ''Sahib'' el complaint (His Majesty) (1964) * ''Iterafat zoj'' (''Nkwupụta'' Di) (1965) * ''Zawga Mn Paris'' (''Nwunye si Paris'') (1966) * ''Guanab'' el safir (His Excellency The Ambassador) (1966) * ''Agazet gharam'' (Ụbọchị Ịhụnanya) (1967) * ''Akhtar ragol fil alam'' (''Nwoke Kasị Ifu N'Ụwa'') (1967) * ''Mabodet'' el gamahir (The Audiences Beloved) (1967) * Al ragol da hai ganini (''Nwoke a na-eme ka m'' tụbọọ) (1967) * ''Aalam modhek geddan'' (A Very Funny World) (1968) * ''Ard el-nefak'' (''Ala nke ihu abụọ'') (1968) * ''Kilmitayn Wa Bas'' (Just Few Words) (1968) * ''Al-Sikirtir Al-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary) (1968) * Merati magnouna... magnouna ... magnouna (Nwunye m bụ onye ara, onye ara, ara) (1968) * Al millionaire al mouzayyaf (The Fake Millionaire) (1968) * Moutarada gharamia (An Amorous Pursuit) (1968) * Shanabo fil massiada (''Shanabo'' in Trap) (1968) * ''Sayedaty Al Jamila'' (My Fair Lady) (Arabic adaptation) (1969) * ''Viva Zalata'' (1976) * ''Sok Ala Banatak'' (Lock Your Girls In) (1980) (ihe odide nke Lenin El-Ramly) * Ayoub (''Ayoub'') (1983) == TV == * Ammo Fuad Series nke gara n'ihu ihe karịrị afọ 10 na 1990s (Ramadan TV Competition for children) * Oyun (Eyes) na Sanaa Gamil * ''Robabkia'' [ nke Farid Shawky dere] (2000) == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1096942 Fouad el-Mohandes] na ElCinema.com * [https://www.google.com/doodles/fouad-el-mohandes-92nd-birthday Ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke 92 - Google Doodle] 34e5c5p5nhjhkr1qrld6po1btbbp6vg 631959 631958 2026-05-05T01:28:00Z Goodymaraj 21567 631959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    '''Fouad Zaki Mohamed El Mohandes''' Arabic: ; nke a maara dịka Fouad El Mohandes (ma ọ bụ '''Fuad el-Мohandess'''; Arabic: ف Bullad المهندس, a mụrụ na September 6, 1924 , ọ nwụọ na September 16, 2006) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, na kpakpando site n'afọ 1950 na-ahụkarị na ọrụ ọchị n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, sinima, na TV na-agafe afọ iri ise. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Fouad_al-Mohandes.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb]] A mụrụ ya na Abbassia, Cairo. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zaki Mohamed el-Mohandes, onye isi nke ngalaba Dar al-Oloom na onye otu Arabic language Academy of Egypt. Ya mere, ụlọ ha bụ ebe e wusiri ike iji chekwaa asụsụ Arabic, nke ọ mụtara site n'aka nna ya, onye bụ onye mbụ nwere otuto n'ịzụlite nkà nka ya. El-Mohandes nwere nwanne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Safiya el-Mohandas nwụrụ anwụ, onye bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na redio ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri n'usoro, yana onye mgbasa ozi Egypt a ma ama nke lụrụ Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban (nke a maara dịka Baba Sharoaban), onye bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ telivish na-Mohands ruo ihe ịga nke ọma karịa afọ iri na ụlọ ọrụ Al-Moh. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị obere. N'ịbụ onye ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị [[Naguib el-Rihani|Naguib Al Rehani]] (Onye masịrị el-Mohandesʹs na egwuregwu ''Al Dunia Ala Kaf Afrit'' [Ụwa dị n'ọbụ aka nke imp]) kpaliri n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba azụmahịa, el-Mochandes kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Ezigbo enyi ya na onye agbata obi ya si n'ógbè Abbassiya [[Salah Zulfikar]] nyeere ya aka ma kọwaara ya ụmụnne ya [[Ezz El-Dine Zulficar|Ezz El-Dine Zulfikir]] na Mahmoud Zulfikari ma ha bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara ịmalite ọrụ ya na sinima. Ọ sonyeere otu a na-akpọ ''Sa'a li Qalbak'' (''Otu awa n'obi gị'') n'oge ọ malitere. Ọrụ ya dị mkpa: "Sapawy" na ''Aelet Zizi'' (''ezinụlọ Zizi''), "Zaki / Mr.X." na ''Akhtar ragol fi el aalam'' (''Nwoke kachasị ize ndụ n'ụwa''), "Bassiouni" na ''El Ard El Tayyeba'' (Ezi Ụwa), "Abdul-Salam Al-Damanhouri" na ''Khali'' min balak giranak (Leba ndị agbata obi gị), na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, ọ gosipụtakwara na mgbasa ozi redio n'afọ ndị 1960: ''Aaelet marzouk'' (''ezinụlọ Marzouk''), ''Sa'aa'' le albek (''Otu awa maka obi gị''), na ''Kilmitein Wi-Bas'' (Okwu Abụọ ''Naanị''), nke a na-agbasa kwa ụbọchị ruo ihe karịrị afọ 15. Ọrụ ya na ''Aa'ilat Zizi'' (Zizi's Family), nke [[Fatin Abdel Wahab]] duziri, bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ya na nwunye ya ''n'oge'' ahụ, [[Shwikar]], bụ di na nwunye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri, na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Mutarada Gharamiya'' (An Amorous Pursuit), ''Ard El Nifaq'' (Land of Hypocrisy), na ''Akhtar Ragul Fil Aalam'' (The Most Dangerous Man In The World). Ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa na Theaters: ''Ana wa howa wa heia'' (M, ya, na ya), ''Sayedity el gamila'' (''ụmụ nwanyị'' mara mma m), El ''secerteair'' el fani (Onye ''odeakwụkwọ teknụzụ''), ''Ana fin'' wenty fein (Ebe m nọ, na ebe ị nọ). Ọ pụtakwara na [[Adel Emam]] (ọ ka bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye mbido), dịka egwuregwu ''Ana w Huwwa w Hiyya'' (Mụ onwe m, ya, na ya) na 1964, yana Saeed Saleh na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1970. Otú ọ dị, ọ laghachiri na Adel Emam na ihe nkiri dịka ''Khalli Balak Min Giranak'' (Watch Out for Your Neighbours) n'afọ ndị 1990. Afọ 1960 bụ oge ọlaedo nke el-Mohandes. O mere ụfọdụ egwuregwu na-aga nke ọma, dịka: ''El-Sekerteir El-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary), ''Sayydati El-Gameela'' (the Arabic adaptation of My Fair Lady), na ''Hawwa' El-Sa'aa 12'' (Eve of Midnight). Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, mmasị ya laghachiri na ihe nkiri, na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Innaha Haqqan Aa'ila Muhtarama'' (''Ọ bụ n'ezie Ezinụlọ A Na-akwanyere ùgwù''), ''Hala habibty'' (''Hala ịhụnanya m''), na ''Rawhia'' etkatafet (''A tọọrọ Rawhia''). Ụfọdụ ''n'ime'' ọrụ nkwado ya bụ na: ''Bein El Atlaal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') na Faten Hamama, ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya'' Na-acha Nri) na Salah Zulfikar & Shadia, ''Amirat El Arab'' (Princess of the Arabs), ''El Sahera El Sagheera'' (The Little Witch) na Soad Hosni, [[Rushdy Abaza|Roshdy Abaza]] & Madiha Yousri, ''Nahr El Hob'' (River of Love) na [[Omar Sharif]] & Faten Hamma, Mawwad-Sadly Majerhh & Al-Sharih na Al-Sl Bourda (N's) na Allyma, Majerh)''.. Onye na-ehicha ụlọ'') na Ahmed Zaki & Ragaa Al Geddawy & [[Safia El Emari]]. == Ndụ onwe == el-Mohandes lụrụ nwanyị ugboro abụọ; nke mbụ sitere na Effat Sorour ma ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Ahmed, onye injinia obodo nke nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Habiba nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ DSB na Egypt, ma ugbu a bi na Canada, na Mohamed, onye ọchụnta ego nwere nwa nwoke, aha ya bụ Omar ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na AUC. == Ọnwụ == Fouad el-Mohandes nwụrụ n'abalị 16 ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, ụbọchị iri mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asatọ na abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na mberede na nke siri ike, n'ihi oke egwu ya mgbe ọ hụrụ ọdịda nke elu ụlọ ihi ụra n'ụlọ ya na Zamalek, n'ime nnukwu ọkụ n'ime ya, ọ lanarịrị ya n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube. el-Mohandes nwụrụ naanị ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọnwụ nke onye ibe ya ochie Abdel Moneim Madbouly gasịrị. Na Septemba 6, 2016, [[Google]] Search mere emume ncheta afọ 92 nke ọmụmụ Fouad el-Mohandes. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Bint El Geeran'' (''Nwa nwanyị'' onye agbata obi) (1954) * ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya Na-eme'' Egwu) (1956) * ''Bayn Al-Atlal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') (1959) * ''Nahr Al-Hobb'' (River of Love) (1960) * Hub fi hub (''Ịhụnanya na Ịhụnanya Ka ukwuu'') (1960) * ''Mawwńed Mal Maadi'' (Nlekọta ya na Oge gara aga) (1961) * ''Al shoumou el sawdaa'' (Black Candles) (1962) * ''El Telmiza'' (The Student) (1962) * Ntinye aha na Ụlọ Elu (1962) * El ''Motamarreda'' (The Rebel) (1963) * ''Ana Wa Huwa Wa Hiya'' (Mụ, Ya na Ya) (1964) * ''Al ariss yassel ghadan'' (The Groom Arrives Tomorrow) (1964) * ''Chabab wa hub wa marian'' (Ntorobịa, Ịhụnanya na Ọṅụ) (1964) * ''Sahib'' el complaint (His Majesty) (1964) * ''Iterafat zoj'' (''Nkwupụta'' Di) (1965) * ''Zawga Mn Paris'' (''Nwunye si Paris'') (1966) * ''Guanab'' el safir (His Excellency The Ambassador) (1966) * ''Agazet gharam'' (Ụbọchị Ịhụnanya) (1967) * ''Akhtar ragol fil alam'' (''Nwoke Kasị Ifu N'Ụwa'') (1967) * ''Mabodet'' el gamahir (The Audiences Beloved) (1967) * Al ragol da hai ganini (''Nwoke a na-eme ka m'' tụbọọ) (1967) * ''Aalam modhek geddan'' (A Very Funny World) (1968) * ''Ard el-nefak'' (''Ala nke ihu abụọ'') (1968) * ''Kilmitayn Wa Bas'' (Just Few Words) (1968) * ''Al-Sikirtir Al-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary) (1968) * Merati magnouna... magnouna ... magnouna (Nwunye m bụ onye ara, onye ara, ara) (1968) * Al millionaire al mouzayyaf (The Fake Millionaire) (1968) * Moutarada gharamia (An Amorous Pursuit) (1968) * Shanabo fil massiada (''Shanabo'' in Trap) (1968) * ''Sayedaty Al Jamila'' (My Fair Lady) (Arabic adaptation) (1969) * ''Viva Zalata'' (1976) * ''Sok Ala Banatak'' (Lock Your Girls In) (1980) (ihe odide nke Lenin El-Ramly) * Ayoub (''Ayoub'') (1983) == TV == * Ammo Fuad Series nke gara n'ihu ihe karịrị afọ 10 na 1990s (Ramadan TV Competition for children) * Oyun (Eyes) na Sanaa Gamil * ''Robabkia'' [ nke Farid Shawky dere] (2000) == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1096942 Fouad el-Mohandes] na ElCinema.com * [https://www.google.com/doodles/fouad-el-mohandes-92nd-birthday Ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke 92 - Google Doodle] ed1or98liyo3abel6yeqjl23q4n16m0 631960 631959 2026-05-05T01:30:35Z Goodymaraj 21567 631960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    '''Fouad Zaki Mohamed El Mohandes''' Arabic: ; nke a maara dịka Fouad El Mohandes (ma ọ bụ '''Fuad el-Мohandess'''; Arabic: ف Bullad المهندس, a mụrụ na September 6, 1924 , ọ nwụọ na September 16, 2006) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, na kpakpando site n'afọ 1950 na-ahụkarị na ọrụ ọchị n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, sinima, na TV na-agafe afọ iri ise. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Fouad_al-Mohandes.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb]] A mụrụ ya na Abbassia, Cairo. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zaki Mohamed el-Mohandes, onye isi nke ngalaba Dar al-Oloom na onye otu Arabic language Academy of Egypt. Ya mere, ụlọ ha bụ ebe e wusiri ike iji chekwaa asụsụ Arabic, nke ọ mụtara site n'aka nna ya, onye bụ onye mbụ nwere otuto n'ịzụlite nkà nka ya. El-Mohandes nwere nwanne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Safiya el-Mohandas nwụrụ anwụ, onye bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na redio ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri n'usoro, yana onye mgbasa ozi Egypt a ma ama nke lụrụ Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban (nke a maara dịka Baba Sharoaban), onye bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ telivish na-Mohands ruo ihe ịga nke ọma karịa afọ iri na ụlọ ọrụ Al-Moh. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị obere. N'ịbụ onye ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị [[Naguib el-Rihani|Naguib Al Rehani]] (Onye masịrị el-Mohandesʹs na egwuregwu ''Al Dunia Ala Kaf Afrit'' [Ụwa dị n'ọbụ aka nke imp]) kpaliri n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba azụmahịa, el-Mochandes kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Ezigbo enyi ya na onye agbata obi ya si n'ógbè Abbassiya [[Salah Zulfikar]] nyeere ya aka ma kọwaara ya ụmụnne ya [[Ezz El-Dine Zulficar|Ezz El-Dine Zulfikir]] na Mahmoud Zulfikari ma ha bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara ịmalite ọrụ ya na sinima. Ọ sonyeere otu a na-akpọ ''Sa'a li Qalbak'' (''Otu awa n'obi gị'') n'oge ọ malitere. Ọrụ ya dị mkpa: "Sapawy" na ''Aelet Zizi'' (''ezinụlọ Zizi''), "Zaki / Mr.X." na ''Akhtar ragol fi el aalam'' (''Nwoke kachasị ize ndụ n'ụwa''), "Bassiouni" na ''El Ard El Tayyeba'' (Ezi Ụwa), "Abdul-Salam Al-Damanhouri" na ''Khali'' min balak giranak (Leba ndị agbata obi gị), na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, ọ gosipụtakwara na mgbasa ozi redio n'afọ ndị 1960: ''Aaelet marzouk'' (''ezinụlọ Marzouk''), ''Sa'aa'' le albek (''Otu awa maka obi gị''), na ''Kilmitein Wi-Bas'' (Okwu Abụọ ''Naanị''), nke a na-agbasa kwa ụbọchị ruo ihe karịrị afọ 15. Ọrụ ya na ''Aa'ilat Zizi'' (Zizi's Family), nke [[Fatin Abdel Wahab]] duziri, bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ya na nwunye ya ''n'oge'' ahụ, [[Shwikar]], bụ di na nwunye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri, na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Mutarada Gharamiya'' (An Amorous Pursuit), ''Ard El Nifaq'' (Land of Hypocrisy), na ''Akhtar Ragul Fil Aalam'' (The Most Dangerous Man In The World). Ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa na Theaters: ''Ana wa howa wa heia'' (M, ya, na ya), ''Sayedity el gamila'' (''ụmụ nwanyị'' mara mma m), El ''secerteair'' el fani (Onye ''odeakwụkwọ teknụzụ''), ''Ana fin'' wenty fein (Ebe m nọ, na ebe ị nọ). Ọ pụtakwara na [[Adel Emam]] (ọ ka bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye mbido), dịka egwuregwu ''Ana w Huwwa w Hiyya'' (Mụ onwe m, ya, na ya) na 1964, yana Saeed Saleh na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1970. Otú ọ dị, ọ laghachiri na Adel Emam na ihe nkiri dịka ''Khalli Balak Min Giranak'' (Watch Out for Your Neighbours) n'afọ ndị 1990. Afọ 1960 bụ oge ọlaedo nke el-Mohandes. O mere ụfọdụ egwuregwu na-aga nke ọma, dịka: ''El-Sekerteir El-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary), ''Sayydati El-Gameela'' (the Arabic adaptation of My Fair Lady), na ''Hawwa' El-Sa'aa 12'' (Eve of Midnight). Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, mmasị ya laghachiri na ihe nkiri, na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Innaha Haqqan Aa'ila Muhtarama'' (''Ọ bụ n'ezie Ezinụlọ A Na-akwanyere ùgwù''), ''Hala habibty'' (''Hala ịhụnanya m''), na ''Rawhia'' etkatafet (''A tọọrọ Rawhia''). Ụfọdụ ''n'ime'' ọrụ nkwado ya bụ na: ''Bein El Atlaal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') na Faten Hamama, ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya'' Na-acha Nri) na Salah Zulfikar & Shadia, ''Amirat El Arab'' (Princess of the Arabs), ''El Sahera El Sagheera'' (The Little Witch) na Soad Hosni, [[Rushdy Abaza|Roshdy Abaza]] & [[Madiha Yousri]], ''Nahr El Hob'' (River of Love) na [[Omar Sharif]] & Faten Hamma, Mawwad-Sadly Majerhh & Al-Sharih na Al-Sl Bourda (N's) na Allyma, Majerh)''.. Onye na-ehicha ụlọ'') na Ahmed Zaki & Ragaa Al Geddawy & [[Safia El Emari]]. == Ndụ onwe == el-Mohandes lụrụ nwanyị ugboro abụọ; nke mbụ sitere na Effat Sorour ma ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Ahmed, onye injinia obodo nke nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Habiba nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ DSB na Egypt, ma ugbu a bi na Canada, na Mohamed, onye ọchụnta ego nwere nwa nwoke, aha ya bụ Omar ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na AUC. == Ọnwụ == Fouad el-Mohandes nwụrụ n'abalị 16 ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, ụbọchị iri mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asatọ na abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na mberede na nke siri ike, n'ihi oke egwu ya mgbe ọ hụrụ ọdịda nke elu ụlọ ihi ụra n'ụlọ ya na Zamalek, n'ime nnukwu ọkụ n'ime ya, ọ lanarịrị ya n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube. el-Mohandes nwụrụ naanị ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọnwụ nke onye ibe ya ochie Abdel Moneim Madbouly gasịrị. Na Septemba 6, 2016, [[Google]] Search mere emume ncheta afọ 92 nke ọmụmụ Fouad el-Mohandes. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Bint El Geeran'' (''Nwa nwanyị'' onye agbata obi) (1954) * ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya Na-eme'' Egwu) (1956) * ''Bayn Al-Atlal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') (1959) * ''Nahr Al-Hobb'' (River of Love) (1960) * Hub fi hub (''Ịhụnanya na Ịhụnanya Ka ukwuu'') (1960) * ''Mawwńed Mal Maadi'' (Nlekọta ya na Oge gara aga) (1961) * ''Al shoumou el sawdaa'' (Black Candles) (1962) * ''El Telmiza'' (The Student) (1962) * Ntinye aha na Ụlọ Elu (1962) * El ''Motamarreda'' (The Rebel) (1963) * ''Ana Wa Huwa Wa Hiya'' (Mụ, Ya na Ya) (1964) * ''Al ariss yassel ghadan'' (The Groom Arrives Tomorrow) (1964) * ''Chabab wa hub wa marian'' (Ntorobịa, Ịhụnanya na Ọṅụ) (1964) * ''Sahib'' el complaint (His Majesty) (1964) * ''Iterafat zoj'' (''Nkwupụta'' Di) (1965) * ''Zawga Mn Paris'' (''Nwunye si Paris'') (1966) * ''Guanab'' el safir (His Excellency The Ambassador) (1966) * ''Agazet gharam'' (Ụbọchị Ịhụnanya) (1967) * ''Akhtar ragol fil alam'' (''Nwoke Kasị Ifu N'Ụwa'') (1967) * ''Mabodet'' el gamahir (The Audiences Beloved) (1967) * Al ragol da hai ganini (''Nwoke a na-eme ka m'' tụbọọ) (1967) * ''Aalam modhek geddan'' (A Very Funny World) (1968) * ''Ard el-nefak'' (''Ala nke ihu abụọ'') (1968) * ''Kilmitayn Wa Bas'' (Just Few Words) (1968) * ''Al-Sikirtir Al-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary) (1968) * Merati magnouna... magnouna ... magnouna (Nwunye m bụ onye ara, onye ara, ara) (1968) * Al millionaire al mouzayyaf (The Fake Millionaire) (1968) * Moutarada gharamia (An Amorous Pursuit) (1968) * Shanabo fil massiada (''Shanabo'' in Trap) (1968) * ''Sayedaty Al Jamila'' (My Fair Lady) (Arabic adaptation) (1969) * ''Viva Zalata'' (1976) * ''Sok Ala Banatak'' (Lock Your Girls In) (1980) (ihe odide nke Lenin El-Ramly) * Ayoub (''Ayoub'') (1983) == TV == * Ammo Fuad Series nke gara n'ihu ihe karịrị afọ 10 na 1990s (Ramadan TV Competition for children) * Oyun (Eyes) na Sanaa Gamil * ''Robabkia'' [ nke Farid Shawky dere] (2000) == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1096942 Fouad el-Mohandes] na ElCinema.com * [https://www.google.com/doodles/fouad-el-mohandes-92nd-birthday Ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke 92 - Google Doodle] eu6eur2l6zqb309psywy0rtb3e4ewnc 631961 631960 2026-05-05T01:32:34Z Goodymaraj 21567 631961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}    '''Fouad Zaki Mohamed El Mohandes''' Arabic: ; nke a maara dịka Fouad El Mohandes (ma ọ bụ '''Fuad el-Мohandess'''; Arabic: ف Bullad المهندس, a mụrụ na September 6, 1924 , ọ nwụọ na September 16, 2006) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri, na kpakpando site n'afọ 1950 na-ahụkarị na ọrụ ọchị n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, sinima, na TV na-agafe afọ iri ise. [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Fouad_al-Mohandes.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb]] A mụrụ ya na Abbassia, Cairo. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke ọkà mmụta asụsụ Zaki Mohamed el-Mohandes, onye isi nke ngalaba Dar al-Oloom na onye otu Arabic language Academy of Egypt. Ya mere, ụlọ ha bụ ebe e wusiri ike iji chekwaa asụsụ Arabic, nke ọ mụtara site n'aka nna ya, onye bụ onye mbụ nwere otuto n'ịzụlite nkà nka ya. El-Mohandes nwere nwanne nwoke na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụ Safiya el-Mohandas nwụrụ anwụ, onye bụ onyeisi ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na redio ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri n'usoro, yana onye mgbasa ozi Egypt a ma ama nke lụrụ Mohamed Mahmoud Shaaban (nke a maara dịka Baba Sharoaban), onye bụkwa onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ telivish na-Mohands ruo ihe ịga nke ọma karịa afọ iri na ụlọ ọrụ Al-Moh. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị obere. N'ịbụ onye ihe nkiri nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị [[Naguib el-Rihani|Naguib Al Rehani]] (Onye masịrị el-Mohandesʹs na egwuregwu ''Al Dunia Ala Kaf Afrit'' [Ụwa dị n'ọbụ aka nke imp]) kpaliri n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba azụmahịa, el-Mochandes kpebiri ịchụso ọrụ na ihe nkiri. Ezigbo enyi ya na onye agbata obi ya si n'ógbè Abbassiya [[Salah Zulfikar]] nyeere ya aka ma kọwaara ya ụmụnne ya [[Ezz El-Dine Zulficar|Ezz El-Dine Zulfikir]] na Mahmoud Zulfikari ma ha bụ nnukwu ihe kpatara ịmalite ọrụ ya na sinima. Ọ sonyeere otu a na-akpọ ''Sa'a li Qalbak'' (''Otu awa n'obi gị'') n'oge ọ malitere. Ọrụ ya dị mkpa: "Sapawy" na ''Aelet Zizi'' (''ezinụlọ Zizi''), "Zaki / Mr.X." na ''Akhtar ragol fi el aalam'' (''Nwoke kachasị ize ndụ n'ụwa''), "Bassiouni" na ''El Ard El Tayyeba'' (Ezi Ụwa), "Abdul-Salam Al-Damanhouri" na ''Khali'' min balak giranak (Leba ndị agbata obi gị), na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ. N'oge ahụ, ọ gosipụtakwara na mgbasa ozi redio n'afọ ndị 1960: ''Aaelet marzouk'' (''ezinụlọ Marzouk''), ''Sa'aa'' le albek (''Otu awa maka obi gị''), na ''Kilmitein Wi-Bas'' (Okwu Abụọ ''Naanị''), nke a na-agbasa kwa ụbọchị ruo ihe karịrị afọ 15. Ọrụ ya na ''Aa'ilat Zizi'' (Zizi's Family), nke [[Fatin Abdel Wahab]] duziri, bụ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa n'ọrụ ya. Na mgbakwunye, ya na nwunye ya ''n'oge'' ahụ, [[Shwikar]], bụ di na nwunye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri, na-arụkọ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Mutarada Gharamiya'' (An Amorous Pursuit), ''Ard El Nifaq'' (Land of Hypocrisy), na ''Akhtar Ragul Fil Aalam'' (The Most Dangerous Man In The World). Ọrụ ya kachasị mkpa na Theaters: ''Ana wa howa wa heia'' (M, ya, na ya), ''Sayedity el gamila'' (''ụmụ nwanyị'' mara mma m), El ''secerteair'' el fani (Onye ''odeakwụkwọ teknụzụ''), ''Ana fin'' wenty fein (Ebe m nọ, na ebe ị nọ). Ọ pụtakwara na [[Adel Emam]] (ọ ka bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye mbido), dịka egwuregwu ''Ana w Huwwa w Hiyya'' (Mụ onwe m, ya, na ya) na 1964, yana Saeed Saleh na ihe nkiri n'afọ 1970. Otú ọ dị, ọ laghachiri na Adel Emam na ihe nkiri dịka ''Khalli Balak Min Giranak'' (Watch Out for Your Neighbours) n'afọ ndị 1990. Afọ 1960 bụ oge ọlaedo nke el-Mohandes. O mere ụfọdụ egwuregwu na-aga nke ọma, dịka: ''El-Sekerteir El-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary), ''Sayydati El-Gameela'' (the Arabic adaptation of My Fair Lady), na ''Hawwa' El-Sa'aa 12'' (Eve of Midnight). Ka oge na-aga n'ọrụ ya, mmasị ya laghachiri na ihe nkiri, na-arụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka: ''Innaha Haqqan Aa'ila Muhtarama'' (''Ọ bụ n'ezie Ezinụlọ A Na-akwanyere ùgwù''), ''Hala habibty'' (''Hala ịhụnanya m''), na ''Rawhia'' etkatafet (''A tọọrọ Rawhia''). Ụfọdụ ''n'ime'' ọrụ nkwado ya bụ na: ''Bein El Atlaal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') na Faten Hamama, ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya'' Na-acha Nri) na Salah Zulfikar & Shadia, ''Amirat El Arab'' (Princess of the Arabs), ''El Sahera El Sagheera'' (The Little Witch) na Soad Hosni, [[Rushdy Abaza|Roshdy Abaza]] & [[Madiha Yousri]], ''Nahr El Hob'' (River of Love) na [[Omar Sharif]] & Faten Hamma, Mawwad-Sadly Majerhh & Al-Sharih na Al-Sl Bourda (N's) na Allyma, Majerh)''.. Onye na-ehicha ụlọ'') na Ahmed Zaki & Ragaa Al Geddawy & [[Safia El Emari]]. == Ndụ onwe == el-Mohandes lụrụ nwanyị ugboro abụọ; nke mbụ sitere na Effat Sorour ma ọ mụrụ ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Ahmed, onye injinia obodo nke nwere nwa nwanyị aha ya bụ Habiba nọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ DSB na Egypt, ma ugbu a bi na [[Kánada|Canada]], na Mohamed, onye ọchụnta ego nwere nwa nwoke, aha ya bụ Omar ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na AUC. == Ọnwụ == Fouad el-Mohandes nwụrụ n'abalị 16 ọnwa Septemba afọ 2006, ụbọchị iri mgbe ọ gachara afọ iri asatọ na abụọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na mberede na nke siri ike, n'ihi oke egwu ya mgbe ọ hụrụ ọdịda nke elu ụlọ ihi ụra n'ụlọ ya na Zamalek, n'ime nnukwu ọkụ n'ime ya, ọ lanarịrị ya n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube. el-Mohandes nwụrụ naanị ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọnwụ nke onye ibe ya ochie [[Abdel Moneim Madbouly]] gasịrị. Na Septemba 6, 2016, [[Google]] Search mere emume ncheta afọ 92 nke ọmụmụ Fouad el-Mohandes. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Bint El Geeran'' (''Nwa nwanyị'' onye agbata obi) (1954) * ''Uyoon Sahranah'' (''Anya Na-eme'' Egwu) (1956) * ''Bayn Al-Atlal'' (''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'') (1959) * ''Nahr Al-Hobb'' (River of Love) (1960) * Hub fi hub (''Ịhụnanya na Ịhụnanya Ka ukwuu'') (1960) * ''Mawwńed Mal Maadi'' (Nlekọta ya na Oge gara aga) (1961) * ''Al shoumou el sawdaa'' (Black Candles) (1962) * ''El Telmiza'' (The Student) (1962) * Ntinye aha na Ụlọ Elu (1962) * El ''Motamarreda'' (The Rebel) (1963) * ''Ana Wa Huwa Wa Hiya'' (Mụ, Ya na Ya) (1964) * ''Al ariss yassel ghadan'' (The Groom Arrives Tomorrow) (1964) * ''Chabab wa hub wa marian'' (Ntorobịa, Ịhụnanya na Ọṅụ) (1964) * ''Sahib'' el complaint (His Majesty) (1964) * ''Iterafat zoj'' (''Nkwupụta'' Di) (1965) * ''Zawga Mn Paris'' (''Nwunye si Paris'') (1966) * ''Guanab'' el safir (His Excellency The Ambassador) (1966) * ''Agazet gharam'' (Ụbọchị Ịhụnanya) (1967) * ''Akhtar ragol fil alam'' (''Nwoke Kasị Ifu N'Ụwa'') (1967) * ''Mabodet'' el gamahir (The Audiences Beloved) (1967) * Al ragol da hai ganini (''Nwoke a na-eme ka m'' tụbọọ) (1967) * ''Aalam modhek geddan'' (A Very Funny World) (1968) * ''Ard el-nefak'' (''Ala nke ihu abụọ'') (1968) * ''Kilmitayn Wa Bas'' (Just Few Words) (1968) * ''Al-Sikirtir Al-Fanni'' (The Technical Secretary) (1968) * Merati magnouna... magnouna ... magnouna (Nwunye m bụ onye ara, onye ara, ara) (1968) * Al millionaire al mouzayyaf (The Fake Millionaire) (1968) * Moutarada gharamia (An Amorous Pursuit) (1968) * Shanabo fil massiada (''Shanabo'' in Trap) (1968) * ''Sayedaty Al Jamila'' (My Fair Lady) (Arabic adaptation) (1969) * ''Viva Zalata'' (1976) * ''Sok Ala Banatak'' (Lock Your Girls In) (1980) (ihe odide nke Lenin El-Ramly) * Ayoub (''Ayoub'') (1983) == TV == * Ammo Fuad Series nke gara n'ihu ihe karịrị afọ 10 na 1990s (Ramadan TV Competition for children) * Oyun (Eyes) na [[Sanaa Gamil]] * ''Robabkia'' [ nke Farid Shawky dere] (2000) == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * [https://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1096942 Fouad el-Mohandes] na ElCinema.com * [https://www.google.com/doodles/fouad-el-mohandes-92nd-birthday Ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke 92 - Google Doodle] 9w76cisg4h1ti62e2ercbb9m8i7lkqu 0 16538 631952 108871 2026-05-05T01:08:41Z Goodymaraj 21567 631952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox |image=Ali El-Haggar.png}} '''Ali El Haggar''' (Egyptian Arabic: , a mụrụ na 4 Eprel 1954 na Imbaba, [[Giza Plateau|Giza]]), ọ bụ onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ese ihe, onye na'ede egwu, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Surour at Hanager|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/621/cu6.htm|accessdate=23 December 2010|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=22 January 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Pack of Cards|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/930/pe1.htm|accessdate=23 December 2010|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|date=21 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=علي الحجار|url=http://www.elcinema.com/person/pr1069831/|work=elCinema.com|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> == Nkwekọrịta == El-Haggar na-arụ ọrụ na ndị na-ede egwu na ndị na'egwú a ma ama yana ndị na-agụ egwu ndị ọzọ na duets mgbe ọ bụla o kwere omume. "N'ime duets, ọ na-amasị m imeso ndị na-agụ egwú nwere nkà; dịka ịsọ mpi na ndị na-abụ egwú nwere ọgụgụ isi na-akpali m ịchọpụta ikike m iji mee abụ ahụ n'ụzọ kachasị mma". N'oge ọrụ ya, El-Haggar emeela ọtụtụ duets na ndị na-agụ egwú dịka onye ọrụ ibe ya Mohammed El-Helw, na egwu dịka "Beladi" na "Khan El-Anadeel" (mmeghe na mmechi nke usoro ihe nkiri TV na-ebu otu aha), ya na Hanan Mady n'ọtụtụ egwu telivishọn dịka "El-Likaa El-Tany & El-Mal we El-Banoon", ya na Angham na egwuregwu "Rosasa Fi El Qalb", na Hoda Ammar na "Bent We York" Walad. Oge ọzọ dị mkpa na ndụ El-Haggar bụ mmekọrịta mbụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke, onye na-ede egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Ahmed El-Hoggar. Nke a bụ n'afọ 1978 mgbe Ahmed El-Haggar dere egwu nwanne ya nwoke "Ozoriny". Ihe ịga nke ọma nke abụ a nwetara kpaliri ọrụ ịbụ abụ El-Haggar. Ụmụnne El-Haggar arụkọwo ọrụ n'ọtụtụ egwu ndị ọzọ, Ahmed El-Hoggar dịka onye na-ede egwu na Ali El-Hggar dịka ndị na-ede abụ. Otu n'ime abụ ndị a bụ: "Bahebek", "Ana Biki Ya Samra Akon", "El-Ahlam", "Kont Faker", "Tesaaliny", "Lama El-Sheta Edoo El-Biban", "Ma Tekdebish", "Ergaaily", "Lessa El-Kalam", na nso nso a "Ya Masria". == Onyinye == E nyere El-Haggar ihe nrite nke nsọpụrụ na ''15th Arabic Music Festival'' maka afọ 2006 yana ihe nrite abụọ sitere na mmemme ihe nkiri Europe abụọ dị iche iche na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na Ịtali. Ọ nwetakwara "Onye na-abụ abụ kachasị mma nke Afọ" na mmemme vidiyo [[Sharma el-Sheikh|Sharm El-Sheikh]] maka egwu ya "El-Leil Ya Nas". == Ọrụ == === Abọm === * ''Ala ad ma Habana'' * ''Kont fain ya Ali'' (maka ụmụaka) * ''Robaeyat'' "Salah Jaheen" * ''Mehtajlek'' * ''Ozoreeni'' * ''Ahlam'' * ''Matsadaqish'' * ''Fi Alb El Lail'' * ''Ana kont Eidek'' * ''Zay El Hawa'' * ''Lem El Shaml'' * ''Tegeesh Naeesh'' * ''Rama Remsho'' * ''Lessa El Kalam'' * ''Risha'' * ''Yamama'' * ''Maktobali'' * ''Es-ha Ya Nayer'' === Isiokwu telivishọn === * ''Al Ayaam'' * ''El Shahd Wa El Domooa'' * ''Ala Abwab El Madina'' * ''Wa Qal Al Bahr'' * ''Al Mashrabeyya'' * ''Abdullah Al Nadim'' * ''Ọdọ Mmiri W Akhro'' * ''Haroon El Rashid'' * ''Omar Ebn Abdel Aziz'' * ''Mohammad Rasool Allah'' * ''Wajaa Al Baad'' * ''Al sira Al Helaleyya'' * ''Hadaek Al Shaytan'' * ''Zeaab El Gabal'' * ''Al Mal wal Banoun'' * ''Al Leqaa Al Thani'' === Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn === * ''Yaseen anyị Baheyya'' * ''Abul El Ela Elbeshry'' * ''Al Baqy ndị ikom Al zaman sa3a'' * ''Al wakf'' * ''Rịpụta khatera'' * ''Bawabat El Halawani'' * ''Al Awda'' * ''Robaeyyat Salah Jaheen'' === Ihe nkiri === * ''Al Meghnawati'' * ''Anyab'' * ''Al Fata Al Shereer'' === Egwuregwu === * ''Laila ụmụ nwoke alf laila'' * ''Zabaaen Gohannam'' * ''Nawwar Al Khair'' * ''Welad El Shawarea'' * ''Menain ageeb nas'' * ''Eyal Teganen'' * ''Atnain fi nkefa'' * ''Alahomma Egaalo khair'' * ''Rosasa Fi Al Qalb'' * ''Khayef Aqool Elly Fi Qalby'' * ''Yamama Beida'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bzuesd1ypgqmij1246vqzk9ojy4x8tx 0 16545 631942 143283 2026-05-05T00:52:24Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Paul Julius Nunda''' (amụrụ na 12 Septemba 1979), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha egwu ya bụ '''Jua Cali''', bụ [[Kenya|onye]] na-agụ egwu [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] na Kenya. N'afọ 2000, ya na onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ Clemo, hiwere Calif Records ebe ọ nọ kemgbe ahụ. Jua Cali na-eme ihe na Swahili na Sheng n'ụdị rap na-ewu ewu na Kenya a na-akpọ genge. [[Category:Articles with short description]] [[Category:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Category:Pages using infobox musical artist with associated acts]] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Jua Cali na Eastlands, Nairobi. Nne na nna ya, Doreen Onditi na Evans Onditi (nwụrụ anwụ) bụ ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ tolitere na nkuzi Katọlik siri ike na California Estate n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo Nairobi. Ọ malitere ịgba egwu rap mgbe ọ dị afọ iri, nke nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye bụ Christopher Sati gbara ume. A maara ya dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-anọpụ iche nke na-anọkarị jụụ, ọ na-esiri ya ike iso ndị mmadụ na-akpakọrịta. Ọ gara Ainsworth Primary School (Standards 1 ruo 6); Shepherds Junior Buruburu (Standers 6 ruo 8); Jamuhuri High School na n'ikpeazụ Kenya Christian Industrial Training Institute (K.C.I.T.I) Eastleigh ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na teknụzụ ozi. N'ebe ahụ, ọ gbara bọọlụ, o nwere ebumnuche ịbanye na Kenyan National Basketball Team. O nwetụbeghị mgbe ọ batara n'òtù ahụ, na-ata ịdị elu ya uta. Njem mbụ ya n'egwú gụnyere ịbụ abụ n'òtù a na-akpọ 'Sita Futi'. Sita Futi gbasara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo ọ malitere ịhapụ '''Jua Cali''' na ezigbo enyi ya '''Jemmoh'''. Ndị otu ahụ hapụrụ iji chụsoo ọrụ na-abụghị egwu. Calif Records malitere mgbe '''Jua Cali''' sonyeere enyi ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata Clemo iji guzobe akara ndekọ nke ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ewu ngwa ngwa, na-enweta ihe a ma ama na egwu egwu nke East Africa na ndị na-ese '''ihe''' na egwu. Calif Records mepụtara ụdị Genge nke hip hop nke Kenya. '''Jua Cali''' na-ekwukarị na nwanne ya nwoke, Chris, na ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị kacha nwee mmetụta na ndụ ya.Ọ bụkwa onye ikwu dell xerxes dị ka nwanne di ya == Ọrụ egwu == Egwú mbụ o dekọrọ bụ Ruka, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2001, ''Nipe Asali'' sochiri ya n'afọ 2002. N'afọ 2004, ya na Pilipili rụkọtara ọrụ na egwu "Kamata Dame". Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na Kenya, o were ọtụtụ afọ tupu o wepụta abọm mbụ ya zuru ezu. Abọm ya "Juacali Sekta" rutere n'ụlọ ahịa n'afọ 2006, nke nwere ọtụtụ n'ime egwu ndị e wepụtara na mbụ. Otu egwu ya bụ ''Kwaheri'' (nke gosipụtara Sainapei Tande-winner Coca-Cola pop star na onye na-eme ihe ngosi redio) bụ nnukwu ihe na Kenya na 2007.<ref>Daily Nation, 29 December 2007: [http://allafrica.com/stories/200712310126.html Kenya: 2007 – the Year in Which Local Music Boomed]</ref> Na mgbede Afọ Ọhụrụ 2008/2009 ọ wepụtara abọm ọhụrụ, ''Ngeli ya'' Genge .<ref>Daily Nation, Zuqka magazine, 30 December 2008: [http://www.nation.co.ke/magazines/Zukqa/-/498272/508652/-/vq9ncuz/-/index.html New Year’s Genge party]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bongoexclusive.net/2018/12/jua-cali-ngeli-ya-genge-audio.html|title=Jua Cali - Ngeli Ya Genge (Audio)|author=Jonstar|work=Bongo Exclusive|accessdate=2018-12-29}}</ref> Ọ gara US na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref>The Standard, 26 January 2006: [https://archive.today/20080228233359/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/mags/pulse/articles.php?articleid=35563&date=27/1/2006 Tour gripes]</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2007, ọ so na ndị Kenya otu narị kachasị nwee mmetụta dịka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Standard họọrọ.<ref>The Standard, 21 August 2007: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013111103/http://eastandard.net/arts.php?topic=375&img_topic=376 most influential Kenyans]</ref><ref>The Standard, 21 August 2007: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080225012006/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/hm_news/news.php?articleid=1143973204 100 most influential Kenyans – Entertainment]</ref> Aha egwu ya bụ Jua Cali, sitere na California, ala dị na Nairobi (dị ka aha Calif Records). Ọ dịkwa ka ''Jua Kali'', okwu Swahili nke pụtara anyanwụ dị egwu, nke a na-ewere na ọ na-ezo aka na ngalaba akụ na ụba nke Kenya. O weputara usoro egwu ọhụrụ ya na onye mmepụta ọhụrụ Keggah nke dị na United States. Egwú ọhụrụ ya gụnyere, Karibu Nairobi na Kuna Sheng nke nwetara nnukwu ikuku na nyocha dị mma. == Nkwado == === Motorola === E wezụga ịbụ onye nwere nkà, ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa, nke a bụ n'ihi arịrịọ ya nye ndị na-eto eto na ndị na-abụghị ndị na-amalite. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ ghọrọ onye omenkà mbụ nke Kenya iji nweta nkwekọrịta nkwado mgbe n'afọ 2007 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta Sh1-million kwa afọ nke nnukwu ekwentị mkpanaaka Motorola maka ụdị W ya.Ma, dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ si kwuo, ọ bụ ezigbo onye na-ejide. "Jua Cali bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ Motorola, a na-asọpụrụ anyị na ya na ya rụkọrọ ọrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya", ka Joanne Doyle, onye njikwa ahịa maka East Africa kwuru. "''Ọ bụ nnukwu onye nnọchi anya'' ma, dị ka ''Motorola'', ọ bụ ihe niile gbasara ihe okike, ụdị na ihe dị n'ime ya, yabụ anyị enweghị ike inwe obi ụtọ na a nabatara ọrụ ike ya na onyinye Kisima. " === Orange Mobile === [[Usòrò:Juacaliorange1.jpg|thumb|Juacali na-agbapụ mgbasa ozi Hello tunes na Nairobi Primary]] Juacali bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma taa n'ọrụ egwu Kenya n'ihe gbasara nkwado na ịkwụ ụgwọ maka ego ọ bụla. Na mbido afọ 2009, Telkom Kenya họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya Orange maka ahịa ndị ntorobịa ha wee malite nkwekọrịta otu afọ nke sh10 nde shilling site n'ịga n'ihu mkpọsa mgbasa ozi 'hello tunes'. N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị otu Kenya Rugby Sevens, Orange gara n'ihu na-egosi usoro ozi maka ahia na Rugby na-egosi ndị egwuregwu rugby kachasị elu na Kenya na onye na-ese ihe. Ndị ọzọ gosipụtara na ndị na-akọ akụkọ bụ ndị enyi aha Mejja, Jimwat na onye na-emepụta ha Clemo. === Pamoja Mtaani === ''Pamoja Mtaani'', Swahili maka "n'otu n'ime okpu" bụ egwuregwu vidio ọhụrụ na Kenya nke Warner Bros mepụtara. Ntụrụndụ Interactive. Ọ bụ n'ụzọ bụ isi banyere otu ndị ntorobịa na-agbakọ aka na-agafe ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka n'obodo East Africa. Egwuregwu ahụ nwere atụmatụ aghụghọ na nke a kpachapuru anya mee: mgbochi HIV. Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu anaghị eche egwu nke HIV ihu; kama, ha na-ezute ihe ịma aka n'oge njem ahụ nke na-eduga na nkuzi banyere ihe ize ndụ na obi ike. Jua Cali dekọrọ egwu egwuregwu vidio "City in the Sun". === Ndị ọzọ === Onye na-agụ egwu etinyewokwa aka na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ dị ka ncha ịsa ahụ Protex na biya Pilsner, na nkwekọrịta ndị ahụ ejirila nnukwu ego. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya Bloodlink Foundation Kenya. Bloodlink Foundation Kenya bụ ntụkwasị obi ọrụ ebere na-enweghị uru nke e guzobere na Kenya na-achọ inyere ndị [[Kenya]] aka inweta ahụike ka mma na ndụ ka mma site na mmekọrịta ya na obodo, ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ngalaba ọha na eze. == Nkọwapụta == '''Abọm:''' * ''JuacaliSekta'' (Ọktoba 2006:) * ''Ngeli ya'' Genge (December 2008) * ''TuGenge Yajayo'' bụ December 2013) * ''Mali Ya Umma'' (September 2019) == Onyinye == '''Ihe mmeri''' * 2006 Kisima Music Awards * 2007 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards (CHAT Awards) Ōa Best Male & Celebrity of the Year<ref>The Standard, 20 April 2007: [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010050036/http://www.eastandard.net/archives/index.php?mnu=details&id=1143967549&catid=123 Chat Awards drama]</ref> * 2007 Kisima Music Awards nke nwoke kacha mma na Boomba Male. * 2007 Pearl of Africa Music Awards (PAM Awards) * 2008 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya na Best Live Stage Performance & Best Collabo Song ("Kwaheri" na Sainapei).<ref>The Standard, Pulse Magazine, 20 June 2008: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080623050922/http://www.eastandard.net/mag/index.php?id=1143988767&catid=212 "Chaguo La Teeniez" awards]</ref> '''Ndị a họpụtara''' * 2006 Chaguo La Teeniez Awards A họpụtara ya n'ụdị atọ, mana ọ dịghị nke meriri n'ime ha * 2007 MTV Europe Music Awards [[Asia]] Best Act * 2007 MOBO Awards * 2008 [[Tanzania]] Music Awards Asia Best East African Song ("Kwaheri")<ref>Tanzania Music Awards: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080614035601/http://www.kilitimetz.com/awards/2008/nominees_2007.php Nominees 2008]</ref> * 2008 MTV Africa Music Awards == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190922125932/https://www.juacali.co.ke/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o9uzlvlhg32lo7s1z1dr3xiyflxx5pd 0 16585 631977 368837 2026-05-05T02:08:51Z Goodymaraj 21567 631977 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hussein_El-Imam_(1973).jpg|thumb|Hussein al-Imam]] '''Hussein al-Imam''' (na Arabic حسين الإمام; February 8, 1951 na [[Egypt]] - May 17, 2014) bụ onye egwu ihe nkiri Egypt a ma ama na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. El-Imam malitere ọrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke Moody Elemam na-akpọ egwu. Nke a ghọrọ mmekọrịta nka n'etiti ụmụnne abụọ ahụ ma ha wepụtara abọm ise ọnụ. Al-Imam dere ụda nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị Egypt gụnyere ''Kaboria'' (1990), nke Ahmed Zaki na ''Ice Cream na Gleem'' (1992) nke onye Egypt pan-Arab pop star [[Amr Diab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/limelight/hussein-el-imam-576972|title=Sad news for the entertainment world: Hussein El-Imam dies at 63|date=2014-05-18|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2018-03-19|language=en}}</ref> O dekwara egwu maka ọtụtụ ihe ''nkiri'' dịka ''Albanda'', ''Lamma baba yenam'' na Lil ga yana ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn Egypt. O dere ọtụtụ egwu karịsịa maka [[Mohamed Mounir]]. O guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ egwu nke ya. Al-Imam, onye mere ihe nkiri ihe karịrị iri asaa gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Na telivishọn, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ọtụtụ igwefoto na-ewu ewu na okwu / ntụrụndụ dịka ''Hassan ala al hawaa'', ''Hussein ala al hawa'', ''Fasel w nwasel'', ''Eh'' en nizam na ''Kalaam Hussein''. == Ndụ onwe == Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke onye nwụrụ anwụ Hassan al-Imam, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama n'Egypt. Nwanne ya nwoke Moody Elemam bụkwa onye edemede a ma ama na-ede ihe nkiri. Hussein al-Imam lụrụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri Sahar Ramy. A kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2014 n'ihi nkwụsị obi. Ọ dị afọ 63. == Ihe nkiri == ; Ime ihe nkiri * 1975: ''Bamba Kashar'' * 1979: Ọchịchị kama ọ bụ Ahmad * 1990: ''Kaboria'' dị ka Sliman * 1998: ''Pizza Pizza'' dị ka Bibars * 1999: Ashik wadi fi Roxy ''dị ka al-Akhdar'' * 2002: ''Kazalek'' fil Zamalek dị ka Nizar ; Ọrụ ndị ọzọ * 1978: ''Hub faq al burkan'' * 1979: ''Sultanate al tarab'' * 1992: ''Ice Cream fi Gleem'' dị ka Ziko * 2009: ''Ihki ya'' Shahrazad (aha Bekee Scheherazade, Gwa M Akụkọ) * 2013: ''Samir abu Nil'' ; Akara ụdaolu * 1973: ''Dị ka Sukkariyah'' * 1974: ''Bamba Kashar'' * 1975: ''Badi'a Masabni'' * 1976: ''El Karawan lou Safayef'' * 1978: ''Shuqqa w arousa ya rab'' * 1978: ''Hisab'' al siniin * 1978: ''Bidoun gawaz afdal'' * 1981: ''Lahzat dohof'' * 1982: ''Al Selkhana'' * 1986: ''Bukra ahla min naharda'' * 1986: ''Al Ferrisa'' * 1987: ''Al Mal'oub'' * 1989: Taman al ghurba * 1991: ''Samaa' hess'' * 1992: ''Ouyoun al saqr'' * 1992: ''Imra'a ayela lil suquut'' * 1992: ''Ice Ceam fi Gleem'' * 1994: Disko, disko * 1995: ''Atabat el settat'' * 1995: ''Samt el kherfan'' * 1996: Ya na Gharami * 1996: ''Al Ghadiboun'' * 1996: ''Astakuza'' * 1999: ''Ashik wadi fi Roxy'' * 2000: Al Walra al hamraa * 2000: ''Al namas'' * 2001: ''Ibn ezz'' * 2002: ''Kazalek'' fil Zamalek == Telivishọn == ; Ihe nkiri TV * ''➜ ̆ ̆ Ōn ̆ ➜'' * ''Saeed baa'es ta'ees'' dị ka Saeed Farhat * ''Ahzan Maryam'' dị ka Aboul Alaa * ''Al shaytan la ya'ref el hob'' * ''Yak Hanna'' al jiran (usoro ihe omume Morocco) * ''Adam wa gamila'' ; Ihe ngosi TV * ''Hassan ala al hawaa'' * ''Hussein ala al hawaa'' * ''Fasel w nwasel'' * ''Eh na nizam'' * ''Kalaam Hussein'' == Egwú Egwú Egwuregwu == * ''Bọl'' * ''Alabanda'' * ''Lamma baba yenam'' * ''N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 41osa11hddv5uyc7ibgs32bbjtl3mp4 631978 631977 2026-05-05T02:09:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 631978 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Hussein_El-Imam_(1973).jpg|thumb|Hussein al-Imam]] '''Hussein al-Imam''' (na Arabic حسين الإمام; February 8, 1951 na [[Egypt]] - May 17, 2014) bụ onye egwu ihe nkiri Egypt a ma ama na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. El-Imam malitere ọrụ ya na nwanne ya nwoke Moody Elemam na-akpọ egwu. Nke a ghọrọ mmekọrịta nka n'etiti ụmụnne abụọ ahụ ma ha wepụtara abọm ise ọnụ. Al-Imam dere ụda nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị Egypt gụnyere ''Kaboria'' (1990), nke [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]] na ''Ice Cream na Gleem'' (1992) nke onye Egypt pan-Arab pop star [[Amr Diab]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/limelight/hussein-el-imam-576972|title=Sad news for the entertainment world: Hussein El-Imam dies at 63|date=2014-05-18|work=Al Bawaba|accessdate=2018-03-19|language=en}}</ref> O dekwara egwu maka ọtụtụ ihe ''nkiri'' dịka ''Albanda'', ''Lamma baba yenam'' na Lil ga yana ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn Egypt. O dere ọtụtụ egwu karịsịa maka [[Mohamed Mounir]]. O guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ egwu nke ya. Al-Imam, onye mere ihe nkiri ihe karịrị iri asaa gosipụtara n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. Na telivishọn, ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ọtụtụ igwefoto na-ewu ewu na okwu / ntụrụndụ dịka ''Hassan ala al hawaa'', ''Hussein ala al hawa'', ''Fasel w nwasel'', ''Eh'' en nizam na ''Kalaam Hussein''. == Ndụ onwe == Ọ bụ nwa nwoke nke onye nwụrụ anwụ Hassan al-Imam, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama n'Egypt. Nwanne ya nwoke Moody Elemam bụkwa onye edemede a ma ama na-ede ihe nkiri. Hussein al-Imam lụrụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri Sahar Ramy. A kọrọ na ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2014 n'ihi nkwụsị obi. Ọ dị afọ 63. == Ihe nkiri == ; Ime ihe nkiri * 1975: ''Bamba Kashar'' * 1979: Ọchịchị kama ọ bụ Ahmad * 1990: ''Kaboria'' dị ka Sliman * 1998: ''Pizza Pizza'' dị ka Bibars * 1999: Ashik wadi fi Roxy ''dị ka al-Akhdar'' * 2002: ''Kazalek'' fil Zamalek dị ka Nizar ; Ọrụ ndị ọzọ * 1978: ''Hub faq al burkan'' * 1979: ''Sultanate al tarab'' * 1992: ''Ice Cream fi Gleem'' dị ka Ziko * 2009: ''Ihki ya'' Shahrazad (aha Bekee Scheherazade, Gwa M Akụkọ) * 2013: ''Samir abu Nil'' ; Akara ụdaolu * 1973: ''Dị ka Sukkariyah'' * 1974: ''Bamba Kashar'' * 1975: ''Badi'a Masabni'' * 1976: ''El Karawan lou Safayef'' * 1978: ''Shuqqa w arousa ya rab'' * 1978: ''Hisab'' al siniin * 1978: ''Bidoun gawaz afdal'' * 1981: ''Lahzat dohof'' * 1982: ''Al Selkhana'' * 1986: ''Bukra ahla min naharda'' * 1986: ''Al Ferrisa'' * 1987: ''Al Mal'oub'' * 1989: Taman al ghurba * 1991: ''Samaa' hess'' * 1992: ''Ouyoun al saqr'' * 1992: ''Imra'a ayela lil suquut'' * 1992: ''Ice Ceam fi Gleem'' * 1994: Disko, disko * 1995: ''Atabat el settat'' * 1995: ''Samt el kherfan'' * 1996: Ya na Gharami * 1996: ''Al Ghadiboun'' * 1996: ''Astakuza'' * 1999: ''Ashik wadi fi Roxy'' * 2000: Al Walra al hamraa * 2000: ''Al namas'' * 2001: ''Ibn ezz'' * 2002: ''Kazalek'' fil Zamalek == Telivishọn == ; Ihe nkiri TV * ''➜ ̆ ̆ Ōn ̆ ➜'' * ''Saeed baa'es ta'ees'' dị ka Saeed Farhat * ''Ahzan Maryam'' dị ka Aboul Alaa * ''Al shaytan la ya'ref el hob'' * ''Yak Hanna'' al jiran (usoro ihe omume Morocco) * ''Adam wa gamila'' ; Ihe ngosi TV * ''Hassan ala al hawaa'' * ''Hussein ala al hawaa'' * ''Fasel w nwasel'' * ''Eh na nizam'' * ''Kalaam Hussein'' == Egwú Egwú Egwuregwu == * ''Bọl'' * ''Alabanda'' * ''Lamma baba yenam'' * ''N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ ya'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 33gft6d689e1dq3xtfjsmb99kqqp81l 0 16611 631962 92096 2026-05-05T01:36:23Z Goodymaraj 21567 631962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ninochka Manoug Kupelian''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 14, 1946 na Cairo), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya Lebleba (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Lubluba'''), bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ngosi ntụrụndụ. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne nke onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri [[Feyrouz (actress)|Feyrouz]] na onye na-eme ntụrụndụ Nelly. A mụrụ ya na Cairo n'ezinụlọ ndị Ijipt nke ndị Kraịst Armenia. Ọ malitere dị ka nwatakịrị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eṅomi ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme egwuregwu, gụnyere ịpụta na Egyptian National Theater nke Muallem Sadiq kwalitere. E nyere ya ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya site n'aka onye nduzi ihe nkiri Egypt na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri [[Anwar Wagdi]] na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwuregwu [[Abo El Seoud El Ebiary]] na ''Habeebti Sousou'' . El Ebiary họọrọ aha Lebleba mgbe ọ hụchara nwa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ọchị, onye na-agba egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Ninochka Kupelian. Lebleba nwetara ohere iso [[Salah Zulfikar]] na ''Borg El Azraa'' na ''Fi Saif Lazim Nohib'' rụọ ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Youssef]], mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm. Ọ lụbeghị di ọzọ. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Esabet Hamada Anyị Tootoo'' * ''Al Beit Al Said'' * ''Kadi Gharam'' * ''Rehla Shahr Al Asal'' * ''Habibti Soo Soo'' * ''Arba3 Banat We Zabet'' * ''Borg AL Azraa'' * ''Al Nagham Al Hazeen'' * ''Al Milionair AL Mouzayaf'' * ''AL Habib AL Maghool'' * ''Agaza Bel Afia'' * ''Bent Badi3a'' * ''Al BAnat Wel Hob'' * ''Al Banat Wel Marcedes'' * ''Al Sokareya'' * ''Ya Zalemni'' * ''Shei2 Ụmụ nwoke Al Hob'' * ''Aris AL Hana'' * ''Ọ na-ewe ndị ikom n'anya na Regal Ya Mama'' * ''Hekayti Maa Al Zaman'' * ''Fi El Seif Lazem Neheb'' * ''Emraa Bala 2Alb'' * ''Hob Fo2 Al Bourkan'' * ''Al Sheyateen Fi Agaza'' * ''3aga2eb Ya Zaman'' * ''24 Sa3a Hob'' * ''Ọkpụkpụ Ya Donia'' * ''AL Kadeia Al Mashhoura'' * ''Bezour Al Sheytan'' * ''Al Hesab Ya Madmouazel'' * ''Bos Shouf Sokar Beta3mel Eih'' * ''Ragol Fi Segn Al Nesa2'' * ''Moughameroon Hawl Al 3alam'' * ''Eli Dehek Ala Al Sheytan'' * ''Al Gana Taht Kadamayha'' * ''AL Ba3d Yazhab Lel Ma2zoun Maratein'' * ''Arba3a Etnin Arba3 a 4-2-4'' * ''Setouhi Fawk Al Shagara'' * ''AL Kadab Anyị shabou'' * ''Ndị ikom na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Al Khot'' * ''Lahib El Entekam'' * ''Ehna Betou3 AL Esa3af'' * ''Al Mokhber'' * ''Emraa Taht El Ekhtebar'' * ''Enohom Yasrekoun Al Araneb'' * ''Lak Youm Ya Beih'' * ''Mehatet LA Ens'' * ''Awlad El Esoul'' * ''Giran Akher Zaman'' * ''Sheytan Men 3asal'' * ''Bokra Ahla Ndị ikom Al Neharda'' * ''Al Sheytana Alati Ahabatni'' * ''Leyla Sakhena'' * ''Mkpịsị Aka Al Hekouma'' * ''Ganat Al Shayateen'' * <nowiki><i id="mwkw">Al Akhar</i></nowiki> * ''Al Na3ama Wel Tawous'' * ''Ma'ali al Wazir'' * ''Booha'' * ''3Aris Ndị ikom Geha Amneya'' * ''Wesh Egram'' * <nowiki><i id="mwoQ">Eskenderia New York</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwpA">Hassan wa Morcus</i></nowiki> * ''Nathariat Amti'' * <nowiki><i id="mwqg">Al Fil Al Azraq</i></nowiki> * ''Obodo 69'' == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g1qzthxyht26p8djcjpleb34y3bnlah 631963 631962 2026-05-05T01:36:50Z Goodymaraj 21567 631963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ninochka Manoug Kupelian''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 14, 1946 na Cairo), nke a maara nke ọma site na aha ya Lebleba (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Lubluba'''), bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ngosi ntụrụndụ. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne nne nke onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri [[Feyrouz (actress)|Feyrouz]] na onye na-eme ntụrụndụ Nelly. A mụrụ ya na Cairo n'ezinụlọ ndị Ijipt nke ndị Kraịst Armenia. Ọ malitere dị ka nwatakịrị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eṅomi ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme egwuregwu, gụnyere ịpụta na Egyptian National Theater nke Muallem Sadiq kwalitere. E nyere ya ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ ya site n'aka onye nduzi ihe nkiri Egypt na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri [[Anwar Wagdi]] na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na onye na-ede egwuregwu [[Abo El Seoud El Ebiary]] na ''Habeebti Sousou'' . El Ebiary họọrọ aha Lebleba mgbe ọ hụchara nwa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-eme ọchị, onye na-agba egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Ninochka Kupelian. Lebleba nwetara ohere iso [[Salah Zulfikar]] na ''Borg El Azraa'' na ''Fi Saif Lazim Nohib'' rụọ ọrụ. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Youssef]], mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm. Ọ lụbeghị di ọzọ. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Esabet Hamada Anyị Tootoo'' * ''Al Beit Al Said'' * ''Kadi Gharam'' * ''Rehla Shahr Al Asal'' * ''Habibti Soo Soo'' * ''Arba3 Banat We Zabet'' * ''Borg AL Azraa'' * ''Al Nagham Al Hazeen'' * ''Al Milionair AL Mouzayaf'' * ''AL Habib AL Maghool'' * ''Agaza Bel Afia'' * ''Bent Badi3a'' * ''Al BAnat Wel Hob'' * ''Al Banat Wel Marcedes'' * ''Al Sokareya'' * ''Ya Zalemni'' * ''Shei2 Ụmụ nwoke Al Hob'' * ''Aris AL Hana'' * ''Ọ na-ewe ndị ikom n'anya na Regal Ya Mama'' * ''Hekayti Maa Al Zaman'' * ''Fi El Seif Lazem Neheb'' * ''Emraa Bala 2Alb'' * ''Hob Fo2 Al Bourkan'' * ''Al Sheyateen Fi Agaza'' * ''3aga2eb Ya Zaman'' * ''24 Sa3a Hob'' * ''Ọkpụkpụ Ya Donia'' * ''AL Kadeia Al Mashhoura'' * ''Bezour Al Sheytan'' * ''Al Hesab Ya Madmouazel'' * ''Bos Shouf Sokar Beta3mel Eih'' * ''Ragol Fi Segn Al Nesa2'' * ''Moughameroon Hawl Al 3alam'' * ''Eli Dehek Ala Al Sheytan'' * ''Al Gana Taht Kadamayha'' * ''AL Ba3d Yazhab Lel Ma2zoun Maratein'' * ''Arba3a Etnin Arba3 a 4-2-4'' * ''Setouhi Fawk Al Shagara'' * ''AL Kadab Anyị shabou'' * ''Ndị ikom na-anụ ọkụ n'obi Al Khot'' * ''Lahib El Entekam'' * ''Ehna Betou3 AL Esa3af'' * ''Al Mokhber'' * ''Emraa Taht El Ekhtebar'' * ''Enohom Yasrekoun Al Araneb'' * ''Lak Youm Ya Beih'' * ''Mehatet LA Ens'' * ''Awlad El Esoul'' * ''Giran Akher Zaman'' * ''Sheytan Men 3asal'' * ''Bokra Ahla Ndị ikom Al Neharda'' * ''Al Sheytana Alati Ahabatni'' * ''Leyla Sakhena'' * ''Mkpịsị Aka Al Hekouma'' * ''Ganat Al Shayateen'' * <nowiki><i id="mwkw">Al Akhar</i></nowiki> * ''Al Na3ama Wel Tawous'' * ''Ma'ali al Wazir'' * ''Booha'' * ''3Aris Ndị ikom Geha Amneya'' * ''Wesh Egram'' * <nowiki><i id="mwoQ">Eskenderia New York</i></nowiki> * <nowiki><i id="mwpA">Hassan wa Morcus</i></nowiki> * ''Nathariat Amti'' * <nowiki><i id="mwqg">Al Fil Al Azraq</i></nowiki> * ''Obodo 69'' == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 733g0zvtzu2n2eormcqgn18c515m8o7 0 16638 631975 93379 2026-05-05T02:05:34Z Goodymaraj 21567 631975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Poussi, Pouss'''y ma ọ bụ '''Boussy''' (Arabic) ezigbo aha Safenaz Moustafa Adry (amụrụ na 26 Nọvemba 1953) bụ [[Actor|onye]] [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri a mụrụ na Cairo.<ref>[https://www.nmisr.com/arab-news/egypt-news/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81 أسرار جديدة.. تحكيها بوسي عن نور الشريف وتكشف عن الفنانة المشهورة التي كانت تحبة وسبب رفضة الإنجاب]</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Shey Min El Khouf'' (A Taste of Fear, 1969) (Arabic) * Al Amaleqa ("Ndị dike", 1974) (Arabic: ) * ''Lyaly Lan Taaood'' ("Nights that never return ", 1974) (Arabic) * Al Dahaya ("Ndị ahụ nwụrụ", 1975) (Arabic) * Sana Ola Hobb ("Afọ mbụ n'ịhụnanya", (1976) (Arabic) * ''Seqan Fel Wahl'' (1976) (Arabic) * Qwtta Ala Nar ("A cat on fire", 1977) (Arabic) * Laenet Al Zaman ("Ọbụ ọnụ nke oge", 1979) * Al Aasheqa ("Onye hụrụ n'anya", 1980) (Arabic) * Habibi Daeman ("Ịhụnanya ebighi ebi m", 1980) (Arabic) * ''Fottowat Boulak'' (1981). * ''Fettowat Al Gabal'' (1982). * ''Marzooka'' (1983), (Arabic) * ''Al Zammar'' (1984). * ''Al Shaytan Youghanny'' (1984). * ''Fettewwet Al Nas Al Ghalaba'' (1984). * ''Seraa Al Ayyam'' (1985). * Al Zeyara Al Akheera ("Nleta ikpeazụ"), 1986) (Arabic) * ''Saat Al Fazaa'' (1986). * ''Al Amaleyya 42'' (1987). * ''Ragol Fe Fakh Al Nasaa'' (1987). * ''Lebet Al Kobar'' (1987). * ''Al Kammasha'' (1988). * ''Zaman Hatem Zahran'' (1988). * ''Shayateen Al Madina'' (1991). * ''Ibn Al Gabal'' (1992). * ''Leabet Al Entqam'' (1992). * ''Karawana'' (1993). * Al Aasheqan ("Ndị Ịhụnanya Abụọ" , 2000) (Arabic) * ''Al Lahazat Allaty Ekhtafet'' (2001). "Ahla Lahtha" (Oge kachasị mma) 2021 == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Poussi na Shoubra, Cairo nye nne na nna Ijipt. Nne nne ya bụ onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Turkey. Ọ lụrụ onye Egypt a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri [[Nour El-Sherif|Nour El Sherief]] na 1972 ma mụọ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, otu n'ime ha bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri ma pụta n'ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn n'akụkụ nna ya mana ọ gara n'ihu n'otu ọrụ ahụ. Ya na Nour El Sherief gbara alụkwaghịm na 2006 wee lụọ di ọzọ na 2015. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1u1ocv4zvihczjsgom7zet27h2hcpn1 0 16684 631981 120701 2026-05-05T02:18:13Z Goodymaraj 21567 631981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy|image=Abdessalam el Nabulsi.jpg|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy|birth_date={{Birth date|1899|8|23}}|birth_place=[[Tripoli, Lebanon|Tripoli]], [[Lebanon]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1968|7|5|1899|8|23}}|death_place=[[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]]|nationality=Lebanese, Palestinian|other_names=Conte De Nablus|known_for=|partner=Georgette Thabet|occupation=[[Actor]]|years_active=1929–1968}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Abdel Salam Al Nabulsy''' (Arabic) (23 August 1899 China - 5 July 1968) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme nkiri nke [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]]-Palestinian. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Nabulsy na Tripoli, [[Lebanon]], n'afọ 1899, ma ọ nwụọ n'afọ 1968 na Beirut.<ref name="alaraby">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8F%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%83-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86|title=ذكرى رحيل عبد السلام النابلسي... المُضحك|work=alaraby.co.uk|language=Arabic|date=5 July 2019}} [[Òtù:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> A maara ya maka ihe nkiri ndị Egypt nke ya na ndị na-eme nkiri a ma ama dịka [[Ismail Yassine|Ismail Yasin]], [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Faten Hamama na [[Farid al-Atrash|Farid El Atrash]] so mee ihe nkiri. Nabulsy gụrụ akwụkwọ na Egypt na Mahadum Al-Azhar .<ref name="alaraby" /> Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ zụlitere mmasị n'ime ihe nkiri. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'elu ikpo okwu ruo oge ụfọdụ ma mgbe ezinụlọ ya nụrụ banyere ọrụ ọhụrụ ya, ha kwụsịrị iziga ya ego ka o wee lekwasị anya na ọmụmụ ya. Ime ihe nkiri nyere Nabulsy ụzọ isi nweta ihe ọ ga-eri. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ gosipụtara ụfọdụ ihe ọjọọ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndị na-eme ihe ike, nkiri ya na-ejikarị ọrụ na-atọ ọchị mara. Ọ nwụrụ na Beirut n'afọ 1968.<ref name="alaraby" /> == Ihe nkiri == * Yom min omri (1961) * Ashour Kalb el Asad (1961) * Ahlam al banat (1960) * Bayn el Pan na-akpọ ya (1960) * Ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala nke Itharissi (1960) * Ogige Hekayat (1959) * Ismail Yassine bolis harbi (1959) * Sharia el hub (1959) * Fata ahlami (1957) * Ard el salam (1957) * El-Kalb Loh Ahkam (1957) * Wadda'tu hubbak (1957) * Hub wa insania (1956) * Mogezat onye ọzọ (1956) * N'harak kwuru (1955) * El Mohtal (1954) * Ayza atgawwez (1952) * My takulshi the fairy (1952) * Taa la sali (1951) * Akher kedba (1950) * Afrita Neem (1949) * Ahebbak inta (1949) * El Warsha (1941) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1m8Qxtr-U70 Vidio ajụjụ ọnụ na nwunye Nabulsi di ya nwụrụ] l0b3askzlo6ac9q1c6qm6u0hr2c5lt6 0 16725 631957 94900 2026-05-05T01:23:21Z Goodymaraj 21567 631957 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Soheir Zaki''' (Arabic: سهير زكي, amụrụ na Mansoura, [[Egypt]] na Jenụwarị 4, 1945) bụ onye Egypt na-agba egwu afọ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ pụtara na ihe karịrị ihe nkiri otu narị nke ndị Ijipt site na 1960s ruo 1980s. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Soheir Zaki na Mansoura, Egypt na Jenụwarị 4, 1945. Mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu, nne na nna ya kpọgara ezinụlọ ya Alexandria. Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị obere, nke mere ka nne ya lụọ di ọzọ. Nna nna ya mechara bụrụ onye njikwa ya. [[Zaki Rostom|Zaki]] bu ụzọ mụta otú e si agba egwú site n'ile ihe nkiri ndị gosipụtara Taheyya Kariokka na Samia Gamal.<ref name="hab">{{Cite journal|author=Sullivan|first=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-agba egwu n'agbamakwụkwọ na Alexandria. Onye na-emepụta telivishọn bụ [[Mohammed Salam|Mohammed Salem]] hụrụ ya ka ọ na-agba egwú wee kpebie ịmalite ya dị ka onye na-egosi na telivishọn Ịjipt. Otú ọ dị, o gosipụtara nkà dị ka onye na-agba egwú ma bụrụ onye a maara maka ngosipụta ya na ihe ngosi dị ka ''Adwoua El-Madina''.<ref name="pop">{{Cite book|author=Hammond|first=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ gara na-apụta na ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt. Ọ rụrụ obere ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ya, na-elekwasị anya na ịgba egwú. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru na [[Nagwa Fouad (volleyball)|Nagua Fouad]] bụ "onye mmegide kachasị" ya n'oge ahụ.<ref name="pop" /> Zaki na-emekwa ihe ugboro ugboro na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abalị ndị Ijipt, ọkachasị na Nile Hilton Hotel na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Abaza|first=Mona|title=Changing Consumer Cultures of Modern Egypt: Cairo's Urban Reshaping|date=2006|publisher=Brill|isbn=9004152776}}</ref> N'afọ 1964, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-agba egwú afọ iji gbaa egwú Umm Kulthum mgbe ọ na-agba "Inta Omri".<ref name="hab">{{Cite journal|author=Sullivan|first=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSullivan2002">Sullivan, Francesca (February 2002). "Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body". ''Habibi''. '''19'''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọrụ ya, Zaki gbara egwu maka ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke gụnyere Anwar Sadat, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] na Richard Nixon. Ọ lara ezumike nká na 1992, ọ bụ ezie na o mechara kụzie ịgba egwú afọ na [[Rahma Hassan|Raqia Hassan]]'s Egyptian Academy of Oriental Dance na Cairo.<ref name="pop">{{Cite book|author=Hammond|first=Andrew|title=Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1851094490}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHammond2005">Hammond, Andrew (2005). ''Pop Culture Arab World!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle''. ABC-CLIO. p.&nbsp;252. [[ISBN (onye njirimara)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1851094490|<bdi>1851094490</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ onye Egypt na-ese ihe nkiri bụ Mohamed Emara. Ọ mụrụ nwa ha nwoke Hamada na 1987.<ref name="hab">{{Cite journal|author=Sullivan|first=Francesca|title=Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body|journal=Habibi|date=February 2002|volume=19}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSullivan2002">Sullivan, Francesca (February 2002). "Sohair Zaki Singing with Her Body". ''Habibi''. '''19'''.</cite></ref> == Akụkụ ihe nkiri == * 1963 ''Thaman al Hob'' (The Price of Love) * 1963 ''Aelit Zizi''' (Ezinụlọ Zizi) * 1963 ''Sanawat El Hobbī'' (Afọ nke Ịhụnanya) * 1964 ''Hekayet Gawaz'' (Akụkọ Alụmdi na Nwunye) * 1964 ''Daani wal demouh'' (Only with My Tears) * 1964 ''Matloub Zawja Fawran'' (An Intimate Wedding) * 1966 ''Cairo 30'' * 1966 ''Al Abeed'' (The Idiot) * 1967 Karamat Zawgaty (Nkwu Nwunye m) * 1969 Al-shaitan (Ekwensu) * 1970 ''Seraa Maa el Mawt'' (Mgba na Ọnwụ) * 1970 El ''Maganeen'' el Talata (The Three Lunatics) * 1971 Rejal fil al Misyada (Ndị ikom nọ n'ọnyà) * 1972 ''Melouk al Shar'' (Ndị Eze nke Ihe Ọjọọ) * 1975 Alo, ana al ghetta (Hello, Abụ m nwamba) * 1978 ''Sultana al Tarab'' * 1978 Al Kallema Al Akhira (Okwu Ikpeazụ) * 1979 ''Yomhel wala Yohmel'' (Chineke Na-echere ma Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ na-eleghara Anya) * 1982 ''Aroussa Wa Gouz Ersan'' (Nwunye na Nwunye Abụọ) * 1983 ''Enna Rabbaka Labelmersad'' (Onyenwe nke Nledo) * 1983 ''Al Rajel Elle Ba'aa al Shams'' == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Soheir Zaki na [[IMDb]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 47poc024hj2ppgm3w9r44opbwk8op0y 0 16734 631988 537922 2026-05-05T02:36:28Z Goodymaraj 21567 631988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Rosaline Elbay''' bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na odee.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcinema.com/person/2133423/|title=روزالين البيه - ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو}}</ref> A maara ya maka ọrụ ya dị ka 'Amani' na usoro ihe nkiri Hulu na A24 na dị ka 'Sara' na usoro MBC Masr ''[[:ar:قابيل (مسلسل)|Qabeel]]'' .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/ramy-tv-show-hulu-review/|title='Ramy' Presents a Nuanced Slice of Life for Millennial Muslims|author=Murthi|first=Vikram|work=The Nation|date=10 May 2019|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.socialmagazine.us/ramy-a-show-that-talks-about-everything/|title=Ramy: A Show That Talks About Everything|author=Abouomar|first=Ali|date=19 April 2019|work=Social Magazine|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://identity-mag.com/shows-that-are-worth-staying-at-home-in-eid-to-binge-watch/|title=Shows that are Worth Staying at Home in Eid to Binge-Watch|author=Essawy|first=Omnia|date=5 June 2019|work=Identity Magazine|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://madamasr.com/en/2019/05/26/feature/culture/ramadan-2019-tv-what-watching-has-done-to-us/|title=Ramadan 2019 TV: What watching has done to us|author=Elshekh|first=Fathi|date=26 May 2019|work=Mada Masr|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/4154236|title=أول مرة رمضان.. روزالين البيه: كنت متخوفة من أداء سيدة متوفاة فى ظهورى الأول.. وابتعدنا عن السطحية|author=الله|first=نورهان نصر|date=13 May 2019|work=الوطن|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref> Na Septemba 2021, a mara ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi na-eme ihe nkiri nke usoro Netflix na-abịanụ Jigsaw .<ref name="variety.com">{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2021/tv/news/netflix-jigsaw-giancarlo-esposito-paz-vega-1235066412/|title=Netflix Orders Heist Drama 'Jigsaw,' Giancarlo Esposito and Paz Vega Among Cast|date=16 September 2021}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Elbay ma zụlite ya na Cairo n'aks ndị nne na nna Ijipt.<ref name="gqmiddleeast.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gqmiddleeast.com/culture/rosaline-elbay-on-arab-representation-in-hollywood|title=Rosaline Elbay on Arab Representation in Hollywood|accessdate=11 October 2021}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ Classics na Mahadum Oxford wee gụchaa nweta nzere masta na Colonial History.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oxford.academia.edu/NouranKoriem|title=Rosaline Elbay {{!}} University of Oxford - Academia.edu|work=oxford.academia.edu|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Actors Studio New York City na Elizabeth Kemp wee nweta MFA ya na Acting site na LAMDA.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dostor.org/2412344|title=روزالين البيه" الوجه الإعلامى للقاهرة السينمائى|work=dostor.org|date=27 November 2018|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lamda.ac.uk/alumni/recent-graduates/1266|title=Alumni Graduating Year {{!}} LAMDA|work=www.lamda.ac.uk|accessdate=9 June 2019|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730023529/https://www.lamda.ac.uk/alumni/recent-graduates/1266}}</ref> Ọrụ ya malitere na UK ihe nkiri na-elekwasị anya na Shakespeare.<ref name="gqmiddleeast.com" /> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2018 Elbay pụtara na Diamond Dust, ihe nkiri nke Ahmed Mourad kacha ere ahịa, na Fork & Knife, nke gosipụtara na ''2018 El Gouna Film Festival'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://see.news/tony/fork-and-knife-competes-within-the-short-films-competition-at-el-gouna-film-festival/|title="Fork and Knife" Competes within Short Films Competition at El Gouna Film Festival|date=27 August 2018|work=Sada El balad|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa isiokwu nke vidiyo egwu maka "Fakra" nke Massar Egbari, otu egwu Ijipt nke ghọrọ onye ama ama n'oge 2011 Egyptian Revolution, dị ka mmasị ịhụnanya nke onye na-agụ egwu aha ya bụ Hany Dakkak.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filfan.com/news/details/100063|title=5 معلومات عن الممثلة روزالين البيه "سارة" في "قابيل".. وجه إعلامي ومسلسل أمريكي|work=filfan.com|date=8 May 2019|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egyptian-band-massar-egbari-offers-new-perspective-changes-middle-east-and-north.html/|title=Egyptian Band Massar Egbari Offers New Perspective on Changes in the Middle East and North Africa|work=DipNote|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2019, Elbay emeela ihe nkiri dị ka Amani n'usoro ihe nkiri Hulu / A24 Ramy, ihe ngosi nke Ramy Youssef nke aha ya bụ Golden Globe na Peabody Award nke na-esote ọgbọ mbụ nke ndị Alakụba America na njem ime mmụọ na mpaghara [[New Jersey]] nke kewara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="SeriesOrder">{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/hulu-orders-mindy-kaling-four-weddings-and-a-funeral-ramy-youssef-comedy-series-1202381062/|title=Hulu Picks Up Mindy Kaling's 'Four Weddings and a Funeral', Ramy Youssef Comedy To Series|author=Petski|first=Denise|date=2 May 2018|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/21/715290814/ramy-is-about-one-millennial-american-muslim-and-everyone-s-racist-uncles|title='Ramy' Is About One Millennial American Muslim – And Everyone's Racist Uncles|work=NPR.org|publisher=NPR|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/04/230075/ramy-hulu-soundtrack-songs-season-1|title=Hulu's "Ramy" Has A Seriously Good Soundtrack (You're Welcome)|author=Carlin|first=Shannon|work=refinery29.com|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-ramy-youssef-hulu-muslim-comedy-20190419-story.html|title=Ramy Youssef on making TV's first Muslim American sitcom, Hulu's millennial comedy 'Ramy'|author=Ali|first=Lorraine|work=Los Angeles Times|date=19 April 2019|accessdate=24 April 2019}}</ref> Usoro a malitere na 2019 South by Southwest Film Festival ma nwee nkwado nke 97% na Rotten Tomatoes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/ramy/s01|title=Ramy: Season 1 (2019)|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/sxsw-seth-rogen-charlize-theron-comedy-matthew-mcconaughey-the-beach-2019-film-lineup-1202536158/|title=SXSW: Seth Rogen/Charlize Theron Comedy, Matthew McConaughey's 'The Beach Bum' Among 2019 Feature Lineup|author=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=16 January 2019|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=18 January 2019}}</ref> Oge nke abụọ, nke Mahershala Ali so na ya, malitere na Mee 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/tv/ramy-season-2-mahershala-ali-joins-cast/|title=Ramy Season 2 Release Date, Cast, and More News|date=17 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://meaww.com/ramy-season-2-hulu-ramy-youssef-release-date-plot-cast-trailer-all-you-need-to-know|title='Ramy' Season 2 release date, plot, cast and everything you need to know about the Hulu show|author=Basotia|first=Jyotsna|date=1 August 2019|work=[[MEAWW]]|accessdate=2 August 2019}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 2019, Elbay nwetara otuto dị egwu maka mmalite telivishọn ya na mpaghara MENA dị ka Sara, onye mmekọ nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Tarek ([[:ar:محمد ممدوح|Mohamed Mamdouh]]), na MBC Masr's ''[[:ar:قابيل (مسلسل)|Qabeel]]'', wee merie ihe nrite ''Al-Wafd Critics Chine Choice Awards'' maka Best Supporting Actress na Best New Face.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vetogate.com/3488717|title='مباراة في التمثيل'.. مشاهد محمد ممدوح وزوجته في مسلسل قابيل (فيديو وصور)|work=بوابة فيتو|date=31 May 2019|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://identity-mag.com/here-are-the-top-5-best-rising-stars-we-have-seen-this-ramadan/|title=Here Are The Top 5 Best Rising Stars We Have Seen This Ramadan|author=Essawy|first=Omnia|date=31 May 2019|work=Identity Magazine|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hiamag.com/node/981136|title=وجوه جديدة خطفت الأنظار في دراما رمضان 2019..تعرفوا عليهم|author=هي|first=مجلة|date=7 June 2019|work=مجلة هي|language=ar|accessdate=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://alwafd.news/ثقافة-وفن/2418281-روزالين-البيه-تحصد-جائزة-أحسن-ممثلة-دور-ثان-في-حفل-حزب-الوفد|title=روزالين البيه تحصد جائزة أحسن ممثلة دور ثان في حفل حزب الوفد|author=الوفد|work=الوفد|accessdate=28 June 2019}}</ref> Elbay kwadoro emume mmeghe nke ''2019 El Gouna Film Festival'', n'oge ọ na-eyi uwe eji plastik e megharịrị arụ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị gbara ọsọ ndụ ji aka rụọ nke UNHCR kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masrawy.com/howa_w_hya/fashion-moda/details/2019/9/27/1642152/روزالين-البيه-ترتدي-فستانا-مصمم-من-800-كيس-بلاستيك-في-مهرجان-الجونة|title=روزالين البيه ترتدي فستانا مصمم من 800 كيس بلاستيك في مهرجان =هي|first=|date=27 September 2019|work=Masrawy|language=ar|accessdate=20 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2032590/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87|title=شاركت في تقديم مهرجان الجونة السينمائي.. معلومات عن روزالين البيه|author=Honna|work=Honna|accessdate=20 October 2019|archivedate=22 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622021457/https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2032590/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-akwado nzukọ ahụ, na-ekere òkè na tebụl gburugburu mbụ nke MENA na The Role of Art and Culture in Addressing Displacement.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1448493|title=من اللاجئات لبدويات سيناء.. قصة فستان روزالين البيه في ختام مهرجان القاهرة &#124; المصري اليوم}}</ref> Cairo International Film Festival họpụtara Elbay dị ka ihu ya maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-eto eto n'oge 40th na 41st Editions.<ref name=":3"/><ref>https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2952495/1/روزالين-البيه-الوجه-الإعلامي-لأيام-صناعة-السينما-بمهرجان-القاهرة</ref> E mepụtara ihe nkiri ya, "Garlic", na Festivalás TV Development Workshop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/4/77433/Screen-Buzz-selects-9-projects-for-Its-TV-Script-Development|title=Screen Buzz selects 9 projects for Its TV Script Development Workshop|date=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/2322101.aspx|title=روزالين البيه تشارك بسيناريو "توم" في ورشة تطوير السيناريو بمهرجان القاهرة السينمائي}}</ref> Elbay na-eme ihe nkiri na MBC Masrīs 2020 Luebat Al-Nesyan, nke [https://elcinema.com/person/1092421/ Hani Khalifa] duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dostor.org/3053053|title=قائمة مسلسلات رمضان 2020 والقنوات العارضة لها|date=7 April 2020}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ hapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ n'etiti ihe nkiri n'ihi ihe gbasara ahụike ma soro [[:ar:أسماء جلال|Asmaa Galal]] gbaa ọrụ ya fọdụrụnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4322960|title=تامر حبيب يكشف سبب استبدال روزالين البيه بـ أسماء جلال في لعبة النسيان|date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Na Septemba 2021, a mara ọkwa Elbay dị ka onye isi na-eme ihe nkiri nke usoro Netflix ọhụrụ Jigsaw n'akụkụ Giancarlo Esposito, Paz Vega, Rufus Sewell, Tati Gabrielle, Peter Mark Kendall na Jai Courtney. A na-akọwa àgwà ya Judy Goodwin dị ka ọkachamara n'ịkwatu, onye isi ike na onye nweere onwe ya. Usoro a amalitela ịgbapụ na [[New York City|New York]].<ref name="variety.com"/> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, Elbay kpughekwara na ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na onye isi na-emepụta ọrụ a na-akpọghị aha, ha abụọ ekwuputala.<ref name="gqmiddleeast.com"/> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == E nyere Elbay ihe nrite 2019 Al-Wafd Critics' Choice Awards maka Best Supporting Actress na Best New Face maka ọrụ ya na ''Qabeel''.<ref name=":4"/> == Ihe nkiri == === Fim === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2018 |''Fork &amp;amp; Knife'' | |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2018 |[[:ar:تراب الماس (فيلم)|''Uzuzu diamond'']] |Nne Tona |Ọrụ bụ isi |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''[[:ar:قابيل (مسلسل)|Qabeel]]'' |Sara |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2020 |''Luebet Al Nesyan'' |Lamia |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2019 ugbu a |''Ramy'' |Amani |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- |TBA |''Jigsaw'' |Judy Goodwin |Ọrụ bụ isi, usoro na-abịanụ |} == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|id=5527153|name=Rosaline Elbay}} * Razaalين البيه na Arabic Wikipedia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230616152602/http://www.rosaline-elbay.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * Media related to Rosaline Elbay at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dvla2tmb533e2xcm7b0bvndnwbj8d2d 0 16735 631974 89852 2026-05-05T02:04:33Z Goodymaraj 21567 631974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Nabila Ebeid|image=Nabila Ebeid.png|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1945|1|21|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|death_date=<!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (DEATH date then BIRTH date) -->|death_place=|nationality=Egyptian|other_names=|occupation=Actress|years_active=1961–present|known_for=|notable_works=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Nabila Ebeid''' (amụrụ na 21 Jenụwarị 1945 na Cairo, Egypt), nke a na-akpọkwa Nabila Ebeed, bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.albawaba.com/en/entertainment/202782|title=Bushra and Sherif release new debut album|date=5 September 2006|publisher=Al Bawaba|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na mpaghara Shoubra, Nabila bụ nnukwu onye na-akwado ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt oge ochie ma na-anakọta ego mgbe ọ bụ nwata iji gaa Shoubra Cinema Palace. == Ọrụ == E gosiri ya onye nduzi ihe nkiri Ijipt bụ [[Atef Salem]] na ihe nkiri a na-akpọ ''Mafish Faida'' . N'afọ 1965, ya na Omar Sharif mekọrịtakwara n'ihe nkiri The Mamluks, ọrụ a kọwara dị ka "nzọụkwụ mbụ ya ịghọ onye a ma ama".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Boraie|first=Sherif|title=The golden years of Egyptian film: Cinema Cairo, 1936-1967|publisher=American University in Cairo Press|year=2008|pages=224|isbn=977-416-173-4}}</ref> O meela ihe nkiri telivishọn ''El-Ammah Nour'' (Aunt Nour) na ''El-Bawaba El-Taniya'' (The Second Gate). N'afọ 1967, ya na [[Salah Zulfikar]] mekọrọ ihe nkiri egwuregwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị a ma ama Rubabikya (''Robabekya'').<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/961/ee1.htm|title=Sudsy summer|author=Sultan|first=Kamal|date=20–26 August 2009|publisher=Al-Ahram Weekly|accessdate=22 January 2010}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ọ lụrụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri, Atef Salem, onye chọpụtara ya site na 1963 ruo 1967. O mechara nwee ọtụtụ alụmdi nzuzo nke gụnyere Osama El-Baz nke were afọ itoolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://teleghraph.net/?p=144797|title=نبيلة عبيد وأسامة الباز..الفنانة والسياسي|work=teleghraph.net|language=Arabic|date=10 June 2019}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri (akụkụ ụfọdụ) == * ''Zawja Min Paris'' (Nwunye si Paris) * ''Thalath Losoos'' (Ndị ohi Atọ) * ''Thekra Lailat Hubb'' * ''El Rakesa anyị El Tabal'' * ''Al Rakesa wa al Syasi'' (Onye na-agba egwú na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị) * ''Abnaa' wa Katala'' (Ụmụ na Ndị Ogbu Mmadụ) * ''Eghteyal Modarresa'' (Mgbukpọ nke Onye Nkụzi) * ''Kahwat El Mawardi'' (El-Mawardi Cafe) * ''Samara El-Amir '' * ''Ihe nile'' * Circus (The Circus) * ''Rabea nke Adawaya'' * ''Kashef el Mastour'' (Na-ekpughe Ihe Nzuzo) * ''El Azraa''' we el Shaar el Abyad (Nwa agbọghọ na agadi nwoke) * El ''Akhar'' (Onye nke Ọzọ) * ''Hoda na HisOkcy'' the Minister (nke mbụ na 1995, bipụtara ọzọ na 2005) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * [http://www.citwf.com/person164773.htm Nabila Ebeid] na Index zuru ezu maka ihe nkiri ụwa [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3v6e93xywk5odn8fbofsefvyxmvgp1x 0 16738 631965 93523 2026-05-05T01:43:17Z Goodymaraj 21567 631965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Safia El Emari,''' (amụrụ Safia Mustafa Mohamed Omari, October 20, 1949 na El-Mahalla El-Kubra<ref>[[imdbname:0015636|Safia El Emari]]</ref>) bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. A họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya obiọma maka [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1295|United Nations]] na 1997, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2006 iji mee mkpesa maka agha nke dị na Lebanọn. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Commerce, Mahadum Cairo. Ọ mụrụ asụsụ Russian ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị na nzukọ mba ụwa. O sonyere n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Egypt na usoro TV. Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe bụ Jalal Issa chọpụtara ya. Ha lụrụ di ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ. == Ihe nkiri == * Opera Ayda (usoro ihe nkiri TV) * Al-massir<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vita : istruzioni per l'uso|author=Ahmed.|first=Nàgi|others=Al Zorqani, Ayman., Antoniazzi Rossi, Elisabetta., Fischione, Fernanda., Benini, Barbara., Noury, Riccardo.|isbn=9788887847611|location=Fagnano Alto|pages=263|oclc=985963165|date=2016-10-06}}</ref> * El Mohager * El Mowaten Masry * Ana elli katalt Elhanash * Mmụọ nke Sayala * Ịhụnanya Na-anwụkwa * A'la bab El wazir * Hekaya wara kol bab (ihe nkiri TV) * El-azab emra'a * Ọdịdị dị nro * Obodo ubi Hawanem (usoro ihe nkiri TV) * Layali El Helmeya (ihe nkiri TV) == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 53bluldp2yco7zbotf419y8vjw95qrd 0 16739 631964 623674 2026-05-05T01:41:50Z Goodymaraj 21567 631964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''Laila Ahmed Eloui''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 4, 1962 na Cairo), mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya '''Laila Eloui''', '''Laila Olwy''', '''Laila Elwi,''' na '''Laila Elwy,''' bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. O meela ihe nkiri karịrị iri asaa ma bụrụ onye a na-asọpụrụ na mmemme ndị Ijipt na nke mba ụwa na onyinye maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. Ọ bụkwa onye isi nke ọtụtụ kọmitii ndị ọka ikpe maka ememme obodo na nke mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cairofilmfest.org/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?id=79|work=CIFF Official Website|title=CIFF to Honor Elwi, El-Emari and Marzouq|date=October 29, 2010}}</ref> N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ natara onyinye maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ndụ ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Egypt]] [[Safia El Emari]], onye na-ese ihe nkiri South [[Korea]] Yoon Jeong-hee, onye America na-emeeme ihe nkiri Richard Gere, na onye [[France]] na-eme n'ihe nkiri ''Juliette Binoche'' n'oge mmeghe nke 34th Cairo International Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/multimedia/photo/elwi-honored-cairo-film-festival|work=Al-Masry Al-Youm|title=Elwi is honored in Cairo Film festival|date=November 30, 2010|accessdate=November 30, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/film/gere-binoche-honored-at-ciff-opening-dp1.html|work=Daily News Egypt|title=Gere, Binoche honored at CIFF opening|date=November 30, 2010|accessdate=December 1, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/multimedia/photo/34th-cairo-international-film-festival-1|work=Al-Masry Al-Youm|title=The 34th Cairo International Film Festival|date=November 30, 2010|accessdate=November 30, 2010}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Eloui na Cairo, Egypt, nna ya Ahmad Eloui bụ onye Ijipt, ebe nne ya Stella bụ onye Gris si Icaria. Nne nne Eloui bụ onye Ịtali bịara Ijipt ịrụ ọrụ na Marriott Mena House Hotel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e3lam.org/2017/08/25/239855|title=أبرز 14 معلومة عن "ستيلا" والدة ليلى علوي اليونانية|work=e3lam.org|language=Arabic|date=25 August 2017|accessdate=22 June 2022|archivedate=21 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621170717/https://www.e3lam.org/2017/08/25/239855}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Laila malitere ọrụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere. Mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa, o sonyere na mmemme redio na telivishọn, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, ọ pụtara n'elu ikpo okwu na nke mbụ ya n'egwuregwu nke '''Galal El Sharkawy''', onye bu onye nduzi Egypt a ma ama, nke akpọrọ Taman Sittat (8 Women). == Ihe nkiri == * Min Agl Al-Haya (1977). * Kharag wa Lam Ya'oud (1985). * Ayam Al-Tahadi (1985). * Gababerat Al-Mena (1985). * Hekaya fi Kelmeteen (1985). * Al-Nesaa (1985). * Zawg Taht Eltalab (1985). * Wa Tadhak Al-Akdar (1985). * Al-Harafesh (1986). * Al-Onsa (1986). * Ah ya Balad (1986). * Taht Al-Tahdeed (1986). * Azraa wa Thalath Regal (1986). * Asr Al-Ze'ab (1986). * Kelmeta * Ugbu a Azizi Kolona Losous. * Samaa Hoss * Ya Mehalabeya Ya. * Al-Hagama * Ay Ay. * Enzar Belta'a * Kalil Men Al Hob Katheer Men Al Onf. * Al Ragol Al Talet * Esharet Morour * Tofah. * Ya Donya Ya Gharami. * Edhak Al Soura Tetla Helwa. * ''Al-Massir'' (1997). * Hala'a Housh (1997). * ''Nwanne nne anyị a gọziri agọzi'' (1998) * Hob Al-Banat (2003). * Baheb Al-Cima halif bro dị ka Laila Eloui (2005). * Alwan elsama elsabaah (2008). * Laylat Al Baby Doll (2008). * Hakayat Bin Ash-ha (2009). * El Basabees We El 3osyan na-akọwa akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ nke ghọrọ onye isi mgbaka mgbe nwanne ya nwoke were toka ya * Brooks, Meadows and Lovely Faces (2016) == Telivishọn == * [http://www.lahazat-harega.com "Lahazat Harega" "''Oge ndị dị'' oke egwu" (2007)] * Shams (2014) * Napoleon Wal Mahrousa (2012)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/151986|title=ليلى علوى: «نابليون والمحروسة» يرصد كفاح المصريين ولا يوثق حملة بونابرت &#124; المصري اليوم}}</ref><ref>https://alghad.com/ليلى-علوي-جرأة-نابليون-والمحروسة-سبب/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/egyptian-actress-leila-elwi-poses-with-her-award-for-best-news-photo/163119605|title=Egyptian actress Leila Elwi poses with her award for Best Actress in|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2020-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112202451/https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/egyptian-actress-leila-elwi-poses-with-her-award-for-best-news-photo/163119605}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Laila Eloui at IMDb * [http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Laila+Elwi+awarded+in+Canada.-a0208858422 Laila Elwi nyere na Canada] * [http://www.echoroukonline.com/eng/arts/6054-laila-elwi-a-mother-of-five-next-ramadan-season.html Laila Elwi, nne nke ụmụ ise na-esote oge Ramadan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110810221944/http://74.200.236.114/~echorouk/eng/arts/7302-laila-elwi-won%E2%80%99t-be-meeting-with-%E2%80%98muhannad%E2%80%99.html Laila Elwi agaghị ezute ya na Muhannadis] * [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-10818215.html Laila Elwi jụrụ ịlụ Saddam Hussein] [mgbakwunye nwụrụ anwụ] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cj3ug0me26ynpfxgj56vuse38hxi8yu 0 16769 631979 120693 2026-05-05T02:11:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 631979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Ramzy''' (Arabic; 23 Machị 1930 - 28 Septemba 2012) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Egypt n'afọ 1950, 1960, na 1970. '''Ahmad Ramzy''' (Arabic; 23 Machị 1930 - 28 Septemba 2012) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Egypt n'afọ 1950, 1960, na 1970. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ramzy '''Ramzi Mahmud Bayyumi''' n'afọ 1930 n'aka Dr Mahmud Bayumi, onye Egypt orthopedist na prọfesọ mahadum nna, na Helen Mackay, nwa agbọghọ Scotland. Ramzy gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Victoria College nke Alexandria ebe ọ zutere onye aha ya bụ '''Michel Dimitri Challhub''' onye e mechara mara dịka [[Omar Sharif]], ha ghọrọ ndị enyi kemgbe ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, Ramzy sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ruo afọ atọ, tupu ọ gaa na Faculty of Commerce, nke ọ mechara hapụ iji chụsoo ọrụ ya na ime ihe nkiri. Ramzy nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Dr. Hassan Bayoumi, onye gbasoro nzọụkwụ nna ha ma nwee ọrụ ya na [[London]]. == Ọrụ == [[Helmy Halim]] chọpụtara Ahmad Ramzy na 15-2-1955, mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu snooker na klọb. Halim mere ya na ọrụ mbụ ya, dịka "Ramzy" na ''Ayyamna al-Holwa'' (Our Best Days), ya na Faten Hamama, [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], na enyi ya na nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya Omar Sharif, Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu. N'ime ihe nkiri a, ya na ezigbo enyi ya [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] gosipụtara oge mbụ. N'afọ na-esote afọ 1956 hụrụ ọrụ mbụ Ramzy na Hob wa Dumoo (''Ịhụnanya na Anya mmiri'') na Faten Hamama. Ngwụcha afọ 1950 dị mma maka Ramzy, ebe ọ na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị na onye na-ahụ n'anya, ebe afọ 1960 malitere, ndị na-eto eto na-eme egwuregwu malitere ịpụta na-ewere ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Ramzy na-eme mana nke ahụ egbochighị ya ịga n'ụzọ ya. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1960, ime ihe nkiri na ihe karịrị otu kpakpando na-akwado, Ramzy sonyeere kpakpando ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka Hassan Youseff, Youssef Fakhr Eddine, Mohamed Awad na ndị ọzọ na ihe nkiri na ejiji nke ihe nkiri kpakpando atọ malitere na utu aha dịka The 3 wild ones, The 3 adventures na ''ndị'' ọzọ nke dịgidere ruo mmalite afọ 1970. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, Ramzy malitere isonye na ihe nkiri mba ọzọ e mere na mpụga Egypt, O sonyere na ihe nkiri ndị e mepụtara na Ịtali (dị ka ''Il Figlio di Spartacus'' (Nwa Spartacus)), [[Lebanon]] (dị ka ''Fondok El Saada'' (Hotel of Joy)) na Syria (dị ka ''Banat lil Hob'' (Ụmụ agbọghọ maka Ịhụnanya)). Afọ ndị Ramzy na-arụsi ọrụ ike malitere ịla n'iyi n'ihi afọ na ihe nkiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1974 ''Al Abtal'' (The Heroes) nke Farid Shawki so mee ihe bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ihe nkiri nka agha mbụ nke Egypt ma jiri ụda nke Bruce Lee's Enter the Dragon . Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1970 Ramzy na-asị ihe nkiri sị ya gaa nke ọma dịka site n'afọ 1979-1981 hụrụ naanị ihe nkiri abụọ, mgbe ahụ o lekwasịrị anya na azụmahịa ya, ọ bụ ezie na o kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-alọghachi ''na'' afọ 1999 na ihe nkiri " Ket El Saharaa (Desert Cat) sochiri usoro TV Wajh al-Qamar (Face of the Moon) na ''Faten Hamama'' ''n'afọ 2001''. Ka ọ na-abanye na puku afọ ọhụrụ, Ramzy sonyere na ihe nkiri ọzọ aha ya bụ ''El Warda El Hamra'' (The Red Rose) ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Yousra na ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya bụ na usoro TV a na-akpọ ''Hanan W Haneen'' ya na enyi ya ebighi ebi Omar Sharif, nwa Omar - Omar Sharif. Jr. na Kareem Hamdy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2999909/otherworks|title=Kareem Hamdy}}</ref> n'afọ 2007. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Hanan W Hanin'' (2010, Television) na Omar Sharif * ''El Warda El Hamra'' (''The Red Rose'') (2002) ya na Yousra * ''Wajh al-Qamar'' (Face of the Moon) (2001, telivishọn) na Faten Hamama * ''Hekaya wara kol bab'' (A Story Behind Every Door) (1979) * ''Loghat Al Hob'' (''Asụsụ'' nke Ịhụnanya) (1974) na (Nahed Sherif) * ''Al Amaleka'' (1974) ya na [[Nahed Sherif]] na Samir Sabry * ''Al Abtal'' (The Heroes) (1974) ya na Farid Shawki na Mona Gabr * ''Banat lil Hob'' (''Ụmụ agbọghọ maka Ịhụnanya'') (1973) * ''El Bahth An Fedihah'' (1973) ya na [[Adel Emam]], Samir Sabry, na Mervat Amin * ''Adwaa Al Madina'' (City Lights) (1972) ya na Shadia na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * ''Fondok El Saada'' (''Hotel'' of Joy) (1971) * ''Thartharah fawqa al-Nīl'' (Adrift on the Nile) (1971) * ''Al Saat Al Akhira'' (The Last Hours) (1970) ya na [[Nabila Ebeid]], Yousif Shaaban na Nawal Abou El Fetouh * ''Al Saat Al Raheeba'' (The Terrible Hours) (1970) ya na [[Nabila Ebeid]], Yousif Shaaban na Nawal Abou El Fetouh * Harebat Men El Hob (Escaping from Love) (1970) ya na Mervat Amin na [[Nabila Ebeid]] * ''Heya Wa Al Shayateen'' (''Ya na Ekwensu'') (1969) na Shams El Barudy * ''Thalath Nessaa'' (Ndị inyom atọ) (1968) ya na Salah Zulfikar, Mervat Amin, Sabah na [[Huda Sultan]]. * ''Hawaa Wa El Kerd'' (Eve and the Monkey) (1968) ya na Soad Hosny na Mohamed Awad * ''Shabab magnoun geddan'' (Very Crazy Youth) (1967) na Soad Hosny * ''Al Asdekaa Al Thalatha'' (The 3 Friends) (1966) ya na Mohamed Awad, El Dief Ahmad, na Yousiff Shaaban * ''Shakawet Ragala'' (Awful Men) (1966) ya na [[Rushdy Abaza]] na Soad Hosny * ''Al Moghameroon Al Thalatha'' (The Three Adventurers) (1966) ya na Soad Hosny, Hassan Yousiff, na Mohamed Awad * ''Laylat El Zefaf'' (The Wedding Night) (1966) ya na Soad Hosny na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * ''Shaket El Talaba'' (''Ụlọ Ụmụ akwụkwọ'') (1966) ya na Soad Hosny, [[Rushdy Abaza]], na Hassan Yousiff * ''Hikayat al-'Omr'' Kolloh(Story of a Lifetime) (1965) ya na [[Farid al-Atrash]] na Faten Hamama * ''AL Ibn'' Al Mafkood (The Lost Son) (1965) ya na Amal Farid na Nagwa Foad * ''Eeterafat Zog'' (''Nkwupụta nke Di'') (1965) ya na [[Fouad el-Mohandes]], Youssef Wahbi, [[Shwikar]] na Hind Rostom * ''Sobyan'' We Banat (Boys and Girls) (1965) na Nahed Sherief * ''El Ainab el murr'' (Sour Grapes) (1965) ya na Lobna Abdel Aziz * ''Akher Shakawa'' (Frivolous Youth) (1964) ya na Hassan Youssif, Mohamed Awad, na Zizi El Badrawy * ''Awal Hob'' (''Ịhụnanya Mbụ'') (1964) na Soad Hosny * El ''Naddara el sawdaa'' (The Dark Glasses) (1963) ya na [[Nadia Lutfi]] na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * La ''Tutf'e al-Shams'' (The Sun Will Never Set) (1962) * ''Il Figlio di Spartacus'' (TheSlave(1962 film)) (1962) dị ka Mardok * ''El Akh el kabir'' (The Big Brother) (1959) ya na Farid Shawki na Hind Rostom * Forever Yours (1959) * Seraa maal Hayat (''Ịlụ ọgụ maka ndụ'') (1958) * ''Ismail Yassin Fee El Ostool'' (''Ismail Yassin na ndị agha mmiri'') (1957) ya na Ismail Yasin * ''Ibn Hameedo'' (The Son of Hameedo) (1957) ya na Ismail Yasin na Hind Rostom * ''Tamr henna'' (''Tamarind'') (1957) ya na Naima Akef, Fayza Ahmad na [[Rushdy Abaza]] * ''Banat el yom'' (''Ụmụ agbọghọ nke Taa'') (1957) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Magda El Sabahy * El ''Wessada'' el khalia (The Empty Pillow) (1957) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Lobna Abdel Aziz * ''Al-Qalb Lahu Ahkam'' (The Heart Has Its Reasons) (1956) na Faten Hamama * Hob wa Dumoo (Love and Tears) (1956) na Faten Hamama * Sira maka Fi al-Mina (Dark Waters) (1956) ya na Omar Sharif na Faten Hamama * ''Ayyamna al-Holwa'' (Our Best Days) (1955) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Omar Sharif na Faten Hamama == Edemsibịa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070412092031/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/487/profile.htm Akụkọ ''Al-Ahram Weekly'' banyere Ahmad Ramzy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051120171506/http://www.yallacinema.com/English/actors/actordet.asp?actid=55 Akụkọ ndụ Yalla Cinema] * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/ahmed-ramzy/67555538979#/pages/ahmed-ramzy/67555538979?v=info Facebook] {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n8kagq9t92cikgj6hy3cjvmli3k6l63 631980 631979 2026-05-05T02:16:23Z Goodymaraj 21567 631980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmad Ramzy''' (Arabic; 23 Machị 1930 - 28 Septemba 2012) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Egypt n'afọ 1950, 1960, na 1970. '''Ahmad Ramzy''' (Arabic; 23 Machị 1930 - 28 Septemba 2012) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Egypt n'afọ 1950, 1960, na 1970. == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ramzy '''Ramzi Mahmud Bayyumi''' n'afọ 1930 n'aka Dr Mahmud Bayumi, onye Egypt orthopedist na prọfesọ mahadum nna, na Helen Mackay, nwa agbọghọ Scotland. Ramzy gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Victoria College nke Alexandria ebe ọ zutere onye aha ya bụ '''Michel Dimitri Challhub''' onye e mechara mara dịka [[Omar Sharif]], ha ghọrọ ndị enyi kemgbe ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, Ramzy sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ruo afọ atọ, tupu ọ gaa na Faculty of Commerce, nke ọ mechara hapụ iji chụsoo ọrụ ya na ime ihe nkiri. Ramzy nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Dr. Hassan Bayoumi, onye gbasoro nzọụkwụ nna ha ma nwee ọrụ ya na [[London]]. == Ọrụ == [[Helmy Halim]] chọpụtara Ahmad Ramzy na 15-2-1955, mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu snooker na klọb. Halim mere ya na ọrụ mbụ ya, dịka "Ramzy" na ''Ayyamna al-Holwa'' (Our Best Days), ya na Faten Hamama, [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], na enyi ya na nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya Omar Sharif, Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe na-ewu ewu. N'ime ihe nkiri a, ya na ezigbo enyi ya [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] gosipụtara oge mbụ. N'afọ na-esote afọ 1956 hụrụ ọrụ mbụ Ramzy na Hob wa Dumoo (''Ịhụnanya na Anya mmiri'') na Faten Hamama. Ngwụcha afọ 1950 dị mma maka Ramzy, ebe ọ na-ekere òkè n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ọrụ nke onye na-eme ihe ọchị na onye na-ahụ n'anya, ebe afọ 1960 malitere, ndị na-eto eto na-eme egwuregwu malitere ịpụta na-ewere ọrụ ndị ọzọ nke ndị Ramzy na-eme mana nke ahụ egbochighị ya ịga n'ụzọ ya. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite afọ 1960, ime ihe nkiri na ihe karịrị otu kpakpando na-akwado, Ramzy sonyeere kpakpando ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị ka [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Yousef]], [[Youssef Fakhr Eddine]], Mohamed Awad na ndị ọzọ na ihe nkiri na ejiji nke ihe nkiri kpakpando atọ malitere na utu aha dịka The 3 wild ones, The 3 adventures na ''ndị'' ọzọ nke dịgidere ruo mmalite afọ 1970. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, Ramzy malitere isonye na ihe nkiri mba ọzọ e mere na mpụga Egypt, O sonyere na ihe nkiri ndị e mepụtara na Ịtali (dị ka ''Il Figlio di Spartacus'' (Nwa Spartacus)), [[Lebanon]] (dị ka ''Fondok El Saada'' (Hotel of Joy)) na Syria (dị ka ''Banat lil Hob'' (Ụmụ agbọghọ maka Ịhụnanya)). Afọ ndị Ramzy na-arụsi ọrụ ike malitere ịla n'iyi n'ihi afọ na ihe nkiri na-agbanwe agbanwe, ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 1974 ''Al Abtal'' (The Heroes) nke [[Farid Shawqi|Farid Shawki]] so mee ihe bụ ihe a ma ama n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ihe nkiri nka agha mbụ nke Egypt ma jiri ụda nke Bruce Lee's Enter the Dragon . Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti afọ 1970 Ramzy na-asị ihe nkiri sị ya gaa nke ọma dịka site n'afọ 1979-1981 hụrụ naanị ihe nkiri abụọ, mgbe ahụ o lekwasịrị anya na azụmahịa ya, ọ bụ ezie na o kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-alọghachi ''na'' afọ 1999 na ihe nkiri " Ket El Saharaa (Desert Cat) sochiri usoro TV Wajh al-Qamar (Face of the Moon) na ''Faten Hamama'' ''n'afọ 2001''. Ka ọ na-abanye na puku afọ ọhụrụ, Ramzy sonyere na ihe nkiri ọzọ aha ya bụ ''El Warda El Hamra'' (The Red Rose) ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Yousra na ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya bụ na usoro TV a na-akpọ ''Hanan W Haneen'' ya na enyi ya ebighi ebi Omar Sharif, nwa Omar - Omar Sharif. Jr. na Kareem Hamdy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2999909/otherworks|title=Kareem Hamdy}}</ref> n'afọ 2007. == Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ == * ''Hanan W Hanin'' (2010, Television) na Omar Sharif * ''El Warda El Hamra'' (''The Red Rose'') (2002) ya na Yousra * ''Wajh al-Qamar'' (Face of the Moon) (2001, telivishọn) na Faten Hamama * ''Hekaya wara kol bab'' (A Story Behind Every Door) (1979) * ''Loghat Al Hob'' (''Asụsụ'' nke Ịhụnanya) (1974) na (Nahed Sherif) * ''Al Amaleka'' (1974) ya na [[Nahed Sherif]] na Samir Sabry * ''Al Abtal'' (The Heroes) (1974) ya na Farid Shawki na Mona Gabr * ''Banat lil Hob'' (''Ụmụ agbọghọ maka Ịhụnanya'') (1973) * ''El Bahth An Fedihah'' (1973) ya na [[Adel Emam]], Samir Sabry, na Mervat Amin * ''Adwaa Al Madina'' (City Lights) (1972) ya na Shadia na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * ''Fondok El Saada'' (''Hotel'' of Joy) (1971) * ''Thartharah fawqa al-Nīl'' (Adrift on the Nile) (1971) * ''Al Saat Al Akhira'' (The Last Hours) (1970) ya na [[Nabila Ebeid]], Yousif Shaaban na Nawal Abou El Fetouh * ''Al Saat Al Raheeba'' (The Terrible Hours) (1970) ya na [[Nabila Ebeid]], [[Yousuf Shaaban (actor)|Yousif Shaaban]] na Nawal Abou El Fetouh * Harebat Men El Hob (Escaping from Love) (1970) ya na Mervat Amin na [[Nabila Ebeid]] * ''Heya Wa Al Shayateen'' (''Ya na Ekwensu'') (1969) na Shams El Barudy * ''Thalath Nessaa'' (Ndị inyom atọ) (1968) ya na Salah Zulfikar, [[Mervat Amin]], Sabah na [[Huda Sultan]]. * ''Hawaa Wa El Kerd'' (Eve and the Monkey) (1968) ya na Soad Hosny na Mohamed Awad * ''Shabab magnoun geddan'' (Very Crazy Youth) (1967) na Soad Hosny * ''Al Asdekaa Al Thalatha'' (The 3 Friends) (1966) ya na Mohamed Awad, [[El Deif Ahmed|El Dief Ahmad]], na Yousiff Shaaban * ''Shakawet Ragala'' (Awful Men) (1966) ya na [[Rushdy Abaza]] na Soad Hosny * ''Al Moghameroon Al Thalatha'' (The Three Adventurers) (1966) ya na Soad Hosny, Hassan Yousiff, na Mohamed Awad * ''Laylat El Zefaf'' (The Wedding Night) (1966) ya na Soad Hosny na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * ''Shaket El Talaba'' (''Ụlọ Ụmụ akwụkwọ'') (1966) ya na Soad Hosny, [[Rushdy Abaza]], na Hassan Yousiff * ''Hikayat al-'Omr'' Kolloh(Story of a Lifetime) (1965) ya na [[Farid al-Atrash]] na Faten Hamama * ''AL Ibn'' Al Mafkood (The Lost Son) (1965) ya na Amal Farid na Nagwa Foad * ''Eeterafat Zog'' (''Nkwupụta nke Di'') (1965) ya na [[Fouad el-Mohandes]], [[Youssef Wahbi]], [[Shwikar]] na Hind Rostom * ''Sobyan'' We Banat (Boys and Girls) (1965) na [[Nahed Sherif|Nahed Sherief]] * ''El Ainab el murr'' (Sour Grapes) (1965) ya na [[Lobna Abdel Aziz]] * ''Akher Shakawa'' (Frivolous Youth) (1964) ya na [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Youssif]], Mohamed Awad, na Zizi El Badrawy * ''Awal Hob'' (''Ịhụnanya Mbụ'') (1964) na Soad Hosny * El ''Naddara el sawdaa'' (The Dark Glasses) (1963) ya na [[Nadia Lutfi]] na [[Ahmed Mazhar|Ahmad Mazhar]] * La ''Tutf'e al-Shams'' (The Sun Will Never Set) (1962) * ''Il Figlio di Spartacus'' (TheSlave(1962 film)) (1962) dị ka Mardok * ''El Akh el kabir'' (The Big Brother) (1959) ya na Farid Shawki na Hind Rostom * Forever Yours (1959) * Seraa maal Hayat (''Ịlụ ọgụ maka ndụ'') (1958) * ''Ismail Yassin Fee El Ostool'' (''Ismail Yassin na ndị agha mmiri'') (1957) ya na Ismail Yasin * ''Ibn Hameedo'' (The Son of Hameedo) (1957) ya na [[Ismail Yassine|Ismail Yasin]] na Hind Rostom * ''Tamr henna'' (''Tamarind'') (1957) ya na Naima Akef, Fayza Ahmad na [[Rushdy Abaza]] * ''Banat el yom'' (''Ụmụ agbọghọ nke Taa'') (1957) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Magda El Sabahy * El ''Wessada'' el khalia (The Empty Pillow) (1957) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Lobna Abdel Aziz * ''Al-Qalb Lahu Ahkam'' (The Heart Has Its Reasons) (1956) na Faten Hamama * Hob wa Dumoo (Love and Tears) (1956) na Faten Hamama * Sira maka Fi al-Mina (Dark Waters) (1956) ya na Omar Sharif na Faten Hamama * ''Ayyamna al-Holwa'' (Our Best Days) (1955) ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]], Omar Sharif na Faten Hamama == Edemsibịa == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070412092031/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/487/profile.htm Akụkọ ''Al-Ahram Weekly'' banyere Ahmad Ramzy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051120171506/http://www.yallacinema.com/English/actors/actordet.asp?actid=55 Akụkọ ndụ Yalla Cinema] * [https://www.facebook.com/pages/ahmed-ramzy/67555538979#/pages/ahmed-ramzy/67555538979?v=info Facebook] {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4gs32qatuczksartoonewm0priluztc 0 16770 631970 142903 2026-05-05T01:57:24Z Goodymaraj 21567 631970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Hany Ramzy <br>Arabic: هاني رمزي|image=Hany Ramzy.png|image_size=200px|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1964|10|26}}|birth_place=[[Alexandria]], Egypt|occupation=Actor|years_active=1986–present}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] {{Databox}} '''Hani Ramzi''' (Arabic; a mụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1964) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na otu n'ime ndị na-eme egwuregwu ọchị a ma ama n'Egypt. == Oge ọ malitere == Hani Ramzy onye a mụrụ na Alexandria, tolitere na Beni Mazar, Minya Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=swYvro8pbKI|title=برنامج دارك الحلقه الثامنه / ضيوف الحلقه هانى رامزى - دوللى شاهين|work=Comedyah|language=Arabic|date=2 October 2013}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Faculty of Commerce, Mahadum Cairo, wee sonye na Institute of Performing Arts. Mbido mbụ ya bụ na otu mma agha n'egwuregwu ''Ana ayza'' millionaire onye edemede egwuregwu Yusri El-Ebyari na mgbe ahụ ya na [[Mohamed Sobhi (actor)|Mohamed Sobhi]] sonyere na egwuregwu ''Takharif'' na ''Weghat Nazar'', sonyekwara n'ọtụtụ ọrụ wee mee ihe nkiri n'usoro ihe nkiri. A mụrụ Hany Adel Ramzy n'obodo Minya, nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu. Ramzy lụrụ nwanyị si Asyut, Mona Mohab ma ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Shady na Jesse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.57357.com/2014/comedianactor-hany-ramzy-compassion-devotion-and-recovering-children-made-me-feel-that-god-is-present-in-this-place/|title=Children's Cancer Hospital Egypt (CCHE 57357)|publisher=57357.com|date=2014-04-06|accessdate=2015-10-31|archivedate=2017-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102081904/http://www.57357.com/2014/comedianactor-hany-ramzy-compassion-devotion-and-recovering-children-made-me-feel-that-god-is-present-in-this-place/}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Nasser 56'' 1995 (Naser 56) * ''Se'idi Fi El Gam'ah El Amrikiyyah'' 1998. (Upper Egyptian Na Mahadum America) * ''Fer'et Banat W Bass'' 1999 (A band Of Girls Only ) * ''Wa La Fi El Neyyah Ab'a?'' 1999 (Na Enweghị ebumnuche Ịbụ?) * ''El-Hobb El-Awwal'' 2000 (Ịhụnanya Mbụ) * ''Etfarrag Ya Salam'' 2001Watch Wow) * ''Gawaz Be Qarar Gomhori'' 2001 (Alụmdi na nwunye site na mkpebi onye isi ala) * ''Se'idi Rayeh Jayy'' 2001(Upper Egyptian To And Fro) * ''Mohami Khol''' 2002 (Onye ọka iwu nke ịgba alụkwaghịm) * Ayez Haqqi 2003 M chọrọ òkè m) * ''Ghabi Mennoh Fih'' 2004 (Stupid From Him In Him) * ''El-Sayyed Abu-El-Arabi Wasal'' 2005 (Mister Abu-El -Arabi ruru) * Zaza 2006 (''Zaza'') * ''Asad W Arba' Otat'' 2007 (Ọdụm na nwamba anọ) * Nems Bond 2008 (Nems Bond) * ''El Ragel El Ghamed Be Salamtoh'' 2010 (Nwoke Dị Ịdị Akụkọ Site na Wow Ya ) * ''Sami oxid El-Carbon'' 2011(Sami Oxide Of Carbon) * ''Tom We Jemi'' 2013 (Tom na Jemi) * Nom El Talat 2015 (Sleep Of Tuesday) == Telivishọn == * ''Hawl Al Alam'' 1986 (Trans World ) * ''Alef Lilah W Lilah'' 1986 (Thousand And One Nights) * ''El Les Ellazi Ohebboh'' 1997(The Thief Whom I Love) * ''Mabruk Galak Ala''' 2006 (Ekele ị na-echegbu onwe gị) * ''Esabet Mama'' W Papa 2009(Gang Of Mama And Papa) * Nbudata nke Aris 2011Groom Nbudata) * ''Ebn El Nezam'' 2012 (Ọkpara nke Ọchịchị) * ''El Lela Di'' 2012-2013 (N'abalị a) * ''Nazaryet El Gawafa'' 2013 (Theory nke Guava) * ''El Aris Raqam 13'' 2014 (Groom Number 13) * El ''Shohrah'' 2014 (Ebe A Ma Ama) * ''Hobot Idterari'' 2015 (Nkwado Mkpa) * ''Hany Fi El Adghal'' 2016 (Ọnụ n'ime Ọhịa) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.elcinema.com/en/person/pr1097878/biography Hany Ramzy] na Cinema.com * {{IMDb name|1649909}} * [https://ar-ar.facebook.com/egyfilm.Hany.Ramzy/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Hany Ramzy Facebook] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rhnpgal2q3kdyzh8xh4pk9eauwo2zyd 0 16774 631982 170328 2026-05-05T02:20:56Z Goodymaraj 21567 631982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|notable roleZaki Rostom]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Zaki Rostom''' (Egyptian Arabic) (1903 -1972) Zaki Moharram Mahmoud Rostom bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. Onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke a maara maka igosi ndị na-eyi egwu na ndị na-eme omume ọjọọ, a na-ewere Zaki dịka otu n'ime ndị na-emetụta ma dị mkpa na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri [[Egypt]]. A mụrụ Zaki Rostom na Machị 5, 1903, n'ezinụlọ aristocratic nke nwere ọkwá dị elu n'Egypt, ebe nna ya na nna nna ya bụ Pashas nke [[Egypt|Egypy]], nna nna ya rụkwara ọrụ na ndị agha Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/en/person/1049701/|title=Zaki Rostom - Actor - Filmography، photos، Video|work=elCinema.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-11-13}}</ref> A họpụtara nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ozi n'oge Khedive Ismail, ma nwụọ mgbe Zaki ka bụ nwata nwoke. Ọ bụ enyi nna ya, Mustafa Nageeb, nna onye Egypt na-ese ihe Soliman Nageeb (Egyptian Arabic) zụlitere ya, ebe mmekọrịta siri ike malitere n'etiti ya na ụfọdụ ndị na-ese egwu n'oge ahụ, gụnyere onye na-eme ihe nkiri Abdel Wareth Assar (1894-1982). Ihe ntụrụndụ ya nke ime ihe nkiri malitere mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na baccalaureate; n'afọ 1924 ọ sonyeere otu ihe nkiri National, n'afọ 1925 ọ sonyeera otu ihe nkiri Ramses. Ọrụ ndị a maara nke ọma nke Rostom gụnyere di aristocrat na-eme ike na Egypt adaptation nke ''Anna Karenina''; [[Ezz El-Dine Zulficar|Ezz El Dine Zulficar]]'s The River of Love (1960), onye nwe ala dị ike na Youssef Chahine's Struggle in the Valley (1954), onye ahịa na-emegbu [[Farid Shawqi|Farid Shawki]] na The Takyough (1957), na onye nwe ọgwụ ọjọọ na Pier No. 5 (1957). ''Magazin Paris Match'' French họọrọ ya n'etiti afọ 1940 dịka otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri iri kachasị mma na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zaki Rustum|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0744601/bio|accessdate=2021-03-24|work=IMDb}}</ref> N'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, ọ tara ahụhụ site na nsogbu ịnụ ihe na ịda mbà n'obi siri ike. Ọ biri naanị ya ma jiri oge ya na-agụ akwụkwọ ruo mgbe ọ dara ọrịa obi wee nwụọ na Febụwarị 16 nke afọ 1972 mgbe ọ dị afọ 68. == Ihe nkiri == * ''Zeinab'' (1930) .... Hassam * Dahayat, El (1933) ... a.k.a. Ndị merụrụ ahụ (International: aha Bekee) * ''Kaferi am khatiatak'' (1933)... a.k.a. Kụọ ụgwọ maka mmehie gị (International: aha Bekee) * ''El-ittihâm'' (1934)... a.k.a. Ebubo (International: aha Bekee) * ''Layla bint'' el sahara (1937)... a.k.a. Leila, Daughter of the Desert (International: aha Bekee) * ''El-charid'' (1942)... a.k.a. The Wanderer (International: aha Bekee) * ''El-muttahama'' (1942)... a.k.a. Onye a na-enyo enyo (International: aha Bekee) * ''Hadamat beyti'' (1943)... a.k.a. I Ruined My House (International: aha Bekee) * ''Haza ganahu abi'' (1945) ... a.k.a. Nke a bụ mpụ nna m (International: aha Bekee) * Suq al-Soda', al- (1945) .... Abu Mahmud ... a.k.a. Ahịa Ojii * ''El-hanim'' (1946) * ''Dahaya'' el madania (1946) ... a.k.a. Ndị Modernism metụtara (International: aha Bekee) * Ab, El (1947)... a.k.a. Nna (International: aha Bekee) * ''Ghurub'' (1947)... a.k.a. Sunset (International: aha Bekee) * ''Ana al maadi'' (1951)... a.k.a. Abụ m n'oge gara aga (International: aha Bekee) * ''Awladi'' (1952) ... a.k.a. My Children (International: aha Bekee) * ''Aisha'' (1953).... Madbouli (nna) * ''Siraa Fil-Wadi'' (1954) .... Taher Pasha ... a.k.a. Ịlụ ọgụ na Ndagwurugwu ... a.k.a. Eluigwe na-enwu ọkụ ... a.k.a. Anyanwụ Na-enwu Enwu * ''Hub wa demoue'' (1956)... a.k.a. Ịhụnanya na Anya mmiri (International: aha Bekee) * ''Rasif rakam khamsa'' (1956) ... a.k.a. Platform No. 5 (International: aha Bekee) * Fatawa, El (1957) ... a.k.a. The Tough (International: aha Bekee) * Emraa fil tarik (1958) ... a.k.a. A Woman on the Road (International: aha Bekee) * ''Malak wa shaitan'' (1960) ... a.k.a. Angel na Ekwensu (International: aha Bekee) * ''Aaz el habaieb'' (1961) ... a.k.a. I Want Love (International: aha Bekee) * ''Nahr'' el hub (1961) .... Taher Pasha... a.k.a. Osimiri nke Ịhụnanya (International: aha Bekee) * ''Ana W Banaty'' (1961) .... Mahmoud... a.k.a Me and My Daughters (International: aha Bekee) * Haram, El (1965) ... a.k.a. Mmehie (International: aha Bekee) * ''Aguazet seif'' (1967) .... Farid == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} fwv5059ig435jzx37khgxmnujku3mxp 0 16775 631986 120083 2026-05-05T02:31:36Z Goodymaraj 21567 631986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Amr Saad''' bụ [[Actor|onye]] Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Applied Arts. Ọ malitere ọrụ nka ya na ngwụcha afọ 1990, mgbe mbụ o guzoro n'ihu igwefoto. Shahin, mgbe ahụ ihe nkiri ''Al Madina'' nke [[Yousry Nasrallah|Yusra Nasrallah]], wee pụta na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ Ten pound na mgbe ahụ a legitimate trail. N'afọ 2007, o gosipụtara ihe nkiri ''Dikan Shehata'', nke ndị nkatọ toro. Mgbe ahụ, o gosipụtara ihe nkiri dịka The Big, ''Iron'', ''Rijata'', the Walls of the Moon, ''Molana'' na ''Karma''. O gosipụtara usoro mbụ na ihe nkiri ahụ n'afọ 2010, nke akpọrọ Kingdom of the Mountain wee gosipụta usoro Abdul Aziz Street n'afọ 2011 na 2012 gosipụtara usoro Khirm needle, wee gosipụta akụkụ nke abụọ nke usoro ''Abdel Aziz Street'', n'afọ 2016 gosipụtara usoro Younis Born Silver, n'afọ 2017 gosipụtara ''ọnọdụ nchekwa'' usoro. O meriri Best Actor Award maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri ''Maulana'' site na 33rd ''Alexandria Film Festival'' ma nyekwa ya na Luxor Film Festival yana 66th Catholic Film Festival.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 13, 2017|title=صور {{!}} تكريم عمرو سعد وماجد الكدواني بحفل ختام "مهرجان الإسكندرية"|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2548330/1/صور--تكريم-عمرو-سعد-وماجد-الكدواني-بحفل-|accessdate=2021-02-26|work=akhbarelyom.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=عمرو سعد أحسن ممثل في مهرجان المركز الكاثوليكي.. و علي معزة وإبراهيم أفضل فيلم|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1835054.aspx|accessdate=2021-02-26|work=ahram.org.eg|language=ar}}</ref> O nwetakwara ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma site na 23rd Mediterranean Film Festival of Tetouan na ọrụ Sheikh Hatemń na ihe nkiri ''Mawlana'' .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mawlana wins Best Actor Award at Tetouan International Mediterranean Film Festival - Film - Arts & Culture|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/0/262188/Arts--Culture/0/Mawlana-wins-Best-Actor-Award-at-Tetouan-Internati.aspx|accessdate=2021-02-26|work=Ahram Online|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=April 2, 2017|title=عمرو سعد يفوز بجائزة أحسن ممثل في مهرجان تطوان بالمغرب|url=http://www.3ain.net/Article/3890/عمرو-سعد-يفوز-بجائزة-أحسن-ممثل-في-مهرجان-تطوان-بالمغرب|accessdate=2021-02-26|work=3ain.net|language=ar}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0754229|Amr Saad}}. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] bx3ykwdi2xp9noklut2j8pzi2m3h2h9 0 16780 631976 94326 2026-05-05T02:07:08Z Goodymaraj 21567 631976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Saeed Saleh''' nke a makwaara dịka (''Saeed Saleh Ibrahim)'' (Arabic) (July 31, 1940 -August 1, 2014) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ọchị kacha mma n'[[Egypt]] == Akụkọ ndụ == Saleh nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na Mahadum Cairo n'afọ 1960. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ihe nkiri ya na Al Ayal Kibrit na ''Madrast Al-Mushaghebeen'' yana ime ihe nkiri na nke atọ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị Egypt na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị eme ihe nkiri n'ụwa. A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1995 ruo otu afọ, n'ihi na o nwere ọgwụ ọjọọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alqabas.com/en/article/272261-saeed-saleh-entered-the-prison-accused-oused-of-drug-abuse-and-exited-him-with-a|title=دخل سعيد صالح السجن متهما بتعاطي المخدرات وخرج منه بفلسفة خاصة|work=alqabas.com|language=Arabic|date=2 October 2006}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, ya na [[Adel Emam]] mere ihe nkiri Alzheimer, mgbe ọ na-arịa ''ọrịa Alzheimer''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/759.aspx|title=Zahaymar: a comedy about Alzheimer's disease|work=ahram.org|date=28 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2015/08/05/754096.html|title=بالفيديو ابنة سعيد صالح: والدي مات مصاباً بالزهايمر وبسرطان في الدماغ .. ومشهده مع عادل إمام حقيقي|work=alwatanvoice.com|language=Arabic|date=5 August 2015}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2014 ma e lie ya n'obodo ya, Majiria, Monufia Governorate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/492751|title=قرية «مجريا» بالمنوفية تستعد لاستقبال جثمان الفنان سعيد صالح|work=almasryalyoum.com|language=Arabic|date=1 August 2014}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Qasr El Shouq (1966) * N'oge ọkọchị Anyị ga-ahụ n'anya (1974) * Dunya (1974) * Shouq (1976) * Laiali Yasmeen (1978) * Al Mashbouh (1981) * Ala Bab El Wazeer (1982) * Gabroat Imraa (1984) * Nos arnab (1985) * Ibn Tahya Azouz (1986) * Salam Ya Sahby (1987) * Fatwat EL Salakhana (1989) * El Sa'ayda Gom (1989) * Almshaghebon Fe Noabae (1992) * El Lee'b A'la El Makshouf (1993) * Al-Suqout Fi Bir Sabe (1994) * Belia We Demagho El Aliaa (2000) * Ameer Al-Zalaam (2002) * Zahaimar (2010) * Metaab wa Shadya (2012) == Egwuregwu == * Ka'abaloon (1985) * Nne nne Al-Mushaghebeen (1973) * Al Ayal Kibrit (1979) == Usoro Ihe nkiri TV == * Ahlam Alfata Altaaer (1978) * Bel Alwan ElTabeaya (2009) * 9 Egwuregwu El Dowal (2012) * Al Morafa'a (2014) == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị Ijipt == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * Said [http://www.elcinema.com/person/pr1037252 Saleh] na ElCinema.com (Arabic) ce71hztiq9yqagrlhkplvixsld24rpl 0 16783 631967 577728 2026-05-05T01:50:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 631967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Youssef Shaaban Shemis''' (Arabic; 16 Julaị 1931[lower-alpha 1] 28 Febụwarị 2021) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/magazine/23082005/memory27.htm|title=نقيب الممثلين يوسف شعبان يكشف لـ (مجلة الجزيرة): العمل بالفن لم يكن من بين أحلامي|work=al-jazirah.com|language=Arabic|date=23 August 2005}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Shaaban malitere ịmụ iwu na Mahadum Ain Shams, mana o mechara gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts wee gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/arts/2021/2/28/وفاة-يوسف-شعبان|title=وفاة يوسف شعبان متأثرا بفيروس كورونا|work=Al Jazeera|language=Arabic|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> ''Ọrụ'' ya a ma ama bụ na There is a Man in our House n'afọ 1961 ya na [[Omar Sharif]] na [[Rushdy Abaza]], The Miracle n'afọ 1962, ''Cairo'' n'afọ 1963 ya na George Sanders na Faten Hamama, Mother of the Bride n'afọ 1963 ya ne Taheyya Kariokka, For Men Only n'afọ 1964 ya na Suad Husni na [[Nadia Lutfi]], The Three Loves Her n'afọ 1965, My Wife, the Director General n'afọ 1966 ya na [[Salah Zulfikar]] na Shadia. ''Nwoke nke Abụọ'' n'afọ 1967, The Idol of People n'afọ 1967 ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Shadia, The Man Who Lost His Shadow n'afọ 1968 ya na Salah Zulfikar, [[Kamal el-Shennawi|Kamal El-Shennawi]] na [[Magda al-Sabahi|Magda]], An Incident of Honor n'afọ 1971 ya na [[Zubaida Tharwat]] na [[Shoukry Sarhan]], Guys in Storm ya na [[Nelly (Egyptian entertainer)|Nelly]] na [[Nour El-Sherif]], Fear Moments n'afọ 1972 ya na [[Farid Shawqi]] na [[Mervat Amin]] Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 1972, Shaaban so na Salah Zilfikar na Sabah mee ''ihe'' nkiri na ''Paris'' ma hụ n'anya. Ọrụ ọzọ ọ rụrụ bụ na Sun and Fog n'afọ 1973, A Woman With a Bad Reputation n'afọ 1973 na [[Shams al-Baroudi]] na Mahmoud Yacine, Malatily Bathhouse n'afọ 1973, The Bullet is Still in My Pocket n'afọ 1974, The Guilty n'afọ 1975 na [[Hussein Fahmy]], Salah Zulfikar na Soheir Ramzi. Days in [[London]] n'afọ 1976 na Samira Tewfik, ''Cheta M'' n'afọ 1978 na Naglaa Fathi, The Iron Woman n'afọ 1987 na NaglaaFathi na [[Farouk al-Fishawy]], ''Fakhfakhino'' n'afọ 2009, The Elephant on Handkerchief n'afọ 2011 na Talaat Zakaria, na The Fourth ''Pyramid'' n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-veteran-actor-youssef-shaaban-dies-from-coronavirus-1.77515982|title=Egypt: Veteran actor Youssef Shaaban dies from coronavirus|work=Gulf News|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Ọ mara ọkwa na ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/arts-videos/details/2017/8/27/1144752/يوسف-شعبان-يكشف-سبب-اعتزاله|title=يوسف شعبان يكشف سبب اعتزاله|work=masrawy.com|language=Arabic|date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, o mechara laghachi n'ime ihe nkiri, nke o nwere ọrụ na ''Esh Al-Dababir'', nke e mere na Beirut na mbido afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2249419|title=يوسف شعبان يطير إلى لبنان لتصوير «عش الدبابير» مع مصطفى شعبان وعمرو سعد|work=almasryalyoum.com|language=Arabic|date=4 February 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ọ lụrụ nwanyị ugboro anọ, ebe o nwere otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Leila Taher, ruo afọ anọ. Mgbe ahụ ọ lụrụ Nadia Chirine, nwa nwanyị Fawzia Fuad nke Egypt, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị, Sinai.<ref name="soh10jun">{{Cite journal|author=Sami|first=Soheir|title=Profile: Youssef Shaaban|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=4–10 June 1998|issue=380|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/380/people.htm|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> O mechara lụọ onye ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Seham Fathi. N'afọ 1989, ọ lụrụ onye Kuwait, Iman Shreaan, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Zainab, na nwa nwoke, Murad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anasalwa.com/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81/|title=أربع زوجات في حياة يوسف شعبان، أميرة وفنانتين وكويتية|work=anasalwa.com|language=Arabic|date=16 April 2020|accessdate=22 June 2022|archivedate=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228095514/https://www.anasalwa.com/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stunning-lady-zainab-daughter-artist-youssef-shaaban-makes-her-first-appearance-watch|title=Stunning Lady! Zainab, Daughter of Artist Youssef Shaaban, Makes Her First Appearance.. Checkout Her Beauty!|work=albawaba.com|date=14 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, ọ butere COVID-19 n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na Egypt, a nabatara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Dokki, wee kpọga ya n'Ụlọ ọgwụ Al-Agouza dị na Giza.<ref name="ain">{{Cite web|url=https://al-ain.com/article/youssef-shaaban-corona-virus|title=إصابة يوسف شعبان بكورونا ونقله إلى المستشفى|work=al-ain.com|language=Arabic|date=23 February 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ọ nwụrụ site na nsogbu ndị metụtara COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/وفاة-الممثل-المصري-يوسف-شعبان-إثر-إصابته-بكورونا/a-56730154|title=وفاة الممثل المصري يوسف شعبان إثر إصابته بكورونا|work=DW|language=Arabic|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> E liri ya n'ebe ili ozu nke 6 nke Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4720048|title=وصول جثمان يوسف شعبان إلى مقابر الأسرة بـ 6 أكتوبر..فيديو|work=elbalad.news|date=1 March 2021}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:10074099|Youssef Shabaan]] na [[IMDb]] la8bkke6ip1ueax7dnkmgnt25f4ybja 631968 631967 2026-05-05T01:52:11Z Goodymaraj 21567 631968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Youssef Shaaban Shemis''' (Arabic; 16 Julaị 1931[lower-alpha 1] 28 Febụwarị 2021) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/magazine/23082005/memory27.htm|title=نقيب الممثلين يوسف شعبان يكشف لـ (مجلة الجزيرة): العمل بالفن لم يكن من بين أحلامي|work=al-jazirah.com|language=Arabic|date=23 August 2005}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Shaaban malitere ịmụ iwu na Mahadum Ain Shams, mana o mechara gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts wee gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1962.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.net/news/arts/2021/2/28/وفاة-يوسف-شعبان|title=وفاة يوسف شعبان متأثرا بفيروس كورونا|work=Al Jazeera|language=Arabic|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> ''Ọrụ'' ya a ma ama bụ na There is a Man in our House n'afọ 1961 ya na [[Omar Sharif]] na [[Rushdy Abaza]], The Miracle n'afọ 1962, ''Cairo'' n'afọ 1963 ya na George Sanders na Faten Hamama, Mother of the Bride n'afọ 1963 ya ne Taheyya Kariokka, For Men Only n'afọ 1964 ya na Suad Husni na [[Nadia Lutfi]], The Three Loves Her n'afọ 1965, My Wife, the Director General n'afọ 1966 ya na [[Salah Zulfikar]] na Shadia. ''Nwoke nke Abụọ'' n'afọ 1967, The Idol of People n'afọ 1967 ya na [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] na Shadia, The Man Who Lost His Shadow n'afọ 1968 ya na Salah Zulfikar, [[Kamal el-Shennawi|Kamal El-Shennawi]] na [[Magda al-Sabahi|Magda]], An Incident of Honor n'afọ 1971 ya na [[Zubaida Tharwat]] na [[Shoukry Sarhan]], Guys in Storm ya na [[Nelly (Egyptian entertainer)|Nelly]] na [[Nour El-Sherif]], Fear Moments n'afọ 1972 ya na [[Farid Shawqi]] na [[Mervat Amin]] Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 1972, Shaaban so na Salah Zilfikar na Sabah mee ''ihe'' nkiri na ''Paris'' ma hụ n'anya. Ọrụ ọzọ ọ rụrụ bụ na Sun and Fog n'afọ 1973, A Woman With a Bad Reputation n'afọ 1973 na [[Shams al-Baroudi]] na Mahmoud Yacine, Malatily Bathhouse n'afọ 1973, The Bullet is Still in My Pocket n'afọ 1974, The Guilty n'afọ 1975 na [[Hussein Fahmy]], Salah Zulfikar na Soheir Ramzi. Days in [[London]] n'afọ 1976 na Samira Tewfik, ''Cheta M'' n'afọ 1978 na Naglaa Fathi, The Iron Woman n'afọ 1987 na NaglaaFathi na [[Farouk al-Fishawy]], ''Fakhfakhino'' n'afọ 2009, The Elephant on Handkerchief n'afọ 2011 na [[Talaat Zakaria]], na The Fourth ''Pyramid'' n'afọ 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/egypt-veteran-actor-youssef-shaaban-dies-from-coronavirus-1.77515982|title=Egypt: Veteran actor Youssef Shaaban dies from coronavirus|work=Gulf News|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Ọ mara ọkwa na ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/arts-videos/details/2017/8/27/1144752/يوسف-شعبان-يكشف-سبب-اعتزاله|title=يوسف شعبان يكشف سبب اعتزاله|work=masrawy.com|language=Arabic|date=27 August 2017}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, o mechara laghachi n'ime ihe nkiri, nke o nwere ọrụ na ''Esh Al-Dababir'', nke e mere na Beirut na mbido afọ 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/2249419|title=يوسف شعبان يطير إلى لبنان لتصوير «عش الدبابير» مع مصطفى شعبان وعمرو سعد|work=almasryalyoum.com|language=Arabic|date=4 February 2021}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Ọ lụrụ nwanyị ugboro anọ, ebe o nwere otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Leila Taher, ruo afọ anọ. Mgbe ahụ ọ lụrụ Nadia Chirine, nwa nwanyị Fawzia Fuad nke Egypt, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị, Sinai.<ref name="soh10jun">{{Cite journal|author=Sami|first=Soheir|title=Profile: Youssef Shaaban|journal=Al Ahram Weekly|date=4–10 June 1998|issue=380|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1998/380/people.htm|accessdate=17 July 2013}}</ref> O mechara lụọ onye ọzọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Seham Fathi. N'afọ 1989, ọ lụrụ onye Kuwait, Iman Shreaan, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Zainab, na nwa nwoke, Murad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anasalwa.com/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81/|title=أربع زوجات في حياة يوسف شعبان، أميرة وفنانتين وكويتية|work=anasalwa.com|language=Arabic|date=16 April 2020|accessdate=22 June 2022|archivedate=28 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228095514/https://www.anasalwa.com/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D9%81/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/stunning-lady-zainab-daughter-artist-youssef-shaaban-makes-her-first-appearance-watch|title=Stunning Lady! Zainab, Daughter of Artist Youssef Shaaban, Makes Her First Appearance.. Checkout Her Beauty!|work=albawaba.com|date=14 April 2020}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, ọ butere [[COVID-19 na ọrịa kansa|COVID-19]] n'oge ọrịa COVID-19 na Egypt, a nabatara ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Dokki, wee kpọga ya n'Ụlọ ọgwụ Al-Agouza dị na Giza.<ref name="ain">{{Cite web|url=https://al-ain.com/article/youssef-shaaban-corona-virus|title=إصابة يوسف شعبان بكورونا ونقله إلى المستشفى|work=al-ain.com|language=Arabic|date=23 February 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ọ nwụrụ site na nsogbu ndị metụtara COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/ar/وفاة-الممثل-المصري-يوسف-شعبان-إثر-إصابته-بكورونا/a-56730154|title=وفاة الممثل المصري يوسف شعبان إثر إصابته بكورونا|work=DW|language=Arabic|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> E liri ya n'ebe ili ozu nke 6 nke Ọktoba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4720048|title=وصول جثمان يوسف شعبان إلى مقابر الأسرة بـ 6 أكتوبر..فيديو|work=elbalad.news|date=1 March 2021}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[imdbname:10074099|Youssef Shabaan]] na [[IMDb]] 64wd8w9ff461uwtu1tdpcu37gpr1qpl 0 16794 631989 182067 2026-05-05T02:37:33Z Goodymaraj 21567 631989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Alaa Shoier''' bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri, a mụrụ na Cairo, Egypt na 15 Ọktoba 1992, a maara maka ọrụ ya na ''[[:ar:نسر الصعيد (مسلسل)|Nesr El Saeed]]'' (Eagle of Upper Egypt) na ''Khat Sakhen'' (Hotline) usoro wepụtara n'afọ 2018. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị ka Dream na ''9th Street'', nke a ka ga-egosi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alaa Shoier - Actor Filmography، photos، Video|url=https://elcinema.com/en/person/2124939/|accessdate=2021-07-22|work=elCinema.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/4858504|title=الممثل الشاب علاء شعير ينضم لمسلسل حلم ويستكمل شارع٩|date=June 19, 2021|work=صدى البلد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2021/6/17/علاء-شعير-ينضم-لمسلسل-حلم-بعد-نسر-الصعيد-و-شارع/5357901|title=علاء شعير ينضم لمسلسل "حلم" بعد "نسر الصعيد" و"شارع 9"|date=June 17, 2021|work=اليوم السابع}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Alaa Shoier gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mass Media and Communication na American College of [[Greece]] na masters ya na Leadership and Innovation in Contemporary Media na American University na Dubai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elmaarefa.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85-%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84-%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B9-%D9%A9/|title=علاء شعير ينضم لأسرة مسلسل شارع ٩|date=June 17, 2021|accessdate=June 22, 2022|archivedate=June 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629125449/https://elmaarefa.com/%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%b6%d9%85-%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84-%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%b9-%d9%a9/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elmaarefa.com/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%A3-%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84/|title=بعد غياب ٣ سنوات لدراسة الماجيستير .. علاء شعير يشارك في "حلم"|date=June 17, 2021|accessdate=June 22, 2022|archivedate=June 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629181159/https://elmaarefa.com/%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%a3-%d8%b3%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%b9%d9%84/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Alaa Shoier malitere ọrụ ime ihe nkiri ya n'afọ 2018 site na ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Egypt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elmaarefa.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%A3/|title=علاء شعير: اتمنى المشاركة فى الاختيار ٣ و تعويض غيابى عن الجزء الاول|date=June 17, 2021|accessdate=June 22, 2022|archivedate=June 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629153039/https://elmaarefa.com/%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%86%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%A3/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dostor.org/2216878|title=علاء شعير: سعيد بالعمل مع محمد رمضان في "نسر الصعيد"|date=June 20, 2018|work=جريدة الدستور}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya a ma ama bụ: * ''Ugo nke Upper Egypt''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cairo24.com/1231168/علاء-شعير-ينضم-لـ-حلم-مع-المخرج-حسني-صالح-صور|title=علاء شعير ينضم لـ"حلم" مع المخرج حسني صالح (صور)|date=June 18, 2021|work=القاهرة 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2018/06/21/1153223.html|title=علاء شعير سعيد بالعمل فى "نسر الصعيد" وينتهى من تصوير "خط"|work=دنيا الوطن}}</ref> * ''9th Street''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.al-khabr.com/%d9%84%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%b4%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%8a%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ae/|title=للمرة الثانية علاء شعير يتعاون مع المخرج حسنى صالح|accessdate=2022-06-22|archivedate=2022-05-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527024100/https://www.al-khabr.com/%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nabd.com/s/89462367-9a14a1/الممثل-الشاب-علاء-شعير-ينضم-لمسلسل-حلم-ويستكمل-شارع٩|title=موقع صدى البلد &#124; الممثل الشاب علاء شعير ينضم لمسلسل حلم ويستكمل شارع٩|work=موقع نبض}}</ref> * ''Nrọ''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khbrak.com/news/3460134-الممثل_الشاب_علاء_شعير_ينضم_لمسلسل_حلم_ويستكمل_شارع٩|title=الممثل الشاب علاء شعير ينضم لمسلسل حلم ويستكمل شارع٩|work=www.khbrak.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darelhilal.com/News/396399.aspx|title=علاء شعير انتهيت من خط ساخن وسعيد بالعمل مع الاسطورة|work=دار الهلال}}</ref> * ''Ebe a na-akpọ Hotline''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pressn.net/show11379549.html|title=الممثل الشاب علاء شعير ينضم لمسلسل حلم ويستكمل شارع٩ : نجوم و فن|first=صحافة|author=الجديد|work=صحافة الجديد}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.almatareed.org/vb/showthread.php?t=1375671#.YM9QvGgzaUk|title=علاء شعير: سعيد بالعمل مع محمد رمضان في "نسر الصعيد" - منتديات المطاريد|work=www.almatareed.org}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri * [[Mohamed Ramadan (actor and singer)|Mohamed Ramadan]] == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hygwdzj7hwnk4uhy02sqeqv990ojsvk 0 16889 631984 199582 2026-05-05T02:26:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 631984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Ezz El-Dine Ahmed Mourad Zulficar''' (Egyptian Arabic: عز الدين ذو الفقار), ːEzz ad-Dīne Zū al-Fiqār; October 28, 1919 ̆- July 1, 1963) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri [[Egypt]], onye edemede, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe a maara maka ụdị ya pụrụ iche, nke na-agwakọta ịhụnanya na ihe omume. Zulficar bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị emetụta n'oge ọlaedo nke ihe nkiri [[Egypt]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Ezz Eldin Zulfikar: The romantic film pioneer - Film - Arts & Culture|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/355526/Arts--Culture/Film/Remembering-Ezz-Eldin-Zulfikar-The-romantic-film-p.aspx|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=Ahram Online|language=en}}</ref><ref name="eg24_2021">{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2021-07-23|title=His role with Youssef Chahine and his death at the age of forty.. Excerpts from the life of Ezz El-Din Zulfikar|url=https://www.eg24.news/2021/07/his-role-with-youssef-chahine-and-his-death-at-the-age-of-forty-excerpts-from-the-life-of-ezz-el-din-zulfikar.html|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=Eg24 News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2020-10-28|title=The birth anniversary of the artist, the artist. The story of the marriage of the director Ezzedine Zulfikar and Faten Hamama|url=https://www.eg24.news/2020/10/the-birth-anniversary-of-the-artist-the-artist-the-story-of-the-marriage-of-the-director-ezzedine-zulfikar-and-faten-hamama.html|accessdate=2021-09-03|work=Eg24 News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Ezz El-Dine Ahmed Mourad Zulficar n'abalị 28 ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1919, nna ya Ahmed Mourada Bek Zulfikar bụ onye isi ndị uwe ojii na nne ya Nabila Hanem Zulfikir bụ nwanyị na-elekọta ụlọ. Ọ bụ onye nke ise n'ime ụmụnne asatọ. Nwanne ya nwoke Mohamed onye ga-etolite ịbụ onye ọchụnta ego, Soad, Fekreya, Mahmoud Zulfikar, onye ga- too ịbụ onye nduzi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ụmụnne Kamal, [[Salah Zulfikar]], onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe a ma ama sochiri ha ma mesịa bụrụ Mamdouh onye ga-etolite ịbụ onye ọchụnta ego. Oge Ezz Eldine bụ nwata kpụrụ àgwà ya, n'ihi na ọ masịrị ya n'egwuregwu n'ozuzu ya, ọkachasị ịgba mgba, igwu mmiri, na egwuregwu mmega ahụ nke ọ meriri ụfọdụ asọmpi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma nwee mmasị ige egwu oge ochie. Ọ nọ na-azụta ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ ọ bụla e wepụtara n'Egypt; ihe ntụrụndụ ọ hụrụ n'anya ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. A kpọbatara Zulficar n'ụwa ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu mgbe nwanne ya nwoke nke okenye Mahmoud kpọọrọ ya gaa ụlọ ihe nkiri iji kirie ihe nkiri ndị Egypt na ndị mba ọzọ. Mmasị ya maka ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè mgbe ọ ga-ekiri ihe nkiri atọ n'usoro. Ọ bụrụ na ọ masịrị otu ihe nkiri ọ ga-ele ya ọtụtụ ugboro. == Ọrụ == Zulficar bụ onye magburu onwe ya. Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ ma mụọ ihe gbasara mbara igwe. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ sonyeere kọleji ndị agha iji mee nna ya obi ụtọ, ọ bụ ezie na Zulficar emegideghị echiche ahụ n'onwe ya, n'ihi na ọ hụrụ na ịmụ ọmụmụ agha ga-eme ka nghọta ya gbasaa. N'oge ahụ, ọ matara ọtụtụ ndị ama ama nke kpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt mgbe e mesịrị, dịka ndị isi ala [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] na Anwar El Sadat, Yusuf Sibai na Tharwat Okasha na ndị ọzọ so na Free Officers Movement, bụ ndị guzobere July 1952 Revolution. E mechara họpụta ya ugboro abụọ maka ọkwa Minista nke Ọdịbendị, mana ọ jụrụ ọkwa steeti n'ihi na ọ hụrụ ọrụ ihe nkiri n'anya. [[Usòrò:Ezelddin.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|197x197px|Ezz El-Dine Zulficar]] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ndị agha ma mesịa ghọọ onyeisi. N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye ọrụ a ma ama, ihe omume ọdachi mere ka Zulficar maa jijiji. Nna ya, onye ya na ya dị n'ezigbo mma, nwụrụ. Ọ dara mbà n'obi ma ụmụnne ya dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ gbanwee ndụ ya na ọrụ ya. N'ezie, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na ọkwa nke onyeisi na artillery corps iji malite ọrụ na azụmahịa ihe nkiri.<ref name="eg24_2021" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSpB__Hup0gC&q=ezz+eldin+zulfikar|title=The Cultural Yearbook|date=1960|publisher=al Idarah al-ʼAmmah lil-Thaqafah.|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Zulficar zutere Faten Hamama mgbe ọ na-ese ihe nkiri ''[[Abu Zayd al-Hilali]]'' (أبو زيد الهلالي, 意Abuzeid al-Hiliʹ) (1947), nke ọ duziri. Ha abụọ hụrụ onwe ha n'anya ma lụọ ibe ha. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa nwanyị, Nadia Zulficar. Alụmdi na nwunye ha ga-adịru naanị afọ asaa, ebe di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm n'afọ 1954. Ha abụọ nọgidere bụrụ ndị enyi, Hamama ọbụna mere ihe nkiri ya mgbe ịgba alụkwaghịm gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-01-17|title='Lady of Arab screen' Faten Hamama dies|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/life-style/entertainment/2015/01/17/DNPY-Egyptian-actress-Faten-Hamama-dies|accessdate=2021-08-29|work=Al Arabiya English|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ Zulficar lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Kawthar Shafik n'afọ 1959. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere nwa nwanyị, [[Dina Zulfikar|Dina Zulficar]]. Ha nọgidere na-alụ di na nwunye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1963. == Ọnwụ == Ezz El-Dine Zulficar nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 43 na [[1 Julaị|July 1]], 1963 na Cairo, Egypt. N'agbanyeghị na ọ dị obere, ọ hapụrụ nnukwu ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe nkiri Egypt. == Ihe nrite ndị a họọrọ == Ezz El-Dine Zulficar enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere: * Ihe nrite nke abụọ nke steeti na iduzi maka ihe nkiri I'm the Past 1951. * Ihe nrite nke Egyptian Catholic Center Film Festival maka ihe nkiri ''Wafaa'', 1953 * Ihe nrite nke Egyptian Catholic Center Film Festival maka ihe nkiri Appointment with Life na 1953. * Ihe nrite Lebanese Press maka ihe nkiri Appointment with Life na 1953. * State Prize maka akụkọ kachasị mma maka ihe nkiri, ''Portsaid'' na 1957. * Ihe nrite steeti na mmepụta maka ọgụ nke ndị dike na 1963. * Ihe nrite steeti maka ihe nkiri maka Struggle of the Heroes na 1963. == Ihe nkiri == === Onye nduzi === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 40%;" !Afọ !Aha ya !Aha Arabic |- | rowspan="2" |1947 |''Onye Ọchịchịrị'' |Aseer el Zalam, أسير الظلام |- |''Abu Zayd al-Hilali'' |''Abu Zayd al-Hilali'', أبو زيد الهلال |- | rowspan="2" |1948 |''Onye ọ bụla na-abụ abụ'' |''Al Kol Yughanni'', الكل Dengriني |- |''Anwụghị anwụ'' |Kuluọd, Kuludi |- | rowspan="2" |1949 |''O nwere nanị Piastres ole na ole'' |''Sahibat Al Malaleem'', nke a na-akpọ "Malay" |- |''Ezumike n'Ebe Ọhụrụ'' |''Ajaza Fi Jahanam'', , [1] . |- | rowspan="2" |1951 |''Nna m ghọgburu m'' |''Khada'ni Abi'', nkwubi okwu |- |''Abụ m onye gara aga'' |''Ana Al Madi'', ọ bụ ụma |- |1952 |''Jụọ Obi M'' |''Isalou Qalbi'', اسأوا革ي |- | rowspan="3" |1953 |''Ihe A Na-enyo Onye Ogbu Mmadụ enyo'' |''Shak Al Qatel'', onye isi القاتل |- |''Ịhọpụta Ndụ'' |''Maw'ed Ma' al-Hayat'', si n'ebe ahụ |- |''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị'' |''Qitar al-Layl'', n'ala |- | rowspan="4" |1954 |''Wafa''' |''Wafa''', وفاء |- |''Egwú Ịgba Ịsị Akpụkpọasị'' |''Raqsat Al Wada''', رقصة الوداع |- |''Nwa nwoke Obodo'' |''Ibn Al Hara'', ابن الحارة |- |''Ike Karịa Ịhụnanya'' |''Aqwa Min Al Hob'', nke a na-akpọ |- | rowspan="3" |1955 |''Mmekọrịta Na Obi Ụtọ'' |''Maw'ed Ma' Al-Hayat'', si n'ebe ahụ |- |''Ana m aga'' |N'ebe a na-akpọ Rahila, n'ebe a ga-anọ |- |''Ịhụnanya Ka Anya M'' |''Aghla Min Aynaya'', أغلى من عينايا |- | rowspan="3" |1956 |''Ụsọ Oké Ncheta'' |''Shate' Al Zikrayat'', chاطئ الذكريات |- |''Anya Na-amụ Anya'' |''Uyoon Sahira'', عيون سهرانة |- |''Nwanyị Na-anọghị'' |''Al Gha'iba'', الغائبة |- | rowspan="3" |1957 |''Port Said'' |''Bor-Said'', Bursعيد |- |''Onye Na-agba ọsọ Ịhụnanya'' |''Hareb Min Al Hub'', Harb m |- |''Laghachi Ọzọ'' |''Rodda Qalbi'', onye na-ahụ maka ya |- | rowspan="3" |1958 |''Ụzọ Olileanya''<ref>[http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/278438/Arts--Culture/Film/Remembering-Ahmed-Mazhar-The-knight-of-Egyptian-ci.aspx "Remembering Ahmed Mazhar: The knight of Egyptian cinema"]. ''Ahram Online'', Ashraf Gharib, Sunday 8 Oct 2017</ref> |''Tareeq Al Amal'', aha nna الأمل |- |''Nwanyị N'Ụzọ'' |''Imra'a Fi Al Tareeq'', امرأة في 2013 |- |''Mụ na Obi M'' |''Qalbi wa'' Ana,革ي na onye na-eme |- | rowspan="2" |1959 |''Okporo ámá nke Ịhụnanya'' |''Tareeq al Hob'', nke bụ n'ụgbọ ala |- |''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'' |Bath el Atlal, بين الأطلال |- | rowspan="2" |1960 |''Nwoke nke Abụọ'' |''Al Rajul al Thani'', Pilot الثاني |- |''Ụmụ agbọghọ na Oge Ọchịchị'' |''Al Banat wa Al Sayf'', البنات و الصيف |- |1961 |''Osimiri Ịhụnanya'' |''Nahr Al Hub'', n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè |- |1962 |''kandụl ojii'' |''Al Shumou Al Sawda''', الشموع السوداء |- |1962 |''Ịhọpụta n'Ụlọ Elu ahụ'' |''Maw'ed Fi al Burj'', si n'ọkwa |- |} === Onye edemede === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 40%;" !Afọ !Aha ya !Aha Arabic |- | rowspan="2" |1947 |''Onye Ọchịchịrị'' |Aseer el Zalam, أسير الظلام |- |''Abuzeid al-Hilali'' |''Abuzeid al-Hilali'', أبو زيد الهلال |- | rowspan="2" |1948 |''Onye ọ bụla na-abụ abụ'' |''Al Kol Yughanni'', الكل Dengriني |- |''Anwụghị anwụ'' |Kuluọd, Kuludi |- |1949 |''O nwere nanị Piastres ole na ole'' |''Sahibat Al Malaleem'', nke a na-akpọ "Malay" |- |1951 |''Ihe Ndị Mere n'Oge gara aga'' |''Ana Al Madi'', ọ bụ ụma |- |1952 |''Jụọ Obi M'' |''Isalou Qalbi'', اسأوا革ي |- |1953 |''Ụgbọ okporo ígwè abalị'' |''Qitar al-Layl'', n'ala |- | rowspan="4" |1954 |''Egwú Ịgba Ịsị Akpụkpọasị'' |''Raqsat Al Wada''', رقصة الوداع |- |''Mmekọrịta Mmekọrịta Ndụ'' |''Maw'ed Ma' al-Hayat'', si n'ebe ahụ |- |''Nwa nwoke Obodo'' |''Ibn Al Hara'', ابن الحارة |- |''Ike Karịa Ịhụnanya'' |''Aqwa Min Al Hob'', nke a na-akpọ |- | rowspan="3" |1955 |''Mmekọrịta Na Obi Ụtọ'' |Maw'ed Ma' Al-Sa nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ ya |- |''Ana m aga'' |N'ebe a na-akpọ Rahila, n'ebe a ga-anọ |- |''Ịhụnanya Ka Anya M'' |''Aghla Min Aynaya'', أغلى من عينايا |- | rowspan="3" |1956 |''Ụsọ Oké Ncheta'' |''Shate' Al Zikrayat'', chاطئ الذكريات |- |''Nwanyị Na-anọghị'' |''Al Gha'iba'', الغائبة |- |''Anya Na-amụ Anya'' |''Oyoon Sahira'', عيون ساهرة |- | rowspan="3" |1957 |''Port Said'' |''Bor-Said'', Bursعيد |- |''Onye Na-agba ọsọ Ịhụnanya'' |''Hareb Min Al Hub'', Harb m |- |''Laghachi Ọzọ'' |''Rudda Qalbi'', onye na-ahụ maka ya |- | rowspan="2" |1958 |''Ụzọ Olileanya'' |''Tareeq Al Amal'', aha nna الأمل |- |''Nwanyị N'Ụzọ'' |''Imra'a Fi Al Tareeq'', امرأة في 2013 |- |1959 |''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'' |''Bayn al Atlal'', بين الأطلال |- |1960 |''Nwoke nke Abụọ'' |''Al Rajul al Thani'', Pilot الثاني |- |1961 |''Osimiri Ịhụnanya'' |''Nahr Al Hub'', n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè |- |1962 |''Ịlụ ọgụ nke ndị dike'' |Syraʹ Al-Abtal', صراع الأبطال |- |1962 |''Ịhọpụta n'Ụlọ Elu ahụ'' |''Maw'ed Fi al Burj'', si n'ọkwa |- |1963 |''Saladin'' |''Naser Salah al-Dine'', |- |} === Onye na-emepụta === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 40%;" !Afọ !Aha ya !Aha Arabic |- |1947 |''Onye Ọchịchịrị'' |Aseer el Zalam, أسير الظلام |- |1954 |''Ịhọpụta Ndụ'' |''Maw'ed Ma' al-Hayat'', si n'ebe ahụ |- |1955 |''Ịhọpụta Obi Ụtọ'' |''Maw'ed Maa al-Sa'ada'', si n'ebe ahụ |- |1959 |''N'etiti mkpọmkpọ ebe'' |''Bayn al Atlal'', بين الأطلال |- |1960 |''Nwoke nke Abụọ'' |''Al Rajul al Thani'', Pilot الثاني |- |1962 |''Ịlụ ọgụ nke ndị dike'' |Syraʹ Al-Abtal', صراع الأبطال |- |1962 |''kandụl ojii'' |''Al Shumou Al Sawda''', الشموع السوداء |- |} === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" style="width: 40%;" !Afọ !Aha ya !Aha Arabic !Ọrụ |- |1948 |''Anwụghị anwụ'' |''Kholood'', خلud |Mahmoud |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Ijipt * Ihe nkiri 100 kachasị mma n'Ijipt * Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke afọ 1950 * Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke afọ 1960 == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} d8gta0fxn8hro5lx23nv00ixpx0h9ov 0 16913 631969 125709 2026-05-05T01:55:43Z Goodymaraj 21567 631969 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Shams al-Muluk Gamil al-Baroudi''' bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri lara ezumike nká nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ihe nkiri Ijipt na ihe nkiri [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] n'oge 1960s na 1970s. [[Leila Anderson|Lisa Anderson]] nke ''[[Chicago]] Tribune'' kọwara ya dị ka "otu n'ime ndị kasị mara mma na ndị mara mma n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe nkiri n'Ijipt".<ref name="Anderson3">Anderson, Lisa. "Egypt's cultural shift reflects Islam's pull." ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. March 21, 2004. p. [http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/chi-0403210513mar21,0,3814547.story?page=3 3]. Retrieved on February 21, 2013.</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya nye nna onye Ijipt na nne onye Siria nke a mụrụ n'Ijipt, al-Baroudi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Higher Institute of Dramatic Arts na Cairo ruo afọ abụọ na ọkara wee mee ihe nkiri mbụ ya na ihe nkiri [[Ismail Yassine|Ismail Yassin's]] comedy Hired Husband (Ven) n'afọ 1961. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ nke ọma n'afọ ndị 1960, ọ bịara n'okpuru ihe ngosi na ọrụ "na-emebi iwu" na mbido afọ ndị 1970, dị ka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri nke [[Salah Zulfikar]] bụ The Other Man (الرجل培) na 1973 na Malatily Bathhouse (حمام الم Leicester) ''nke'' Salah Abu Seif na 1973. Mgbe ọ lụsịrị onye na-eme ihe nkiri ibe ya bụ [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Youssef]] na 1972, di na nwunye ahụ malitere ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ruo mgbe al-Baroudi kpebiri mgbe Umrah na 1982 ka ọ hapụ ihe nkiri ma yiri hijab.<ref name="el">[http://www.elcinema.com/person/pr1095127/ شمس البارودى]</ref> N'oge ahụ, Youssef ka na-ese ihe nkiri Two on the Road ma mgbe al-Baroudi lara ezumike nká na mberede, a ga-emecha ma wepụta ihe nkiri ahụ na 1984.<ref>[http://www.elcinema.com/work/wk1008525/ اثنين على الطريق]</ref> == Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká == N'afọ 2001, Nourah Abdul Aziz Al-Khereiji nke Arab News gbara al-Baroudi ajụjụ ọnụ na 2001 Al-''Madinah Festival''. Al-Baroudi kọwara oge ya dị ka "oge amaghị ihe," aha ndị Alakụba na-eji arutu aka n'oge tupu oge Islam.<ref name="Al-Khereiji">Al-Khereiji, Nourah Abdul Aziz. "[http://www.arabnews.com/node/214765 Reformed actresses]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120918051305/http://arabnews.com/node/214765 Archive]) ''[[Arab News]]''. Retrieved on Thursday February 21, 2013.</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004, ọ na-eyi niqab na naanị ihe ngosi telivishọn ya bụ na ihe nkiri satellite okpukpe. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2008, ọ kwụsịrị iyi niqab ma na-eyi naanị ákwà mkpuchi.<ref name="Rizqrenounce">Rizq, Hamdi (حمدى رزق). "[http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=95098 Renouncing The 'Niqab']." (, [http://today.almasryalyoum.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ArticleID=95098 Print version], ) Translation by [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092541/http://eltorjoman.com.eg/ Eltorjoman International]. ''[[Almasry Alyoum]]''. Monday 25 February 2008. Issue 1352. Page 13. Retrieved on February 20, 2013. Original Arabic article: "[http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=95003&IssueID=961 العودة من النقاب]." (, [http://today.almasryalyoum.com/printerfriendly.aspx?ArticleID=95003 Print friendly], )</ref> Lisa Anderson jiri al-Baroudi mee ihe atụ nke mmụba nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze n'etiti ndị Ijipt.<ref name="Anderson3"/> == Ndụ onwe onye == Al-Baroudi lụrụ nwa eze Saudi Khalid bin Saud na 1969, ma gbaa alụkwaghịm mgbe ọnwa iri na ato gasịrị.<ref name="el"/> Kemgbe afọ 1972, ọ lụrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Hassan Youssef (actor)|Hassan Youssef]].<ref name="Rizqrenounce"/> Otu n'ime ụmụ ha nwoke, Omar H. Youssef bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>Agrama, Doaa. "[http://www.whatwomenwant-mag.com/sections/magazine/article.php?AID=472&SEC=10 Omar H. Youssef – A Family Affair]." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140125183640/http://www.whatwomenwant-mag.com/sections/magazine/article.php?AID=472&SEC=10 Archive]) ''What Women Want''. May 2009. Retrieved on February 21, 2013.</ref> Nwa nwanne ya nwanyị, [[Ghada Adel]] bụkwa onye na-eme ihe nkiri. == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe nkiri maka al-Baroudi !Ụbọchị !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |c.1971 |''Obi ụtọ na Ahụhụ'', "al-Mutât wal-Âzab" | |<ref name="Habib129">Habib, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iNK5jWJxvrAC&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=%22Shams+Al+Baroudy%22&source=bl&ots=E1yY1WFbCB&sig=OrNukREvl9eXzUlr_SXw8ZIQA6A&hl=en&sa=X&ei=V0smUfGjBZHm8gSW4oGACQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Shams%20Al%20Baroudy%22&f=false 129].</ref> |- |1973 |Malatily Bathhouse, "[[[[[[<nowiki>[[k]]</nowiki>]]]]]] al-Malatily]] | |<ref name="Habib129" /> |- |1973 |''Nwoke nke ọzọ'', "Al Ragol Al Akhar" |Salwa | |- |1973 |''Nwanyị A Na-akpọ'' Aha Ọjọọ, "Imraah sayiah al-samah" |Hanaa |A makwaara ihe nkiri a dị ka "Nwanyị A Na-amaghị Ama".<ref name="Anderson3"/> |} == Hụkwa ==   * Ihe nkiri nke Ijipt == Ihe edeturu == * Habib, Samar Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị na Middle East: Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nnọchiteanya. ISBN , 9780415956734. == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} * Rizq, Hamdi "[http://today.almasryalyoum.com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=98385 Shams Al-Baroudi]. (Archive) A sụgharịrị ya site na Arabic gaa na Bekee site na [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514092541/http://eltorjoman.com.eg/ Eltorjoman International]. ''Almasry Alyoum'' Satọdee 22 Machị 2008. Mbipụta 1378. Arabic mbụ: "شمس الم glo." (E debere ya) * "[http://www.elcinema.com/en/news/nw678920646/ Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Shams al-Baroudy wepụtara nkwupụta banyere di ya] na-eme egwuregwu Hassan Youssif". (Archive) Elcinema.com. DAMLAG S.A.E. [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r2j01iit3yx5j5mi1jg6fqllz32ksiz 0 16925 631971 495901 2026-05-05T02:02:09Z Goodymaraj 21567 631971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeina''' (Arabic: زينة, IPA: ; a mụrụ '''Wessam Reda Ismail Morsi''', 4 Febụwarị 1977) bụ onye Egypt na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1995 ma kemgbe ahụ emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn, gụnyere ''Afaryt el-Sayala'' (Ghosts of Sayala) (2004) na ''El Haya fe Montaha el Laza'' (Joys of Life) (2005). == Ọrụ == Zeina malitere ọrụ ya dịka ihe nlereanya na vidiyo , na-eji ezigbo aha ya Wesam. Onye nduzi Daoud Abdel Sayed họọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Hanna na ''Ard El Kof'' (Ala Egwu), nke mbụ ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye mgbasa ozi n'otu n'ime ọwa nke Arab Radio na Television ebe ọ gosipụtara mmemme teknụzụ. Site na ịbanye n'ime ụwa ime ihe nkiri, ọ họọrọ ịkpọ onwe ya "Zeina". Onye nduzi Youssef Chahine kpọrọ ya "Sophia Loren nke ndị Arab" mgbe ọ hụrụ ya na ihe nkiri ''Montaha El Laza'' (Joys). O meriri n'aha onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ 2005 na 2006 na ntuli aka ọha na eze ma merie ihe nrite maka arụmọrụ pụtara ìhè maka ọrụ ya na usoro ''Hdrat El Motaham Aby'' (Nna m bụ onye a na-ebo ebubo). Onye na-ese ihe [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]] kpọrọ ya "Penélope Cruz" maka myirịta dị n'etiti ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Spain]]. Zeina sonyere n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ihe nkiri, dịka ''El Haya fe Montaha el Laza'' (Joys of Life), Sayed El Atefy (Lord of the Emotional), ''El Sahabh'' (Ghost), ''El Gezyra'' (island), ''90'' Minutes, ''Puskas'', ''Trapezoid'', ''Captain Hima'', One - Zero, Two Girls from Egypt, Adult and Seven Albermbp. Zeina sokwa mee ihe nkiri na TV malite na ''Shaba ra2 gedan'' na ''Wael Nour'' n'afọ 1995. Ọ pụtakwara na ''Afaryt el-Sayala'' (aha Bekee Ghosts of Sayala), ''Lel Sarwa Hesabat o5ra'' (Wealth Other Accounts), ''Ali Wika'', ''Hadret el Motaham Aby'' (My Father The Accused), na ''Layaly''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110702031856/http://www.enigma-mag.com/interview_archives/2010/09/zeina-july-2009/ The Diva Next Door by Hassan Hassan.] enigma-mag.com, 30 September 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi Characters na usoro Ramadan 2017, Le ''a3la se3r'' (N'ihi ọnụahịa kachasị elu) na-eme ihe nkiri dịka Laila. Ọ pụtakwara na ụfọdụ redio dịka ''Sinbad Emad'', na Runaway to Travel . == Ndụ onwe == === Ikpe ziri ezi === N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2008, ụlọ ikpe mara Zeina ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa abụọ na ịkwụ ụgwọ £ E1,000 n'ihi na onye ọrụ okporo ụzọ na onye agha kwuru na Zeina wakporo ha n'ọnụ mgbe ha na-emebi iwu okporo ụzọ. Ọ nwetara nnwere onwe n'aka ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 na-azọrọ na gọọmentị chọrọ igosi ikpe ya megide aghụghọ na aghụghọ nke ndekọ site n'aka ndị ọrụ metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الملف الشخصي|url=http://maktoob.omg.yahoo.com/celebrity/local/profile/145/زينة|work=Yahoo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227150513/http://maktoob.omg.yahoo.com/celebrity/local/profile/145/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9|archivedate=2010-12-27|language=ar}}</ref> === Alụmdi na nwunye === Zeina mụrụ ụmụ ejima n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013. O kwuru na nna ha bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Ahmed Ezz (actor)|Ahmed Ezz]] mgbe alụmdi na nwunye omenala gasịrị. Ezz gọnahụrụ ebubo ndị dị otú ahụ ya mere ọ rịọrọ maka nyocha DNA iji kwado nkwupụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2014/02/21/Egyptian-actress-s-fight-for-DNA-test-highlights-women-s-struggles-.html|title=Egyptian actress's fight for DNA test highlights women's struggles|work=english.alarabiya.net}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ụlọ ikpe ezinụlọ Cairo kpebiri na Zeina ga-edebanye aha ụmụ nwoke ahụ na Ezz bụ nna ya mgbe ọ jụrụ ime ule ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/egypt/actress-wins-legal-battle-against-ahmad-ezz-1.1541622|title=Actress wins legal battle against Ahmad Ezz|first=Ramadan Al Sherbini|author=Correspondent|date=27 June 2015|publisher=}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ụlọ ikpe nke Nasr City mara Ezz ikpe n'anọghị ya afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma kwụọ ụgwọ £ E15,000 maka ebubo nkwutọ na nkwutọ megide onye na-eme ihe nkiri Zeina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/159/223355/Arts--Culture/Entertainment/Egyptian-actor-Ahmed-Ezz-sentenced-to--years-in-pr.aspx|title=Egyptian actor Ahmed Ezz sentenced to 3 years in prison for defaming actress Zeina - Entertainment - Arts & Culture - Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Mba. !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ |- |1 |1999 |''Ard El kof'' (Ala Egwu) |Hana |- |2 |2005 |''El Hayah Montaha El-lazza'' | |- |3 |2005 |''O kwuru na El Atefy'' |Gehan |- |4 |2007 |''El Shabah'' |Ahlam |- |5 |2007 |''Al Gezera (Agwaetiti)'' |Fayka |- |6 |2008 |''Boshkash'' |Hania |- |7 |2008 |''Shebh Monharef'' | |- |8 |2008 |''Captin Hima'' |Mariam |- |9 |2009 |''Wahed..Sefr'' |Nadia |- |10 |2010 |''Ndị ikom na-eme ihe ike'' |Hanan |- |11 |2010 |''El Kobar'' |Heba |- |12 |2010 |''Bolbol Hayran'' |Yasmine |- |13 |2012 |''Al Maslaha'' |Shadia |} === Telivishọn === * Le a3la se3r (N'ihi ọnụahịa kachasị elu) 2017 * ''Afaryt el-Sayala (Ndị Mmụọ nke Sayala)'' * ''Hadret El Mottaham Abi'' * ''Ali Ya Wika'' * ''Layali'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Zeina on Instagram * Zeina on Facebook * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5qs10z2nsjpe9ero3spp1upgssegk6m 631972 631971 2026-05-05T02:02:30Z Goodymaraj 21567 631972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zeina''' (Arabic: زينة, IPA: ; a mụrụ '''Wessam Reda Ismail Morsi''', 4 Febụwarị 1977) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nlereanya. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri n'afọ 1995 ma kemgbe ahụ emeela ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na usoro telivishọn, gụnyere ''Afaryt el-Sayala'' (Ghosts of Sayala) (2004) na ''El Haya fe Montaha el Laza'' (Joys of Life) (2005). == Ọrụ == Zeina malitere ọrụ ya dịka ihe nlereanya na vidiyo , na-eji ezigbo aha ya Wesam. Onye nduzi Daoud Abdel Sayed họọrọ ya ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Hanna na ''Ard El Kof'' (Ala Egwu), nke mbụ ya. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye mgbasa ozi n'otu n'ime ọwa nke Arab Radio na Television ebe ọ gosipụtara mmemme teknụzụ. Site na ịbanye n'ime ụwa ime ihe nkiri, ọ họọrọ ịkpọ onwe ya "Zeina". Onye nduzi Youssef Chahine kpọrọ ya "Sophia Loren nke ndị Arab" mgbe ọ hụrụ ya na ihe nkiri ''Montaha El Laza'' (Joys). O meriri n'aha onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ 2005 na 2006 na ntuli aka ọha na eze ma merie ihe nrite maka arụmọrụ pụtara ìhè maka ọrụ ya na usoro ''Hdrat El Motaham Aby'' (Nna m bụ onye a na-ebo ebubo). Onye na-ese ihe [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]] kpọrọ ya "Penélope Cruz" maka myirịta dị n'etiti ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Spain]]. Zeina sonyere n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ihe nkiri, dịka ''El Haya fe Montaha el Laza'' (Joys of Life), Sayed El Atefy (Lord of the Emotional), ''El Sahabh'' (Ghost), ''El Gezyra'' (island), ''90'' Minutes, ''Puskas'', ''Trapezoid'', ''Captain Hima'', One - Zero, Two Girls from Egypt, Adult and Seven Albermbp. Zeina sokwa mee ihe nkiri na TV malite na ''Shaba ra2 gedan'' na ''Wael Nour'' n'afọ 1995. Ọ pụtakwara na ''Afaryt el-Sayala'' (aha Bekee Ghosts of Sayala), ''Lel Sarwa Hesabat o5ra'' (Wealth Other Accounts), ''Ali Wika'', ''Hadret el Motaham Aby'' (My Father The Accused), na ''Layaly''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110702031856/http://www.enigma-mag.com/interview_archives/2010/09/zeina-july-2009/ The Diva Next Door by Hassan Hassan.] enigma-mag.com, 30 September 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị isi Characters na usoro Ramadan 2017, Le ''a3la se3r'' (N'ihi ọnụahịa kachasị elu) na-eme ihe nkiri dịka Laila. Ọ pụtakwara na ụfọdụ redio dịka ''Sinbad Emad'', na Runaway to Travel . == Ndụ onwe == === Ikpe ziri ezi === N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2008, ụlọ ikpe mara Zeina ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa abụọ na ịkwụ ụgwọ £ E1,000 n'ihi na onye ọrụ okporo ụzọ na onye agha kwuru na Zeina wakporo ha n'ọnụ mgbe ha na-emebi iwu okporo ụzọ. Ọ nwetara nnwere onwe n'aka ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 na-azọrọ na gọọmentị chọrọ igosi ikpe ya megide aghụghọ na aghụghọ nke ndekọ site n'aka ndị ọrụ metụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الملف الشخصي|url=http://maktoob.omg.yahoo.com/celebrity/local/profile/145/زينة|work=Yahoo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227150513/http://maktoob.omg.yahoo.com/celebrity/local/profile/145/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9|archivedate=2010-12-27|language=ar}}</ref> === Alụmdi na nwunye === Zeina mụrụ ụmụ ejima n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2013. O kwuru na nna ha bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ [[Ahmed Ezz (actor)|Ahmed Ezz]] mgbe alụmdi na nwunye omenala gasịrị. Ezz gọnahụrụ ebubo ndị dị otú ahụ ya mere ọ rịọrọ maka nyocha DNA iji kwado nkwupụta ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/art-and-culture/2014/02/21/Egyptian-actress-s-fight-for-DNA-test-highlights-women-s-struggles-.html|title=Egyptian actress's fight for DNA test highlights women's struggles|work=english.alarabiya.net}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ụlọ ikpe ezinụlọ Cairo kpebiri na Zeina ga-edebanye aha ụmụ nwoke ahụ na Ezz bụ nna ya mgbe ọ jụrụ ime ule ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/mena/egypt/actress-wins-legal-battle-against-ahmad-ezz-1.1541622|title=Actress wins legal battle against Ahmad Ezz|first=Ramadan Al Sherbini|author=Correspondent|date=27 June 2015|publisher=}}</ref> Ka oge na-aga, ụlọ ikpe nke Nasr City mara Ezz ikpe n'anọghị ya afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma kwụọ ụgwọ £ E15,000 maka ebubo nkwutọ na nkwutọ megide onye na-eme ihe nkiri Zeina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/159/223355/Arts--Culture/Entertainment/Egyptian-actor-Ahmed-Ezz-sentenced-to--years-in-pr.aspx|title=Egyptian actor Ahmed Ezz sentenced to 3 years in prison for defaming actress Zeina - Entertainment - Arts & Culture - Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ihe nkiri !Mba. !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ |- |1 |1999 |''Ard El kof'' (Ala Egwu) |Hana |- |2 |2005 |''El Hayah Montaha El-lazza'' | |- |3 |2005 |''O kwuru na El Atefy'' |Gehan |- |4 |2007 |''El Shabah'' |Ahlam |- |5 |2007 |''Al Gezera (Agwaetiti)'' |Fayka |- |6 |2008 |''Boshkash'' |Hania |- |7 |2008 |''Shebh Monharef'' | |- |8 |2008 |''Captin Hima'' |Mariam |- |9 |2009 |''Wahed..Sefr'' |Nadia |- |10 |2010 |''Ndị ikom na-eme ihe ike'' |Hanan |- |11 |2010 |''El Kobar'' |Heba |- |12 |2010 |''Bolbol Hayran'' |Yasmine |- |13 |2012 |''Al Maslaha'' |Shadia |} === Telivishọn === * Le a3la se3r (N'ihi ọnụahịa kachasị elu) 2017 * ''Afaryt el-Sayala (Ndị Mmụọ nke Sayala)'' * ''Hadret El Mottaham Abi'' * ''Ali Ya Wika'' * ''Layali'' == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Zeina on Instagram * Zeina on Facebook * {{IMDb name}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nx30s3n3xqkx52hw0vvf7s5ogd6klw2 0 17456 631955 93568 2026-05-05T01:15:45Z Goodymaraj 21567 631955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:صلاح جاهين.jpg|thumb|Salah Jahin]]   '''Muhammad Salah Eldin Bahgat Ahmad Helmy''' (محمد صلاح الدين بهجت أحمد حلمي, IPA: siaoɑˈlɑːħ el-, edˈdiːn ˈbæhɡæt 'ʔαmad ˈħelmi]), nke a maara dị ka "'''Salah Jaheen'''" ma ọ bụ "Salah Jahin" (Arabic: صلاح جاهين, IPA; Disemba 25, 1930 - 21 Eprel 1986) bụ onye na-ede uri, onye edemede, onye edemedd. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Jaheen na mpaghara Shobra, Cairo na 1930 n'ezinụlọ nọ n'ọkwá dị n'etiti. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ iwu na Mahadum Cairo . N'afọ 1955, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka magazin Egypt kwa izu nke a kpọrọ "Rose al-Yousef" dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri. Otu afọ mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwagara na magazin ọhụrụ "Sabah el-Khair" nke ọ ghọrọ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ, mgbe ahụ ọ sonyeere Al-Ahram. Ya na Fuad Haddad, Jaheen nwere nnukwu ọrụ na mmepe nke uri mkparịta ụka ndị Ijipt. N'ezie, okwu ahụ bụ "shi'r al-ammiya" ma ọ bụ "abụ uri Arabic" bụ naanị n'afọ 1961 ka otu ìgwè ndị na-eto eto na-ede uri gụnyere Salah Jahin, Abd Al-Rahman Abnudi, Fuad Qaud na Sayyid Higab chepụtara onwe ha "Jama't Ibn Arus".<ref name="2masters">{{Cite journal|author=Radwan|first=Noha|title=Two Masters of Egyptian Ammiyya Poetry|journal=Journal of Arabic Literature|volume=35|pages=221–243|date=2004-08-01|issue=2|url=http://opensample.info/two-masters-of-egyptian-ammiyya-poetry}}</ref> Tupu nke ahụ, a na-ewere uri n'asụsụ Arabic nke ndị Ijipt dị ka akụkọ ọdịnala na nka dị ala nke ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ mepụtara, ebe okwu "Shi'r" (Arabic maka uri) bụ naanị uri e dere na Modern Standard Arabic (nke a maara dị ka "Fuṣḥā", ''nke'' pụtara ihe kachasị mma).<ref name="2masters" /> O dere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri ụmụ bebi. A makwaara ya maka abụ mba ya na nke ịhụ mba n'anya nke gosipụtara oge mgbanwe nke ọrụ Gamal Abdel Nasser, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ nke onye egwu Egypt a ma ama bụ [[Abdel Halim Hafez]]. Onye na-ede uri ahụ sitere na mkpali nke 1952 Revolution ma bụrụ onye a maara mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-ede abụ nke mgbanwe ahụ.<ref name="Armbrust1996">{{Cite book|author=Armbrust|first=Walter|title=Mass Culture and Modernism in Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfDAM1XmTVIC&pg=PA60|accessdate=18 July 2016|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-48492-3}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbe e meriri Ijipt n'agha 1967 na ọnwụ [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] na 1970 ọ tara ahụhụ site na nnukwu ịda mbà n'obi. N'otu ajụjụ ọnụ, o kwuru na site na ọnwụ Nasser na 1970 na mgbanwe mberede na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ na-eche na ọ na-adịwanye ka Hamlet, na Sadat na-egosipụta onye aghụghọ Claudius.<ref name="ahramw">{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/479/cu4.htm|title=April memories, April tunes|publisher=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]|date=2000-04-27|accessdate=2016-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313204434/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/479/cu4.htm|archivedate=2006-03-13}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na uri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, uri Jahin na-enwekarị isiokwu metaphysical na nke [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]], na-ajụ ebumnuche nke ndụ mmadụ, ọdịdị nke ezi ihe na ihe ọjọọ, uche mmadụ na nke Chineke na njedebe nke ịchụso nnwere onwe na obi ụtọ.<ref name="2masters">{{Cite journal|author=Radwan|first=Noha|title=Two Masters of Egyptian Ammiyya Poetry|journal=Journal of Arabic Literature|volume=35|pages=221–243|date=2004-08-01|issue=2|url=http://opensample.info/two-masters-of-egyptian-ammiyya-poetry}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRadwan2004">Radwan, Noha (2004-08-01). [http://opensample.info/two-masters-of-egyptian-ammiyya-poetry "Two Masters of Egyptian Ammiyya Poetry"]. ''Journal of Arabic Literature''. '''35''' (2): 221–243.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1965, e nyere Jaheen Egyptian Order of Science and Arts of the First Class. Ọ nwụrụ na 1986 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na ise. == Ọrụ == === Dị ka onye na-ede uri === ==== Ruba'iyat (Quatrains) ==== N'afọ 1963, Jaheen dere quatrains ma ọ bụ rubaiyat ya ebe o kwupụtara nkwenkwe ya, mmetụta na echiche ya banyere ndụ, ịdị adị, ezi ihe na ihe ọjọọ. Amaokwu ọ bụla ji otu okwu na-emegide onwe ya "Agabi" ma ọ bụ "otú ihe dị ịtụnanya si dị!" mechie.. A na-arụ ụka mgbe ụfọdụ na Quatrains dị ka ihe kachasị ewu ewu na-ede uri n'Ijipt n'ime afọ iri ise gara aga.<ref name="ahramw">{{Cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/479/cu4.htm|title=April memories, April tunes|publisher=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]|date=2000-04-27|accessdate=2016-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313204434/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/479/cu4.htm|archivedate=2006-03-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313204434/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2000/479/cu4.htm "April memories, April tunes"]. [[Al-Ahram Weekly]]. 2000-04-27. Archived from the original on 2006-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category:CS1 maint: bot: ọnọdụ URL mbụ amaghị|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]</ref> ==== N'aha Ijipt ==== N'afọ 1971, Jaheen dere "Ala Esm Masr" ma ọ bụ "N'aha Ijipt", abụ na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ijipt, site n'oge ndị Fero ruo ugbu a. Amaokwu ọ bụla ji otu okwu ahụ "Ala esm Masr" ma ọ bụ "N'aha Ijipt" mechie mana oge ọ bụla nwere nkọwa ọhụrụ. N'abụ a, Jaheen kwupụtara ịhụnanya ya maka mba ya ugboro ugboro. N'otu amaokwu, o kwuru, sị: : "Akụkọ ihe mere eme nwere ike ikwu ihe ọ chọrọ n'aha Ijipt : Ijipt, nye m, bụ ihe kachasị amasị na nke kachasị mma. : Ahụrụ m ya n'anya mgbe ọ bụ onye nwe ụwa, ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ. : Ahụrụ m ya n'anya mgbe ọ dara, merụrụ ahụ n'agha. : Ahụrụ m ya n'anya nke ukwuu, n'ụzọ dị nro na n'ụzọ obi umeala. : M kpọrọ ya asị ma jiri agụụ nke onye hụrụ n'anya bụrụ ya ọnụ. : Ahapụ m ya ma gbalaga n'otu ụzọ, ọ nọkwa n'ụzọ ọzọ. : Ọ tụgharịrị ịchọta m n'akụkụ ya na ọdachi. : Akwara m na-eji otu puku egwu na ụda na-akụ. : N'aha Ijipt. " ==== Ndị ọzọ ==== Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ o dere n'abụ uri gụnyere: * An al-qamar wa al-teen (1961). * Qasaqis Waraq, (1966). * Dawawin Salah Jahin, (1977). * Angham Siptambirriyah, (1984). === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri === === Ndị ọzọ === Jaheen dere okwu nke ọtụtụ abụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ abụ ịhụ mba n'anya nke [[Abdel Halim Hafez]] kụrụ. Abụ ya gụnyere: "Soura" ma ọ bụ foto, "ehna elsha'b" ma ọ bụ "anyị bụ ndị mmadụ", "Khaly elselah sahy" ma ọ dị "oh weapon, be ready", "Ya ahlan belma'arek" ma ọ bụrụ Welcome battles" na "El-mas'oulia" ma ọ ke "Responsibility". O dere maka ihe nkiri ụmụ bebi, gụnyere ihe nkiri a ma ama "El-leila el-kebira" ma ọ bụ The Grand Night. Jaheen rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, onye na-ede ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ihe nkiri ya gụnyere: "Awdat al ibn al dal" ma ọ bụ The return of the prodigal son ; nke Youssef Chahine duziri, "El less wal kilab" (dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Thief and the Dogs nke Naguib Mahfouz), "Shafika we Metwali" ma ọ bụrụ "Shafika na Metwali", "Khally ballak men Zouzou" ("Watch Out for Zouzou") na "Amira Hoby Ana" ma ọ dị ka Amira My Sweetheart. N'ime abụọ ikpeazụ, onye Egypt a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri Suad Husni bụrụ ụfọdụ n'ime egwu ya kachasị mma: "Ya wad ya te'eel", "Khally ballak men Zouzou" ma ọ bụ "Were Zouzou", "El-hayah ba'a lonha bamby" ma ọ bụrụ "Life has turned pink" na "El-donia rabe'" ma ọ bụ" oge opupu ihe ubi. O dekwara edemede na okwu maka "Riddles" - usoro telivishọn nwere ihe mgbagwoju anya na ihe omume ọ bụla gosipụtara n'oge ọnwa Ramadan na telivishons ndị Ijipt na Arab- maka ọtụtụ afọ na-esote na maka usoro telivisọn "Howa wa heya" ma ọ bụ "Ya na She" nke [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmad Zaki]] na Suad Husni gosipụtara. 2010, Onye na-agụ egwú Ijipt Tony Kaldas dere abụ site na okwu ya wee bụrụ ya n'ụdị ọhụrụ dị iche, n'ụzọ ọdịnala ya na Piano. == Ihe Nketa == A Google Doodle na 25 Disemba 2013 mere ncheta ọmụmụ nke ịrị asatọ na atọ nke Jahin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/salah-jahins-83rd-birthday|title=Salah Jahin's 83rd Birthday|work=Google|date=25 December 2013}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} === Ebensidee n'ụjụ === * {{Cite web|url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts&Culture/Literature/Poetry/ProminentPoets/070902020000000007.htm|title=Salah Jaheen|work=Egypt State Information Service|accessdate=2016-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102940/http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Arts%26Culture/Literature/Poetry/ProminentPoets/070902020000000007.htm|archivedate=2008-11-20}} * [http://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/salah_jahin.htm Salah Jahin si n'ụdị arabworldbooks] == Njikọ mpụga == * A[https://web.archive.org/web/20100501004130/http://www.bel3arabi.com/sha3er.php?id=2 Salah Jahin] * {{Cite news|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2001/531/cu1.htm|title=Salah Jahin: Balzac holding Rodin's chisel|date=2001-04-26|publisher=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]|accessdate=2016-07-18}} * Salah Jaheen at IMDb * [http://www.dotmsr.com/details/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9 Ihe osise Salah Jahin] * Sịga Asha, trans. site na Salma Harland, Arablit Quarterly (29 Disemba 2021) 5j0na52hx5luhjhmvupjiadw823b156 0 17579 631985 197922 2026-05-05T02:30:20Z Goodymaraj 21567 631985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Maggie Anwer''' bụ onye nduzi Egypt-Italian, onye mmepụta, na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Faten Hamama ''Film Festival'' ma mara nke ọma maka iduzi ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na-egosipụta ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe dịka ''Al Fatenah'' ihe nkiri banyere onye nwụrụ anwụ Faten Hamam.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Musa|first=Developed By Heba|title=ماجي أنور تطرح "الفاتنة" و"المنتمي" مجانا للجمهور|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2957898/1/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD--%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9--%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%8A--%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1|work=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=تكريم المخرجة ماجي أنور عن سلسلة أفلام الكلاسيكيات بمهرجان الخرطوم السينمائي|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/2026724.aspx|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|language=ar}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Agụmakwụkwọ === Anwer gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ngalaba Mass Communication na galaba Redio na Televishọn. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii mgbe ọ sonyere n'ide edemede banyere ihe nkiri Bekee na peeji extranet nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ntorobịa na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ihe nkiri. Na mgbakwunye, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Harvard maka William Shakespeare's Merchant Of Venice .<ref>{{Cite web|title=HarvardX Hum3.2x Certificate {{!}} edX|url=https://courses.edx.org/certificates/2a2ad1c27f7b42e2afa63706f2cb60d2|work=courses.edx.org}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, o sonyere na nkwadebe mmemme telivishọn nke gụnyere [[Ashraf Abdel Baqi|Ashraf Abdel]] Baqi's Darak .<ref>{{Cite web|title=ماجي أنور - ﺇﺧﺮاﺝ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/2021740|work=elCinema.com|language=ar}}</ref> === Ọrụ === N'afọ 2015, ya na onye omenkà Faten Hamama, guzobere ''Faten Hamam Film Festival'', nke a na-eme ugbu a na [[London]]. Emume a gụnyere ụdị atọ nke gụnyere ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, na eserese.<ref>{{Cite news|title=مهرجان فاتن حمامة السينمائي يدعو الرئيس لحضور تأبينها|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/588508.aspx|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Anwer nwere ogbako iji kụziere ụmụ nwanyị otu esi eme ihe nkiri na Saudi Arabia nakwa na o sonyere n'ịduzi egwuregwu ''Mali Sewak'' nke bụ egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị mbụ maka Rwaq Almadina na [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title='مالي سواك' أول مسرحية نسائية سعودية لرواق أديبات المدينة|url=https://middle-east-online.com/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82-%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9|work=MEO|date=17 March 2018|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title="رواق المدينة" يقدم أوبريتاً ومسرحية في حفل نسائي|url=https://www.almadenh.com/print_all.php?type=news&id=2769|work=www.almadenh.com|accessdate=2022-06-28|archivedate=2020-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806183438/https://www.almadenh.com/print_all.php?type=news&id=2769}}</ref> Anwer na-ekere òkè dị ka onye ọka ikpe n'ọtụtụ mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa, ọ bụ onye nduzi mbụ sonyere n'otu ndị ikpe na mmemme ihe nkiri Europe anọ dị ka ''London Film Festival'', Nice International Film Festival na France na 2019, na Madrid International Film Festival n'oge nke asatọ ya n'afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Musa|first=Developed By Heba|title=ماجي أنور عضو لجنة تحكيم بمهرجان نيس السينمائي الدولي|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2820732/1/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A|work=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=العربية نيوز{{!}} ماجي أنور عضو لجنة تحكيم بمدريد السينمائي الدولي|url=http://www.alarabyanews.com/324309|work=العربية نيوز}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Musa|first=Developed By Heba|title=ماجي أنور عضو لجنة تحكيم بمدريد السينمائي الدولي|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2872024/1/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D8%B6%D9%88-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A|work=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge ọrụ ya, o mere ihe nkiri nke na-enyocha ọrụ nke ọtụtụ ndị ama ama. N'afọ 2015, o mere ''Al Fatenah'', ihe nkiri banyere onye nwụrụ anwụ aha ya bụ Faten Hamama, ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosi ozi ikpeazụ nke Faten Hamam nye ndị na-ege ntị tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=عرض فيلم "الفاتنة" للمخرجة ماجى أنور فى ندوة تكريم فاتن حمامة|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2015/9/5/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86/2334490|work=[[Youm7]]|date=5 September 2015}}</ref> O mekwara ''Al Muntamy'', ihe nkiri banyere onye na-eme ihe ọchị na onye nduzi Siria Duraid Lahham, ihe nkiri ahụ na-enyocha ihe omume nka na ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=تكريم المخرجة ماجى أنور عن سلسلة أفلام "الكلاسيكيات" بمهرجان الخرطوم السينمائى|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/10/23/%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89-%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85/4001433|work=[[Youm7]]|date=23 October 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ duziri ''Al Gamil'', ihe nkiri nkeji iri abụọ na asatọ banyere ọrụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt [[Gamil Ratib]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=فاتن حمامة وجميل راتب ودريد لحام في أفلام ماجي أنور بـ«درب 1718»|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1594739.aspx|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ duziri ''ihe nkiri Abu Simbel'', o mere ya na Egypt na [[Italy]] nke nyeere aka n'ịzọpụta ụlọ nsọ Abu Simbel.<ref>{{Cite news|title=فاتن حمامة وجميل راتب ودريد لحام في أفلام ماجي أنور بـ«درب 1718»|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/1594739.aspx|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|language=ar}}</ref> Anwer dere ma duzie The Distributor, ihe nkiri nke na-enyocha nkesa nke ihe nkiri mba ọzọ nke Warner Bros. na Fox n'ime afọ iri ise na Egypt, ma na-enyochaa ndụ ''Antwan Zend'', ''onye na-ekesa'' ihe nkiri ma ya na onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri Egypt [[Hesham Selim|Hisham Selim]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=اليوم.. عرض خاص لفيلم "الموزع" عن حياة أنطوان زند - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=21102017&id=92fc7130-053f-4711-9085-b53fdc2fb993|work=[[Al-Shorouk]]|language=ar-eg}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, o dere ma mepụta ''Barcodia'' nke [[:ar:شادي الدالي|Shadi Al Dali]] na-eme, ihe nkiri ahụ bụ maka ụwa mebere emepe nke nwere ngwaọrụ nke na-ekpughe eziokwu n'ihu onye ọ bụla ma na-ejikarị ahọrọ onye ibe ndụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=باركوديا عودة للأفلام الصامتة في السينما المصرية|url=http://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/883678.aspx|work=[[Al-Ahram]]|language=ar}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ rịọrọ onye Egypt na-ese ihe Farida Fahmy, nwunye onye nduzi nwụrụ anwụ na onye guzobere Reda Troupe Ali Reda, ka o nyere ya aka inye ihe nkiri maka ihe nkiri ya dị mkpirikpi nke na-enyocha ndụ onye nduzi ''[[:ar:علي رضا|Ali Reda]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=ماجى أنور تعيد فريدة فهمى للسينما {{!}} المصري اليوم|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/1392075|work=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=درة وتوني ضمن لجنة تحكيم مهرجان فاتن حمامة الخامس|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/2829797/1/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A-%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86-%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3|work=[[Akhbar el-Yom]]}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Al Fatenah * Al Muntamy * Al Gamil * Abu Simbel * Onye na-ekesa ya * Barcodia == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2rfklhkm05tvlwgjdvksev2x4ejr6u0 0 17587 631930 516872 2026-05-05T00:46:53Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''mbidoMasimba Hwati''' bụ onye na-ese ihe na-eme ihe nkiri site na mba Zimbabwe, na-arụ ọrụ na mba ụwa na njikọ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ, arụmọrụ na ụda, nke a maara maka ihe ọkpụkọ mgbasa ozi atọ na-abụghị nke omenala.<ref name="KooVha Profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.koovha.com/index.php/artists/90-masimba-hwati|work=KooVha|publisher=KooVha Gallery|title=Masimba Hwati|accessdate=2022-06-29|archivedate=2016-04-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425103431/http://koovha.com/index.php/artists/90-masimba-hwati}}</ref> Hwati gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Harare Polytechnic School of Art and Design n'afọ 2003 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ceramics na Painting.<ref name="SMAC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smacgallery.com/artist/masimba-hwati/|title=Masimba Hwati|publisher=SMAC Gallery|accessdate=17 September 2015|archivedate=11 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011030010/http://www.smacgallery.com/artist/masimba-hwati/}}</ref> Hwati kụziri Visual Arts na 3D Art na Harare Polytechnic School of Art and Design.<ref name="Herald_23Jul2014">{{Cite web|url=http://www.herald.co.zw/hwati-explores-culture-through-found-objects/|title=Hwati Explores Culture Through Found Objects|date=July 23, 2014|work=The Herald|accessdate=17 September 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye PhD Candidate na Akademie Der Bildenden Künste Wien ,Österreich, onye MFA site na Penny W. Stamps School of Art and Design University of [[Michigan]], Ann Arbor Ọ bụ onye na-adịbeghị anya, gụnyere na ngosi nke Montreal Museum of Fine Art (MMFA), Face To Face: From Yesterday to Today, Non-Western Art na Picasso.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stamps.umich.edu/people/detail/masimba_hwati|title=Masimba Hwati|work=Stamps School of Art and Design|accessdate=April 21, 2019|archivedate=April 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421175102/https://stamps.umich.edu/people/detail/masimba_hwati}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị omenkà atọ ahọpụtara maka Pixels Of Ubuntu / Unhu maka Zimbabwean Pavilion na 56th Venice Biennale. Ọ bụ onye nchọpụta nsọpụrụ na Rhodes University Fine Arts Department na Grahamstown, South Africa. [[Otú:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|BooksMasimba Hwati]] [[Otú:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|religionMasimba Hwati]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Usoro na ebumnuche == Hwati na-enyocha mgbanwe na mbido nke usoro ihe ọmụma nke sitere na nzụlite ya mgbe ọ na-anwale ihe nnọchianya na echiche ndị metụtara ihe ọdịbendị, gosipụtara dị ka mmegharị nke a maara dị ka "The Energy of Objects". [nkọwa dị mkpa]<ref name="Herald_23Jul2014"/> Hwati na-anwa ịrụ ọrụ site na ihe ndị bụ isi, na-emepụta ihe ndị dị na-acha ọcha, na ịmepụta ihe site na ihe ndị bụ isi.<ref name="KooVha Profile"/> Ọrụ ya na-eji isiokwu nke oge a na akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name="BdV">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/02/chikonzero-chazunguza-masimba-hwati-and-gareth-nyandoro-are-the-representatives-for-the-zimbabwe-pavilion-at-la-biennale-di-venezia-56th-international-art-exhibition/|title=News: Chazunguza, Masimba Hwati, and Gareth Nyandoro are the Representatives for the Zimbabwe Pavilion at la Biennale di Venezia 56th International Art-Exhibition|work=Venice Biennale|publisher=Biennial Foundation}}</ref> Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ọma na ihe ndị a chọtara, na-agbanwe ihe ndị dị ugbu a n'ime ihe ndị dị na ọrụ nka.<ref name="Herald_23Jul2014"/> Hwati na-ekwu na ọ ga-enwe ike ịchọta ma ọ dịkarịa ala 35 ọdịiche na ihe ọ bụla enyere, mana ọ na-ekwu ọtụtụ mgbe ọ na-enweghị ike ịghọta ihe karịrị iri.<ref name="POVO_Interview">{{Cite web|url=http://www.povo.co.zw/interviews/masimba-hwati-artist|title=Masimba Hwati - The Artis|work=POVO|date=4 April 2013|accessdate=17 September 2015|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094051/http://www.povo.co.zw/interviews/masimba-hwati-artist}}</ref> == Mmeghachi omume nkatọ == Mahadum nke Michigan School of Art dere banyere ngosi Hwati nke afọ 2015 n'ebe ahụ: <blockquote>Onye na-ese ihe na Zimbabwe Masimba Hwati na-enyocha isiokwu ndị na-esote ọchịchị site n'inweta ihe ndekọ na ihe ma gosipụta ha n'ọnọdụ ọhụrụ. Site n'ịkwado ọrụ ihe ọkpụkpụ, Hwati na-anakọta ihe akụkọ ihe mere eme, ihe ọdịbendị sitere na ụgbọala na akpụkpọ ụkwụ, iji kpochapụ ígwè na ihe ndị a chọtara, na-agbanwe ma na-edozi ha n'ime obodo nke oge a.<ref name="UoM_2015">{{Cite web|url=http://stamps.umich.edu/stamps/detail/masimba_hwati|title=Masimba Hwati: A Thousand Ikons|publisher=[[University of Michigan]] School of Art and Design|work=STAMPS|accessdate=17 September 2015|archivedate=18 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918004836/http://stamps.umich.edu/stamps/detail/masimba_hwati}}</ref></blockquote>A kpọrọ Masimba Hwati aha n'etiti 12 "Ndị a ga-ele anya" site na New African Magazine n'ihu 1-54 Contemporary Art Fair na [[London]] na Somerset House. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == N'afọ 2006, o ritere ihe nrite National Art Merit Award, ihe nrite nka kachasị elu na Zimbabwe. Hwati bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya mba atọ na-egosi ugbu a na ngosi Zimbabwean Pavilion; Pixels Of Ubuntu / Unhu na 56th Venice Biennale {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ụlọ ọrụ [ihe odide dị mkpa] !Ihe nrite |- |2018 |Penny W. Stamps School of Art and Design (MFA First Year Exhibition) |Ihe nrite Jean-Paul Slusser |- |2016 |Ihe ngosi nka nke Cape Town |Ọrụ Pụrụ Iche |- |2015 |56th Venice Biennale |Pixels nke Ubuntu/Unhu<ref name="BdV"/> |- |2006  |National Arts Merit Awards (NAMA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2014/02/24/weutonga-tears-into-nacz-over-nama|title=WeUtonga tears into NACZ over NAMA|author=Chaya|first=Vasco|date=24 February 2014|work=Daily News|accessdate=1 October 2018|archivedate=21 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321121907/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2014/02/24/weutonga-tears-into-nacz-over-nama}}</ref> | |- |2014 |Research Fellow the Arts of Africa na Global South search Program Rhodes University Grahamstown South Africa |Onye na-ese ihe / Honorary |} == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe === * 2017 Art Brussels - Belgium (Solo booth Smac Gallery) * 2017 ''Ngwá Ọrụ Ncheta'' Stellenbosch Cape Town * 2016 ''Ngwá Ọrụ'' Ncheta / Simbi dzeNd n'Okporo Smac Gallery Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/masimba-hwati-instruments-of-memory-simbi-dzendangariro/|title=Masimba Hwati : Instruments of Memory / Simbi dzeNdangariro|work=C&|accessdate=April 21, 2019}}</ref> * 2016 Joburg Art fair Trek: Na-esote njem 16.05.15 Á 27.06.15<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://artafricamagazine.org/masimba-hwati-gareth-nyandoro-smac-gallery/|title=FNB JoburgArtFair: Masimba Hwati and Gareth Nyandoro {{!}} Presented by SMAC Gallery|work=Art Africa|accessdate=April 21, 2019}}</ref> * 2014 ''Quantumlogik'', Solo Exhibition, Gallery Delta Harare Zimbabwe * 2010 ''Facsimiles'' of Energy, Solo Exhibition, Gallery Delta Harare Zimbabwe === Ihe ngosi ìgwè === * 2015 ''Venice Biennale All the Worlds'' future Curated by [[Okwui Enwezor]], ''Pixels'' of Ubuntu Zimbabwe pavilion, curated by Raphael Chikukwa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iam-africa.com/pixels-of-ubuntuunhu-pavilion-of-zimbabwe/|title=‘PIXELS OF UBUNTU/UNHU’ – PAVILION OF ZIMBABWE|author=Timmermans|first=Amélie|date=May 14, 2015|work=Intese Art Magazine|accessdate=April 21, 2019|archivedate=April 21, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421184141/http://www.iam-africa.com/pixels-of-ubuntuunhu-pavilion-of-zimbabwe/}}</ref> * 2015 London I:54 Art Fair, London, UK<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/154-contemporary-african-art-fair-london-2015-rethinking-traditions/|title=African Artists At London’s "1:54 Art Fair" Rethink Traditions|author=McCool|first=Alice|date=October 23, 2015|work=Okay Africa|accessdate=April 21, 2019}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1sncrmfz8gmnwr66lyvzxit5as2e3d6 0 17681 631947 627814 2026-05-05T00:53:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Nina Chanel Abney bụ onye omenkà America, dabere na New York.  Amụrụ ya na Harvey, Illinois.[1]  Ọ bụ onye omenkà America na onye na-ese ihe n'oge a nke na-enyocha agbụrụ, okike, omenala pop, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ nne ya Karla, nwanne nne ya, na nne na nna ya zụlitere Abney na Chicago. Nne ya bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, Abney na-ele ya anya. Abney na-eji ihe osise mmanụ nne ya na-egwuri egwu n'okpuru ala ha. Ọ masịrị Archie Comics, Berenstain Bears, na ihe nkiri Disney, ọ ga-eṅomi ihe odide sitere na ha. Mgbe nne ya lụrụ di ọzọ ma mụọ nwa nwanyị nke abụọ, ezinụlọ ahụ na-agagharị ọtụtụ ebe, Abney na nwanne ya nwanyị ga-abụkarị naanị ụmụaka ojii na klas ha n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Abney zutere nna ya, onye bụ onye uwe ojii, mgbe ọ dọtara nne ya maka ebubo na ha mebiri okporo ụzọ mgbe ha na-akwọ ụgbọala na Indiana. N'afọ 2015, Abney kwuru na ya na nna ya malitere iwughachi mmekọrịta ha. Mgbe ọkụ gbara n'ụlọ ha, Abney na nne ya kwagara na nwanne nne ya na Matteson, Illinois ebe ọ gara Rich South Campus High School. Abney kwuru na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ ga-eme ya ọchị maka ịsụ ọcha. Iji jikọọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, ọ ga-ewere arịrịọ iji see foto nke ndị isi ojii a ma ama na omenala pop.<ref name="McVey">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2015/10/nina-chanel-abney-painter-always-a-winner-interview|title=How Nina Chanel Abney is Championing the Black Live Matter Movement with a Paintbrush|author=McVey|first=Kurt|date=2015-10-15|work=Vanity Fair|accessdate=2020-04-07|language=en}}</ref> Abney malitere inyocha nka n'ụzọ doro anya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.<ref name="McVey" /> Ọ maara mgbe niile na ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye na-ese ihe, mana ọ maghị ihe nke ahụ ga-adị. O kwuru na ọ were ya oge ịchọta olu ya mgbe ọ na-ekwu maka okwu ndị metụtara ya dị ka #blacklivesmatter movement. Ọ na-awụ ya akpata oyi n'ahụ mgbe niile na egosila ọrụ ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ụfọdụ n'ime mmetụta ya bụ usoro ihe nkiri South Park na egwu hip-hop. Ọ na-eche na, a pụrụ ịbụ onye na-ese ihe ma ọ bụrụ na ha chọrọ ịmepụta ma gosipụta onwe ha. Ndụmọdụ ya nye ndị na-achọ ịpụta ihe bụ, ọ bụ naanị.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://nasher.duke.edu/abney/|title=Nina Chanel Abney: Royal Flush|accessdate=2017-07-08|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ụdị ejiji == Ọrụ ya na-eji akara na agba na-egbuke egbuke iji gosipụta ụzọ ọhụrụ nke ịbịaru isiokwu ndị dị arọ nso ka ọ na-akpọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha mee nkwubi okwu nke ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/nina-chanel-abney|title=Nina Chanel Abney - 3 Artworks, Bio & Shows on Artsy|work=www.artsy.net|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref> N'ịgwakọta ihe na-atọ ọchị na ihe siri ike, Abney kwuru na ọrụ ya "dị mfe ilo, siri ike ịgbari".<ref name="auto"/> Abney anaghị eme atụmatụ n'ihu ma ọ bụ eserese, kama ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ doro anya na ụda. Ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-adị n'akụkụ ibe ya bụ akụkụ dị ukwuu nke usoro ya ma ọ maghị ihe nsonaazụ ga-abụ dịka ọrụ ya bụ nzaghachi nye ihe ọ na-enwe n'oge a.<ref name="auto"/> Jeffery Deitch, onye na-ere ihe osise, onye nlekọta, na onye bụbu onye nduzi nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, jiri nkà ya tụnyere nke onye na-ese ihe Keith Haring.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2018/oct/05/nina-chanel-abney-royal-flush-exhibition|title='People are sometimes mad at me': behind Nina Chanel Abney's provocative art|author=Zara|first=Janelle|date=2018-10-05|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2019-05-04|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ụdị ihe osise Abney bụ ihe osise, cubist, na ihe osise na mgbidi na-egbochi agba, na-eji usoro dị ka ihe osise spray, collage, na ụdị na akara. Ọ na-achọ ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya bụrụ nke a na-akpọ "Xë" ma ọ chọrọ ka ọrụ ya nwee ọtụtụ ihe ọ pụtara.<ref name="McVey"/> Abney na-enwe mmasị ịgbanwe agbụrụ na okike na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya, ya mere onye na-ekiri ya na-ewepụta echiche ọdịnala gbasara ihe osise ahụ. O kwuru, "Ọ na-amasị m iwebata echiche onye ọ bụla... Aga m abịakwute ya site n'akụkụ abụọ nke akụkọ ahụ".<ref name="McVey" /> Ọ na-eji ihe oyiyi ihe atụ n'ụzọ ndị na-adịghị mma iji gosipụta ozi miri emi, kamakwa na-eme ka onyinyo ahụ dị mfe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'otu ihe osise Abney na-eji obi n'ọtụtụ ụzọ nke, dabere na ebe a na-etinye ya na ebumnuche ọ nwere, nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. Tụkwasị na nke a, Abney na-amasị ịnọgide na-eme ihe ọchị n'ọrụ ya n'ihi na isiokwu nke ọrụ ya dị oke egwu. Ọ na-eme nke a site n'iji ụcha na-egbuke egbuke na ise ihe oyiyi. Abney na-eche na ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa ugbu a nke na ọ maghị otu esi alaghachi n'ụdị ise ihe ochie ya. Ọ chọrọ ka ọrụ ya nọgide na-adị mkpa na ozi nke ihe osise ya iji kwekọọ n'ihe dị mkpa n'ọdịnihu, ya mere enwere ike ịgụ ya n'ụzọ ọhụrụ ka oge na-agbanwe.<ref name="auto" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, otu n'ime ndị nkuzi ya gbara Abney ume ka ọ were ihe osise AP. Nke a mere ka ọ gaa Augustana College na Rock Island, Illinois ebe ọ natara BFA na isi abụọ na nka studio na sayensị kọmputa na 2004. Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, Abney sonyere na ngagharị iwe zuru oke na kọleji iji mee mkpesa maka enweghị ọdịiche dị iche iche na ngalaba ahụ, nke nyere aka na itinye uche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nka ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ wepụrụ otu afọ n'ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na Ford Motor Company. Ọ kwụsịrị mgbe ọ hụchara ka onye ọrụ ibe ya kụrisịrị ụkwụ ha n'ihe mberede. Ọ malitere ise ihe kwa ụbọchị ma nabata ya na Chicago Art Institute na Parsons School of Design ebe ọ natara MFA na 2007. Abney kpebiri ịkwaga Jersey City iji gaa Parsons iji nweta mmetụta nke nnwere onwe.<ref name="McVey"/> == Ọrụ == A maara Abney nke ọma maka ihe osise ya mara mma, anọ n'ime ha gụnyere na ngosi ''ndị America 30'' nke Rubell Museum haziri nke ọrụ ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa America nke afọ iri atọ gara aga, nke gara ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na gallery na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]] kemgbe 2008. Ọrụ ya apụtawokwa na Whitney Museum, Jack Shainman Gallery, yana Kravets Wehby Gallery na Chelsea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kravetswehbygallery.com/nina-installation|title=Kravets Wehby Gallery &#124; Nina Chanel Abney "Always a Winner"|work=kravets-wehby}}</ref> Na mbido ọrụ ya, o chere na ọrụ ya ga-elekwasị anya na agbụrụ, mana ọ gbanwere ugbu a iji lekwasị anya na ihe ọ bụla metụtara ya n'oge ahụ. O kwuru na, "Ugbu a, ọ na-egosipụta ihe m na-emeso n'ezie. Ọ bụghị na anaghị m emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mana nke ahụ abụghị ndụ m niile.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elle.com/culture/art-design/news/a19741/women-in-art/|title=The 12 Most Daring, Unexpected, and Exciting Women in Art Now|author=Langmuir|first=Molly|date=2017-10-09|work=Elle|accessdate=2020-04-07|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, Abney natara nkwado maka ihe osise ya Class of 2007, nke emere maka ihe ngosi thesis MFA ya. Ihe osise ahụ bụ diptych. N'otu panel, a na-egosi ya dị ka onye uwe ojii na-acha ọbara ọbara na-ebu égbè. Na panel nke abụọ, a na-ese ụmụ klas ya nke MFA, ndị ọcha niile, dị ka ndị mkpọrọ ojii na ejiji oroma. O kwuru na itinye ụmụ klas ya n'ime ihe osise ya bụ ihe ọ bụla nke onwe ya...mgbe m tinyere ndị mmadụ n'ihe osise m ugbu a ọ bụghị gị, ọ bụ naanị ihu. O kwukwara na ihe ngosi ahụ bụ naanị ohere iji nweta uche nke gallery. Ezinụlọ Rubell, ndị nwe Rubell Museum na Miami, [[Flórídạ|Florida]] zụrụ ihe osise ahụ. Abney bụ onye na-ese ihe kachasị nta iji gosipụta na ngosi ndị America 30 nke kpọkọtara ndị na-ese egwu Africa America kachasị ugbu a na ndị nwere mmetụta na-enye aka na nkuzi nka ụwa.<ref name="Powell 2012 33–40">{{Cite journal|author=Powell|first=Linda S.|year=2012|title=30 Americans: An Inspiration for Culturally Responsive|journal=Art Education|volume=65|issue=5|pages=33–40|doi=10.1080/00043125.2012.11519190}}</ref> Abney rụrụ ọrụ na THEARC nke Corcoran Gallery of Artīs na-achịkwa mgbe mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ ArtReach gasịrị na ndị ntorobịa na-emepụta mural na-adịgide adịgide na mpaghara DC. Ihe omume a lekwasịrị anya na mkpa ndị ama ama na ọdịbendị, otu ndị ama ama si nwee ọkwa dị mkpa na ndụ ndị mmadụ n'otu ọkwa dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na otu ha si ejikọta na nsogbu agbụrụ na mba a.<ref name="Powell 2012 33–40"/> Abney abụwo onye nkuzi maka mahadum na ebe nka anya gafee mba ahụ. N'afọ 2013, ọ bụ onye nkuzi ọbịa na New York Academy of Art na n'afọ 2015 ọ gosipụtara na Summit Series na [[Yútạh|Utah]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jackshainman.com/artists/nina-chanel-abney/|title=Nina Chanel Abney - Jack Shainman Gallery|work=www.jackshainman.com|accessdate=2019-05-04}}</ref> Akụkọ akụkọ gụnyere Huffington Post, Forbes na Elle Magazine atụlewo mgbalị Abney na-eme iji dozie isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị siri ike site na ịgwakọta nwoke na nwanyị na agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://artdaily.com/news/111626/Last-stop-on-national-tour--Nina-Chanel-Abney--Royal-Flush-opens-at-the-Neuberger-Museum-of-Art#.XMzavJNKgdV|title=Last stop on national tour, Nina Chanel Abney: Royal Flush opens at the Neuberger Museum of Art|work=artdaily.com|accessdate=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> == Ihe ngosi == Dirty Wash bụ ihe ngosi mbụ nke Abney, nke emere na Kravets/Wehby gallery n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2008. N'ịdọta ọtụtụ ndị isi na-anakọta ihe, ihe ngosi ahụ rere n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole. N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2017, o nwere ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya na Jack Shainman Gallery na New York City, ''Nina Chanel Abney'': Seized the Imagination Ihe ngosi a na Safe House, ihe ngosi nke Piper Marshall haziri na Mary Boone Gallery na Nework City. A maara onye na-ese ihe maka ihe osise ya mara mma, nke na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara, jupụtara na ihe oyiyi ọdịbendị pop na ntinye aka na ihe ndị na-eme ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitewall.art/art/nina-chanel-abney-talks-anger-fear|title=Nina Chanel Abney Talks Anger and Fear|date=2017-11-09|work=Whitewall|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> Abney na-achọta ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na nkwenye na mmetọ na ime ihe ike bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịma ihe ndị na-acha uhie uhie kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/417474/nina-chanel-abney-seized-the-imagination-jack-shainman-gallery-nina-chanel-abney-safe-house-mary-boone-gallery-2017/|title=Nina Chanel Abney Paints on the Edge of Violence|date=2017-12-17|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke Abneyz na ihe ngosi abụọ ahụ bụ ịlụso echiche ọjọọ ọgụ nke mgbasa ozi na-egosikarị ndị Africa America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brooklynrail.org/2017/12/artseen/NINA-CHANEL-ABNEY-Safe-House-and-Seized-the-Imagination|title=NINA CHANEL ABNEY: Safe House/Seized the Imagination|author=Whitney|first=William|date=2017-12-13|work=The Brooklyn Rail|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2017, Abney mepụtara ntinye 3D mbụ ya na 29Rooms na Los Angeles nke a na-akpọ Fair Grounds, usoro ihe omimi na-emekọrịta ihe nke na-eme ka ọdịdị nwata na mmetụta nke ogige egwuregwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intomore.com/culture/nina-chanel-abney-crated-an-inclusive-playground-for-adults|title=Nina Chanel Abney Crated An Inclusive Playground For Adults|work=www.intomore.com|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke mbụ ya n'onwe ya na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, Nina Chanel Abney: Royal Flush, meghere na Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke na Durham, [[Nort Kárólínạ|North Carolina]] na Febụwarị 2017.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brooklynrail.org/2017/04/artseen/Nina-Chanel-Abney-Royal-Flush|title=Nina Chanel Abney Royal Flush|work=brooklynrail.org|date=April 2017|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref> N'ịbụ nke Marshall N. Price haziri, ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ihe dị ka 30 nke ihe osise ya, ihe osise mmiri, na collages ma were afọ 10 nke ọrụ ya.<ref name="auto" /> Ọrụ ndị ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ihe omuma ihe omuma, gụnyere ihe oyiyi oge ochie, Northern Renaissance still lifes, na ndị na-ese ihe dịka Henri Matisse na John Wesley. Ha na-egosi narcissism, omenala ndị ama ama, ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, okwu gbasara agbụrụ, na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii. Abney kwuru na tupu ya amalite ịrụ ọrụ na ihe ngosi a, ọ maghị ihe ọ ga-adị ka ya.<ref name="auto" /> O nwetara ọtụtụ ite na-ese ihe n'ọtụtụ agba dị iche iche, na-ese mgbidi ojii, ma na-etinye ihe dị iche iche iji malite. Tupu ihe ngosi ahụ emeghe, o kwuru na ọ na-atụ anya na ọ na'ime ka ndị mmadụ na-ewe iwe na ngwakọta nke mmeghachi omume.<ref name="auto" /> Na ngosi ya na Febụwarị 2018 Hot to Trot . ''Ọ bụghị''. na Palais de Tokyo na Paris, Abney mepụtara ihe osise ụfọdụ n'akụkụ isi steepụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.palaisdetokyo.com/en/event/nina-chanel-abney|title=Nina Chanel Abney|date=February 1, 2018|work=Palais de Tokyo EN|accessdate=June 29, 2022|archivedate=December 6, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206015409/https://www.palaisdetokyo.com/en/event/nina-chanel-abney}}</ref> Otu na-egosi bust nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii atọ na-acha odo odo, nọmba 1, 2, 3 edepụtara n'okpuru nke ọ bụla. N'akụkụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ahụ, Abney sere ihe osise na mkpụrụedemede ojii na-akpali ndị na-ekiri ya ile ihe osise ahụ anya wee chee echiche nke ọma banyere ihe ọ pụtara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/465609/nina-chanel-abney-royal-flush-ica-la-caam/|title=Nina Chanel Abney's Intricately Dense and Critically Clear Painting|date=2018-10-15|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-01}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, Abney haziri ihe ngosi otu na Jeffery Deitch gallery nke akpọrọ Punch . Ihe ngosi ahụ kpọrọ maka nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a. Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara Abney n'onwe ya na ụfọdụ n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi ya. E nwere ihe osise, foto na ihe a tụrụ atụ gụnyere na ngosi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hypebeast.com/2018/9/nina-chanel-abney-punch-group-exhibition-jeffrey-deitch|title=Reginald Sylvester II, GucciGhost & More Acclaimed Artists Take Part in "Punch" Exhibit|work=HYPEBEAST|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * ''Egwu'' M Iche, 2012<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nina-chanel-abney-anna-kustera_n_2000687|title=Mashup Artist Creates Giant 60-Foot Painting|author=Frank|first=Priscilla|date=2012-10-25|work=HuffPost|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * ''Onye mmeri mgbe niile'', 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebholdr.com/blog/2015/10/29/nina-chanel-abney-always-a-winner-1|title=Nina Chanel Abney - Always A Winner|work=The Bholdr|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * ''Royal Flush'', 2017<ref name=":1" /> * ''Ebe'' Ezigbo Ihe, 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intomore.com/culture/Nina-Chanel-Abney-Crated-An-Inclusive-Playground-For-Adults|title=Nina Chanel Abney Crated An Inclusive Playground For Adults|work=www.intomore.com|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * ''Ụlọ Nchebe'', 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maryboonegallery.com/|title=Mary Boone Gallery|author=Gallery|first=Mary Boone|work=Mary Boone Gallery|language=en|accessdate=2019-05-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311030452/http://www.maryboonegallery.com/|archivedate=2008-03-11}}</ref> * ''E jidere Echiche'', 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/nina-chanel-abneys-dizzying-tableaux-are-taking-over-chelsea-see-them-here-1178714|title=See Nina Chanel Abney's Powerful New Paintings About Racial Conflict and Contradictions in America|date=2017-12-15|work=artnet News|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ na Trot. Ọ bụghị.,'' 2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.contemporaryand.com/exhibition/nina-chanel-abney-hot-to-trot-not/|title=Nina Chanel Abney: Hot to Trot. Not. {{!}} Contemporary And|work=www.contemporaryand.com|language=de|accessdate=2019-05-03}}</ref> * Chicago Cultural Center, 2018<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://ninachanel.com/exhibitions/|title=EXHIBITIONS|work=Nina Chanel Abney Studio|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-05-02}}</ref> * Institute of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles & [[California]] African American Museum, 2018<ref name=":1" /> * Neuberger Museum of Art, Purchase College, 2019<ref name=":1" /> A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Bronx Museum of the Arts; Brooklyn Museum; Museum of Modern Art; Rubell Museum; na Whitney Museum of American Art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitney.org/artists/17180|title=Nina Chanel Abney|work=www.whitney.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nina Chanel Abney|url=https://rubellmuseum.org/nml-nina-chanel-abney|work=rubellmuseum.org|publisher=The Rubell Museum|accessdate=18 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Beyond the veil: permanent works from the collection|url=https://www.bronxmuseum.org/exhibitions/beyond-the-veil-works-from-the-permanent-collection|work=bronxmuseum.org|publisher=The Bronx Museum of the Arts|accessdate=2022-06-29|archivedate=2018-02-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225030900/http://www.bronxmuseum.org/exhibitions/beyond-the-veil-works-from-the-permanent-collection}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Forbidden Fruit - Nina Chanel Abney|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/188208|work=brooklynmuseum.org|publisher=The Brooklyn Museum|accessdate=18 March 2022|archivedate=18 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318001337/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/188208}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nina Chanel Abney|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/417842?artist_id=132942&page=1&sov_referrer=artist|work=moma.org|publisher=The Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=18 March 2022}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ == * Nina Chanel Abney: Royal Flush. Mahadum Duke, 2017. Site na Marshall N. Price. . {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121102162402/http://uk.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2012/february/13/inside-the-mind-of-nina-chanel-abney/ Ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Phaidon''] * [http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/16/nina-chanel-abney_n_1282316.html Ajụjụ ọnụ na ''Huffington Post''] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pkabomknbk3j95vpzup20h9r86nn2dx 0 17915 632003 88665 2026-05-05T11:56:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Williams''' (Nọvemba 21, 1950 Machị 6, 2009) bụ ónyé America na-akpọ ụbọ akwara, ónyé na-agụ egwu, ónyé na'ede egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka onye a ma ama na-akpọ egwu màkà kpakpando dị ka [[Madonna]] na [[Michael Jackson]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-16-me-passings16.s2-story.html|title=OBITUARIES / PASSINGS / David Williams|work=Los Angeles Times|date=March 16, 2009|accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://bryanferry.com/david-williams/|title=DAVID WILLIAMS (1957–2009)|work=Bryan Ferry.com|accessdate=2022-07-03|archivedate=2016-04-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406102605/http://www.bryanferry.com/david-williams/}}</ref><ref name="Allmusic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/mn0000788562|title=David Williams|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Williams tolitere na Newport News, Virginia. Mgbe ọ dị obérè, ndị na-ese egwu jazz dị ka Kenny Burrell na Wes Montgomery nwèrè mmetụta n'ebe ọ nọ. O mechara malite ọrụ egwu ya na Dells. A kwụsịrị ọrụ a mgbè ọ gara ije ozi na Agha Vietnam. Mgbè ọ laghachiri na 1972 ọ kwagara Los Angeles iji sonyere ndị Dells. Williams rụkwara ọrụ na Temptations n'oge ahụ. Mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ya na ónyé bassist James Jamerson, Jr., guzobere otu R&B Chanson. Chanson gara n'ihu wepụta egwu 1978 "Don't Hold Back" nke rịrị elu ruo No. 21, # 11 na No. 8 na Hot 100, Dance Club na Hot R&B Songs chaatị.<ref name="Bio"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/chanson-mn0000673211|title=Chanson|publisher=AllMusic}}</ref> Though he played on a number of tours with [[Michael Jackson]], [[Madonna]] and others, Williams remained a behind-the-scenes union session player. Williams died of cardiac arrest on March 6, 2009, in Hampton, Virginia at age 58,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/guitars/michael-jackson-madonna-guitarist-david-williams-dies-199853|title=Michael Jackson, Madonna guitarist David Williams dies|publisher=musicradar.com|date=March 11, 2009|accessdate=April 27, 2020}}</ref> three months before Jackson's death, also from cardiac arrest. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ bụ nna onye bụbu ''Lizzie McGuire'' na Raise Your Voice star Davida Williams, na ónyé na-agụ egwu Dana Williams. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 5z2docftm7nw9nh08sn8r5ru6al1kxk 0 18551 632001 628336 2026-05-05T11:26:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''David Gresham''' (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1943, Mbabane, Swaziland) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ na South Afrika, onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, onye nwalite, na onye redio na telivishọn. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri nke SABC's Springbok Radio, South Africa's Top 20 na SABC TV's, Pop Shop. Ọ bụ onye nwe David Gresham Entertainment Group. Ọrụ ya, malitere n'afọ nke 1960s ma gafee afọ iri ise. == Oge ọ malitere == Nwa nke nna ya bụ onye Germany, a mụrụ ya ma zụlite ya na Mbabane, [[Eswatini|Swaziland]]. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St Mark's na Mbabane. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nna ya zigara ya South Afrika ka ọ bụrụ injinia eletromedical.<ref name="Argus">{{Cite news|author=Herimbi|first=Helen|date=6 July 2016|title=Gresham honoured for efforts in SA music|page=19|work=Cape Argus}}</ref> == Ọrụ mgbasa ozi == N'achọghị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka X-ray, kama ọ chọrọ ịbụ onye injinia ụda. Ọ gara nyocha maka Rod Vickers nke LM Radio, ụlọ ọrụ redio dị na [[Mozambique]], maka ọrụ dị ka onye injinia ụda mana ọ dara ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ mana e nyere ya mmeghe maka ọrụ na Herrick Merryl Recording Studios.<ref name="Cliff">{{Cite web|title=David Gresham Interview|url=http://cliffcentral.com/david-gresham-interview/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=CliffCentral|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304091011/http://cliffcentral.com/david-gresham-interview/}}</ref> Gresham nọrọ afọ atọ n'ebe ahụ na-amụta injinia ụda dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ma dekọọ ihe nkiri redio maka SABC ma ọ mepụtara ụda na egwu maka ihe ngosi redio.<ref name="Cliff" /> Ọ laghachiri na LM Radio mere afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị mgbe ọ zutere ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na egwu jazz na Swaziland.<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web|author=Africa|first=Forbes|date=2014-10-01|title=You Sing It, I'll Sell It. we hope!|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/sometime-in-africa/2014/10/01/sing-ill-sell-hope/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Forbes Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Gresham rutere na LM Radio na Jenụwarị 1965, ọnwa isii mgbe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbanwere usoro ya gaa na egwu pop ma gbasaa dị ka ụlọ ọrụ awa 24. Onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ ya na onye isi nchịkwa ya bụ David Davies ma soro Darryl Jooste, John Berks, na Evelyn Martin rụọ ọrụ.<ref name="LM"/> Ọ ga-agbasa ozi na LM Radio ruo afọ abụọ na ọkara mana ọ chọrọ n'ezie ide ma dekọọ egwu.<ref name="LM" /> Mgbe ọ hapụrụ LM Radio, Gresham laghachiri Johannesburg n'afọ 1967 wee sonye na Teal Records dị ka onye na-ese ihe na repertoire (A&R) na onye njikwa nkwalite na World Records.<ref name="LM"/><ref name="Bill01">{{Cite book|author=Inc|first=Nielsen Business Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aygEAAAAMBAJ&q=David+Gresham+Springbok+Radio&pg=PA33|title=Billboard|date=1967-08-12|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka Teal, a na-enye ya ọnọdụ onwe ya dị ka onye ọbịa nke na SABC's Springbok Radio's 5.30pm drive show The Record Express.<ref name="Bill02"/> ''Ihe ngosi'' redio ahụ ga-emesị gaa na 4.30pm ma gbanwee aha ya The David Gresham Show ma gbasaa site na elekere anọ nke abalị ruo elekere nke isii.<ref name="LM" /> N'afọ 1969, na njem ọ gara London iji gbaa ndị na-egwu egwu ajụjụ ọnụ, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ gbaa John Lennon ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref name="Bill02"/> A machibidoro Lennon na Beatles iwu na SABC ruo afọ ise mgbe o kwusịrị okwu ya n'afọ 1966 banyere Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1966-08-08|title=The South African Broadcasting Corporation bans The Beatles' music|url=https://www.beatlesbible.com/1966/08/08/south-african-broadcasting-corporation-bans-beatles-music/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=The Beatles Bible|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Gresham, Lennon rịọrọ mgbaghara maka ihe o kwuru na ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka onye na-akwado Jizọs Kraịst.<ref name="Bill02" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Johannesburg, Gresham enweghị ike ịme ajụjụ ọnụ ahụ na SABC Radio ebe ndị na-enyocha ihe na-ewe iwe ugbu a maka nkwupụta Lennon banyere ịbụ onye na-akwado ya, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ kwenyere na mmadụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị onye na-eso ụzọ.<ref name="Bill02" /> N'afọ 1971, a gwara Gresham ka ọ kwado Springbok Radio's ''Top 20'' n'abalị Fraịdee, na-agbasa ọzọ n'ehihie Satọdee dị ka ''SA Hits'' Of The Week na 5.00pm.<ref name="LM">{{Cite web|title=LM Radio People_1|url=http://www.lmradio.org/People01.htm|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.lmradio.org}}</ref> E mechara kpọọ ihe ngosi Fraịdee South African ''Top 20'' ma ọ kwadoro ihe ngosi ahụ ruo n'afọ 1985 mgbe emechiri ụlọ ọrụ Springbok Radio. Mgbe njedebe nke Springbok Radio gasịrị, ọ gara n'ihu na-egosi na redio ruo n'afọ 1991.<ref name="Pops">{{Cite web|title=Interview with David Gresham – The Gruesome Gresh! – Pop Speaking|url=https://popspeaking.com/2014/03/24/david-gresham/|accessdate=2021-03-07|language=en-US|archivedate=2019-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209005538/https://popspeaking.com/2014/03/24/david-gresham/}}</ref> Mgbe telivishọn rutere South Africa na 1975, Gresham gosipụtara ihe ngosi dịgasị iche iche, Sunshine 30, na ọwa nyocha SABC.<ref name="Pops"/> Mgbe telivishọn malitere n'afọ 1976, ọ gosipụtara ihe ngosi egwu mgbede na Fraịdee a na-akpọ Pop Shop ma ga-akwado ya ruo afọ abụọ. Gresham kpatara esemokwu n'akụkụ ndị na-agbaso omenala nke ndị ọcha South Africa mgbe ọ nọ na Pop Shop, ọ na-egwu vidiyo egwu nke gosipụtara onye na-agụ egwu ojii America na nke mbụ ya na telivishọn.<ref name="Bill02">{{Cite book|author=Inc|first=Nielsen Business Media|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6wkEAAAAMBAJ&q=David+Gresham+pop+shop&pg=PT51|title=Billboard|date=1997-10-11|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ ga-akwado ihe ngosi SABC TV Easy Beat ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="LM"/> == Ọrụ egwu == Gresham hapụrụ Teal Records mgbe ha jụrụ imepụtaghị egwụ o dere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ gara EMI ma mepụta egwu abụọ na ndị omenkà abụọ na Clive Calder A&R Manager na EMI ga-ahapụ ha.<ref name="Bill02"/> N'otu oge ahụ Gresham zutere Mutt Lange site na Calder.<ref name="Bill02" /> Egwú o dere ma mepụta, nke napuru ya $ 1.50 kwa otu elekere na studio iji dekọọ, bụ Iʹll Walk With You nke onye na-agụ egwu Irish Sean Rennie na abụ ahụ gara n'ihu iru Top 10 chart na South Africa.<ref name="Forbes"/> N'afọ 1972, Gresham na onye mmekọ ya Allan Goldswain guzobere akara ndekọ a na-akpọ Nitty Gritty Records.<ref name="LM"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=David Gresham Records - About us|url=https://www.greshamrecords.co.za/about-us|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=davidgreshament|language=en|archivedate=2021-01-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124212927/https://www.greshamrecords.co.za/about-us}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara aha ya ugbu a na 1984 mgbe a gbanwere ya ka ọ bụrụ David Gresham Records.<ref>{{Cite web|title=David Gresham Records|url=https://www.discogs.com/label/28151-David-Gresham-Records|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Discogs|language=en}}</ref> N'oge mbụ ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-ede jingles maka mgbasa ozi nke nyere akara ahụ ego ọzọ mgbe ụgwọ ọrụ SABC nke Gresham kwụrụ ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. == Nsọpụrụ == E nyere Gresham ihe nrite ọla edo n'afọ 2016 site na Midem iji kwanyere ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ egwu ùgwù.<ref name="Argus"/> == Alụmdi na nwunye == Ọ lụrụ Ismay, onye bụbu onye na-agba egwú ma nwee ụmụ atọ, Larry, Leigh na Angela.<ref name="Cliff"/> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RxHnYnilv4M Ajụjụ ọnụ David Gresham gbara John Lennon na 1969] == Edensibia == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gresham, David}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tn8fa9ohsbnfopp82w027sj7gvgb1ao 0 19685 631920 620913 2026-05-04T22:33:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Aesthetic Cabage.jpg|thumb|Cabbage]] [[Usòrò:Brassica oleracea var. capitata zum Verkauf 2011.JPG|thumb|Cabbage]]  {{Databox}}'''Cabbage''', nke nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', bụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ọbara ọbara (anụnụ anụnụ), ma ọ bụ na-acha ọcha nke a na-azulite dị ka akwụkwọ nri kwa afọ maka isi akwụkwọ ya. Ọ sitere na cabbage ọhịa ([[Brassica oleracea|''B. oleracea'']]<nowiki/>var. [[Brassica oleracea|''oleraceae'']]), ma bụrụkwa nke "ihe ọkụkụ" ma ọ bụ brassicas, nke pụtara na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na broccoli na cauliflower (var. ''botrytis''); Brussels sprouts (var. ''gemmifera''); na Savoy cabbage ([[Brassica oleracea|var]]. ''sabauda''). Cabbage na-adịkarị n'agbata gram narị ise na otu puku gram (1 - 2 lb). Cabages na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nke siri ike bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị, na-acha odo odo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha uhie uhie nke na-acha ụcha abụọ ahụ na-adị ụkọ. N'okpuru ọnọdụ nke ogologo ụbọchị anwụ na-achasi ike, dị ka ndị a na-ahụ na latitudes dị elu n'ebe ugwu n'oge ọkọchị, cabbages nwere ike itolite nke ukwuu. {{As of|2012}} n'afọ 2012, cabbage kachasị arọ bụ 62.71kilogram (138 lb 4oz). A na-ahọrọ isi cabbage n'oge afọ mbụ nke ndụ nke osisi ahụ, mana a na-ekwe ka osisi ndị e bu n'obi maka mkpụrụ osisi too n'afọ nke abụọ ma a ghaghị ichebe ha na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ iji gbochie cross-pollination. Cabbage nwere ọtụtụ ụkọ ihe oriri, yana ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu, na ọrịa nje na fungal. O yikarịrị ka a na-azụlite cabbage n'ebe ọ bụla na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] n'akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie tupu 1000 BC. E dekọrọ cabbage na nri kemgbe oge ochie.<ref>A brief historical sketch is in [[Cabbage#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], pp. 622ff.</ref> A kọwara ya dị ka ihe okomoko tebụl n'Alaeze Ukwu Rom.<ref>The Natural History of Pompeii. Cambridge University Press. 2002. p. 94. ISBN 978-0-521-80054-9</ref> Ka ọ na-erule oge etiti, cabbage aghọwo akụkụ a ma ama nke nri Europe, dị ka ihe ngosi nke ihe odide gosipụtara.<ref>Ingram, Christine (2000). The Cook's Guide to Vegetables. Hermes House. pp. 64–66. ISBN 978-1-84038-842-8.</ref> E webatara ụdị ọhụrụ site na Renaissance gaa n'ihu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị na-asụ German. E mepụtara cabbage Savoy na narị afọ nke iri na isii. Ka ọ na-erule senchiri nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, cabbage a na-ewu ewu dị ka nri dị mkpa n'etiti, n'ebe ugwu, na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe.<ref>[[Cabbage#Tannahill|Tannahill]], pp. 289–291</ref> Ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Europe jikwa ya mee ihe iji gbochie scurvy n'oge ogologo njem ụgbọ mmiri n'oké osimiri. Malite n'oge mmalite nke oge a, a na-ebupụ cabbage na [[Amerikas|Amerịka]], [[Asia|Eshia]], na gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf|title=Green Cabbage|author=Nolte, Kurt|publisher=University of Arizona|accessdate=2012-08-14|archivedate=2013-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626020823/http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf}}</ref> Enwere ike ịkwadebe ha n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche maka iri nri; enwere ike ịta ha, ịgba ha ọkụ (maka nri dịka sauerkraut), sie ha, sie ha, siri ha, sie ya, sie ya ụtọ, sie ya ọkụ, sie ya ike, sie ya n'ọkụ, ma ọ bụ rie ya na-esighị ike. Cabbage a na-esighi esi bu nke juputara na vitamin K, vitamin C, na eriri nri. Mmepụta ụwa nke cabbage na brassicas ndị ọzọ n'afọ 2020 bụ nde tọn ịrị asaa na otu, nke [[China]] duziri na pasent ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ngụkọta. == Nchịkọta == [[Usòrò:Chou_1.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Chou_1.jpg/220px-Chou_1.jpg|thumb|Cabbage]] Ca''b''bage (''Brassica oleracea'' ma ọ bụ B. ''oleracea'' var. ''capitata'', var. ''tuba'', var. ''sabauda''<ref name="WI1">{{Cite web|url=http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/A3684.PDF|title=Growing broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage and other cole crops in Wisconsin|publisher=University of Wisconsin|accessdate=2012-08-12|year=1997|author=Delahaut, K. A.}}</ref> ma ọ bụ var. acephala) bụ onye otu ''Brassica'' na ezinụlọ mustard, Brassicaceae.<ref name="USDA" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BROL|title=''Brassica oleracea'' L.&nbsp;– Cabbage|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=2012-08-10|archivedate=2013-05-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502124018/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=BROL}}</ref> Ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie (nke a na-akpọ mg''b''e ụfọdụ cole crops) bụ ụdị nke B. ''oleracea'', gụnyere broccoli, collard greens, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi na broccoli na-eto eto.<ref name="WI1" /> Ihe ndị a niile sitere na ca''b''bage ọhịa B. oleracea var. ''oleraceae'', nke a na-akpọkwa [[Brassica oleracea|colewort]] ma ọ bụ cabbage ubi. Ụdị mbụ a gbanwere n'ime ọtụtụ puku afọ n'ime ndị a na-ahụ taa, dịka nhọrọ mere ka ụdị nwee njirimara dị iche iche, dị ka nnukwu isi maka cabbage, nnukwu akwụkwọ maka kale na nnukwu ogwe osisi nwere okooko osisi maka broccoli.<ref name="USDA">{{Cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=BROL&display=31|title=Classification for species ''Brassica oleracea'' L.|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|work=PLANTS database|accessdate=2012-08-10|archivedate=2020-02-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210022059/https://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=profile&symbol=BROL&display=31}}</ref> A na-esite n'okwu Latin maka "inwe isi" nweta aha a na-akpọ ''capitata''.<ref name="Small 2009">{{Cite book|author=Small, Ernst|title=Top 100 Food Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyWY_YkV7qAC&pg=PA127|year=2009|publisher=NRC Research Press|isbn=978-0-660-19858-3}}</ref> A na-eji "Ca''b''bage" eme ihe na mbụ iji zoo aka n'ọtụtụ ụdị B. ''oleracea'', gụnyere ndị nwere isi na-enweghị isi ma ọ bụ na-adịghị adị.<ref name="Texas"/> A na-akpọkarị ụdị yiri ya, ''Brassica rapa'', Chinese, napa ma ọ bụ celery cabbage, ma nwee ọtụtụ n'ime otu ihe ndị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Vegetables from Amaranth to Zucchini: The Essential Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWyWGlcmvO0C&pg=PA196|pages=195–196|author=Schneider, Elizabeth|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2001|isbn=978-0-688-15260-4}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke aha ndị a na-ahụkarị maka ọtụtụ ụdị na-enweghị njikọ. Ndị a gụnyere azụ cabbage ma ọ bụ osisi cabbage (nke so n'ụdị ''Andira'') na nkwụ cabbage, nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nkwụ dịka ''Mauritia'', ''Roystonea oleracea'', ''Acrocomia'' na ''Euterpe oenocarpus''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygkoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT337|title=Winston's Cumulative Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Reference Book|author=Morris, Charles|publisher=J. C. Winston|year=1915}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_n82hsbDJBMC&pg=PA150|title=Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles|author=Winer, Lise|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7735-3406-3}}</ref> Aha ezinụlọ mbụ nke brassicas bụ ''Cruciferae'', nke sitere na ụdị okooko osisi nke ndị Europe oge ochie chere na ọ dị ka obe.<ref name="Katz279">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 279</ref> Okwu ''brassica'' sitere na bresic, okwu Celtic maka cabbage.<ref name="Texas"/> Ọtụtụ aha ndị Europe na ndị Eshia maka cabbage sitere na Celto-Slavic root cap ma ọ bụ ''kap'', nke pụtara "isi".<ref name="Sturtevant 1919">{{Cite book|author=Sturtevant, Edward Lewis|authorlink=Edward Lewis Sturtevant|title=Sturtevant's Notes on Edible Plants|year=1919|publisher=J.B.&nbsp;Lyon|pages=115, 117|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/20118475|isbn=9780486204598}}</ref> Okwu Middle English nke oge ochie bụ ''cabbage'' sitere na okwu ''caboche'' ("isi"), site na olumba Picard nke Old French. Nke a n'aka nke ya bụ ụdị nke Old French ''caboce''.<ref name="Oxford">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Word Histories|editor=Chantrell, Glynnis|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-19-863121-7|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary0000unse_x2z7/page/76}}</ref> Kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ, a na-eji "cabbage" na ihe ndị sitere na ya mee ihe dị ka slang maka ọtụtụ ihe, ọrụ na ọrụ. A kọwaala ego na ụtaba site na slang "cabbage", ebe "cabbage-head" pụtara onye nzuzu ebe "cabbaged" pụtara ike ọgwụgwụ ma ọ bụ, n'ụzọ mkparị, n'ọnọdụ ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC&pg=PA230|pages=230–231|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|publisher=Sterling Publishing Company|year=2006|isbn=978-0-304-36636-1|author=Green, Jonathon}}</ref> == Nkọwa == [[Usòrò:Brassica_oleracea_Helgoland1.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Brassica_oleracea_Helgoland1.jpg/170px-Brassica_oleracea_Helgoland1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mkpụrụ osisi cabbage, nke na-apụta n'afọ nke abụọ nke uto osisi ahụ, na-acha ọcha ma ọ bụ odo odo, nke ọ bụla nwere petals anọ a haziri n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ.]] Mkpụrụ osisi cabbage nwere mgbọrọgwụ dị nro na cordate (obi-dị ka) cotyledons. Akwụkwọ mbụ a na-emepụta bụ ovate (dị ka àkwá) na petiole lobed. Osisi dị 40 cm (16 - 24 in) n'ogologo n'afọ mbụ ha ha -eto eto, na 1.5 - 2.0 m (4ft 11in - 6ft 7in) n'ogologo mgbe ha na-agbasa okooko n'afọ nke abụọ.<ref name="Dixon p19">[[Cabbage#Dixon|Dixon]], p. 19</ref> Isi dị n'etiti 0.5 na 4 kilogram (1 na 8 lb), na-eto ngwa ngwa, ụdị na-eto n'oge na-emepụta obere isi.<ref name="UI"/> Ọtụtụ cabbages nwere akwụkwọ dị arọ, na-agbanwe agbanwe, na akụkụ nke sitere na wavy ma ọ bụ lobed ruo na dissected; ụfọdụ ụdị nwere okooko osisi waxy na akwụkwọ. Osisi nwere usoro mgbọrọgwụ nke na-adịghị omimi na nke na-enweghị isi.<ref name="Katz279">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 279</ref> Ihe dị ka pasent itoolu nke mgbọrọgwụ dị n'elu ala 20 - 30 cm (8 - 12 in); ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ ndị dị n'akụkụ nwere ike ịbanye ruo 2 m (6ft 7in) omimi.<ref name="Dixon p19" /> Inflorescence bụ raceme na-enweghị alaka nke a na-amaghị ama nke na-atụle 50 - 100 cm (20 - 40 in) ogologo, na okooko osisi ndị na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ ọcha.<ref name="Dixon p19">[[Cabbage#Dixon|Dixon]], p. 19</ref> Okooko osisi ọ bụla nwere petals anọ setịpụrụ n'usoro kwụ ọtọ, yana sepals anọ, stamens isii, na ovary dị elu nke nwere mkpụrụ ndụ abụọ ma nwee otu stigma na ụdị. Abụọ n'ime mkpụrụ osisi isii ahụ nwere eriri dị mkpirikpi. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ bụ silique nke na-emeghe mgbe ọ tozuru site na dehiscence iji kpughee mkpụrụ na-acha nchara nchara ma ọ bụ oji nke dị obere ma gbaa gburugburu. Mkpụrụ osisi n'onwe ya agaghị ekwe omume, ụmụ ahụhụ na-agwakọta osisi.<ref name="Katz279">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 279</ref> Akwụkwọ mbụ na-emepụta ọdịdị rosette nke nwere akwụkwọ asaa ruo akwụkwọ ịrị na ise nke ọ bụla atụle 25 - 35 cm (10 - 14 in) site na 20 - 30 cm (8 - 12 in); mgbe nke a gasịrị, akwụkwọ ndị nwere pecioles dị mkpirikpi na-etolite ma na-emepụta isi site na akwụkwọ ndị na-abanye n'ime.<ref name="Dixon p19" /><ref name="WI1"/> A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ọdịdị, ụcha na ọdịdị akwụkwọ n'ụdị dị iche iche a na-akụkọ. A na-ekewa ụdị akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya n'etiti akwụkwọ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, isi na-enweghị isi na isi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ebe ụcha na-agụnye ọcha na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndu na anụnụ anụnụ. A na-ahụ ọdịdị oblate, gburugburu na nke dị nkọ.<ref name="Katz280">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 280</ref> A zụlitere cabbage maka ịdị arọ nke isi na njirimara ọdịdị, ike oyi, uto ngwa ngwa na ikike nchekwa. A na-enye ọdịdị nke isi cabbage mkpa na ịzụlite ahọpụtara, na-ahọrọ ụdị dị iche iche maka ọdịdị, agba, nkwụsi ike na njirimara anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>[[Cabbage#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 128</ref> Ebumnuche ịzụlite ugbu a na-elekwasị anya n'ịbawanye iguzogide ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa dị iche iche na imeziwanye ihe na-edozi ahụ nke cabbage.<ref>[[Cabbage#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 135</ref> Nnyocha sayensị ''b''anyere mgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke ihe ọkụkụ B. ''oleracea'', gụnyere cabbage, gụnyere nchọpụta European Union na United States nke nnukwu ụmụ ahụhụ na herbicide resistance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/46.cabbage.html|title=Cabbage|publisher=GMO Compass|work=GMO Food Database|accessdate=2013-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018021027/http://www.gmo-compass.org/eng/database/plants/46.cabbage.html|archivedate=2013-10-18}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ndebanye ''Guinness Book of World Records'' metụtara cabbage. Ndị a gụnyere cabbage kachasị arọ, nke ịdị arọ di 62.7 kg (138 oz), cabbage na-acha ọbara ọbara kachasị arọ nke di 31.6 kg (69 lb 11 oz), mpịakọta cabbage kachasị ogologo, na 19.54 m (64ft 1½in), efere nri cabbage kachasị ukwuu, na 2,960 kg (6,526 lb).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1000/heaviest-cabbage|title=Heaviest cabbage|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/11000/heaviest-red-cabbage|title=Heaviest red cabbage|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/longest-cabbage-roll|title=Longest cabbage roll|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2021-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/5000/largest-cabbage-dish|title=Largest cabbage dish|publisher=Guinness World Records|accessdate=2021-04-06}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ọ bụ ezie na cabbage nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme sara mbara, ọ na-esiri ike ịchọpụta kpọmkwem mmalite ya n'ihi ọtụtụ ụdị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ a na-akpọ "brassicas".<ref>A brief historical sketch is in [[Cabbage#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], pp. 622ff.</ref><ref name="Ingram"/> Otu nna ochie nke cabbage, ''[[Brassica oleracea]]'', nke a chọtara na Britain na kọntinent Europe, na-anabata nnu ma ọ bụghị mmegide nke osisi ndị ọzọ ma n'ihi ya na-ebi na nkume nkume n'ebe dị jụụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na-ejigide mmiri na ihe oriri na akwụkwọ ya dị ntakịrị, turgid.<ref>[[Cabbage#Dixon|Dixon]], p. 2</ref> Otú ọ dị, nyocha mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa kwekọrọ na mmalite anụ ọhịa nke ndị a, sitere na osisi ndị gbapụrụ n'ọhịa na ubi.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0|title=Survey and genetic diversity of wild ''Brassica oleracea'' L. Germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France|year=2020|author=Maggioni|first=Lorenzo|journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution|volume=67|issue=7|pages=1853–1866}}</ref> Dika ọ dị na triangle of U theory nke evolushọn na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị Brassica, B. oleracea na akwụkwọ nri kale ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya (cabbages, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, na cauliflower) na-anọchite anya otu n'ime usoro nna nna atọ nke ''brassicas'' ndị ọzọ niile sitere na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chen, S.|title=Trigenomic bridges for ''Brassica'' improvement|journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences|year=2011|volume=30|issue=6|pages=524–547|doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615700}}</ref> A malitere izụlite cabbage n'ụlọ mgbe e mesịrị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme karịa ihe ọkụkụ ndị dị nso n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka lentils na ọka wit n'oge ọkọchị. N'ihi ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche iche sitere na ọhịa ''B''. ''oleracea'', ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ kọbọd nwere ike ime na Europe dum. O yikarịrị ka cabbages na kale ndị na-enweghị isi bụ ndị mbụ a zụlitere, tupu afọ 1000 BC, ikekwe site n'aka ndị Celts nke etiti na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, ọ bụ ezie na ihe akaebe asụsụ na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na-eme ka mmalite Mediterenian nke brassicas a zụlite.<ref name="Katz284">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 284</ref><ref name="Texas">{{Cite web|url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/cabbage.html|title=Of Cabbages and Celts|accessdate=2013-10-19|publisher=Texas A&M University|work=Aggie Horticulture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Maggioni|first=Lorenzo|date=2015|title=Domestication of ''Brassica oleracea'' L.|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/12424/1/maggioni_l_150720.pdf|journal=Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae|volume=Doctoral Thesis no. 2015:74}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na brassicas a na-amaghị aha ha bụ akụkụ nke ogige ndị Mesopotamian na-agbanwe agbanwe, e nwere nkwenye na ndị Ijipt oge ochie anaghị akọ cabbage, nke na-adịghi na ndagwurugwu Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na a kọwara okwu ''shaw't'' na Papyrus Harris nke oge Ramesses nke Atọ dị ka "caw".<ref>"Cabbage plants" are mentioned in Oppenheim, A. Leo (1977) ''Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 313.</ref><ref name="encyclopedia">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Cultivated Plants: From ''Acacia'' to ''Zinnia''|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2013|isbn=978-1-59884-775-8}}</ref><ref name="Janick">[[Cabbage#Janick|Janick]], p. 51</ref> Ndị [[Greece|Gris]] oge ochie nwere ụdị ụfọdụ nke chou, dị ka Theophrastus kwuru, ọ bụ ezie na a maghị ma ha nwere njikọ chiri anya na chou nke taa ma ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ọkụkụ ''Brassica'' ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Katz284">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 284</ref> Ndị Gris maara ụdị cabbage nwere isi dị ka ''krambe'' na ndị Rom dị ka ''brassica'' ma ọ bụ olus; a maara ụdị cabley na-emeghe, nke nwere akwụkwọ (kale) na Grik dị ka ''raphanos'' na Latin dị ka ''caulis''.<ref name="Dalby">{{Cite book|author=Dalby, Andrew|title=Food in the Ancient World from A to Z|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-1-135-95422-2}}</ref><ref name="Dalby" /> Ndị Ptolemaic Ijipt maara ihe ọkụkụ cole dị ka ahịhịa, n'okpuru mmetụta nke Greek ''krambe'', nke bụ osisi a maara nke ọma na ndị Masedonia nke Ptolemies.<ref name="Janick" /> Ka ọ na-erule oge ndị Rom, ndị omenkà na ụmụaka ndị Ijipt na-eri cabbage na turnips n'etiti ọtụtụ akwụkwọ nri na pulses ndị ọzọ.<ref>''Selected Papyri'' I, 186, noted in Alan K. Bowman, ''Egypt After the Pharaohs'', p 151.</ref> Chrysippus nke Cnidos dere edemede banyere cabbage, nke Pliny maara, mana ọ dịbeghị.<ref>[[Pliny's Natural History]], 20. 78-83.</ref> Ndị Gris kwenyesiri ike na cabbages na mkpụrụ osisi vaịn bụ ndị iro, nakwa na cabbage a kụrụ n'akụkụ osisi vaịn ga-enye mkpụrụ vaịn ahụ ísì ọjọọ; mmetụta Mediterenian a nke enweghị mmasị na-adịgide taa.<ref>[[Cabbage#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], p. 622.</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị Rom weere ''Brassica'' dị ka ihe okomoko na tebụl nri, ọ bụ ezie na Lucullus hutara ya dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị maka tebụl ndị omeiwu.<ref name="Pompeii">{{Cite book|title=The Natural History of Pompeii|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-80054-9}}</ref><ref>[[Cabbage#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], p. 623.</ref> Cato the Elder, onye na-agbaso ọdịnala, na-akwado ndụ Republican dị mfe, riri cabbage ma mgbe esiri ya esi ma mgbe a na-esighị ya esi ma jiri vinegar kpuchie ya; o kwuru na ọ karịrị akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ niile, ma jiri nkwenye mee ka ụdị atọ dị iche iche; o nyekwara ntụziaka maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ, nke gbatịrị na mamịrị onye na-eri chow, nke a ga-asa ụmụ ọhụrụ.<ref>Cato, ''De agricultura'', CLVI, CLVII; the passages are paraphrased by Pliny the Elder.</ref> Pliny the Elder depụtara ụdị asaa, nke gụnyere Pompeii cabbage, Cumae cabbage na Sabellian cabbage.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Dị ka Pliny si kwuo, cabbage Pompeii, nke na-enweghị ike iguzogide oyi, bụ "ogologo, ma nwee nnukwu ngwaahịa n'akụkụ mgbọrọgwụ, mana ọ na-eto n'etiti akwụkwọ, ndị a dị obere ma dị warara, mana ịdị nro ha bụ àgwà bara uru".<ref name="Pompeii"/> Columella kwukwara banyere cabbage Pompeii na De Re Rustica .<ref name="Pompeii" /> Apicius na-enye ọtụtụ ntụziaka maka ''cauliculi'', mkpụrụ osisi cabbage dị nro. Ndị Gris na ndị Rom kwuru na a na-eji cabbage dị iche iche eme ọgwụ ha nke gụnyere enyemaka site na gout, isi ọwụwa na mgbaàmà nke iri mushroom na-egbu egbu.<ref name="UCD">{{Cite web|url=http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Cabbage_2006.pdf|publisher=University of California – Davis|accessdate=2012-08-21|title=Commodity Profile: Cabbage|author=Boriss, Hayley|date=February 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207142003/http://aic.ucdavis.edu/profiles/Cabbage_2006.pdf|archivedate=2012-12-07}}</ref> Enweghị mmasị n'ebe osisi vaịn ahụ nọ mere ka o yie ka iri chou ga-enyere mmadụ aka izere ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè.<ref>[[Cabbage#Toussaint-Samat|Toussaint-Samat]], p. 622.</ref> Cabbage gara n'ihu na-apụta na materia medica nke oge ochie yana na tebụl: na narị afọ mbụ AD Dioscorides kwuru ụdị abụọ nke coleworts nwere ọgwụgwọ, nke a zụlitere na nke ọhịa, a nọgidekwara na-akọwa echiche ya na ahịhịa ruo na narị afọ nke iri na asaa.<ref name="Sturtevant 1919"/> Na ngwụcha nke Antiquity, a kpọtụrụ cabbage aha na ''De observatione ciborum'' ("On the Observance of Foods") site n'aka Anthimus, onye dọkịta Gris n'ụlọ ikpe nke Theodoric Onye Ukwu. Cabbage pụtara n'etiti akwụkwọ nri a na-akụ na ''Capitulare de villis'', nke e dere n'agbata afọ 771−800 AD, nke duziri ọchịchị nke ala eze Charlemagne. Na Britain, ndị Anglo-Saxon na-akụ ''cawel''.<ref>Bosworth, Joseph. ed. ''An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary'', ''s.v.'' "cawel" gives parallels: Scottish ''kail, kale''; Frisian ''koal, koel''; Dutch ''kool'' (fem.); German ''kohl'' (masc.), etc. but also Welsh ''cawl''; Cornish ''caul'' (masc.); etc. Compare Latin ''caulis''.</ref> Mgbe cabbages nwere isi gburugburu pụtara na senchiri nke iri na anọ na England, a na-akpọ ha cabaches na ''caboches'', okwu ndị sitere na asụsụ French ochie ma tinye ya na mbụ iji rutu aka na bọl nke akwụkwọ ndị a na-emegheghị, usoro nri nke oge a nke na-amalite "Were cabbages na nkeji iri na ise, ma tinye ha n'ime ezigbo broth", na-atụkwa aro cabbage nwere isi siri ike.<ref>''[[OED]]'': "cabbage".</ref> [[Usòrò:Tacuinum_Sanitatis-cabbage_harvest.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Tacuinum_Sanitatis-cabbage_harvest.jpg/220px-Tacuinum_Sanitatis-cabbage_harvest.jpg|thumb|Owuwe ihe ubi, ''Tacuinum Sanitatis'', senchiri nke irí na ise.]] Ihe odide na-egosi ịdị mkpa nke cabbage na nri nke High Middle Ages, na mkpụrụ cabbage so na ndepụta mkpụrụ nke ịzụta maka iji Eze John nke Abụọ nke [[France]] mee ihe mgbe a dọọrọ ya n'agha n'England na 1360, mana cabbages bụkwa ihe a ma ama nke ndị ogbenye: n'afọ 1420 "Bourgeois nke Paris" kwuru na "ndị ogbenye anaghị eri achịcha, ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ turnips na efere dị otú ahụ, na-enweghị achịcha ma ọ bụ nnu ọ bụla".<ref name="Ingram"/><ref> {{Cite web|url=https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/carlin/www/parisjournal1.html|title=Extracts from ''A Parisian Journal, 1405-1449'', translated by Janet Shirley from the anonymous ''Journal d'un bourgeois de Paris'' (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968).|accessdate=2014-02-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222204356/https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/carlin/www/parisjournal1.html|archivedate=2014-02-22}} </ref> Onye France na-ahụ maka ihe okike Jean Ruel mere ihe a na-ewere dị ka nke mbụ a kpọtụrụ isi cabbage aha n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 1536 De Natura Stirpium, na-arutu aka na ya dị ka ''capucos coles'' ("isi-coles").<ref name="Wright2001">{{Cite book|author=Wright, Clifford A.|title=Mediterranean Vegetables: A Cook's ABC of Vegetables and Their Preparation in Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, the Middle East, and North Africa with More Than 200 Authentic Recipes for the Home Cook|year=2001|publisher=Harvard Common Press|isbn=978-1-55832-196-0|pages=77–79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tka838efZvkC&pg=PA77}}</ref> Na Istanbul, Sultan Selim nke Atọ dere abụ na-achị ọchị maka cabbage: na-enweghị cabbage, oriri halva ezughị ezu. Na India, cabbage bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ akwụkwọ nri nke ndị na-azụ ahịa si [[Portugal]], bụ ndị guzobere ụzọ azụmaahịa site na senchiri nke irí na anọ ruo senchiri nke irí na asaa.<ref name="Dabholkar 2006">{{Cite book|author=Dabholkar, A. R.|title=General Plant Breeding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&pg=PA135|year=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing|isbn=978-81-8069-242-0}}</ref> Carl Peter Thunberg kọrọ na amabeghị chou na [[Japan]] na 1775.<ref name="Sturtevant 1919"/> E webatara ọtụtụ ụdị cabbage nke gụnyere ụfọdụ ka na-eto eto na [[Jémanị|Germany]], France, nakwa Low Countries.<ref name="Texas"/> N'ime narị afọ nke iri na isii, ndị na-elekọta ubi na Germany mepụtara cabbage savoy.<ref name="Sydney">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freshforkids.com.au/veg_pages/cabbage/cabbage.html|title=Cabbage|publisher=Sydney Markets, Ltd|accessdate=2012-08-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808031331/http://www.freshforkids.com.au/veg_pages/cabbage/cabbage.html|archivedate=2012-08-08}}</ref> N'ime narị afọ nke iri na asaa na nke iri na asatọ, cabbage bụ ihe oriri na mba ndị dị ka Germany, England, Ireland na Russia, a na-erikwa cabbage pickled ugboro ugboro.<ref>[[Cabbage#Tannahill|Tannahill]], pp. 289–291</ref> Ndị Dutch, Scandinavia na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri German jiri Sauerkraut mee ihe iji gbochie scurvy n'oge ogologo njem ụgbọ mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf|title=Green Cabbage|author=Nolte, Kurt|publisher=University of Arizona|accessdate=2012-08-14|archivedate=2013-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626020823/http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/cabbage.pdf}}</ref> Jacques Cartier bu ụzọ weta cabbage na Amerịka n'afọ 1541, ma eleghị anya ọ bụ ndị England na-achị ala mbụ kụrụ ya, n'agbanyeghị enweghị ihe akaebe edere ede banyere ịdị adị ya ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke iri na asaa. Ka ọ na-erule na narị afọ nke iri na asatọ, ndị na-achị ala na ndị American Indian na-akụkarị ya.<ref name="Texas"/> Mkpụrụ cabbage gara [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na 1788 na First Fleet, a kụrụ ya n'otu afọ ahụ na Norfolk Island. Ọ ghọrọ akwụkwọ nri kachasị amasị ndị Australia site n'afọ ndị 1830s ma na-ahụkarị na Sydney Markets.<ref name="Sydney"/> Ahịa ọdịnala na nke ochie, n'okporo ámá, nke na-emeghe: Zelný trh (ahịa Cabbage) na Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic ka a na-akpọ naanị cabbage kemgbe afọ 1325 (afọ narị asaa). == Ịkọ ugbo == [[Usòrò:Dojranski_zelki.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dojranski_zelki.jpg/220px-Dojranski_zelki.jpg|thumb|Ubi cabbage]] A na-akụkarị cabbage maka isi ya nwere akwụkwọ ndụ, nke a na-emepụta n'afọ mbụ nke okirikiri ya. Osisi na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma mgbe a na-etolite ya n'ala na-adọba mmiri nke ọma n'ebe anwụ na-achasi ike. Ụdị dị iche iche na-ahọrọ ụdị ala dị iche iche, site na ájá dị mfe ruo ụrọ dị arọ, mana ha niile na-ahụrụ ala na-eme nri nke pH dị n'etiti 6.0 na 6.8.<ref name="Brad56">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 56–57</ref> Maka uto kachasị mma, a ga-enwerịrị ogo nitrogen zuru oke n'ime ala, ọkachasị n'oge mmalite nke isi, na phosphorus na potassium zuru oke n"oge mmalite nke mgbasa nke akwụkwọ mpụga.<ref name="Wien and Wurr 533">[[Cabbage#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 533</ref> Ọnọdụ ntụoyi dị n'etiti 4 na 24 °C (39 na 75°F) na-akpali uto kachasị mma, na ogologo oge nke okpomọkụ dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala nwere ike ịkpata nkwụsịtụ (flowing).<ref name="Brad56">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 56–57</ref> Okooko osisi nke oge okpomọkụ dị ala na-akpata (usoro a na-akpọ vernalization) na-eme naanị ma ọ bụrụ na osisi ahụ agafeela oge nwata. Mgbanwe site na nwata gaa nke okenye na-eme mgbe obosara ogwe osisi dị ihe dị ka 6mm (1⁄4 in). Vernalization na-enye ohere ka osisi ahụ too ruo n'ókè zuru oke tupu ọ gbasaa. N'ọnọdụ ihu igwe ụfọdụ, enwere ike ịkụ cabbage na mmalite oge oyi ma dịrị ndụ ruo mgbe oge okpomọkụ ga-emecha n'ebughị ya okooko osisi, omume a na-emekarị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ US.<ref>[[Cabbage#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], pp. 512–515</ref> [[Usòrò:Cabbages_Green_and_Purple_2120px.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Cabbages_Green_and_Purple_2120px.jpg/170px-Cabbages_Green_and_Purple_2120px.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cabbages na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na nke na-acha odo odo]] A na-amalite osisi n'ebe echedoro na mbido oge uto tupu a kụọ ha n'èzí, ọ bụ ezie na a na-akụ ụfọdụ n'ime ala ebe a ga-ewepụta ha.<ref name="UI"/> Mkpụrụ osisi na-apụta n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị anọ ruo ụbọchị isii site na mkpụrụ osisi a kụrụ 13 mm (1⁄2 in) miri na okpomọkụ ala n'etiti 20 - 30 °C (68 na 86 ).<ref>[[Cabbage#Maynard|Maynard and Hochmuth]], p. 111</ref> Ndị na-akọ cabbage na-etinye ndịịche dị n'etiti 30 ruo 61 cm (12 ruo 24 in) n'etiti osisi cabbage ọ bụla.<ref name="UI" /> Ogologo oge dị nso na-ebelata ihe onwunwe dị na osisi ọ bụla (karịsịa ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ìhè) ma na-amụba oge ọ na-ewe iji ruo ntozu okè.<ref>[[Cabbage#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 534</ref> E mepụtara ụdị ụfọdụ nke cabbage maka iji ya mee ihe ịchọ mma; a na-akpọkarị ha "cableflowering". Ha anaghị emepụta isi ma nwee akwụkwọ mpụga na-acha odo odo ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ gbara obere akwụkwọ dị n'ime na-acha ọcha, na-acha ọbara ọbara, ma ọ bụ na-acha pinki.<ref name="UI">{{Cite web|url=http://urbanext.illinois.edu/veggies/cabbage.cfm|title=Cabbage|publisher=University of Illinois Extension|accessdate=2012-08-10}}</ref> Ụdị cabbage mbụ na-ewe ihe dị ka ụbọchị ịrị asaa site na ọkụkọ ya ruo ntozu okè, ebe ụdị cabbage na-ewe ihe dị ka ụbọchị otú narị na iri abụo.<ref>[[Cabbage#Maynard|Maynard and Hochmuth]], p. 415</ref> Cabbages na-etolite mgbe ha siri ike na aka. A na-ewepụta ha site na iji mma bepụ ahịhịa dị n'okpuru akwụkwọ ala. A na-edozi akwụkwọ ndị dị n'èzí, a na-ewepụkwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla na-arịa ọrịa, mebiri emebi, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thompson, A. Keith|title=Fruit and Vegetables: Harvesting, Handling and Storage|year=2003|edition=2nd|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-1-4051-0619-1}}</ref> Oge igbu oge n'iwe ihe ubi nwere ike ime ka isi kewaa n'ihi mgbasawanye nke akwụkwọ ndị dị n'ime na uto na-aga n'ihu.<ref>[[Cabbage#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 524</ref> Mg''b''e a na-akụ ya maka mkpụrụ, a ga-ekewapụ cabbages site na ụdị B. ''oleracea'' ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ụdị ọhịa, site na 0.8 ruo 1.6 km (½ to 1 mi ) iji gbochie mmetụta nke ụdị abụọ dị iche. Ụdị ''Brassica'' ndị ọzọ, dị ka ''B''. ''rapa'', ''B''. ''juncea'', ''B''. ''nigra'', B. ''napus'' na ''Raphanus sativus'', anaghị agafe ngwa ngwa.<ref>[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 282</ref> === Osisi ndị a na-akụ === [[Usòrò:Cabbage.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Cabbage.jpg/220px-Cabbage.jpg|thumb|Cabbage ọcha]] E nwere ọtụtụ ụdịdị cabbage, nke ọ bụla gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị: * A na-eji akwụkwọ ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-egbuke egbuke mara ya, ụtọ dị nro na ọdịdị dị nro<ref name="Ingram">{{Cite book|pages=64–66|title=The Cook's Guide to Vegetables|author=Ingram, Christine|publisher=Hermes House|year=2000|isbn=978-1-84038-842-8}}</ref> * Osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (Brassica oleracea) - Isi dị nro, a na-ebakarị ya ma na-esi ya na mmiri<ref name="Ingram" /> * Akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, isi dịtụ elu.<ref name="Ingram" /> * Akwụkwọ na-acha uhie uhie, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụ isi nri<ref name="Ingram" /> * Ọcha, nke a na-akpọkwa Dutch - larii, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ<ref name="Ingram" /> Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ odide na-akọwa naanị ụdị atọ: savoy, nke na-acha uhie uhie, nke na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Nke a na-abanye n'okpuru nke ikpeazụ.<ref>[[Cabbage#Ordas|Ordas and Cartea]], p. 124</ref> === Nsogbu ịkọ ugbo === N'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, cabbage nwere nsogbu na-edochi ahụ, gụnyere boron, calcium, phosphorus na potassium.<ref name="Brad56">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 56–57</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụike nke nwere ike imetụta ọdịdị nke cabbage mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. Ọkụ dị n'ime na-eme mgbe akụkụ nke akwụkwọ dị n'etiti na-acha nchara nchara, mana akwụkwọ ndị dị n'èzí na-ele anya dị ka ihe dị mma. Necrotic spot bụ ebe e nwere oghere oghere dị n'ime ala nke dị milimita ole na ole gafee nke a na-agbakọta gburugburu etiti. Na ntụpọ ose, obere ntụpọ ojii na-apụta n'ebe dị n'etiti akwara, nke nwere ike ịbawanye n'oge nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nonpathogenic Disorders of Cabbage|url=http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Crucifers_Nonpathogenic.htm|author=Becker, Robert F.|publisher=Cornell University: Department of Plant Pathology|work=Vegetable MD Online|accessdate=2013-08-30}}</ref> Ọrịa fungus gụnyere wirestem, nke na-akpata transplantation na-adịghị ike ma ọ bụ na-anwụ anwụ; <nowiki><i id="mwAj4">Fusarium</i></nowiki> yellows, nke na na-akpatara osisi ndị nwere akwụkwọ odo odo na ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ; na blackleg (lee ''Leptosphaeria maculans''), nke na-eduga n'ebe ndị na-ada n'osisi na akwụkwọ ndị na-acha nchara nchara.<ref name="Brad57">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 57–59</ref> Fungi ''Alternaria brassicae'' na A. ''brassicicola'' na-akpata ntụpọ akwụkwọ ojii na osisi ndị metụtara. Ha na-ebute mkpụrụ na ikuku, ma na-agbasa site na spores na ihe mkpofu osisi na-arịa ọrịa nke a na-ahapu n'elu ala ruo izu iri na abụọ mgbe owuwe ihe ubi gasịrị. ''Rhizoctonia solani'' na-akpata ọrịa wirestem, na-akpatara ụmụ osisi nwụrụ anwụ ("damping-off"), mgbọrọgwụ ire ure ma ọ bụ uto na-adịghị mma na obere isi.<ref name="Keinath2007">{{Cite book|author=Keinath, Anthony P.|chapter=Cabbage diseases: Ecology and control|title=Encyclopedia of Pest Management|year=2007|editor=Pimentel, David|publisher=CRC Press|pages=56–59|isbn=978-1-4200-5361-6}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Groene_savooiekool_schade_van_kooluil_(Mamestra_brassicae_damage).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Groene_savooiekool_schade_van_kooluil_%28Mamestra_brassicae_damage%29.jpg/220px-Groene_savooiekool_schade_van_kooluil_%28Mamestra_brassicae_damage%29.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbukpọ ụgbala na-emebi cabbage ]] Otu n'ime ọrịa nje bacteria kachasị emetụta cabbage bụ ntụpọ ojii (black rot), nke ''Xanthomonas campestris'' kpatara, nke na-akpata mmerụ ahụ chlorotic na necrotic nke na-amalite na mpụga akwụkwọ, na ịta nke osisi. Clubroot, nke ihe dị n'ala na-adị ka ''Plasmodiophora brassicae'', na-akpata mgbọrọgwụ na-afụli elu, nke yiri klọb. Downy mildew, ọrịa parasitic nke oomycete ''Peronospora parasitica'' kpatara, na-emepụta akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha, na-acha nchara nchara ma ọ bụ olive mildew na ala akwụkwọ ya; a na-ejikarị ya na ọrịa fungal powdery mildew.<ref name="Keinath2007"/><ref name="Brad57">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 57–59</ref> Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na-agụnye nematodes na ụgbala cabbage, nke na-emepụta osisi ndị na-acha odo odo na ndị na-adịghị mma; aphids, nke na'akpali osisi ndị na'acha odo odo; harlequin cabbage bugs, nke na na-akpata akwụkwọ ọcha na odo; thrips, nke na - na-eduga na akwụkwọ nwere ntụpọ na-acha ọcha; flea beetles, nke na obere oghere na-eme ka akwụkwọ nwee nnukwu oghere dị n'ime akwụkwọ.<ref name="Brad57">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 57–59</ref> Ọnọdụ caterpillar nke "obere urukurubụba na-acha ọcha" (''Pieris rapae''), nke a maara na United States dị ka "ogwu cabbage si mba ọzọ", bụ nnukwu ihe na-egbu egbu na ọtụtụ mba.<ref name="Finch2007">{{Cite book|author=Finch, Stan|chapter=Cruciferous root crop insects: Ecology and control|title=Encyclopedia of Pest Management|year=2007|editor=Pimentel, David|publisher=CRC Press|pages=131–134|isbn=978-1-4200-5361-6}}</ref> Nnukwu urukurubụba na-acha ọcha (''Pieris brassicae'') jupụtara na mba ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe. Mkpụrụ osisi diamondback (''Plutella xylostella'') na ụgbala cabbage (''Mamestra brassicae'') na-eto eto na okpomọkụ dị elu nke kọntinent Europe, ebe ha na-emebi ihe ọkụkụ cabbage.<ref name="Finch2007" /> Cable looper (''Trichoplusia ni'') bụ ihe a ma ama na North America maka agụụ ya na maka ịmepụta frass nke na-emetọ osisi.<ref>Turini TA, Daugovish O, Koike ST, Natwick ET, Ploeg A, Dara SK, Fennimore SA, Joseph S, LeStrange M, Smith R, Subbarao KV, Westerdahl BB. Revised continuously. ''UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines Cole Crops.'' UC ANR Publication 3442. Oakland, CA.</ref> Na India, nla diamondback emeela ka ihe ruru pasent ịrị itoolu funahụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-agwọghị ọgwụ ahụhụ.<ref>[[Cabbage#Janick|Janick]], p. 195</ref> Ụmụ ahụhụ ndị na-ebibi ala gụnyere mgbọrọgwụ cabbage (''Delia radicum'') na ụgbala cabbage (''Hylemya brassicae''), nke igurube ya nwere ike igwu ala n'ime akụkụ nke osisi ndị mmadụ riri.<ref name="Finch2007" /> Ịkụ osisi n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ so n'ezinụlọ cabbage, ma ọ bụ ebe etinyere osisi ndị a n'afọ ndị gara aga, nwere ike ịkpali mgbasa nke nje na ọrịa.<ref name="Brad56">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 56–57</ref> Mmiri gabigara ókè na okpomọkụ gabigara oke nwere ike ịkpata nsogbu ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Brad57">[[Cabbage#Bradley|Bradley et al.]], pp. 57–59</ref> Ihe ndị na-enye aka belata ibu isi gụnyere: uto n'ala a na-ejikọta ọnụ nke sitere na ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo, ụkọ mmiri, mmiri, ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa, na onyinyo na nrụgide nri nke ahịhịa kpatara.<ref name="Wien and Wurr 533">[[Cabbage#Wurr|Wien and Wurr]], p. 533</ref> == Mmepụta == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:left; width:18em; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" |Mmepụta cabbage 2020 |- ! style="background:#ddf;" |Mba ! style="background:#ddf;" |<small>Mmepụta (ọtụtụ nde tọn)<br /><br /><br /><br /></small> |- | China |33.8 |- | India |9.2 |- | Russia |2.6 |- | South Korea |2.6 |- | Ukraine |1.8 |- |'''Ụwa''' |'''70.9''' |- | colspan="2" |<small>Ebe e si nweta ya: FAOSTAT nke United Nations<ref name="faostat">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists), Cabbages and other brassicas, 2020|date=2022|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|accessdate=20 January 2022}}</ref></small> |} N'afọ 2020, mmepụta ụwa nke cabbages (gwakọta ya na brassicas ndị ọzọ) bụ nde tọn ịrị asaa na otu, nke China duziri. Ha nwetara pasent ịrị anọ na asatọ nke ngụkọta ụwa (tebụl). Ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe bụ India, Russia, na South Korea.<ref name="faostat"/> == Ojiji e ji esi nri == {{nutritionalvalue | name=Cabbage, raw | kJ=103 | protein=1.28 g | fat=0.1 g | carbs=5.8 g | fiber=2.5 g | sugars=3.2 g | calcium_mg=40 | iron_mg=0.47 | magnesium_mg=12 | phosphorus_mg=26 | potassium_mg=170 | sodium_mg=18 | zinc_mg=0.18 | manganese_mg=0.16 | opt1n=[[Fluoride]] | opt1v= 1 µg | vitC_mg=36.6 | thiamin_mg=0.061 | riboflavin_mg=0.040 | niacin_mg=0.234 | pantothenic_mg=0.212 | vitB6_mg=0.124 | folate_ug=43 | vitK_ug=76 | water=92 g | source_usda=1 | note=[https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169975/nutrients Link to USDA Database entry] }} === Ahịa mpaghara na nchekwa === Cabbages a na-ere maka ahịa na-adịkarị obere, a na-ejikwa ụdị dị iche iche maka ndị a na-erekere ozugbo owuwe ihe ubi na ndị echekwara tupu ire ere. Ndị a na-eji eme ihe, ọkachasị sauerkraut, buru ibu ma nwee pasent dị ala nke mmiri.<ref name="Katz280">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 280</ref> A na-eji ma aka na igwe na-ewe ihe ubi, a na-ejikarị aka na-ewepụta ihe maka cabbages maka ahịa ahịa. N'ọrụ azụmahịa, a na-edozi cabbages e ji aka mee, hazie, ma tinye ha kpọmkwem n'ọhịa iji mee ka arụmọrụ dịkwuo mma.<ref>[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 285</ref> Mmiri na-eme ka akwụkwọ nri ahụ jụọ oyi ngwa ngwa, na-enye ohere maka mbupu mbu na ngwaahịa dị ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ichekwa cabbage ogologo oge na -1 ruo 2 °C (30 ruo 36°F) na iru mmiri nke pasent ịrị itoolu; ọnọdụ nchekwa ndị a ga-eme ka cabbage ruo ọnwa isii n'emebighi emebi. Mgbe echekwara ya n'ọnọdụ na-adịchaghị mma, cabbage ka nwere ike ịdịru ọnwa anọ.<ref>[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 285</ref> === Oriri === Nri cabbage dịgasị iche iche gburugburu ụwa: Russia nwere ihe kachasị elu kwa afọ na 20 kg (44 lb), Belgium sochiri ya n'inweta 4.7 kg (10 lb 6 oz). [[Netherlands]] nwetara 4.0 kg (8 lb 13 oz). Ndị America na-eri 3.9 kilogram (8.6 lb) kwa afọ maka onye ọ bụla.<ref name="UCD"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/know-your-vegetables/nutritional-assets-of-vegetables/chou-vert.html#axzz24EyvXQ7a|title=Cabbage|publisher=Louis Bonduelle Foundation|accessdate=2012-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616045430/http://www.fondation-louisbonduelle.org/france/en/know-your-vegetables/nutritional-assets-of-vegetables/chou-vert.html#axzz2g3z7j2gK|archivedate=2012-06-16}}</ref> === Nkwadebe nri === [[Usòrò:飛騨の白菜_(49180905102).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/%E9%A3%9B%E9%A8%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C_%2849180905102%29.jpg/220px-%E9%A3%9B%E9%A8%A8%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C_%2849180905102%29.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis]] A na-akwadebe ma na-eri cabbage n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche. Nhọrọ kachasị mfe gụnyere iri akwụkwọ nri na-esighi ya esi ma ọ bụ mgbe esiri ya n'ọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ nri na-esi nri pickle, stew, sautée ma ọ bụ brayze cabbage.<ref name="Ingram"/> Pickling ''b''ụ ụzọ a na-ejikarị echekwa cabbage, na-emepụta efere dịka sauerkraut na kimchi, ọ bụ ezie na a na-emekarị kimchi site na cabbage Chinese (B. rapa subsp. pekinensis).<ref name="UI"/><ref name="Ingram" /> A na-ejikarị cabbages Savoy eme ihe na salads, ebe a na-eji ụdị akwụkwọ dị nro eme ihe maka ahịa ahịa na nhazi.<ref name="Katz280">[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], p. 280</ref> Bean curd na cabbage bụ ihe dị mkpa nke nri ndị China, ebe a na-eji poteto fọdụrụ na cabbage esi ma rie ya na anụ oyi.<ref>[[Cabbage#Tannahill|Tannahill]], p. 146</ref><ref>[[Cabbage#Tannahill|Tannahill]], p. 277</ref> Na Poland, kabeeji bụ otu n'ime nri ndị a na-akụkarị, ọ na-egosipụtakwa nke ọma na nri Polish. A na-eri ya ugboro ugboro, ma sie ya ma ọ bụ dị ka sauerkraut, dị ka efere n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe na-esi na efere ndị dị ka bigos (kabeeji, sauerkraut, anụ, na anụ anụ ọhịa, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ) gołąbki. Mba ndị ọzọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Europe, dị ka Hungary na [[Romania]], nwekwara nri ọdịnala nke nwere cabbage dị ka isi ihe.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9KcADhDPqkC&pg=PA53|pages=53–54|title=International Cuisine|author=MacVeigh, Jeremy|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4180-4965-2}}</ref> Na India na [[Ethiopia]], a na-etinye cabbage na salad na bray.<ref name="Marks 2008">{{Cite book|author=Marks, Gil|title=Olive Trees and Honey: A Treasury of Vegetarian Recipes from Jewish Communities Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lb3MVYVp_9sC&pg=PT392|year=2008|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=978-0-544-18750-4}}</ref> Na United States, a na-eji cabbage eme ihe maka mmepụta nke coleslaw, na-esote iji ahịa na mmepụta sauerkraut.<ref name="UCD"/> [[Usòrò:క్యాబేజీ_మరియు_పెసరపప్పు_కూర_(2).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0_%282%29.jpg/220px-%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0_%282%29.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cabbage na moong-dal curry]] === Ụtọ nri === Ọ bụ glucosinolates, otu klas nke sulfur-containing glucosides, na-akpata ụtọ nke cabbage. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ahụ ya n'ime osisi ahụ, ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ kachasị elu na mkpụrụ; a na-achọta obere na anụ ahụ na-eto eto, ha na-ebelata ka anụ ahụ na na-aka nká.<ref>[[Cabbage#Katz|Katz and Weaver]], pp. 282–283</ref> A na-akatọkarị cabbage e siri esi maka ísì na ụtọ ya na-esi ísì ụtọ. Ihe ndị a na-etolite mgbe a na-esi nri na cabbage ma na-emepụta gas hydrogen sulfide.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://units.sla.org/division/dfan/FFT/vol32no1.pdf|journal=Food for Thought|volume=32|title=Corriher's Compendium of Ingredients and Cooking Problems|author=Corriher, Shirley O.|date=2000–2001|issue=1}}</ref> == Ihe oriri na phytochemicals == Cable a na-esighi esi bụ 92% mmiri, 6% carbohydrates, 1% protein, ma nwee abụba na-enweghị atụ (tebụl). N'ime 100 gram, cabbage a na-esighi esi bụ ihe na-enye vitamin C na vitamin K, nke nwere pasent ịrị anọ na anọ na pasent ịrị asaa na abụọ, nke Daily Value (DV).<ref name="USDA_database">{{Cite web|url=http://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list?qlookup=11109&format|title=USDA database table for raw cabbage per 100 g|publisher=US Department of Agriculture, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, version SR-27|date=1 April 2019|accessdate=5 January 2020}}</ref> Cabbage bụkwa isi iyi dị mma (10X19% DV) nke vitamin B6 na folate, na-enweghị ihe oriri ndị ọzọ nwere ihe dị mkpa maka 100-gram (tebụl). Nnyocha bụ isi na phytochemicals cabbage na-aga n'ihu iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị na cabbage nwere ike imetụta ahụike ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, dị ka sulforaphane na glucosinolates ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Glucosinolates and isothiocyanates in health and disease|journal=Trends Mol Med|year=2012|volume=18|issue=6|pages=337–47|pmid=22578879|doi=10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.003}}</ref> Nnyocha banyere akwụkwọ nri cruciferous, gụnyere cabbage, gụnyere ma ha nwere ike belata ihe ize ndụ megide ọrịa kansa eriri afọ.<ref name="Tse 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Tse, G|title=Cruciferous vegetables and risk of colorectal neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Nutrition and Cancer|year=2014|volume=66|issue=1|pages=128–139|doi=10.1080/01635581.2014.852686|pmid=24341734}}</ref> Cabbage bụ isi iyi nke indole-3-carbinol, kemịkal n'okpuru nyocha bụ isi maka ihe ndị nwere ike ịdị na ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0213|title=A novel mechanism of indole-3-carbinol effects on breast carcinogenesis involves induction of Cdc25A degradation|year=2010|author=Wu, Y.|journal=Cancer Prevention Research|volume=3|issue=7|pages=818–828|pmid=20587702}} </ref> === Ọgwụ === Na mgbakwunye na ebumnuche ya dị ka akwụkwọ nri a na-eri eri, a na-eji cabbage eme ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme na herbalism. Ndị Gris oge ochie tụrụ aro iri akwụkwọ nri ahụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ahụ dị ọcha, ma jiri mmiri cabbage dị ka ihe ngwọta maka nsị anwụrụ, maka ihe nchebe anya, na maka ihe mkpuchi maka mmerụ ahụ.<ref name="Wright2001"/><ref>{{Cite book|author=Decoteau, Dennis R.|title=Vegetable Crops|year=2000|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-956996-8}}</ref><ref name="Phillips 1827">{{Cite book|author=Phillips, Henry|authorlink=Henry Phillips (horticulturist)|title=History of Cultivated Vegetables: Comprising their Botanical, Medicinal, Edible, and Chemical Qualities; Natural History|year=1827|publisher=Henry Colburn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDkaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA99}}</ref> Onye Rom oge ochie, Pliny the Elder, kọwara ma nri na ọgwụ nke akwụkwọ nri.<ref name="Dalby 1996">{{Cite book|author=Dalby, Andrew|title=The Classical Cookbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7S5iC3pZp0C&pg=PA52|year=1996|publisher=Getty Publications|isbn=978-0-89236-394-0}}</ref> [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Ndị Ijipt oge ochie]] riri chow e siri esi na mbido nri iji belata mmetụta na-egbu egbu nke mmanya.<ref>[[Cabbage#Janick|Janick]], p. 51</ref> Ojiji ọdịnala a nọgidere na akwụkwọ ndị Europe ruo n'etiti senchiri nke irí abụọ.<ref name="Hatfield 2004">{{Cite book|author=Hatfield, Gabrielle|title=Encyclopedia of Folk Medicine: Old World and New World Traditions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGz6708nqgC&pg=PA60|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-874-7|pages=59–60}}</ref> A na-eji ihe ndị na-eme ka akwụkwọ dị jụụ mee ihe na Britain dị ka ọgwụgwọ na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, yana dị ka ihe mgbochi maka ọnyá na ọnya ara. Ojiji ọgwụ ndị ọzọ edere na ọgwụ ọdịnala Europe gụnyere ọgwụgwọ maka rheumatism, mgbu akpịrị, hoarseness, colic, na melancholy.<ref name="Hatfield 2004"/> A na-eji ma cabbage mashed na mmiri cabbage mee ihe na ọgwụ iji wepụ ọzịza na ịgwọ warts, oyi ịba n'ahụ, appendicitis, na ọnyá.<ref name="Hatfield 2004" /> === Ọghọm === Iribiga cabage ókè nwere ike ibute mmụba nke gas eriri afọ nke na-akpata ọzịza na flatulence n'ihi trisaccharide raffinose, nke obere eriri afọ mmadụ enweghị ike ịgbari, mana nje bacteria na nnukwu eriri afọ na-agbari ya.<ref name="St. John2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-gas|title=The digestive system and gas|work=WebMD|accessdate=24 June 2013}}</ref> A na-ejikọta cabbage na ntiwapụ nke ọrịa ụfọdụ sitere na nri, gụnyere ''Listeria monocytogenes''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09369.html|title=Preventing ''E. coli'' from Garden to Plate|publisher=Colorado State University|author=Davis, J. G.|date=April 19, 2013|accessdate=2012-08-10|archivedate=2012-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305133942/http://www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/foodnut/09369.html}}</ref> na ''Clostridium botulinum''. A chọpụtala nsị nke ikpeazụ ahụ na ngwakọta coleslaw a na-eme tupu oge eruo, ebe a chọtara spores na cabbages dum nke dị mma n'ọdịdị.<ref name="chapIV" /> Ụdị ''Shigella'' nwere ike ịdị ndụ na cabbage e gburu egbu.<ref name="chapIV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091265.htm|title=Chapter IV. Outbreaks Associated with Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce. Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|accessdate=2012-08-10|work=Analysis and Evaluation of Preventive Control Measures for the Control and Reduction/Elimination of Microbial Hazards on Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce|date=April 12, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109123857/https://www.fda.gov/Food/ScienceResearch/ResearchAreas/SafePracticesforFoodProcesses/ucm091265.htm|archivedate=November 9, 2012}}</ref> Ntiwapụ abụọ nke E. coli na United States ejikọtara ya na iri chou. Nnyocha ihe ize ndụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ kwubiri na enwere ike ịrịa ọrịa ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta ya na cabbage a na-esighị esi, n'ihi mmetọ n'ọtụtụ ọkwa nke usoro uto, owuwe ihe ubi na nkwakọ ngwaahịa. Ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri, mmadụ, anụmanụ na ala nwere ike ibufe na cabbage, na site n'ebe ahụ gaa na onye na-eri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/fruitveg/risk_assessment_pdf/cabbage/30ra.pdf|title=Cabbage Risk Assessment Introduction and Summary|date=December 2001|publisher=Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs|accessdate=2012-08-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055715/http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/food/inspection/fruitveg/risk_assessment_pdf/cabbage/30ra.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-21}}</ref> Cabbage na akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ nwere obere thiocyanate, ihe jikọtara ya na mmepụta goiter mgbe iri iodine adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.iccidd.org/cm_data/2006_Vanderpas_Nutritional_epidemiology_and_thyroid_hormone_metabolism_AnnRevNutr.pdf|journal=Annu Rev Nutr|year=2006|volume=26|pages=293–322|title=Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism|author=Vanderpas J|pmid=16704348|doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * List of cabbage dishes * '''''<small> Ebe a na-edebe nri</small>''''' == Edensibia == <references responsive="0"></references> == Ọrụ ndị e depụtara == * {{Cite book|ref=Bradley|title=The Organic Gardener's Handbook of Natural Pest and Disease Control|editor=Bradley, Fern Marshall|year=2009|publisher=Rodale, Inc|isbn=978-1-60529-677-7|url=https://archive.org/details/organicgardeners00brad_0}} * {{Cite book|ref=Dixon|title=Vegetable Brassicas and Related Crucifers|author=Dixon, Geoffrey R.|series=Crop Production Science in Horticulture|year=2007|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-0-85199-395-9}} * {{Cite book|ref=Janick|title=Plant Breeding Reviews|author=Janick, Jules|year=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-10049-3}} * {{Cite book|ref=Katz|title=Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|author=Katz, Solomon H.|year=2003|publisher=Scribner|isbn=978-0-684-80565-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Maynard|title=Knott's Handbook for Vegetable Growers|author=Maynard, Donald N.|edition=5th|year=2007|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-73828-2}} * {{Cite book|ref=Ordas|chapter=Cabbage and Kale|author=Ordas, Amando|title=Vegetables I: Asteraceae, Brassicaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Cucurbitaceae|publisher=Springer|editor=Prohens, J.|year=2008|isbn=978-0-387-72291-7}} * {{Cite book|ref=Tannahill|title=Food in History|author=Tannahill, Reay|year=1973|publisher=Stein and Day|isbn=978-0-8128-1437-8}} * {{Cite book|ref=Toussaint-Samat|isbn=978-1405181198|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|author=Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne|title=A History of Food|edition=2nd|year=2009}} * {{Cite book|ref=Wurr|title=The Physiology of Vegetable Crops|editor=Wien, H. C.|chapter=Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage and brussel sprouts|author=Wien, H. C.|publisher=CAB International|year=1997|isbn=978-0-85199-146-7}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19006 Cabbages na Cauliflowers: Otu esi etolite ha site na James John Howard Gregory China Project Gutenberg.] [[Òtù:Cabbage]] [[Òtù:Brassica oleracea]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3g5jjzbsxsonb7vtba92da9kzw55p1o 0 20225 631922 620925 2026-05-04T23:14:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631922 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Cara |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Teriya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Nigeria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Region | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Plateau State]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |3,000&nbsp;(1999)<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/cfd/ Cara] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]? *[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] ** [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] *** [[Plateau languages|Plateau]] **** [[Beromic languages|Beromic]] ***** '''Cara''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:cfd|cfd]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Glottolog]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cara1270 cara1270]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20221001060015/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/483 Cara] |} Cara ('''Chara''', Fachara), nke a na-akpọkwa '''Teriya''' n'ihi obodo a na-asụ ya, bụ ntakiriasụsụ Plateau nke etiti Naịjirịa. Ihe dị ka mmadụ 3,000 na-asụ Cara n'obodo Teriya, Bassa, Plateau State, Nigeria.<ref name="Blench1999">Blench, Roger. M. 1999. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240305111203/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/General/Field%20trip%2098-9%20Plateau.pdf Field trip to record the status of some little-known Nigerian languages]. ''Ogmios'', 11:11:14.</ref> Ethnologue na-etinye Cara na Central Plateau. Ọrụ Beromic na-esote Blench (afo 2008). == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * ''[https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/88205 A Sociolinguistic Profile of the Cara (cfd) Asụsụ nke Plateau State, Nigeria]'' == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240610002434/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Plateau/Beromic/Cara%20wordlist.pdf Ndepụta okwu Cara] {{Platoid languages}} nz3yerrxfstz2j8kh1t4s4ikzhfae1n 0 20750 631907 620776 2026-05-04T15:00:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631907 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Bemba |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |''Chibemba'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Native&nbsp;to | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Zambia]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Tanzania]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Ethnicity | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Bemba people|Bemba]], [[Bangweulu Batwa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |4.1 million&nbsp;(2000–2010 census)<ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bem/ Bemba] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color:#555">(subscription required)</span></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Language family]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]? *[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] ** [[Volta-Congo languages|Volta-Congo]] *** [[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]] **** [[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]] ***** [[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]] ****** [[Bantu languages|Bantu]] ([[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages#Zone M|Zone M.40–50]]) ******* [[Sabi languages|Sabi]] ******** South Sabi ********* '''Bemba''' </div> |- class="plainlist" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Dialects | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" | * [[Town Bemba]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Writing system]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Bemba language#Alphabet|Bemba alphabet]])<br /><br /><br /><br />[[Bemba Braille]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Official status |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br /><br /><br /><br />language&nbsp;in</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_Zambia.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[Zambia]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;" |Language codes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-2]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code><span class="plainlinks">[https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=52 bem]</span></code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:bem|bem]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bemb1257 bemb1257]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap">[[Guthrie classification of Bantu languages|Guthrie code]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>M.42</code><ref name="Guthrie">Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180203191542/http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf New Updated Guthrie List Online]</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Linguasphere Observatory|Linguasphere]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUR-r 99-AUR-r] ichiBemba + ichiLamba incl. 24 inner languages 99-AUR-ra...-rx + varieties 99-AUR-rca...-rsb</code> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;" |'''This article contains [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] phonetic symbols.''' Without proper [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|rendering support]], you may see [[Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character|question marks, boxes, or other symbols]] instead of [[Unicode]] characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see [[Help:IPA]]. |} [[Category:Languages with ISO 639-2 code]] [[Usòrò:Brian_Mumba_speaking_Bemba.webm|thumb|Onye na-ekwu okwu Bemba, nke edere na Zambia.]] {{Infobox Bantu name|MuBemba|[[BaBemba]], Awemba, BaWemba|ChiBemba|Bembaland}} '''Asụsụ Bemba''', ''ChiBemba'' (nke á na-akpọkwa Cibemba, Ichibemba, Icibemba na ''Chiwemba''), bụ asụsụ Bantu nkè ndị Bemba na-asụkarị n'ebe ùgwù ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Zambia]] yá ná dị ka asụsụ na-asọpụta site n'ihe dị ka agbụrụ 18 metụtara ya. == Akụkọ ihe méré emee == Bemba bụ otu n'ime asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Zambia, nkè ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ụkwụ na-asụrụ, ọ bụkwa otú n'etiti asụsụ mpaghara asaá á mà ámá na Zambia. Ónyé ịsị àlà mbụ nkè Zambia, Kenneth Kaunda, ọ bụ ezie ná ọ bụ onye Malawi, a zụlitere yá n'obodo na-asụ Bemba, abụọ n'ime ndị isi ala anọ nke Zambia kemgbe bụ ndị na-asụrụ Bemba. Ónyé ịsị àlà nkè atọ, Levy Mwanawasa, bụ onye Lenje, sitere ná Copperbelt Province nkè sitere ná agbụrụ Bantu Botatwe nkè mejupụtara ndị Tonga-Lenje-Ila. Ónyé ịsị àlà nke ànọ́, Rupiah Bwezani Banda bụ onye Chewa sị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. N'ime afọ ndị MMD weghaara ọchịchị na 1991, a na-ebo ya ebubo ọtụtụ ugboro na ọ na-akwalite Bemba karịa asụsụ mpaghara ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ.<ref>"UNHCR | Refworld | Chronology for Bemba in Zambia", http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/topic,463af2212,469f2faa2,469f38f7c,0.html. Retrieved 3 August 2011.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ nke isi obodo Zambia bụ Lusaka bụ olumba nke Bantu Botatwe. == Asụsụ == Bemba nwere ọtụtụ olumba, ọtụtụ n'ime há bụ ụdị Bemba nke agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-asụ nkè dàràa n'okpuru mmetụta Bemba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nalrc.indiana.edu/brochures/bemba.pdf|title=Bemba language & culture|author=NALRC|work=nalrc.indiana.edu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808154024/http://nalrc.indiana.edu/brochures/bemba.pdf|archivedate=2017-08-08}}</ref> Há gụnyere Chishinga, Lomotwa, Ngoma, Nwesi, Lala, Kabende, Luunda, Mukulu, Ngiao, na Unga, nke ndị Twa pygmies na-asụ ma na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka asụsụ dị iche (Nurse 2003). Ndị Twa nke Bangweulu na-asụ asụsụ ọzọ nke Bemba. == Phonology na orthography == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Bemba|author=Hamann|first=Silke|publisher=Journal of the International Phonetic Association|year=2015}}</ref> ! colspan="3" | !Ọnụ !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar |- ! colspan="3" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive/Affricate<br /><br /><br /><br /> ! colspan="2" |<small>ala dị larịị</small> |p |t |t͡ʃ |k |- ! rowspan="2" |<small>Nwanyị na-agba agba</small> !<small>enweghị olu</small> |ᵐp |ⁿt |ⁿt͡ʃ |ᵑk |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |ᵐb |ⁿd |ⁿd͡ʒ |ᵑɡ |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike ! rowspan="2" |<small>ala dị larịị</small> !<small>enweghị olu</small> |f |s |ʃ | |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |β | | | |- ! colspan="2" |<small>Nwanyị na-agba agba</small> |ᶬf |ⁿs |ⁿʃ | |- ! colspan="3" |Akụkụ | |l | | |- ! colspan="3" |Ihe atụ |(β) | |j |w |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede<ref name=":1"/> ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |N'ihu ! colspan="2" |Central ! colspan="2" |Nlaghachi |- !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> !<small>mkpirikpi</small> !<small>ogologo oge</small> |- !Elu |i |iː | | |u |uː |- !N'etiti |e |eː | | |o |oː |- !Ala Dị Ala | | |a |aː | | |} Usoro orthographical a na-ejikarị eme ìhè, nkè Edward Steere webatara ná mbụ, bụ ụdaume. Á na-enye mkpụrụedemede yá, ná ọnụọgụ ụdaume há, n'okpuru ébé á. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! align="right" |Akwụkwọ ozi: |A |B |C/Ch |D |E |F |G |M |J |K |L |M |N |Ng' |Nyụ |O |P |S |Sh |T |U |W |Y |- align="center" ! align="right" |Uru:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/phonology/|title=Bemba Phonology|author=Debra Spitulnik Vidali and Mubanga E. Kashoki|date=2014|work=Bemba Online Project|accessdate=2017-11-03|archivedate=2018-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015134518/https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/phonology/}}</ref> |{{IPA|a}} |{{IPA|b}}, {{IPA|β}} |{{IPA|tʃ}} |{{IPA|d}} |{{IPA|e}} |{{IPA|f}} |{{IPA|ɡ}} |{{IPA|i}} |{{IPA|dʒ}} |{{IPA|k}} |{{IPA|l}} |{{IPA|m}} |{{IPA|n}} |{{IPA|ŋ}} |{{IPA|ɲ}} |{{IPA|o}} |{{IPA|p}} |{{IPA|s}} |{{IPA|ʃ}} |{{IPA|t}} |{{IPA|u}} |{{IPA|w}} |{{IPA|j}} |} Ọ ghọwo ìhè á na-ahụkarị iji 'c' mee ihe n'ọnọdụ 'ch'. Dị ka asụsụ ndị ọzọ nkè Bantu, kà á na-agbakwunye affixes, njikọta nkè ụda ume nwere ike ịbịakọta ná ụdaume nwere ikike ịgbanwe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, 'aa' na-agbanwe kà ọ bụrụ ogologo 'a', 'ae' ná 'ai' na-aga 'e', ná 'ao' na 'au' na-aghọ 'o' (n'ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ, a na-ejikarị 'y' kewaa ngwakọta ụdaume ndị ọzọ). 'n' imi na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ 'm' tupu 'b' ma ọ bụ 'p', a na-akpọkwa yá ŋ tupu 'k' mà ọ dị 'g'; mgbè 'n', 'l' gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ' 'd'. Iwu ndị a niile ga-apụta ìhè na tebụl ndị e nyèrè n'okpuru ébé á. Dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Bantu, Bemba bụ ụda, nwèrè ụda abụọ; Otú ọ dị, ụda nwèrè mmetụta dị ntà ná ihe ọ pụtara dịka ọnụ ọgụgụ ókwú ndị á ga-agbagwoju anya dị obere. Nkwekasị na-adaba ná prefix, mgbè ọ dị, mà nwee ike iduga ná ọdịiche dị nro nke ìhè ọ pụtara (lee ụdị ngwaa dị n'okpuru). == Asụsụ == Ọtụtụ n'ime isi ihe ndị dị ná ụtọ asụsụ Bemba bụ ihe atụ nke asụsụ Bantu: ọ bụ aglutinative, dabere na prefixes, nwere usoro nke ọtụtụ áhà, nnukwu akụkụ ókwú ná oge, adjectives olé ná olé, na, dị ka Bekee, nwèrè usoro okwu nkè bụ isiokwu-okwu-ihe. A na-ewere ọtụtụ n'ime nhazi ébé á site ná nke Schoeffer, Sheane ná Cornwallis nyere.<ref>Schoeffer, West Sheane, J.H.; Madan, Arthur Cornwallis (1907). "A Grammar of the Bemba Language as Spoken in North-east Rhodesia". Clarendon Press, Oxford.</ref> === Áhà === A na-ekewa áhàa Bemba n'ime ọtụtụ klas na-enweghị isi. A na-egosi há site ná prefixes há mà na-adịkarị kà prefixes nkwekọrịta mà ọ bụghị mgbè niile kà há na-agbakọta ná ngwaa há na-achị, adjectives na-eme kà há rụọ eru, ná nnọchiaha na-anọchite anya há. Site n'otu mgbakọ, dabere ná ọtụtụu, á na-ahazi ha dị ka ndị a (ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na-esite na echiche phonetic): {| class="wikitable" !Klas !Ntinye aha pụrụ iche !Ntinye aha Concord (otu) !Ntinye aha n'ọtụtụ !Ntinye aha Concord (ọtụtụ) !Ihe edeturu |- |1 |mu-, mw-, m- |a ( ngwaa), mu (adjectives), u/w (aha nnọchiaha) |ba- |ba- |ndị mmadụ, na ọtụtụ aha na-adịghị ndụ |- |2 |mu- |u- (mgbe ụfọdụ mu- maka adjectives) |ọkara- |i- (mgbe ụfọdụ mi- maka adjectives) |n'ozuzu aha ndị na-adịghị ndụ, na ọtụtụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi |- |3 |n-, gụọ- |i (mgbe ụfọdụ n- maka adjectives), lu- |n- |shi- |n'ozuzu ọ bụghị aha mmadụ |- |4 |chi-/ch- (ichi-) |chi-/ch- |fi-/fy-/f- (ifi-) |fi-/fy-/f- |mmụba, ụdị, asụsụ |- |5 |li-, ku-, bu-, lu- |otu dị ka prefix aha |ma- |ya- (mgbe ụfọdụ ma- maka adjectives) |Enwere ike iji otutu mee ihe maka otu nke klas 3 iji mesie ọnụ ọgụgụ ma ọ bụ nha ka ukwuu ike |- |6 |ka- |ka |ị- |ị- |mbelata |- |7 |bu- |bu- |ọ dịghị |ọ dịghị |aha ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya |- |8 |ku- |ku- |ọ dịghị |ọ dịghị |infinitives |- |9 |ku-, mu-, pa- |otu dị ka prefix aha | | |ọ bụghị naanị klas aha (lee n'okpuru) |} Prefixes na klas 9 na-egosi ikpe: 'ku-' kwekọrọ na 'to' ma ọ bụ 'from', 'mu-' na 'in', 'into', ma ọ bụ'out of', na 'pa-' na 'at'. === AdjectivesAdjectives adjectives === Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị n'asụsụ Bantu, adjectives na-agbaso okwu há rụrụu eru, mà wéré adjectival concord prefixes, mànà ọ bụghị ọtụtụ n'ime háa n'echiche siri ike. Adverbs, ikwu ókwú, mà ọ bụ 'ndị na-akọwa', na-arụkarị ọrụ há kama. Á na-etinye ndị na-akọwa ìhè n'azụ áhà ahụ, ná mkpụrụedemede '-a', na nnọchiaha dị mkpa n'etiti ha: ''chintu cha nomba'', 'ihe ọhụrụ'. === Ọgụgụ === Nọmba site na 1 ruo 10 bụ: {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! align="right" |Bekee: |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 |8 |9 |10 |- align="center" ! align="center" |Bemba: | -mo | -bili | -tatu | -ne | -sano | -mutanda | -ihe nkiri lubali | -ihe nkiri konse konse | -okwu | -ikumi |} Nọmba 1-5 na-ewere adjectival concord prefixes (mà e wezụga màkà klas 1 ''otu'': muntu umo, 'otu onye'). A hapụrụ nọmba 6-10 n'agbanweghị. 'Ikumi' nwéré ọnụọgụ 'makumi', nkè enwere ike iji dị kà áhà ná 'na' (na, na) iji mepụta ọnụọgụ niile ruo 99: dịka ọmụmaatụ, ''makumi yatatu ná pabula'', 'iri atọ ná itoolu'. 100 bụ 'mwanda', ná ọnụọgụ' 'myanda'. === Áhà nnọchiaha === Ndị nnọchiaha onwé ónyé na-anọghị nà klas bụ: 'ine' (1st person sg.), 'iwe' (2nd person sg.), "ifwe' (1st persona pl.), 'imwe' (2nd persona pl.Ọ dị ichèe ichè Ndị a bụ ìhè zụrụu oké, n'echiche ná há na-eguzo naanị há, há enweghịkwa ike ịpụta dị ka isiokwu mà ọ bụ ihe dịka ha dị. E nwere nnọchiaha dị iche iche, ná nnọchiaha ónyé nkè atọ dabere ná klas. Enwekwara nnọchiaha na-egosi, nkè e kewara site ná klas ná ụdị atọ site ná ala deixis ('nke a, nke ahụ, ná nkè ahụ n'ebe ahụ'), á na-ejikwa ndị a mepụta nnọchiaha. === Ngwáa === Ngwaa nwere ụdị dị mfe, na-ejikarị '-a' (ihe niile tụpụ 'a' ịbụ 'ogwe', 'mgbọrọgwụ' ma ọ bụ 'radical'), mà na-agbakọta yá dabere ná ónyé, ọnụ ọgụgụ ná klassi nkè isiokwu ná ìhè, oge, ọnọdụ, olu, akụkụ ná mà há bụ nkwenye mà ọ bụ ihe na-adịghị mma. Ọzọkwa, ogwe ha na-agbanwe iji gosipụta ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Enwere ike ijikọta iwu ndị na-esonụ n'ụzọ dọrọ ányá, Bemba bụ aglutinative na ọ bụghị inflective, mana á kà nwere ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. ==== Isiokwu ná ìhèe prefixes ==== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;" ! colspan="2" | !Eziokwu !Ihe na-adịghị mma |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke mbụ !otu |n- | -, nshi shi- |- !ọtụtụ |ị- |Egbugbu- |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke abụọ !otu |u- (ku-) |tau- |- !ọtụtụ |mu- |tamu- |- ! rowspan="2" |Onye nke atọ !otu |a- (mu-) |taa-, taa ta- |- !ọtụtụ |ba- |taba- |} Á na-ebu ụzọ tinye prefix isiokwu, mgbè ahụ ihe ahụ na-etinye. Mgbe isiokwu ma ọ bụ ihe bụ áhà á kapịrị ọnụ ná klas á nyere, á ná-eji ókwú nkwekọrịta nkè klas á, ná ụdị na-adịghị mmá na-agbakwunye prefix 'ta-' tupu nke a. ==== Mkpịsị Mkpịakọta na Akụkụ ==== Nchịkọta e nyèrèe ebe á bụ nke Schoeffer gosipụtara. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị á chọrọ ogwe áká gbanwere agbanwe, na-agbanwe 'a' ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ 'ile' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ya ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i' ma ọ bụ 'u', na 'ya' ma ọ dị ka 'e' ma ọbụ 'o', ma ọ bụ, ma ọ bụrụ bụrụ na ụdaolu ikpeazụ bụ imi, na-gbanwe 'a" ka ọ bụrụ na 'ine' ma ọ bụghị 'ene' dịka o si dị. E nwere ihe na-adịghị mma n'ọtụtụ ngwaa. A na-enye infixes dị n'okpuru ebe a. Ha na-abịa n'azụ isiokwu na ihe, na n'ihu ngwaa, ma e wezụga maka oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a rụzuru ma ọ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na 'na-', nke na-apụta na mbido. A na-eji ụda olu ( ́) mara nrụgide. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ihe mgbakwunye !Ogwe osisi !Ihe edeturu |- |Ihe na-aga n'ihu ugbu a |na |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwaa nke omume iji gosipụta omume na-aga n'ihu; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na adjectivally, na ọbụna dị ka ọdịnihu ozugbo (karịsịa mgbe ejiri ya na ngwaa nke steeti). |- |N'oge a doro anya |a |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe maka ngwaa nke steeti, na ngwaa intransitive |- |Ihe na-adịghị mma, ihe dị mkpa |Ụdị nkịtị; enweghị ntinye |a na-agbanwebeghị |Na-egosi ọnọdụ nke bụ eziokwu mgbe niile, ma ọ bụ omume a na-emekarị; na-egosi mkpa ọ dị ime ihe |- |Ọrụ afọ ofufo |la |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume a na-emekarị, na-egosi na ha bụ nke afọ ofufo, ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị adị mkpa; jiri naanị maka ngwaa nke steeti; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru |- |Ihe gara aga ozugbo |a |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na-eme 'today', ma ọ bụ 'nowdays' |- |N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nke a rụchara ma ọ bụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga |na- (okwu mmalite) |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume a rụzuru taa; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'echiche akụkọ ihe mere eme, mana ọ naghị emesi ihe gara aga ike. |- |Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga |Enweghị ihe mgbakwunye |gbanwere |A na-ejikwa ya eme ihe 'today' ma ọ bụ 'nowdays', mana na-ekwusi ike n'oge karịa abụọ gara aga; eji ya eme ihe na ahịrịokwu ndị metụtara ya |- |Ihe mere n'oge gara aga (1) |ali |a na-agbanwebeghị |Mmetụta ahụ ekwesịghị ịdị na 'a' nke infix |- |Ihe mere n'oge gara aga (2) |a |gbanwere |Mmetụta ahụ ekwesịghị ịdị na infix |- |Ihe gara aga dị mfe |á |gbanwere | |- |Ogologo oge gara aga |ali |gbanwere |Maka omume ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke mmetụta ya ka dị, ma ọ bụ maka steeti ndị e guzobere n'oge gara aga nke na-agbanweghị |- |Oge gara aga doro anya, oge gara aga zuru oke |áli |a na-agbanwebeghị |Oge gara aga dị anya karịa oge ndị ọzọ dị mkpa |- |Oge gara aga ezughi oke ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị |ale |a na-agbanwebeghị |A na-eji ya eme ihe otu ugboro, mana ọ bụghịzi, omenala |- |Ọdịnihu ozugbo |ala |a na-agbanwebeghị | |- |Ọdịnihu na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ nke a na-ahụkarị |akula |a na-agbanwebeghị | |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso |na |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka steeti na ọnọdụ ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu ga-eguzobe n'oge na-adịghị anya, mana ọ bụghị ozugbo |- |Ọdịnihu a na-akparaghị ókè |ka |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na steeti n'oge a na-amaghị ama n'ọdịnihu |- |Ọdịnihu a na-akparaghị ókè |kala |a na-agbanwebeghị |Maka omume na steeti n'oge a na-amaghị ama n'ọdịnihu |} ==== Mmetụta ==== Mmetụta ahụ kwekọrọ nke ọma na ụkpụrụ ndị Bantu. Otu ihe dị mfe bụ otu ụdị 'dictionary' nke ngwaa nkè nwèrè ogwe ná nsonaazụ '-a', na-agbanwe ka '-e' ma ọ bụrụ ná ejiri prefix ihe - enweghị prefix isiokwu. Ọdịdị dị mfe nkè dị mkpa na-agbanwe '-a' ka ọ bụrụ '-eni'. Ntinye 'aku-' ma ọ bụ 'uka-', na-agbakwunye echiche nke ntụziaka iji maliteghachi mà ọ bụ gaa n'ihu n'omume. Enwere ike inye ụdị nkwenye site ná iji prefix nke ónyé nnọchiaha (n'ozuzu nke klas 1) ma soro nke a site na infix '-inda-'. ===== Ntinye aha ===== Á na-eji subjunctive eme ìhè n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, dị kà ìhè na-apụtaghị ìhè, nà agbamume, ná ná ná ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru, n'otu ụzọ ahụ ma ọ bụghị otú ná subjunctive nkè ọtụtụ asụsụ Europe. Ìhè á na-ahụkarị bụ mgbanwe nke '-a' ikpeazụ nkè ngwaa gaa na '-e'. Á na-enye ụdị ya n'okpuru ebe a. N'ebe a, V na-anọchite ányá ngwaa, ná P maka nnọchiaha ọ bụla (infixes). Iwu phonological a na-ahụkarị na-emetụta. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ihe mgbakwunye !Ihe edeturu |- |Onyinye dị mfe |P-V-e |A na-eji ya eme ihe ugbu a na ngwaa nke oge a na-akọwaghị |- |Ugbu a nke mmegharị |ka-P-V-e |Na-egosipụta mgbanwe n'ọnọdụ, ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ àgwà uche |- |Onyinye nke nkwenye, agbamume |na-P-V-e |Dị ka onye mbụ na-ahụkarị n'ọtụtụ |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso |P-le-V-a |Otu ihe ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi |- |Ọdịnihu dị nso nke nrụgide |na-P-le-V-a |A na-ejikwa ya dị ka ihe na-agba ume, ma ọ bụ ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè; ọ nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ na -eni mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe dị mkpa. |- |Oge dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ọdịnihu |P-ka-V-e |A na-eji ya eme otu ihe n'ọdịnihu dị anya |- |Ọdịnihu dịpụrụ adịpụ na-aga n'ihu |P-kale-V-a |A na-eji ya eme ihe na-aga n'ihu ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe n'ọdịnihu dị anya |- |Ọdịnihu dị anya nke nrụgide |shina-P-V-e |A na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè maka oge ọdịnihu a na-amaghị ama |} Infinitive, nke bụ áhà ókwú, nwèrè ụdị abụọ. Ụdị dị mfe nwèrè prefix 'ku-' gbakwunyere na ụdị dị mfe, dị ka e kwụrụ n'elu, ná infinitive nwèrè prefix'kula-'. ==== Olu ==== A na-emepụta passive site na itinye '-w-' n'ihu ụdaume ikpeazụ nkè ngwaa, mànà anaghị eji yá eme ìhè ugboro ugboro. Enwere ike ịmepụta ólú 'na-anọpụ iche' site ná iji '-ik-' kama mà ọ bụrụ ná ụdaume bú ụzọ bụ á, m mà ọ bụ u, na '-ek-' ma ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụrụ dalelị bu ụzọ bụ e ma ọ bụ o. Ụdị a dị iche n'ihe ọ pụtara site na nke na-agaghị agafe agafe n'ihi na ọ na-emesi ọnọdụ sitere n'omume ike karịa omume ahụ n'onwe ya (cf. Bekee 'arịa ahụ agbajiela', n'adịghị ka 'a na-agba bọọlụ'). ==== Ịgọnahụ ==== N'ozuzu, prefixes 'ta-' na prefix isiokwu ma e wezụga maka ónyé mbụ nkè na-agbanwe kà 'nshi' ma ọ bụ 'shi'. N'ozuzu, subjunctive na-agbakwunye 'i' mgbe prefixes nke nnọchiaha gasịrị ma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-agbanwe 'e' ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ 'a'. Infinitive na-eji oge ụfọdụ 'te' na-adịghị mmá. Otú ọ dị, iwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị, ụdị ndị ahụ na-adabere nke ọma na oge, akụkụ na ọnọdụ. Mgbè a na-eji ihe na-adịghị mma na 'le' ezughi oke, ọ na-abụkarị n'echiche nke omume a na-emebeghị, Schoeffer na-ezo aka na ya dị ka 'oge a na-egbu oge' dị iche. ==== Ụdị ndị ọzọ ==== E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ngwaa ndị ọzọ nke na-agbanwe ogwe site na ịgbakwunye mkpụrụedemede ọzọ tupu 'a' ikpeazụ. Á na-enye ndị a n'okpuru ébé á. {| class="wikitable" !Ọdịdị !Ọdịdị !Ihe edeturu |- |A na-etinye ya |Ogwe a gbanwere agbanwe, na 'a' (kama 'e' maka oge gara aga). |A na-eji ya eme ihe na-apụtaghị ìhè, a na-asụgharịkarị ya site na ịgbakwunye okwu dị ka 'maka' mgbe ngwaa gasịrị |- |Nkwupụta zuru ezu |Ọ na-agbakọta ụdaume abụọ nke ogwe a na-etinye (dịka, fikila na-aghọ ''fikilila'', site na ''fika'', 'ịbịaru') |Na-egosipụta mmezu ma ọ bụ njedebe nke omume |- |Nkwekọrịta |V-na (ma ọ bụ V-nya ma ọ bụrụ na V agwụ na y) |Nkwupụta omume e mere 'onye ọ bụla ọzọ' |- |Ihe kpatara ya |Ọ na-eme ka ụdaume ikpeazụ dị nro: 'ba', 'pa' ka ọ bụrụ 'fya'; 'nda', 'ka' 'la', 'sa', 'ta', ka ọ bụrụ "shya' ma ọ bụ 'ishya', 'ushya'; na-agbakwunye 'y' n'ihu 'a' nke 'ema', 'ima', 'uma', 'ana'; na-etinye 'ik' n' tupu 'a' ya', 'ama', 'ana' |E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ; 'ishya' na 'ushya' bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ngwaa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ |- |Ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ishya' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i', 'u'; gbanwee 'a' ka ọ bụrụ 'esh' ma ọ bụ 'e', 'o' |Ọ na-agbakwunye nkwenye ma ọ bụ mmetụta nke ike na ngwaa |- |Ntụgharị |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ula' ma ọ bụ 'ulula' ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume bu ụzọ bụ 'a', 'i', 'u'; gbanwee 'a' ka ọ bụrụ 'ola' ma ọ dị 'olola' ma ọ ọ bụrụ na 'e', 'o' |Na-egosipụta mgbanwe nke omume (cf. Bekee 'do', 'undo') |- |Ugboro ugboro |Mgbanwe 'a' gaa na 'ula' |Na-egosipụta ugboro ugboro nke omume; nke a na-asụgharị site na adverb 'ugboro ugboro' |- |Ihe na-echeta echiche |Nkwupụta 'i' na ngwaa |Ọ na-ekwupụta na ọ na-eme 'n'onwe ya' |} E nwekwara ọtụtụ oge ngwakọta, ọtụtụ na-eji copula 'kuli' ná 'kuba'. === Njikọ === Á na-eji ndị á eme ìhè iji webata nhazi ma ọ bụ nkè dị n'okpuru, dịka ojiji há na Bekee. == Akụkụ ndị bụ isi == * ee - ee * egwu - mba * Uli shani? - olee otu ị si (nke a na-amaghị ama) * Muli? shani - olee otu ị si (n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro) * Shaleenipo - nke ọma * Ishina lyandi ma ọ bụ... - Aha m bụ... * Onye - onye * umunandi - enyi * nwa - nwa * iciBemba - asụsụ Bemba * na - na, na * nga - dị ka, dị ka * ngụkọta (adj.) - ezi/mara mma * onse (adj.) - niile * uluceelo (adj) - ụtụtụ * Natotela - Ekele maka gị * Saana - Ọtụtụ * Natotela saana - Ekele dịrị gị nke ukwuu == Ihe Nlereanya == Abantu bonse bafyalwa abalubuka nokulingana mu mucinshi nensambu. Balikwata amano nokutontonkanya, eico bafwile ukulacita ifintu ku banabo mu mutima wa bwananyina. Á na-amụ ụmụ mmadụ niile n'efu mà há nata ha ùgwù na ikike. A na-enye ha ezi uche ná akọ ná uche mà kwesịkwa imegide ibe ha n'ime mmụọ nkè ọbụbụenyi. (Akụkụ nke mbụ nke Universal Declaration of Human Rights.) == Akwụkwọ == E nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ná Bemba. E nwèrè akụkọ, uri ná egwuregwu. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị edemede ámá ámá ná Bemba gụnyere Stephen Mpashi, Chongo Kasonkomona, Chishimba, Paul Mushindo, Bwalya Chilangwa, Mwila Launshi na Kambole. E dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ná akụkọ ná Bemba n'etiti oge 1950 na 1980. N'oge na-adịbeghị ányá, á na-ebipụta ọrụ okike olé ná olé ná Zambia karịsịa n'ihi ihe abụọ: ndị na-agụ yá na-abụkarị ndị ogbenye ná nkè abụọ, n'ihi nkè mbụ, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ na-ala azụ ibipụta ọrụ okorobịa na Bemba, ọkachasị akwụkwọ akụkọ dị ogologo, maka ihe ego n'ihi ohere dị ala nke ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na ya wee si otú a nweta uru. Kama nkè ahụ, e nwèrè ọtụtụ akụkọ mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ akụkọ ná akwụkwọ akụkọ Bemba. N'agbanyeghị nsogbu ndị á, dị ka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na enweghị mbipụta, ogo nkè ọrụ ndị á na-ebipụta ná Bemba na-adịkarị elu. Ọzọkwa, ọ yiri kà e nwèrè ọtụtụ ndị édémédé nwéré nkà ga-achọ ide n'asụsụ á mànà há enweghị ike ide ihe n'ihi ìhè ndị e nyèrè n'elu ná ndị ọzọ [nkọwa dị mkpa] ndị metụtara. N'ihe gbasara nkatọ akwụkwọ, á tụlebeghị ma katọọ ọtụtụ ọrụ na Bemba. Nkè á bụ n'ihi ná e nwèrè ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ olé na olé ná Bemba, ọ bụ ezie ná mmasị na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a gụnyere Lutato na Shadreck Kondala, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Akwụkwọ Bemba oge ochie gụnyere ''Uwauma Nafyala'', ''Pano Calo'' ná Imilimo ya bena Kale. == Hụkwa == * Ndị Bemba * Asụsụ Bantu == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "The Colonial Origins of Ethnic Cleavages: The Case of Linguistic Divisions in Zambia". Comparative Politics. '''35''' (2): 127X146. == Edensibia == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * Bemba Online Project, <nowiki>https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/bemba/</nowiki> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20041105234529/http://www.anthropology.emory.edu/FACULTY/ANTDS/Bemba Njikọ na Bemba Nkọwa Grammatical, Ihe odide, na Sound Files] * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Bemba PanAfrican L10n peeji na Bemba] * [http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Zambia/bemba_index.html Amalombelo Mu Cilala] Akụkụ nke Book of Common Prayer na Bemba, nke Richard Mammana na Charles Wohlers digitized * Daniel Chola Musatwe, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622164618/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/37 Mulenga Wa Mpanga]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Edward Mwango Kasase, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622151017/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/32 Ku Bwaice]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara May 3, 2014. * Kapwepwe, S.M., ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150621063038/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/85 Shalapa Canicadala]'', Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Lehmann, Dorothea, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150622153527/http://lubutocollections.org/items/show/55 Folktales]'' from Zambia: Ihe odide n'asụsụ Afrịka isii na n'asụsụ Bekee, Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara na Mee 3, 2014. * Nyambe Sumbwa, Zambian Proverbs, Lubuto Library Special Collections, nwetara May 3, 2014. * [http://www.language-archives.org/language/bem Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Bemba] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20200220131110/http://www.fenza.org/bembaproverbs.php Ebe nchekwa data nke ilu Bemba] E debere Wayback Machine [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ca9pmr97wuzttwbh7xvdhpjeh2zg5au 0 22177 632000 115694 2026-05-05T10:07:32Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Undertakers 01.jpg|thumb|Dancing Pallbearers]] Dancing Pallbearers, nke a makwaara site na aha dịgasị iche iche, gụnyere Dancing Coffin, Coffin Dancers, Coffin Dance Meme, ma ọ bụ naanị Coffin Dance, bụ otu ndị Ghana na-ebu ozu '''ndị''' bi n'obodo Prampram dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mpaghara Greater Accra nke ndịda Ghana, ọ bụ ezie na ha na-eme n'ofe mba ahụ nakwa n'èzí Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/|title=How Prampram pallbearers became an international sensation – and a meme|date=April 17, 2020|accessdate=October 15, 2022|archivedate=May 2, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502190849/https://www.theghanareport.com/how-prampram-pallbearers-became-an-international-sensation-and-a-meme/}}</ref> Onye guzobere na onye ndú nke otu ahụ bụ Benjamin Aidoo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pt1uw9hTxmA|title=VIRAL COFFIN DANCERS (internet meme legends)}}</ref> A na-akpọ ha Nana Otafrija Pallbearing and Waiting Service ma ọ bụ '''Dada''' awu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-40716576/ghana-s-dancing-pallbearers-bring-funeral-joy|title=Funeral dancers for hire|work=BBC News|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-19}}</ref> Ndị otu a na mbụ nwetara nlebara anya zuru ụwa ọnụ site na akụkọ njirimara BBC na 2017. Na Machị 2020, otu ahụ ghọrọ ihe ntanetị mgbe ejikọtara vidiyo na egwu EDM "Astronomia" nke Tony Igy, wee nweta ewu ewu na ndezi vidiyo. 5jcud7gn311oybg4y7rvg8fl8vj2tri 0 23038 631999 194812 2026-05-05T09:38:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dahlia Ravikovitch''' (Hibru; N'ọnwa November 17, 1936 ruo n'ọnwa August 21, 2005) bụ onye [[Israel]] na-ede uri, onye ntụgharị, na onye na-eme udo. A mụrụ Ravikovitch na Ramat Gan n'ọnwa Nọvemba 27, 1936. Ọ mụtara ịgụ na ide mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. Nna ya, Levi, bụ onye injinia [[Jew|ndị Juu]] sitere na Russia nke si China bịa Palestine Mandatory. Nne ya, Michal, bụ onye nkuzi si n'ezinụlọ okpukpe. Mgbe Dahlia dị afọ isii, onye ọkwọ ụgbọala mmanya na-egbu kụrụ nna ya ma gbuo ya. Ya na nne ya kwagara Kibbutz Geva mana ọ dabara n'echiche nke ndị otu ma mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ ọ kwagara n'ụlọ nkuzi na Haifa, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ nkuzi.<ref name="joffe">{{Cite news|author=Joffe|first=Lawrence|title=Dalia Ravikovitch|work=The Guardian|date=August 30, 2005|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2005/aug/30/guardianobituaries.israel|accessdate=March 11, 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'ime afọ ndị ahụ ọ malitere na Haifa ka o dere uri mbụ ya, "Painting", nke gosipụtara ọdịiche dị n'etiti anụnụ anụnụ nke ala dị n'akụkụ osimiri na odo na ntụ ntụ nke ụwa ya dị n'ime.<ref name="Gold">{{Cite book|author=Gold|first=Nili Scharf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NUUzDwAAQBAJ|title=Haifa: City of Steps|date=2017-10-03|publisher=Brandeis University Press|isbn=978-1-5126-0119-0|language=en}}</ref> Ravikovitch lụrụ di mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm mgbe ọnwa atọ gasịrị. Alụmdi na nwunye ya ndị ọzọ mechakwara gbaa alụkwaghịm. O nwere otu nwa nwoke, Ido Kalir.<ref name="haaretz.com">Maya Sela (September 13, 2010) [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.5112345 "A living souvenir"], ''[[Haaretz]]''</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ ya na Israel Defense Forces, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Hibru nke [[Jerusalem]] . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ sụgharịrị ọrụ nke WB Yeats, TS Eliot na Edgar Allan Poe, na akwụkwọ ''Mary Poppins'' n'asụsụ Hibru.<ref name="joffe" /> Ravikovitch na-arụsi ọrụ ike na òtù udo nke Israel. Site n'ụlọ ya dị n'etiti Tel Aviv, ya na ndị na-ese ihe, ndị na-eti egwu na ndị ọha na eze na-achọ udo, nha nhata na ikpe ziri ezi. N'ime afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, ọ tara ahụhụ site na oke ịda mbà n'obi.<ref name="haaretz.com"/> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2005, a hụrụ Ravikovitch nwụrụ anwụ n'ụlọ ya. Akụkọ ndị mbụ kwuru na ihe kpatara ọnwụ ahụ bụ igbu onwe ya, mana nyocha ahụ kpebiri na ihe kpatara ya bụ nsogbu obi mberede. Abụ mbụ Ravikovitch pụtara na akwụkwọ edemede asụsụ Hibru ''Orlogin'' (Hourglass), nke Avraham Shlonsky dezigharịrị, ọ bụkwa Shlonssky gbara ya ume ịchụso ide ihe dị ka ọrụ. Akwụkwọ uri mbụ ya, The Love of an Orange, nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1959, mere ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-eto eto na-ede uri a mụrụ n'Izrel. Abụ mbụ ya na-egosi iwu ya nke usoro iwu n'ebughị ụzọ chụọ n'àjà mmetụta nke olu ya dị iche iche mgbe niile. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ hapụghị kpamkpam usoro uri ọdịnala, ọ mepụtara ụdị ejiji na iri afọ ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya. Abụ ya a ma ama bipụtara n'afọ 1987, "The End of a Fall" (nke a na-akpọkwa "The Reason for Falling") sitere n'oge a. Dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime uri Ravikovitch, ọ nwere ike ịdọrọ onye na-agụ ya dịka, n'otu oge, ihe na-emetụ n'ahụ, ihe atụ, ihe na ọbụna ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị: "Ọ bụrụ na mmadụ si n'ụgbọelu daa n'etiti abalị / naanị Chineke nwere ike ibuli ya elu...". N'akwụkwọ ya bụ Haifa: City of Steps, onye na-enyocha akwụkwọ bụ Nili Gold kwuru na ''Haifa'' na ala ya dị oke mkpa iji ghọta uri mbụ nke Ravikovitch, ọkachasị "Painting" na "Day Unto Day Uttereth Speech".<ref name="Gold" /> Gold arụrịtakwara megide nkọwa a ma ama nke uri Ravikovitch "Hovering at a Low Altitude" dị ka uri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, kama na-ekwu na a ga-aghọta ya dị ka nke onwe, nke abụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gold|first=Nili R. Scharf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLpPpspvmvIC&q=Nili+Gold|title=Reading Hebrew Literature: Critical Discussions of Six Modern Texts|date=2003|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-1-58465-200-7|editor=Mintz|pages=221-232|language=en|chapter="Hovering at a Low Altitude" by Dhalia Ravikovitch}}</ref> N'ozuzu, Ravikovitch bipụtara mpịakọta iri nke uri n'asụsụ Hibru ya. Na mgbakwunye na uri, o nyere aka n'ọrụ edemede (gụnyere nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi atọ) na akwụkwọ ụmụaka, ma sụgharịa uri n'asụsụ Hibru. E debere ọtụtụ n'ime uri ya na egwu. Abụ ya a kacha mara amara bụ ''Booba Memukenet'' (English: Clockwork Doll).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061120021115/http://www.thedrunkenboat.com/ravikovitch.htm Rabikovitch] on the Drunken Boat.</ref> A na-akụzi uri ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum. Ndị ọkà mmụta na Mahadum [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] dị na Philadelphia kwadoro "Memorial in Piano, Poetry, and Song" iji sọpụrụ ya n'ụbọchị Machị 21, 2006; otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe omume a bụ onye Moroccan na-ede uri na onye na-eme egwu, [[Fatema Chebchoub]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sas.upenn.edu/mec/events/2006/march/dahlia-ravikovitch-memorial-piano-poetry-and-song|title=Dahlia Ravikovitch: A Memorial in Piano, Poetry, and Song|author=Middle East Center, University of Pennsylvania|date=March 21, 2006|accessdate=April 24, 2019|archivedate=April 25, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425003736/https://www.sas.upenn.edu/mec/events/2006/march/dahlia-ravikovitch-memorial-piano-poetry-and-song}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime uri Ravikovitch ghọrọ abụ a ma ama. A sụgharịrị uri ya n'asụsụ iri abụọ na atọ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} okijfstopds915aubcv8wl0bp1od1bj 0 23797 631905 538635 2026-05-04T14:15:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Becky Ngozi Okorie''' bụ onye Naijirịa na-eme ihe nkiri. A maara ya nke ọma dị ka onye isi maka ihe nkiri egwu nke 1996 ''Karishika'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/life/7-classic-nollywood-movies-to-binge-watch-this-weekend/|title=7 CLASSIC NOLLYWOOD MOVIES TO BINGE WATCH THIS WEEKEND|first=Oreoritse|author=Tariemi|date=20 January 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=20 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/classics-30-unforgettable-nollywood-home-videos-you-should-watch/l554mlf|title=30 unforgettable Nollywood home videos you should watch|first=Ayomide|author=O. Tayo|date=25 July 2018|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=20 March 2022|archivedate=23 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023222521/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/classics-30-unforgettable-nollywood-home-videos-you-should-watch/l554mlf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTVlKirJmGgC|title=Global Nollywood: The Transnational Dimensions of an African Video Film Industry|first=Matthias|author=Krings|date=27 May 2013|pages=382|journal=African Expressive Cultures}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|nm9751159|Becky Ngozi Okorie}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Okorie, Becky}} ncl7p2jtfulxme2oh5o2m0856jydkcu 0 26727 631908 539248 2026-05-04T15:53:10Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Chilean_purse_seine.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Jack mackerel nke [[Chile|onye]] na-ere akpa na Chile jidere]] [[Usòrò:Fishing_down_the_food_web.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Ịkụ azụ n'ụgbụ nri]] Ịkụbiga ókè bụ iwepụ ụdị azụ (ya bụ, [[Iku azu|ịkụ azụ]]) n'ime mmiri n"ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu karịa nke ụdị ahụ nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dịghachi mma (i.e. iji oke azụ azụ dị ugbu a), na-eme ka ụdị ndị ahụ na mpaghara ahụ ghara [[Iba|ịba]] ụba na ya. Ịkụbiga azụ ókè nwere ike ime na mmiri ọ bụla, dị ka ọdọ mmiri, ala mmiri dị, osimiri, ọdọ Mmiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri. Ịnọgide na-egbubiga azụ ókè nwere ike iduga na nkwụsịtụ dị egwu, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ anaghịzi enwe ike ịkwado onwe ya. Ụdị ụfọdụ nke igbubiga azụ ókè, dị ka igbu oke azụ nke sharks, emeela ka nsogbu nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070329-sharks-shellfish.html|title=Shark Declines Threaten Shellfish Stocks, Study Says|work=National Geographic News|first=Helen|author=Scales|date=29 March 2007|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> Ụdị igbubiga azụ ókè gụnyere: igbu azụ gabigara ókè, igbu ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, ịkụ azụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikike nke ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ ịgbake site n'ịkụbiga ihe ókè na-adabere ma ikike ibu ya n'ozuzu ya na ọnọdụ dịgasị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi dabara adaba maka mgbake. Mgbanwe dị egwu na nhazi ụdị dị iche iche nwere ike ibute mgbanwe n'usoro gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ike nha nha ọzọ na-agụnye ụdị ụdị dị iche iche na nke dịbu tupu ebibie azụ azụ mbụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na azụrụ trout karịrị akarị, carp nwere ike iji mgbanwe dị na nha nha nhata wee weghara n'ụzọ na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume maka trout ịmaliteghachi ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ. Kemgbe uto nke ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ka afọ ndị 1950 gasịrị, ịkụ azụ kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ agbasala site na mpaghara ole na ole gbadoro anya ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ịkụ azụ niile. Ntucha nke ala oké osimiri na ịdọrọ ala na-emebi coral, sponges na ụdị benthic ndị ọzọ na-eto nwayọ nwayọ nke na-adịghị agbake ngwa ngwa, nke na-enye ebe obibi maka ụdị ịkụ azụ ahịa. Mbibi a na-agbanwe ọrụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma nwee ike ịgbanwe ihe mejupụtara ụdịdị na ụdị dị iche iche nke ụdị ndụ ahụ kpamkpam. Bycatch, njide nkwekọrịta nke ụdị ndị a na-atụghị anya ya n'oge a na-akụ azụ, na-alaghachikarị n'oké osimiri naanị ka ọ nwụọ site na mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ikpughe. Bycatch na-anọchi anya ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke azụta mmiri niile. N'ihe gbasara njide shrimp, ihe a na-ahụ anya dị okpukpu ise karịa oporo ejidere. Akụkọ sitere na FAO na 2020 kwuru na "n'afọ 2017, pasent ịrị atọ na anọ nke azụ azụ nke oke azụ n'ụwa niile bụ ndị e kewara dị ka ndị na-egbubiga azụ ókè". Nhọrọ nke ibelata gụnyere: Nchịkwa gọọmentị, iwepụ enyemaka, ibewanye mmetụta ịkụ azụ, aquaculture na mmata ndị ahịa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/ca9229en|title=The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020|date=2020|publisher=FAO|isbn=978-92-5-132692-3|language=en|doi=10.4060/ca9229en}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ == [[Usòrò:Overfishing_(5456651935).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ọchịchịrị gbara ọchịchịa pụtara obere igbubiga azụ ókè, ọchịcha dị mfe pụtara igbu azụ karịa. Ntinye nke EPI sitere na 1 – 7; 7= ọkwa kachasị elu nke igbubiga azụ.]] Ịkụ azụ gabigara ókè ewepụla ọtụtụ azụmaahịa gburugburu ụwa. [[Food and Agriculture Organization|Òtù Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo]] nke [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Otu United Nations]] mere atụmatụ na akụkọ 2018 na 33.1% nke azụ dị n"ụwa niile na-egbubiga azụ ókè.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fao.org/state-of-fisheries-aquaculture/en/|title=SOFIA 2018 - State of Fisheries and Aquaculture in the world 2018|author=fao.org|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=9 November 2018|language=en-EN}}</ref> A hụla oke igbu azụ n'oge tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Karịsịa, igbubiga azụ ókè n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Atlantic Ocean site n"ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke ndị Europe na-achị Amerịka edepụtara nke ọma.<ref name="Bolster 2012">{{Cite book|author=Bolster|first=W. Jeffery|title=The Mortal Sea: Fishing the Atlantic in the Age of Sail|publisher=Belknap Press|date=2012|isbn=978-0-674-04765-5}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ebuka azụ dị n'ime ọkwa dị elu egosila usoro na-ebelata, site na 90% na 1974 ruo 66.9% na 2015. N'ụzọ dị iche, pasenti nke ebuka azụrụ n'ọkwa na-adịghị adịgide adịgide mụbara site na 10% na 1974 ruo 33.1% na 2015, yana mmụba kachasị ukwuu na ngwụcha-1970 na 1980s. [[Usòrò:Global_trends_in_the_state_of_the_world’s_marine_fish_stocks.svg|thumb|Omume zuru ụwa ọnụ na ọnọdụ nke azụ mmiri nke ụwa, site na FAO's Statistical Yearbook 2020<ref name="auto" />]] N'afọ 2015, oke azụ na-adịgide adịgide (nke a na'oge gara aga na azụ zuru oke) mejupụtara 59.9% na oke na 7% nke ngụkọta nke ngwaahịa a nyochara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://www.fao.org/3/ca0191en/ca0191en.pdf|title=In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018|publisher=FAO|year=2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị a na-egbuteghị azụ nọgidere na ibelata site na 1974 ruo 2015, ọnụ ahịa ndị e gburu n'ụzọ na'ihu na njedebe belatara site n"afọ 1974 gaa n " 1989, wee mụbaa ruo 59.9% na 2015.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2015, n'etiti mpaghara iri na isii dị mkpa, Mediterenian na Oké Osimiri Ojii nwere pasent kachasị elu (62.2%) nke ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị adịgide adịpụ, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Pacific]] 61.5% na Southwest [[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Atlantic]] 58.8% sochiri. N'ụzọ dị iche, Eastern Central Pacific, Northeast Pacific (Area 67), Northwest Pacific ("A Area 61"), Western Central Pacífico na Southwest Pacífic nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị ala (13 ruo 17%) nke azụ dị na ọkwa ndị a na-apụghị ịnagide.<ref name=":0"/> Daniel Pauly, onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ na mmetụta mmadụ na ịkụ azụ̀ zuru ụwa ọnụ, kwuru, sị:  Ọ dị ka à ga-asị na anyị na-eji ndị agha anyị alụso anụmanụ ndị nọ n’oké osimiri ọgụ. Anyị ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emeri agha a iji kpochapụ ha. Na ịhụ mbibi a na-eme, n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla - n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya - nke ahụ bụ ihe na-akụda mmụọ. N'ụzọ dị ịtụnanya, mmetụta ndị a niile na-agbanwe agbanwe, anụmanụ niile na-apụ n'anya ga-apụta ọzọ, ụmụ anụmanụ niile dị obere ga-etolite, mmekọrịta niile ị na-ahụghị ọzọ ga-emeghachi onwe ha, na usoro ahụ ga-amaliteghachi. iputa. Dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development si kwuo, "Ịkụ azụ enweghị ike ịga n'ihu, mbelata nke ịkụ azụ na-eweta nnukwu egwu nye nri nke ọtụtụ nde mmadụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|title=Johannesburg Summit &#124; Realidad social y desarrollo|url=http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/whats_new/otherstories_fishing_2808.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060528130111/http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/whats_new/otherstories_fishing_2808.htm|archivedate=2006-05-28|accessdate=2008-02-04}}</ref> Ịkụ azụ n'ime eriri nri bụ ihe na-eme mgbe ị na'elu azụ. Ozugbo e jidere azụ niile buru ibu, onye ọkụ azụ ga-amalite igbu azụ ndị pere mpe, nke gafere na azụ dị mkpa ka e jide iji mezuo ọchịchọ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-07-18|title=Fishing Down through the Food Web|work=American Fisheries Society|url=https://fisheries.org/2015/07/fishing-down-through-the-food-web/|accessdate=2018-04-02}}</ref> Nke a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ, yana ụdị dị iche iche nke ụdị ahụ, na'ime ka ha nwee ike ibute ọrịa, ma ghara ime mgbanwe na nrụgide ha na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sonsthagen|first=Sarah A.|date=2017|title=Genetic implications of bottleneck effects of differing severities on genetic diversity in naturally recovering populations: An example from Hawaiian coot and Hawaiian gallinule|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=23|pages=9925–9934|doi=10.1002/ece3.3530|issn=2045-7758|pmid=29238526}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ijide obere azụ na-eduga n'ịzụlite obere ụmụ, nke nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu maka azụ. N'ọtụtụ ụdị, ka obere nwanyị, otú obere ọ na-amị mkpụrụ, na'emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Beldade|first=R.|date=2012|title=Larger female fish contribute disproportionately more to self-replenishment|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=279|issue=1736|pages=2116–2121|doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.2433|pmid=22279163}}</ref> == Ụdị == Enwere ụdị ịkụ azụ n'ụbiga mmanya ókè atọ amaara ama: oke ịkụ azụ̀ na-eto eto, iwepụta ịkụ azụ̀ karịrị akarị, na imebiga ihe ókè gburugburu ebe obibi. === Ịkụbiga azụ ókè === [[Usòrò:Overfishing_threats_to_coral_reefs.png|thumb| Ịkụ azụ gabigara ókè nwere ike imebi ụdị reef dị mkpa ma mebie ebe obibi coral. Azụ coral reef bụ ihe oriri dị mkpa maka ihe karịrị otu ijeri mmadụ n'ụwa niile.<ref>[https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/coral-overfishing.html How does overfishing threaten coral reefs?] ''NOAA: National Ocean Service''. Updated: 4 February 2020.</ref>]] Uto igbubiga azụ ókè na-eme mgbe a na'iwepụta azụ na nkezi nke dị obere karịa nha nke ga-emepụta ihe kachasị elu maka onye ọ bụla. Onye a na-akpọbata bụ onye na'ime ya nke na ya tozuru oke, ma ọ bụ n'etiti oke akọwapụtara site na ịkụ azụ, nke a bụ ogo maọbụ afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 December 2009|title=Fish recruitment|url=http://scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marine-environment/ecosystems/population/recruitment|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301040110/http://scotland.gov.uk/Topics/marine/marine-environment/ecosystems/population/recruitment|archivedate=1 March 2014|accessdate=16 October 2013|publisher=The Scottish Government}}</ref> Nke a na-eme ka ngụkọta nke mkpụrụ dị ala karịa ka ọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụrụ azụ ahụ ka ha too ruo n'ókè kwesịrị ekwesị. Enwere ike igbochi ya site n'ibelata ọnwụ ịkụ azụ ruo n"ókè dị ala ma mụbaa nkezi nke azụ a na-ewepụta ruo na nha nke ga-enye ohere maka onye ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Growth overfishing|url=http://lobsterconservation.com/growthoverfishing/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080956/http://www.lobsterconservation.com/growthoverfishing/|archivedate=25 April 2012|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> === Ịkụbiga azụ ndị megoro okenye === Ịkụbiga azụ ókè na-eme mgbe ndị toro eto (ihe ndị na'ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ) na - agwụla ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na na Ịbawanye ihe ndị na-eme ka ihe dị ndụ ruo n'ókè a chọrọ bụ ụzọ ndị njikwa si eme iji weghachite ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na'ụzọ gabigara ókè na ọkwa na ya. A na-eme nke a n'ozuzu ya site na itinye oge, oke, na oke oke dị ala na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ. === Ịkụbiga azụ na gburugburu ebe obibi === Ịkụbiga ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme mgbe nguzozi nke gburugburu ebe obibi gbanwere site n'ịkụbiga ihe ókè. N'ịdalata n'ụba nke ụdị anụ ọhịa buru ibu, ụbara ụdị nri nri na-abawanye na-eme ka ngbanwe nke gburugburu ebe obibi gaa n'ụdị azụ dị nta. == Ihe atụ na ihe akaebe maka igbubiga azụ ókè == Ihe atụ nke igbubiga azụ ókè dị n'ebe ndị dị ka North Sea, Grand Banks nke Newfoundland na East China Sea.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-08/16/content_363493.htm|title=Pollution, overfishing destroy East China Sea fishery|editor=Lu Hui|work=[[Xinhua]] on GOV.cn|date=16 August 2006|accessdate=1 May 2012|archivedate=24 February 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224105748/http://www.gov.cn/english/2006-08/16/content_363493.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/green/2020/09/10/eu-must-end-overfishing-to-protect-our-oceans-say-scientists|title=EU must end overfishing to protect our oceans, say scientists|first=Rosie|author=Frost|date=September 10, 2020|work=euronews}}</ref> N'ebe ndị a, igbubiga azụ ókè egosila na ọ bụ ọdachi nye azụ, kamakwa nye ndị na-egbu azụ na ihe ubi. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-ewepụta ihe dị ka ọhịa na ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ nwere ike inwe mmekọrịta akụ na ụba n'etiti onye nwe ya ma ọ bụ nlekọta ya na nkwado, nke a makwaara dị hi ọdachi nke ndị nkịtị. [[Usòrò:Overfished_US_stocks_2015.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Akụrụngwa US karịrị akarị, 2015]] * Ndị obodo ahụ ejidewo tuna n'elu Adriatic kemgbe ọtụtụ narị afọ. Ịbawanye azụ gbochiri nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ nke obere tunny ịkwaga na Gulf of Trieste. Ndị ọkụ azụ nke Santa Croce, Contovello na Barcola jidere tuna ikpeazụ na 1954.<ref>Andrea Di Matteo "Santa Croce, 1954: ultima grande pescata di tonni", Il Piccolo, 23. August 2014.</ref> * Azụmaahịa anchovy ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Peruvian dara n"afọ ndị 1970 mgbe a gbasịrị oke azụ na oge El Niño nke mere ka anchovies ghara ịdị na mmiri ya.<ref name="peru">{{Cite web|url=http://www.american.edu/TED/anchovy.htm|title=Peruvian Anchovy Case: Anchovy Depletion and Trade|work=Trade and Environment Database|year=1999|accessdate=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Foreign Assistance Legislation for Fiscal Year 1982|year=1981}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/peru/55.htm|title=Peru - Fishing|work=Federal Research Division of the U.S. Library of Congress|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> Anchovies bụ isi ihe okike na [[Peru]]; n'ezie, 1971 naanị wepụtara nde 10.2 nke anchovias. Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ, ụgbọ mmiri Peruvian na-ejide naanị ihe dị ka nde tọn anọ.<ref name="peru" /> Nke a bụ nnukwu mfu maka akụ na ụba Peru. * Nkwada nke azụ azụ Atlantic n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ na Newfoundland, na mkpebi nke 1992 nke [[Kánada|Canada]] iji tinye oge a na-akparaghị ókè na Grand Banks, bụ ihe atụ dị egwu nke nsonaazụ nke igbubiga azụ ókè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kunzig|first=R|url=http://discovermagazine.com/1995/apr/twilightofthecod489|title=Twilight of the Cod|journal=[[Discover (magazine)|Discover]]|date=April 1995|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> * Nanị ịkụ azụ dị n'Oké Osimiri Irish, n"ebe ọdịda anyanwụ English Channel, na ebe ndị ọzọ aghọwo igbubiga azụ ókè ruo nʼókè nke ọdịdoro, dị ka atụmatụ ọrụ Biodiversity Action nke gọọmentị UK si kwuo. [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] emeela ihe dị iche iche na atụmatụ a iji gbalịa iweghachi ịkụ azụ, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na-agbasawanye n'ụwa niile na ọchịchọ na ụba maka azụ eruola ebe ọchịchọ maka nri na'ihe ize ndụ nke ịkụ azụ̀ ndị a, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ndụ ụdị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fishing|first=Costa Rica Experts|title=Fishing Costa Rica|url=https://www.costaricafishingexperts.com/}}</ref> * Ọtụtụ azụ miri emi dị n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka oroma na sablefish. Oké osimiri miri emi fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gbaa ọchịchịrị kpamkpam, ọ fọrọ obere ka oyi, ma nwee obere nri. Azụ ndị dị n'oké osimiri na-eto nwayọọ nwayọọ n"ihi obere nri, nwere metabolizms dị nwayọ, ọnụego ọmụmụ dị ala, ọtụtụ anaghị eru ntozu oke maka afọ 30 ruo 40. Otu ihe na-acha oroma siri ike na ụlọ ahịa ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 50. Ọtụtụ azụ miri emi dị na mmiri mba ụwa, ebe enweghị nchebe iwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime azụ ndị a na-ejide ndị na'oké osimiri n"akụkụ ugwu mmiri, ebe ha na -ezukọta maka nri. Flash freezing na-enye ndị na'ụgbọ mmiri ohere ịrụ ọrụ ọtụtụ ụbọchị n'otu oge, ndị hụrụ azụ n"oge a na ndị ọkụ azụ na ha na - na azụ ahụ n "ụzọ dị mfe".<ref>{{Cite web|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]|author=Floyd|first=Mark|year=2007|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-02/osu-ldf021307.php|title=Long-lived deep-sea fishes imperilled by technology, overfishing|accessdate=1 May 2012|archivedate=23 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423105548/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-02/osu-ldf021307.php}}</ref> * Blue walleye ghọrọ ihe na-adịghịzi adị na Great Lakes na 1980s. Ruo n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, walleye bụ azụ bara uru n"ahịa, ihe dị ka ọkara nde tọn na-ada nʼoge site n "ihe dị na 1880 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1950, mgbe ndị mmadụ dara, o doro anya na site na njikọta nke igbubiga azụ ókè, eutrophication nke mmadụ, na asọmpi na ntinye ụzarị ụyọkọ. * The World Wide Fund for Nature na Zoological Society of [[London]] jikọrọ aka wepụta "Living Blue Planet Report" ha na 16 Septemba 2015 nke na-ekwu na e nwere ọdịda dị egwu nke 74% na ngwaahịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke azụ scombridae dị mkpa dị ka mackerel, tuna na bonitos n'etiti 1970 na 2010, yana "ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru oke nke anụ na'ụwa niile, nnụnụ, anụ ndị na na mmiri na azụ dara site na ọkara na nkezi naanị afọ 40". * Ịkụbiga azụ ókè nke Pacific bluefin tuna nọ n'ihe ize ndụ emeela ka ole na ole ka na-ere maka ọnụahịa mbara igwe. Na Jenụwarị 2019, a na-ere 278 kilogram (612 pound) tuna maka 333.6 nde yen, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị US $ 3 nde, US$ 4,900 kwa pound. Ndị ọkụ azụ, n'ihi uru dị elu nke azụ ahụ, na-eji usoro pụrụ iche ejide ha, hapụ ndị bi na ya n"ọnụ ọdịda.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Specia|first=Megan|title=Japan's 'King of Tuna' Pays Record $3 Million for Bluefin at New Tokyo Fish Market|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/world/asia/record-tuna-price-japan.html|accessdate=19 December 2019|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 January 2019}}</ref> * Sharks na rays: Ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke sharks and rayes ejirila pasent 71 belata kemgbe 1970, n'ihi mmụba okpukpu iri na asatọ na nrụgide ịkụ azụ. N'ihi ya, ụzọ atọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ụdị ndị mejupụtara otu a nọ n"ihe ize ndụ nke mkpochapụ ugbu a.<ref name="Pacoureau">{{Cite journal|author=Pacoureau|first=Nathan|date=January 2021|title=Half a century of global decline in oceanic sharks and rays|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-03173-9|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=589|issue=7843|pages=567–571|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-03173-9|pmid=33505035|issn=1476-4687}}</ref> * Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2003 chọpụtara na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa 1950, ọ bụ naanị ihe fọdụrụ (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dị ka 10%) n"ime nnukwu azụ niile dị n-oké osimiri ka a hapụrụ nʼoké Osimiri. Nnukwu azụ ndị a dị n'oké osimiri bụ ụdị dị na n"elu usoro nri (dịka, tuna, cod, nʼetiti ndị ọzọ). A katọrọ isiokwu a dị ka nke nwere ntụpọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ arụmụka ka dị na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị azụ ugbu a na-ewere nsonaazụ ndị ahụ na ọ baghị uru n"ihe gbasara nnukwu pelagics (oké osimiri mepere emepe).<ref>[http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/PFRP/large_pelagics/large_pelagic_predators.html ''Changes in the Biomass of Large Pelagic Predators''] – Pelagic Fisheries Research Program</ref> === Na njikwa === Ọtụtụ mba na-achịkwa azụ azụ ha n'ụzọ dị irè ugbu a. Ihe atụ gụnyere [[Iceland]] na [[New Zealand]].<ref name="gaiavince">{{Cite news|url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120920-are-we-running-out-of-fish|title=BBC - Future - How the world's oceans could be running out of fish|author=Gaia Vince|work=BBC}}</ref> [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] agbanweela ọtụtụ n'ime azụmaahịa ya site n"ịbụ nke na-agwụ ike.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/03/130326-fish-stocks-rebound-fisheries-management/|title=Once Decimated U.S. Fish Stocks Enjoy Big Bounce Back|work=National Ggeographic|date=26 March 2013}}</ref> == Nsonaazụ ya == [[Usòrò:Surexploitation_morue_surpêcheEn.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|A na-egbute oke azụ Atlantic cod n'afọ ndị 1970 na 1980, na ọ kpatara ọdịda mberede ha na 1992.]] Dị ka akụkọ UN nke afọ 2008 si kwuo, ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke ụwa na-efunahụ ijeri US $ 50 kwa afọ n'ihi nkwụsịtụ na nlekọta azụmaahịa na nke ọma. Akụkọ ahụ, nke [[World Bank|ụlọ]] akụ ụwa na UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) jikọrọ aka mepụta, na-ekwusi ike na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke ụwa nwere ike ịhapụ n'enweghị mgbanwe ọ bụla na ijide. Na mgbakwunye, a hapụrụ biomass nke azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ka ọ gbadaa ruo n'ókè ebe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ijide oke azụ enwere ike ijidesi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7660011.stm|title=Fisheries waste costs billions|work=BBC News|author=Black|first=Richard|date=8 October 2008|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> A na-ejikọta mmụba nke [[Skistosomiasis|schistosomiasis]] n'Africa na mbelata nke ụdị azụ na'anya snails na ya na nje na na -akpata ọrịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1201_051201_overfishing.html|title=Overfishing Is Emptying World's Rivers, Lakes, Experts Warn|first=James|author=Owen|work=National Geographic News|accessdate=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nnukwu mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ jellyfish na-eyi azụ egwu, ka ha na azụ na'asọ mpi maka nri, na na nsí ma ọ bụ azụ swarm, ma nwee ike ịdị ndụ na gburugburu ebe ikuku oxygen na azụ̀ na ọ gaghị enwe ike; ha nwere ike imebi azụ ahịa. Ịkụbiga azụ ókè na-ewepụ nnukwu onye na'asọmpi jellyfish na onye oriri, na na -eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ jells na ibe ya ka njọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richardson|first=Anthony J.|date=1 June 2009|title=The jellyfish joyride: causes, consequences and management responses to a more gelatinous future|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=312–322|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.01.010|pmid=19324452}}</ref> A chọpụtala na mgbanwe ihu igwe na nhazi nke gburugburu ebe obibi bụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ jellyfish na Oké Osimiri Irish na 1990s.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lynam|first=C. P.|date=1 February 2011|title=Have jellyfish in the Irish Sea benefited from climate change and overfishing?|journal=Global Change Biology|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=767–782|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02352.x|issn=1365-2486}}</ref> Dabere na 2019 Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services nke Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on bipụtara na Biadiversidad and ecossystem Services, igbubiga azụ ókè bụ isi ihe na-akpata nnukwu mkpochapụ n'oké osimiri ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/aaf1091c5aae40b0a110daaf04950672|title=UN report: Humans accelerating extinction of other species|author=Borenstein|first=Seth|date=6 May 2019|work=AP News|accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref> Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2021 na akwụkwọ akụkọ Nature kwusiri ike na "isi ihe kpatara" mmebi nke oké osimiri bụ igbubiga azụ ókè.<ref name="Pacoureau"/> Nnyocha ndị ọzọ egosila na igbubiga azụ ókè belatara oke azụ na anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara site na 60% kemgbe afọ 1800, ma ugbu a na'ịkụ ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke sharks na rays ka ha kpochapụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hatton|first=Ian A.|date=2021|title=The global ocean size spectrum from bacteria to whales|url=|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=7|issue=46|pages=eabh3732|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abh3732|pmid=34757796}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dulvy|first=Nicholas K.|date=2021|title=Overfishing drives over one-third of all sharks and rays toward a global extinction crisis|url=|journal=[[Current Biology]]|volume=31|issue=21|pages=4773–4787|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.062|pmid=34492229}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ ndị a na-anabata == Echiche nke igbubiga azụ ókè na-adabere n'ihe "ọkwa a na'anya" nke ịkụ azụ pụtara. Okwu ndị ọzọ doro anya nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na bioeconomic na-akọwa ọkwa a na ya dị ka ndị a: * '''Ịkụbiga azụ ókè''' na-eme mgbe ọnwụ ịkụ azụ eruola ọkwa ebe anụmanụ nwere uto dị njọ (ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke uto biomass), dịka mpaghara uhie dị na onyinyo ahụ gosipụtara. (A na-ewepụ azụ̀ n'ime mmiri ngwa ngwa nke na ịba ụba nke anụmanụ site n"ịmụ nwa na'ebelata. Ọ bụrụ na ngwongwo ahụ na-aga n'ihu na'ebelata ruo ogologo oge, ngụkọta ga-agbanwe ma ọnụ ọgụgụ ga na -ebelatara.)<ref name="Tropical Fisheries Management">{{Cite journal|author=Pauly|first=D.|title=On development, fisheries and dynamite: a brief review of tropical fisheries management|journal=Natural Resource Modeling|year=1989|volume=3|issue=3|pages=307–329|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/researcher/dpauly/PDF/1989/JournalArticles/OnDevelopmentFisheriesDynamite.pdf|accessdate=15 October 2013|doi=10.1111/j.1939-7445.1989.tb00084.x}}</ref> * Ịkụ azụ gabigara oke akụ na ụba ma ọ bụ bioeconomic na-atụle ọnụahịa nke ịkụ azụ mgbe ị na'ịchọpụta ihe ndị a na ya ga-anabata. N'okpuru usoro a, a na-ewere ịkụ azụ dị ka igbubiga azụ ókè mgbe e jidere ihe karịrị oke akụ na ụba ebe ego a gbazitere dị na ya. A na-ewepụ azụ n'ọrụ ịkụ azụ ngwa ngwa nke na uru nke ịkụ azụ̀ adịghị mma. Nkọwa siri ike nke oke azụ na-atụle uru dị ugbu a nke '''ịkụ azụ''' site na iji ọnụego ego dị mkpa iji bulie ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ego mgbazinye ihe onwunwe karịa niile a ga-egbu n'ọdịnihu. [[Usòrò:Harvest_Control_Rule_graph.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|300x300px|Nkwekọrịta agba Traffic Light, na-egosi echiche nke Iwu Nchịkwa Owuwe Ihe ubi (HCR), na'ịkọwapụta mgbe atụmatụ iwughachi dị mkpa n'ihe gbasara nchebe na njedebe nke ebe ntụle maka spawning biomass na ọnwụ ịkụ azụ.]] === Iwu nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi === Ihe nlereanya a tụrụ aro na 2010 maka ịkọ ọkwa dị mma nke igbu azụ bụ Iwu Nchịkwa Owuwe Ihe ubi (HCR), nke bụ usoro ngwaọrụ na usoro nchịkwa nke njikwa nwere ụfọdụ njirimara nke ọnụego owuwe ihe ubi na atụmatụ n'ihe metụtara ịkọ ọdịnihu ọnọdụ ngwaahịa, na mmepụta kachasị ogologo oge.<ref name="HCR">{{Cite journal|author=Froese|first=Rainer|title=Generic harvest control rules for European fisheries|journal=Fish and Fisheries|date=1 September 2011|volume=12|issue=3|pages=340–351|doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00387.x|url=http://oceanrep.geomar.de/9888/2/Neues_Fischereimanagement_s...pdf}}</ref> Ịnọgide na-egbute na ọnwụ na igbu azụ bụ ụdị iwu abụọ dị mfe nke nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Coad|first=Brian W|year=2008|url=http://www.briancoad.com/Complete%20Dictionary%20latest%20version.htm|title=Dictionary of Ichthyology|accessdate=15 October 2013}}</ref> === Ntuziaka ntinye na mmepụta === Enwere ike ịkọwa ikike ịkụ azụ site na iji ntinye ma ọ bụ ntụziaka mmepụta. * A na-akọwa ikike ịkụ azụ na ntinye dị ka nnukwu ego dị na ịkụ azụ̀ nke a na'ụzọ zuru ezu na arụmọrụ kachasị elu n'oge a nyere, nyere akụ na ọnọdụ ahịa. * A na-akọwa ikike ịkụ azụ na mmepụta dị ka oke mmiri ụgbọ mmiri (ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịmepụta ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ntinye mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru ezu nyere biomass, ntinye a kwụsiri ike, usoro afọ nke azụ, na ọkwa teknụzụ dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0165-7836(02)00141-8|author=Vestergaard|first=N.|year=2003|title=Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries. The Case of the Danish Gillnet Fleet|journal=Fisheries Research|volume=60|issue=2–3|pages=357–68}}</ref> A na-eche na arụmọrụ teknụzụ nke ụgbọ mmiri ọ bụla dị mkpa iji nweta nnukwu nwude a. Ogo nke itinye n'ọrụ na-arụpụta site na ntụnyere n'ezie ọkwa nke mmepụta (ntinye) na ikike mmepụta (ntinye) nke ụgbọ mmiri ma ọ bụ ụgbọ mmiri. == Mbelata igbubiga azụ ókè == Iji zute nsogbu nke igbubiga azụ ókè, ewebatala usoro nchebe na Iwu Nchịkwa Owuwe Ihe ubi (HCR) na isi azụ gburugburu ụwa. Nkwekọrịta agba Traffic Light na-ewebata usoro iwu dabere na ụkpụrụ dị oke egwu akọwapụtara, nke enwere ike idozi ka a na'inweta ozi ndị ọzọ. [[Nkwekọrịta Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Iwu Oké Osimiri|Nkwekọrịta]] United Nations on the Law of the Sea na-ekwu maka akụkụ nke igbubiga azụ ókè na isiokwu 61, 62, na 65.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part5.htm|title=Text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Part V|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> * Nkeji edemede 61 na-achọ ka steeti niile dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri hụ na nlekọta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na mpaghara akụ na ụba ha pụrụ iche anaghị etinye onwe ha n"ihe ize ndụ site na [[Overexploitation|mmegbu gabigara ókè]]. Otu isiokwu ahụ na-ekwu maka mmezi ma ọ bụ iweghachi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdị dị iche iche n'elu ọkwa nke ọmụmụ ha nwere ike ịbụ ihe egwu. * Nkeji edemede 62 na-enye na steeti ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri: "ga-akwalite ebumnuche nke iji ihe ndị na'ihe onwunwe dị ndụ mee ihe n"ụzọ kachasị mma na mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nʼenweghị ajọ mbunobi na Nkezi edemedo 61". * Nkeji edemede 65 na-enye n'ozuzu ikike nke, tinyere, steeti ndị dị n"ụsọ oké osimiri iji machibido, belata, ma ọ bụ chịkwaa mmegbu nke anụ na'ime mmiri. Dị ka ụfọdụ ndị na-ekiri ihe na na ya si kwuo, enwere ike ile igbubiga azụ anya dị ka ihe atụ nke ọdachi nke ndị mmadụ n'obodo ahụ; ihe ngwọta kwesịrị ekwesị ga-akwalite [[Ikike inwe ihe|ikike ihe onwunwe]] site na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, privatization na ịkụ azụ. Daniel K. Benjamin, na Fisheries are Classic Example of the 'Tragedy of la Commons', kwuru na nyocha nke Grafton, Squires na Fox iji kwado echiche ahụ na privatization nwere ike idozi nsogbu igbubiga azụ: Dị ka nnyocha na-adịbeghị anya gbasara ''ịkụ azụ'' azụ na British Columbia halibut, ebe a na'ozuzu ya bụ nke onwe, uru dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba emeela. Enwere obere mmebi na azụ, ịkụ azụ dị nchebe karị, na obere ihe onwunwe dị mkpa iji nweta ihe ubi. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Benjamin|first=Daniel K|year=2001|url=http://perc.org/publications/percreports/march2001/tangents.php|title=Fisheries are Classic Example of the Tragedy of the Commons|journal=PERC Reports|volume=19}}</ref> Ihe ngwọta ọzọ nwere ike, ma ọ dịkarịa ala maka mpaghara ụfọdụ, bụ oke, na-egbochi ndị ọkụ azụ na oke azụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ ga-ekwe omume bụ ikwupụta mpaghara ụfọdụ nke oké osimiri "ebe a na-agaghị aga" ma mee ka ịkụ azụ n'ebe ahụ bụrụ ihe iwu na'akwadoghị, yabụ azụ ahụ nwere oge iji gbakee ma weghachite. Iji bulie ihe onwunwe ụfọdụ mba, dịka Bangladesh na Thailand, emeela ka nnweta nke ọrụ atụmatụ ezinụlọ dịkwuo mma. Obere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-esi na ya apụta nwere mbelata gburugburu ebe obibi na mbeba nri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/what-do-fishing-and-family-planning-have-in-common/a-36826151|title=What do fishing and family planning have in common?|date=20 December 2016|work=Deutsche Welle|language=en-GB|accessdate=28 January 2019}}</ref> Ịchịkwa omume na ọchịchọ ndị ahịa dị oke mkpa n'ibelata omume. N'ụwa niile, ọtụtụ atụmatụ pụtara iji nye ndị na-azụ ahịa ozi gbasara [[ọnọdụ nchekwa]] nke nri mmiri ha nwere. "Guide to Good Fish Guides" depụtara ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guide to Good Fish Guides|url=http://overfishing.org/pages/guide_to_good_fish.php|work=Overfishing|accessdate=19 December 2019}}</ref> === Iwu gọọmentị === Enwere ọtụtụ usoro nchịkwa maka ịchịkwa igbubiga azụ ókè. Nzọụkwụ ndị a gụnyere oke igbu azụ, oke akpa, ikikere, oge mechiri emechi, njedebe nha na ịmepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri na ebe ndị ọzọ a na-echebe mmiri. Ihe nlereanya nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti azụ na ndị ọkụ azụ gosipụtara na mgbe a na-emechi mpaghara maka ndị na'egbu azụ, mana enweghị iwu ijide azụ dị ka oke a ga-ebufe n"otu nʼotu, a naghị amụba ijupụta azụ nwa oge mana a belatara biomass azụ n-ebelata, na a chọrọ nsonaazụ dị iche site na nke achọrọ maka ịkụ azụ. Ya mere, ịkwaga ụgbọ mmiri site n'otu obodo gaa na nke ọzọ ga-enwekarị mmetụta dị nta ma ọ bụrụ na a na-ewere otu quota ahụ. N'ihi ya, usoro nchịkwa dị ka mmechi nwa oge ma ọ bụ iguzobe ebe nchekwa mmiri nke ebe ịkụ azụ adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe ejikọtaghị ya na oke ịkụ azụ̀. Nsogbu dị n'ime ya na oke bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ dịgasị iche site n"afọ ruo n "afọ". Nnyocha achọpụtala na ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ na-arị elu nke ukwuu mgbe afọ oké ifufe gasịrị n'ihi ihe oriri ndị ọzọ na'elu ala ma si otú a na ya mepụta ihe dị ukwuu. Iji gbuo azụ n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide, ọ dị mkpa ịgbanwe oke kwa afọ iji kọwaa ọnụ ọgụgụ azụ. Quota ndị a na-ebufe n'otu n"otu (ITQs) bụ ngwá ọrụ ndị na'ịkụ azụ akọwapụtara nʼokpuru Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act dị ka ikike ịnweta oke azụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ịkụ azụ na'ụlọ ikpebi oke azụ (ngụkọta a na ya) ka a ga-ewepụta n'otu azụ. Mkpebi ahụ na-atụle ikike ibu, ọnụego mmelite na ụkpụrụ ọdịnihu. N'okpuru ITQs, a na-enye ndị otu azụmaahịa ikike maka pasentị nke ngụkọta nke a ga-enweta kwa afọ. Enwere ike igbu azụ, zụta, ree, ma ọ bụ gbazite oke ndị a na-enye ohere iji ụgbọ mmiri ndị dị ọnụ ala. A na-eji ITQs eme ihe na [[New Zealand]], [[Ostraliya|Australia]], [[Iceland]], [[Kánada|Canada]], na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]]. N'afọ 2008, nyocha buru ibu banyere ịkụ azụ nke jiri ITQs tụnyere ndị na-enyeghị ihe akaebe siri ike na ITCs nwere ike inye aka gbochie ọdịda ma weghachite ịkụ azụ̀ nke yiri ka ọ na'ebelata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/channel/earth/dn14762-guaranteed-fish-quotas-halt-commercial-freeforall.html|work=New Scientist|title=Guaranteed fish quotas halt commercial free-for-all|first=Debora|author=MacKenzie|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?source=hptextfeature&story_id=12253181|title=A Rising Tide: Scientists find proof that privatising fishing stocks can avert a disaster|work=[[The Economist]]|date=18 September 2008|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/s-nso091208.php|title=New study offers solution to global fisheries collapse|date=18 September 2008|work=Eureka alert|accessdate=1 May 2012|archivedate=15 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215062049/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-09/s-nso091208.php}}</ref> China machibidoro igbu azụ na South China Sea maka oge kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/09/content_11513280.htm|title=South China Sea fishing ban "indisputable": foreign ministry spokesman|work=Chinaview|editor=Zhang Xiang|date=9 June 2009|accessdate=1 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104143459/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-06/09/content_11513280.htm|archivedate=4 November 2012}}</ref> === Iwepụ enyemaka === N'ihi na gọọmentị nyere enyemaka ego nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ihe bara uru n'ụzọ akụ na ụba iji gbuo azụ karịa ọkwa dị mma, ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị akpọọla ka a kwụsị enyemaka azụ a kwụrụ maka ịkụ azụ miri emi. N'ime mmiri mba ụwa karịa mpaghara akụ na ụba 200 nke mba ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọtụtụ azụ anaghị achịkwa, na ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ na teknụzụ ọkaibe na'ebe dị omimi. N'ime awa ole na ole, nnukwu ụgbụ dị arọ ruo tọn 15, nke ndị na-adọkpụ n'ala, nwere ike ibibi coral ndị dị n"oké osimiri na ala sponge nke were ọtụtụ narị afọ ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ puku afọ iji too. Ndị na-egbute azụ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na oroma, grenadiers, ma ọ bụ sharks. Azụ ndị a na-adịkarị ogologo ndụ ma na'azụ oge, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha na -ewe ọtụtụ iri afọ, ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ iji gbakee.<ref name="AAAS 2007">{{Cite web|work=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science|AAAS]]|year=2007|url=http://www.mcbi.org/what/what_pdfs/LastWildHuntPR_FinalFeb14_2007.pdf?ID=150|title=The last wild hunt – Deep-sea fisheries scrape bottom of the sea|accessdate=1 May 2012}}</ref> Onye sayensị azụ Daniel Pauly na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba Ussif Rashid Sumaila enyochawo enyemaka a kwụrụ maka ụgbọ mmiri na ala gburugburu ụwa. Ha chọpụtara na a na-akwụ US $ 152 nde kwa afọ maka ịkụ azụ miri emi. Enweghị enyemaka ndị a, ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-arụ ọrụ na mfu nke US $ 50 nde kwa afọ. Ọtụtụ n'ime enyemaka a kwụrụ ndị na-egbute azụ n"oké osimiri bụ iji kwado nnukwu mmanụ achọrọ iji gaafe ókè nke kilomita 200 ma dọrọ ụgbụ dị arọ.<ref name="AAAS 2007"/><blockquote> "O doro anya na e nwere ụzọ ka mma maka gọọmentị iji mefu ego karịa site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ enyemaka maka ụgbọ mmiri na-ere ọkụ 1.1 ijeri lita mmanụ kwa afọ iji mee ka azụ ochie na'ebe ndị dị oke egwu na ha na ya na mberede, ka ha nọ na na usoro ahụ".<ref name="AAAS 2007"/> "Iwepụ enyemaka ego zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ndị a ghara ịdị irè n'ụzọ akụ na ụba ma belata nrụgide dị ukwuu na oke azụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị omimi".<ref name="AAAS 2007" /> </blockquote>A na-eduzi ihe karịrị ijeri euro ịrị atọ na enyemaka ọha na eze maka ịkụ azụ kwa afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/press/2019/10/global-trade-deal-needed-urgently-to-ban-subsidies-threatening-fish-stocks/|title=Global Trade Deal Needed Urgently to Ban Subsidies Threatening Fish Stocks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/agriculture/government-subsidies-overfishing/|title=Many government subsidies lead to overfishing. Here's a solution. - OECD}}</ref> === Mbelata mmetụta ịkụ azụ === Enwere ike ịgbanwe usoro ịkụ azụ iji belata ihe a na-ejide ma belatara mmetụta na ebe obibi mmiri. Usoro ndị a gụnyere iji ụdị ngwa dịgasị iche iche dabere na ụdị a na-achọ na Ụdị ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụgbụ nwere oghere buru ibu ga-eme ka azụ ndị na-adịchaghị ukwuu zere ijide ha. Ngwaọrụ na-ekpuchi mbe (TED) na'enye ohere ka mbe mmiri na megafauna ndị ọzọ gbapụ n'ụgbụgbọ mmiri. Izere igbu azụ n'ebe a na-amụ nwa nwere ike ikwe ka azụ ndị ọzọ wughachi site n"inye ndị okenye ohere ịmụ nwa. [[Usòrò:World_capture_fisheries_and_aquaculture_production_by_species_group.svg|thumb|Ịkụ azụ n'ụwa na mmepụta aquaculture site n"ìgwè ụdị, site na FAO's Statistical Yearbook 2020<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1329en|title=World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020|publisher=FAO|year=2020|isbn=978-92-5-133394-5|location=Rome|doi=10.4060/cb1329en}}</ref>]] === Ọzụzụ azụ === Aquaculture na-agụnye ịzụ azụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Usoro a na-eme ka azụ dị iche iche bụrụ nke onwe ma na'ịmepụta ihe mkpali maka ndị ọrụ ugbo iji chekwaa azụ ha. Ọ na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Otú ọ dị, ịkụ azụ na-eri anụ, dị ka salmon, anaghị ebelata nrụgide na azụ ọhịa mgbe niile, ebe ọ bụ na a na'azụkarị azụ ndị na -eri ahịhịa na mmanụ azụ a wepụtara na azụ̀ ọhịa. Ụdị dị iche iche nke salmon Pacific na salmon Atlantic dị mfe ịzụlite n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ọrụ aquacultural dị otú ahụ adịla ihe karịrị afọ 150. Nnukwu ntọhapụ nke salmon zụlitere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ iji gbakwunye ọsọ salmon ọhịa ga-emekarị ka nrụgide ịkụ azụ dị na ọsọ Salmon ọhịa nke na-adịchaghị. Aquaculture rụrụ obere ọrụ n'iwepụta ihe ndị dị n"oké osimiri ruo nʼafọ ndị 1970. Uto na aquaculture mụbara ngwa ngwa na 1990s mgbe ọnụego nke ijide ọhịa dị elu. Aquaculture ugbu a na-enye ihe dịka ọkara nke ihe niile dị n'ime mmiri. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmepụta mmiri na-aga n'ihu na'ịba ụba mgbe owuwe ihe ubi ọhịa na na - nọgidere na. Ịkpa azụ nwere ike ime ka usoro ọmụmụ niile nke azụ ahụ, ebe a na-azụ azụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. Azụ ụfọdụ na-esiri ike ịmụ nwa n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma nwee ike ijide ha n"ọhịa dị ka ụmụaka ma kpọbata ha na ụlọ mkpọrọ iji mee ka ha dịkwuo arọ. Site na ọganihu sayensị, a na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụdị dị iche iche na ya na ndị a dọtara n'agha. Nke a bụ ikpe nke Southern bluefin tuna, nke mbụ a zụlitere n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 2009. === Ịmata ndị ahịa === Ka ụmụ amaala ụwa na-aghọwanye ndị maara banyere igbubiga azụ na mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri, mmegharị ahụ amalitela iji gbaa ndị mmadụ ume ka ha ghara iri nri ọ bụla nke mmiri na ọ bụ naanị "ihe oriri mmiri dị mma".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Monbiot|first=George|title=Stop eating fish. It's the only way to save the life in our seas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/09/seas-stop-eating-fish-fishing-industry-government|accessdate=19 December 2019|work=The Guardian|date=9 May 2019|format=Opinion}}</ref> Nri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide bụ mmegharị nke nwetara ume ka ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na'ịmata banyere igbubiga azụ na usoro igbu azụ nke na na - na Nri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide bụ nri mmiri sitere na ebe a na'azụ azụ ma ọ bụ ebe ndị a zụrụ azụ nke nwere ike ịnọgide na maọbawanye mmepụta n'ọdịnihu n"enweghị itinye usoro okike nke e si nweta ya n-eyi egwu. N'ozuzu, azụ na-eto ngwa ngwa nke na'oge ndụ, dị ka oroma siri ike, nwere ike igbubiga azụ ókè. Ụdị nri mmiri ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma na'ịzụ ụmụ, dị ka anchorus na sardines, na na - na Ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), na Friend of the Sea, na-egosi na azụ azụ mmiri dị ka na'oge na -adịgide adịgide. Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri emepụtala ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịkụ azụ na-adịgide adịgide na nke a na'ụzọ dị mma. A na-akwụ ụgwọ nchịkwa na omume azụ na gburugburu ebe obibi site na iji akara gburugburu ụlọ ọrụ ya na'acha anụnụ anụcha. Ndị na-azụ ahịa na'echegbu onwe ha banyere igbubiga azụ na ihe ọ na na ya na - na: na Nke a na-enyere ndị na'azụ ahịa aka itinye aka n'ịgbanwe mbelata nke azụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị n"afọ 2012, a nyochala ihe karịrị 100 azụ azụ gburugburu ụwa ma kwado ya dị ka izute ụkpụrụ MSC. [http://www.msc.org/where-to-buy/ Ebe] ha ga-azụta na-edepụta nri mmiri a kwadoro ugbu a. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012, ihe karịrị 13,000 MSC-labelled ngwaahịa dị na mba 74 gburugburu ụwa. Fish & Kids bụ ọrụ MSC iji kụziere ụmụ akwụkwọ banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, gụnyere igbubiga azụ ókè. The Monterey Bay Aquarium's Seafood Watch Program, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ụlọ ọrụ na-enye asambodo dị ka MSC, na'enyekwa nduzi maka nkwado nke ụdị azụ ụfọdụ.<ref> {{Cite web|url=http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_faq.aspx|title=Monterey Bay Aquarium: Seafood Watch Program - Frequently Asked Questions|accessdate=1 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215052812/http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/SeafoodWatch/web/sfw_faq.aspx|archivedate=15 February 2009}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mmiri amalitela inye nhọrọ nri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Seafood Choices Alliance bụ òtù nke ndị otu ya gụnyere ndị isi nri na-enye nri mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seafoodchoices.com/home.php|title=Seafood Choices - Promoting Sustainable Seafood|work=seafoodchoices.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323015851/http://www.seafoodchoices.com/home.php|archivedate=23 March 2006}}</ref> Na US, Iwu Azụmaahịa Na-adịgide adịgide na-akọwa omume na'adịgidere site na ụkpụrụ mba. Ọ bụ ezie na enweghi ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-enye asambodo dị ka MSC, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration emeela [http://www.fishwatch.gov/ FishWatch] iji nyere aka iduzi ndị na'azụ ahịa na nhọrọ nri mmiri na ya. Na Septemba 2016, mmekọrịta nke [[Google]] na Oceana na Skytruth gosipụtara Global Fishing Watch, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ e mere iji nyere ụmụ amaala ụwa aka n'ịgbaso ọrụ ịkụ azụ.<ref>[http://www.digitaltrends.com/web/global-fishing-watch-google/ Google Launches Global Fishing Watch]—''[[Digital Trends]]'' (16 September 2016)</ref><ref>[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/andrew-sharpless/oceana-unveils-global-fis_b_12030462.html Oceana Unveils Global Fishing Watch]—''[[Huffington Post]]'' (15 September 2016)</ref><ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-16/illegal-fishing-watch-site-crowdsourced-solution-overfishing/7851064 Illegal fishing targeted by crowdsourcing thanks to new Global Fishing Watch website]—[[ABC News (Australia)|''ABC News'' (Australia)]] (15 September 2016)</ref> === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru ụwa ọnụ === Mba United Nations etinyela ịkụ azụ n'adịgịde adịgide na njedebe na-enye aka n'ịkụbiga azụ dị ka isi ebumnuche maka 2030 dịka akụkụ nke ebumnuche mmepe Sustainable Development 14 nke akpọrọ "Ndụ N'okpuru Mmiri"..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 14 targets|url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930060036/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-14-life-below-water/targets.html|archivedate=2020-09-30|accessdate=2020-09-24|work=UNDP|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe mgbochi maka njikwa dị irè == Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nwere nkwalite ego siri ike iji megide usoro ụfọdụ e mere iji melite nkwado nke azụ.<ref name="Bolster 2012"/> Ndị na-egbu azụ ntụrụndụ nwekwara mmasị n'ịnọgide na'ebe a na - enweta azụ. Nke a na-eduga na lobbying sara mbara nke nwere ike igbochi ma ọ bụ mebie iwu gọọmentị ezubere iji gbochie igbubiga azụ. N'èzí mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nke mba, ịkụ azụ siri ike ịchịkwa. Nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ n'oké osimiri nweere onwe ha iji mebie azụ dị iche iche n"ụzọ ọ bụla ha chọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Urbina|first=Ian|date=19 November 2020|title=Lawless Ocean: The Link Between Human Rights Abuses and Overfishing|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/lawless-ocean-the-link-between-human-rights-abuses-and-overfishing|work=Yale University, School of The Environment}}</ref> N'ime mmiri ndị bụ isiokwu nke esemokwu ala, mba nwere ike ịkwalite igbubiga azụ ókè. atụ a ma ama bụ agha cod ebe Britain jiri ụgbọ mmiri ya chebe ndị na-egbu azụ ya na mpaghara akụ na ụba pụrụ iche nke [[Iceland]]. Azụ na'oge na - agafe. Ọtụtụ ụdị ga-agafe n'enweghị ihe mgbochi site na ikike dị iche iche. Mgbalị nchedo nke otu mba nwere ike iji nke ọzọ mee ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị nwere ike ịmepụta iwu iji chịkwaa omume ndị mmadụ, ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị nwere ikike imebi nke a. Atụmatụ nke oke nke nnweta iwu na-akwadoghị dị site na nde tọn 11 ruo 26, nke na'anọchite anya 14-33% nke njide ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-2/fisheries/illegal-fishing/|title=Illegal fishing « World Ocean Review|work=worldoceanreview.com}}</ref> Ịkụ azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ụdị. Na mba ụfọdụ na-emepe emepe, ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ogbenye na'adabere n'ịkụ azụ. Ọ nwere ike isi ike ịchịkwa ụdị igbubiga azụ a, ọkachasị maka gọọmentị na-adịghị ike. Ọbụna na gburugburu ebe a na-achịkwa, igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na'akwadoghị nwere ike ime. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-achịkwa ịkụ azụ nke ọma, ndị na'ụgbọ azụ na ntụrụndụ nwere ike imebi iwu dịka oke akpa na mmechi oge. Onye ọkụ azụ nwekwara ike igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị site n"ime ihe ndị dị ka ịkọ akụkọ ole azụ ha jidere ma ọ bụ kọọ na ha gburu otu ụdị azụ mgbe ha na'ezie na ya na onye ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sumaila|first=U. R.|date=1 November 2006|title=Global scope and economics of illegal fishing|journal=Marine Policy|volume=30|issue=6|pages=696–703|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2005.11.001}}</ref> Enwekwara nnukwu nsogbu na nlekota nke ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Urbina|first=Ian|date=March 24, 2017|title=The Grekos: A Success Story in the Crackdown on Illegal Fishing|url=https://www.safinacenter.org/blog/the-grekos-a-success-story-in-the-crackdown-on-illegal-fishing|accessdate=|work=The Safina Center}}</ref> N'afọ 2001, UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), weputara International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IPOA-IUU). Nke a bụ nkwekọrịta nwere ebumnuche ịkwụsị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri steeti ka ha ghara ikwe ka ụgbọ ala ndị sonyere n'ịkụ azụ n"ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, na'akọghị ma ọ bụ na a na -achịkwaghị iwu. Ọ na-enyekwa nkọwa maka steeti ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na usoro dị irè nke nyocha na ịkọ akụkọ ịkụ azụ iwu na iwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1224e/y1224e00.htm|title=INTERNATIONAL PLAN OF ACTION TO PREVENT, DETER AND ELIMINATE ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING|work=www.fao.org|accessdate=17 November 2016|archivedate=1 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201145227/http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/y1224e/y1224e00.HTM}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị na'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta na ọrụ azụmahịa ego. Nsogbu ikike igbu azụ abụghị naanị na nchekwa nke azụ kamakwa na nkwado nke ọrụ ịkụ azụ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe kpatara nsogbu ịkụ azụ na usoro ikike ihe onwunwe nke akụ ịkụ azụ̀. Ịchụpụ ndị ọkụ azụ n'ụzọ gabigara ókè na ịgbazite ego na-ebilite n"ịkụ azụ na oghere dị ka egosiri na Gordon.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Gordon|first=H. S.|year=1953|title=An Economic Approach to the optimum utilization of Fishery Resources|journal=Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada|volume=10|issue=7|pages=442–57|doi=10.1139/f53-026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1086/257497|author=Gordon|first=H.S.|year=1954|title=The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=62|issue=2|pages=124–42}}</ref> N'ihe onwunwe na-emeghe dị ka azụ, na enweghị usoro dị iche iche dị na oke a na'otu n'ime, enweghị ike iwepu ndị ọzọ na - akpali ndị ọkụ azụ chọrọ ịbawanye ihe ha na ya n"ụzọ dị irè site na iwere òkè onye ọzọ, ime ka asọmpi sie ike. Ọdachi a nke ndị nkịtị na-akpali usoro capitalization nke na'eduga ha ịbawanye ụgwọ ha ruo mgbe ha hà ka ego ha na ya na ha nwetara, na na a na -ahapụ ụgwọ ụlọ ha kpamkpam. === Mmegide nke ndị ọkụ azụ === <blockquote> Enweghị nkwekọrịta mgbe niile n'etiti ndị ọkụ azụ na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gọọmentị... Chee echiche ebe a na-egbubiga azụ ókè n'oké osimiri n"ụdị ogige hockey nwere ụgbụ nʼakụkụ ọ bụla. Azụ ole na ole fọdụrụ n'ebe ahụ ga-ezukọta gburugburu ihe mgbaru ọsọ n"ihi na azụ̀ dị ka ebe obibi a haziri ahazi. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ga-enyocha ubi ahụ dum, mee ọtụtụ njem na-enweghị isi, ma kwubie na o nwere azụ ole na ole. Ndị ọkụ azụ ga-agbaso ihe mgbaru ọsọ, jide azụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu, ma kwuo na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị amaghị ihe ha na-ekwu maka ya. Mmetụta ndị ọkụ azụ na-enweta bụ mgbe niile na e nwere ọtụtụ azụ - n'ihi na ha na'ebe ndị ka nwere ha... ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na - azụ, na ''Onye sayensị azụ'' ''Daniel Pauly''<ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Fisherman Life|date=March 2008|url=http://www.seaaroundus.org/magazines/2008/FishermanLife_AnInterviewWithDanielPauly.pdf|title=An interview with Daniel Pauly|first=Margaret|author=Boyes|accessdate=2019-12-19}}</ref> </blockquote> == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya === * {{cite journal |last1=Costello |first1=Christopher |last2=Gaines |first2=Steven D |last3=Lynham |first3=John |year=2008 |url=http://fiesta.bren.ucsb.edu/~costello/research/CatchShares/ |title=Can Catch Shares Prevent Fisheries Collapse? |journal=Science |volume=321 |number=5896 |pages=1678–1681 |doi=10.1126/science.1159478 |access-date=1 May 2012 |pmid=18801999 |bibcode=2008Sci...321.1678C |s2cid=24879449 }} * {{cite book |chapter=11–12 |first=Mark |last=Kurlansky |year=1997 |title=Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World |location=New York |publisher=Walker |isbn=978-0-8027-1326-1 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/codbiographyof00kurl }} * {{cite journal |last1 = Moustakas |first1 = A |last2 = Silvert |first2 = W |last3 = Dimitromanolakis |first3 = A |year = 2006 |url = http://bill.silvert.org/pdf/ECOMOD_CA.pdf |title = A spatially explicit learning model of migratory fish and fishers for evaluating closed areas |journal = Ecological Modelling |volume = 192 |issue = 1–2 |pages = 245–258 |access-date = 1 May 2012 |doi = 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.07.007 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120301124709/http://bill.silvert.org/pdf/ECOMOD_CA.pdf |archive-date = 1 March 2012 }} * {{cite book |author-link=Daniel Pauly |last=Pauly |first=Daniel |year=1983 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/X6845E/X6845E00.HTM |title=Some simple methods for the assessment of tropical fish stocks |work=[[FAO]] Fisheries technical paper 234 |isbn=978-92-5-101333-5 |access-date=1 May 2012 }} * Roberts, Callum (2007) [https://books.google.com/books?id=kPUdwlxmda0C&dq=%22Barrett%20J.H.%22%20medieval&pg=PP1 ''The Unnatural History of the Sea''] Island Press. {{ISBN|978-1-59726-102-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Young |first1=Margaret |year=2011 |title=Trading Fish, Saving Fish: The Interaction between Regimes in International Law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521765725 |url=http://www.cambridge.org/au/academic/subjects/law/public-international-law/trading-fish-saving-fish-interaction-between-regimes-international-law?format=HB&isbn=9780521765725 }} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/scienceshow/we%E2%80%99ve-removed-90-of-all-large-fish-from-the-oceans.-just-10-t/13150080 Anyị ewepula pasent ịrị itoolu nke nnukwu azụ niile n'oké osimiri. Naanị pasent ịrị ka ọ fọdụrụ.] Australian Broadcasting Corporation 13 Febụwarị 2021. 68qd5y66i3ut9x8mn9oxw9f323fzar9 0 27441 631936 126012 2026-05-05T00:50:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631936 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:SidBS_(47).JPG|thumb|Sidi Bou Saïd, isi njem nlegharị anya]] '''Njem nleta na Tunisia''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 9.4 kwa afọ na 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 & 2020, nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime mba ndị a na-eleta n'Africa. [[Tunisia]] abụwo ebe mara mma maka ndị njem nleta kemgbe mmalite afọ 1960. <ref>{{Cite news|title=A Night, and Day, In Tunisia at a New Resort|author=Elaine Glusac|work=The New York Times|date=22 November 2009|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE4D81538F931A15752C1A96F9C8B63}}</ref>N'ime ebe ndị njem nlegharị anya Tunisia bụ isi obodo Tunis, mkpọmkpọ ebe ochie nke Carthage, ebe ndị Alakụba na ndị Juu nke Djerba, na ebe ntụrụndụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na mpụga Monastir.  Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ The New York Times si kwuo, a maara Tunis maka osimiri ọla edo ya, ihu igwe anwụ na-acha na ihe okomoko dị ọnụ ala.”[1] [[Usòrò:Tourism_in_Tunisia.svg|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bịarutere]] Dị ka Garrett Nagle si kwuo n'akwụkwọ ya Advanced Geography, ụlọ ọrụ njem nleta nke Tunisia "na-erite uru site na ọnọdụ Mediterenian ya na omenala ya nke ezumike ngwugwu dị ọnụ ala site na Western Europe".<ref name="Nagle417">{{Cite book|author=Nagle|first=Garrett|title=Advanced geography|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0199134073|pages=417}}</ref> Mmepe nke njem nleta malitere na 1960 site na mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke gọọmentị na ndị otu onwe. N'afọ 1962, njem nleta, nke nwere ntinye 52,000 na àkwà 4,000, nwere ego nde dollar abụọ ma ghọọ isi iyi nke mgbanwe mba ọzọ na mba ahụ.<ref name="Bouamoud">{{Cite news|first=Mohamed|author=Bouamoud|title=Radioscopie du Tourisme tunisien 2003-2006|url=http://www.webmanagercenter.com/management/article.php?id=35380|work=Webmanagercenter|date=2007-11-12|accessdate=2008-05-27|language=fr}}</ref> Ruo n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, isi ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Tunisia dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ gburugburu Tunis; Otú ọ dị, atụmatụ mmepe mba nke asaa nke 1989 mepụtara ọtụtụ ebe ndị njem nleta ọhụrụ gụnyere ebe ezumike na Port-el-Kantaoui.<ref name="Nagle417"/> Ngalaba njem ugbu a na-anọchite anya 6.5% nke GDP Tunisia ma na-enye ọrụ 340,000 nke 85,000 bụ ọrụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ 11.5% nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ na oke ọrụ oge. France, [[Jémanị|Germany]], Italy na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] bụ ahịa njem nleta anọ ọdịnala, ọ bụ ezie na Tunisia ekpebiela kemgbe afọ ole na ole gara aga imeghe ụlọ ọrụ njem ya na ahịa ọhụrụ dị ka Russia na China.<ref name="etn">{{Cite news|first=Hazel|author=Heyer|title=Tunisia tourism moves forward by sticking to the old|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/1673/tunisia-tourism-moves-forward-sticking-old|work=eturbonews.com|date=2008-03-12|accessdate=2008-05-27}}</ref> Site na 2003 ruo 2004, ọ nwetaghachiri ndị njem nleta, na 2007 hụrụ mbata na-abawanye site na pasent 3 karịa nke 2006.<ref name="etn" /> == Ihe Ndị Na-adọrọ Adọrọ == Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị na Tunisia dị iche iche dabere na mpaghara * * {| |[[Usòrò:Fantasia_Sahara_Festival.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ememme Mba Nile nke Sahara]] |[[Usòrò:Hammamet_-_001.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Hammamet, Nabeul Governorate]] |[[Usòrò:Sussaplatja1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Sousse]] |} === Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa nke UNESCO === Tunisia nwere saịtị UNESCO World Heritage Saịtị asatọ yana 13 ndị ọzọ na ndepụta tent nke gụnyere agwaetiti Djerba maka ọdịbendị na okpukpe dị iche iche. <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230118195145/http://www.tourisme.gov.tn/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke Office of Tunisian tourism] e0lt9ivj8f0l1ujbtyxrpkhwdre66i8 0 27747 631996 595973 2026-05-05T05:40:34Z Goodymaraj 21567 631996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rania A. El-Mashat''' (amụrụ na abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Jun afọ 1975) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ ya bụ Minista na-ahụ maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na mba ụwa ugbu a na onye bụbu Minista maka njem nlere anya site na 2018 ruo Disemba 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=رانيا المشاط وزيرة التعاون الدولى|url=https://almalnews.com/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%82-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224224952/https://almalnews.com/%d8%a3%d9%88%d9%84-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b7-%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%af-%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7/|archivedate=2023-02-24|accessdate=|work=}}</ref> Ọ nọbu n'ọkwá dị elu na ụlọ ọrụ ''International Monetary'' Fund na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] ya na [[Central Bank nke Ijipt|Oba ego gọọmenti etiti mba Ijipt (Central Bank]] of Egypt) Amụrụ El-Mashat na Cairo di na mba Egypt nye Abdel Monem El Mashat, onye ọkammụta na ngalaba Sayensị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị (political science) na Mahadum Cairo na Nagwa el-Attar, onye rụrụ ọrụ na Mahadum Ain Shams.<ref name="nile">{{Cite book|title=Daughters of the Nile: Egyptian Women Changing Their World|chapter=Playing an Active Policy Role within the Government|first=Rania A.|author=Al-Mashat|editor=Samia Spencer|pages=37–46|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|date=12 December 2016|isbn=9781443844956|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tea2DQAAQBAJ}}</ref><ref name="bsos"/> O ji nzere Bachelọ Ịkọnọmiks pụta na Mahadum Cairo (AUC) n'afọ 1995.<ref name="auc"/> A họpụtara nna ya dịka onye ndụmọdụ na ngalaba omenala na agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ n'ahụ maka ime njem baa ala Egypt nke dị na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]] n'afọ 1995, Al-Mashat ewee debanye aha na mahadum Maryland di nso ébé ahu,<ref name="bsos" /> ebe ọ nwetara nzere Mastas n'afọ 1998 nwetakwa nzere P.hD n'afọ 2001,<ref name="bsos" /><ref name="dbk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dbknews.com/2018/01/24/umd-alumna-egyptian-minister-imf-rania-al-mashat/|title=Egypt's first female minister of tourism is a UMD grad|work=The Diamondback|publisher=The University of Maryland|first=Naomi|author=Grant|date=January 23, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019|archivedate=April 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401135518/http://www.dbknews.com/2018/01/24/umd-alumna-egyptian-minister-imf-rania-al-mashat/}}</ref> na nkega nke mkpata na mmefu mba ụwa (International Economics) nke gbasara ego na nhazi ojiji ụgwọ (Monetary Policy and Debt Management .<ref name="nile" /> == Ọrụ == El-Mashat rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba ụlọ ọrụ International Monetary Fund dị na Washington DC site na Jun 2001 ruo Julaị 2005.<ref name="bsos"/><ref name="auc"/> Mgbe ọ malitere na IMF, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụo na ise, ọ bụ onye kachasị bụrụ obere nwa na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="cs">{{Cite web|url=http://cairoscene.com/Buzz/What-You-Need-to-Know-About-Egypt-s-First-Ever-Female-Minister-of-Tourism|title=What You Need To Know About Egypt's First Ever Tourism Minister|work=Cairo Scene|date=January 14, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019|archivedate=April 1, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401160206/http://cairoscene.com/Buzz/What-You-Need-to-Know-About-Egypt-s-First-Ever-Female-Minister-of-Tourism}}</ref><ref name="dbk"/><ref name="meet">{{Cite web|title=Meet Egypt's tourism minister, former monetary policy maker|first=Yasmine|author=Hassan|date=January 14, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019|work=Egypt Today|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/40115/Meet-Egypt’s-tourism-minister-former-monetary-policy-maker}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmemme ha, na [[Ndia|India]], Vietnam, na [[The Gambia|Gambia]].<ref name="nile"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2005, El-Mashat laghachiri Ijipt na òkù nke Minista na-ahụ maka itinye ego Mahmoud Mohieldin kpọrọ ya, iji nye aka melite usoro na mmekọrịta ụlọ akụ ala ahụ, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote gọvanọ na onye isi nke Ngalaba Iwu Ego maka Ọba ego gọọmenti etiti mba Egypt (Central Bank of Egypt)ruo Mee afọ 2016.<ref name="meet"/><ref name="cs"/><ref name="bsos"/><ref name="auc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aucegypt.edu/media/media-releases/auc-alumna-rania-al-mashat-egypts-new-minister-tourism|title=AUC Alumna Rania Al-Mashat Egypt's New Minister of Tourism|publisher=The American University in Cairo}}</ref><ref name="dbk"/> Mgbe mgbanwe ọchịchị nke afọ 2011 gasịrị, o nyere aka hazie ma gosipụta usoro omume gbasara akụ na ụba nke gọọmentị.<ref name="dbk" /> Ọ kụzikwaara akụ na ụba na Mahadum America dị na Cairo ma rụọ ọrụ na bọọdụ nke mgbanwe égo Egypt, Ọba ego Arab ya na Middle East Economic Association.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/ministerial-portfolios-boost-egyptian-womens-gains-1.2240152|work=Gulf News|title=Ministerial portfolios boost Egyptian women's gains|date=June 21, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019|first=Ramadan|author=Al Sherbini}}</ref><ref name="nile"/> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, El-Mashat laghachiri na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|mba America]] mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye ndụmọdụ nke onye isi nchịkwa nke IMF, Maurice Obstfeld.<ref name="bsos"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.albawaba.com/business/rania-al-mashat-be-new-senior-advisor-imf-867846|title=Rania Al-Mashat to be new senior advisor to IMF|date=July 31, 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2019|work=Albawaba}}</ref> O kwuru banyere ọrụ a, "Echere m na ahụmịhe m nwere bụ ime ndị karịrị m n'ọ́kwa Ihe ịtụ n'anya mgbe niile site n'ịbụ nwanyị Arab eji eme ọnụ".<ref name="meet"/> N'afọ 2017, o sonyere na ndị òtù ọ̀kaikp nke nke World Economicna ihe nke emere a kpọrọ "Investing In Peace", nke mere eji denye aha ya n'ime mmadụ iri bu ọpụrụiche, ndị eweere ihe ntinye ucheobi ha dika ndi a ga-ekwu mFkaoha ma enwewe mkparịtaụka n'isiokwu bụ anyere "ime ka ụwa bụrụ ebe ziri ezi".<ref name="auc"/> Na Jenụwarị afọ 2018, Praịm MinistaSherif Ismail họpụtara El-Mashat dika minista njem nlere anya nke mba Egypt nke meziri ka ụmụ nwanyị so na òtù ndị ọrụ ya dị isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ww.egyptindependent.com/meet-rania-mashat-egypts-first-female-tourism-minister-set-to-revolutionize-the-industry/|title=Meet Rania Mashat, Egypt's first female Tourism Minister, set to revolutionize the industry|work=Egypt Independent|date=January 15, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019|first=Farah|author=Tawfeek}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-14/egypt-lawmakers-to-vote-on-el-sisi-s-call-for-cabinet-changes|title=Egypt Replaces Tourism Minister in Reshuffle|first=Salma|author=El-Wardany|publisher=Bllomberg|date=January 14, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019}}</ref> El-Mashat ghọziri nwanyị mbụ rúrú ógó minista na mba Ijipt, bụrụkwa ya bụ minista kacha bụrụ obere nwa n'oge ahụ.<ref name="bsos"/> N'ọrụ a, ọ na elekata Bọọdụ n'akwalite n'ahụ maka njem nlere anya mba Ijipt (Egyptian Tourism Promotion Board) nakwa the Tourism Development Authority.<ref name="bsos" /> O mèchàrà kwuo na nhọputa a tụrụ ya anya mana o mèchàrà ghọta na onye isi ala mba Egypt chọrọ ka ngalaba njem nlere anya ala ahụ bụrụ nke emeturu aka n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Njem nlere anya na enye ala Egypt ego ruru pesentị iri na ise ruo pesentị iri abụọ nke ego niile gọọmenti Ijipt n'akpata.<ref name="arab">{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/1410996/middle-east|title=Exclusive: Egypt's first female Tourism Minister talks about Red Sea project and future plans|work=Arab News|first=Noor|author=Nugali|date=November 26, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2018, El-Mashat duuru nwunye onye isi ala mba Amerika Melania Trump gaa njem nleta, gosi ya Giza [[Ihe mgbagwoju pyramid nke mmadu|Pyramids]], na-ekwu na nleta ahụ gosipụtara ozi nke "Nchebe na nchekwa Ijipt n'ụwa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ww.egyptindependent.com/ministers-of-tourism-antiquities-escort-melania-trump-to-pyramids/|title=Ministers of tourism, antiquities escort Melania Trump to Pyramids|first=Al-Masry|author=Al-Youm|work=Egypt Independent|date=October 7, 2018|accessdate=April 1, 2019}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2019, El-Mashat kwupụtara na a ga-amalite nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Ijipt n'afọ 2020 ma bụrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe ga-achịkwa dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ gọọmentị ịchekwa ọtụtụ ebe ochie.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/9/63858/Egypt’s-Grand-Museum-to-be-run-by-private-sector-Min|title=Egypt's Grand Museum to be run by private sector: Min. of Tourism|date=January 25, 2019|accessdate=April 1, 2019|work=Egypt Today}}</ref> Al-Mashat bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà okwu isii na World Tourism Forum na Lucerne na Mee 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/322299/al-mashat-to-address-world-tourism-forum|title=Al Mashat to address World Tourism Forum|first=Ian|author=Taylor|date=January 25, 2019|accessdate=April 1, 2019|work=Travel Weekly}}</ref> El-Mashat ekwuola maka ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị na mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị, na-ekwu sị, "Nye ụmụ agbọghọ Ijipt niile, nọgide na-itinye ego na agụmakwụkwọ gị. Ụwa nọ na-asọmmpi nke ukwuu nke bụ na ihe ị maara bụ ihe na-eme ka ị dị iche na onye ọ bụla ọzọ.<ref name="cs"/> == Ihe nrita na nkwanye ùgwù ndị O nwetagasịrị == Al-Mashat natara 2013 Distinguished Alumni Award site na AUC.<ref name="auc"/> N'afọ 2014, World Economic Forum kpọrọ ya "Onye ndu ụwa na-eto eto".<ref name="bsos">{{Cite web|url=https://bsos.umd.edu/profileshowcase/3671|title=Rania Al-Mashat, ECON PhD '01|publisher=College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Maryland|accessdate=2023-06-16|archivedate=2023-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616121829/https://bsos.umd.edu/profileshowcase/3671}}</ref><ref name="auc" /> N'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị iri ise kachasị nwee mmetụta na akụ na ụba Ijipt.<ref name="meet"/> Na Maachị 2021, Al-Mashat natara onyinye "Ndị nọ n'ihu n'iweta Mgbanwe" n'oge emume jikọrọ aka nke Embassies nke Mexico, Canada, na Sweden haziri na Cairo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dailynewsegypt.com/2021/03/20/egypts-international-cooperation-minister-receives-champions-of-change-award/|title=StackPath}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, Al-Mashat natara ihe nrite maka "Most Visionary and Outstanding Minister of International Cooperation of 2022 n'Africa", nke [[George Washington Foster|George Washington]] University Institute of African Studies na GE7 Initiative nyere ya na Ọgbakọ ndị ndú mba ụwa ndị nwere ebumnobi ọdịnihu dị mma (World Visionary Leaders'Summit) nke emere na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-14|title=Rania Al-Mashat awarded 2022's most visionary, outstanding Int'l Cooperation Minister in Africa|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/3/121306/Rania-Al-Mashat-awarded-2022-s-most-visionary-outstanding-Int|accessdate=2023-02-23|work=EgyptToday}}</ref> * {{Cite book|title=Economic Reforms in Egypt: Emerging Patterns and Their Possible Implications, Volume 1977|first=Rania A.|author=Al-Mashat|publisher=World Bank Publications|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4YEDpYLw0kQC}} * {{Cite journal|title=The Monetary Transmission Mechanism in Egypt|first=Rania A.|author=Al-Mashat|journal=Review of Middle East Economics and Finance|volume=4|issue=3|pages=32–82|year=2008|doi=10.2202/1475-3693.1126|url=http://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/411.pdf}} * {{Cite journal|title=Monetary Policy in Egypt: A Retrospective and Preparedness for Inflation Targeting|first=Rania|author=Al-Mashat|date=June 2008|url=http://eces.org.eg/MediaFiles/Uploaded_Files/%7BB74FAF1E-964B-43D2-BE84-20B1DBE5080E%7D_ECESWP-134.pdf}} * {{Cite book|author=Al-Mashat|first=R.|year=2009|chapter=Monetary policy in Egypt: a retrospective and preparedness for inflation targeting|editor=H. Kheir-El-Din|title=What Drives Prices in Egypt?|location=Cairo|publisher=American University in Cairo Press for the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Publication}} * {{Cite book|author=Al-Mashat|first=R.|year=2011|chapter=The Evolution of Monetary Policy in Egypt and Steps towards Inflation Targeting|editor=D. Cobham|title=Inflation Targeting in MENA Countries: An Unfinished Journey|pages=230–255|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9780230316560_9|isbn=978-1-349-33139-0}} * {{Cite book|author=Al-Mashat|first=R.|year=2011|chapter=Assessing inflation and output variability using a New Keynesian model: an application to Egypt|editor=D. Cobham|title=Money in the Middle East and North Africa: Monetary Policy Frameworks and Strategies|location=London|publisher=Routledge}} * {{Cite journal|author=Al-Mashat|first=R.|year=2012|title=Push or Pull? The Determinants of Remittances to Egypt|journal=Review of Middle East Economics and Finance|volume=8|issue=2|doi=10.1515/1475-3693.1429}} Al-Mashat bụ onye Alakụba ma ọ gara njem ala nsọ mbụ ya na Mecca n'afọ 1997.<ref name="arab"/> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c3naakfb7y3wqv2cvr40b35u0qihopr 0 29045 631949 628247 2026-05-05T00:54:35Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631949 wikitext text/x-wiki   Environmental Justice Foundation (EJF) bụ ọgbakọ na-abụghị gọọmentị (NGO) tọrọ ntọala na 2000 site n'aka Steve Trent na Juliette Williams nke na-arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ụwa ebe ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịkwado ma kwado ya, obodo ndị dabere na ha. maka mkpa ha bụ isi na ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Ọ na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ, bụ nke ọ kọwara dị ka "nnweta nha anya ịnweta gburugburu ebe nchekwa na ahụike maka mmadụ niile, n'ụwa ebe anụ ọhịa nwere ike ịga n'ihu n'akụkụ ụmụ mmadụ." EJF na-ekpughe mpụ na mbibi gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe iyi egwu jikọtara ya na ikike mmadụ, na-akọ akụkọ banyere ndị nọ n'ihu agha, ma na-ebuga ọgụ mpaghara na obi nke gọọmentị na azụmahịa n'ofe ụwa iji nweta mgbanwe na-adịgide adịgide, zuru ụwa ọnụ. Òtù ahụ na-eme nchọpụta siri ike nke na-eme n'elu ala na n'oké osimiri - na-enye ihe akaebe na-enweghị mgbagha, nchịkọta data zuru ezu, na akaebe nke mbụ - ndị a na-ejikọta ya na atụmatụ atụmatụ nke na-erute ọkwa kachasị elu na gọọmenti iji nweta nchebe na-adịgide adịgide, mgbanwe usoro. . Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ EJF gụnyere ọzụzụ na ịkwado obodo ndị ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara iji nyochaa, dekọọ na ikpughe mmejọ wee mee mkpọsa nke ọma maka mkpebi ziri ezi na okwu ndị ahụ. A na-emesi ike na ike ihe nkiri, ma ịdekọ ihe akaebe na-apụghị ịgbagha agbagha nke ikpe na-ezighị ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịmepụta ozi mgbasa ozi siri ike nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ụwa. Ọrụ EJF na-ekpuchi mpaghara mkpọsa ise: oké osimiri, ihu igwe, oké ọhịa, anụ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche, na ogho.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Forests|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/forests|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055155/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/forests}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wildlife and Biodiversity|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/wildlife-and-biodiversity|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055152/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/wildlife-and-biodiversity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055205/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == The Environmental Justice Foundation tọrọ ntọala na [[London]], UK na 2000 wee bụrụ Charity edebanyere aha na August 2001 site na Steve Trent na Juliette Williams. Ihe okike EJF bụ nzaghachi nye ahụhụ ụmụ mmadụ na [[Environmental degradation|mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke ndị malitere ya gbara akaebe na ọrụ ha dị ka ndị na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ahụmahụ a emeela ka ndị guzobere ya kwubie na ikike mmadụ nke ndị mmadụ nọ na mba ndị kasị daa ogbenye n'ụwa na-adabere na ohere ndị ahụ nwere inweta ebe dị mma maka nri, [[Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi|ebe obibi]] na ụzọ isi nweta ihe ha ga-esi nweta [[Ikike mmadụ|ihe]] ha ji ebi ndụ. EJF mere mkpọsa mbụ ya na 2001: ịgbachitere ikike ịkụ azụ nke obodo na Cambodia. N'ihi mmemme ọzụzụ na akwụkwọ, e guzobere netwọk mba - Fisheries Action Coalition Team. The Fisheries Action Coalition Team bụ njikọ aka nke NGO nke nwere 12 NGO, ma nke obodo ma nke mba ụwa, nke sitere na NGO Forum.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forumsyd.org/templates/FS_ArticleTypeA.aspx?id=3694|title=Fisheries Action Coalition Team - www.forumsyd.org|accessdate=2011-06-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318040215/https://www.forumsyd.org/templates/FS_ArticleTypeA.aspx?id=3694|archivedate=2012-03-18}}</ref> E mepụtara akụkọ mkpọsa a na-akpọ Ememe ma ọ bụ Ụnwụ ma nye ndị na-eme iwu na nzukọ nke onye nnọchi anya Britain na Cambodia kwadoro, na-egosi na ọ bụ ihe na-akpali nsogbu ahụ na mba ahụ yana inweta nkwado mba ụwa. EJF anọgidewo na-agbasawanye ọrụ ya iji gụnye ọgwụ ahụhụ, anụ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche, igbu azụ shrimp na ọrụ shrimp, igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị, mmepụta ogho, mgbanwe ihu igwe (na-elekwasị anya na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ) na ọhịa. == Ebe ọrụ na ụzọ EJF si eme == The Environmental Justice Foundation na-achụso ebumnuche ya site na nyocha na mkpọsa iji chebe ndị mmadụ, anụ ọhịa, na ebe ọhịa n'ofe ụwa, na-eweta teknụzụ na ihe ọhụrụ dị elu iji chekwaa oké osimiri ụwa, ọhịa na ihu igwe. Ọ na-ejikọta ọrụ ndị nkịtị, ime ihe nkiri, na nkwado dị irè iji nweta mgbanwe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Environmental Justice Foundation|title=Impact report 2019|url=https://ejfoundation.org/resources/downloads/EJF-Impact-Report-2019.pdf|work=Environmental Justice Foundation}}</ref> Ọ na-eziga ndị nta akụkọ nke ya iji nyochaa, dee ma chịkọta akụkọ banyere mmegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ n'ala iji nyere aka zụọ ndị otu mpaghara na usoro nyocha dị irè iji kpọsaa mmegbu na mpaghara ha, na-enye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu na okwu ndị ahụ na mba na ụwa.<ref name=":0"/> EJF na-arụkarị ọrụ na mmekorita ya na ndị NGO ndị ọzọ, gọọmentị mba na ndị otu mba ụwa, azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndị nnọchi anya ama ama iji kpọsaa mkpọsa ya, gụnyere ndị na-akwado ya - onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme mkpọsa Tony Juniper, onye na-ese ihe Rachel Whiteread CBE, onye na'eme ihe nkiri Emilia Fox, onye na - onye na - Benedict Allen, onye na na-eme ihe nkiri nke anụ ọhịa Gordon Buchanan, onye na<ref>{{Cite web|title=The EJF team|url=https://ejfoundation.org/who-we-are/the-ejf-team|accessdate=2022-02-02|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye mmeri Nobel Prize Harold Pinter, CH, CBE bụ onye EJF Patron site na 2003 ruo 2008. == Mgbalị Oké Osimiri == Ịkụ azụ gabigara ókè na ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị na-ahapụ oké osimiri anyị n'ọnụ ọdịda zuru oke, ka ndị ọrụ na-achọ ịpụnara oké osimiri anyị ike gwụrụ, ọtụtụ na-agbaso ọrụ ohu - nke ime ihe ike na-amanye - iji belata ọnụahịa. EJF na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe oké osimiri, kwụsị igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị ma kpochapụ mmebi iwu mmadụ nke ọrụ iwu na-ekwadoghị a na-akpata. Site n'ime nke a, EJF na-ezube ichebe ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na-adabere n'oké osimiri na anụ ọhịa mara mma na nke dịgasị iche iche nke na-akpọ ya ụlọ. Malite na nyocha dị ukwuu banyere igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na West Africa, na akụkọ Pirates and Profiteers malitere na 2005, ọrụ EJF n'oké osimiri ugbu a na-elekwasị anya na mpaghara asaa dị mkpa. === Ịkwụsị ihe otiti nke igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị gburugburu ụwa === Nnyocha nke EJF emeela ka a mee ihe a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ iji gbochie igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ending Illegal Fishing|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean/ending-illegal-fishing|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Nnyocha ha n'ụgbọ mmiri ndị si Panama, Thailand, [[Ghana]] na South Korea, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, etinyela aka na usoro 'carding' nke EU iji soro gọọmentị rụọ ọrụ iji kpochapụ igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ụmụ mmiri ha ma nye ha ikike ma ọ bụrụ na emeghị ihe ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EU Council announces first-ever seafood trade ban against illegal…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/eu-council-announces-first-ever-seafood-trade-ban-against-illegal-fishing-nations|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EU warning to Thailand to tackle pirate fishing or risk trade…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/eu-warning-to-thailand-to-tackle-pirate-fishing-or-risk-trade-sanctions-1|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EU Keeps Pressure on States to Combat IUU|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/eu-keeps-pressure-on-states-to-combat-iuu|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EU removes South Korea from list of those failing to combat pirate…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/eu-removes-south-korea-from-list-of-those-failing-to-combat-pirate-fishing|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Akụkọ na nyocha nke EJF na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka a mata igbu dolphin na ụgbọ mmiri ịkụ azụ nke Taiwan, mmebi ikike mmadụ na ụgbọ mmiri ndị China nwere na Ghana, njikọ dị n'etiti igbu azụ iwu na-akwadoghị na West Africa na oriri mmiri na Europe, ma mee ka edepụta ụgbọ mmiri na-egbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-adịghị na-akwọta gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cetacean slaughter, shark finning and human rights abuse in Taiwan's…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/cetacean-slaughter-shark-finning-and-human-rights-abuse-in-taiwans-fishing-fleet|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fear, hunger and violence: Human rights in Ghana's industrial trawl…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/fear-hunger-and-violence-human-rights-in-ghanas-industrial-trawl-fleet|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Pirate Fish on Your Plate|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/pirate-fish-on-your-plate|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Illegal fishing fleet blacklisted, showing urgent need for…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/illegal-fishing-fleet-blacklisted-showing-urgent-need-for-transparency|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịlụso ịgba ohu nke anụ mmiri ọgụ === N'ihi na azụ na-eru nso na njedebe na ọchịchọ zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge niile, ụgbọ mmiri na-aga ebe ọzọ - na-egbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na mpaghara mba ndị ọzọ - ma nọrọ ogologo oge n'oké osimiri, iji weghachite ihe na-ebelata mgbe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data {{!}} The World Bank|url=https://datatopics.worldbank.org/sdgatlas/archive/2017/SDG-14-life-below-water.html#:~:text=Almost%2090%20percent%20of%20global,with%20ocean%20pollution%20and%20acidification.|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=datatopics.worldbank.org|language=en-us}}</ref> Nke a emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ a na-ere ahịa bụrụ ndị a manyere ịrụ ọrụ ohu na ụgbọ mmiri, belata ụgwọ ụlọ ọrụ, ma nye ahịa nri mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ ngwaahịa dị ọnụ ala. Akụkọ, ihe nkiri na nyocha nke EJF emeela ka gọọmentị mee ihe ma webata ezigbo iwu iji dozie ịgba ohu nke oge a n'oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blood and Water: Human rights abuse in the global seafood industry|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/blood-and-water-human-rights-abuse-in-the-global-seafood-industry|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thailand's Seafood Slaves|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/thailands-seafood-slaves|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ichebe ụdị dị iche iche nke mmiri === Ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri na nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nọ n'ọnụ ọdịda: 90% nke nnukwu azụ oké osimiri ụwa efunahụla kemgbe afọ 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CNN.com - Study: Only 10 percent of big ocean fish remain - May. 14, 2003|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/05/14/coolsc.disappearingfish/|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=edition.cnn.com|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055139/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/05/14/coolsc.disappearingfish/}}</ref> EJF na-arụ ọrụ iji dekọọ ma kpughee usoro ịkụ azụ na-ebibi gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-etinye ahụike oké osimiri anyị n'ihe ize ndụ na azụmahịa iwu na-akwadoghị na ịchụ nta nke ụdị mmiri gụnyere sharks, rays na turtles nke na-eyi ọdịnihu ihe ndị a e kere eke egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trawler fined for targeting undersized fish with illegal nets in Ghana|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/trawler-fined-for-targeting-undersized-fish-with-illegal-nets-in-ghana|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Commercial wildlife markets and the green recovery|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/commercial-wildlife-markets-green-recovery|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Help EJF save nesting marine turtles|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/help-ejf-save-nesting-marine-turtles|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke EJF na-agagharị n'ụsọ osimiri iji jide n'aka na mbe nwere ike ịlaghachi n'oké osimiri n'enweghị nsogbu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EJF in the field: Turtle nesting season in Ghana|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-in-the-field-turtle-nesting-season-in-ghana|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Na [[Liberia]], EJF ewuola obodo nke ndị na-echebe anụ ọhịa, ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na atụmatụ ọrụ mba Liberia iji chebe sharks na rays.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Saving the seas: EJF's Ocean Defenders|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/saving-the-seas-ejfs-ocean-defenders-1|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liberia steps up to protect sharks and rays|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/liberia-steps-up-to-protect-sharks-and-rays|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Thailand, ọrụ EJF's Net Free Seas na-ewe ụgbụ azụ a tụfuru atụfu, nke na-egbu anụ ọhịa, site n'oké osimiri wee banye na [[Akụ na ụba okirikiri|akụ na ụba gburugburu]], na-emepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ na-adịgide adịgide gụnyere ihe nchebe maka ọgụ megide COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Net Free Seas: The community project in Thailand cleaning up the…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/new-project-collecting-and-recycling-ghost-gear-in-thailand|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịchekwa azụ na-adịgide adịgide === Kemgbe afọ 2017, EJF na onye mmekọ obodo Hen Mpoano na-arụkọ ọrụ iji melite ndụ ndị ọkụ azụ ma kwalite nchekwa nri na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EJF and partners Hen Mpoano launch regular radio show in Cape Coast,…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-and-partners-hen-mpoano-launch-regular-radio-show|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Securing sustainable fisheries|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean/ghana|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ obodo 60 gafee mpaghara 10 dị na Central Region nke Ghana na Volta Estuary na mgbalị iji chekwaa ihe onwunwe mmiri maka ọgbọ ndị na-egbu azụ n'ógbè ahụ ugbu a na n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Traditional tenure rights in the clam fishery of the Volta estuary|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/traditional-tenure-rights-in-the-clam-fishery-of-the-volta-estuary|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Na West Africa, EJF na-enye ndị obodo ike iguzo megide ọrụ ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị, na-enye ihe akaebe dị mkpa maka gọọmentị iji mee ihe megide omume iwu na-ekwadoghị ndị a.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opening up Environmentally Sustainable, Climate- Resilient Livelihood…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/opening-up-environmentally-sustainable-climate-resilient-livelihood-opportunities-for-artisanal-fishing-communities-in-ghana-workshop-report|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New phone app is effective weapon in Ghana's fight against illegal…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/new-phone-app-is-effective-weapon-in-ghanas-fight-against-illegal-fishing|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-akwado ndị ọkụ azụ obodo iji ghọta ma chebe ikike ha na njikwa azụ. Ọ na-akwalite nkwekọrịta ziri ezi nke ikike obibi iji chebe ebe ndị ọkụ azụ na-ada site na mwakpo nke njem nleta na ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-eme nnyocha na nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eme ka mmetụta nke igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na igbubiga azụ ókè na ikike mmadụ kachasị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A human rights lens on the impacts of industrial illegal fishing and…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/a-human-rights-lens-on-the-impacts-of-industrial-illegal-fishing-and-overfishing-on-the-socio-economic-rights-of-small-scale-fishing-communities-in-ghana|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ na-achọpụta ma na-akwalite ụzọ ndị ọzọ iji nyere aka gbasaa ntọala akụ na ụba nke ndị ọkụ azụ ma kwado nkwado ogologo oge nke azụ Ghana. === Imeziwanye nghọta na ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ === Ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị na ịgba ohu nke oge a na-aga n'ihu na onyinyo, na-ezere nyocha nke gọọmentị, ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-azụ ahịa. Iji kwụsị ya, ịkụ azụ zuru ụwa ọnụ ga-aghọ ihe doro anya karị. Ụkpụrụ iri nke EJF maka nghọta zuru ụwa ọnụ na-akọwapụta usoro doro anya, nke steeti nwere ike iwere iji mee ka ịkụ azụ pụta ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ten principles for global transparency|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/the-ten-principles-for-global-transparency|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> EJF akwadowo maka nnabata nke ụkpụrụ ndị a na gọọmentị n'otu n'otu na ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa dị ka European Commission. EJF's Charter for Transparency public awareness campaign enwetala nkwado nke ndị isi na-ere ahịa na UK, nke na-agba mbọ inweta nri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide, nke doro anya, na akụkọ ya emeela ka a mara banyere usoro ndị ọrụ na-enweghị ụkpụrụ na-eji iji zere ntaramahụhụ maka igbu azụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=M&S + Waitrose & Partners sign EJF Charter for Transparency to end…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/m-s-and-waitrose-partners-join-other-major-retailers-in-signing-ejf-charter-for-transparency-to-end-illegal-fishing-and-slavery-at-sea|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Off the hook: How flags of convenience let illegal fishing go…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/off-the-hook-how-flags-of-convenience-let-illegal-fishing-go-unpunished|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ịmepụta olu siri ike maka ịkụ azụ obodo na Liberia === A na-eme atụmatụ na 80% nke ndị bi na Liberia na-adabere na azụ maka protein dị mkpa. Obere azụ na-enyekwa ọrụ maka mmadụ 33,000 na mba ahụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na akụ na ụba, na-akpata ihe ruru 10% nke GDP. Mana ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị na-eyi ihe oriri na ihe ndị a dị mkpa egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Communities for Fisheries Liberia|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean/communities-for-fisheries|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207150008/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean/communities-for-fisheries}}</ref> EJF na-ezube inyere aka chekwaa azụ azụ iwu, nke na-adịgide adịgide na nke ziri ezi na Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EJF calls on Liberian government to safeguard inshore exclusion zone|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-calls-on-liberian-government-to-safeguard-inshore-exclusion-zone|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'inye obodo ike iji chịkwaa ịkụ azụ na ibelata ịkụ azụ iwu na-akwadoghị, na-ewulite nkwado na-adịgide adịgide na ikpe ziri ezi n'ime ngalaba ịkụ azụ nke Liberia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Empowering Liberia's fishing communities to protect ocean ecosystems|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/empowering-liberias-fishing-communities-to-protect-ocean-ecosystems|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Karịsịa ọ na-arụ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ nwanyị ike, ndị mejupụtara 60% nke ndị ọrụ ịkụ azụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women are the strongest pillar|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/women-are-the-strongest-pillar|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrụ a bụ akụkụ nke mmemme mmekọrịta ọrụ ugbo EU-Liberia, nke European Union kwadoro, ma na-aga n'ihu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri nke ọrụ EJF na Liberia. === Ịkwalite ọrụ nke usoro okike nke oké osimiri na iwu ihu igwe === Mgbasa ozi carbon na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke EJF na 2021 nwetara nkwado nke ndị mmadụ, ihe karịrị 90 NGO na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Europe, UK na karịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blue carbon|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/ocean/blue-carbon|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ kpọrọ oku maka ọrụ dị mkpa nke gburugburu ebe obibi nke oké osimiri n'ịnọgide na-enwe ihu igwe anyị ka a mata ya ma wuo ume maka nchebe oké osimiri na-aga n'ihu na mkparịta ụka COP26 na Glasgow, ebe e mere nkwa ọhụrụ a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ocean protection is key to climate policy|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/blue-carbon-report-and-open-letter-delivered-to-leaders-ocean-protection-is-key-to-climate-policy-2|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-16|title=COP26 deal sees progress on ocean protection|url=https://chinadialogueocean.net/19780-cop26-ocean-protection-deal-sees-progress/|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=chinadialogue ocean|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207145943/https://chinadialogueocean.net/19780-cop26-ocean-protection-deal-sees-progress/}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe == EJF na-ahụ mgbanwe ihu igwe dị ka ihe iyi egwu nye ụmụ mmadụ. Ka okpomọkụ ụwa na-eru n'ókè a na-ahụbeghị kemgbe ndekọ malitere, ihe omume ihu igwe siri ike na-aga n'ihu na-akpata nnukwu nsogbu na ọnụ ahịa na-arị elu nke enweghị ọrụ na-ahapụ ndị kasị daa ogbenye na ndị kachasị ike na mbara ala anyị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=A manifesto to combat global heating|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/ejf-climate-manifesto|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> EJF kwenyere na nsogbu ihu igwe bụ ma nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ikike mmadụ, nakwa na ndị mbụ na-emetụta na nke kachasị njọ site na mmebi ihu igwe kwesịrị ịnụ olu ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nothing short of betrayal: the COP26 climate pact|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/nothing-short-of-betrayal-the-cop26-climate-pact|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Na COP26 nke 2021 na Glasgow, ha kwadoro ihe omume, ihe ngosi nka ma zute ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji mee ka ha mee ihe siri ike na nsogbu ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our work at COP26: Taking stock and looking to the future|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/our-work-at-cop26-taking-stock-and-looking-to-the-future|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate skate-art show launch and film screening at COP26|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/for-cops-sake-skateboard-art-x-climate-action-at-cop26|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha kwadoro ndị na-eto eto isii na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na bursaries iji gaa COP, na-enye ha ohere ịkekọrịta ozi ha, ma gbaa ndị ọzọ na-ahụ Maka ihu igwe ajụjụ ọnụ gburugburu ụwa dị ka akụkụ nke usoro "Voices missing from COP".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the six climate activists EJF is supporting at COP|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/meet-the-six-climate-activists-ejf-is-supporting-at-cop|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The voices missing from COP26|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/the-voices-missing-from-cop26|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ihu igwe ha na-ezube inweta nchebe mba ụwa maka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu igwe, ịkwụsị esemokwu metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe, ma wulite ume maka [[Akụ na ụba okirikiri|akụ na ụba gburugburu]] ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> "Climate Manifesto" ha na 2021 depụtara nzọụkwụ ndị isi ụwa ga-ewere ugbu a maka ọdịnihu dị mma, dị nchebe.<ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 2009, EJF malitere mkpọsa mba ụwa ha iji chebe ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ihu igwe na akụkọ No Place Like Home .<ref name="No Place Like Home">{{Cite web|title=No Place Like Home|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/no-place-like-home|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Akụkọ a, nke e gosipụtara na European Parliament na 2011, na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị maka nkọwa iwu nke ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ na ihu igwe na mbọ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji nye ha nchebe iwu. Nke a sochiri akụkọ na ihe nkiri Beyond Borders na 2017 na ihe ngosi foto na-agagharị agagharị nke foto nke ndị mmadụ gbanwere site na mgbanwe ihu igwe, gụnyere na National Theatre na London na 2018.<ref name="No Place Like Home" /> N'afọ 2021, EJF dọtara uche mba ụwa na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị nsogbu ihu igwe kacha merie site na mkpọsa ha na akụkọ gbasara nchebe iwu mba ụwa maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu igwe, na-eme ka enweghị nkwado dị ugbu a maka ndị a manyere ịhapụ ụlọ ha n'ihi ihu igwe siri ike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protecting climate refugees|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/protecting-climate-refugees|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207161121/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/climate/protecting-climate-refugees}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No shelter from the storm: The urgent need to recognise and protect…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/no-shelter-from-the-storm-the-urgent-need-to-recognise-and-protect-climate-refugees|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> EJF na-aga n'ihu na-eme mkpọsa iji mee ka nchebe maka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ ihu igwe bụrụ ihe dị adị. Site na nyocha EJF, dị ka The Gathering Storm, na site na mkparịta ụka na ndị na-eme iwu dị elu na ndị ọkachamara agha, EJF na-agbakọta ihe akaebe siri ike site na gburugburu ụwa iji gosi etu mgbanwe ihu igwe si arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali esemokwu na ọgba aghara. Echiche EJF banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe bụ na ọ bụ ihe na-eyi egwu, gọọmentị niile kwesịrị ime ihe iji zute nkwekọrịta Paris iji wepụ egwu a nke esemokwu. Site na mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ na-akpọ maka mgbanwe iwu na mmekorita ya na ndị na-emepụta ihe nwere mmetụta gụnyere Dame Vivienne Westwood na Katherine Hamnett, EJF emeela ka a hụ okwu banyere nsogbu ihu igwe n'ozuzu ya ma kwado oku zuru ụwa ọnụ maka omume ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sign a petition|url=https://ejfoundation.org/get-involved/sign-a-petition|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207161127/https://ejfoundation.org/get-involved/sign-a-petition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EJF at Urban Outdoors festival featuring Vivienne Westwood &…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-at-urban-outdoors-festival-featuring-vivienne-westwood-katharine-hamnett|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> EJF zụkwara ọhịa oge ochie na Wales na 2018 iji chekwaa carbon ma chebe anụ ọhịa, na-egosi mkpebi ụlọ ọrụ iji dozie mgbanwe ihu igwe n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate commitment: EJF buys ancient woodland|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/climate-commitment-ejf-buys-ancient-woodland|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi maka oké ọhịa == Oké ọhịa bụ usoro okike dịgasị iche iche n'ala, ebe obibi nke ihe dị ka 80% nke anụ ọhịa ụwa. Ihe dị ka ijeri mmadụ 1.6 na-adabere n'oké ọhịa maka ihe ha ji ebi ndụ, maka nri, ebe obibi, na mmanụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forests {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/topics/forests#:~:text=Forests%20are%20the%20most%20biologically,security%20for%20forest-dependent%20communities.|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> EJF na-eme mkpọsa iji kwụsị mbibi na-enweghị isi nke ebe obibi ndị a dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forests|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/forests|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055155/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/forests}}</ref> Mangroves bụ otu n'ime ebe obibi kachasị mkpa na mbara ala mana a na-ekpochapụ ngwa ngwa. EJF anọwo na-arụ ọrụ ogologo oge iji chebe mangroves.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Defending the world's life-giving mangroves|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/forests/defending-the-worlds-life-giving-mangroves|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ịgwakọta ihe oriri mmiri na oké ọhịa ha na nyocha siri ike na mbibi nke mangroves maka ọrụ ugbo shrimp, EJF abụwo olu maka mgbanwe kemgbe afọ 2003.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Smash and Grab|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/smash-and-grab|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'idepụta akaebe nke ndị mmadụ na-emetụta site na mgbukpọ ọhịa na Bangladesh, EJF wuru ma ikpe gburugburu ebe obibi megide ọrụ ugbo shrimp na ikike mmadụ - nke a maara site na nhụjuanya nke ụlọ ọrụ a kpatara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Desert in the Delta|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/desert-in-the-delta|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, EJF so ndị otu Brazil SOS Abrolhos rụkọọ ọrụ iji chebe mpaghara ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na atụmatụ maka ugbo shrimp dị ka Heathrow. N'oge gara aga, ọzụzụ ha maka Forum for the Defence of the Ceara Coast mere ka a na-egosi ihe nkiri na telivishọn Brazil na n'oge ọha na eze na-ege ntị na mmepe ugbo shrimp.<ref name=":2"/> Ọzọkwa na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke ala, EJF bụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ NGO gburugburu ebe obibi na-achọ mgbanwe na nlekota iwu na Europe nke ọma, dịka ndị omeiwu na-aghọta na ọ dịghị ihe 'akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ' banyere [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]] biodiesel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nothing but snake oil: Join EJF in saying no to palm-oil biodiesel|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/nothing-but-snake-oil-join-ejf-in-saying-no-to-palm-oil-biodiesel|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Iwu EU biofuels na-amalite iburu n'uche ikuku na-esi n'oké ọhịa na-agbada na gburugburu ebe obibi nwere carbon. Ntuziaka Renewable Energy - nke Commission tinyere na European Parliament na Machị 2019 - chụpụrụ mmanụ nkwụ site na ebumnuche EU nke [[Ike mmeghari ohuru|ike na-agbanwe agbanwe]], na mbelata site na 2023 na njedebe ikpeazụ site na 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-06-14|title=EU to phase out palm oil from transport fuel by 2030|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-eu-climatechange-palmoil-idUSKBN1JA21F|accessdate=2022-02-07}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi gbasara anụ ọhịa na ụdị dị iche iche == EJF bu ụzọ soro NGO Education for Nature Vietnam (ENV) rụkọọ ọrụ na 2003 nke e guzobere na 2000 dị ka nzukọ mbụ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na Vietnam lekwasịrị anya na nchekwa nke okike na anụ ọhịa, iji lụso ọrụ ugbo anụ ọhịa bea iwu na-akwadoghị ọgụ. EJF kọrọ na a na-eme atụmatụ na a na'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị 4,000 Asian black bears na sun bears na ugbo anụ ọhịa bea nke Vietnam. A na-ewepụta bile ha mgbe niile maka iji ya mee ihe na ọgwụ ọdịnala na ọgwụ. N'agbata afọ 2003 na afọ 2009, EJF nyere ENV vidiyo, mgbasa ozi, nkwukọrịta na ọzụzụ na ngwá ọrụ nkwado. O nyere aka mee nyocha nzuzo ma duzie mkpọsa ọha na eze na telivishọn Vietnamese, ma nye ndị na-ese foto na ndị nchịkọta akụkọ na ọzụzụ ọzọ. N'afọ 2003, EJF bipụtara akụkọ ọrịa nje sitere na anụ ọhịa na China: SARS nwere ike ime ọzọ?, nke gosipụtara ahịa anụ ọhịa azụmahịa nke China dị ka isi iyi nke [[Ọpụpụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ|ọrịa na-egbu egbu]] n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Viral diseases from wildlife in China: Could SARS happen again?|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/viral-diseases-from-wildlife-in-china-could-sars-happen-again|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọrịa COVID-19 gosipụtara nke a na 2020, EJF malitere mkpọsa iji machibido ahịa anụ ọhịa azụmahịa iwu n'ụwa niile, na mkpesa a bịanyere aka na kọntinent isii na akụkọ ọhụrụ, Gịnị mere Ban Commercial Wildlife Markets?<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why ban commercial wildlife markets?|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/why-ban-commercial-wildlife-markets|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Mmachibido iwu na ahịa anụ ọhịa na-esikwu ike gburugburu ụwa, echiche ọha na eze na-amalite imegide ha, ọbụlagodi na mba ndị nwere ahịa anụ ọhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Opinion Survey on COVID-19 and Wildlife Trade in Five Asian Markets {{!}} Publications {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/publications/opinion-survey-on-covid-19-and-wildlife-trade-in-five-asian-markets|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> EJF na-arụkwa ọrụ na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ na ụmụ amaala na ala mmiri Pantanal nke Brazil, ebe obibi dị mkpa n'ụwa niile maka nnukwu anụmanụ, jaguars na ndị ọzọ, na-ebipụta akụkọ Paradise Lost? na-akọwapụta otu esi echebe usoro okike a na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A wetland under siege: is the Pantanal a paradise lost?|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/a-wetland-under-siege-is-the-pantanal-a-paradise-lost|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Paradise lost? Protecting the Pantanal, a precious ecosystem in crisis|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/paradise-lost-protecting-the-pantanal-a-precious-ecosystem-in-crisis|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi owuwe ihe ubi == EJF na-eme mkpọsa iji belata ọnụahịa mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmepụta ogho, na-ekpughe mmebi ikike mmadụ, iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, ụkọ mmiri na ịkpọ oku maka ngosipụta nke usoro nnyefe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Children Behind Our Cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/the-children-behind-our-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Deadly Chemicals in Cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/the-deadly-chemicals-in-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The True Costs of Cotton: Cotton Production and Water Insecurity|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/the-true-costs-of-cotton-cotton-production-and-water-insecurity|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Somebody Knows|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/somebody-knows|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614055205/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton}}</ref> Ọ nyochara ma kpughee ọrụ mmanye ụmụaka na-akwado na Uzbekistan nke mere ka ọganihu ozugbo na usoro mbubata mba ụwa na iwu ndị na-ere ahịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Gold: Uzbekistan, a Slave Nation for Our Cotton?|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/white-gold-uzbekistan-a-slave-nation-for-our-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=European Parliament rejects proposal to reduce tariffs on Uzbek…|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/european-parliament-rejects-proposal-to-reduce-tariffs-on-uzbek-textiles|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=EJF invited by UK Government to discuss Uzbek cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/ejf-invited-by-uk-government-to-discuss-uzbek-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> E wepụtara ihe nkiri na akụkọ EJF nke nwetara ihe nrite White Gold, nke na-ekpuchi mmebi ikike mmadụ na ụlọ ọrụ owuwe ihe ubi nke Uzbek, na 2005, na mkpọsa zuru ụwa ọnụ na "The True Costs of Cotton" n'afọ sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Gold: The True Cost of Cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/white-gold-the-true-cost-of-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=The true costs of cotton|url=https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton/the-true-costs-of-cotton|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207164334/https://ejfoundation.org/what-we-do/cotton/the-true-costs-of-cotton}}</ref> A kọrọ nke a na BBC Newsnight, na ndị isi na-ere ahịa Marks na Spencer na Tesco wepụrụ ogho Uzbek ozugbo n'ihi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tesco takes a stand against forced labour in Uzbek cotton harvest|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/tesco-takes-a-stand|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2006, EJF malitere Just For, na-ere uwe owuwe ihe ubi a na-emepụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi na mmekorita ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ORGANIC T-SHIRTS - Fashion that doesn't cost the earth|url=https://www.just-for.co.uk/|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=ORGANIC T-SHIRTS - Fashion that doesn't cost the earth|language=en-GB}}</ref> Gọọmentị Uzbek bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta maka ọrụ ụmụaka na 2008 dị ka nsonaazụ kpọmkwem nke nrụgide EJF, na mkpọsa owuwe ihe ubi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke EJF gara n'ihu na akụkọ banyere ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ uwe na-akwalite mgbanwe ihu igwe, dị ka 2020's Moral Fibre.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Moral fibre: The cool option for a heating planet|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/moral-fibre-the-cool-option-for-a-heating-planet|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbasa ozi maka ọgwụ ahụhụ == Otu n'ime mmemme mbụ nke EJF bụ mkpọsa ya maka mba na n'ikpeazụ mmachibido iwu zuru ụwa ọnụ na mmepụta na ojiji nke ọgwụ ahụhụ endosulfan. N'ịbụ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency kewara dị ka ihe 'dị oke egwu', e jiri endosulfan tụnyere DDT na ikike ya maka mmerụ ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ dịkwa oke egwu nye ụmụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/13556|title=LandscapeOnline.com :: Article : Endosulfan DDT's Cousin, to be Banned|accessdate=2011-07-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928155252/http://www.landscapeonline.com/research/article/13556|archivedate=2011-09-28}}</ref> EJF malitere idepụta ojiji nke endosulfan na Cambodia na 2002 wee bipụta akụkọ akpọrọ Death in Small Doses n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Death in Small Doses|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/death-in-small-doses|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> Na-arụ ọrụ na CEDAC (Centre d'Etude et de Développement Agricole Cambodgien), otu NGO nke Cambodia, EJF dere ihe gbasara ojiji nke endosulfan site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo nke Cambodia ma dekọọ ọtụtụ nchegbu nchekwa, gụnyere enweghị ihe nchebe na ikpughe ụmụaka, ụlọ, anụ ụlọ na ihe oriri ezinụlọ. E ji mkpirikpi nke akpọrọ End of the Road for Endosulfan mee ihe iji mee ka Minista Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Cambodia kweta ịmachibido endosulfan iwu na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=End Of The Road For Endosulfan|url=https://ejfoundation.org/reports/end-of-the-road-for-endosulfan|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> E mechara kwuo nkọwa a na atụmatụ European Union nke afọ 2008 iji tinye endosulfan na Annexes nke [[Stockholm]] Convention. N'afọ 2011, EJF kwupụtara na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ha na ọ "nwere obi ụtọ ịkpọsa na, mgbe nyocha na arụmụka zuru oke gasịrị, anyị emechaala ruo na njedebe nke ụzọ maka ọgwụ ahụhụ endosulfan" na-eso akụkọ na Friday April 29, 2011, ndị nnọchiteanya mba na nnọkọ nke ise nke òtù (COP5) kwetara idepụta endosul fan n'okpuru Ndepụta A nke Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Global Ban on Endosulfan|url=https://ejfoundation.org/news-media/a-global-ban-on-endosulfan|accessdate=2022-02-07|work=Environmental Justice Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] j9y5ng05xeyxg62rcynfntfoeaboiow 0 29520 631932 620984 2026-05-05T00:47:21Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631932 wikitext text/x-wiki Cellulosic ethanol bụ ethanol (ethyl mmanya) nke sitere na cellulose (eriri eriri nke osisi) karịa site na mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Enwere ike imepụta ya site na ahịhịa, osisi, algae, ma ọ bụ osisi ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwukarị maka iji ya dị ka mmanụ mmanụ. Carbon dioxide nke ihe ọkụkụ na-amịkọrọ ka ha na-etolite na-ewepụ ụfọdụ n’ime carbon dioxide na-apụta mgbe ethanol nke sitere na ha na-agba ọkụ, ya mere mmanụ cellulosic ethanol nwere ikike inwe akara ụkwụ carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ. Mmasị e nwere na ethanol cellulosic bụ ikike ọ nwere iji dochie ethanol nke sitere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikwa osisi ndị a na-emepụta ihe oriri, ịtụgharị ha maka mmepụta ethanol nwere ike ime ka ọnụ ahịa nri na-ebili; N'aka nke ọzọ, isi mmalite nke cellulose, n'ozuzu adịghị mpi nri, ebe ọ bụ na akụkụ fibrous nke osisi na-abụkarị ndị mmadụ anaghị eri ya. Uru ọzọ nwere ike ime bụ nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche na ụba nke isi mmalite cellulose; A na-ahụ ahịhịa, osisi na algae n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla dị n'ụwa. Ọbụna ihe mkpofu siri ike nke ime obodo dị ka akwụkwọ nwere ike ime ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Isi ihe na-adịghị mma nke ethanol cellulosic ugbu a bụ ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ya dị elu, nke dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọ usoro ndị ọzọ karịa ethanol nke dabeere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ethanol cellulosic nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu na 2000s na mmalite 2010s. Gọọmenti United States kacha nyere ego nyocha n'ime azụmahịa ya wee debe ebumnuche maka oke ethanol cellulosic agbakwunyere na mmanụ ụgbọala. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ọkachamara na cellulosic ethanol, na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a, tinyere ego na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Otú ọ dị, mmepụta ethanol dabeere na ọka dị ọnụ ala karị, yana ọnụ ala mmanụ dị na 2010, pụtara na cellulosic ethanol adịghị asọmpi na mmanụ ọkụ ndị a kwadoro. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ refineries e mechiri n'etiti 2010s na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọhụrụ tọrọ ntọala ghọrọ ihe efu. Ole na ole ka dị, mana a na-ejikarị eme ihe ngosi ma ọ bụ ebumnuche nyocha; Dị ka nke 2021, ọ dịghị onye na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic n'ọtụtụ. == Nchịkọta == Cellulosic ethanol bụ ụdị biofuel emepụtara site na lignocellulose, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke nwere ọtụtụ n'ime oke osisi ma mejupụtara ya bụ cellulose, hemicellulose na lignin. Ebe ndị a ma ama nke lignocellulose gụnyere ma ngwaahịa mkpofu ọrụ ugbo (dịka stovu ọka ma ọ bụ ibe osisi) na ahịhịa dị ka switchgrass na ụdị miscanthus. Akụrụngwa ndị a maka mmepụta ethanol nwere uru nke [[Iba|ịba]] ụba ma dị iche iche na ha agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, ha na-achọkwa nhazi karịa iji mee ka monomers shuga dị na microorganisms a na-ejikarị emepụta ethanol site na gbaa ụka, nke na-ebuli ọnụ ahịa ethanol sitere na cellulos. Cellulosic ethanol nwere ike ibelata ikuku griin haus site na 85% karịa mmanụ ụgbọala emezigharịrị. N'ụzọ dị iche, starch ethanol (dịka, site na ọka), nke na-ejikarị gas sitere n'okike na-enye ume maka usoro ahụ, nwere ike ọ gaghị ebelata ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ ma ọlị dabere n'otú e si emepụta nri nri starch. Dabere na National Academy of Sciences na 2011, ọ nweghị ihe nrụpụta bio-refinery dị adị maka ịtụgharị lignocellulosic biomass ka ọ bụrụ mmanụ ọkụ. Enweghị mmepụta nke cellulosic ethanol n'ogo nke iwu chọrọ bụ ihe ndabere nke Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Mkpegharị nke United States maka District nke Columbia mara ọkwa January 25, 2013, na-emebi ihe a chọrọ n'aka ndị na-emepụta mmanụ ụgbọala na ụgbọala na United States site na. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi chọrọ mgbakwunye nke cellulosic biofuels na ngwaahịa ha. Okwu ndị a, yana ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka mmepụta ihe ndị ọzọ siri ike, mere ka ndị nchọpụta amụma Mahadum George Washington kwupụta na "n'oge dị mkpirikpi, [cellulosic] ethanol enweghị ike izute nchekwa ike na ihe mgbaru ọsọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ ụgbọala ọzọ." == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Onye French chemist, Henri Braconnot, bụ onye mbụ chọpụtara na cellulose nwere ike ime ka mmiri ghọọ shuga site na iji sulfuric acid na 1819. A pụkwara ịhazi sugar hydrolyzed ka ọ ghọọ ethanol site na gbaa ụka. Emepụta ethanol mbụ a na-ere ahịa malitere na Germany na 1898, bụ́ ebe a na-eji acid mee ka cellulose hydrolyze. Na United States, Standard Alcohol Company meghere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ethanol cellulosic mbụ na South Carolina na 1910. Mgbe e mesịrị, e meghere ụlọ ọrụ nke abụọ na Louisiana. Otú ọ dị, e mechiri osisi abụọ ahụ mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị n'ihi ihe kpatara akụ na ụba. Mgbalị mbụ nke ịzụ ahịa usoro maka ethanol sitere na osisi ka emere na Germany na 1898. Ọ gụnyere iji acid dilute hydrolyze cellulose na glucose, ma nwee ike iwepụta 7.6 lita ethanol kwa 100 kg nke ahịhịa osisi (18 US gal (68 L) kwa ton). N'oge na-adịghị anya ndị Jamanị mepụtara usoro mmepụta ihe ahaziri maka mpụta ihe ruru galọn US 50 (190 L) kwa tọn biomass. N'oge na-adịghị anya, usoro a chọtara ụzọ ya na United States, na-ejedebe na ụlọ ọrụ azụmahịa abụọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ n'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Osisi ndị a na-eji ihe a na-akpọ "Usoro America" - otu akụkụ nke sulfuric acid hydrolysis. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ndị a amịpụtara bụ ọkara nke usoro German mbụ (galọn US 25 (95 L) nke ethanol kwa ton na 50), ntinye nke usoro America dị elu karịa. Mbelata mmepụta osisi na-amanye ihe ọkụkụ ndị ahụ imechi obere oge ka njedebe nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ntakịrị nyocha nke na-agbanwe agbanwe na dilute acid hydrolysis gara n'ihu na Laboratory USFS's Forest Products. N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], US tụgharịrị ọzọ na cellulosic ethanol, oge a maka ntụgharị na butadiene iji mepụta roba sịntetik. Enyere ụlọ ọrụ Vulcan Copper na Supply nkwekọrịta ịrụ na ịrụ ọrụ osisi iji gbanwee sawdust ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Ihe ọkụkụ a dabere na ngbanwe na usoro izizi German Scholler dịka ụlọ nyocha nke Forest Products Laboratory mepụtara. Osisi a nwetara mkpụrụ ethanol nke 50 US gal (190 L) kwa ton kpọrọ nkụ, mana ọ kaghị uru ma mechie ya mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị. Site na mmepe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ enzyme n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, usoro acid hydrolysis ejiriwo enzymatic hydrolysis dochie ya nke nta nke nta. Kemịkalụ pretreatment nke feedstock a chọrọ ka hydrolyze (iche iche) hemicellulose, n'ihi ya, ọ nwere ike na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ghọọ sugars. A na-emepụta pretreatment nke acid dilute dabere na ọrụ mbụ na acid hydrolysis nke osisi na Laboratory Products Forest USFS. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Laboratory Products Forest yana Mahadum Wisconsin – Madison mepụtara pretreatment sulfite iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose maka enzymatic hydrolysis siri ike nke cellulose osisi. N'okwu 2007 State of the Union na Jenụwarị 23, 2007, Onye isi ala US George W. Bush kwupụtara ikike echere maka galọn US ijeri 35 (130×109 L) nke ethanol n'afọ 2017. Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, Ngalaba Ike US nyere onyinye. $385 nde na onyinye ezubere iji malite mmepụta ethanol na-awụlikwa elu site na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị omenala dị ka ibe osisi, switchgrass, na peels citrus. == Ụzọ e si emepụta ya == [[Usòrò:Pg166_bioreactor.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bioreactor maka nyocha cellulosic ethanol.]] Usoro iji mepụta ethanol site na iji usoro ndu bụ: # Usoro "pretreatment" iji mee ka ihe lignocellulosic dị ka osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-eme ka hydrolysis nwee ike. # Cellulose hydrolysis (cellulolysis) iji gbarie ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ime shuga # Microbial gbaa ụka nke shuga ngwọta # Distillation na akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ iji mepụta mmanya dị ọcha N'afọ 2010, e mepụtara ụdị yist sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji mepụta enzymes na-agbari cellulose nke ya. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche na nkà na ụzụ a nwere ike ịba ụba na ọkwa mmepụta ihe, ọ ga-ewepụ otu usoro ma ọ bụ karịa nke cellulolysis, na-ebelata ma oge achọrọ na ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta. Ọ bụ ezie na lignocellulose bụ akụ ihe ọkụkụ kachasị ukwuu, a na-ebelata ojiji ya site na nhazi ya siri ike. N'ihi ya, a na-achọ ọgwụgwọ dị irè iji tọhapụ cellulose site na lignin seal na usoro crystalline ya iji mee ka ọ nweta ya maka nzọụkwụ hydrolysis na-esote. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-eme ọtụtụ ọgwụgwọ mbụ site n'ụzọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal. Iji nweta arụmọrụ dị elu, a chọrọ ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal. Pretreatment anụ ahụ na-agụnye ibelata urughuru biomass site n'ibu nhazi ụzọ dị ka egwe ọka ma ọ bụ extrusion. Ngwọta kemịkalụ na-ebelata akụkụ nke lignocellulose ka enzymes wee nweta cellulose maka mmeghachi omume microbial. Usoro pretreatment kemịkalụ gụnyere acid hydrolysis, uzuoku mgbawa, amonia fiber mgbasa, organosolv, sulfite pretreatment, SO2-ethanol-water fractionation, alkaline wet oxidation na ozone pretreatment. E wezụga ntọhapụ cellulose dị irè, ọgwụgwọ dị mma kwesịrị ibelata mmepụta nke ngwaahịa mmebi n'ihi na ha nwere ike igbochi usoro hydrolysis na gbaa ụka. Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-eme ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mgbagwoju anya ma na-abawanye ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol n'ihi usoro nkwụsị nke achọrọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'agbanyeghị na acid hydrolysis bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ izizi kacha ochie na nke amụrụ, ọ na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe mgbochi nwere ike gụnyere furfural na hydroxymethylfurfural. Amonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) bụ ihe atụ nke pretreatment na-ekwe nkwa nke na-emepụta dịghị inhibitors. Ọtụtụ usoro ọgwụgwọ mbụ adịghị arụ ọrụ mgbe etinyere ya na nri nri nwere ọdịnaya lignin dị elu, dị ka biomass ọhịa. Ndị a chọrọ ụzọ ọzọ ma ọ bụ pụrụ iche. Organosolv, SPORL ('Sulfite pretreatment iji merie recalcitrance nke lignocellulose') na SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) usoro bụ atọ usoro nwere ike nweta n'elu 90% cellulose ntughari maka ọhịa biomass, karịsịa ndị softwood ụdị. SPORL bụ ihe kacha arụ ọrụ ike (mmepụta shuga kwa nkeji ike oriri na pretreatment) yana usoro siri ike maka pretreatment nke biomass ọhịa nwere obere mmepụta nke ihe mgbochi gbaa ụka. Organosolv pulping dị irè karịsịa maka [[osisi siri ike]] ma na-enye mgbake dị mfe nke ngwaahịa hydrophobic lignin site na dilution na ọdịda. e ji arụ ọrụ mgbake nke chemicals. === Usoro cellulolytic === Hydrolysis nke cellulose (cellulolysis) na-emepụta shuga dị mfe nke nwere ike ịgbanye n'ime mmanya. Enwere usoro cellulolysis isi abụọ: usoro kemịkalụ iji acid, ma ọ bụ mmeghachi omume enzymatic site na iji cellulases. ==== Hydrolysis nke kemịkal ==== N'ime usoro ọdịnala ndị e mepụtara na narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, a na-eme hydrolysis site na iji acid wakpo cellulose. Enwere ike iji acid dilute n'okpuru oke okpomọkụ na nrụgide dị elu, ma ọ bụ acid nwere ike tinyekwuo nwere ike iji na okpomọkụ dị ala na nrụgide ikuku. Ngwakọta cellulosic nke acid na sugars decrystallized na-emeghachi omume n'ihu mmiri iji mechaa mkpụrụ ndụ shuga n'otu n'otu (hydrolysis). Ngwaahịa sitere na hydrolysis a na-ewepụsị ya, a na-eji gbaa ụka yist emepụta ethanol. Dị ka e kwuru, ihe mgbochi dị ịrịba ama na usoro itughari acid bụ na hydrolysis dị oke ike nke na a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-emebi ihe na-egbu egbu nke nwere ike igbochi gbaa ụka. BlueFire Renewables na-eji acid concentrated n'ihi na ọ naghị emepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ ndị na-egbochi gbaa ụka, mana a ga-ekewapụ ya na mmiri shuga maka recycle [nkewa akwa chromatographic nke na-emegharị emegharị, dịka ọmụmaatụ] ka ọ mara mma n'ahịa. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ maka ọrụ nyocha ọrụ ugbo chọpụtara na ha nwere ike ịnweta ma gbaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ shuga niile fọdụrụ na ahịhịa ọka. Ndị shuga dị na mgbidi cell nke osisi ahụ, bụ nke a ma ama na ọ siri ike ịkụda. Iji nweta shuga ndị a, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-eji alkaline peroxide dozie ahịhịa ọka wit, wee jiri enzymes pụrụ iche kwatuo mgbidi cell. Usoro a weputara galọn US 93 (350 L) nke ethanol kwa tọn ahịhịa ọka. ==== Hydrolysis nke enzymes ==== Enwere ike ịgbaji agbụ cellulose n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ glucose site na enzymes cellulase. Mmeghachi omume a na-eme na okpomọkụ nke ahụ dị n'ime afọ nke anụ anụ dị ka ehi na atụrụ, bụ ebe ụmụ nje na-emepụta enzymes. Usoro a na-eji ọtụtụ enzymes na ọkwa dị iche iche nke ntụgharị a. N'iji usoro enzymatic yiri nke ahụ, ihe lignocellulosic nwere ike iji enzymaticly mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dịtụ nro (50 ° C na pH 5), si otú a na-eme ka cellulose dị irè na-agbaji na-enweghị nguzobe nke ngwaahịa ndị ga-egbochi ọrụ enzyme. Ụzọ ọgwụgwọ niile bụ isi, gụnyere acid dilute, chọrọ usoro enzymatic hydrolysis iji nweta mkpụrụ shuga dị elu maka ịgba ụka ethanol. Enwere ike iji enzymes fungal mee ka cellulose hydrolyze. Akụrụngwa (mgbe osisi ma ọ bụ ahịhịa) ka ga-ebu ụzọ gwọọ ya iji mee ka ọ dị mma na hydrolysis. N'afọ 2005, ụlọ ọrụ Iogen kwupụtara na ọ na-eji ero Trichoderma reesei na-emepụta usoro iji zoo "enzyme ndị emepụtara pụrụ iche" maka usoro enzymatic hydrolysis. Ụlọ ọrụ Canada ọzọ, SunOpta, na-eji pretreatment mgbawa uzuoku, na-enye nkà na ụzụ ya na Verenium (nke bụbu Celunol Corporation) na Jennings, Louisiana, ụlọ ọrụ Abengoa na Salamanca, Spain, na China Resources Alcohol Corporation na Zhaodong. Ebe nrụpụta CRAC na-eji stovu ọka dị ka akụrụngwa. === Mgbasa nke nje ===   Dị ka o si dị, yist na-eme bred (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), adịla anya n'ụlọ ọrụ ebe a na-emepụta mmanya na-emepụta ethanol sitere na hexoses (sugar carbon isii). N'ihi ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya nke carbohydrates dị na lignocellulosic biomass, nnukwu xylose na arabinose (sugar carbon ise sitere na akụkụ hemicellulose nke lignocellulose) dịkwa na hydrolysate. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na hydrolyzate nke ọka ọka, ihe dịka 30% nke ngụkọta shuga na-agba agba bụ xylose. N'ihi ya, ikike nke microorganisms na-agba agba iji jiri ụdị shuga niile dị na hydrolyzate dị mkpa iji mee ka asọmpi akụ na ụba nke cellulosic ethanol na protein ndị nwere ike na-emepụta ihe. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, injinia metabolic maka microorganisms ejiri na-emepụta ethanol mmanụ egosila ọganihu dị ukwuu. E wezụga Saccharomyces cerevisiae, microorganisms dị ka Zymomonas mobilis na Escherichia coli ka ezubere iche site na injinịa metabolic maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ n'akụkụ akụkụ ahụ mgbakasị ọzọ bụ ike ya ịgbasa shuga carbon ise na-eme ka mkpụrụ nke ngwaahịa nri dịkwuo mma. A na-ahụkarị ikike a n'ime ihe ndị sitere na nje bacteria. [Ihe ndekọ achọrọ] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kọwapụtara yist ndị emepụtara nke ọma na-agbakọ xylose, na arabinose, na ọbụna ha abụọ ọnụ. Mkpụrụ ndụ yist na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka usoro ethanol cellulosic n'ihi na ejirila ha na nkà na ụzụ biotechnology ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, na-anabata ethanol dị elu na ntinye ihe mgbochi ma nwee ike itolite na obere pH ụkpụrụ iji belata mmetọ nje. === Ngwakọta hydrolysis na fermentation === A hụla ụfọdụ ụdị nje bacteria nwere ike ịtụgharị mkpụrụ okwu cellulose ka ọ bụrụ ethanol. Otu ihe atụ bụ Clostridium thermocellum, bụ́ nke na-eji cellulosome dị mgbagwoju anya gbarie cellulose na synthesize ethanol. Agbanyeghị, C. thermocelum na-emepụtakwa ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ n'oge metabolism cellulose, gụnyere acetate na lactate, na mgbakwunye na ethanol, na-ebelata arụmọrụ nke usoro ahụ. A na-atụkwa ụfọdụ mbọ nyocha iji kwalite mmepụta ethanol site na nje bacteria injinia mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-elekwasị anya n'okporo ụzọ na-emepụta ethanol. === Usoro gas (ụzọ okpomọkụ) === [[Usòrò:Holzvergaser_Güssing.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Mmiri na-agbanye n'àkwà na Güssing Burgenland [[Austria]]]] Usoro gasification anaghị adabere na kemịkalụ kemịkalụ nke cellulose yinye (cellulolysis). Kama ịgbaji cellulose n'ime ụmụ irighiri shuga, a na-eme ka carbon dị n'ihe ndị dị n'ime ya ghọọ gas na-emepụta ihe, na-eji ihe ruru ọkụ ọkụ. Enwere ike inye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ka ọ bụrụ ụdị fermenter pụrụ iche. Kama ịgbakọ sugar na yist, usoro a na-eji nje bacteria Clostridium ljungdahlii. Ihe microorganism a ga-etinye carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ma mepụta ethanol na mmiri. Ya mere enwere ike imebi usoro a ụzọ atọ: # Gasification - A na-agbajikwa molekul gbagọrọ agbagọ nke carbon iji nweta carbon dị ka carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen. # Fermentation - Tugharia carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide na hydrogen ka ọ bụrụ ethanol site na iji organism Clostridium ljungdahlii. # Distillation - Ethanol kewapụrụ na mmiri Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya achọpụtala nje bacteria Clostridium ọzọ nke yiri ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ugboro abụọ n'ịme ethanol sitere na carbon monoxide dị ka nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-enyefe gas na-emepụta gas site na gasification na reactor catalytic ebe a na-eji emepụta ethanol na mmanya ndị ọzọ dị elu site na usoro thermochemical. Usoro a nwekwara ike ịmepụta ụdị mmanụ ọkụ ndị ọzọ, echiche ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Montreal Enerkem gosipụtara nke ọma n'ụlọ ọrụ ha na Westbury, Quebec. == Hemicellulose na ethanol == A na-eme nnyocha siri ike iji zụlite ụzọ akụ na ụba iji gbanwee ma cellulose na hemicellulose na ethanol. Fermentation nke glucose, bụ isi ngwaahịa nke cellulose hydrolyzate, na ethanol bụ usoro emebelarị ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. Agbanyeghị, ntughari nke xylose, shuga pentose nke hemicellulose hydrolyzate, bụ ihe na-egbochi ya, ọkachasị na ọnụnọ glucose. Ọzọkwa, a pụghị ileghara ya anya dị ka hemicellulose ga-eme ka arụmọrụ na ọnụ ahịa nke mmepụta ethanol cellulosic dịkwuo elu. Sakamoto (2012) et al. gosi ike nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa injinia iji gosipụta enzymes hemicellulase. Ndị nchọpụta ahụ mepụtara ụdị Saccharomyces cerevisiae recombinant nke nwere ike: # hydrolyze hemicellulase site na codeisplaying endoxylanase n'elu cell ya, # assimilate xylose site na ngosipụta nke xylose reductase na xylitol dehydrogenase. Ahụhụ ahụ nwere ike ịtụgharị ahịhịa ahịhịa osikapa ka ọ bụrụ ethanol, nke nwere akụkụ hemicellulosic. Ọzọkwa, ọ na-enwe ike ịmepụta 2.5x ọzọ ethanol karịa njikwa njikwa, na-egosi usoro dị irè nke elu cell-engineering na-emepụta ethanol. == Uru ya == === Uru ndị ethanol na-arụ n'ozuzu ha === Ethanol na-ere ọkụ nke ọma na nke ọma karịa mmanụ ụgbọala. N'ihi na osisi na-eri carbon dioxide ka ha na-etolite, bioethanol nwere akara ukwu carbon dị ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ. Ịgbanwe ethanol maka mmanụ nwekwara ike ibelata ndabere obodo na mbubata mmanụ. === Uru nke cellulosic ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ethanol sitere na shuga === {| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="3" align="center" style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyDraft ndụ ndụ ndụ GHG emissions reduction results for different horizon time and discount rate approaches (gụnyere indirect land use changes mmetụta)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><ref name="EPAdraft">{{Cite web|title=EPA Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Fuels - Technical Highlights|url=http://www.epa.gov/otaq/renewablefuels/420f09024.pdf|accessdate=2009-06-07}} ''See Table 1''.</ref><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |Ụzọ Mmanụ ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |100 afọ + 2% discount<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> ! style="background-color: #ABCDEF;" |Afọ 30 + 0% ọnụego ego<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe na-ekpo ọkụ) (¹) | style="text-align:center" | -16% | style="text-align:center" | +5% |- |Ethanol ọka (Ng DM kacha mma) (²) | style="text-align:center" | -39% | style="text-align:center" | -18% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe na-akpụ akpụ) | style="text-align:center" | +13% | style="text-align:center" | +34% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe kpọrọ nkụ) | style="text-align:center" | -39% | style="text-align:center" | -18% |- |Ethanol ọka (ihe igwe ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ na ike)<br /><br /><br /><br /> | style="text-align:center" | -47% | style="text-align:center" | -26% |- |Ethhanol shuga nke Brazil | style="text-align:center" | -44% | style="text-align:center" | -26% |- |Cellulosic ethanol sitere na switchgrass | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -128% | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -124% |- |Cellulosic ethanol sitere na ọka stover | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -115% | style="background-color:#ffffcc;text-align:center" | -116% |- | colspan="3" |<small>Rịba ama: (1) Osisi ndị na-egweri ihe (DM) na-egwe ihe niile ma na-emepụta naanị otu isi ihe: distillers grains with solubles (DGS). (2) Osisi kachasị mma na-emepụta distillers mmiri grains co-product.<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></small> |} Mmepụta ethanol cellulosic nke a na-ere n'ahịa, nke n'adịghị ka ọka na okpete agaghị mpi mmepụta nri, ga-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu ebe ọ ga-ebelata nrụgide a na-enwe n'ubi nri ndị a. Ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ahịa nhazi ya dị elu, ọnụahịa cellulose biomass dị ọnụ ala karịa nke ọka ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Ọzọkwa, ebe ọ bụ na cellulose bụ isi ihe na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ, a pụrụ iweta ihe ọkụkụ ahụ dum, ọ bụghị nanị mkpụrụ osisi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ osisi. Nke a na-ebute mkpụrụ kacha mma; dịka ọmụmaatụ, switchgrass na-amịpụta ethanol okpukpu abụọ karịa ọka. Ihe biomass maka mmepụta cellulose chọrọ ntinye ole na ole, dị ka fatịlaịza, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na mgbọrọgwụ ha buru ibu na-eme ka mma ala dị mma, belata mbuze, ma na-abawanye njide na-edozi ahụ. Mgbasa ụkwụ carbon zuru ụwa ọnụ na ikike okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ethanol cellulosic dị ala nke ukwuu (lee eserese) na ike ụgbụ a na-enweta dị elu ọtụtụ ugboro karịa nke ethanol dabere na ọka. Ngwa akụrụngwa nwere ike hiri nne. Ihe dị ka 44% nke mkpofu ụlọ a na-emepụta n'ụwa niile bụ nri na elu. A na-atụfu ihe dị ka nde tọn 323 nke akụrụngwa nwere cellulose nke enwere ike iji mepụta ethanol kwa afọ na US naanị. Nke a gụnyere nde tọn 36.8 nke mkpofu nkụ n'obodo mepere emepe, nde tọn 90.5 nke ihe mkpofu ahịhịa, nde tọn 45 nke ahịhịa ahịhịa, na 150.7 nde tọn nkụ ọka na ahịhịa ọka. Ọzọkwa, a pụrụ iji ihe ọkụkụ na-emepụta cellulose kụọ ọbụna akụkụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo, nke na-ebute mmepụta zuru oke iji dochie anya mbubata mmanụ ugbu a na United States. Akwụkwọ, kaadiboodu, na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nwere ihe dị ka 17% nke mkpofu ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na a na-emegharị ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a. Dị ka ngwaahịa ndị a nwere cellulose, ha na-agbanwe ghọọ cellulosic ethanol, nke ga-ezere mmepụta nke methane, ikuku griin ha siri ike, n'oge ire ere. == Ọghọm ya == === Ọghọm ndị ọzọ === Isi ihe ndọghachi azụ nke mmanụ ethanol bụ akụ na ụba mmanụ ala ya dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala mgbe ị na-eji ethanol n'ime injin emebere maka mmanụ ụgbọala nwere oke mkpakọ dị ala. === Ọghọm nke cellulosic ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ethanol sitere na shuga === Ihe kachasị njọ nke ethanol cellulosic bụ ọnụ ahịa dị elu na mgbagwoju anya nke mmepụta ya, bụ nke bụ isi ihe na-egbochi azụmahịa ya. == Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba == Ọ bụ ezie na ahịa bioethanol zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere oke (ihe dị ka ijeri lita 110 na 2019), ihe ka ukwuu bụ sitere na ọka ma ọ bụ okpete, ọ bụghị cellulose. N'afọ 2007, a na-eme atụmatụ ọnụ ahịa mmepụta ethanol site na isi mmalite cellulosic ca. USD 2.65 kwa galọn (€0.58 kwa lita), nke dị ihe dị ka ugboro 2–3 dị ọnụ karịa ethanol nke sitere na ọka. Agbanyeghị, ahịa ethanol cellulosic ka dị obere ma dabere na enyemaka gọọmentị. Gọọmenti US bu ụzọ debere ebumnuche cellulosic ethanol nke nta nke nta na-agbago site na ijeri lita 1 na 2011 ruo ijeri lita 60 na 2022. Agbanyeghị, ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị a kwa afọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile ka ewepụrụ ya mgbe ọ bịara doo anya na enweghị ohere izute ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic kagburu ma ọ bụ gbahapụrụ na mmalite 2010s. Osisi ndị DuPont, General Motors na BP wuru ma ọ bụ kwadoro ya, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, mechiri ma ọ bụ ree ya. Dị ka nke 2018, ọ bụ naanị otu nnukwu osisi fọdụrụ na US. Ka e wee too ya na nnukwu mmepụta, cellulose biomass aghaghị ịsọ mpi n'iji ala ubi a na-eme ihe, karịsịa maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. N'ime ijeri acres 2.26 nke United States (nde 9.1 km2) nke ala enweghị mmiri, 33% bụ oke ọhịa, 26% ala ịta ahịhịa na ahịhịa, na 20% ala ihe ọkụkụ. Nnyocha nke Ngalaba Maka Ike na Ọrụ Ugbo nke U.S. na 2005 tụrụ aro na 1.3 ijeri tọn nkụ nke biomass dị maka iji ethanol eme ihe ma na-ejigide mmetụta a na-anakwere na ọhịa, ọrụ ugbo. === Ntụnyere ya na ethanol sitere na ọka === Ka ọ dị ugbu a, cellulose na-esi ike ma dị ọnụ karịa ịhazi n'ime ethanol karịa ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Ngalaba ike nke United States mere atụmatụ na 2007 na ọ na-efu ihe dịka $2.20 kwa galọn iji mepụta ethanol cellulosic, nke bụ 2-3 ugboro karịa ethanol sitere na ọka. Enzymes nke na-emebi mgbidi cell cell na-eri US $ 0.40 kwa galọn ethanol ma e jiri ya tụnyere US $ 0.03 maka ọka. Otú ọ dị, cellulosic biomass dị ọnụ ala karịa ọka, n'ihi na ọ na-achọ ntinye ole na ole, dị ka ume, fatịlaịza, ahịhịa ahịhịa, na-esonyere ya na obere mbuze nke ala na mma ala ọmụmụ. Na mgbakwunye, ihe siri ike na-adịghị agba agba na enweghị ntụgharị nke fọdụrụ mgbe emechara ethanol nwere ike ịgba ọkụ iji nye mmanụ ọkụ dị mkpa iji rụọ ọrụ ngbanwe ma mepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ike a na-eji na-arụ ọrụ ethanol sitere na ọka sitere na coal na gas. Ụlọ ọrụ maka ịdabere na onwe onye na mpaghara na-eme atụmatụ ọnụahịa cellulosic ethanol sitere na ọgbọ mbụ nke osisi azụmahịa ga-adị na $ 1.90- $ 2.25 kwa galọn, ewezuga ihe mkpali. Nke a tụlere ọnụ ahịa ugbu a bụ $1.20–$1.50 kwa galọn maka ethanol sitere na ọka yana ọnụ ahịa mkpọsa ugbu a karịrị $4.00 kwa galọn maka mmanụ ụgbọala mgbe niile (nke a na-enye nkwado na ụtụ). === Ihe mgbochi nke ọnụ ahịa enzyme === Cellulases na hemicellulases eji na mmepụta nke cellulosic ethanol dị ọnụ karịa ndị ọgbọ mbụ ha. Enzymes achọrọ maka mmepụta ethanol ọka ọka na-efu 2.64-5.28 US dollar kwa cubic mita nke ethanol emepụtara. Enzymes maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic na-atụ anya na ọ ga-efu 79.25 US dollar, nke pụtara na ha dị okpukpu 20-40 karịa ọnụ. A na-ekwu na ọnụ ahịa dị iche na ọnụọgụ achọrọ. Ezinụlọ cellulase nke enzymes nwere usoro nke otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'usoro pere mpe nke arụmọrụ. Ya mere, ọ na-achọ 40 ruo 100 ugboro karịa nke enzyme ka ọ dị na mmepụta ya. Maka tọn nke ọ bụla biomass ọ chọrọ 15-25 kilogram nke enzyme. Atụmatụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya dị ala, na-atụ aro 1 kg nke enzyme kwa tọn kpọrọ nkụ nke nri nri biomass. Enwekwara ọnụ ahịa isi obodo dị elu jikọtara ya na ogologo oge nnabata maka ụgbọ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ hydrolysis enzymatic. N'ozuzu, enzymes nwere akụkụ dị ịrịba ama nke 20-40% maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Otu akwụkwọ na-adịbeghị anya na-eme atụmatụ na nsonye dị na 13-36% nke ọnụ ahịa ego, na isi ihe bụ otú e si emepụta enzyme cellulase. Maka cellulase emepụtara na mpụga, mmepụta enzyme ruru 36% nke ọnụ ahịa ego. Maka enzyme emepụtara na saịtị na osisi dị iche, akụkụ ya bụ 29%; Maka mmepụta enzyme agbakwunyere, akụkụ ya bụ 13%. Otu n'ime uru ndị bụ isi nke mmepụta agbakwunyere bụ na biomass kama glucose bụ usoro uto enzyme. Biomass na-efu obere ego, ọ na-eme ka ethanol cellulosic na-esi na ya pụta bụrụ 100% biofuel nke abụọ, ya bụ, ọ dịghị eji 'nri maka mmanụ'. == Nri nri == N'ozuzu, e nwere ụdị nri nri abụọ: ọhịa (osisi) biomass na biomass ugbo. Na US, ihe dị ka ijeri tọn 1.4 akọrọ nke biomass ka enwere ike imepụta nke ọma kwa afọ. Ihe dị ka nde tọn 370 ma ọ bụ 30% bụ biomass nke ọhịa. Ohia biomass nwere cellulose na lignin dị elu yana ọdịnaya hemicellulose na ntụ dị ala karịa biomass ugbo. N'ihi ihe isi ike na mkpụrụ ethanol dị ala na fermenting pretreatment hydrolysate, ọkachasị ndị nwere shuga dị elu 5 carbon hemicellulose dị ka xylose, biomass ọhịa nwere nnukwu uru karịa biomass ugbo. Biomass nke ọhịa nwekwara nnukwu njupụta nke na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa njem. Enwere ike iweta ya n'afọ nke na-ewepụ nchekwa ogologo oge. Ọdịnaya ntụ ntụ dị nso nke biomass nke ọhịa na-ebelata nke ọma ibu n'ime njem na nhazi. Iji gboo mkpa maka ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, biomass nke ọhịa ga-abụ ngwakọta ihe oriri dị mkpa na-enye nri n'ime akụ na ụba biobased n'ọdịnihu. Otú ọ dị, biomass nke ọhịa na-atụgharị uche karịa biomass nke ugbo. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, USDA Forest Products Laboratory yana Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison mepụtara teknụzụ dị mma nke nwere ike imeri ike recalcitrance nke ọhịa (osisi) biomass gụnyere nke ụdị softwood nwere obere xylan ọdịnaya. Omenala kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke obere oge ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo osisi nwere ike inye ohere na-enweghị oke maka mmepụta biomass nke ọhịa. Osisi osisi sitere na slashes na n'elu osisi wee hụ uzuzu sitere na igwe igwe, na akwụkwọ mkpofu bụ nri anụ ọhịa biomass maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) bụ ahịhịa ahịhịa toro ogologo. Amara maka isi ike ya na uto ngwa ngwa, afọ a na-eto n'ime ọnwa ọkụ ruo n'ogo nke 2–6 ụkwụ. Enwere ike ito ahịhịa ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke United States, gụnyere swampland, larịị, iyi, na n'akụkụ oke osimiri & okporo ụzọ interstate. Ọ bụ mkpụrụ nke onwe (ọ dịghị traktọ maka ịgha mkpụrụ, naanị maka ịgha mkpụrụ), na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọrịa na pests, ma nwee ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ dị elu na ngwa ngwa nke fatịlaịza na kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ. Ọ na-anabatakwa ala dara ogbenye, idei mmiri, & ụkọ mmiri ozuzo; na-eme ka mma ala dị mma ma na-egbochi mbuze n'ihi ụdị mgbọrọgwụ ya. Switchgrass bụ ihe mkpuchi akwadoro maka ala echedoro n'okpuru Mmemme Nchekwa Federal (CRP). CRP bụ mmemme gọọmentị na-akwụ ndị na-emepụta ego ụgwọ maka emeghị ihe ọkụkụ n'ala nke ihe ọkụkụ toro na nso nso a. Usoro a na-ebelata mbuze nke ala, na-eme ka mmiri dịkwuo mma, na-abawanye ebe obibi anụ ọhịa. Ala CRP na-eje ozi dị ka ebe obibi maka egwuregwu ugwu, dị ka pheasants na ọbọgwụ, na ọtụtụ ụmụ ahụhụ. A tụlere Switchgrass maka mmepụta biofuel maka ojiji na ala Mmemme Nchekwa Nchekwa (CRP), nke nwere ike ịbawanye nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi wee belata ọnụ ahịa mmemme CRP. Agbanyeghị, iwu CRP ga-agbanwerịrị iji kwe ka ojiji akụ na ụba a nke ala CRP. Miscanthus × giganteus bụ nri ọzọ bara uru maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic. Ụdị ahihia a sitere na Eshia ma bụrụ ngwakọ na-adịghị mma nke Miscanthus sinensis na Miscanthus sacchariflorus. O nwere ihe ọkụkụ dị elu, ọ dị ọnụ ala itolite, ma na-eme nke ọma n'ụdị ihu igwe dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi na ọ na-adịghị ike, ọ na-achọkwa ịgbasa ahịhịa, na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo ọnụ. Atụwo aro na Kudzu nwere ike bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke biomass. == Ahịa ethanol cellulosic == N'ịbụ nke e nwetara site na enyemaka na enyemaka, mmụba na nyocha ethanol cellulosic na osisi ndị na-anya ụgbọelu mere na mmalite 2000s. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị ka Iogen, POET, na Abengoa wuru ụlọ nrụpụta ndị nwere ike ịhazi biomass ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ethanol, ebe ụlọ ọrụ dịka DuPont, Diversa, Novozymes, na Dyadic tinyere ego na nyocha enzyme. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime osisi ndị a kagburu ma ọ bụ mechie na mbido 2010 dịka ihe mgbochi teknụzụ siri ike imeri. Dị ka nke 2018, ọ bụ naanị otu cellulosic ethanol osisi ka nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ. N'ime afọ 2010 gara aga, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-anwa oge ụfọdụ mgbalị dị nta n'ịzụ ahịa ethanol cellulosic, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ndị dị otú ahụ na-anọgide na-adị n'ọtụtụ nyocha ma na-adaberekarị na enyemaka. Ụlọ ọrụ Granbio, Raízen na Centro de Tecnologia Canavieira ọ bụla na-agba ọsọ a pilot-scale facility na-arụ ọrụ na Brazil, nke ọnụ na-emepụta gburugburu 30 nde lita na 2019. Iogen, nke malitere dị ka onye na-emepụta enzyme na 1991 wee maliteghachi onwe ya iji lekwasị anya na isi. na cellulosic ethanol na 2013, nwere ọtụtụ patent maka mmepụta ethanol cellulosic ma nye nkà na ụzụ maka osisi Raízen. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe teknụzụ ethanol cellulosic dị ka nke 2021 bụ Inbicon (Denmark); Ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ na-eme atụmatụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta ụgbọelu gụnyere New Energy Blue (US), Sekab (Sweden) na Clariant (na Romania). Abengoa, ụlọ ọrụ Spen nwere akụ ethanol cellulosic, kwụsịrị na 2021. Agencylọ ọrụ ume ọhụrụ nke Australia, yana gọọmentị steeti na ime obodo, nyere ego maka ụlọ ọrụ na-anya ụgbọ elu na 2017 na 2020 na New South Wales dịka akụkụ nke mbọ iji mee ka akụ na ụba mpaghara pụọ na mgbapụta kol. === Nkwado Gọọmentị US === Site na 2006, gọọmentị etiti US malitere ịkwalite mmepe ethanol sitere na nri nri cellulosic. Na May 2008, Congress weputara ụgwọ ọrụ ugbo ọhụrụ nke nwere ego maka ịzụ ahịa nke biofuels ọgbọ nke abụọ, gụnyere cellulosic ethanol. Iwu nri, nchekwa, na ike nke 2008 nyere maka onyinye na-ekpuchi ihe ruru 30% nke ọnụ ahịa mmepe na iwulite ihe ngosi biorefineries maka imepụta "ihe ọkụkụ dị elu," nke gụnyere nke ọma mmanụ ọkụ niile esighị na starch ọka ọka. O kwekwara ka mbinye ego ruru nde $250 maka iwu ụlọ biorefineries nke azụmahịa. Na Jenụwarị 2011, USDA kwadoro $405 nde na nkwa mbinye ego site na ụgwọ ọrụ Ugbo 2008 iji kwado azụmahịa nke ethanol cellulosic na ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke Coskata, Enerkem na INEOS New Planet BioEnergy nwere. Ọrụ ndị a na-anọchi anya mkpokọta 73 million US galọn (280,000 m3) ikike mmepụta kwa afọ ma ga-amalite imepụta ethanol cellulosic na 2012. USDA wepụtakwara ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta biofuel dị elu bụ ndị ga-anata ụgwọ iji gbasaa mmepụta nke biofuels dị elu. Na Julaị 2011, Ngalaba Energy nke US nyere POET nde $105 na nkwa mbinye ego maka ụlọ ahịa nke a ga-ewu Emmetsburg, Iowa. == Hụkwa == <references responsive="0"></references> * Ọgbọ nke abụọ biofuels * Nri vs. mmanụ == Ihe odide ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070430004536/http://www.ethanolrfa.org/industry/locations/ Ndepụta nke U.S. Ethanol Plants] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20101028194523/http://ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=4269 A na-eji teknụzụ dị iche iche eme ihe maka Cellulosic Ethanol Path] * [http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/reinsider/story?id=53353 Mgbanwe gaa n'Ọgbọ nke Abụọ Ethanol] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090724160452/http://www.energy.gov/news/6633.htm USDA & DOE Release National Biofuels Action Plan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081204002709/http://www.jgpress.com/archives/_free/001764.html Ịzụ ahịa Cellulosic Ethanol] * [https://www.reuters.com/article/smallBusinessNews/idUSTRE50869B20090109 Cellulosic ethanol mmepụta nwere ike "gbawaa"] * [http://www.sustainablebusiness.com/index.cfm/go/news.display/id/17460 Onye na-ede uri na-emepụta Cellulosic Ethanol na Pilot Scale] * [https://archive.today/20130201090324/http://uk.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUKTRE50C6LU20090113 Nkwado ndị ọzọ nke US hụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka osisi ethanol] * [http://www.businessgreen.com/business-green/news/2238561/shell-fuels-cellulosic-ethanol Shell na-agbanye cellulosic ethanol push na Codexis ọhụrụ] * [https://archive.today/20130122103130/http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=5517 Enerkem iji wuo ụlọ ọrụ ethanol cellulosic na US] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090604134300/http://techfragments.com/news/431/Science/Ethanol_Production_Could_Reach_90_Billion_Gallons_by_2030.html Ethanol Production nwere ike iru 90 Billion Gallons site na 2030 nke Sandia National Laboratories na GM Corp kwadoro.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726151754/http://hitectransportation.org/news/2009/Exec_Summary02-2009.pdf Sandia National Laboratories & GM study: usoro PDF sitere na hitectransportation.org] * Mgbanwe ahịhịa Mmanụ na-emepụta Ike dị ukwuu. * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/ncnu02/v5-017.html Ethanol] Site na Cellulose: A General Review - P.C. Badger, 2002 * US DOEOffice nke Biological and Environmental Research (OBER). * [http://www.nrel.gov/biomass National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Research Advances - Cellulosic Ethanol.] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114400/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/ USDA Forest Products Laboratory] E debere Wayback Machine * [https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE51C5R320090213 reuters.com, New biofuels ga-abịa site n'ọtụtụ isi mmalite: nzukọ, Fri Feb 13, 2009 2:50pm EST] * [https://www.reuters.com/article/GCA-GreenBusiness/idUSTRE51C6DT20090213 reuters.com, US kwa izu ethanol margins na-arị elu ruo n'elu break even, Fri Feb 13, 2009 4:01pm EST] * [https://www.wired.com/science/planetearth/magazine/15-10/ff_plant wired.com, Otu Molecule nwere ike ịgwọ ịṅụbiga mmanụ ókè anyị, 09.24.07] == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == 4ptv3g6a1ft04t7r53qsrsoxgot3qq5 0 30371 631997 541547 2026-05-05T06:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|honorific_prefix=|name=Chukwuedu Nwokolo|honorific_suffix=[[Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]], [[Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh|RCPE]], [[Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons|MRCS]], [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Nigeria|OFR]], [[Membership of the Royal College of Physicians|MRCP]]|native_name=|native_name_lang=|image=Chukwuedu_Nwokolo_2.jpg|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|df=yes|1921|4|19}}|birth_place=|disappeared_date=|disappeared_place=|disappeared_status=|death_date={{Death date and age|df=yes|2014|5|18|1921|4|19}}|death_place=New York|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|monuments=|nationality=Nigerian|other_names=|citizenship=|education=Human, medical and life sciences|alma_mater=[[Yaba College|Yaba Higher College]], [[University of Ibadan]], [[Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup]]: London, [[University of Minnesota]]|occupation=Medical doctor, humanitarian, research scientist and professor of medicine|years_active=1947–2004|employer=|organization=|agent=|known_for=Discovering and mapping out the area of lung disease in [[Eastern Nigeria]], with a study of the disease in Africa and clinical research for its control <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://onlinenigeria.com/merit/1982.html|title=NNOM|website=onlinenigeria.com|accessdate=2023-09-25|archivedate=2023-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171027/https://onlinenigeria.com/merit/1982.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Endemic paragonimiasis in Africa - PMC|year=1974 |pmc=2481166 |last1=Nwokolo |first1=C. |journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization |volume=50 |issue=6 |pages=569–571 |pmid=4549201 }}</ref>|notable_works=''An Introduction to Clinical Medicine''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TcutWv4m0gC&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo |title= Library of Congress Catalogs |publisher= Library of Congress |accessdate= 2 June 2014|isbn= 9780844713427 |year= 1983 }}</ref>|style=|height=<!-- {{height|m=}} -->|television=|title=Emeritus Professor|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|movement=|opponents=|boards=|spouse=Njideka Priscilla Nwokolo: née: Okonkwo|partner=|children=7|parents=Nathaniel Ezuma Nwokolo and Matilda Nwokolo: née: Efobi|callsign=|awards=|website=|footnotes=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Chukwuedu Nathaniel''' II Nwokolopronunciationi (19 Eprel 1921 - 18 Mee 2014) bụ dọkịta Naijiria ọkachamara na ọrịa ndị na-ekpo ọkụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H10uAQAAIAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Nigeria Year Book 1984|publisher=Times Press|accessdate=2 June 2014|year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/prof-chukwuedu-nwokolo-1921-2014/185135/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110084257/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/prof-chukwuedu-nwokolo-1921-2014/185135/|title=Prof. Chukwuedu Nwokolo: 1921-2014|archivedate=10 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PjXtAAAAMAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Calendar|publisher=University of Ibadan|accessdate=2 June 2014|year=1996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b4ZNAQAAIAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=The East African Medical Journal: Volume 65, Issues 1–11|publisher=East African Medical Journal|accessdate=2 June 2014|year=1988}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq8ZAAAAYAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Who's Who in Nigeria|publisher=Newswatch|accessdate=2 June 2014|year=1990|isbn=9789782704122}}</ref> A matara ya maka ịchọpụta na imepụta mpaghara ọrịa akpa ume paragonimiasis n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa, yana nyocha nke ọrịa ahụ n'Africa na nyocha ahụike maka ịchịkwa ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nwokolo C|title=Outbreak of paragonimiasis in Eastern Nigeria|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=7740|pages=32–3|date=January 1972|pmid=4108826|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(72)90017-7}}</ref> O guzobere SICREP: Sickle Cell Research Programme iji lụso ọrịa ahụ ọgụ n'ụzọ dị irè na Naijiria na n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=22854|title=UNN Medical College Needs N6bn To Upgrade Facilities|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213247/http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=22854|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2003/dec/195.html|title=Countering Nigeria's Anti Intellectualism|publisher=Nigeria World|accessdate=1 June 2014|archivedate=4 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194952/http://nigeriaworld.com/articles/2003/dec/195.html}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == === Ndị nne na nna na ọmụmụ === A mụrụ Nwokolo na Tuesday, 19 April 1921 - na Amaimo, nke dị ugbu a na Imo State: Nigeria, ebe nne na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ maka Church Missionary Society dị ka ndị na-ezisa ozi ọma. Ọ bụ nwa nwoke mbụ n'ime ụmụ asaa Nna ya: Nathaniel Ezuma Nwokolo, bụ onye nkuzi ụka; a zụrụ nne ya na Niger CMS: Church Missionary Society [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oODyAAAAMAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Sorrows and Glories of Ezenwa by Chris Ugwuchukwu Efobi|publisher=John Jacob's Classic Publishers|accessdate=2 June 2014|isbn=9789783433427|year=1998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/32718755/Emma-Nwokolo-and-Uzo-Nwokolo-and-family|title=Emma Nwokolo and Uzo Nwokolo and Family|publisher=Doctstoc|accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Curriculum Issues in Contemporary Education: Book in Honour of Professor (Mrs.) Ebele Josephine Nwokolo Maduewesi|publisher=Da-Sylva Influence|oclc=70166161}}</ref> == Mmụta == Nwokolo malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na [[Ezinihitte Mbaise|Ezinihitte-Mbaise]] na Imo [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Steeti]] taa, wee gaa na Government College Umuahia. N'afọ 1939, ọ banyere na Higher College Yaba, na-amụ ọgwụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ gara Government College Umuahia gara Yaba College nke bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ sayensị nke agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na Naịjirịa n'oge ahụ. Ọmụmụ ahụike nke Nwokolo were afọ asaa gụnyere ọzụzụ, na General Hospital Lagos na [[Abá|Aba]] General Hospital dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi. Nwokolo ruru eru dị ka dọkịta na 1946, ma si otú a nweta LMS: Licenciate of the School of Medicine. wee merie ihe nrite Walter Johnson na ahụike ọha.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ojigbo|first=Solomon|date=2020-10-07|title=Chukwuedu Nathaniel Nwokolo – Distiguished Genius of Tropical Medical Research|url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/chukwuedu-nathaniel-nwokolo-distiguished-genius-of-tropical-medical-research/|accessdate=2022-07-18|work=Pharmanewsonline|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == === Onye Ọsụ Ụzọ Ọgwụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Lagos General Hospital, e zigara Nwokolo site na 1947 ruo 1949 na General Hospital [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/127563/savage|title=Savage – Death Announcements|publisher=Telegraph Media Group|accessdate=1 June 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225838/http://announcements.telegraph.co.uk/deaths/127563/savage}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e4053?rss=1|title=Dora Janet Burman Savage|year=2012|journal=BMJ|doi=10.1136/bmj.e4053|accessdate=1 June 2014|author=Savage|first=W.|volume=345|pages=e4053}}</ref> N'afọ 1948, ka Mahadum Ibadan na-emeghe ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi ya nwa oge na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ibadan Adeoyo, mahadum ahụ rịọrọ gọọmentị ka ndị dọkịta na-eto eto rụọ ọrụ dị ka ndị isi ụlọ. Nwokolo bụ onye mbụ n'ime ndị ọrụ ahụike dị otú ahụ ka a kwadoro ya na 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uch-ibadan.org.ng/Medicine|title=Brief History of the Department|publisher=University College Hospital Ibadan|accessdate=1 June 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714124709/http://www.uch-ibadan.org.ng/Medicine}}</ref> Nwokolo rụrụ ọrụ na ngalaba ọgwụ na University College Hospital site na 1949 ruo 1950, ma mesịa gaa London, jiri akwụkwọ ozi ọkachamara nke ndụmọdụ sitere n'aka prọfesọ Alexander Brown.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9AJAQAAMAAJ|title=Medicine: My Passport by Professor Theophilus Oladipo Ogunlesi|accessdate=1 June 2014|isbn=9789780294595|author=Ogunlesi|first=T. O.|year=2003}}</ref> === England na-aga na RCPL === Mgbe ọ rutere England n'afọ 1950, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup, ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ na Dover, wee ruo eruo ịdebanye aha na ịrụ ọrụ na Great Britain. Ọ ghọrọ dọkịta dị elu n'ụlọ na ngalaba geriatrics nke Queen Mary's Hospital, Sidcup. N'ebe ahụ, Nwokolo rụrụ ọrụ iji nweta MRCP ya: Onye otu Royal College of Physicians. N'afọ 1952, Nwokolo kwagara Edinburgh iji kwadebe maka MRCP. Ọ gara nkuzi na nkuzi nke Royal College of Physicians nke Edinburgh, na ụlọ ọgwụ nke ụfọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ. Na mbido afọ 1953, Nwokolo mere ule MRCP. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị Afrịka ole na ole nwetara nzere Member of the Royal College of Physicians, na onye Naijiria nke abụọ mere ya, nke mbụ bụ Dr. Olu Mabayoje.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/books-creative-writing/472-ogunlesi-medicine-my-passport.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714113259/http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/books-creative-writing/472-ogunlesi-medicine-my-passport.html|archivedate=2014-07-14|title=Ogunlesi- Medicine my passport|work=nigeriavillagesquare.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/books-creative-writing/472-ogunlesi-medicine-my-passport.html|title=Book Review Ogunlesi- Medicine my passport|accessdate=8 June 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714113259/http://nigeriavillagesquare.com/forum/books-creative-writing/472-ogunlesi-medicine-my-passport.html}}</ref> N'iji MRCP, Nwokolo laghachiri n'ụlọ ọgwụ Queen Mary, Sidcup, London. N'ebe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa - dị ka ọkachamara na ọgwụ ime ụlọ - n'oge maka alụmdi na nwunye ya na Njideka Priscilla Nwokolo: née: Okonkwo - na Satọdee 4 Julaị 1953. === Ọrụ gọọmentị === Mgbe o si London lọta, Nwokolo laghachiri n'ọrụ gọọmentị. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ ahụike pụrụ iche. Nhazi n'ọrụ ahụ mere ka ndị ọrụ ahụike niile bụrụ ndị ọrụ ahụ ike mgbe ha rụchara ọrụ otu afọ dị ka ndị ọrụ ụlọ. Nwokolo rụrụ ọrụ ụlọ otu afọ na Ibadan tupu ọ gaa United Kingdom maka nzere ahụike ọkachamara. O mekwara otu afọ ọzọ nke ọrụ ụlọ na Dover mgbe di ya na nwunye ya nwere ịga nke ọma LRCP na MRCP ule. Site na nhọpụta onye isi ụlọ ya na ahụmịhe ọrụ MRCP na United Kingdom, Nwokolo nwetara nhọpụta ya dị ka onye ọrụ ahụike zuru oke na ọkwa pụrụ iche. General Hospital [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] bụ ebe ọ na-ejikarị ozi. Nwokolo na-arụ ọrụ onwe ya n'ụlọ ya n'uhuruchi. Ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ngalaba ahụike ebe a na-anabata ndị ọrịa ma gwọọ ha. === Nnyocha === Nwokolo mere nnyocha ahụike na ngalaba nakwa n'ọhịa. O mere nnukwu nnyocha na endomyocardial fibrosis, endemic goitre, sickle-cell disease na mpaghara ndị ọzọ nke mkpa mba. A na-arụkarị ọrụ n'ọhịa na ngwụsị izu, ma gụnye njem n'ụgbọala ya gaa ebe dị iche iche n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Naịjirịa tinyere Northern na Mid-Western Naịjiria, yana [[Obudu]]. Nwokolo bipụtara ihe dị ka akwụkwọ itoolu dabere na nyocha ya mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ gọọmentị. Site n'ike nke nyocha ya na akwụkwọ ya, e mere ya Fellow nke Royal College of Physicians (F.R.C.P.) na 1960, dabere na ndụmọdụ nke ndị nlekọta ya, Prọfesọ Alexander Brown na Prọfesụ Harold Scaborough, onye ọkà mmụta nleta na Mahadum Wales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3946|title=Harold Scarborough|publisher=Royal College of Physicians of London|accessdate=1 June 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714140543/http://munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk/Biography/Details/3946}}</ref> Prọfesọ Brown kpọkwara Nwokolo ka ọ kụzie dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum College Ibadan. Na mgbakwunye, na-arụ ọrụ na Rockefeller Foundation, Prọfesọ Brown tụrụ aro Nwokolo maka mkpakọrịta nyocha na gastroenterology na Mahadum Minnesota. === Mmekọrịta Rockefeller Foundation === Maka mkpakọrịta ya na 1963 ruo 1964 Rockefeller Foundation na Minnesota, e kenyere Nwokolo na ngalaba gastroenterology n'okpuru James Carey, onye isi nke gastroenterology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/56979/1/CommitteeAssignments1962-1963.pdf|title=Archived copy|work=conservancy.umn.edu|accessdate=12 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123051/http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/56979/1/CommitteeAssignments1962-1963.pdf|archivedate=14 July 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gwụchara mkpakọrịta ya, Nwokolo sooro otu ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ laghachi azụ. Ọ kwụsịrị na United Kingdom, ebe a na-asọpụrụ ya dị ka "Nwoke nweere onwe ya nke obodo" nke Edinburgh ma nye ya "Key to the City of Edinburgh" Scotland dị ka onye otu Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. == Ọrụ == === Ntọala nke ngalaba Gastroenterology === Mgbe o si na United States lọta, a họpụtara Nwokolo ka ọ bụrụ osote prọfesọ nke ọgwụ. N'ikpeazụ, o guzobere ngalaba nke gastroenterology, ya na onye isi na-edeba aha Dr. Lewis. Nwokolo duziri nnyocha banyere nsogbu dị iche iche nke eriri afọ site na iji biopsies na usoro ọ mụtara na United States na Mahadum Minnesota.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9AJAQAAMAAJ&q=Nwokolo|title=Ogunlesi – Medicine: My Passport|publisher=Spectrum Books|accessdate=1 June 2014|isbn=9789780294595|year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2BGAQAAMAAJ&q=Chukwuedu+Nwokolo&pg=PA646|title=National Library of Medicine: Current Catalog: Cumulative Listing: 1982|year=1982|publisher=National Library of Medicine USA|accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> === Agha Obodo na Naịjirịa === N'afọ 1966, tupu [[Nigerian Civil War|agha obodo Naijiria]] na [[Bịafra|Biafra]] amalite na 1967, na esemokwu na igbu ọchụ nke [[Ndị Ìgbò|ndị Igbo]] na-arị elu, Nwokolo hapụrụ [[Ibadan]] na nwunye ya na ụmụ ya gaa Enugu. === Ntọala ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike === Maka ndị ahụ, dị ka Nwokolo, ndị gbapụrụ na Ibadan na Western Nigeria, ahụmịhe ahụ dị egwu nke na ndị dọkịta ọkachamara iri abụọ na otu si [[Ibadan]] na Lagos zutere ma kpebie iguzobe Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Mahadum na Enugu. Na nzukọ ahụ bụ ndị dọkịta: Nwokolo, Onuaguluchi, [[Fabian Udekwu|Udekwu]], Nwako, Nwachukwu, Eziashi, Ikeme, Udeh, Ogan, Uche, Okoro, Kaine, Udeozor, Okafor, Njoku-Obi, Ifekwunigwe, na ndị ọzọ. Site na Dr. Nlogha Okeke tinyere odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na onye isi odeakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị: onyeisi Onyegbula, e nwetara nkwado ngwa ngwa n'aka gọvanọ ndị agha: [[Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu]] iji mepee ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi na Enugu General Hospital dị ka isi. Ojukwu kwadokwara nguzobe ngwa ngwa nke ngalaba ọgwụ, nke prọfesọ Kodilinye duziri, ebe Nwokolo ghọrọ onye isi mbụ nke ngalaba ọgwụ na onye isi oche nke ọgwụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ọhụrụ.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www2.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/Publications/wit_vols/44832.pdf|title=British Contributions to Medical Research and Education in Africa after the Second World War Page 49|publisher=Queen Mary University of London|accessdate=31 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201534/http://www2.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/Publications/wit_vols/44832.pdf|archivedate=14 July 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Queen Mary University of London. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20140714201534/http://www2.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/Publications/wit_vols/44832.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Nwokolo gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba ọgwụ nke ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi mahadum nke kwagara [[Awka-Etiti]] mgbe a na-eyi Enugu egwu n'oge agha obodo. Nwokolo mekwara nnyocha karịsịa metụtara ọnọdụ agha dị egwu nke agụụ na [[Agụụ|nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ]]. Ọ gara chọọchị na nnọkọ ọha na eze iji kụziere ndị mmadụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na nri maka ndụ. E mepụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ mimeographed ma kesaa maka agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze. [citation needed] Mgbe [[Nigerian Civil War|Agha Obodo Naijiria]] kwụsịrị na 1970, Nwokolo na ezinụlọ laghachiri Enugu, wee hụ ụlọ ha zuru ohi na ala elu ọkụ gbara kpamkpam. Ọ ghaghị iwughachi ihe dị ukwuu. Site na nkwado nke Gọọmentị Naịjirịa maka imeghe [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum]] Naịjirị Nsukka, Nwokolo laghachiri n'ọkwa ya dị ka onye isi nke ngalaba ọgwụ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ prọfesọ zuru oke n'afọ 1971. N'ihi ya, onye ọkà mmụta Welsh a ma ama, prọfesọ Eldryd Parry, onye jere ozi na University College Hospital, Ibadan site na 1960, kwenyesiri ike na Nwokolo duziri ma mee ka e guzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Enugu na Nsukka.<ref name="auto"/> Nwokolo bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka World Health Organization.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Endemic paragonimiasis in Africa|pmid=4549201|volume=50|issue=6|year=1974|journal=Bull. World Health Organ.|pages=569–71|author=Nwokolo C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85863/1/Official_record210_eng.pdf|title=WHO Official Record|publisher=World Health Organization|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref> Site na 1963 ruo 1964, ọ bụ onye Rockefeller Foundation fellow na gastroenterology na Mahadum Minnesota. A na-asọpụrụ ya na 1964 site na onyinye Edinburgh: Scotland "Free Man of the City" na "Key to the City of Edinburgh", ebe a nabatara ya dị ka onye otu Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Ọ bụ onye otu Royal College of Physicians, onye otu Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College: FMCP, onye otu West African College of Physacians: FWACP, na onye otu Nigarian Academy of Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nas.org.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=70&Itemid=32|title=List of Fellows Since Inception|publisher=Nigerian Academy of Science|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> Nwokolo nwere ndị otu Royal College of Surgeons: MRCS na ndị otu Royal University of Physicians: MRCP; yana ịbụ onye ọrụ nke Order of the Federal Republic: OFR. Ọ bụ onye isi oche: kansụl jikọrọ aka nke ASUTECH: Anambra State University of Technology - ugbu a Nnamdi Azikiwe University na Enugu dabeere Institute of Management and Technology, na onye isi oche nke University of Calabar Teaching Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucth-ng.net/admin-structure.htm|title=Administrative Structures|publisher=University of Calabar Teaching Hospital|accessdate=2 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531230913/http://ucth-ng.net/admin-structure.htm|archivedate=31 May 2014}}</ref> Prọfesọ Chukwuedu Nwokolo Annual Lecture Series na Award of Prizes for Academic Excellence iji kpalie nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ ka prọfesọ Benjamin Chukwuma Ozumba guzobere iji sọpụrụ ya na 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailyindependentnig.com/2014/02/making-unn-medical-school-centre-of-excellence|title=Making UNN Medical School Center of Excellence|publisher=Daily Independent|accessdate=2 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanngronline.com/section/healthgender/expert-calls-for-review-of-medical-curriculum|title=Expert Calls for Review of Medical Curriculum|publisher=NAN|accessdate=1 June 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140608185915/http://www.nanngronline.com/section/healthgender/expert-calls-for-review-of-medical-curriculum|archivedate=8 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vt7KZwEACAAJ|title=Biography of the Pioneer Physician, Chukwuedu Nwokolo: Emeritus Professor of Medicine by Uchenna Nwokolo and Alexander Animalu|publisher=Ucheakonam Foundation|accessdate=29 May 2014|isbn=9789780499402|year=2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unnmedcollege.org/faculties/faculty-of-medical-sciences/department-of-medicine.html|title=Department of Medicine|publisher=University of Nigeria College of Medicine|accessdate=29 May 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714204132/http://unnmedcollege.org/faculties/faculty-of-medical-sciences/department-of-medicine.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nanngronline.com/picture/unn-college-of-medicine-lecture|title=UNN College of Medicine Lecture|publisher=News Agency of Nigeria|accessdate=2 June 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140608185918/http://www.nanngronline.com/picture/unn-college-of-medicine-lecture|archivedate=8 June 2014}}</ref> == Ozi == Nwokolo bụ onye ndụmọdụ nke Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa na National Science and Technology Development Fund. Nwokolo bụ ọgọ Jaja Wachuku: Onye isi oche mbụ nke Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Naijiria, onye nnọchi anya Naijiria mbụ na onye nnọchianya na-adịgide adịgide na United Nations; na Minista [[Naijiria]] nke mbụ nke Mmekọrịta Mba Ọzọ na Commonwealth. Ọ bụ onye nyere aka na Mahadum Cambridge bipụtara: Principles of Medicine in Africa .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridge.org/ma/academic/subjects/medicine/medicine-general-interest/principles-medicine-africa-3rd-edition|title=Principles of Medicine in Africa|publisher=Cambridge University Press|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == Nwokolo nwere ikikere site na Royal College of Physicians nke London, dọkịta na-asọpụrụ sayensị site na Mahadum Maiduguri tinyere dọkịta ọzọ na-asọ ùgwù nke sayensị sitere na Mahadim Ibadan; ọ bụkwa prọfesọ emeritus na [[Mahadum Nke Maiduguri|Mahadam]] Nigeria Nsukka, onye mmeri nke Nigerian National Order of Merit Award, onye isi oche na osote onye isi oche nke West African College of Physacians, pro-chancellor na onye isi oche kansụl na Ahmadu Bello Society of Nigeria; onye isi oche nọ na Medical Research Council of Nigeria, onye isi ala na National Research Council of Medicine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/25104850?selectedversion=NBD2035412|title=An Introduction to Clinical Medicine|publisher=National Library of Australia|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/merit/1982.html|title=Nigerian National Order of Merit|publisher=Online Nigeria|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xE2AAAAIAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Convocation Speeches|publisher=University of Maiduguri|accessdate=1 June 2014|year=1982}}</ref> * 1972-75: Dean Faculty of Medicine: [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum nke]] Nigeria Nsukka, yana Prọfesọ nke Ọgwụ: 1971 ruo 1980 * 1974: Nwetara akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù sitere n'aka gọọmentị Japan dị ka dean ma gaa na Mahadum Tokyo nke ya na Mahadim Naịjirịa Nsukka na-arụkọ ọrụ na nyocha * 1977-80: Onye isi oche: National Institute for Medical Research Yaba: Nigeria * 1980: Na 21 Machị, o kwuru okwu Prọfesọ Alexander Brown na Ibadan, nke akpọrọ: Na-eche ihe ịma aka nke Nnyocha Ọgwụ ihu na Naịjirịa * 1982: A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Prọfesọ Emeritus nke Ọgwụ: Mahadum Naịjirịa Nsukka. N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Julaị, ọ natara onyinye National Order of Merit Award nke Naijiria, yana onye isi nke Order of the Federal Republic: nsọpụrụ OFR site n'aka onye isi ala Shehu Shagari * 1983: Ọrụ ekele maka ọrụ Nwokolo, nke Prọfesọ Johnson na Ebele Maduewesi haziri na Mahadum Naịjirịa Nsukka * 1984: A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Ahmadu Bello University Council. Onyinye D.Sc: Honoris causa site na [[Mahadum Nke Maiduguri|Mahadum nke Maiduguri]] * 1985: Onye isi oche a họpụtara: kansụl jikọrọ aka nke ASUTECH: Anambra State University of Technology - ugbu a Nnamdi Azikiwe University na IMT: Institute of Management and Technology Nọfịs ruo 1986 ma nyere aka n'ịmepụta ogige Awka nke ASUTtech nke mechara gbanwee na [[Mahadum Nnamdi Azikiwe|Mahadum Nnamdi azikiwe]] ugbu a * 1986: Onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ: UCTH: Mahadum nke Calabar Teaching Hospital Nwokolo jere ozi ruo 1994 mgbe a họpụtara ya nke abụọ dị ka onye isi oche nke UCTH. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Science and Technology Development Fund * 1988: E nyere ya nzere Doctor of Science site na Mahadum Ibadan, ya na [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], Matthew Mbu, Michael Ibru na Emmanuel Alayande<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/alayande_emmanuel_oladipo_.html|title=Emmanuel Oladipo Alayande, Nigeria, Anglican|date=11 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711223336/http://www.dacb.org/stories/nigeria/alayande_emmanuel_oladipo_.html|archivedate=11 July 2014}}</ref> * 1994: Nwokolo malitere otu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke onwe ya a na-akpọ SICREP: Sickle Cell Research Programme iji rụọ ọrụ na ọrịa sickle cell. * 1996: A họpụtara ya Knight of Saint Christopher site na Anglican Church Diocese na Niger.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://niger.50webs.org/home.htm|title=Diocese On The Niger, Anglican Communion|work=niger.50webs.org}}</ref> * 1996: Na 12 Septemba, Nwokolo nwetara nsọpụrụ site na Nigerian Postgraduate Medical College na onyinye mkpakọrịta pụrụ iche nke prọfesọ Ayo Binitie kwuru * 1998: E gosipụtara Nwokolo na NTA: Nigerian Television Authority documentary on Nigerian Heroes . Na 10 Machị, Nwokolo, UCTH họpụtara ya: Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Mahadum Calabar maka [[Mary Slessor]] Distinguished Merit Award maka ọrụ ụmụ mmadụ. Nke a bụ iji kwado "ọrụ nyocha ya, iwebata Drug Revolving Fund na Mahadum nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ Mmụta Calabar, usoro ego onye ọrịa nke gọọmentị steeti na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nabatara; yana maka nnabata nke usoro ahụ na isi ihe na Bamako Initiative; yana dịka "onye isi oche kachasị ogologo oge nke ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Calabar<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ucth-ng.net/admin-structure.htm|title=.:: Welcome to University of Calabar Teaching Hospital ::.|date=31 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531230913/http://ucth-ng.net/admin-structure.htm|archivedate=31 May 2014}}</ref> * 2004: Na Jenụwarị 15, a malitere Prọfesọ Chukwuedu Nwokolo Hall na College of Medicine: Mahadum Naịjirịa Ụlọ Ọgwụ nkuzi Enugu.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KslAQAAIAAJ&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo|title=Stewardship in the University of Nigeria|publisher=Philmeg|accessdate=2 June 2014|isbn=9789788046738|year=2004}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == Ụfọdụ n'ime isiokwu nyocha na akwụkwọ Nwokolo depụtara n'okpuru ebe a: * {{Cite journal|author=NWOKOLO C|title=A case of Meigs' syndrome|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=1|issue=4764|pages=905–6|date=April 1952|pmid=14916191|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4764.905-a}} * {{Cite journal|author=Nwokolo C|title=A case of sickle cell haemoglobin 'C' disease in Eastern Nigeria|journal=The West African Medical Journal|volume=6|issue=3|pages=123–5|date=September 1957|pmid=13468376}} * {{Cite journal|title=The River Niger as a barrier in the spread eastwards of haemoglobin C: a survey of haemoglobins in the lbo|journal=Nature|volume=183|issue=4675|pages=1587–8|date=June 1959|pmid=13666822|doi=10.1038/1831587a0}} * Nwokolo, C. (1958). ''Ọrịa ịba na-efe efe na ndị obodo''. BMJ: British Medical Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/2/5111/1535.2|title=Malarial Chemoprophylaxis in Indigenous Populations|year=1958|journal=BMJ|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5111.1535-a|accessdate=1 June 2014|author=Nwokolo|first=C.|volume=2|issue=5111|pages=1535–1536}}</ref> * Nwokolo, Chukuedu (1961). ''Aschoff Nodes na Endomyocardial Fibrosis''. London: BMJ: British Medical Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Aschoff Nodes in Endomyocardial Fibrosis|volume=2|issue=5263|journal=Br Med J|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5263.1357-a|year=1961|author=Nwokolo|first=C.}}</ref> * {{Cite journal|author=Nwokolo C|title=Prophylactic antimalarials in sickle-cell disease|journal=British Medical Journal|volume=2|issue=5466|pages=880|date=October 1965|pmid=5827808|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5466.880}} * Nwokolo, C. (1967). ''Ascites na Africa''. London: British Medical Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/1/5531/33|title=Ascites in Africa|year=1967|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5531.33|accessdate=1 June 2014|author=Nwokolo|first=C.|journal=BMJ|volume=1|issue=5531|pages=33–37|pmid=5334332}}</ref> * Nwokolo, Chukwuedu (1969). Ndị Biafra gbara ọsọ ndụ: Nsogbu nke mgbochi ọrịa na nlekọta ahụike. Enugu: Biafra Rehabilitation Commission.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Biafran-refugees-Problems-disease-prevention/dp/B0007KB3H2|title=Biafran Refugees: Problems of Disease Prevention and Medical Care|date=January 1969|publisher=Amazon|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> * {{Cite journal|author=Nwokolo C|title=Endemic paragonimiasis in Eastern Nigeria. Clinical features and epidemiology of the recent outbreak following the Nigerian civil war|journal=Tropical and Geographical Medicine|volume=24|issue=2|pages=138–47|date=June 1972|pmid=5037686}} * Nwokolo, C. na Imohiosen, E. A. E. (1973). Strongyloidiasis nke Respiratory Tract Presenting dị ka "Asthma". London: British Medical Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/2/5859/153|title=Strongyloidiasis of Respiratory Tract Presenting as "Asthma."|year=1973|doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5859.153|accessdate=1 June 2014|author=Nwokolo|first=C.|journal=BMJ|volume=2|issue=5859|pages=153–154|pmid=4699596}}</ref> * Nwokolo C. na Ogakwu M. (1973). Nchọpụta Radiological na Pulmonary Paragonimiasis dị ka a hụrụ na Naịjirịa: nyocha dabere na otu narị ikpe. London: BJR: The British Journal of Radiology.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Radiological Findings in Pulmonary Paragonimiasis as Seen in Nigeria: a review based on one hundred cases|journal=The British Journal of Radiology|volume=46|issue=549|pages=699–705|doi=10.1259/0007-1285-46-549-699|pmid=4726120|year=1973|author=Ogakwu|first=M.}}</ref> * Nwokolo, C. na Okonkwo, P. O. (1977). Aflatoxin B.: Usoro iji belata ọkwa na nri ndị dị n'ebe okpomọkụ. Nutrition Reports International.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0685e/T0685E0d.htm|title=References|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|accessdate=1 June 2014}}</ref> * Nwokolo, C. na Oli, J. M. (1979). Ọrịa shuga mgbe ọrịa ọgbụgba na-efe efe gasịrị: Nnyocha na-esote. London: British Medical Journal.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/1/6168/926|title=Diabetes After Infectious Hepatitis: A Follow-up Study|year=1979|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.6168.926|accessdate=1 June 2014|author=Oli|first=J. M.|journal=BMJ|volume=1|issue=6168|pages=926–927|pmid=435884}}</ref> * {{Cite journal|title=Pathogenesis of juvenile tropical pancreatitis syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8166|pages=456–9|date=March 1980|pmid=6102187|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91001-6}} * {{Cite journal|title=Pathogenesis of juvenile tropical pancreatitis syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=1|issue=8166|pages=456–9|date=March 1980|pmid=6102187|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(80)91001-6}} * Nwokolo, Chukwuedu (1984). ''Ebe ọgwụ ọdịnala na ihe ndị ọzọ dị'' n'ógbè na mmemme nlekọta ahụike nke oge a na Naịjirịa. Maiduguri: Mahadum nke Maidugiri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://experimental.worldcat.org/kindredworks/Kindred?sn=18242130|title=The Place of Traditional Medicine in a Modern Health Care Programme in Nigeria|publisher=World Cat'|accessdate=30 May 2014|archivedate=14 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714211944/http://experimental.worldcat.org/kindredworks/Kindred?sn=18242130}}</ref> * Nwokolo, Chukwuedu. (1993). Sayensị maka Ịdịgide: Nhọrọ Naịjirịa. Naịjirịa: Ọganihu Ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abebooks.com/9789782791061/Science-Survival-Nigerian-Option-Nwokolo-9782791067/plp|title=Science for Survival: The Nigerian Option|publisher=Abe Books|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref> * Nwokolo, Chukwuedu, na ndị ọzọ: Ndị nyere aka. (2004). ''Ụkpụrụ nke Ọgwụ n'Africa.''Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ya na nwunye ya Lady Njideka Nwokolo (née Okonkwo) onye ọ lụrụ na 4 Julaị 1953, Nwokolo nwere ụmụ asaa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ na ụmụ nwoke atọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Chukwuedu Nwokolo: Biography|publisher=WorldCat|oclc=700729781}}</ref> Nwokolo nwụrụ na New York, United States na 18 Mee 2014 mgbe ọ dị afọ 93.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwakanma|first=Obi|date=2014|title=Chukwuedu Nwokolo (1921-2014)|work=Vanguard|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/chukwuedu-nwokolo-1921-2014/amp/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Òtù Ọgwụ Naijiria * [[Nwabueze Nwokolo]] * John T. Nwangwu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230925171600/https://search.nih.gov/search?utf8=%E2%9C%93&m=true&affiliate=nih&query=Nwokolo&commit=Search National Institutes of Health: USA: Nwokolo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180920171136/http://unnmedcollege.org/faculties/faculty-of-medical-sciences/department-of-medicine.html Mahadum nke Naijiria Nsukka] * [[google:chukwuedu+nwokolo&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:es-MX:official&client=firefox-a&channel=sb#channel=sb&q=chukwuedu+nwokolo&rls=org.mozilla:es-MX:official&tbm=bks|Chukwuedu Nwokolo: Google Books]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eddkbo88ptsx7du2lwmheovxzbdglkc 0 31464 631927 214781 2026-05-05T00:45:50Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Mohammed Ali Ndume (amụrụ na 20 Nọvemba 1959) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria bụ onye isi ụtarị nke Senate nke iri. Mohammed Ali Ndume Senate nke iri nke Naijiria<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-22|title=Insecurity in Nigeria reducing –Ndume|url=https://punchng.com/insecurity-in-nigeria-reducing-ndume/|accessdate=2022-02-21|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya mpaghara Borno South kemgbe afọ 2011. onye omeiwu<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria|url=https://www.nassnig.org/mps/single/412|accessdate=2020-07-15|work=www.nassnig.org}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu House of Representatives nke Nigeria site na 2003 ruo 2011. Ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya Naịjirịa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-11|title=PROFILE: Ali Ndume, former marketing teacher who tried to be Senate president|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/334522-profile-ali-ndume-former-marketing-teacher-who-tried-to-be-senate-president.html|accessdate=2022-03-02|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu All Progressives Congress ugbu a. Nzukọ Ndị Ọganihu Nile == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mohammed Ali Ndume na Gwoza Town nke Borno Steeti. Gwoza Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Gadamayo na Gwoza ma gụchaa n'afọ 1972. Ọ gara Comprehensive Secondary School Mubi na Gongola, ugbu a [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa State]] site na 1973 ruo 1978 ebe ọ nwetara asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na WASC. Mubi Gongola E wepụrụ ya n'oge ọ dị obere maka ọkwa onye ndu ka a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Junior House Captain ma bulie ya n'ọkwa House Captain n'afọ ikpeazụ ya na Secondary School. Ọmarịcha ọgụgụ isi ya mere ka ọ pụta n'ọnọdụ mbụ na klas na Comprehensive Secondary School Mubi. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gara Kaduna Polytechnic iji mụọ ahịa na 1978. Ọ gụsịrị Ordinary National Diploma (OND) na 1980 na Higher National Diploma (HND) na Marketing na 1982 na ọkwa Upper Credit. Ọ gara Federal Polytechnic Ilaro na Ogun State n'etiti afọ 1982 - 1983 maka iwu National Youth Service Corps (NYSC). Ọ sonyeere Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri a ma ama dị ka onye nkuzi na 1983 na-arịgo n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu. N'afọ 1988, e nyere ya United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Post-Graduate Scholarship iji mụọ Business and Computer Education na Mahadum Toledo, Ohio, United States of America ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na B.Ed na M.Ed na 1990 ma nye ya Magna Cum Laude agụmakwụkwọ nsọpụrụ. A nabatakwara ya n'ime ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ Phi Kappa Phi maka arụmọrụ dị ịrịba ama. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ laghachiri Naijiria wee gaa n'ihu na ọrụ nkuzi ya na Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Borno State ruo 2003, mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 2003, a họpụtara Ndume ka ọ nọchite anya ndị Chibok/Damboa/Gwoza Federal Constituency na House of Representatives na ikpo okwu nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP): ọkwá ọ nọrọ site na 2003 ruo 2011. Chibok Damboa Gwoza Ụlọ ndị nnọchi anya All Nigeria Peoples Party Mgbe emere nzukọ nke isii n'afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya dịka onye ndú nke ndị ka nta ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma. [ihe odide dị mkpa] Nzukọ nke isii __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ [ ihe e dere n'ala ala] N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2010, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụbọchị 100 tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 2011, Ndume gara na [[Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP), na-ekwu maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na-aga n'ihu na pati ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ya ịhapụ ANPP. 2011 ntuli aka n'ozuzu Peoples Democratic Party O kwuru na ndị si n'obodo ndịda nke Southern Borno nọ n'azụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/ns/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22311:-dauda-mbaya-maiduguri&catid=16:headline-news&Itemid=143|title=Ndume Picks PDP Membership Card, Tackles ANPP|date=31 December 2010|author=DAUDA MBAYA|work=Leadership|accessdate=2011-05-04|archivedate=2011-07-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722152126/http://www.leadershipnigeria.com/ns/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=22311:-dauda-mbaya-maiduguri&catid=16:headline-news&Itemid=143}}</ref> O kwuru na enyeghị ya ọkwa egwuregwu na asọmpi ya na ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịzọ ọkwa na ntuli aka Senate. O doro anya na ya na Gọvanọ Ali Modu Sheriff sere okwu. Onye uwe ojii Ali Modu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5688&catid=7&Itemid=113|title=Ndume's defection and the stakes in 2011|date=2 January 2011|accessdate=2011-05-04|author=Inuwa Bwala|work=Sunday Trust|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008225211/http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5688&catid=7&Itemid=113|archivedate=8 October 2011}}</ref> A na-ahụ ọpụpụ Ndume na PDP dị ka nnukwu ihe na-eme na ANPP. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ onye isi na-enye ego na ọkpụkpụ azụ nke ANPP na mpaghara ndị omeiwu Borno-South, a na-ewerekwa ya dịka otu n'ime ndị omeiwu kachasị ike site na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ.<ref name="Pdaily20110109">{{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplesdaily-online.com/politics/the-analysis/2973-ndumes-defection-and-the-fate-of-anpp-in-southern-borno|title=Ndume's defection and the fate of ANPP in Southern Borno|date=9 January 2011|work=Peoples Daily|author=Mustapha Isah Kwaru|accessdate=2011-05-04|archivedate=2011-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009004544/http://www.peoplesdaily-online.com/politics/the-analysis/2973-ndumes-defection-and-the-fate-of-anpp-in-southern-borno}}</ref> Mgbe Ndume hapụrụ, PDP meghere ire akwụkwọ nhọpụta ọzọ. Alhaji Sanda Garba, onye bụ naanị onye na-achọ oche South Borno Senate, gbadatara iji meghee ụzọ maka Ndume dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa PDP.<ref name="Pdaily20110109"/> Na ntuli aka ahụ, Ndume meriri 146,403 vootu, n'ihu Dr. Asaba Vilita Bashir nke ANPP na 133,734 vootu na Alhaji Unaru Ibrahim nke Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) na 20,414 vootu. Nzukọ maka Mgbanwe Na-aga n'ihu Ndume jere ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Senate na MDGs na Senate nke asaa ma nọgide na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. MDGs<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/senate-apc-caucus-sacks-ndume-picks-lawan-leader/|title=Senate APC caucus sacks Ndume, picks Lawan as leader|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://t.guardian.ng/news/ndume-sacked-as-apc-senate-caucus-leader/|title=Ndume sacked as APC senate caucus leader|date=2017-01-10|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/01/10/senator-ndume-sacked-as-senate-majority-leader/|title=Senator Ndume sacked as Senate majority leader -|date=2017-01-10|work=The NEWS|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref> E wepụrụ Ndume n'ọkwa ya n'ihi ịdị nso ya na Onye isi ala na nkwado maka onye isi oche nke Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), Ibrahim Magu. Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ Akụ na Akụ na Ụgwọ Isi Ibrahim Magu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.ng/three-reasons-ndume-was-sacked-as-senate-leader/|title=Three Reasons Ndume Was Sacked As Senate Leader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-apc-caucus-sacked-ndume-as-senate-leader/|title=Why APC caucus sacked Ndume as Senate Leader -|author=Leke|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-01-10|work=The Eagle Online|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-30}}</ref> Ndị isi nke Senate nke asatọ nke [[Bukola Saraki]] duziri na ndị isi na-alụ ọgụ n'oge nzukọ nke asatọ. Nzukọ nke asatọ nke Bukola Saraki == Ụgwọ na Njem == * ''Iwu nke Peace Corps nke Naịjirịa'' * ''Iwu North East Development Commission'' * ''Ndị ntorobịa na-enweghị ọrụ, ndị agadi na ndị ogbenye nkwado nkwado Trust hụrụ Bill'' * ''Iwu Ụtụ Isi Maka Ọrụ Nkwurịta Okwu'' * ''Ụlọ ọrụ ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi (ndebanye aha wdg) Iwu 2002 (mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Federal Audit Service'' * ''Mmefu ego nke ego Roll Over Bill'' * NIGERIAN Oil and Gas industry competition Act 2010 (Mgbanwe) Bill2016 NIGERIEN Oil and Gas Industry competition development Act 2010 (mgbanwe) Bill * ''Iwu Nkwado 2015 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Na-emegide Ịta Ahụhụ'' * ''Iwu nkwukọrịta na mmebi iwu CAP T5 LFN 2004 (Mgbanwe)'' * ''Ụdị ihe ọkụkụ nke mba na ụdị anụ ụlọ (ndebanye aha wdg) Iwu CAP N27, LFN 2004 (mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu mmepụta (Mmetụta nke Iwu Mbupụ) CAP P32 LFN 2004 (Mmegharị) Bill'' * ''Omume nrụrụ aka na mmebi iwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ya CAP 31 LFN 200'' * ''Federal Capital Territory ụlọ ọgwụ nlekọta Board (Etablishment) Bill Federal Capital Territary'' * ''Federal Capital Territory ọrụ gọọmentị Bill Federal Capital Territori'' * ''Iwu mgbochi nke mpụ (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Mmiri (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''National Agriculture land development authority Act (Amendment) Bill Agriculture land'' * ''Chartered institute of stock brokers Act CAP LFN,2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill Chartered instituti stock brokers'' * ''Nkwekọrịta maka Ịtọlite Obodo Akụnụba Africa Mmekọrịta na ndị omeiwu pan Africa (Nkwekọrịta & ngwọta jikọrọ aka) CAP T25 LFN 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Kọmitii Na-akwụ Ụgwọ CAP U17 LFN,2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Petroleum Product Pricing Agency (Embido) Iwu CAP P43 LFN, 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill Petroleum Product Price Regulatory Agency'' * ''Ụdị ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ (Nchịkwa nke Azụmaahịa na okporo ụzọ mba ụwa) Iwu CAP LFN, 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Ọnụ ọgụgụ Surveyors (Registration) (Mgbanwe) Iwu CAP Q1 LFN 2004 Bill Ọnụ ọgụgụ Surveyers'' * ''Ndị na-ewu ụlọ (ndebanye aha wdg) Iwu (mgbanwe) CAP B12 LFN2004 Bill Ndị na-arụ ụlọ'' * ''Ndị na-eme atụmatụ obodo (Nchịkọta) Iwu Mgbanwe CAP T17 LFN 2004 Ndị na-emepụta Bill Town'' * ''Obere ụlọ ọrụ mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ (Mgbanwe) Iwu CAP C19 LFN 2004 Bill Obere ụlọ ahịa na nke etiti'' * ''Iwu Mahadum nke Abuja (Mgbanwe) Iwu CAP U2 LFN (Mgbanwee) Bill Mahadum Abuja'' * ''Chartered institute of loan and risk management of Nigeria (Establishment) Bill'' * ''Federal Capital Territory transport authority (Ebumnuche) Bill Federal Capital Territary'' * ''Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa ụmụaka na mmanye mba (ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọzọ) Bill'' * ''Iwu Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ akụ na ụba na ego CAP E1 LFN2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill Economic and Financial Crimes Commission'' * ''Cheque (mmebi iwu) Iwu CAP D11 LFN 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu World Meteorological Organisation (nchebe) 2004 (mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Mgbanwe ego (Nchịkọta iwu) Iwu 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu ụlọ ọrụ ikpe mba 2014 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Onye na-akpọsa (Nchịkọta) 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Mkpa (nchịkwa na njikwa) Iwu 2004 (mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Nlekọta Ọrụ Ugbo na Ime Obodo 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Chartered institute of human capital development of Nigeria (Embido wdg) Bill'' * ''Iwu ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ mmanụ 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ihu 2006 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Ụtụ Isi Mgbakwunye 2004 (Mgbakwunye) Bill'' * ''Iwu Dọkịta Na-awa Ahụ 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu National Archives Act 2004 (E guzobere) Bill'' * ''Ikike na ibu ọrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ịgbazite (Nchịkwa) maka ụlọ mgbake na mpaghara isi obodo gọọmentị etiti Bill'' * ''Iwu Iwu Iwu nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Omume na Ụlọikpe 2004 (Mgbanwe)'' * ''Nkà na ụzụ nke Ahụike Ụmụ Anụmanụ na Ịkpa anụ (ndebanye aha) Bill'' * ''Federal isi obodo mmiri board (E guzobere) Bill isi obodo Federal'' * ''Naijiria na diaspora Commission (nchịkọta wdg) Bill'' * ''Iwu ụlọ ọrụ ịgbazinye ego 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Ịṅụ iyi 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Achọpụtara ihe ndị uwe ojii nwetara (Ebumnuche wdg) Bill'' * ''Ụgwọ Ekele'' * ''Iwu Ọgwụ Ndị Dị Iche Ndụ 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Kansụl Naijiria maka ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya (Ebumnuche wdg) Bill'' * ''Iwu igbu ọchụ ụlọ ọrụ'' * ''Chartered institute of projects managers (Establishment) Bill'' * ''Naịjirịa na-akwalite itinye ego Commission (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''Iwu Nchebe Ndị Akaebe'' * ''Bill Center nke ndị agadi'' * ''Iwu Nzuzo nke gọọmentị 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill'' * ''National Institute for legislative studies (NILSS) (Amendment) Bill'' * ''Iwu Mmepe nke Mpaghara'' * Ikike ezumike nká nke ndị ọkàikpe Iwu (Mgbanwe) Bill2017 Ikike ezubere ezumike nkwe nke ndị ọkà mmụta Iwu (Mzigharị) Bill * ''Isi obodo Federal Ụlọikpe District (E guzobere wdg) Bill'' * ''Iwu Nchịkwa Mmepe nke Osimiri 2004 (Mgbanwe) Bill River Basin Development'' * ''Ọgwụgwọ iwu na nlekọta nke ndị Gunshot Bill metụtara'' * ''National film and video censor board Act 2004 (Amendment) Bill'' * ''National Intelligence Agency Pension Board (Ebumnuche) Bill'' * ''Federal College of Dental Technology and Therapy Bill'' * ''Federal College of Education Gwoza (E guzobere wdg) Bill'' * ''Federal Polytechnic Matana, Borno, State (E guzobere wdg) Bill'' == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name=self>{{cite web |url = http://www.alindume.org/Biography.html |title = Hon. Mohammed Ali Ndume's Biography! |publisher = Mohammed Ali Ndume |access-date = 2011-05-04 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903175138/http://www.alindume.org/Biography.html |archive-date = 2011-09-03 |accessdate = 2023-10-03 |archivedate = 2011-09-03 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110903175138/http://www.alindume.org/Biography.html }}</ref>}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p6qsebgdg6hzodm1ay8dq925n28o0f5 0 32004 631926 496206 2026-05-05T00:45:32Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=August Agbola O'Browne|image=Upamiętnienie August Agbola Browne w Warszawie.jpg|birth_date=22 July 1895|birth_place=[[Lagos]], [[Lagos Colony]] ([[Nigeria]])|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1976|9|9|1895|7|22}}|death_place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]|other_names=Augustine, Augustus, Agbala, Agboola, Brown, Browne|citizenship=Polish, British|occupation=jazz drummer, Polish resistance member|children=4}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] August Agbola O'Browne (aha nke abụọ a kpọkwara Agbala, Agboola, nna nna ndị asụpe Brown ma ọ bụ Browne ; 1895–1976) bụ onye egwu jazz nke Naijiria nke ekwenyere na ọ bụ naanị onye isi ojii so na 1944 Warsaw Uprising . == Akụkọ ndụ == A jaridu August Agbola O'Browne na 22 Julaị 1895 na Lagos, obodo ikwu ukwuu na Nigeria nke oge a, nye ndị nne na nna Naijiria, sitere na ebo Yoruba . O'Browne kwagara Britain[1] wee sonye n'òtù ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri ma biri na [[Poland]] na 1922.[2]  O biri na Złota Street na Warsaw.[2]  Ọ bụ ọkachamara n'egwu egwu, onye na-akụ ọkpọ na-arụ ọrụ na klọb na Warsaw.[2]  Ndekọ ya nke mbụ, nke edere na 1928, mere akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi na ọ bụ onye jazzman mbụ nke West Africa nwetara nke a.[3][4]  Ọ lụrụ nwanyị Poland, Zofia Pykowna; [1] ha nwere ụmụ abụọ - Ryszard (Richard) na 1928 na Alexander (Alexander) na 1929.[2]  Ọ bụ ezie na alụmdi na nwunye a biri, ezinụlọ ya gara UK mgbe agha dara.  O mechara lụọ Olga Miechowicz, ha mụtakwara ụmụ ọzọ.[1]  Ndị enyi ya na ndị agbata obi ya chetara ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke ukwuu, onye nwere nkwanye ùgwù na polyglot (ọ na-asụ asụsụ isii).[3] Na 1949, o sonyeere Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy.  N'ime ahụ, o kwuru na ya ngosi ogụ na mbuso agha Poland na 1939, gbachitere Warsaw nke gbararo ya, na na mgbagha Warsaw na 1944. O kwuru na n'ime ọgba aghara egwu ahụ aha koodu ya bụ "Ali" nakwa na  ọ bụ onye otu nke Corporal Aleksander Marciński na-edu, aha-aha "Łabędź" ("Swan").  Ndị otu ahụ akụkọ ogụ na mpaghara Śródmieście nke Warsaw.  Dabere n'aha ọchịagha ahụ, ndị kookoo ihe mere eme eme na battalion "Iwo" ọmụmụ ogụ na mpaghara Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Srodmiescie).  Jan Radecki, aha koodu "Czarny" ("Black"), onye ọzọ na otu ọgba aghara ahụ kwuru na ọ pụta onye ojii na HQ nke battalion "Iwo" na ulica Marszałkowska 74 (74 Marszalkowska Street), ike na n'ịbụ okwu.  ngalaba.  Radecki echetaghị data nkeonwe nke onye ọgba ojii.  E nwere ihe ngosi na tupu ọgba aghara O'Browne nri ya na nkpa ma kesaa akwụkwọ iwu na-akwadoghị, n'okpuru ala ( bibuła ). Enwere ozi a mmetụta na ya mmetụta ndụ ya mgbe Enwere obere ozi ọma.  N'ihe dị ka 1949 ọ bụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Culture na Art nke Obodo Warsaw;  emesia ọ gara n'ihu n'ahụ egwu ya, na-egwu egwu na ụlọ oriri na-eme na Warsaw. === Ndụ UK === O'Browne kwagara Great Britain na 1958. "Site na adị adị Browne na UK, Tatiana gwara [...] nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-egwu egwu na London, mgbe na studio na mpaghara Soho,  ụlọ nke jazz na swing music nke London. Eziniche ahụ bi na Camden . Town, northwest London." Londoner Ela Grabinska-Raubusch, onye mmekọ nke Sikorski Institute, na-echeta nne nwụrụ anwụ, Wanda Grabińska (née Radzikowska), onye agha Warsaw, na-ekwu see Browne.  "Nne m kwuru na ọ bụ onye ma ama na Warsaw tupu agha ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye ma ama na Warsaw. Manụ anya ọ bụ naanị onye isi ojii n'isi obodo ahụ, "ka o kwuru. "N'ihe banyere ọrụ nnupụisi ya, naanị ihe m gụrụ n'ịntanetị bụ ihe m maara. Ewezuga, n'otu oge, ọ nọ na Śródmieście Południe, ya na nne m nọkwa. Ọ nọ na batalion Ruczaj. Mama m bịara London na 1957. Aghọtara m na Mr Browne bịara na 1958. "Mama kwuru otú o si zute Mr Browne, nakwa na ya na nwa ya alụ nọ.  Ma n'ahịa Shepherd's Bush Market ma ọ bụ n nri [otu nwoke aha ya bụ] Mehl, bụ onye na-ahụ maka ịfe ego na Poland n'afọ 1950 ruo 1980. Anyị bi na Shepherd's Bush nwa oge, n'afọ.  1960, aha Shepherd's Bush bụ ebe ndị obodo Caribbean na-anọrị, ndị West [[Ndia|India]] na ndị Juu Polish dị iche iche na-elekọta ụlọ ahụ, nne m nkwado asụ Bekee, ya mere o nwere ike ịga n'ihu.  akpụkpọ n'aka ha na Polish." . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Powstańcze Biogramy - August O'Brown|url=https://www.1944.pl/powstancze-biogramy/august-o-brown,55402.html|accessdate=2022-01-30|work=www.1944.pl|language=pl}}</ref>N'ebe ahụ ọ bi na-eme ihe ngosi nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ ma bụrụ na London na 1976. E liri ya n'ili Hampstead (dị ka Augustine Agboola Browne). === Nchọpụta === Ọkọ ndị ihe mere eme Zbigniew Osiński ikpera ozi mgbasa adị adị O'Browne sitere na Warsaw Uprising Museum gburugburu 2010;  Ọkọ ndị ihe mere eme ọzọ bụ Krzysztof Komorowski kwuru na ọ na-amata ịhụnanya adị ya na ifị aka na ọgba aghara dị ka naanị onye nnupụisi isi bụ eziokwu, ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali.  N'ụzọ dị mwute, ihe àmà ka dị iji kwado ya na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ọrịa anwụọla.  Ka o sina dị, ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ihe mere eme nke Poland na-ajịwo ihe mgbu zuru oke iji kwubie na vidiyo adị nke O'Browne, na nchọpụta nsonye ya na ọgba aghara, bụ eziokwu. Enyere ya ihe ncheta nkume na Warsaw na 2019. <ref name="Boston_3Oct2020">{{Cite news|author=Boston|first=Nicholas|title=August Browne: The Nigeria-born man who joined the Polish resistance|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2 October 2020|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-54337607|accessdate=3 October 2020}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} q78t8tq3wjg55knk5e2fuca1wc4x5n0 0 32763 631934 309315 2026-05-05T00:48:55Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;" |<div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Dolores Ibárruri</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="2382" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="1806" decoding="async" height="290" resource="./File:Dolores002.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dolores002.jpg/220px-Dolores002.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dolores002.jpg/330px-Dolores002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Dolores002.jpg/440px-Dolores002.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Dolores002.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;"> Dolores Ibárruri na 1978 </div> |- class="infobox-full-data" colspan="2" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} Isidora Dolores Ibárruri Gómez ( <Spanish: [isiˈðoɾa ðoˈloɾes iˈβaruɾi ˈɣomeθ ]/link> ; Ọnwa Iri na-eme 9, 1895 – 12 Nọvemba 1989), "onye ire dị ka Pasionaria onye nwere ike".  ụzọ Spanish Republican nke Agha Obodo Spanish nke 1936–1939 na onye Kọmunist mara maka okwu ya ¡No Pasarán!  ("Ha agabiga!") E mmetụta n'oge Agha Madrid na November 1936 .Ọ sonyeere ndị Kọmunist Spanish ( Spanish <nowiki></link></nowiki> ) mgbe e hiwere ya na 1920. N'afọ 1930, ọ bụ onye edemede maka akwụkwọ Communist Party of [[Spain]] (PCE) Mundo Obrero na na February 1936 ka a ọmụmụ na Cortes Generales dị  ka onye PCE maka Asturias .  N'ịbụ onye si na Spen jee biri na njedebe nke Agha Obodo na 1939, ọ na-egosi ukwu nke Central Committee nke Communist Party nke Spain, ọnọdụ ọ mgbasa site na 1942 ruo 1960. Ndị otu ahụ wee onye isi oche ya nke  PCE, ɔkwa o jigidere oge ndụ ya niile.  Mgbe ọ la n'ụdị Spain na 1977, a na-amụ ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onye anya Cortes maka otu mpaghara ọ nọchitere anya site na 1936 ruo 1939 n'okpuru Republic nke abụọ nke Spanish. . A shafi Dolores Ibárruri na 1895 nke ewepụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.  [1] O nwere nna Basque na-egwuputa ihe na nne Castilian .  O tolitere na Gallarta, ma emesịa kwagara Somorrostro ( Biscay ).  Galarta nọ n'abụ nnukwu ogbunigwe siderite Ibárruri hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na 15 ka ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ na-akwado maka kọleji ndị nkuzi na agbamume nke onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ. Nne na nna ya enweghị ike inwetakwu akwụkwọ, n'ihi ya, ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akwa akwa ma mesịa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPibarruri.htm|title=Dolores Ibárruri (Pasionaria)|work=Spartacus Educational|accessdate=2017-12-09}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye na-eri nri n'obodo Arboleda, bụ obodo kachasị mkpa na mpaghara Somorrostro. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923191749/http://www.bizkaia.net/nekazaritza/zabalguneak/Fitxak/pdf/in_la_arboleda.pdf La Arboleda/Zugaztieta (Valle de Trápaga/Trapagaran)]. Bizkaia.net.</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Julián Ruiz Gabiña, onye na-akwado otu na onye nchoputa Socialist Youth nke Somorrostro. Ha lụrụ na ngwụsị 1915, afọ abụọ ka a mụsịrị nwa mbụ ha. <ref name="FalleceJulianRuiz">[http://hemeroteca.lavanguardia.es/preview/1977/08/05/pagina-10/33759615/pdf.html Fallece Julián Ruiz, marido de "La Pasionaria"]. ''La Vanguardia Española''. August 5, 1977, p. 10.</ref> Di na nwunye na-eto eto sonyere na iku izugbe nke 1917 na Ruiz laghachiri n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. N'oge a, Ibárruri nọrọ abalị na-agụ ọrụ Karl Marx na ndị ọzọ a hụrụ n'ọbá akwụkwọ nke Socialist Workers' Center na Somorrostro. . <ref name="LorenzoPeña">Lorenzo Peña: "[http://www.eroj.org/biblio/ibarruri/biografi.htm Nota Biográfica de La Pasionaria]. España Roja.</ref>Na 1920 Ibárruri na Workers' Centre sonyeere ndị Communist Party nke Spain [1] (PCE) na-eto eto wee dozie ya onye otu Kọmitii Provincial nke Basque Communist Party.  Mgbe afọ iri nke ndị agha agha, a mgbaàmà ya na Kọmitii Central nke PCE na 1930. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/politica/2018/12/04/actualidad/1543927023_323537.html|title=Muere Amaya Ruiz Ibárruri, hija de Pasionaria|work=El País|date=4 December 2018|language=es|accessdate=2022-03-07|author=Bonet|first=Pilar}}</ref>N'oge a, Ibárruri, ụmụ isii.  N'ime ụmụ ise ya, anɔ die ka ọ dị obere.  Ọ "na-akọbu etu di ya siri were igbe osisi osisi kpụpụta obere igbe ozu."  [1] Nwa ya nwoke, Rubén, nwụrụ na iri na abụọ na Agha nke Stalingrad .  Nwa nke njọ, Amaya, dị ndụ ụfọdụ nne ya.  N'afọ 2008, Amaya bi na mpaghara ndị ọrụ nke Ciudad Lineal na Madrid.  [2] [3] Ọ nwụrụ na 2018 mgbe ọ dị afọ 95. === Na Madrid (1931-1936) === . <ref>[[:es:Partido Comunista de España|Partido Comunista de España]]. Spanish ''Wikipedia''.</ref>Na mbata nke Republic nke ihe na 1931, Ibárruri kwagara Madrid .  Ọ nchịkọta onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ PCE Mundo Obrero .  E jidere ya na nke mbụ ya na September 1931. N'ịbụ onye a ụzọ ndị n'àmá ya na ndị na-emejọ ya, ọ gwara ha ka ọrụ ọrụ iwu iji akwụkwọ onwe maka ndị na-ejeso ndị agha.  Mgbe e jidere ya nke abụọ na March 1932, o duuru ndị nche ndị ọzọ na-abụ abụ " The Internationale " n'ime ụlọ ụlọ.  Ọ gbara ha ume ka ha jụ obere ọrụ a na- pụghị iche n'ogige ụlọ ndị.  [1] O dere ndị sitere na nga, otu nke PCE oge Frente Rojo na nke ọzọ bụ Mundo Obrero .  Na 17 Maachị 1932, a na-achọpụta ya na Kọmitii Central nke PCE na Mgbakọ 4th emere na Seville. N'afọ 1933, ọ ntọala ntọala Mujeres Antifascistas<nowiki></link></nowiki> , òtù ụmụ na-Cheta Fascist na agha.  [1] Na 18 ụgbọ, onye na-ekiri mbara igwe Soviet Grigory Neujmin emechira asteroid 1933 HA wee edi ya " Dolores " n'aha ya.  Na November, ọ gara Moscow dị ka onye na-achọ nke 13th Plenum nke Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI), bụ nke tụlere ihe ize ndụ nke Fascism na egwu agha.  [2] Ịhụ isi obodo Rọshịa nkata Ibárruri ụtọ.  "Nye m, onye gbanye ya site n'anya nke ike obi", o dere n'akwụkwọ ya, "ọ bụ obodo iza mma n'ụwa. A na- isiokwu ihe owuwu nke socialism na ya.  ndị ohu, ndị a chụpụrụ phopụ, ndị serfs, ndị proletarians. Site na ndị mmadụ nwere ike ike ma njem nke ihe a pịa mmadụ na-aga na nkọwa Kọmunist."  [3] Ọ bụghị Spain ruo afọ ọhụrụ. Ka ọ na-erule nsọ nke 1934, Ibárruri na ndị mmadụ abụọ ndị ọzọ butere ọrụ nnapụta dị ize ndụ n’azọ Asturias na-egwupụta ihe iji kpa ihe umuagbo umu na-agụ na Madrid.  A nne nne na nna ndị na-ahụ ụzọ ka Mgbanwe Ọktọba dara ada nke General Franco n'ihi ụzọ nke Republican.  Ọ gara nke ọma, ma a kpọchiri ya obere oge n'ahụ anya Sama de Langre na Oviedo .  [1] Iji chebe ụmụ ya inwekwu ike, o pụta ha na Soviet Union n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1935. N'afọ 1935, ọ gafere na nzuzo na Spanish wee gaa na 7th World Congress of the Communist International nke e mere na 25 Julaị - 21 August na Moscow. Na Congress a, Georgi Dimitrov kwuru okwu isi okwu nke ọ tụrụ aro ka ya na ndị ọchịchị "bourgeois na-aga n'ihu" na-emekọrịta ihe megide ndị fasizim. <ref>[http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/p/o.htm entry: Popular Front]. ''Encyclopedia of Marxism''. Marxists Internet Archive.</ref> N'okpuru ozizi a, ndị Popular Front malitere ọchịchị na [[France]] na June 1936, kwụsịrị ike mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ọha mmadụ Communist ma gbochie enyemaka na Spanish Republic n'oge Agha Obodo Spanish. Ọ bụ Léon Blum, onye isi oche nke French Popular Front webatara nkwekọrịta na-adịghị etinye aka, nke mechiri ọdịnihu nke Republic, ma bịanye aka na 2 Ọgọst 1936, site n'aka France, Britain, Russia, [[Jémanị|Germany]] na Ịtali. Ibárruri nabatara okwu Dimitrov dị ka nkwuwa okwu nke PCE ogologo oge wee laghachi n'ụlọ "jupụtara na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi, kpebisie ike ime ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume iji nweta nkwenye n'etiti ndị ọrụ dị iche iche na òtù onye kwuo uche nke obodo anyị.". <ref name="ElUnicoCamino">Dolores Ibárruri, María Carmen García-Nieto París, María José Capellín Corrada. ''El único camino''. Madrid: Editorial Castalia, 1992.</ref> N'otu ebe ahụ, a họpụtara ya onye osote onye otu ECCI wee bụrụ onye ọchịchị Kọmunist nke abụọ na Spain mgbe José Díaz, bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke PCE gasịrị. <blockquote>Ozugbo mmeri ndị Popular Front mere na ntuli aka ahụ bịara mara m, bụbu onye omeiwu a họpụtara ahọpụta, pụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nke Oviedo n'ụtụtụ echi ya, gara n'ụlọ ọrụ nke Director, onye gbapụrụ n'oké ụjọ n'ihi na ọ mere omume dị ka onye omekome n’ebe ndị mkpọrọ Asturia nọ n’ụlọ mkpọrọ gasịrị mgbe mgbanwe nke October 1934 gasịrị, ma n’ebe ahụ ka m chọtara Onye Ọchịchị ahụ m sịrị, “Nye m mkpịsị ugodi n’ihi na a ghaghị ịtọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ taa.” Ọ zara, sị, "Anataghị m iwu ọ bụla", m wee zaa, "Abụ m onye omeiwu nke Republic, ana m arịọ gị ka nyefee mkpịsị ugodi ozugbo ka ịtọhapụ ndị mkpọrọ." O nyefere ha ma m na-emesi gị obi ike na ọ bụ ụbọchị kacha atọ ụtọ nke ndụ m, na-emepe mkpụrụ ndụ ma na-eti mkpu, "Ndị enyi, onye ọ bụla pụta!" N'ezie na-akpali akpali. Echeghị m ka nzuko omeiwu nọrọ ọdụ ma ọ bụ ka e nye iwu ntọhapụ. M chere, sị, "Anyị agbawo nkwa nnwere onwe maka ndị mkpọrọ nke mgbanwe mgbanwe nke 1934 - anyị meriri - taa ndị mkpọrọ na-ahapụ onwe ha." <ref>Dolores Ibárruri quoted by Mariano Muniesa in: "[http://marianomuniesa.blogspot.com/2009/11/emocionado-recuerdo-una-mujer-del_13.html Emocionado Recuerdo a una Mujer del Pueblo: La Camarada, Compañera y Hermana Dolores Ibárruri]." La Comuna. 13 November 2009.</ref> </blockquote>N'ime ọnwa ole na ole tupu Agha Obodo Spanish, ọ sonyeere ndị na-eti Cadavio mine na Asturias wee guzoro n'akụkụ ndị nwe ụlọ dara ogbenye a chụpụrụ n'otu mpaghara Madrid. <ref name="LorenzoPeña"/> N'oge a, Federico García Lorca, La Pasionaria na ndị enyi na-akparịta ụka ma na-ekesa kọfị na cafeteria Madrid mgbe Lorca, bụ onye na-amụ ọdịdị Ibárruri, gwara ya, "Dolores, ị bụ nwanyị nke iru újú, nke iru újú ... M ga-ede gị abụ." <ref name="MeFaltaba">Dolores Ibárruri. ''Me faltaba España, 1939–1977''. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1984.</ref> Onye na-ede uri laghachiri na Granada wee zute ọnwụ ya n'aka ndị Nationalists tupu ọ rụchaa ọrụ ahụ. On 24 February, Stalin forbade Soviet volunteers to be sent to fight in Spain, but he did not recall Order of Lenin awardee Alexander Orlov of the NKVD (secret police).{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Orlov and the NKVD orchestrated May Days, the war that broke out between 3-8 May in Barcelona between the Popular Front and the Trotskyist Workers Party of Marxist Unification (POUM). The battle left some 1,000 fighters dead and 1,500 injured, though estimates vary. With the annihilation of the POUM, Stalin deprived the fugitive Leon Trotsky of a possible Spanish haven.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Orlov used the same methods of terror, duplicity and deception that were employed in the Great Purge (1936–38). Ibárruri ascribed the events to an "anarcho-trotskyist" attempt at shutting down the Republican government on orders from Franco, acting in tandem with Adolf Hitler. She said the violence was the culmination of an anarchist plot that included plans to stop the movement of trains and cut all telegraph and telephone lines. She cited an "order [from the Catalan government] to its forces to control the telephone building and disarm all people whom they encounter in the streets without proper authorization" as the aim of the anarchist plan. However, she provided no evidence to support these claims, which were widely held by fellow Party members at the time but have since been discredited. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} gv0og9s4b360rjm5m702p4p5wekdrnk 0 34828 631925 181209 2026-05-05T00:45:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''[[w:Livingstone Mqotsi|Livingstone Mqotsi]]''' (18 Eprel 1921 – 25 Septemba 2009), nke a makwaara dịka '''Livy''' bụ onye ama ama na South Africa, ọkachasị n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social anthropology]] na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra. Onye amụrụ n'ezinụlọ na-enweghị ego, ọ gbasoro agụmakwụkwọ na ikwuchite-ọnụ ọra. Njem agụmakwụkwọ ya dugara ya na Mahadum Fort Hare, ebe ọ gụrụ Social anthropology wee bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ọpụrụiche nke Monica Wilson. O tinyere aka na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra na iguzogide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ewee mara ya maka ịchịkọta obodo na obodo. Ebibiri ọrụ nkụzi Mqotsi n'ihi mmegide ya megide ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ [[w:|Bantu Education Act]]. Ọ gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ọrụ ma mechaa gbanwee ịghọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-echere mmachibido iwu na mkpagbu ihu. Mgbe ọ gbara ọsọ gaa zoo na mba ọzọ, ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwuchite ọnụ ọra, ide ihe, na agụmakwụkwọ ya na [[London]]. Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na amusu, omume ọgwụgwọ ọrịa, na ọha mmadụ Africa, na-ama aka ụkpụrụ mgbaso omume odịbendị ndị ọcha aka, na ịkwalite echiche Africa na okwu agụmakwụkwọ. O sonyere na esemokwu agụmakwụkwọ ya na ndị ọkà mmụta dịka [[w:|Archie Mafeje]] na [[w:|Ruth First]] n'isi okwu [[w:|ọgba aghara Soweto]], na-ekwusi ike maka òtù mgbagwoju anya nke mgba megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị. Mqotsi mechara nweta ihe ịchọ mma nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Fort Hare mgbe ọ nwụrụ. N'afọ 2013, onye na-eti egwu Israel jiri otu egwu sitere na usoro egwu "Critical Thought" ya kpọọrọ ya àjà ekele ncheta. === Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ === A mụrụ Livingstone Mqotsi na 18 Eprel 1921, na obodo Rabula na [[w:Keiskammahoek|Keiskammahoek district]], nke bụzi akụkụ [[w:Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape Province]] na South Africa ugbua.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Mqotsi {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/livingstone-mqotsi |access-date=2023- 06-03 |website=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=GIYOSE |first=MALLET PHUMELELE |title=Ọ dịghị onye ma onwe anyị |url= https://www.news24.com/citypress/columnists/guestcolumnist/none-but-ourselves-20091010 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ na-enweghị ego, nna ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na Keiskammahoek, Livingstone Mqotsi gara Paterson High School na [[w:|Port Elizabeth]] n'afọ 1943. .<ref name=":0" /> Njem agụmakwụkwọ Mqotsi malitere na Mahadum Fort Hare, bụ ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke art (B.A) n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]], gụsịa akwụkwọ n'afọ 1948.<ref name=":0" /> [[w:|Monica Wilson]], ọkà mmụta gụrụ anthropology ama ama, ghọtara na Mqotsi nwere ike ma duzie ya n'oge ọmụmụ ya niile. Ntinye aka Mqotsi na nkuzi Wilson na ikpughe ya na nyocha gbasara mmadụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọchịchọ nyocha ya n'ọdịnihu yana ntinye aka ya n'ịghọta obodo na omenala ndị Africa. A kọwara ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mmụta gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya Monica Wilson nwere kacha nwee akaraka ọnatarachi na Fort Hare na 1940.<ref name=":2">{{Citation | last=Bank |first=Leslie J. |title=Amoosu na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ: Livingstone Mqotsi, Monica Wilson na Middledrift Healers, 1945-1957 | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/witchcraft-and-the-academy-livingstone- mqotsi-monica-wilson-and-the-middledrift-healers-19451957/643B55DF06880C59CCD07C6A898FB607 |ọrụ=N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ya Ntụgharị |editor-last=Bank |editor-first0=2 03 | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139333634.008 |isbn=978-1-139-33363-4 |editor2-lest=Bank |editors2-first= J.}}</ref> O bipụtara ihe ọmụmụ n'[[w:|African Studies]] n'oge ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ, bụ nke dịịrị ka ihe mgbado-ụkwụ ịbanye n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ọkachamara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kramer |first=Robert S. | ụbọchị = 2014 | aha = Nyochaa nke Ịgba Ohu na Sudan: History, Documents and Commentary |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24393450 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |olu=47 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 520–522 |jstor=24393450 |issn=0361-7882}}</ref> === Ọrụ na Nkwuchite-ọnụ Ọra Ya === Ahụmahụ ndị o nwetara mgbe ọ bụ nwata na nzụlite Livingstone Mqotsi nwere ike nye aka n'ịkpụzi echiche ya na mbọ ya n'ọdịnihu. Ntolite ya site n'ezinụlọ ogbenye bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ime ime obodo bụ ya dịka ọ bụ ya mere ka ọ tinye aka ya n'oge na-adịghị anya na ịgba ume na ịchụso agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze.<ref name=":1" /> N'oge ọ nọ na Fort Hare, Mqotsi sonyere na nkwuchite-ọnụ ọra na mmegharị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O sonyeere na òtù ndị jikọrọ aka na [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (NEUM). Nsonye Mqotsi n'ikwuchite ọnụ ọra gbatịrị gafee ófè mahadum ọ nọ na ya. A maara ya maka mbọ ọ na-agba ichikota obodo dị iche iche na ịkwalite nguzogide megide [[w:Apartheid in South Africa | ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]]. Ọrụ nkuzi Mqotsi, nke malitere na Newell High School n'afọ 1950 wee gaa n'ihu na Healdtown Training College site n'afọ 1952 ruo 1954, kwụsịrị na mberede n'ihi esemokwu ya na [[w:Apartheid | ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] maka [[w:|Bantu Education Act of 1953]]. Ọzọkwa, ọrụ Mqotsi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na onye nkuzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọ̀gbọ́ ndị ọkàmmụta na ndị na-ekwuchite ọnụ ọra n'ọdịnihu. [[w:|Archie Mafeje]] nwere mmetụta miri emi site n'aka Mqotsi, onye nkuzi ya na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]],<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first= D. Wadada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |Onye nkwusa=Mkpokọta Akwụkwọ Ndị Africa |isbn=978-0-7983-0286 -9 |asụsụ = en | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164158/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |archive-date=2023-02-09 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) |url=https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ |Archive-date=2022 -12-31 |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Black Cantabs Research Society |language=en-US |accessdate=2023-12-26 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}</ref> wee malite isonye nke ọma n'ìgwè ndị nwere njikọ na òtù Non-European Unity Movement.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs | nke mbụ=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere nkwenye dị mma |url=https://doi.org /10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |url-status=live |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa s2cid =225152211 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164203/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184.2020.1815184 |oghere-ụbọchị=2022-12-29}}</ref> Nsonye ya n'òtù [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association]] (CATA) n'ịgbasa ozi megide iwu Bantu Education mere ka amachibido ya na ndị òtù CATA narị abụọ ndị ọzọ ịkụzi ihe.<ref name=":0" /> Na-eche mkpagbu dị n'ụdị mkpọsa sitere n'aka steeti ihu, Mqotsi gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ọrụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye òtù agụmakwụkwọ ógó dị elu na Mahadum Fort Hare, mana Ngalaba Native Affairs jụrụ. Mgbalị niile na-esochi ndị o mere n'ịchọta ọrụ kwụsịrị n'ihi nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Mqotsi nwetara nzere mastas na nkà ọmụmụ [[w:|Industrial Psychology]], mana atụmatụ ya gbasara imeziwanye mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ngwuputa bụ nke a na-anabataghị nke ọma, nke butere ịchụpụ ya. Ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ na-enweghị nkà.<ref name=":0" /> Nsonye ya n'Òtù Non-European Unity Movement dubara ya n'ọrụ ọhụrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-ebipụta "Indaba Zasemonti" (East London News), bụ nke katọrọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'aka gọọmenti. Gọọmenti mechiri ụlọ ọrụ mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'afọ 1960 ma machibido Mqotsi iwu ruo afọ ise n'okpuru [[w:Suppression of Communism Act, 1950|Suppression of Communism Act]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e mechirikwa ụlọ ọrụ mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ NEUM. Iji zeere nchụpụ n'obodo, Mqotsi gbanwere bàa n'ọrụ iwu ịbụ ọ̀káikpe, na-arụkọ ọrụ ya na [[w:|Louis Mtshizana]]. Ha guzobere omume iwu amaara maka ijikwa okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mana ha chere ebubo ihu site n'aka steeti ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. N'ikpeazụ, ha natara iwu mmachibido ruo afọ ise. A tụrụ Mqotsi mkpọrọ ọnwa abụọ na-ekpeghị ya ikpe n'oge [[w:|State of Emergency 1960]]. N'ihi mkpagbu ọdịpụ odịkwasa ọ na-anata, òtù Unity Movement gwara ya ka ọ hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> Mqotsi gbagara [[Botswana]] emesia ọ gaa [[Zambia]] site n'afọ 1964 ruo 1970, n'ikpeazụ chọta ebe obibi ọhụrụ na England site n'afọ 1970 ruo 2001 ma ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike isonyere ya. N'ime afọ ọ gbara ọsọ gaa n'ala ọzọ, ọ gbasoro ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na London, na mbụ na West Greenwich Boys High School site n'afọ 1970 ruo 1977 na mgbe e mesịrị dịka onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ Catford Boys High School site n'afọ 1978 ruo 1986, bụ ebe o mesịrị laa ezumike nká.<ref name = ":0" /> N'agbanyeghị na ọ nọ n'ọsọ na mba ọzọ, Mqotsi gara n'ihu bụrụ onye òdé akwụkwọ mara mma. O so dezie akwụkwọ akụkọ [[w:|Unity Newsletter]] site n'afọ 1966 ruo 1969, mbipụta kwa ọnwa nke metụtara NEUM nọ n'ala ọzọ. N'ịnọgide na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nke NEUM, o sonyeere [[w:|New Unity Movement]] (NUM) n'afọ 1985 mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ọsọ ọ gbara gbaga London.<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe Mqotsi si n'ala ọzọ lọta n'afọ 2001, ọ gara biri na [[w:East London, South Africa | East London, South Africa]] ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'iguzobe ngalaba Border nke NUM n'afọ 2007.<ref name=":0" /> === Ederede Ya === {{Scholia}} Mqotsi dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara mgba ntọhapụ nke South Africa wee soro ndị nta akụkọ na ndị na-akwado ọrụ na-ede nnukwu akwụkwọ ozi. Otu n'ime ihe ndị ama ama o mere n'oge a bụ imegharị akwụkwọ egwuregwu o dere na ngwụcha afọ 1950 ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ ''The House of Bondage'' nke e bipụtara n'afọ 1989. O dekwara akụkọ na-ebipụtabeghị ebipụta na-akọwapụta mmegharị nnwere onwe dị iche iche so na mbọ South Africa na-agba inwere onwe ha, nke akpọrọ ''South African Liberation at the Crossroads''. Mgbe o si n'ala ọzọ lọta n'afọ 2001, ọ gara n'ihu n'ịgba mbọ ide ihe, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nke abụọ, bụ nganiihu nke akwụkwọ mbụ ya, akpọrọ 'The Mind in Chains' n'afọ 2008. Ọzọkwa, o bipụtara akwụkwọ nke atọ, 'A Study of [[w:|Ukuthwasa]] ,' n'otu afọ ahụ, bụ nke dabeere na usoro mmụta nzere Mastas (M.A) ya.<ref name=":0" /> Ka Mqotsi na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, nchọpụta ya lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke [[w:Witchcraft in Africa | amoosu]], [[w: Traditional Healers of Southern Africa|omume ọgwụgwọ]], na ọha mmadụ Africa.<ref name=":3"> {{Cite akwụkwọ |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/A0E9C6DBACD640678FF3038BAACCC6F1 |title=Inside African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | ụbọchị = 2013 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum Cambridge Pịa |isbn=978-1-107-02938-5 |editor-last=Bank |editor-first=Andrew |usoro=Ọbá akwụkwọ Afrịka Mba Nile | Ọnọdụ=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139333634 |editor-last2=Akụkụ |Nhazi -first2=Leslie J.}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke nyochara ọrụ amoosu na ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala n'ime obodo [[w:|Middledrift]] n'ime oge site na 1945 ruo 1957 gụnyere ọmụmụ gbasara Ukuthwasa, [[w:|Culture-bound syndrome]] jikọtara ya na ọkpụkpọ oku na usoro mmalite ka ọ bụrụ [[w: Traditional Healers of Southern Africa|sangoma]], ụdị ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Mqotsi | nke mbụ = Livingstone | ụbọchị = 1957 | aha = Ọmụmụ Ukuthwasa : (ịbụ ọrịa nke Xhosa ghọtara dị ka ntozu maka ịmalite ya dị ka dọkịta) |url=https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items /Mqotsi,%20Livingstone%20(1957)%20A%20study%20nke%20Ukuthwasa%20:%20(ịbụ%20a%20syndrome%20ghọtara%20by%20the%20Xhosa%20as%20a%202020qualification% 20as%20a%20dọkịta),%20University%20of%20the%20Witwatersrand,%20Johannesburg, |asụsụ=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Nchọpụta Mqotsi mere gbasara amoosu na omume ọgwụgwọ nyere aka na nghọta miri emi nke ọha mmadụ ndị Africa, na-ama aka n'echiche efu na-adị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ na echiche na-ezighị ezi gbara isiokwu ndị a. Ọrụ ya kwusiri ike mkpa ọnọdụ omenala dị na mkpa nghọta na ịkwanyere [[w:Culture of Africa | Omenala Africa]] na usoro ihe ọmụma. Nnyocha Mqotsi, jikọtara ya na onye na-akwado ya, dobere ya dị ka onye na-edu ndú na [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | decolonization of knowledge]], na-akwalite ntinye echiche nke Africa n'okwu agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review nke Inside African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị ya : Center for African Studies (LUCAS) |url=https://lucas.leeds.ac.uk/article/inside-african-anthropology-monica-wilson-and-her-interpreters / | nweta-date=2023-06-03 | webụsaịtị=lucas.leeds.ac.uk}}</ref> === Esemokwu agụmakwụkwọ Ya na Archie Mafeje na Ruth First === {{Excerpt|Archie Mafeje|Ruth First}} === Ọnwụ Ya === Ọ nwụrụ na 25 Septemba 2009, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=GIYOSE |first=MALLET PHUMELELE |title=Ọnweghị onye ma anyị onwe anyị|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/columnists/guestcolumnist/none-but-ourselves-20091010 |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=City Press |asụsụ = en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Mgbe e mesịrị, e dosara ya ihe nrite nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Fort Hare.<ref>{{Citation |last=Bank |first=Leslie J. |title=Amoosu na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ: Livingstone Mqotsi, Monica Wilson na Middledrift Healers, 1945-1957 | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/witchcraft-and-the- academy-livingstone-mqotsi-monica-wilson-and-the-middledrift-healers-19451957/643B55DF06880C59CCD07C6A898FB607 |ọrụ=N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya |editor=editor-refir | 2023-11-08 | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139333634.008 |isbn=978-1-139-33363-4 |editor2-edit2=Bank | -first=Leslie J.}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, otu mkpụrụ egwú n'ime usoro egwu "Critical Thought," nke onye egwú Israel gụrụ, ka o nyèrè n'icheta onye nwụrụ anwụ Livingstone Mqotsi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to a dike |url=https://www.heraldlive.co/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=HeraldLIVE |asụsụ=en-ZA |accessdate=2023-12-27 |archivedate=2022-10-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016023618/http://www.heraldlive.co/ }}</ref> === Hụkwa === * {{Annotated link|Chris Hani}} * {{Annotated link|Nathaniel Honono}} === Edensibia === {{reflist}} === Ịgụrụ Gawa === * {{Citation |last=Bank |first=Leslie J. |title=Witchcraft and the Academy: Livingstone Mqotsi, Monica Wilson and the Middledrift Healers, 1945–1957 |date=2013 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/witchcraft-and-the-academy-livingstone-mqotsi-monica-wilson-and-the-middledrift-healers-19451957/643B55DF06880C59CCD07C6A898FB607 |work=Inside African Anthropology: Monica Wilson and her Interpreters |editor-last=Bank |editor-first=Andrew |series=The International African Library |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/cbo9781139333634.008 |isbn=978-1-139-33363-4 |editor2-last=Bank |editor2-first=Leslie J.}} * {{Cite web |date=2014-04-13 |title=In memory of principled struggle hero |url=https://www.iol.co.za/sundayindependent/news/in-memory-of-principled-struggle-hero-1675181 |website=IOL}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mqotsi, Livingstone}} [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1921]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2009]] [[Category:South African political writers]] [[Category:South African activists]] [[Category:South African anthropologists]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Fort Hare]] bvcvhl7ln2zvvr04g3dr0ycz4p6l1j6 0 34841 631950 495801 2026-05-05T00:59:19Z Goodymaraj 21567 631950 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;" |Castor na Pollux |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div style="font-size: 110%;">Chi ejima, ndị na akwado ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị metụtara ịgba ịnyịnya</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Metropolitan_Castor_Pollux_Roman_3C_AD.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Ihe oyiyi nke Castor na Pollux (narị afọ nke atọ AD) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha ndị ọzọ | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Dioscuri * Dioskouroi * Chi Abụọ * Gemini * Akpụkpọ anụ * Tyndarids * Pollux a na-akpọ mgbe ụfọdụ ''Polydeuces'' </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ebe ofufe bụ́ isi | class="infobox-data" |Akpịrị ọnụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ugwu | class="infobox-data" |Ịnyịnya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mmekọahụ | class="infobox-data" |Nwoke |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ememme | class="infobox-data" |Ememe nke Dioskouroi (July 15) |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;" |Ihe ọmụma nkeonwe |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ndị Nne na Nna | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * Leda (nne) * Tyndareus (nna Castor) * Zeus-Jupiter (nna Pollux) </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụmụnne | class="infobox-data" |Timandra, Phoebe, Philonoe, Helen nke Trọ na Clytemnestra |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEF2E0;" |Ihe ndị ha na ya kwekọrọ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Etruscan yiri ya | class="infobox-data" |Kastur na Pultuce |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ihe yiri ya na ndị India na Europe | class="infobox-data" |Ụmụ ejima dị nsọ |} [[Category:Articles having different image on Wikidata and Wikipedia]]  <div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">[[File:Dioscuri_(Pollux_or_Castor),_Rome,_Capitol.jpg|alt=|267x267px]]</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage">[[File:Dioscuri_(Castor_or_Pollux),_Rome,_Capitol.jpg|alt=|267x267px]]</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Dioscuri, Rome, Capitol</div></div></div></div>Castor  na Pollux  (ma ọ bụ Polydeuces)  bụ ejima ejima na akụkọ ifo ndị Gris na ndị Rom, ndị a maara ọnụ dị ka Dioscuri ma ọ bụ Dioskouroi.  ha bụ Leda, mana ha nwere ndị nna dị iche iche; Castor bụ nwa Tyndareus, eze Sparta, ebe Pollux bụ nwa Zeus, onye dinara Leda n'ike n'ụdị swan. Ha abụọ bụ ihe atụ nke heteropaternal superfecundation. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ banyere ọmụmụ ha dịgasị iche, a na ekwu mgbe ụfọdụ na a mụrụ ha site na àkwá, tinyere ụmụnne ha ejima Helen nke Trọ na Clytemnestra. Na Latin a makwaara ejima ahụ dị ka '''Gemini'''[lower-alpha 5] (nke pụtara "ejima") ma ọ bụ Castores,[lower-alpha 6] yana '''Tyndaridae'''[lower'alpha 7] ma ọ bụ '''Tyndarids'''.[lower-alpha 8] Pollux gwara Zeus ka ọ hapụ ya ka ya na ejima ya kerịta anwụghị anwụ nke ya iji mee ka ha nọrọ ọnụ, ha wee gbanwee n'ime ìgwè kpakpando Gemini. A na ewere ha abụọ dị ka ndị na-akwado ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị ha pụtara dị ka Ọkụ St. Elmo. A na ejikọkwa ha na ịgba ịnyịnya, n'ikwekọ na mmalite ha dị ka ejima ịnyịnya Indo-European. == Ọmụmụ == [[Usòrò:Kastor_Niobid_krater_Louvre_G341.jpg|thumb|Castor e sere na calyx krater nke c. 460-450 BC, na ejide aka ịnyịnya na ube ma na eyi okpu okpu pilos style]] E nwere ọtụtụ ozi na emegiderịta onwe ha banyere nne na nna nke Dioscuri. Na Homeric ''Odyssey'' (11.298-304), ha bụ ụmụ Tyndareus naanị, mana ha bụ ụmụ Zeus na Hesiodic Catalogue (fr. 24 M-W). Akụkọ ọdịnala (nke e gosipụtara na mbụ na Pindar, Nemean 10) jikọtara nna ndị a ka ọ bụrụ naanị Pollux ka Zeus mụrụ, ebe Leda na di ya Tyndareus tụụrụ ime Castor. Nke a na akọwa ihe mere e ji nye ha anwụghị anwụ ọzọ. O[2] Tyndareus nwere ike ịbanye n'omenala ha iji kọwaa aha ochie ha bụ ''Tindaridai'' na ihe odide Spartan, ma ọ bụ ''Tyndaridai'' na akwụkwọ, [1] n'aka nke ya na akpata akụkọ na ekwekọghị ekwekọ banyere nne na nna ha. Ụmụnne ha nwanyị ndị ọzọ bụ Timandra, Phoebe, na Philonoe. Castor na Pollux na anwụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mgbe ụfọdụ ha abụọ bụ chi. Otu ihe na agbanwe agbanwe bụ na ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ naanị otu n'ime ha anaghị anwụ anwụ, ọ bụ Pollux. Na ''Iliad'' nke Homer, Helen si na mgbidi nke Troy na ele ala ma na eche ihe mere na ọ hụghị ụmụnne ya n'etiti ndị Achaeans. Onye na akọ akụkọ ahụ kwuru na ha abụọ anwụọla ma lie ha n'ala nna ha nke Lacedaemon, si otú a na atụ aro na ọ dịkarịa ala n'ọdịnala ụfọdụ, ha abụọ anwụ. Ọnwụ ha na anwụghị anwụ nke Zeus nyere bụ ihe nke ''Cypria'' furu efu na usoro Epic. na ewere Dioscuri dị ka ndị na enyere ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ aka ma bụrụ ndị na akwado ndị njem na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri karịsịa, ndị kpọrọ ha ka ha chọọ ifufe dị mma. Ọrụ dị ka ndị na agba ịnyịnya na ndị na akụ ọkpọ mekwara ka a na ewere ha dị ka onye nkwado nke ndị na eme egwuregwu na asọmpi egwuregwu. na etinye aka n'oge nsogbu, na enyere ndị na asọpụrụ ma ọ bụ tụkwasịrị ha obi aka. == Ebe e si nweta ihe ochie == [[Usòrò:Dioskouroi_Met_L.2008.18.1-2_n03.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi abụọ nke ndị Rom (narị afọ nke atọ AD) na egosi Dioscuri dị ka ndị na agba ịnyịnya, na okpokoro isi ha (Metropolitan Museum of Art) &nbsp;]] Ndị edemede Gris oge ochie na akọ ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke akụkọ Castor na Pollux. Homer na akọwa ha na mbụ dị ka ndị nkịtị nkịtị, na emeso ha dị ka ndị nwụrụ anwụ na Iliad ("... enwere ndị ọchịagha abụọ m ahụghị, / Castor the horse breaker and the boxer / Polydeuces, my brothers ..." - Helen, Iliad 3.253–255), ma na Odyssey a na emeso ha dị ka ndị dị ndụ n'agbanyeghị na "ala nke na amị ọka na ejide ha". Onye edemede ahụ kọwara ha dị ka "ndị nwere nsọpụrụ nhata chi", na ebi n'ụbọchị ndị ọzọ n'ihi ntinye aka nke Zeus. Na Odyssey na na Hesiod, a kọwara ha dị ka ụmụ Tyndareus na Leda. Na Pindar, Pollux bụ nwa Zeus ebe Castor bụ nwa Tyndareus na anwụ anwụ. Isiokwu nke nne na nna na enweghị isi abụghị naanị na Castor na Pollux; njirimara yiri nke ahụ pụtara na akụkọ Herakles na Theseus. A na akpọkwa Dioscuri n'Iberibe Alcaeus 34a,  agbanyeghị na amabeghị ma abụ a na akwado Hymn Homeric nye ejima ahụ. Ha pụtara ọnụ na egwuregwu abụọ nke [[Eurípedes Amoreirinha|Euripides]], Helen na Elektra. Cicero na akọ akụkọ banyere otu Scopas, onye na akwado ya, si baara Simonides nke Ceos mba maka itinye ohere dị ukwuu iji too Castor na Pollux n'egwú na eme emume mmeri Scopas na ọsọ ụgbọ ịnyịnya. 'oge na adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a gwara Simonides na ụmụ okorobịa abụọ chọrọ ịgwa ya okwu; mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ, elu ụlọ ahụ dara ma kụrisịa Scopas na ndị ọbịa ya. == Akụkọ ifo == Ma Dioscuri bụ ezigbo ndị na agba ịnyịnya na ndị na achụ nta bụ ndị sonyere n'ịchụ nta nke Calydonian Boar ma mesịa sonye na ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri Jason, ''Argo''. === Dị ka ndị Argonaut === N'oge njem nke Ndị Argonaut, Pollux sonyere na asọmpi ịkụ ọkpọ ma merie Eze Amycus nke Bebryces, ndị na eme ihe ike na Bitinia. Mgbe ha si na njem ahụ lọta, Dioscuri nyeere Jason na Peleus aka ibibi obodo Iolcus iji megwara aghụghọ nke eze ya Pelias. === Ịnapụta Helen === Mgbe Theseus tọọrọ nwanne ha nwanyị Helen, ụmụnne ya nwoke wakporo alaeze ya nke Attica iji napụta ya. Iji megwara, ha tọọrọ nne Theseus bụ Aethra ma kpọrọ ya gaa Sparta mgbe ha na etinye onye iro ya, Menestheus, n'ocheeze nke Atens. A manyere Aethra ịghọ ohu Helen. Ụmụ ụmụ ya Demophon na Acamas mechara laghachi n'ụlọ ya mgbe ọdịda nke Troy gasịrị. === Leucippides, Lynceus, na ọnwụ === {{Wide image|Dioscuri rape Vatican Inv2796.jpg|550px|Roman sarcophagus (160 CE) depicting the rape of the Leucippides, Phoebe, and Hilaeira ''(Vatican Museum)''|box width|center|alt=alt text}}Castor na Pollux chọsiri ike ịlụ Leucippides ("ụmụ nwanyị nke ịnyịnya ọcha"), Phoebe na Hilaeira, onye nna ya bụ Leucippus ("ịnyịnya ọcha").<sup a="" href="./Idas" rel="mw:WikiLink">Ịga="#mwt93" class="mw-ref reference" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Refn ","href":"./Template:Refn"},"params":{"group":{"wt":"\"lower-alpha\""},"1":{"wt":"<nowiki>[[Phoebe (Leucippides)|Phoebe]]</nowiki> (\"the pure\") is a familiar epithet of the moon, <nowiki>[[Selene]]</nowiki>; her twin's name Hilaeira (\"the serene\") is also a lunar attribute, their names \"appropriate selectively to the new and the full moon\".<nowiki>{{Sfn | Kerényi | 1959 | p = 109}}</nowiki>"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-20" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Castor_and_Pollux#cite_note-20 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><nowiki>[lower-alpha 9]</nowiki></span>]</sup> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ ahụ agbaala akwụkwọ na ụmụnne nke Dioscuri, ụmụ ejima Lynceus na Idas nke Messenia, ụmụ nwanne Tyndareus Aphareus. Castor na Pollux kpọgara ụmụ nwanyị ahụ na Sparta ebe onye ọ bụla nwere nwa nwoke; Phoebe mụrụ Mnesileos na Pollux na Hilaeira mụrụ Anogon na Castor. Nke a malitere esemokwu ezinụlọ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke anọ nke ụmụnne nwoke Tyndareus na Aphareus. [[Usòrò:Peter_Paul_Rubens_-_The_Rape_of_the_Daughters_of_Leucippus.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''The Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus'' by Rubens, {{Circa|1618}}]] Ụmụnne nne ahụ wakporo ehi na Arcadia ọnụ mana ha dara maka nkewa nke anụ ahụ. Mgbe zuru ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, mana tupu ha ekewa ya, ụmụ nwanne nne ahụ gburu, kewaa, ma sie nwa ehi. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Citation | first = Potis | last = Stratikis | year = 1987 | title = Ελληνική Μυθολογία | trans-title = Greek Mythology | volume = II | language = Greek | location = Athens | pages = 20–23}}.</ref> ha na akwadebe iri nri, nnukwu Idas tụrụ aro ka e kewaa ìgwè atụrụ ahụ n'akụkụ abụọ kama anọ, dabere na ụmụ nwanne nne abụọ bu ụzọ rie nri ha. Castor Pollux kwekọrịtara. Idas riri <ref name="ReferenceA" /> òkè ya ma òkè Lynceus ngwa ngwa. A ghọgburu Castor na Pollux. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> hapụrụ ụmụ nwanne ha ka ha were ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum, mana ha kwere nkwa otu ụbọchị ịbọ ọbọ. oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, Idas na Lynceus gara n'ụlọ nwanne nna ha na Sparta. Nwanne nna <ref name="ReferenceA" /> nọ n'ụzọ ọ na aga Krit, ya mere ọ hapụrụ Helen ka ọ na elekọta ndị ọbịa, nke gụnyere ụmụ nwanne nne abụọ ahụ, yana Paris, nwa eze [[Troy (ihe nkiri)|Troy]]. Castor <ref name="ReferenceA" /> Pollux ghọtara ohere ịbọ ọbọ, mee ihe ngọpụ nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe ziri ezi ịhapụ oriri ahụ, wee gawa izuru ìgwè ụmụ nwanne ha. Idas <ref name="ReferenceA" /> Lynceus mechara laghachi n'ụlọ, hapụ Helen naanị ya na Paris, bụ ndị tọọrọ ya. N'ihi ya, ụmụnne anọ ahụ nyere aka mee ka ihe omume ndị kpatara Agha Trojan malite. Ka ọ dịgodị, Castor na Pollux eruola ebe ha na aga. Castor rịgooro n'osisi iji chebe anya ka Pollux malitere ịtọhapụ ehi. N'ebe dị anya, Idas na Lynceus bịarutere nso. , nke akpọrọ aha lynx n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịhụ n'ọchịchịrị, nyochara Castor na ezo n'osisi ahụ. Idas na Lynceus ghọtara ozugbo ihe na eme. <ref name="ReferenceA" />, n'iwe, wakporo Castor, jiri ube ya merụọ ya ahụ mana ọ bụghị tupu Castor akpọọ ya iji dọọ Pollux aka ná ntị. Na ọgụ sochirinụ, Pollux gburu Lynceus. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> Idas na achọ igbu Pollux, Zeus, onye nọ na ele anya site n'Ugwu Olympus, tụbara égbè eluigwe, gbuo Idas ma zọpụta nwa ya nwoke. Mgbe ọ laghachiri na Castor na anwụ anwụ, Zeus nyere Pollux nhọrọ nke itinye oge ya niile n'Ugwu Olympus ma ọ bụ nye nwanne ya nwoke na anụrụ anwụ ọkara anwụghị anwụ. <ref name="EB">"Dioscuri". </ref> họọrọ nke ikpeazụ, na enyere ejima ahụ aka ịgbanwere n'etiti Olympus na Hades. Ụmụnne ahụ ghọrọ kpakpando abụọ na egbuke egbuke na ìgwè kpakpando Gemini ("ụmụ ejima"): Castor (Alpha Geminorum) na Pollux (Beta Geminorum). Dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke anwụghị anwụ na ọnwụ, a na ekwu na Dioscuri, dị ka Heracles, malitere n'ime Ihe omimi Eleusinian.<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], [[De Astronomica|''De'' ''Astronomica'']] 2.22.2</ref>[lower-alpha 10] N'akụkọ ifo ụfọdụ, Poseidon nyere ha ịnyịnya na ike iji nyere ndị ikom ụgbọ mmiri kpuru aka. == Ihe oyiyi == [[Usòrò:Antiochos_VI_with_Dioscuri.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|194x194px|Mkpụrụ ego nke Antiochus nke Isii na Dioskouroi]] A na ejikọta Castor na Pollux na ịnyịnya na nka na akwụkwọ. <ref name="EB">"Dioscuri". </ref> na egosikarị ha dị ka ndị na agba ịnyịnya na ebu ube. odide Pseudo Oppian na egosi ụmụnne na achụ nta, ma n'elu ịnyịnya ma n'ụkwụ. [[Usòrò:Robert_Fagan_(1761-1816)_-_Castor_and_Pollux_-_609090_-_National_Trust.jpg|alt=|thumb|Robert Fagan Castor na Pollux (n'etiti 1793 na 1795), ihe ngosi nke otu ndị Rom a ma ama na ese ihe ugbu a na PradoAla ịta ahịhịa]] N'elu ihe osise votive, a na egosi ha na akara dịgasị iche iche na anọchite anya echiche nke ejima, dị ka ''dokana'' (δόκανα osisi abụọ kwụ ọtọ jikọtara ya na ogwe abụọ), amphorae abụọ, ọta abụọ, ma ọ bụ agwọ abụọ. A na egosipụtakwa ha na eyi okpu felt, mgbe ụfọdụ na kpakpando n'elu. A na egosi ha na metopes (otu akụkụ nke frieze Doric) site na Delphi na egosi su na njem nke ''Argo'' na ehi na ezu ohi na Idas. Arịa ndị Gris na egosi ha mgbe niile na ejide Phoebe na Hilaeira, dị ka Ndị Argonaut, yana ememe okpukpe na mgbe a na ezitere Leda àkwá nwere Helen. Enwere ike ịmata [19] n'ihe osise ụfọdụ site na Okpokoro isi ha na eyi, pilos (πῖλος), nke akọwapụtara n'oge ochie dị ka ihe fọdụrụ na àkwá nke ha si na ya pụta. <ref>Dares of Phrygia. </ref>Dares Phrygius kọwara ha dị ka "ndị nwere ntutu isi, nnukwu anya, ezigbo akpụkpọ ahụ, na ndị nwere ahụ dị mma". === Dokana === Dokana bụ ihe nnọchianya oge ochie nke Dioscuri. O nwere ogwe osisi abụọ kwụ ọtọ na ndị ọzọ a na etinye n'ofe ha. A na efe Dioscuri ofufe dị ka chi agha, anyị makwaara na ihe oyiyi ha na eso ndị eze Spartan mgbe ọ bụla ha na alụso onye iro ọgụ. Mana mgbe n'afọ 504 BC, ndị eze abụọ ahụ, n'oge ha wakporo Attica, dara n'ọrụ ha n'ihi iro nzuzo ha na ibe ha, e nyere iwu na Sparta, na n'ọdịnihu naanị otu eze ga eduzi ndị agha, n'ihi ya, ọ ga esonyere naanị otu n'ime ihe oyiyi nke Dioscuri. <ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">[[iarchive:adictionarygree05smitgoog/page/418/mode/2up|A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Dokana]]</ref> yighị ka ihe oyiyi ndị a, na eso ndị eze n'ọhịa, bụ δόκανα oge ochie, nke a na ekewapụ ugbu a, nke mere na ọkara nke akara ahụ nọgidere na Sparta, ebe otu n'ime ndị eze kpọgara nke ọzọ n'ọgbọ ahụ. Aha δόκανα yiri <ref name="A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities">[[iarchive:adictionarygree05smitgoog/page/418/mode/2up|A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, Dokana]]</ref> ọ sitere na δοκός nke pụtara ogwe osisi, mana Suda na Etymologicum Magnum na ekwu na δόκανα bụ aha ili nke Dioscuri na Sparta, ma sitere na ngwaa δέ Sidney. == Ebe nsọ na ememe == [[Usòrò:RomaForoRomanoTempioCastori.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Iberibe ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'ụlọ nsọ Castor na Pollux na Rom.]] Ndị Gris ndị Rom na efe Dioskouroi ofufe; e nwere ụlọ nsọ maka ejima ahụ n'[[Atens]], dị ka Anakeion, na Rom, yana ebe nsọ n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ n'ụwa oge ochie. Dioskouroi na ụmụnne ha nwanyị tolitere na Sparta, n'ezinụlọ eze nke Tyndareus; ha dị mkpa karịsịa nye Ndị Spartans, bụ ndị jikọtara ha na ọdịnala Spartan nke ịbụ eze abụọ ma nwee ekele na e buliri ndị isi abụọ nke ụlọ ha na achị ka ha ghara ịnwụ anwụ. [24] [23] n'ebe ahụ bụ nke oge ochie: ihe nnọchianya Spartan aniconic pụrụ iche nke Tyndaridai dị ka ogidi abụọ kwụ ọtọ jikọtara ya na cross-bar; [2] dị ka ndị na echebe ndị agha Spartan, a na eburu "ihe oyiyi" ma ọ bụ ''Dokan'' n'ihu ndị agha na eme mkpọsa. Ọchịchị abụọ pụrụ iche nke Sparta na egosipụta mmetụta Chineke nke Dioscuri. Mgbe ndị agha Spartan gara agha, otu eze nọgidere n'ụlọ, ya na otu n'ime ụmụ ejima ahụ. [2]"N'ụzọ dị otú a, a na echebe ezi usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ala nke Chi". ''herōon'' ha ma ọ bụ ili ha dị n'elu ugwu na Therapne gafee Eurotas site na Sparta, n'ụlọ nsọ a maara dị ka ''Meneláeion'' ebe a sịrị na e liri Helen, Menelaus, Castor na Pollux. A na asọpụrụ Castor n'onwe ya na mpaghara Kastoria nke dị n'ebe ugwu Gris. [[Usòrò:Dioskouroi_theoxenia_Louvre_Ma746.jpg|thumb|Ihe osise (narị afọ nke abụọ BC) nke na egosi Dioskouroi na agba ọsọ n'elu mmeri nwere nku, na oriri '' (theoxenia) '' e debere maka ha n'okpuru]] A na echeta ha ma dị ka chi na Olympus nke kwesịrị mkpochapụ, na dị ka ndị nwụrụ anwụ na Hades, ndị mmụọ ha ga eji mmanya mee ka ha dị mma. guzobekwara obere ebe nsọ maka Castor, Pollux na Helen n'ọtụtụ ebe ndị ọzọ gburugburu Sparta. Spartans weere osisi pear ahụ dị ka ihe dị nsọ nye Castor na Pollux, a na akwụnyekwa ihe oyiyi nke ejima ahụ na alaka ya. Ọṅụ Spartan bụ ịṅụ iyi "site n'aka chi abụọ" (n'asụsụ Doric Greek: νά τώ θε, ''ná tō theō'', na ọnụọgụ abụọ). Ememe nke ''theoxenia'' (θεο Greekία), "ntụrụndụ chi", nwere njikọ karịsịa na Castor na Pollux. A na akpọ chi abụọ ahụ na tebụl e debere na nri, ma ọ bụ n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ na ọkụ ọkụ ọha ma ọ bụ ebe ndị yiri ya na achịkwa steeti. A na egosi ha mgbe ụfọdụ ka ha na agba ọsọ n'elu tebụl nri. Ọ bụ ezie na "onyinye tebụl" dị otú ahụ bụ ihe a na ahụkarị n'ememe ofufe ndị Gris, a na emekarị ha n'ụlọ nsọ nke chi ma ọ bụ ndị dike metụtara. ụlọ nke ''theoxenia'' bụ ọdịiche e nyere Dioskouroi. Ihe oyiyi nke ejima na aga chi nwanyị zuru ebe niile ma jikọta Dioskouroi na ndị nwoke nke ndị malitere n'okpuru nkwado nke Anatolian Great Goddess[2] na nnukwu chi nke Samothrace. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hockmann|first=Ursula|title=Amilla: The Quest for Excellence. Studies Presented to Guenter Kopcke in Celebration of His 75th Birthday|publisher=INSTAP Academic Press|year=2013|isbn=978-1931534734|editor=Koehl|pages=367–368}}</ref>'Oge ochie, a na asọpụrụ Dioscuri na Naukratis. Ndị Dioscuri bụ ndị mepụtara ịgba egwu agha, nke na akọwa ndị Kuretes. == Obodo Dioscurias == Obodo oge ochie nke Dioscurias ma ọ bụ Dioskurias (Διοσκουριάς) n'ụsọ Oké Osimiri Ojii, Sukhumi nke oge a, ka akpọrọ aha ha. <ref>[https://topostext.org/work/145#1.111 Pomponius Mela, Chorographia, 1.111]</ref><ref>[https://topostext.org/work/206#275 Hyginus, Fabulae, 275]</ref> mgbakwunye, dị ka akụkọ ifo si kwuo, ọ bụ ha tọrọ ntọala obodo ahụ. <ref>[https://topostext.org/work/747#15.17 Solinus, Polyhistor, 15.17]</ref><ref>[https://topostext.org/work/493#22.8.24 Ammianus Marcellinus, History, 22.8.24]</ref> ka akụkọ ifo ọzọ si kwuo, ọ bụ Ndị na anya ụgbọ ịnyịnya ha, Amphitus na Cercius nke Sparta, tọrọ ntọala obodo ahụ. == Àgwàetiti Dioscuri == Agwaetiti Socotra, nke dị n'etiti Ọwara Guardafui na Oké Osimiri Arebia, ndị Gris kpọrọ ya ''Dioskouridou'' (Διοσκουρίδου νήσος), nke pụtara "àgwàetiti nke Dioscuri". == Ihe yiri ya na ndị India na Europe == Ụmụ ejima n[35] dị n'eluigwe na apụta na ọdịnala Indo-European dị ka ụmụnne na agba ịnyịnya nke Vedic a na akpọ Ashvins, [2] Lithuanian Ašvieniai, na ikekwe German Alcis. [3] [4]   == Ịtali na Alaeze Ukwu Rom == [[Usòrò:Stela_funerara_MItra_MNIR.JPG|thumb|Ihe nchara olili ozu sitere na Alba Iulia; ọ na agụ ''Invicto/ Mythrae / Diosco/rus Marci/ v (otum) s (olvit) l (ibens) m (erito) '' Dioscorus na ekwe nkwa nke Marcus na Mythras a na apụghị imeri emeri ma jiri obi ya.]] Site na narị afọ nke ise BCE gaa n'ihu, ndị Rom na asọpụrụ ụmụnne ahụ, ma eleghị anya n'ihi nnyefe ọdịbendị site na mpaghara ndị Gris nke Magna Graecia na ndịda Ịtali. Ihe odide Latin ochie nke narị afọ nke isii ọ bụ nke ise BCE nke a chọtara na Lavinium, nke na agụ ''Castorei Podlouqueique qurois'' ("Nye Castor na Pollux, Dioskouroi"), na atụ aro nnyefe kpọmkwem site na ndị Gris; okwu "qurois" bụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ transliteration nke okwu Grik ''κούροις'', ebe "Podlouquei" bụ n'ụzọ dị irè transliteration of the Greek ''Πολυδεύκης'' . E wuru Ụlọ Nsọ nke Castor na Pollux, nke dị na Roman Forum n'etiti obodo ha, iji mezuo nkwa ('' (vootu) '') nke Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis mere iji kelee mmeri ndị Rom na Agha nke Lake Regillus na 495 BCE. nke ụlọ nsọ nwekwara ike ịbụ ụdị ''evocatio'', mbufe nke chi na elekọta site n'obodo e meriri na Rom, ebe a ga enye ofufe iji gbanwere ihu ọma. <ref name="EB">"Dioscuri". </ref> ka akụkọ mgbe ochie si kwuo, ụmụ ejima ahụ lụrụ ọgụ n'isi ndị agha Rom ma mesịa weghachite akụkọ mmeri ahụ na Rom. Ndị Locrian nke Magna Graecia kwuru na ihe ịga nke ọma ha n'agha a ma ama n'akụkụ Sagras bụ n'ihi ntinye aka nke ụmụ ejima. Akụkọ ifo ndị Rom nwere ike ịmalite akụkọ Locrian ma eleghị anya na enye ihe akaebe ọzọ nke nnyefe ọdịbendị n'etiti Rom na Magna Graecia. Ndị Rom kwenyere ejima ahụ nyeere ha aka n'ọgbọ agha. Ọrụ ha dị ka ''ndị na agba ịnyịnya'' mere ka ha bụrụ ndị na adọrọ mmasị karịsịa nye ndị Rom na ndị agha ịnyịnya. Kwa afọ July 15, Ememe nke Dioskouroi, ndị na agba ịnyịnya 1,800 ga agagharị n'okporo ámá Rom n'ihe ngosi dị mgbagwoju anya nke onye ọ bụla na agba ya na eyi uwe agha zuru oke na ihe ịchọ mma ọ bụla o nwetara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribunesandtriumphs.org/colosseum/circus-maximus.htm|title=Circus Maximus|work=www.tribunesandtriumphs.org}}</ref> na anọchite anya Castor na Pollux na Circus Maximus site na iji àkwá dị ka ndị na agbakọ ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/plautus/aulularia.shtml|title=Plautus: Aulularia}}</ref> ntụgharị nke comedies nke Plautus, ụmụ nwanyị na aṅụ iyi site na Castor, na ụmụ nwoke site na Pollux; nke a gosipụtara site na onye ohu nwanyị Staphyla na A Pot of Gold (omume m, ll. 67-71) ebe ọ na ahapụ Castor na ahịrị 67, mgbe ahụ prefix na adịghị mma na ahịrị 71 na egosi mgbagha megide iyi Pollux. <ref>[http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/photius/ptolemee.htm Photius, Bibliotheca excerpts - GR]</ref><ref>[https://topostext.org/work/237#190.50 Photius, Bibliotheca excerpts, 190.50]</ref> dere na Polydeuces bụ onye hụrụ Hermes n'anya, chi ahụ nyekwara ya onyinye nke Dotor (Grik oge ochie), ịnyịnya Thessalian. === Kastur na Pultuce nke Etruscan === [[Usòrò:Dedication_Dioskouroi_Met_L.2008.1.1.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe odide Etruscan na Dioskouroi dị ka "ụmụ Zeus" na ala nke Attic red-figure kylix (c. 515-510 BC) ]] Ndị Etruscan na asọpụrụ ejima ahụ dị ka ''Kastur'' na Pultuce, n'ozuzu dị ka ''tinas cliniiaras'', "Ụmụ Tinia", onye Etruscan yiri Zeus. na egosikarị ha na enyo ndị Etruscan. Dị ka ejiji dị na Gris, a pụkwara igosipụta ha n'ụzọ ihe atụ; a na ahụ otu ihe atụ na Ili nke Àkwà olili ozu na Tarquinia ebe a na ese ''lectisternium'' maka ha. na egosipụta nke ọzọ na ihe osise nke e gosipụtara dị ka okpu abụọ nwere okpueze laurel, na ezo aka na Okpu Phrygian. === Ịghọ Ndị Kraịst === [[Usòrò:WLANL_-_Artshooter_-_Zeus,_Hera_en_Amor_observeren_de_geboorte_van_Helena_en_de_Dioskuren.jpg|thumb|Zeus, Hera, na Amor na-eme emume ọmụmụ Helen na Dioscuri (Dutch majolica, 1550).]] Ọbụna mgbe ịrị elu nke [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], a nọgidere na asọpụrụ Dioskouroi. Popu nke narị afọ nke ise Gelasius nke Mbụ gbara akaebe na e nwere "ofufe nke Castores" nke ndị mmadụ achọghị ịhapụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ejima ahụ yiri ka a na etinye ha n'ime usoro Ndị Kraịst; ya mere, ite ite na ihe ndị a tụrụ na narị afọ nke anọ OA na egosi Dioskouroi n'akụkụ Ndịozi Iri na Abụọ, Uto nke Lazarọs ma ọ bụ na Saint Peter. Chọọchị ahụ weere àgwà na emegiderịta onwe ya, na ajụ anwụghị anwụ nke Dioskouroi ma na achọ iji ụzọ abụọ Ndị Kraịst dochie ha. A nabatara ndị nsọ Pita na Pọl n'ọnọdụ Dioskouroi dị ka ndị na akwado ndị njem, Ndị Nsọ Cosmas na Damian weghaara ọrụ ha dị ka ndị dibịa. ejikọtakwala ndị nsọ Speusippus, Eleusippus na Melapsippus na Dioskouroi. ọkà mmụta Agba Ọhụrụ Dennis MacDonald na akọwa Castor na Pollux dị ka ihe nlereanya maka [[John the Apostle|Jọn]]_of_Zebedee" id="mwAeo" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="James son of Zebedee">James nwa Zebede na nwanne ya nwoke John na Oziọma Mak. M kwuru mmalite nke njirimara a na 1913 mgbe J. Rendel Harris bipụtara ọrụ ya Boanerges, nsụgharị Grik nke nwere ike ịbụ aha Aramaic nke pụtara "Ụmụ Thunder", égbè eluigwe a na ejikọta ya na Zeus, nna Pollux, n'ihe MacDonald na akpọ ụdị Dioscurism nke Ndị Kraịst oge mbụ. [1] N'ụzọ doro anya karị, Ọrụ Ndịozi kwuru Dioskouroi n'ọnọdụ na anọpụ iche, dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri Aleksandria nke Pọl banyere na Mọlta (Ọrụ 28:11). == Hụkwa == * Ambulia, aha Spartan e ji mee ihe maka Atena, Zeus, na Castor na Pollux * Alexiares na Anicetus, ụmụ ejima nke Heracles / Hercules na Hebe / Juventas; n'akụkụ nna ha, ha bụ ndị na elekọta ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Ugwu Olympus. * Onye na agba ịnyịnya nke Thrace, mgbe ụfọdụ na ejikọta ya na Dioscuri * Ashvins, ụmụ ejima nke akụkọ ifo Vedic * Ašvieniai, ejima dị nsọ n'akụkọ ifo Lithuania * Lugal-irra na Meslamta-ea, chi ejima n'akụkọ ifo Mesopotamian a na eche na ìgwè kpakpando Gemini na anọchite anya ya * Heteropaternal superfecundation, mgbe ụmụ nwoke abụọ na enwe ejima * Janus * Nio * Otu * Gozu na Mezu == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|40em|group="lower-alpha"}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4ec56v1ology22lm1eajeu481r72eoh 0 38604 631998 516456 2026-05-05T08:58:59Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Cynthia Nwadiora''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-King ChristLike-Cynthia Nwadiora.wav|Audio}} (amụrụ na 6 Nọvemba 1992), nke a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Cee-C''', bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stella|date=16 December 2018|title=Reality Star Ceec Celebrates 4 Years Of Being Called To The Nigerian Bar Association|url=https://www.stelladimokokorkus.com/2018/12/reality-star-ceec-celebrates-4-years-of.html?m=1|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=korkus.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=PM news|date=1 August 2019|title=Ex-BBNaija housemate, Ceec makes Nollywood debut|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/08/01/ex-bbnaija-housemate-ceec-makes-nollywood-debut/?amp=1|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[P.M. News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ihe nlereanya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri telivishọn. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jennifer|first=Okundia|title=Ceec marks six years of being called to bar|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/11/25/ceec-marks-six-years-of-being-called-to-bar/?amp=1|work=[[P.M. News]]|date=25 November 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dstv|date=18 September 2023|title=Day 57 – 18 Sept: Ceec, Ilebaye and Mercy Eke join Cross in the All Stars finale|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/8/videos/live-show-11-1-oct-ceec-s-all-stars-journey-bbnaija/video|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[DStv]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Adetutu|first=Sobowale|date=1 October 2023|title=BBNaija Final: CeeC evicted from the House|url=https://punchng.com/bbnaija-final-ceec-evicted-from-the-house/?amp|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Punch|Punch Newspaper]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tolulope|first=Aderoje|date=22 June 2019|title=Drama as Uti Nwachukwu names Cee-C most successful BB Naija 2018 housemate|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/drama-as-uti-nwachukwu-names-cee-c-most-successful-bb-naija-2018-housemate/amp/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Vanguard News}}</ref> pụtara na ihe ngosi "Big Brother Naija oge 8" [1] na "Big Brother Nija oge 8" dị ka onye ibe ụlọ. [2] [3] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tomilayo|first=Adeiye|date=3 October 2018|title=BBNaija's Cee-C Wins 2018 Fashion Influencer Of The Year Award|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaijas-cee-c-wins-2018-fashion-influencer-year-award/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=The Net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=GistLover|date=2 October 2018|title=Reality Show Star, Cee-C Wins the Fashion Influencer of the Year Award|url=https://www.gistlover.com/reality-show-star-cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}</ref> meriri ihe nrite maka Ejiji Mmetụta nke Afọ na La Ihe omume Green October Magazine 2018 . [1] [2] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ayo|first=Onikoyi|date=25 July 2020|title=Bimbo Ademoye, Ceec, Tacha unveiled as brand ambassadors for GetFit|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/bimbo-ademoye-ceec-tacha-unveiled-as-brand-ambassadors-for-getfit/amp/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> bụ onye nnọchi anya GetFit, akara Mma. [1] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adam|first=Mosadioluwa|date=25 September 2023|title=BBNaija 2018: 5 quick facts about evicted housemate: CeeC|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/bbnaijaallstars-5-quick-facts-about-mercy-ilebaye-ceec-other-finalists/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Nigerian Tribune|Tribune Online]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> mụrụ Cynthia Nwadiora na Enugu Steeti mana o si Ozubulu, Anambra Steeti, Naịjirịa. Ọ gara Ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị gọọmenti etiti na Ibusa, Delta State, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adeoluwa|first=Atayero|date=1 March 2018|title=BBNaija 2018: Cee-C Allegedly Failed Out Of Law School Twice|url=https://thenet.ng/bbnaija-2018-cee-c-allegedly-failed-law-school-twice/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Netng|The Net]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 March 2023|title=Education Profile of Cee-C|url=https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Press|language=en-GB|archivedate=26 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226193229/https://presspay.ng/news/2023/03/03/education-profile-of-cee-c/}}</ref> gụrụ Law na Mahadum Madonna (Nigeria) na Okija. == Ọrụ == <ref>{{Cite web|author=BN|date=15 February 2019|title=WATCH Cee-C on the Ndani TGIF Show|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/watch-cee-c-on-the-ndani-tgif-show/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> sonyeere ihe ngosi Big Brother Naija oge nke atọ, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sunny Green|first=Itodo|date=25 July 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: I went through a lot mentally in ‘Double Wahala’ season – CeeC|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/07/25/bbnaija-all-stars-i-went-through-a-lot-mentally-in-double-wahala-season-ceec/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> ma gosikwa na ihe ngosi [[Ndani TV|Ndani TGIF Show]]. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Maymunah|first=Ajetunmobi|date=2 October 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC Visibly Shaken, Becomes 3rd Housemate Evicted From Finale, Netizens|url=https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/tv-shows/1556543-bbnaija-stars-ceec-visibly-shaken-3rd-housemate-evicted-finale-netizens-react/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sidomex|date=14 February 2019|title=Meet the new brand ambassadors for Amstel Malta|url=https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Sidomex|archivedate=22 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://sidomexentertainment.com/latest-news/entertainment-news/meet-the-new-brand-ambassadors-for-amstel-malta/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBNaija Star, Cee-C Become Amstel Malta’s Brand Ambassador|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/bbnaija-stars-tobi-and-cee-c-become-amstel-maltas-brand-ambassador-photos/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Saharaweeklyng|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Naija|date=18 May 2018|title=BBNAIJA! Cee-C signs endorsement deal with “House of Lunettes”|url=https://wuzupnigeria.ng/bbnaija-cee-c-signs-endorsement-deal-with-house-of-lunettes-photos/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=wuzupnigeria.ng|language=en-GB}}</ref> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ anya Ụlọ nke Lunettes, Ụlọ ọrụ RealTech OxfordBuildBay, onye nnọchianya maka akara ahụike GetFit, [1] na ụlọ ọrụ ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya zuru ụwa ọnụ na ihe ngosi telivishọn Amstel Malta. [2] [3] <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rotimi|first=Agbana|date=31 July 2019|title=Cee-C makes Nollywood debut alongside Osuofia, Broda Shaggi, others in ‘Fake Liars’|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/cee-c-makes-nollywood-debut-alongside-osuofia-broda-shaggi-others-in-fake-liars/amp/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}</ref> mekwara ihe nkiri mbụ ya na [[Nollywood]] na ihe nkiri "Ndị ụgha adịgboroja" n'akụkụ [[Broda Shaggi]]. == Big Brother Nigeria == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=21 April 2018|title=Who Wins Big Brother Naija… Tobi, Miracle, Cee C, Nina or Alex?|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/who-wins-big-brother-naija-tobi-miracle-cee-c-nina-or-alex/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|archivedate=6 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806170913/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/who-wins-big-brother-naija-tobi-miracle-cee-c-nina-or-alex/}}</ref>'afọ 2018, Cynthia bụ otu n'ime mmadụ ise ikpeazụ nke Big Brother Naija oge 3, n'akụkụ Alex Asogwa, Miracle Igbokwe, Tobi na Nina. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anazia|first=Daniel|date=16 April 2018|title=It's down to Tobi, Cee C, Nina, Alex and Miracle!|url=https://www.dstv.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/big-brother-naija/season/4/news/it-s-down-to-tobi-cee-c-nina-alex-and-miracle/news|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=[[Dstv|DSTV Official Website]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Chibumga|first=Izuzu|date=22 April 2018|title=Cee-C emerges 1st runner-up of #BBNaija: Double Wahala|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/big-brother-naija-cee-c-emerges-1st-runner-up-of-bbnaija-double-wahala/y920feb|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Pulse Ng}}</ref> mere nke abụọ. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, a mara ọkwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ibe ụlọ maka oge asatọ nke Kpakpando niile Big Brother Naija . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gist Lovers|date=1 October 2023|title=Moment BBNaijaAllstars Second Runner-Up Ceec, Was Called a ‘Bitter leaf’ On Stage Following Eviction|url=https://www.gistlover.com/moment-bbnaijaallstars-second-runner-up-ceec-was-called-a-bitter-leaf-on-stage-following-eviction/|accessdate=26 December 2023|work=Gist Lover|language=en-GB}}</ref>'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, a chụpụrụ ya n'ihe ngosi ahụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye nke abụọ (onye nke abụọ) mgbe Mercy Eke gasịrị. == Ihe nkiri == === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu !Ọnọdụ |- |2018 |''Big Brother Naija 3'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu Egwuregwu |''Ebe nke Mbụ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Biggie|date=22 April 2018|title=Day 85 'Grand Finale': Cee-C Is The 1st Runner-up Of Big Brother Naija 2018|url=https://bigbrothernaija.net/day-85-grand-finale-cee-c-1st-runner-up-big-brother-naija-2018/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=[[Big Brother Naija]]}}</ref> |- |2023 |''Big Brother Naija 8 All Stars'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Ihe ngosi nke Eziokwu Egwuregwu |''Ebe nke Abụọ''<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohammed|first=Hammed|date=1 October 2023|title=BBNaija All Stars: CeeC evicted, emerges second runner-up of Season 8|url=https://www.gistreel.com/bbnaija-all-stars-ceec-evicted-emerges-second-runner-up-of-season-8/|accessdate=28 December 2023|work=Gist Reel}}</ref> |} === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ (s) ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu ! class="unsortable" |Ihe mgbochi. |- |2023 |''Ezigbo Agba'' |Oriakụ Davis |Ihe nkiri Naijiria | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cee-C tackles Skin Bleaching in Debut Short Film “True Colour”|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2023/08/cee-c-debut-short-film-true-colour/|work=[[BellaNaija]]}}</ref> |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ihe omume !Ụdị !Nsonaazụ !Nkwupụta |- |2018 |Ihe nrite Green October nke La Mode Magazine |Onye na-emepụta ejiji nke Afọ|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 October 2018|title=Cee-C Wins The Fashion Influencer Of The Year Award|url=https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=Cliq Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=22 March 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322101326/https://cliq.ng/other/cee-c-wins-the-fashion-influencer-of-the-year-award/}}</ref> |- |2018 |Ihe nrite mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta |Onye nwere mmetụta na nchọpụta nke afọ|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 November 2018|title=#BBnaija: Wow! CeeC Wins Brand Influencer Of The Year At The Social Media Awards|author=Doris|url=https://www.mimidoris.com/2018/11/bbnaija-wow-ceec-wins-brand-influencer.html?m=1|accessdate=30 December 2023|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2018 |Ihe nrite ELOY |Onye Mgbasa Ozi nke Afọ|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bella|first=Naija|date=26 November 2018|title=Uche Pedro, Cee-C, Mercy Johnson win at the 2018 ELOY Awards, See Full List of Winners|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/11/uche-pedro-2018-eloy-awards/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Murtala|first=Abubakar|date=26 November 2018|title=FULL LIST: Cee-C, Mercy Johnson, Lota Chukwu… winners of 2018 ELOY Awards|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-eloy-awards-cee-c-mercy/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2019 |Ihe nrite ELOY |Onyinye ELOY maka Mmetụta|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=ELOY AWARDS 2019 WINNERS|url=https://zivangonline.com.ng/2019/12/19/eloy-awards-2019-winners/amp/|accessdate=30 December 2023|work=Zivan Online|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ndị Naijiria na-eme ihe nkiri == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Cynthia NwadioranaIMDb [[Òtù:Ndị Igbo]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 96ew91uctyu41kywkb6zvioyoc25szc 0 40356 631928 624093 2026-05-05T00:46:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael Pertschuk|native_name=<!--The person's name in their own language, if different.-->|native_name_lang=<!--ISO 639-1 code, e.g., "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} in |native_name= instead.-->|image=|image_size=|office=Commissioner of the [[Federal Trade Commission]]|status=<!--If this is specified, overrides Incumbent.-->|president={{ubl|[[Jimmy Carter]]|[[Ronald Reagan]]}}|term_start=April 21, 1977|term_end=October 15, 1984|alongside=<!--For two or more people serving in the same position from the same district. (e.g. United States Senators.)-->|successor=[[Mary Azcuenaga]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1933|01|12}}|birth_place=London, England|spouse={{marriage|[[Anna Sofaer]]|1977}}|death_date={{Death date and age|2022|11|16|1933|01|12}}|death_place=[[Santa Fe, New Mexico]], U.S.|nationality=American}} Michael Pertschuk (January 12, 1933 - Nọvemba 16, 2022) bụ onye ọka iwu America na onye na-akwado nchekwa ndị agha na-akwado nsogbu .  Ọ jere ozi dịka onye otu Federal Trade Commission (FTC) site na 1977 ruo 1984, wee jee ozi dị ka oche FTC site na 1977 ruo 1981. N'oge ọrụ ya, Pertschuk ọrụ iji wusie ike nchekwa ndị ọrụ FTC siri ike. Tupu Pick na FTC, Pertschuk ụtụ ọrụ na Capitol Hill, ebe a na-akpọ ya "Senator 101st" n'ihi ụgbọ ya n'ịfefe iwu mkpa ndị ọrụ.  [1] Pertschuk jere ozi dị ka onye isi na onye isi ndị ọrụ na Commissioner Sineti na Azụmahịa, Sayensị na onwe njem site na 1965 ruo 1976 ma bụrụkwa ihe mere n'ịdepụta iwu ama ama nke akara akara aka ná ntī sịga na  machibido mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi nkenke ụtaba.  O ịga aka ịgafe iwu nchekwa ụgbọ ala na ebe Magnuson–Moss Warranty Act . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Pertschuk na Jenụwarị 12, 1933 na [[London]], United Kingdom.  <nowiki></link></nowiki>Pertschuk ikike nzere bachelọ nke ] [ Mahadum Yale na 1954 ma bụrụ onye otu n'ime Society Manuscript. . <nowiki></link></nowiki> Pertschuk jere ozi na otu ogbunigwe na United States Army site na 1954 ruo 1956, rute n'ọkwa nke First Lieutenant.  Na 1957 ọ bayar onye akwụkwọ na nkuzi na Yale Law School, na-anata Dọkịta Juris ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Yale na 1959. [1] A nabatara na ụlọ Oregon na 1959 <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|work=loc.gov|url=https://findingaids.loc.gov/exist_collections/ead3pdf/mss/2006/ms006018.pdf|title=Michael Pertschuk Papers|accessdate=2024-04-04|archivedate=2024-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616213318/https://findingaids.loc.gov/exist_collections/ead3pdf/mss/2006/ms006018.pdf}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Site na 1959 ruo 1960, Pertschuk bụ onye ibu maka onye ọka ikpe mpaghara United States Gus J. Solomon, Portland, Oregon.  [1] Site na 1960 ruo 1962, ọ bụ onye mmekọ na ụlọ ọrụ iwu Hart, Rockwood, Davies, Biggs & Strayer, nke Portland, Oregon.  [1] Site na 1962 1964 ọ bụ onye isi ndị omebe iwu maka Senator Maurine B. Neuberger nke Oregon <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/federal-trade-commission-nomination-michael-pertschuk-be-member-the-commission|title=Federal Trade Commission Nomination of Michael Pertschuk To Be a Member of the Commission. &#124; The American Presidency Project|work=www.presidency.ucsb.edu}}</ref> === Kọmitii Azụmahịa Sineti === Site na 1964 ruo 1968 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ndụmọdụ maka Kọmitii Azụmahịa Sineti. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite news|author=Langer|first=Emily|title=Michael Pertschuk, unyielding consumer watchdog, dies at 89|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2022/11/18/michael-pertschuk-consumer-ftc-dead/|work=The Washington Post|date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> Site na 1968 ruo 1977, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ na onye isi ọrụ maka Kọmitii Azụmahịa Senate. <ref name="auto2"/> . <ref name="auto1"/>N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ Senate, ya na ndị ọzọ ole na ole, nwere "n'elu stratum nke , na-ahụ ahụ anya nke ike ọrụ na-esetịpụ na Senate, na-enwe ike na ndụ nke  onye ọlụ nwa amaala nke United States", dị ka.  gaa na edemede 1977 na Washington Post Pertschuk bụ onye mmegide mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba. N'afọ ndị 1960, o nyere aka dee iwu nke chọrọ akara ịdọ aka ná ntị na ngwugwu sịga na-ekwu: "Akpachara anya: Ịṅụ sịga nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nye ahụike gị." Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'iwu nke machibidoro mgbasa ozi sịga na telivishọn na redio. <ref name="auto1"/> <ref name="auto1"/>Mgbe e bipụtachara akwụkwọ Ralph Nader nke 1965 Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dagers of the American Automobile Pertschuk na Nader mọ aka na nchekwa ụgbọ ala.  Pertschuk nyere aka hụ na iwu 1966 nke National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act, nke ngwaọrụ nchekwa ụgbọ ala <ref name="auto1"/> Pertschuk nyere aka ịfefe 1972 Consumer Product Safety Act, bụ nke Commissioner Product Safety Commission .  O aka ịgafe 1975 Magnuson-Moss Act, bụ nke na-achịkwa akwụkwọ ikike na ihe akara ndị.  [1] <ref name="auto1"/>Onye isi ala Jimmy Carter nchọpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke Federal Trade Commission na 1977. Ọ na-akpọ oku ahụ na 1981 mgbe ọ malitere aka nke Ronald Reagan dị ka Louis, ma ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke FTC site na 1984. === Oge ọrụ === Na 1982, onye Nnupụisi iwu: Rise and Pause of Consumer Movement . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=11487#|title=Political Science Quarterly: Winter 1983–84: Review: Revolt against Regulation: The Rise and Pause of the Consumer Movement.|work=www.psqonline.org}}</ref> . <ref name="auto2"/>Na 1984, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Ndị Ozi Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nkwado na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]];  ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ya [1] ma mechaa bụrụ onye nduzi emeritus Ọ tọrọ ntọala Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ịṅụ sịga, nke, dịka akụkụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Advocacy, nyere ntụziaka, ọzụzụ, ndụmọdụ ndụmọdụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ iji luso ụlọ ọrụ ụtaba ọgụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press-releases/tobacco-free-kids-mourns-passing-of-michael-pertschuk-a-giant-in-the-fight-for-consumer-protection-and-against-the-tobacco-industry|title=Tobacco-Free Kids Mourns Passing of Michael Pertschuk, a Giant in the Fight for Consumer Protection and Against the Tobacco Industry|date=November 17, 2022|work=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids}}</ref> O nyere aka n'ịmepụta GLOBALink, ngwa nzikọrịta ozi bụ isi maka njikwa ụtaba mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.multinationalmonitor.org/hyper/issues/1992/01/mm0192_11.html|title=Tobacco Buster|work=www.multinationalmonitor.org}}</ref> Site na 1984 ruo 1985, ọ bụ onye otu nke Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars na Washington, DC [1] Na 1985, a mgbaàmà Pertschuk na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka ọmụmụ Mba Na 1989, ya na Wendy Schaetzel, nke The People Rising: The Campaign Against the Bork Nomination <ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|title=The People Rising: The Campaign Against the Bork Nomination|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-938410-88-1|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=December 20, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/contributors/lawrence-sager/|title=Lawrence Sager|work=The New York Review of Books}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-political-science-review/article/abs/tempting-of-america-the-political-seduction-of-the-law-by-robert-h-bork-new-york-free-press-1989-432p-2250-battle-for-justice-how-the-bork-nomination-shook-america-by-ethan-bronner-new-york-w-w-norton-1989-398p-2250-ninth-justice-the-fight-for-bork-by-patrick-b-mcguigan-and-dawn-m-weyrich-washington-free-congress-research-and-education-foundation-1990-326p-1995-the-judges-war-edited-by-patrick-b-mcguigan-and-jeffrey-p-oconnell-washington-free-congress-research-and-education-foundation-1987-307p-1295-the-people-rising-the-campaign-against-the-bork-nomination-by-michael-pertschuk-and-wendy-schaetzel-new-york-thunders-mouth-1989-317p-1395-packing-the-courts-the-conservative-campaign-to-rewrite-the-constitution-by-herman-schwartz-new-york-charles-scribners-sons-1988-242p-1995/539F79398057D65F3B2992B0B10E28E8|title=The Tempting of America: The Political Seduction of the Law. By Robert H. Bork. New York: Free Press, 1989. 432p. 19.95.|first=Gregory A.|author=Caldeira|date=September 22, 1991|journal=American Political Science Review|volume=85|issue=3|pages=984–989|doi=10.2307/1963860}}</ref> Na 2001, o na Smoke in their Eyes: Lessons in Movement Leadership from the Tobacco Wars (banyere akwụkwọ nke ikpe 1997 na-eduga na 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement na-esighị ike). <ref>{{Cite web|title=SMOKE IN THEIR EYES: Lessons in Movement Leadership from the Tobacco Wars|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-8265-1390-8|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=December 20, 2022}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Michael Pertschuk dị na Ọbá akwụkwọ Congress nke United States .  Ha gbara afá 1949-2002, yana ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbadoro anya site na 1977 ruo 2001. Ha na-eke anya na ọrụ Pertschuk na mpaghara ozi ndị na-azọ maadị ọnụ abụọ a na-hazi n'oge dị iche iche.  isi nke akụkọ ọrụ Pertschuk na Federal Trade Commission (FTC).  aka II lekwasịrị anya n'ụzọ bụ isi na ọrụ ide ya na ọrụ ya n'ihe gbasara ọkwa na eze , yana dịka onye na-akwado njikwa ụtaba n'ime afọ ndị na-esochi ikpe ya na FTC<ref name="auto2"/> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Na 2003, Pertschuk ihe nrite ọrụ n'aka American Cancer Society<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cancer.org/docroot/AA/content/AA_9_1_2003_Award_Winners.asp|title=ACS :: 2003 Luther L. Terry Award Winners|date=October 25, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025051759/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/AA/content/AA_9_1_2003_Award_Winners.asp|archivedate=October 25, 2008}}</ref> Na Mee 1, 2013, ọ natara ihe nrite onye mmeri site na Mgbasa Ozi Maka Ụmụaka Free Tobacco maka afọ iri ise nke onye ndu ya na ọgụ megide ụtaba. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/press-releases/2013_05_02_yaya|title=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Honors Youth Leaders in the Fight Against Tobacco|date=May 2, 2013|work=Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe na ọnwụ == <ref name="auto2"/>Pertschuk na-egosi Carleen Joyce Dooley na 1954;  ha gbara egwu na 1976. Ọ ngosi Anna Sofaer na 1977 Pertschuk nwụrụ n'ihi oyi baa n'ụlọ ya na Santa Fe, [[Nú Mézíkọ|New Mexico]], na Nọvemba 16, 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 89. <ref name="auto1"/> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Levine|first=Samuel|title=Remembering Chairman Michael Pertschuk|url=https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2022/11/remembering-chairman-michael-pertschuk|work=Federal Trade Commission|date=November 18, 2022}}</ref> == Mbipụta == === Akwụkwọ === * ''Nnupụisi megide iwu: Nbili na kwụsịtụ nke ngagharị ndị ahịa'' (Mahadum California Press, 1983) <ref name="auto3"/> * ''Nnukwu ogbugbu'' (1986) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Giant Killers|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780393023541|work=Publishers Weekly|accessdate=December 20, 2022}}</ref> * Ya na Wendy Schaetzel : ''Ndị mmadụ na-ebili: mkpọsa megide nhọpụta Bork'' (1989) <ref name="auto4"/> * ''Anwụrụ ọkụ n'anya Ha: nkuzi na Nduzi ngagharị sitere na agha ụtaba'' (2001),  * ''Ihe kpatara DeMarco: Ịgbanwe Ọchịchị Ọha na Ọchịchị'' (2010) gbasara ọrụ [[Vincent DeMarco]] <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2012.731643|title=The DeMarco Factor: Transforming Public Will into Political Power, by Pertschuk, M.|first=Dick|author=Cook|date=October 1, 2012|journal=Journal of Community Practice|volume=20|issue=4|pages=492–494|doi=10.1080/10705422.2012.731643}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Aha]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bxye6xmkqhes5ky9s4xuwiteaubtn7h 0 41003 631933 538818 2026-05-05T00:48:39Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631933 wikitext text/x-wiki   Sonora Cartel, nke a dị ka Caro Quintero Organisation, bụ òtù ndị omempụ na Mexico .  [1] [2] [3] N'elu mgbasa nke cartel ahụ, ikere ndị isi ya na Tijuana Cartel na Sinaloa Cartel. <ref name="Senate">{{Cite book|title=Mexican and American Responses to the International Narcotics Threat|editor=Jesse Helms|publisher=U.S. Senate, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere, Peace Corps, Narcotics and Terrorism of the Committee on Foreign Relations|year=1999|isbn=978-0-7881-8008-8|pages=61,136,137}}</ref> Site na 2007, Sonora Cartel, Colima Cartel na Milenio Cartel ghọrọ ngalaba nke Sinaloa Cartel. == ndabere == Ndị United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) lere Sonora Cartel ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime cartel ndị ochie ochie na nke guzosie ike.  Onye isi oche Sonora Cartel bụ Miguel Caro Quintero, nwanne onye ọrụ Guadalajara Cartel Rafael Caro Quintero, wee ọrụ ọrụ na Hermosillo, Agua Prieta, Guadalajara na Culiacán, yana steeti Mexico nke Nayarit, Sinaloa na Sonora .  Mgbọrọgwụ nke Cartel Sonora dị na Guadalajara Cartel, nke gbazere mgbe ejidere 1989 nke onye ọrụ ya, Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo .  Sonora cartel nwere njikọ chiri anya na ụlọ ọgwụ Colombia ma ụzọ banye California, [[Arizona]], [[Texas]] na Nevada <ref name="DEA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct960912.htm|title=DEA - Publications - Congressional Testimony - 09/12/96|date=September 12, 1996|publisher=United States Drug Enforcement Administration|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991008070801/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/cngrtest/ct960912.htm|archivedate=October 8, 1999|accessdate=2008-04-14}}</ref> <ref name="sinaloamerge">{{Cite news|first=George W.|author=Grayson|title=Mexico and the Drug Cartels|date=August 2007|url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200708.grayson.mexicodrugcartels.html|work=Foreign Policy Research Institute|accessdate=2010-09-19}}</ref>E jidere Rafael Caro Quintero na Costa Rica na 1985 n'ihe mgbasa ịta nri na ọnwụ nke DEA Pụrụ Iche Agent Enrique "Kiki" Camarena .  [1] A ga-ejide Miguel Caro Quintero na 1989, n'agbanyeghị na ike na ọ ka na-achịkwa ahụ n'azụ ụlọ.  [1] [2] Na 2007, Otú ọ dị, Sinaloa Cartel enwetala Sonora Cartel == Ọrụ == Ekwenyere na Sonora Cartel bụ otu n'ime ụgbọ ala mbụ na-amalite ibupu cocaine site na Colombia, saịtị na Cali Cartel . Cartel ahụ akara aka na ebe na nkesa wii wii bụ isi, mana ọrụ nke abụọ njem na nkesa [[methamphetamine]]. <ref name="Trans">{{Cite book|author=Richards|first=James R.|title=Transnational Criminal Organizations, Cybercrime, and Money Laundering|url=https://archive.org/details/Transnational_Criminal_Organizations_Cybercrime_Money_Laundering_Law_Enforcement|publisher=CRC Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-8493-2806-0}}</ref> <ref name="Senate" /> <ref name="Times">{{Cite news|title=Suspect in Vast Drug Ring Held in Mexico; May Be Sent to U.S.|author=Weiner|first=Tim|date=December 22, 2001|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=2008-04-14|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/22/world/suspect-in-vast-drug-ring-held-in-mexico-may-be-sent-to-us.html}}</ref> Na-arụ ọrụ na ugwu Central Mexico, a ndụ na cartel ahụ na-ebuba ọgwụ na Arizona, Texas na California site na ndị nke ebe a na-azụ anụ n'ógbè oke ugwu ebe a na-echekwa ọgwụ ndị tupu ebupu. ya. Ejikọtala Sonora Cartel ka ọ onye ọrụ na Hermosillo na Agua Prieta na Sonora, mana ọ ntuziaka obere na Guadalajara na Jalisco, Culiacán na Sinaloa na steeti Nayarit na Durango <ref name="Senate" /> <ref name="DEA" /> N'agbanyeghị na a tọhapụrụ ha n'ịhụ, ụzọ Caro Quintero enwekwaghị na ịzụ ahịa Mexico, ya na onye bụbu DEA Mike Vigil na- ngwaọrụ na June 2020 na Rafael Caro Quintero "ga-ada tupu ya anwụọ n'oge agadi  "  [1] Vigil akwalitekwara na mmekọ Sinaloa Cartel's Los Salazar bụzi onye isi na idedị aha ọgwụ Sonora.  [1] ụgbọ, ma Rafael na Miguel Caro Quintero ụmụaka nso nso a onyinye iji sonye na Sinaloa Cartel n'ihi ndakpọ nke ụmụ nwoke nke onye ndu bụbu Joaquín Archivaldo Guzmán a mode maka ọkwa onye isi.  [1] N'agbanyeghị nke a, ekwuru na ha na de jure Sinaloa Cartel nwere ike dị mma Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, onye ahụ na-arịakwa ọrịa ugbu a.<ref name="sinaloatakes">{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2020/06/24/va-a-caer-antes-que-muera-de-viejo-la-advertencia-de-mike-vigil-a-caro-quintero-el-narco-de-narcos/|title="Va a caer antes de que muera de viejo", la advertencia de Mike Vigil a Caro Quintero, "el Narco de Narcos"}}</ref> == Miguel Caro Quintero == <ref name="Senate" />Miguel Caro Quintero egwuregwu na Caborca, Sonora, Mexico, na 1963. Na mbụ e jidere na 1992 na ebubo nke tax evasion, apụ na ọ bụghị ikpe mara, nke DEA ebe na-eji egwu na bribes site Caro Quintero. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ahụ, a na-agba na Caro Quintero ka na-agba ọsọ Sonora Cartel, ebe ọ na-ekpochapụ ụlọ nlekọta maka njirimara, ndị eji eji ike na ike ego . E jidere Caro Quintero na Disemba 2001 na Los Mochis, Sinaloa. Tupu ejide ya, o kwu egwu ugboro ugboro na ya aka ya dị ọcha na ebubo ahụ ma boro DEA ebubo na ọ na-ọkọso vendetta megide ya maka nwanne ya nwoke, Rafael Caro Quintero, ebubo na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nke DEA Special Onye nnọchi anya Enrique Camarena. Achọpụtara Miguel Caro Quintero dị ka ọ kpọbatara n'ibudata redio iji kwupụta na aka ya dị ọcha, na-ekwu, sị: "Ọ bụrụ na m nwere cartel, m ga-enwe nnukwu ego na nwanne m nwoke a ebe ahụ ( n'ịhụ)" ma na-azọrọ na ya bụ%rụ onye na-azụ anụ n'azụ ihe ihe. / Ọ gara n'ihu kwuo na ya ekwetaghị na nwanne ya na-etinye aka na ogbugbu onye ọrụ DEA <ref name="Times" /> == Rafael Caro Quintero == Rafael Caro Quintero bụ onye nchoputa ya na Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, nke Guadalajara Cartel na Sonora Cartel.  E jidere ya na Costa Rica na ụgbọ 4, 1985, maka ịhụ mmadụ, ịta osisi na igbu ọchụ nke onye ẹka anya etiti etiti Enrique Camarena, ma bo ya ebubo na mpụ ime ihe ike na-eme nke ịra nkọwa, inwe n'ebumnobi  ikesa wii wii na cocaine, igbu ọchụ, na-aga n'ihu na mpụ.  ụlọ ọrụ. <ref>[http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/fugitives/internl/caro-quintero.htm 'Wanted' poster.] </ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị otu nọ na Mexico * Agha Ọgwụ Ọgwụ Mexico * Nchịkwa mmanye ọgwụ * [[Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Guadalajara|Guadalajara Cartel]] * Oke Mexico-US == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Aha]] 3v9fr2pt8escm83k6ghgbr1mscjdbws 0 44630 631943 538237 2026-05-05T00:52:37Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Bill Kouélany|image=|caption=|othername=|birth_name=B. Kouélany|birth_date={{birth date and age|1965|10|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Brazzaville]], [[Republic of the Congo]]|death_date=|death_place=|burial_place=|nationality=Congolese|occupation=artist, writer, set designer}} '''Bill Kouélany''' (amụrụ na 31 Ọktoba 1965 na Brazzaville) bụ onye na-ese ihe na Congo, onye edemede na onye na-emepụta ihe. N'afọ 2007, o sonyere na ''Documenta 12'' na Kassel na ntinye nka multimedia. Ọ bi na Brazzaville, isi obodo nke Republic of the Congo. == Ndụ na ọrụ == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, '''B.''' '''Kouélany''' (dị ka ọ na-ahọrọ ka a kpọọ ya) biri ndụ n'oge agha na ime ihe ike na obodo ya bụ Congo. Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, a pụrụ ịchọta akara nke ahụmịhe mbụ ndị ahụ n'ihe odide ya na nka ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bill Kouélany|url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/bill-kouelany/|accessdate=2021-06-06|work=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes|language=en-US}}</ref> === Onye edemede === Onye na-ekwu okwu French, ihe odide mbụ ya gụnyere ihe nkiri dịka Cafard, cafarde (Cockroach, cockroach), nke o gosipụtara na Paris (2003), na Peut-être (Perhaps) (2007), nke ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya Jean-Paul Delore dere. Ihe odide ya na-ekpughe ihe akaebe nke mmetụta nke onye na-ede uri Congo na onye na-edekọ akwụkwọ akụkọ Tchicaya U Tam'si, onye a na-echeta dị ka "onye edemede na-emekpa ahụ ma na-emetụ n'ahụ nke ukwuu nke [B. Kouélany] gosipụtara na eserese mbụ ya".<ref name=":0"/> Dị ka Chavelet si kwuo, e bipụtaghị ọtụtụ n'ime ihe odide ya (dị ka nke 2016). === Onye na-ese ihe === Ihe osise B. Kouélany na-ekpughe nkà mmụta onwe onye nke onye na-ese ihe yana ihe ndị metụtara ndụ ha, na-eme ka a chọọ nka ya n'etiti ndị na-ege ntị mba ụwa n'Africa na Europe.<ref name=":0"/> Kemgbe afọ 2007, Peter Hermann Gallery dị na Berlin na RDV Gallery dị na Nantes, France ekesawo ọrụ ya na mba ụwa. N'afọ 2001, o sonyere na mmemme obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ obodo Doual'Art na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. Na 2002, a kpọrọ ọrụ ya na Dak'Art Biennale na ndị okike nke Central Africa, na 2006 ọ debere nka na Dak'Art nke asaa. N'afọ 2004, a kpọrọ ya aha onye na-ese ihe na Nantes, France wee soro na ihe ngosi ebe ahụ a na-akpọ Beautés d'Afrique (Mma Africa). Na 2006, ọzọ na ihe ngosi Dak'Art Biennale, ọ natara ihe nrite abụọ, Prix de la Francophonie na Prix Montalvo Arts Center..<ref name=":0"/> Ntinye aka B. Kouélany n'afọ sochirinụ na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ ''Documenta 12'' na Germany ka a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ọrụ ahụ, nke a na-akpọ Untitled, bụ nnukwu nrụnye na-enyocha ihe agha na ime ihe ike si na ya pụta.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Report from the 2019 Prince Claus Awards Committee|url=https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/Report-from-the-2019-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee.pdf|accessdate=2021-06-06|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122221906/https://princeclausfund.org/storage/documents/Report-from-the-2019-Prince-Claus-Awards-Committee.pdf|archivedate=2019-11-22}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bill Kouélany - Prince Claus Fund|url=https://princeclausfund.org/laureate/bill-kouelany|accessdate=2021-06-06|work=princeclausfund.org|archivedate=2021-06-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606235416/https://princeclausfund.org/laureate/bill-kouelany}}</ref><blockquote>N'afọ 2007, B. Kouélany bụ nwanyị Africa mbụ na-esote Sahara iji gosipụta na Documenta na Kassel. O gosipụtara ihe kachasị ukwuu ya ruo ugbu a: mgbidi akwụkwọ maché nwere ihe odide sitere na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa na vidiyo gbagọrọ agbagọ nke ihu ya, ebe ọ na-egosipụta, dị ka nne na nwa nwanyị, ọmịiko ya n'ebe ndị Congo nọ.<ref name=":0"/></blockquote> === Onye nkuzi === N'afọ 2012, B. Kouélany tọrọ ntọala ụlọ ọrụ nka na oge a, Les Ateliers Sahm na Brazzaville, na-aghọ onye nduzi nka ya. Ụlọ ọrụ multidisciplinary na-akwado nka nke oge a na Congo ma na-etinye aka n'ịkwado ndị na-eto eto na-ese ihe, ọ bụghị nanị site na obodo ya kamakwa ndị fọdụrụ na mpaghara Africa. Dị ka Prince Claus Fund si kwuo, okike nke Les Atelier Sahm "bụ ma eleghị anya, otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ rụzuru.".<ref name=":2"/> Ọ na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ okike. N'afọ 2019, o sonyere na ihe ngosi Prête-moi ton rêve (Nwee m nrọ gị) na [[Morocco]], nke gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ si Africa ma hazie (n'oge ahụ) ileta ọtụtụ mba.<ref name=":0"/> == Onyinye == * 2006: Prix de la Francophonie (France) * 2006: Montalvo Arts Center Prize (USA)<ref name=":3">Chavelet , D. (2016). The text in the body: [[Dieudonné Niangouna]] and Bill Kouélany: from writing to performance. ''Po & sie'' , 3 (3–4), 247–257. {{doi|10.3917/poesi.157.0247}} (in French)</ref> * 2018: Officer of Arts and Letters, awarded by the French Ministry of Culture.<ref name=":0"/> * 2019: Prince Claus Prize in the [[Netherlands]].<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> == Ebem si dee == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kouelany, Bill}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1aa2krm1avyk8vm8z0zbaobj8jbmltt 0 45917 631951 214286 2026-05-05T01:02:50Z Goodymaraj 21567 631951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  A mụrụ '''Youssef Nabil''' na 6th nke Nọvemba 1972. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/youssef-nabil|title=Youssef Nabil|author=|first=|date=|work=ARTSY|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Ijipt na-ese ihe na onye na-ese foto. Youssef Nabil malitere ọrụ foto ya na 1992. == ndabere == A mụrụ na Cairo, [[Egypt]], Nabil malitere ọrụ foto ya na 1992, obere oge tupu ọ gawa [[New York City|New York]] na Paris ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-ese foto a ma ama. Na 1999, Youssef Nabil mere ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya na Cairo. N'ime afọ ndị ahụ ọ nọgidere bụrụ ezigbo enyi ya na onye na-ese foto ihe osise nke Egypt-Armenian Van Leo (Leon Boyadjian, 1921–2001), onye gbara Nabil ume ka ọ pụọ na ọdịda anyanwụ. Na 2003, Youssef Nabil nwetara ihe nrite [[Seydou Keïta|Seydou Keita]] na Biennial of African Photography na Bamako . Na 2001, mgbe ọ na-eleta Cairo, onye na-ese ihe Britain bụ Tracey Emin chọpụtara ọrụ Nabil ma mesịa họpụta ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịnihu na akụkọ Harper ''Echi Ndị mmadụ'' . Nabil hapụrụ Egypt na 2003 <ref name="thenational">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/egyptian-artist-youssef-nabil-on-exile-and-rebirth|title=Egyptian artist Youssef Nabil on exile and rebirth|first=Anna|author=Seaman|date=May 23, 2013}}</ref> maka ebe obibi onye nka na Cité internationale des arts na Paris. Na 2006, ọ kwagara ibi na ịrụ ọrụ na New York. Ọtụtụ ndị etinyela aka na oghere Nabil na usoro pụrụ iche nke akwụkwọ ọlaọcha gelatin na-acha aka, gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Tracey Emin, Gilbert na George, Nan Goldin, Marina Abramović, <ref name="gulfnews">{{Cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/about-gulf-news/al-nisr-portfolio/weekend-review/youssef-nabil-s-imagery-expresses-his-anguish-over-egypt-s-sociopolitical-situation-1.1184512|title=Youssef Nabil's imagery expresses his anguish over Egypt's sociopolitical situation|first=Jyoti|author=Kalsi|date=May 16, 2013}}</ref> Louise Bourgeois, na Shirin Neshat ; ndị na-abụ abụ Alicia Keys, <ref name="gulfnews" /> [[Sting (Onye egwu)|Sting (onye egwu egwu)]], na Natacha Atlas ; Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Robert De Niro, [[Omar Sharif]], Faten Hamama, Rossy de Palma, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Art in the Gulf: "better to have it than not"|url=http://hammonda.net/?p=1570|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2013-10-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008232706/http://hammonda.net/?p=1570}}</ref> Charlotte Rampling, Isabelle Huppert, <ref name="gulfnews" /> na Catherine Deneuve . <ref name="gulfnews" /> Na 2010, Nabil dere, mepụta ma duzie ihe nkiri mbụ ya ''Ị Na-ahapụghị'', <ref name="thenational"/> ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke nkeji 8 na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Fanny Ardant na Tahar Rahim . Edobere ya n'ebe ihe atụ nke bụ ihe atụ nke Ijipt furu efu, na-esepụta ihe jikọrọ ya na ndọrọ n'agha na ọnwụ. Vidiyo a nke o ji nkwanye ùgwù na nke na-echepụta echiche na-elegharị anya n'àgwà nke ihe nkiri sinima Ijipt nke oge ọla edo, ya na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ya na ngwaahịa ihe nkiri Technicolor, ọ na-ejikọta ya na isi mmalite na mkpali nke foto foto ya nke ọ na-ekerịta otu àgwà nke onwe ya. Na 2015, Nabil mepụtara vidiyo nke abụọ ya, ''M zọpụtara Belly Dancer'', na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Salma Hayek na Tahar Rahim, akụkọ banyere mmasị ya na omenala ndị na-agba egwu afọ na-apụ n'anya nke ụdị nkà nke dị iche iche na Middle East. Vidiyo nke nkeji iri na abụọ na-enyochakwa echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mba Arab na esemokwu dị n'etiti mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị nke ahụ ha na-aga n'ihu na mmegide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Arab ọgbara ọhụrụ. ''Azọpụtara m onye ịgba egwu afọ m'' na mkpokọta Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Youssef Nabil: I Saved My Belly Dancer • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/youssef-nabil-i-saved-my-belly-dancer/|accessdate=2023-07-28|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara == === Ihe ngosi solo ahọpụtara === * 2020 - Youssef Nabil, N'otu oge Nrọ, Palazzo Grassi, Venice, Italy. * 2019 – Youssef Nabil, Institut du Monde Arabe, Tourcoing, [[France]]. * 2017 – Deep Roots, Nathalie Obadia Gallery, Brussels, [[Belgium]]. * 2017 – A zọpụtara m onye ịgba egwu afọ m, Pérez Art Museum Miami PAMM. * 2013 - Oge mgbanwe, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke atọ, Dubai. UAE * 2012 – Youssef Nabil, Maison Européenne de la Photographie, Paris, France. * 2011 – Ị Apụghị, Nathalie Obadia Gallery, Paris, France. * 2010 – Youssef Nabil, Yossi Milo Gallery, New York, US * 2010 - M bi n'ime gị, Savannah College of Art and Design-SCAD, Savannah, US * 2009 - Youssef Nabil, GALERIST, Istanbul, [[Turkéy|Turkey]]. * 2009 - M bi n'ime gị, Savannah College of Art and Design-SCAD, Atlanta, US * 2009 – Agaghị m ekwe ka ị nwụọ, Villa Medici, Rome, Italy. * 2009 - M ga-aga Paradaịs, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke atọ, Dubai, UAE * 2009 – Youssef Nabil, Volker Diehl Gallery, Berlin, Germany. * 2008 – CINEMA, Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. * 2007 – Ụra n’aka m, Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. * 2007 - Eserese / Eserese onwe, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke atọ, Dubai, UAE * 2003 – Pour un Moment d'Éternité, Rencontres Internationales de la Photographie, Arles, France. * 2001 - Ndị na-eche echiche, Centro de la Imagen, Mexico City, Mexico. * 2001 – Youssef Nabil, Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke oge a, Cairo, Egypt. * 1999 – Premiere, Cairo-Berlin Art Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. === Ihe ngosi otu ahọpụtara === * 2020 - Akụkọ banyere ịgba egwu, MASP Museu de Arte de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. * 2020 - Orientalisms, IVAM Institut Valencià d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain. * 2019 - International Cairo Biennale nke iri na atọ, Cairo, Egypt. * 2018 - Ụdị nnụnụ: Art Contemporary nke Middle East na North Africa, Newport Art Museum, Rhode Island, US * 2018 - abụọ, NA. Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. * 2018 - Gafere Okwu, 4th Mardin Biennial, Turkey * 2018 – Al Musiqa, Cité de la Musique – Philharmonie de Paris, Paris, France. * 2017 - Hips anaghị agha ụgha, Center Pompidou Paris, France * 2017 – Ihe osise taa, Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa * 2016 - Na-ele ụwa gbara gị gburugburu, Fundación Banco Santander, Madrid, Spain. * 2016 - hips anaghị agha ụgha, Center Pompidou Malaga, Spain * 2016 - The Blue Hour, Centro Cultural de Santa Cruz, Biennale nke Visual Arts nke Santa Cruz, Bolivia. * 2016 - Eserese nke Onye nka dịka onye mgbanwe, FRAC Haute-Normandie, France. * 2016 - Ìhè Nrọ, Pérez Art Museum Miami (PAMM), Miami, US * 2016 - Botticelli Reimagined, Victoria na Albert Museum, London, UK * 2015 - Botticelli Renaissance, Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany * 2015 – Ground Home, Aga Khan Museum of Art, Toronto, Canada. * 2015 - Ihe ọchị Chukwu: Eluigwe, Purgatory, na Hell nke ndị nka n'oge a ga-elegharị anya. Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, Washington, DC, US * 2015 - Art Islam Ugbu a: Art Contemporary of the Middle East. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County, LACMA, LA, US * 2014 - Ihe ọchị Chukwu, Eluigwe, Hell, Purgatory nke ndị nka n'oge a ga-elegharị anya, * 2014 – Ri-conoscere Michelangelo, Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, Italy. * 2013 – Tea with Nefertiti, IVAM Institut Valencia d'Art Modern, Valencia, Spain. * 2013 – Matisse à Nice, Palmiers, Palmes et Palmettes, Musée Masséna, Nice, France. * 2013 – Sous Influences, Arts Plastiques et Psychotropes, La Maison Rouge, Paris, France. * 2013 – Safar Voyage, Museum of Anthropology, Vancouver, Canada. * 2013 – Ici, Ailleurs, Friche la Belle de Mai, Marseille, France. * 2012 – Light from the Middle East: New Photography, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, U.K. * 2012 – The Royal Academy of Arts Encounter, Cultural Village Foundation Katara, Doha, Qatar. * 2012 – Tea with Nefertiti, Mathaf Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha, Qatar. * 2012 – Édouard et Cléopâtre, Égyptomanies depuis le XIXe siècle, Boghossian Foundation, Brussels, Belgium. * 2012 – Pose/Re-Pose: Figurative Works Then and Now, SCAD Museum of Art, Savannah, Georgia, U.S. * 2011 – Facing Mirrors, Museum of Photography, Thessaloniki, Greece. * 2011 – Of Women's Modesty and Anger, Boghossian Foundation, Brussels, Belgium. * 2010 – Told, Untold, Retold, Mathaf Arab Museum of Modern Art, Doha, Qatar. * 2010 – Portraits, Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Brussels, Belgium. * 2009 – Unconditional Love, The Venice Biennale – 53rd International Art Exhibition, Venice, Italy. * 2009 – ARABESQUE, Arts of The Arab World, The Kennedy Center, Washington DC, U.S. * 2008 – Far From Home, North Carolina Museum of Art NCMA, North Carolina, U.S. * 2008 – Portraits II, Galeria Leme, São Paulo, Brazil. * 2008 – Last of the Dictionary Men, BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art, Newcastle, U.K. * 2008 – Disguise, Michael Stevenson Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. * 2008 – Regards des Photographes Arabes Contemporains, Musée National d'Art Moderne et Contemporain MNAMC, Alger, Algeria. * 2008 – Perfect Lovers, Art Extra, Johannesburg, South Africa. * 2007 – Gegenwart aus Jahrtausenden, Zeitgenössische Kunst aus Ägypten, Kunstmuseum, Bonn, Germany. * 2007 – Dialogues Méditerranéens, Saint-Tropez, France. * 2006 – Arabiske Blikke, GL Strand Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 2006 – Word into Art, The British Museum, London, U.K. * 2006 – Images of the Middle East, Danish Center for Culture and Development, Copenhagen, Denmark. * 2006 – 19 miradas. Fotógrafos árabes contemporáneos, Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo, Sevilla, Spain. * 2005 – Regards des Photographes Arabes Contemporains, Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, France. * 2005 – Nazar, Photographs from the Arab World, The Aperture Foundation Gallery, New York, U.S. * 2005 – L'Égypte, Saline Royale d'Arc et Senans, France. * 2005 – Arab Eyes, FotoFest Houston, Texas, U.S. * 2004 – Nazar: Noorderlicht, The Fries Museum, Leeuwaarden, The Netherlands. * 2004 – Rites sacrés, Rites profanes: Zeitgenossiche Afrikanische Fotographie, Kornhausforum, Bern, Switzerland. * 2004 – Staged Realities: Exposing the Soul in African Photography 1870–2004, Michael Stevenson Contemporary Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa. * 2004 – Bamako 03: Contemporary African Photography, Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona MACBA, Barcelona, Spain. * 2003 – Rites sacrés, Rites profanes, Rencontres Africaines de la Photographie, Bamako, Mali. == Mbipụta == * {{Cite book|first=Youssef|author=Nabil|title=Once Upon A Dream|publisher=Marsilio|location=Italy|date=2020}} * {{Cite book|first=Youssef|author=Nabil|title=Youssef Nabil|publisher=Flammarion|location=France|date=2013|isbn=9782081301115}} * {{Cite book|author=Nabil|first=Youssef|title=I Won't Let You Die|publisher=Hatje Cantz Verlag|location=Germany|date=2008|isbn=978-3-7757-2306-0}} * {{Cite book|first=Youssef|author=Nabil|title=Sleep in My Arms|publisher=Autograph ABP|location=London|date=2007}} * {{Cite book|first=Youssef|author=Nabil|title=Sleep in My Arms|publisher=Michael Stevenson|location=Cape Town|date=2007}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.youssefnabil.com/ Weebụsaịtị onye nka] * [http://www.lefigaro.fr/arts-expositions/2012/01/13/03015-20120113ARTFIG00860-youssef-nabil-reves-d-egypte.php Youssef Nabil, rêves d'Égypte, akwụkwọ akụkọ Le Figaro] * [https://www.anothermag.com/art-photography/8832/the-artist-breathing-life-into-egyptian-cinemas-golden-age] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161013080558/http://www.cndp.fr/collections/point-de-rencontre/ici-ailleurs/youssef-nabil-self-portrait-marseille.html Youssef Nabil, Foto nke onwe, Marseille] Archived </link> * [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAJA2576p066-067.xml0/cinema-exposition-new-york-youssef-chahineyoussef-nabil.html Yusuf Nabil] {{authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ko7x7dvsiic6r92ixa4vci5on0b8dy6 0 45934 631941 541355 2026-05-05T00:52:04Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Alaa Awad''' (amuru 1981) bu onye omenka na onye okacha mara ndi Egypt nke dabere na Luxor, Egypt. Awad bụ onye na-ese ihe n'Ijipt ma bụrụkwa onye a ma ama maka mgbidi ọha ya na Cairo na [[Luxor]], Egypt. A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe osise ya mere na Mohamed Mahmoud Street na Cairo, Egypt na 2012 n'oge Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Egypt, nke dọtara uche mgbasa ozi. Ihe osise ya na eserese ọha ya gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ugwu na ịma mma nke ndị Ijipt. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ụwa, na ma ngosi ngosi solo maka eserese mmanụ ya na mgbidi ọha na eze. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://suzeeinthecity.wordpress.com/2015/11/25/on-codes-and-translation-understanding-alaa-awad/|title=On Codes and Translation: Understanding Alaa Awad|author=Morayef|first=Soraya|work=}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Awad malitere ọmụmụ akwụkwọ kọleji ya na Mahadum South Valley, ngalaba nke Fine Arts na Luxor, Egypt wee gụchaa na 2004 na nzere bachelọ nke Arts. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe nna ya ukwu na Mahadum Helwan, College of Fine Arts na Zamalek, Egypt, ebe n'otu oge ahụ na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnyemaaka onye nkuzi na Mahadum South Valley, ngalaba nke Fine Arts na Luxor Egypt. N'ime afọ ndị a, Awad nọrọ oge n'etiti mahadum abụọ ahụ wee gụchaa na Master of Arts na 2012. Awad nwere akara ugo mmụta PhD na nka nka ma bụrụ osote onye nkuzi na ngalaba nke eserese eserese, maka ngalaba nke Fine Arts, na Mahadum South Valley dị na Luxor, Egypt. <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://artforum.com/words/id=30394/|title=artforum.com / home|work=Artforum}}</ref> Mgbidi ya na nka ọhaneze bịara mara nke ọma na ngwụcha 2011 na mmalite 2012 mgbe ọ kwụsịrị nkuzi ịse ihe osise na Cairo. Nke a bụ n'oge a na Port Said Massacre mere, nke gbanwere usoro atụmatụ ya wee gbanwee ihe osise ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngosi ncheta. <ref name="autogenerated2" /> Ihe echere na ọ ga-abụ naanị obere oge na Cairo maka Awad wee bụrụ ogologo oge ka ọ gara n'ihu na-ese foto ọhụrụ na Mohamed Mahmoud Street na Cairo. <ref name="Interview">Alena J. Westover, Personal Communication Interview with Alaa Awad in Luxor, 7 January 2018</ref> Aha nnabata PhD nke Awad bụ, "Ọhụụ Artistic sitere na Murals of War and Peace in Ancient Egypt Art" wee wepụta ya na 2019. <ref name="Interview">Alena J. Westover, Personal Communication Interview with Alaa Awad in Luxor, 7 January 2018</ref> == Ụdị == N'ihe gbasara mgbidi ya, Alaa na-ahọrọ iji brush na-ese ihe ma na-eji ihe acrylic eme ihe kama iji stencil na agba agba. <ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20130508-egypts-street-art-revolution|title=Egypt's powerful street art packs a punch|first=Alastair|author=Sooke|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Ihe osise ya ndị gbagwojuru anya nwere ike were ihe dị ka otu izu mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi ihe ndị ọ na-eji eme ihe, kama n'ihi mgbagwoju anya nke atụmatụ ya. Awad na-ese n'ụdị neo-pharaonic, ụdị nke na-adaghachi azụ na [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|Egypt Ochie]] . Ojiji o jiri ụdị neo-pharaonic pụtara ịdọrọ uche azụ na omenala ndị ọgaranya na ndị Ijipt ochie. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> Ụdị a chọrọ ichetara ndị Ijipt ihe nketa ha na oge gara aga, ihe ncheta ka ha nọgide na-eme ihe n'eziokwu na njirimara ndị Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arttalks.org/artist.php?id=769113012/|title=ArtTalks|work=arttalks.org|accessdate=7 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140513013732/http://www.arttalks.org/artist.php?id=769113012%2F|archivedate=13 May 2014}}</ref> Mgbidi ya na-enwekarị ọtụtụ akụkụ na ọtụtụ ihe na nke ọ bụla na-akọ akụkọ dị iche. E wezụga ụdị ihe osise pụrụ iche ahụ e kwuru n’elu, iji ụdị neo-pharaonic e bu n’obi weghachi ewu ewu nke mgbidi ọhaneze n’Ijipt. Ihe osise ọha na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na obodo ndị Ijipt n'oge gara aga, mgbe obodo ọ bụla nwere ihe osise nke ya. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aucegypt.edu/research/cts/Pages/TheEpicMuralsofTahrir,visualizingArtist.aspx/|title=The Epic Murals of Tahrir, visualizing Artist|work=aucegypt.edu|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2015-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923180406/http://www.aucegypt.edu/research/cts/Pages/TheEpicMuralsofTahrir,visualizingArtist.aspx/}}</ref> Ndị na-ese foto a ga-abụ ndị na-akọ akụkọ banyere obodo ma na-egosipụta mmemme ma ọ bụ mmemme dị mkpa site na onyonyo ọdịnala na akara ngosi. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe oyiyi ndị a ka a na-ahụ n'ihe osise Awad taa, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ọrụ nka a ma ama sitere [[Ijipùtù Ọkpụ|n'Ijipt oge ochie]] bụ nke a na-ahụ n'ụlọ arụsị na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Alaa Awad nwekwara mmụọ nsọ site n'ụdị ihe nketa ndị Ijipt oge ochie ndị ọzọ a na-apụghị ịhụ anya, nke a ka na-ahụ na Egypt Upper dị ka emume Tahtib (Egyptian Arabic: تحطيب taḥṭīb), El Mormah na ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke West Bank na Luxor, Egypt. == Okwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha mmadụ == Emebere mgbidi ọha nke Alaa Awad na Cairo n'oge Mgbanwe nke Egypt ma na-ese ya na mgbidi dị ịrịba ama gụnyere mgbidi nwa oge dịka mgbochi okporo ụzọ, nke e wuru iji mee ka ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe pụọ n'ụlọ gọọmentị. Na mkpokọta, e wuru mgbidi asatọ na mgbochi ụzọ asaa iji mee ka ndị ngagharị iwe na Tahrir Square pụọ na Ministri nke ime ime, Ministry of Justice, na Ụlọ nzuko omeiwu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/33929/Egypt/Politics-/Walled-in-SCAFs-concrete-barricades-.aspx/|title=Walled in: SCAF's concrete barricades – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref> Eserese ndị dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Mohamed Mahmoud na-egosipụta njikọ dị n'etiti ike na-achị na otú ụzọ ha si achị si mee ka ndị na-emegide ya pụta. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> Nnukwu ihe dị iche n'etiti ihe osise ihu ọha nke Awad na nka okporo ụzọ ndị ọzọ bụ na nka Awad dị aghụghọ karịa n'ihi ụdị neo-pharonic nke ọrụ ya. Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ya na-ejikọta ya na okwu ọha na eze mgbe ụfọdụ, dị ka ụkọ gas tank ma ọ bụ ikike ụmụ nwanyị, isiokwu dị n'okpuru bụ na ndị Ijipt n'ozuzu ha aghaghị icheta omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme ha gara aga na-ekwu na "anyị enweghị ike ịma ọdịnihu anyị ma ọ bụrụ na anyị echezọ. anyị gara aga." <ref name="autogenerated4"/> Awad n'onwe ya egosila nkwenye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ya na-ekwu na "Ahụghị m mgbanwe ọ bụla na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt, n'ime ma ọ bụ n'èzí. Naanị m na-ahụ na òtù Muslim Brotherhood ejidewo gọọmentị. Ha chọrọ ịgbanwe ihe niile dịka nke ha si dị. style, ime ihe niile Muslim Brotherhood Ha na-echefu imezi ihe maka ọha na eze. <ref name="autogenerated4" /> == Ihe ngosi == * 2022: '''Akụkọ Egypt''', Ihe ngosi Solo – State Museum of Egypt Art, Munich - Germany. <ref>https://smaek.de/ausstellungen/an-egyptian-story-paintings-by-alaa-awad/</ref> * 2019: '''The West Bank''', Solo ngosi - Egypt Cultural Center na Paris, France. * 2018: '''EL TAHTIB''', Ihe ngosi Solo - Haras National de Lamballe, France. * 2018: '''West Bank''', Ihe ngosi Solo - Al-Somou3 Gallery, Cairo, Egypt. * 2017: '''Mgbakọ Borollus nke afọ nke atọ maka ịse na mgbidi na ụgbọ mmiri''', Obí nke Arts, Cairo Opera House, Cairo / Egypt. <ref name="english.ahram.org.eg">{{Cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/35/245746/Arts--Culture/Stage--Street/Artists-bring-colour-and-hope-to-Egypts-ElBorollos.aspx|title=Artists bring colour and hope to Egypt's El-Borollos as part of a two-week symposium – Stage & Street – Arts & Culture – Ahram Online|work=english.ahram.org.eg}}</ref> * 2017: '''Nghọta nke njem nlegharị anya mba ụwa nke China - Jordan''' CAB Art Gallery, Amman / Jordan. Mohammad Aljaloos kwadoro ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cab.jo/gallery/index.php?module=projects&gallery=1&gallery_id=32|language=ar|title=Archive copy|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2018-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106073737/http://www.cab.jo/gallery/index.php?module=projects&gallery=1&gallery_id=32}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://alrai.com/article/1037434#disqus_thread|title=معرض الاحساس بروح الصين: إبداعات عربية من وحي تراث عريق|first=عمان – رسمي|author=الجراح|date=19 January 2017|work=alrai.com}}</ref> * 2017: '''Tour World of Art''', Ihe ngosi na China Art Museum, Ihe ngosi nke Ministry of Culture nke China haziri, Shanghai / China. * 2016: '''Lebanon site n'anya Egypt''', Gallery of Association of Lebanon Artists, Beirut / Lebanon. * 2016: '''Nchịkọta Summer''', Nout Art Gallery, Zamalek / Egypt. * 2016: '''CAM Gala Auction''', The Contemporary Art Museum na St. Louis / USA. * 2015: '''8th Luxor International Painting Symposium''', Luxor / Egypt. * 2015: '''Mgbakọ Burullus nke abụọ maka eserese eserese''', Cairo / Egypt. * 2015: '''Urban art biennial''', na UNESCO World Heritage Site Völklingen / Germany. * 2014: '''Beirut Art ngosi''', Beirut / Lebanon. * 2014: '''Art of the Urban Fero''', Queens Hall Parliament House, Melbourne / [[Ostraliya|Australia]]. * 2014: '''Thebes: Udo na esemokwu''', MCLA Gallery 51, Mural and Solo Exhibition, North Adams / USA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/alaa-awad-paints-for-peace-at-downstreet-art-in-north-adams,369543|title=Alaa Awad paints for peace at Downstreet Art in North Adams|work=berkshireeagle.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vimeo.com/100677440|title=Alaa Awad USA Mural in Process}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://greylockindependent.com/2014/07/work-by-egyptian-artist-alaa-awad-at-gallery-51-until-july-27/|title=Work By Egyptian Artist Alaa Awad at Gallery 51 Until July 27|date=10 July 2014|work=greylockindependent.com|accessdate=28 May 2024|archivedate=8 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175128/http://greylockindependent.com/2014/07/work-by-egyptian-artist-alaa-awad-at-gallery-51-until-july-27/}}</ref> * 2013: '''Ike nke ndị na-enweghị ike''', Kunsthalle Baden-Baden / Germany. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kunsthalle-baden-baden.de/en/power-of-the-powerless/|title=Power of the Powerless – Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden|date=22 November 2016|work=kunsthalle-baden-baden.de|accessdate=28 May 2024|archivedate=8 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175441/http://www.kunsthalle-baden-baden.de/en/power-of-the-powerless/}}</ref> * 2013: '''Ihe ngosi Torino Lecee''', Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọha Egypt, Luxor / Egypt. * 2013: '''Kedu ka Horizon si dị anya?''' , Ihe ngosi Group nke mepere emepe, Holbaek / Denmark. * 2013: '''Mgbidi nke Nguzogide''', Ihe ngosi na Art Art na Human Rights na Egypt site na Amnesty International, Karlsruhe / Germany. * 2012: '''Mkpesa Ọha''', Mohammed Mahmoud Street, Cairo / Egypt. * 2009: '''Ihe ngosi mkpokọta enyi German German''', SVU-Faculty of Fine Arts na Ọbá akwụkwọ Alexandria, Luxor / Egypt. * 2008: '''Na-ebibi Qurna Village''', Marsam Hotel, West Bank – Luxor / Egypt. * 2007: '''Obodo Qurna, Ụnyaahụ na Taa''', Mahadum Brussels / Belgium. * 2017: '''Ihe ngosi Egypt-German''', Mahadum South Valley, ngalaba nke Fine Arts, Luxor / Egypt == Eserese eserese, ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri na ebe a na-ese ihe == * 2019: '''ada nke Naịl''', Egypt Cultural Center, PARIS / France. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://new.bureaucultureleg.fr|title=Alaa Awad /// Egyptian Cultural Center|work=bureaucultureleg.fr}}</ref> * 2018: '''Noot – Ụlọ 039''', art art City de Lurcy-Lévis / France. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.street-art-city.com/|title=Alaa Awad /// street art City de Lurcy-Lévis – France|work=street-art-city.com}}</ref> * 2017: '''3rd kwa afọ Borollus Symposium for Drawing on Walls and Boats''', Mural Eserese, n'okporo ámá art, na-ekere òkè na symposium maka mural eserese & eserese na ụgbọ mmiri 2016 Cairo / Egypt. <ref name="english.ahram.org.eg"/> * 2016: '''Ncheta maka Maat''', Project of Cities of Colors, Luxor / Egypt. * 2015: '''Burullus''', Oke Egypt. * 2015: '''Ọmụmụ Mural Ọmụmụ''' - Mahadum French dị na Cairo, Egypt, West Bank, Luxor / Egypt. * 2014: '''KiKuBa Ụmụaka Ọmụmụ''', Kunsthalle Baden-Baden / Germany. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kikubafeeschlapper.de/2014-2/alaa-awad/|title=Alaa Awad /// Kunstbegegnungsstätte Fee Schlapper e.V.|work=kikubafeeschlapper.de}}</ref> * 2014: '''Justice Mural Workshop''', Massachusetts College of Liberal Arts MCLA na, Down Street Art, North Adams, Massachusetts / USA. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iberkshires.com/story/46827/Egyptian-Artist-Gives-Gift-of-Art-to-North-Adams.html|title=Alaa Awad /// Egyptian Artist Gives Gift of Art to North Adams|author=Jack Guerino|work=iberkshires.com}}</ref> * 2013: '''Ememme onyonyo''', Ụlọ ihe nkiri Mural, Denmark Center for Culture and Development (CKU), Copenhagen / Denmark. * 2013: '''Ime Mmụọ Art''', Brian Flynn, Luxor / Egypt. * 2012: '''Mural Workshop''', [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]] Museum-Isis Hall, Cairo / Egypt. == Ọrụ ndị ama ama == Ọ bụ Awad mebere Mosaic mmeri na Luxor, Egypt ma jiri ndị otu nọ n'okpuru nduzi Awad rụọ ya. Ndị otu ahụ nwere ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi sitere na Mahadum South Valley, ngalaba nke Fine Arts, ngalaba nke eserese eserese. O sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'ọgbọ agha ahụ a chọtara na saịtị Habu Temple nke Ijipt oge ochie. Ihe eji wuo ihe mkpuchi ahụ bụ ihe mkpuchi na ugegbe. Obere nha bụ 6 x 4.8 mita. Ejiri ya na mbubreyo Nọvemba 2017 na ụlọ egwuregwu egwuregwu nke South Valley University campus na Qena, Egypt. Mosaic were otu afọ iji wuchaa ya. === ''Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme njem'' === <nowiki><i id="mwpg">Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme njem</i></nowiki> bụ ihe osise nke mejupụtara ihe abụọ bụ isi, " ụmụ nwanyị na-eme njem olili ozu " na "ụmụ nwanyị na-arịgoro nrịgo". Ọrụ a gbadoro ụkwụ na onyonyo izizi dị na ụlọ nsọ Ramesseum dị na West Bank nke Luxor, foto nke ihe nkiri agha a kanyere na Pylon First Ramsseum, Thebes. Ramsseum nwere ụfọdụ pylon kacha dị ndụ n'ụwa Egypt. Pylon, ma ọ bụ ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke ụlọ nsọ Ijipt oge ochie, na-enwekarị nnukwu mgbidi abụọ gbagoro agbago n'akụkụ ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ nsọ ahụ. Awad gbanwere ya, ihe osise ya mere ka ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè karịa onye na-ekiri ya. Ọrụ a na-egosi ọrụ siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na ọha mmadụ n'oge gara aga nke Ijipt na taa. Anyị pụkwara ịhụ ihe ọ pụtara n'aka ụmụ nwanyị—ha ji papaịrọs n'aka ha, nke a na-akọwa ihe ọmụma pụtara . === ''Ụmụ nwanyị Na-arịgo n'Ubube'' === Ọrụ a, ''Ụmụ nwanyị Na-arịgo n'Ubube'', dabeere na ihe nkiri dị na Ụlọ Nsọ Rameseum na Luxor, Egypt. Site n'itinye ihe oyiyi oge ochie a n'ọnọdụ ọgbara ọhụrụ ọ na-egosi ka ụmụ nwanyị ji arụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga nakwa n'oge a. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/5136/visualizing-revolution_the-politics-of-paint-in-ta/|title=Jadaliyya|first=Jadaliyya -|author=جدلية|work=Jadaliyya – جدلية}}</ref> Awad sere mpempe a ka ọ nọchite anya ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị wee kwuo mmetụta nke agha Kadesh nke ọ dị na ya. N'obí a, e nwere ihe ndị e chebere nke ọma na agha Kadesh . Ramesses II gbabara n'ọgụ (ahịrị dị ala). A na-egosi na ọ ka ndị ikom ya ibu, na ndị iro, nke ka ukwuu ná ndị nwụrụ anwụ na ndị merụrụ ahụ, dinara n'obo n'ala. Mb͕e ahu ebe ewusiri ike nke Kedesh, nke oké osimiri buruburu, nēkesa ìgwè ndi-iro n'ọgbọ agha. Ndị ikom a, n'ebe dị anya site n'ijikere onwe ha maka agha, na-ebinye ndị enyi ha mmiri na-eri nri aka. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ewerewo ihe osise a dị ka nkọwa aghụghọ, ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na mgbagwoju anya nke ihe mejupụtara ya na-egosi mmepe na ọkaibe. Ọnụọgụ ndị ahụ n'otu n'otu, agbanyeghị, na-egosi mbelata nke ukwuu site na nkọwapụta nke mpụta nke ụlọ nsọ Seti I's Mortuary. Egypt nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịnala nke ya. <ref name="autogenerated2"/> Nke a na-eme ka Awad pụta ìhè ọzọ na-ebute okwu gbasara ọha na eze ma na-emesi ike na Egypt ga-alaghachi na mgbọrọgwụ ya iji gaa n'ihu. === ''Ndị ọbịa'' === N'okporo ụzọ Mohamed Mahmoud bụ nnukwu onyonyo eserese eserese nke sitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme Egypt oge ochie, nke Awad sere na 2012. "Akụkọ ifo nke mbibi mmadụ n'Ijipt oge ochie" nke [[Amir Fouad]] dere hieroglyphic. N'ezie, Otú ọ dị, akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ebe nchekwa omenala na nke ọha mmadụ enweghị ike ịdị ndụ karịa na Mgbanwe nke Egypt na ihe ọ ga-esi na ya pụta. Mgbanwe nke Egypt emeghachila akụkọ ihe mere eme n'okporo ámá n'ụzọ nwere ikike ime mgbanwe n'ime ọha mmadụ. Ihe akaebe na-enweghị atụ maka nke a bụ n'okporo ámá nke Mohammad Mahmoud Street, bụ nke webatara nka ndị Ijipt n'ụzọ na-enye ma akụkọ ihe mere eme oge ochie na nke ọgbara ọhụrụ nwere nkọwa dị mma. Awad gbasaara onyonyo a site n'esere ọtụtụ ndị nnabata, ma ọ bụ "ụmụ nwanyị na-echere," nke e bu n'obi 'gosi ọtụtụ narị afọ' amamihe nwanyị ochie jiri ihu ọchị nnabata. Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi obiọma nke onye nnabata, na-anọchite anya ndị mmadụ, juxtaposed. Ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a sitere na ọnọdụ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a na-agwụ na Tomb nke Ramose . === Jaketị na mkpuchi mkpuchi === Abalị niile Ọ bụ ụtụtụ site n'aka Andy Young, Nọvemba 2014 <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavenderink.org/site/shop/all-night-it-is-morning/|title=All Night It Is Morning|date=11 October 2017|work=Lavender Ink / Diálogos|accessdate=7 January 2018}}</ref> Soft Force: Women in Egypt's Islamic edemede nke Ellen Anne McLarney dere , 9780691158495, 9781400866441, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://press.princeton.edu/titles/10512.html|title=Soft Force|work=Princeton University Press}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị nke Naịl: Ụmụ nwanyị Ijipt Na-agbanwe Ụwa Ha site na Samia I. Spencer , 9781443894579 12 Disemba 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cambridgescholars.com/daughters-of-the-nile|title=Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Daughters of the Nile|work=cambridgescholars.com|accessdate=2024-05-28|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030044940/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/daughters-of-the-nile}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.artsy.net/artist/alaa-awad Artsy] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140405062314/http://fart.svu.edu.eg/English/Pages/default.aspx Ngalaba nka nka na Luxor] – ngalaba nke ọmarịcha nka ibe * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151003205230/http://www.jadaliyya.com/content_images/fck_images/Image%204%20for%20Jad.jpeg Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme njem] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150721192936/http://www.kunsthalle-baden-baden.de/home-en-US/ http://www.baden-baden.de/] - Staatliche Kunsthalle na Baden-Baden / Germany * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151004023004/http://www.jadaliyya.com/content_images/fck_images/Image%205%20for%20Jad.jpeg Ụmụ nwanyị na-arịgo n'ubube] – Original Women ịrị elu ubube * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200315/http://www.jadaliyya.com/content_images/fck_images/Screen%20Shot%202013-06-29%20at%206_34_04%20PM(1).png ụmụ nwanyị na-eche] * [https://www.wikiart.org/en/alaa-awad/ WikiArt] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210131025459/https://www.egyptanaa.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A3-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1/?fbclid=IwAR2LzU4cFfDawtmzsUt_659tIC_p2zWzkBmLvOgl-c_Q47bUNiKgqW_8BB0%2F EGYPTANA1 · Nachrichten- und Medienseite] - “الأقصر تتلألأ في سماء باريس” معرض “البر الغربي” لعلاء عوضي يضاهي * [https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20130508-egypts-street-art-revolution/ bbc] - Nkà n'okporo ámá siri ike nke Egypt na-atụ egwu * [https://cairoscene.com/ArtsAndCulture/Explaining-Alaa-Awad-The-Man-Behind-The-Paintbrush/ Ihe nkiri Cairo] - NA-akọwa ALAA AWAD, ONYE N'azụ ihe osise ahụ. * [http://loveandlobby.com/alaa-awad-ode-to-ancient-egypt/ Love and Lobby] - ALAA AWAD: ODE TO ANCIENT EGYPT * [http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/32/98/398456/Folk/Folk-Arts/Alaa-Awad-on-the-brilliance-of-ancient-Egyptian-ar.aspx/ Ahram Online] - Alaa Awad na nchapụta nke ndị nka Egypt oge ochie * [https://lepetitjournal.com/le-caire/alaa-awad-lartiste-qui-fait-revivre-lart-de-legypte-antique-288455/ Lepetitjournal.com] - Alaa Awad, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ike nwetaghachi ihe ochie nke ihe ochie nke Egypt * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210515200812/https://fr.yourtripagent.com/5468-top-10-egyptian-contemporary-artists yourtripagent.com] - Top 10 Des Artistes Égyptiens Contemporains * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aoxpy2gQW6Y&feature=youtu.be/ UNFPA Egypt CO] - Art for Development الفن من أجل التنمية * [https://www.concours-lepine.com/flipbooks/150901InventionMagazine193/mobile/index.html?fbclid=IwAR0donl3-iH1FkLZPCrPNtLgyPMDepWNoDH-Ep3mZkRJeFI7DlsQU7ymjCk/ Magazin mepụtara] - Dépeindre une sociétè juste * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWqWLHbG1bg&feature=emb_logo/ فرانس 24 / FRANCE 24 Arabic] - الفنان التشكيلي المصري علاء عوض يتحدث عن معرضه في باريس "البر الغربي" * [https://smaek.de/ausstellungen/an-egyptian-story-paintings-by-alaa-awad/ Akụkọ Egypt] – SMÄK / Staatliches Museum Ägyptischer Kunst * [http://alaa-awad.com/ ala-awad.com] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nv2gsmwgpbosguiuj4ejxmrxu74cn5d 0 45955 631990 628646 2026-05-05T02:38:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 631990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Sara Hegazy 01.jpg|caption=Sarah Hegazi}} {{Databox}}'''Sarah Hegazi''' ( Arabic ; 1 Ọktoba 1989 – 14 June 2020), sụkwara '''Hegazy''' ma ọ bụ '''Higazy''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ode akwụkwọ, na onye na-akwado nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=After Crackdown, Egypt's LGBT Community Contemplates 'Dark Future'|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/18/620110576/after-crackdown-egypts-lgbt-community-contemplates-dark-future|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=NPR|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Noury">{{Cite web|author=Noury|first=Riccardo|date=15 June 2020|title=In memoria di Sara Higazy - Focus On Africa -|url=https://www.focusonafrica.info/in-memoria-di-sara-higazy/|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=Focus On Africa|language=it-IT}}</ref> E jidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ na taa ya ahụhụ na [[Egypt]] ọnwa atọ ka ọ fesịrị ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu na egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila na 2017 na Cairo . <ref name="MEE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi-suicide-trauma|title='Egypt failed her': LGBT activist kills herself in Canada after suffering post-prison trauma|work=Middle East Eye|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi, bụ́ onye ya na PTSD bi n'ihi ahụhụ a tara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'Ijipt, nyere ikike mgbaba na [[Canada]], biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe o gburu onwe ya. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hegazi na 1 October 1989 na ezinụlọ ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Egypt nke etiti; ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne anọ. O nyeere nne ya aka ilekọta ụmụnne ya mgbe nna ya, onye nkuzi sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwụsịrị. Foto nke Hegazi na-eto eto yi uwe [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na-agbanwe agbanwe, gụnyere hijab, pụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2020|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Hegazi yi hijab ruo mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بعد أسبوع من انتحارها.. مشاهد من تشييع جنازة سارة حجازي في كنيسة بكندا|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626101517/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=دنيا الوطن|date=24 June 2020|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashraf|first=Aya|date=23 June 2020|title=من كنيسة وبأعلام المثلية.. لقطات من جنازة سارة حجازي|url=https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626102225/https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=June 26, 2020|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Elwatan News|language=ar}}</ref> Na 2010, Hegazi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Thebas Academy na nzere bachelọ na sistemụ ozi yana Mahadum America dị na Cairo Na-aga n'ihu Education Center na 2016. Site na mmụta dị anya, Hegazi dechara asambodo na "Ịlụ ọgụ maka nha anya: 1950-2018", "Feminism and Social Justice", "Ụzọ nyocha", "Diversity na nsonye n'ebe ọrụ", na "Ịghọta ime ihe ike" na Mahadum [[Colombia|Columbia]], Mahadum nke California Santa Cruz, SOAS University of [[London]], Mahadum Pittsburgh, na Mahadum Emory . <ref name="insta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1XtvcmhAJW/|title=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta2">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "Diversity in the workplace. نستقبل مباركتكم في الكورس الثالث اللي خلصته."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BxNs_Q-hPaA/|work=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta3">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "ياعبسلام تاني شهادة في كورسات الاونلاين ، والمرة دي عن النسوية والعدالة الاجتماعية ."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwskpbWhxwp/|work=Instagram}}</ref> == Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị == [[Usòrò:Sara_Hegazy_04.jpg|thumb| Hegazi n'oge ngagharị iwe na Canada]] Hegazi chọpụtara dị ka onye Kọmunist ma kwadoo Bread and Freedom Party mgbe ọ bi na Egypt, wee tinye aka na Spring Socialist Network ozugbo na Canada. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Our tribute to comrade/rafeqa Sarah Hegazi|url=https://springmag.ca/our-tribute-to-comrade-rafeqa-sarah-hegazi|work=springmag.ca|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi kọrọ na a chụrụ ya n’ọrụ n’ihi imegide ọchịchị Sisi n’Ijipt. <ref name="spring">{{Cite web|title=Interview: lessons from Egypt's counter-revolution for Sudan|url=https://springmag.ca/interview-lessons-from-egypts-counter-revolution-for-sudan|work=springmag.ca|date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Afọ itoolu mgbe mgbanwe ndị Ijipt nke 2011 gasịrị, Hegazi dere na "ọchịchị ochie ahụ ga-anwale ihe ọ bụla, ọbụna na-achụ àjà dị mkpa akara ngosi nke ọchịchị ha, ka ha nọrọ n'ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ike", na-akọwa President el-Sisi dị ka "onye kasị emegbu na onye ọchịchị aka ike na-eme ihe ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a" na-ede na "ndị na-eme mgbanwe kwenyere na agha ahụ bụ otu nke klas". <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=The Egyptian revolution: Nine years later|url=https://springmag.ca/the-egyptian-revolution-nine-years-later|work=springmag.ca|date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Hegazi dere na n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe a hapụrụ ezughị ezu, "ọtụtụ n'ime anyị nọ ugbu a n'ili, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ n'ala ọzọ." <ref name="auto1" /> == Mkpagbu n'Ijipt == === Jide na mgbapu === Na Septemba 22, 2017, Sarah Hegazi gara otu egwu maka ndị otu [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] Mashrou 'Leila nke onye na-agụ egwú bụ Hamed Sinno, bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke n'ezoghị ọnụ. Hegazi so na otu ndị ọzọ ejidere maka ifefe ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu iji kwado ikike LGBT. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Egypt arrests dozens in crackdown on gays|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rights-idUSKCN1C72BW|accessdate=2020-06-14}}</ref> E boro ya ebubo isonyere òtù nke nzube ya bụ imebi iwu site n'ịkpali omume rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=القضاء المصري يفرج بكفالة عن شاب وشابة لوحا بعلم يرمز الى المثليين|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/afp/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/43793762|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=2 January 2018|language=ar}} [[Òtù:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> Njide ya dabara na nzaghachi enweghị nnabata nke Egypt iji kwụsị nkwado ọha na eze maka ikike LGBT na mba ahụ . <ref name="hrw">{{Cite web|date=6 October 2017|title=Egypt: Mass Arrests Amid LGBT Media Blackout|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/06/egypt-mass-arrests-amid-lgbt-media-blackout|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Sayeda Zeinab ebe ndị ọrụ nwoke kpalitere ndị mkpọrọ ka ha tie ya ihe, na-ekwukwa ya ọnụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Ramesh|first=Mythreyee|date=23 June 2020|title=Who Was Sarah Hegazi – Egyptian LGBTQ Activist Who Died By Suicide|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623123259/https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=The Quint|language=en}}</ref> N'ime edemede Mada Masr bipụtara na Septemba 24, 2018, Hegazi kọrọ akụkọ njide ya. O dere na e jidere ya n'ụlọ n'ihu ezinụlọ ya, na, n'oge usoro ahụ, onye uwe ojii ahụ jụrụ ya ajụjụ banyere okpukpe ya, ihe mere o ji wepụ hijab ya, na ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=عام على موقعة "الرينبو": نظام يعتقل، وإسلاميون يصفّقون|url=https://madamasr.com/ar/2018/09/24/opinion/u/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a5/|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=مدى مصر|language=ar}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ ya si kwuo, onye uwe ojii ahụ kpuchiri ya anya wee buru ya ụgbọ ala gaa ebe ọ na-amaghị. <ref name=":6" /> Ọ nọdụrụ ala n'oche ejiri akwa kechie aka ya. Igwe ọkụ eletrik gbawara ya ma tụfuo onwe ya. <ref name=":6" /> E yikwara ya egwu na nne ya ga-emerụ ya ma ọ gwa onye ọ bụla. <ref name=":6" /> A tọhapụrụ Hegazi na 2 Jenụwarị 2018 wee kwụọ £ 1,000 (US$56); <ref name=":8" /> mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike ịda mbà n'obi, ọgụ ụjọ na nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Zalm|first=Emma van der|date=18 June 2020|title=Death of activist Sarah Hegazy highlights struggle of Egypt's gay community|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/06/egypt-sarah-hegazy-death-gay-rights-crackdown.html|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị mgbasa ozi tụnyere njide nke Hegazi na njide nke Cairo 52 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Egyptian LGBTQ activist Sarah Hegazy: "How can I survive in a society based on hate?" - Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/obituary-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazy-how-can-i-survive-in-a-society-based-on-hate|accessdate=2021-04-20|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|date=19 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> N'ịtụ egwu ịgbakwu akwụkwọ, Hegazi chọrọ mgbapu na Canada na 2018. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name="Egypt Independent">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=Two held in Egyptian anti-gay crackdown are freed on bail|url=https://egyptindependent.com/two-held-egyptian-anti-gay-crackdown-freed-bail/|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrịa kansa Hegazi nwụnahụrụ nne ya otu ọnwa ka ọ hapụsịrị Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Deveney|first=Catherine|title=Catherine Deveney: At its heart, forgiveness is a simple thing which captures the best of being human|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/opinion/columnists/catherine-deveney/2289311/catherine-deveney-at-its-heart-forgiveness-is-a-simple-thing-which-captures-the-best-of-being-human/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Press and Journal|date=26 June 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'Ijipt, ebe a na-amachibidoghị nwoke idina nwoke iwu n'ụzọ doro anya na ikike ikike, a na-ejide njide na ebubo na-adabere na 1961 "Iwu na-alụso Ịgba akwụna" nke na-amachibido ịkwa iko na ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, na-esochi egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila's Cairo 2017, ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu Egypt nyefere iwu na-amachibido mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ihe ruru afọ atọ mkpọrọ. Ọ bụrụ na a mara ndị a ikpe ikpe ọzọ, a ga-ama ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ ise. <ref name=":8"/> Eji nwelite iwu ahụ iji mebie ndị LGBT Egypt n'agbanyeghị na iwu emelitere enweghị ntụle maka nwoke idina nwoke. Mmelite ahụ nyere ndị uwe ojii ikike ịbanye n'ebe a na-akparịta ụka na ngwa mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị, ime ka à ga-asị na ha bụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na ịma ndị otu LGBT n'ọnyà. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/03/jailed-for-using-grindr-homosexuality-in-egypt|title=Jailed for using Grindr: homosexuality in Egypt|first=Mia|author=Jankowicz|work=The Guardian|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Dị ka gọọmentị Egypt si kwuo, emelitere iwu ahụ iji leba anya na mmepe ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịkwụsị ịntanetị na ndị na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ịgba ume na omume ọjọọ na omume ịgba akwụna. Edebere obodo LGBTQ+ dị ka ihe iyi egwu nchekwa obodo site n'aka gọọmentị Egypt, ndị isi okpukperechi, na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; A na-akwalite echiche a site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti na-achịkwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Imran|first=Yousra Samir|date=19 June 2020|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy: Arab LGBT community mourns the loss of a 'beacon of hope'|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622100940/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=alaraby|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sarah_Hegazy_riding_a_bicycle.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi ji obi ụtọ n'ịnyịnya igwe ya na ogbe ndịda Cairo]] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Hegazi nwụrụ na 14 June 2020 na Toronto, Canada. Na 15 June 2020, onye ọka iwu Hegazi Khaled Al-Masry kwadoro ọnwụ ya dị ka igbu onwe ya. <ref name="suicide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/15/sara-hegazy-egypt-lgbt-activist-pride-flag-death-suicide-tribute-mashrou-leila-canada/|title=Sara Hegazy, the pioneering Egyptian LGBT+ activist who was tortured for flying a Pride flag, has died by suicide|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Mpempe akwụkwọ ozi Hegazi dere n'asụsụ Arabik ekesara na soshal midia mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="MEE"/> <ref name="suicide" /> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gụrụ: "Nye ụmụnne m - agbalịrị m ịlanarị ma m dara ada, gbaghara m. Nye ndị enyi m - ahụmahụ ahụ siri ike ma adịghị m ike iguzogide ya, gbaghara m. N'ụwa - ị nwere obi ọjọọ nye onye ukwu. n'ókè, ma m na-agbaghara." <ref name="streets 2">{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/06/14/egyptian-lgbtqi-activist-sara-hegazy-dies-aged-30-in-canada/|title=Egyptian LGBTQI+ Activist Sara Hegazy Dies Aged 30 in Canada|work=Egyptian Streets|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egyptian LGBT rights activist dies by suicide in Canada after 'failing to survive'|url=http://egypttoday.com/Article/1/88586/Egyptian-LGBT-rights-activist-dies-by-suicide-in-Canada-after|work=Egypt Today|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> A kọrọ ọnwụ ya n'ofe mgbasa ozi mba ụwa niile, na-atụnye ụtụ maka mmemme ya bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro. <ref name="disorient">{{Cite web|url=https://www.disorient.de/blog/memory-sarah-reflections-violence-fear-and-pain|title=In memory of Sarah: Reflections on violence, fear and pain|work=dis:orient}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/|title=Egyptian LGBTQ+ rights activist Sarah Hijazi has died, aged 30|date=15 June 2020|work=Gay Times|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=15 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615110147/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/|title=Trauer um ägyptische LGBTIQ-Aktivistin Sarah Hijazi|date=15 June 2020|accessdate=15 June 2020|archivedate=22 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922144224/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/}}</ref> Hamed Sinno, onye isi otu ndị otu ndị Lebanon bụ Mashrou' Leila kesara Hegazi ụtụ na profaịlụ Facebook ya nke gụrụ " {{Lang|ar|الحرية لروحك}}</link> ", ma ọ bụ "Nnwere onwe maka mkpụrụ obi gị." <ref name="auto" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=''من هو هذا الربّ الذي تؤمنون به؟''... حزن مضاعف على سارة حجازي|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626100228/https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> Sinno mechara dee ma mee egwu dabere n'okwu Hegazi dere obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=The Popular Chorus|date=22 June 2020|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=The Popular Chorus|language=en-US|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> Ihe osise a na-ahụ anya na-echeta Hegazi agaala ebe niile kemgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|date=22 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> <ref name=":9" /> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri Arab na Middle Eastern na ndị ọha na eze na-ekesa ozi ọmịiko na ịdị n'otu na Hegazi na obodo LGBT n'etiti onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt [[Amr Waked]], onye na-agụ egwú Lebanọn na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Carole Samaha, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwado LGBT Alireza Shojaian, na onye ọka iwu Jordan na onye nta akụkọ Ola. Al-Fares . <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|author=Zaramella|first=Nicole|date=22 June 2020|title=Alireza Shojaian, the Painter of Middle Eastern Queer Men {{!}} Il Grande Colibrì|url=https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701223615/https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archivedate=2020-07-01|accessdate=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada Socialist ''Spring'' bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Hegazi na Valerie Lannon na-ede, sị: "Echetara m na ọ na-ekwu 'Ọ dịghị mgbe m dị ndụ dị ka n'oge mgbanwe.' Na nsọpụrụ ya, na imezu echiche nke ndụ anyị, ọ bụ ọrụ anyị ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe n'ebe a, Egypt na gburugburu ụwa." <ref name="auto2"/> N'ime ọnwa nganga nke 2020, obodo Arab LGBT nwere vigil na United States, Canada, London, Amsterdam, Berlin, Budapest na Beirut iji cheta ndụ Hegazi na mgba megide nwoke idina nwoke; <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=Sara Hegazy, who died by suicide after being tortured for flying a Pride flag, honoured with candlelit vigil at Egyptian embassy|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/16/sara-hegazy-suicide-torture-pride-flag-egypt-embassy-death-tribute-candelight-vigil-pride/|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release|title=The Háttér Society Also Demands Ahmed Samir Santawy's Release! &#124; Central European University|work=www.ceu.edu|accessdate=2024-05-29|archivedate=2023-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231702/https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release}}</ref> ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na ncheta ncheta na ihe omume n'ofe ụwa. <ref name=":2" /> Na Malta, [[Allied Rainbow Communities]] na Moviment Graffitti mere ncheta ọnwụ Hegazi site na ngosipụta na Embassy Egypt ma katọọ aha Gọọmenti Malta nyere Egypt dị ka obodo dị nchebe nke nwere ike ịlọghachite ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/|title=Gedenken an tote LGBTIQ-Aktivistin vor Ägyptens Botschaft in Malta|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=21 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102105/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/}}</ref> A tọgbọrọ Hegazi n'owe igbe nwere agba agba egwurugwu na-esochi olili ọha na-eli ozu St. John's Dixie na 22 June 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisvert|first=Nick|date=23 June 2020|title='A fighter, a dreamer': Egyptian LGTBTQ activist Sarah Hegazi remembered with love at funeral|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623120636/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|work=CBC news}}</ref> Ememe ncheta gara n'ihu mgbe olili Hegazi gasịrị. Ndị na-ahazi Global Pride, ihe omume LGBT dị n'ịntanetị nke a ga-eme na 27 June 2020, kwupụtara na onye agha Ijipt ibe Ahmed Alaa ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka Hegazi. Dị ka Hegazi, a tụrụ Alaa mkpọrọ mgbe egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila mere na 2017 maka ịkwalite ọkọlọtọ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Somvichian-Clausen|first=Austa|date=6 May 2020|title=Re-imagining the first LGBTQ+ pride online in the age of coronavirus|url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/496365-re-imagining-the-first-lgbtq-pride-online|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=TheHill|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị 2020 nke ihe omume Napoli Pride bụ nke a raara nye na ebe nchekwa Sarah Hegazi; Ndị nhazi ahụ kwupụtara na ha bu n'obi ka mmemme ahụ bụrụ ịdọ aka ná ntị megide mmanye, ime ihe ike na imechi obi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|title=Napoli Pride 2020: un evento dedicato a Sarah Hegazi|url=http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103851/http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Terre di Campania|language=it-IT}}</ref> Arab Network for Knowledge about Human Rights weputara nkwupụta n'aha ndị otu mpaghara 42 na mba ụwa niile na-echeta Sarah Hegazi site n'ịkpọsa ụbọchị nganga maka ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị Queer si Middle East na North Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy, Egyptian LGBT+ activist who died after 'evil' torture|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/06/14/sara-hegazy-egyptian-lgbt-activist-died-suicide-anniversary/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=MENA_LQWPD {{!}} ANKH association {{!}} France|url=https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621175913/https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Pride Istanbul kpọkọtara otu panel nke na-echeta ncheta mbụ mgbe Hegazi nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Sarah Hegazi'yi Hatırlamak* – İstanbul LGBTİ+ Onur Haftası / Istanbul LGBTI+ Pride Week|url=https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621182319/https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Toronto na-echeta ya site n'esere foto ya n'ime obodo mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Toronto community pays tribute to activist tortured in Egyptian prison|url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2021/04/toronto-community-tribute-activist-tortured-egyptian-prison/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Blogto|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mural honours international queer activist Sarah Hegazi - Video - CityNews Toronto|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2021/06/18/mural-honours-international-queer-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=toronto.citynews.ca}}</ref> Ewubere mgbidi ncheta ọzọ na Brighton, UK. <ref name="scenemag">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Sarah Hegazi mural revealed in Brighton {{!}} Scene Magazine - What's on in Gay / LGBTQ Brighton|url=https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128190516/https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/}}</ref> Ememe ncheta nke Columbia Global Centers dị na Amman kagburu n'ihi nrụgide gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amman Pride event s cancellation stirs painful memories for LGBT Jordanians|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/ammans-cancellation-lgbt-event-frustrates-activists?amp=1|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=The New Arab|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A year has passed since queer activist Sarah Hegazi's death, but her ghost still frightens local and conservative authorities...|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMegaphoneNews%2Fposts%2F2885832361634559|date=June 14, 2021|author=Megaphone|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe (AWID) kpọrọ Sarah Hegazi na ụtụ ha nyere "ndị na-akwado nwanyị 450 bụ ndị gbanwere ụwa anyị". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute: Remembering feminist activists who changed our world|url=https://www.awid.org/whrd-tribute|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=AWID|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri mkpirisi nyocha nke John Greyson nke afọ 2021 bụ ''International Dawn Chorus Day'' ka emepụtara dị ka ụtụ nye Hegazi na Shady Habash . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INTERNATIONAL-DAWN-CHORUS-DAY-Premieres-April-29-20210329|title=International Dawn Chorus Day Premieres April 29|first=Sarah Jae|author=Leiber|date=March 29, 2021|work=[[Broadway World]]|accessdate=October 1, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ "Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarah Hegazi" nke onye nduzi Nicole Teney dere bụ onye ikpeazụ nke 2022 Breaking through the Lens jury. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Calnan2022-06-06T12:25:00+01:00|first=Ellie|title=Breaking Through The Lens 2022 finalists unveiled at Cannes|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/breaking-through-the-lens-2022-finalists-unveiled-at-cannes/5171404.article|accessdate=2022-09-10|work=Screen|language=en}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2023, Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy kwupụtara mkpakọrịta na-echeta Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIMEP Announces New Fellowships in 2023|url=https://timep.org/press/press-releases/timep-announces-new-fellowships-in-2023/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=TIMEP|date=16 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> === Mmeghachi omume === [[Usòrò:Sarah_hegazi_2020.jpg|thumb| Paris vigil na ebe nchekwa Hegazi, 20 June 2020]] Enwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị LGBT na-ehichapụ ma na-emegbu ya kpọmkwem na Egypt na n'ọnọdụ sara mbara nke Middle East na North Africa ( MENA ). Nke a na-abịa site na mmachi, okwu ịkpọasị, na mkpagbu chịkọtara ọnụ. Ezutewo ọnwụ Sarah Hegazi na nzaghachi mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara MENA ma site na omume gọọmentị, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, ma ọ bụ okwu ọha, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|work=BBC News عربي|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/|title=أنس السبطي: قضية سارة حجازي المثلية المصرية المنتحرة.. نقطة نظام|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=27 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627035013/https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/entertainment/2020/6/21/مؤيدون-ومعارضون-لإزالة-جداريات-سارة-حجازي-في-عمان|title=مؤيدون ومعارضون لإزالة جداريات سارة حجازي في عمّان|first=عمّان ــ العربي|author=الجديد|work=alaraby}}</ref> Otu akụkọ na Raseef22 nke tụlere obodo LGBT + na Jordan na Sarah Hegazi mural. na Amman ka ehichapụrụ ngwa ngwa mgbe onye nta akụkọ Jordan nwetara nnukwu iyi egwu na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2020|title=تهديدات طالت فريق رصيف22... عندما يمارس جزء واسع من مجتمعنا دور السلطة القمعية|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078854-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%8122-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9|accessdate=2020-06-30|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Side-by-side_image_of_Amman_mural_of_Sarah_Hegazi_before_and_after.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi mural na isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] Amman, tupu na mgbe agba agba]] A na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ na ihe osise ihe osise na-echeta Hegazi na Amman isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] ka ọgba aghara mgbasa ozi ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 June 2020|title=أمانة عمان تزيل جرافيتي للمصرية سارة حجازي (صور)|url=http://ammannet.net/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=موقع عمان نت|language=ar}}</ref> Otu onye nta akụkọ katọrọ omume ahụ na tweet na-ekwu, sị: "...Amman Municipality na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbede abalị na-ehichapụ ihe osise nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ike [ شواذ<nowiki></link></nowiki> , okwu Arabic maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Amman. Ọ tụrụ m n'anya na ụdị a [ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] dị n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị omenala na omenala anyị..." <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Erem News|date=21 June 2020|title=صور لساره حجازي في شوارع عامة تثير غضبا في الأردن.. وأمانة عمان تتدخل|url=https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065955/https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.eremnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ekwuchitere obodo Greater Amman kwuru, sị: "Amman Mayor Yusef Al-Shawarbeh nyere ndị ọrụ mpaghara niile iwu. wepụ ihe osise ahụ." <ref name=":5" /> Òtù Bedaayaa LGBT nke Egypt kọrọ na ọnwụ Hegazi na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi na-esochi kpalitere mkpọsa mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ịntanetị megide ya na ndị obodo LGBT. <ref name=":7"/> Noor Selim, onye Ijipt transgender na nwa nwoke onye omee a ma ama [[Hesham Selim]], gbaghaara ihe ọ kpọrọ ihu abụọ nke ọha ma gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=معنديش خلل هرموني.. كيف أثار نور هشام سليم الجدل مجددا على مواقع التواصل؟ - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=22062020&id=afc948ff-4956-4648-a54a-9ab569809ce6|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.shorouknews.com|language=ar-eg}}</ref> Na 23 June 2020, ndị ọka iwu Egypt abụọ gbara akwụkwọ megide Selim maka ịgbachitere Hegazi, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-achọ "ịgbasa nwoke idina nwoke" na Egypt. <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 2020|title=دعوى قضائية تتهم نجل هشام سليم بنشر "المثلية في مصر"|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-53159907|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Cheikh Rafiki, onye ụkọchukwu Alakụba Moroccan, nwetara egwu ọnwụ mgbe ọ gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi n'aka onye metụtara ISIL n'ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Maria|date=20 June 2020|title=Islam - Maroc: Cheikh Rafiki " menacé de mort " sur le Net par un daechien|url=http://article19.ma/accueil/archives/130918|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Article19.ma|language=fr-FR}}</ref> A na-ese foto ihu ya na ụfọdụ okwu ikpeazụ ya na Brighton, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. <ref name="scenemag"/> Na Wikipedia Wikipedia Hegazi ehichapụ ibe Wikipedia, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị n'asụsụ asatọ na Wikipedia n'oge ahụ, kama ọ jikọtara ya dịka otu n'ime akụkụ dị na ibe "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị". <ref name="deletion">{{Cite web|author=ببيلي|first=ديما|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا؟|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53272162|work=BBC News Arabic|accessdate=4 July 2020|language=ar|date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Otu onye otu obodo Wikipedia nke Arabic kọwara mkpebi ha site n'ịzọrọ "enweghị aha Hegazi zuru oke". <ref name="deletion" /> Mkpebi ha kpasuru ndị na-eme ihe ike, bụ ndị boro weebụsaịtị ebubo "ịhụnanya", ma meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ edezi na Wikipedia Arabic na banyere nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'elu ikpo okwu nke "na-emeghe nye onye ọ bụla". <ref>{{Cite web|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا|url=https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024|work=headtopics|date=3 July 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108145022/https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024}}</ref> Ndị otu Mashrou'Leila, onye egwu egwu Hegazy gara gara kwupụtara na ọ na-agbasa na Septemba 2022. Onye na-abụ abụ bụ Hamed Sinno, kwuru na ọnwụ Sarah Hegazy bụ ihe na-enye aka na mkpebi ịgbasa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanese band Mashrou' Leila quits after years of harassment over sexual orientation - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/09/lebanese-band-mashrou-leila-quits-after-years-harassment-over-sexual-orientation|accessdate=2023-03-20|work=www.al-monitor.com|date=25 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ese foto Italy Umberto Nicoletti bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Asylum", na mmekorita nke 519 Church Street, CIG Arcigay, na ndị ọzọ LGBT obodo LGBT òtù na-enye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mmemme nkwado. Akwụkwọ a na-akọ akụkọ gbasara ndị LGBT na-achọ mgbaba, wee jiri akụkọ Hegazi meghee. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Farber|first=Jim|date=2023-05-15|title='This is not a small issue': the devastating plight of LGBTQ asylum seekers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/may/15/lgbtq-asylum-seekers-new-book-umberto-nicoletti|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   *   {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k7og6bqq8vt8g5cnaxqpot8yd76vkuz 631991 631990 2026-05-05T02:45:14Z Goodymaraj 21567 631991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=Sara Hegazy 01.jpg|caption=Sarah Hegazi}} {{Databox}}'''Sarah Hegazi''' ( Arabic ; 1 Ọktoba 1989 – 14 June 2020), sụkwara '''Hegazy''' ma ọ bụ '''Higazy''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị, onye ode akwụkwọ, na onye na-akwado nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=After Crackdown, Egypt's LGBT Community Contemplates 'Dark Future'|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/06/18/620110576/after-crackdown-egypts-lgbt-community-contemplates-dark-future|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=NPR|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Noury">{{Cite web|author=Noury|first=Riccardo|date=15 June 2020|title=In memoria di Sara Higazy - Focus On Africa -|url=https://www.focusonafrica.info/in-memoria-di-sara-higazy/|accessdate=2020-06-16|work=Focus On Africa|language=it-IT}}</ref> E jidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ na taa ya ahụhụ na [[Egypt]] ọnwa atọ ka ọ fesịrị ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu na egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila na 2017 na Cairo . <ref name="MEE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi-suicide-trauma|title='Egypt failed her': LGBT activist kills herself in Canada after suffering post-prison trauma|work=Middle East Eye|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi, bụ́ onye ya na PTSD bi n'ihi ahụhụ a tara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'Ijipt, nyere ikike mgbaba na [[Canada]], biri n'ebe ahụ ruo mgbe o gburu onwe ya. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Hegazi na 1 October 1989 na ezinụlọ ndị na-eme mgbanwe na Egypt nke etiti; ọ bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne anọ. O nyeere nne ya aka ilekọta ụmụnne ya mgbe nna ya, onye nkuzi sayensị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwụsịrị. Foto nke Hegazi na-eto eto yi uwe [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]] na-agbanwe agbanwe, gụnyere hijab, pụtara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite news|date=15 June 2020|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Hegazi yi hijab ruo mgbe ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=بعد أسبوع من انتحارها.. مشاهد من تشييع جنازة سارة حجازي في كنيسة بكندا|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626101517/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2020/06/24/1347206.html|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=دنيا الوطن|date=24 June 2020|language=ar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashraf|first=Aya|date=23 June 2020|title=من كنيسة وبأعلام المثلية.. لقطات من جنازة سارة حجازي|url=https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626102225/https://honna.elwatannews.com/news/details/2066877/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=June 26, 2020|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Elwatan News|language=ar}}</ref> Na 2010, Hegazi gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Thebas Academy na nzere bachelọ na sistemụ ozi yana Mahadum America dị na Cairo Na-aga n'ihu Education Center na 2016. Site na mmụta dị anya, Hegazi dechara asambodo na "Ịlụ ọgụ maka nha anya: 1950-2018", "Feminism and Social Justice", "Ụzọ nyocha", "Diversity na nsonye n'ebe ọrụ", na "Ịghọta ime ihe ike" na Mahadum [[Colombia|Columbia]], Mahadum nke [[California]] Santa Cruz, SOAS University of [[London]], Mahadum Pittsburgh, na Mahadum Emory . <ref name="insta">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B1XtvcmhAJW/|title=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta2">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "Diversity in the workplace. نستقبل مباركتكم في الكورس الثالث اللي خلصته."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BxNs_Q-hPaA/|work=Instagram}}</ref> <ref name="insta3">{{Cite web|title=Sarah Hegazi on Instagram: "ياعبسلام تاني شهادة في كورسات الاونلاين ، والمرة دي عن النسوية والعدالة الاجتماعية ."|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwskpbWhxwp/|work=Instagram}}</ref> == Echiche Ndị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị == [[Usòrò:Sara_Hegazy_04.jpg|thumb| Hegazi n'oge ngagharị iwe na Canada]] Hegazi chọpụtara dị ka onye Kọmunist ma kwadoo Bread and Freedom Party mgbe ọ bi na Egypt, wee tinye aka na Spring Socialist Network ozugbo na Canada. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=Our tribute to comrade/rafeqa Sarah Hegazi|url=https://springmag.ca/our-tribute-to-comrade-rafeqa-sarah-hegazi|work=springmag.ca|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> Hegazi kọrọ na a chụrụ ya n’ọrụ n’ihi imegide ọchịchị Sisi n’Ijipt. <ref name="spring">{{Cite web|title=Interview: lessons from Egypt's counter-revolution for Sudan|url=https://springmag.ca/interview-lessons-from-egypts-counter-revolution-for-sudan|work=springmag.ca|date=17 July 2019}}</ref> Afọ itoolu mgbe mgbanwe ndị Ijipt nke 2011 gasịrị, Hegazi dere na "ọchịchị ochie ahụ ga-anwale ihe ọ bụla, ọbụna na-achụ àjà dị mkpa akara ngosi nke ọchịchị ha, ka ha nọrọ n'ọchịchị ma ọ bụ nwetaghachi ike", na-akọwa President el-Sisi dị ka "onye kasị emegbu na onye ọchịchị aka ike na-eme ihe ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a" na-ede na "ndị na-eme mgbanwe kwenyere na agha ahụ bụ otu nke klas". <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=The Egyptian revolution: Nine years later|url=https://springmag.ca/the-egyptian-revolution-nine-years-later|work=springmag.ca|date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Hegazi dere na n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe a hapụrụ ezughị ezu, "ọtụtụ n'ime anyị nọ ugbu a n'ili, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ma ọ bụ n'ala ọzọ." <ref name="auto1" /> == Mkpagbu n'Ijipt == === Jide na mgbapu === Na Septemba 22, 2017, Sarah Hegazi gara otu egwu maka ndị otu [[Lebanon|Lebanọn]] Mashrou 'Leila nke onye na-agụ egwú bụ Hamed Sinno, bụ nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke n'ezoghị ọnụ. Hegazi so na otu ndị ọzọ ejidere maka ifefe ọkọlọtọ egwurugwu iji kwado ikike LGBT. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|title=Egypt arrests dozens in crackdown on gays|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-rights-idUSKCN1C72BW|accessdate=2020-06-14}}</ref> E boro ya ebubo isonyere òtù nke nzube ya bụ imebi iwu site n'ịkpali omume rụrụ arụ ma ọ bụ omume rụrụ arụ. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=القضاء المصري يفرج بكفالة عن شاب وشابة لوحا بعلم يرمز الى المثليين|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ara/afp/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AC-%D8%A8%D9%83%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%B2-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86/43793762|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=SWI swissinfo.ch|date=2 January 2018|language=ar}} [[Òtù:CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar)]]</ref> Njide ya dabara na nzaghachi enweghị nnabata nke Egypt iji kwụsị nkwado ọha na eze maka ikike LGBT na mba ahụ . <ref name="hrw">{{Cite web|date=6 October 2017|title=Egypt: Mass Arrests Amid LGBT Media Blackout|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/10/06/egypt-mass-arrests-amid-lgbt-media-blackout|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Human Rights Watch|language=en}}</ref> A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa atọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Sayeda Zeinab ebe ndị ọrụ nwoke kpalitere ndị mkpọrọ ka ha tie ya ihe, na-ekwukwa ya ọnụ na mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Ramesh|first=Mythreyee|date=23 June 2020|title=Who Was Sarah Hegazi – Egyptian LGBTQ Activist Who Died By Suicide|url=https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623123259/https://www.thequint.com/neon/gender/sarah-hegazi-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-suicide-funeral|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=The Quint|language=en}}</ref> N'ime edemede Mada Masr bipụtara na Septemba 24, 2018, Hegazi kọrọ akụkọ njide ya. O dere na e jidere ya n'ụlọ n'ihu ezinụlọ ya, na, n'oge usoro ahụ, onye uwe ojii ahụ jụrụ ya ajụjụ banyere okpukpe ya, ihe mere o ji wepụ hijab ya, na ma ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=عام على موقعة "الرينبو": نظام يعتقل، وإسلاميون يصفّقون|url=https://madamasr.com/ar/2018/09/24/opinion/u/%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%85%d9%88%d9%82%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a8%d9%88-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%8a%d8%b9%d8%aa%d9%82%d9%84%d8%8c-%d9%88%d8%a5/|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=مدى مصر|language=ar}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ ya si kwuo, onye uwe ojii ahụ kpuchiri ya anya wee buru ya ụgbọ ala gaa ebe ọ na-amaghị. <ref name=":6" /> Ọ nọdụrụ ala n'oche ejiri akwa kechie aka ya. Igwe ọkụ eletrik gbawara ya ma tụfuo onwe ya. <ref name=":6" /> E yikwara ya egwu na nne ya ga-emerụ ya ma ọ gwa onye ọ bụla. <ref name=":6" /> A tọhapụrụ Hegazi na 2 Jenụwarị 2018 wee kwụọ £ 1,000 (US$56); <ref name=":8" /> mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, ọ gbalịsiri ike ịda mbà n'obi, ọgụ ụjọ na nsogbu nrụgide post-traumatic . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Zalm|first=Emma van der|date=18 June 2020|title=Death of activist Sarah Hegazy highlights struggle of Egypt's gay community|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2020/06/egypt-sarah-hegazy-death-gay-rights-crackdown.html|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Al-Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị mgbasa ozi tụnyere njide nke Hegazi na njide nke Cairo 52 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Obituary: Egyptian LGBTQ activist Sarah Hegazy: "How can I survive in a society based on hate?" - Qantara.de|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/obituary-egyptian-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazy-how-can-i-survive-in-a-society-based-on-hate|accessdate=2021-04-20|work=Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World|date=19 June 2020|language=en}}</ref> N'ịtụ egwu ịgbakwu akwụkwọ, Hegazi chọrọ mgbapu na Canada na 2018. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name="Egypt Independent">{{Cite web|date=4 January 2018|title=Two held in Egyptian anti-gay crackdown are freed on bail|url=https://egyptindependent.com/two-held-egyptian-anti-gay-crackdown-freed-bail/|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Egypt Independent|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọrịa kansa Hegazi nwụnahụrụ nne ya otu ọnwa ka ọ hapụsịrị Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Deveney|first=Catherine|title=Catherine Deveney: At its heart, forgiveness is a simple thing which captures the best of being human|url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/opinion/columnists/catherine-deveney/2289311/catherine-deveney-at-its-heart-forgiveness-is-a-simple-thing-which-captures-the-best-of-being-human/|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Press and Journal|date=26 June 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọnọdụ iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === N'Ijipt, ebe a na-amachibidoghị nwoke idina nwoke iwu n'ụzọ doro anya na ikike ikike, a na-ejide njide na ebubo na-adabere na 1961 "Iwu na-alụso Ịgba akwụna" nke na-amachibido ịkwa iko na ọrụ mmekọahụ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2017, na-esochi egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila's Cairo 2017, ọtụtụ ndị omeiwu Egypt nyefere iwu na-amachibido mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị ihe ruru afọ atọ mkpọrọ. Ọ bụrụ na a mara ndị a ikpe ikpe ọzọ, a ga-ama ha ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ ise. <ref name=":8"/> Eji nwelite iwu ahụ iji mebie ndị LGBT Egypt n'agbanyeghị na iwu emelitere enweghị ntụle maka nwoke idina nwoke. Mmelite ahụ nyere ndị uwe ojii ikike ịbanye n'ebe a na-akparịta ụka na ngwa mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị, ime ka à ga-asị na ha bụ nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwoke na ịma ndị otu LGBT n'ọnyà. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2017/apr/03/jailed-for-using-grindr-homosexuality-in-egypt|title=Jailed for using Grindr: homosexuality in Egypt|first=Mia|author=Jankowicz|work=The Guardian|date=3 April 2017}}</ref> Dị ka gọọmentị Egypt si kwuo, emelitere iwu ahụ iji leba anya na mmepe ọgbara ọhụrụ na ịkwụsị ịntanetị na ndị na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi ịgba ume na omume ọjọọ na omume ịgba akwụna. Edebere obodo LGBTQ+ dị ka ihe iyi egwu nchekwa obodo site n'aka gọọmentị Egypt, ndị isi okpukperechi, na ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; A na-akwalite echiche a site na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi steeti na-achịkwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Imran|first=Yousra Samir|date=19 June 2020|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy: Arab LGBT community mourns the loss of a 'beacon of hope'|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622100940/https://english.alaraby.co.uk/english/indepth/2020/6/19/arab-lgbt-community-mourns-the-loss-of-sara-hegazy|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=alaraby|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sarah_Hegazy_riding_a_bicycle.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi ji obi ụtọ n'ịnyịnya igwe ya na ogbe ndịda Cairo]] == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Hegazi nwụrụ na 14 June 2020 na Toronto, Canada. Na 15 June 2020, onye ọka iwu Hegazi Khaled Al-Masry kwadoro ọnwụ ya dị ka igbu onwe ya. <ref name="suicide">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/15/sara-hegazy-egypt-lgbt-activist-pride-flag-death-suicide-tribute-mashrou-leila-canada/|title=Sara Hegazy, the pioneering Egyptian LGBT+ activist who was tortured for flying a Pride flag, has died by suicide|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> Mpempe akwụkwọ ozi Hegazi dere n'asụsụ Arabik ekesara na soshal midia mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="MEE"/> <ref name="suicide" /> Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ gụrụ: "Nye ụmụnne m - agbalịrị m ịlanarị ma m dara ada, gbaghara m. Nye ndị enyi m - ahụmahụ ahụ siri ike ma adịghị m ike iguzogide ya, gbaghara m. N'ụwa - ị nwere obi ọjọọ nye onye ukwu. n'ókè, ma m na-agbaghara." <ref name="streets 2">{{Cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2020/06/14/egyptian-lgbtqi-activist-sara-hegazy-dies-aged-30-in-canada/|title=Egyptian LGBTQI+ Activist Sara Hegazy Dies Aged 30 in Canada|work=Egyptian Streets|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Egyptian LGBT rights activist dies by suicide in Canada after 'failing to survive'|url=http://egypttoday.com/Article/1/88586/Egyptian-LGBT-rights-activist-dies-by-suicide-in-Canada-after|work=Egypt Today|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> A kọrọ ọnwụ ya n'ofe mgbasa ozi mba ụwa niile, na-atụnye ụtụ maka mmemme ya bụ isiokwu ugboro ugboro. <ref name="disorient">{{Cite web|url=https://www.disorient.de/blog/memory-sarah-reflections-violence-fear-and-pain|title=In memory of Sarah: Reflections on violence, fear and pain|work=dis:orient}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/|title=Egyptian LGBTQ+ rights activist Sarah Hijazi has died, aged 30|date=15 June 2020|work=Gay Times|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=15 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615110147/https://www.gaytimes.co.uk/community/137285/egyptian-lgbtq-rights-activist-sarah-hijazi-has-died-aged-30/}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/|title=Trauer um ägyptische LGBTIQ-Aktivistin Sarah Hijazi|date=15 June 2020|accessdate=15 June 2020|archivedate=22 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922144224/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/15/trauer-um-aegyptische-lgbtiq-aktivistin-sarah-hijazi/}}</ref> Hamed Sinno, onye isi otu ndị otu ndị [[Lebanon]] bụ Mashrou' Leila kesara Hegazi ụtụ na profaịlụ Facebook ya nke gụrụ "ma ọ bụ "Nnwere onwe maka mkpụrụ obi gị." <ref name="auto" /> <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=''من هو هذا الربّ الذي تؤمنون به؟''... حزن مضاعف على سارة حجازي|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626100228/https://raseef22.com/article/1078684-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D9%87%D8%B0%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D8%A4%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AD%D8%B2%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> Sinno mechara dee ma mee egwu dabere n'okwu Hegazi dere obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=The Popular Chorus|date=22 June 2020|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=The Popular Chorus|language=en-US|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> Ihe osise a na-ahụ anya na-echeta Hegazi agaala ebe niile kemgbe ọ nwụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/|title=Artists pay tribute to departed LGBTQ+ activist Sarah Hegazi|date=22 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=26 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626135011/https://popularchorus.com/artists-pay-tribute-departed-lgbtq-activist-sarah-hegazi/}}</ref> <ref name=":9" /> Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe nkiri Arab na Middle Eastern na ndị ọha na eze na-ekesa ozi ọmịiko na ịdị n'otu na Hegazi na obodo LGBT n'etiti onye na-eme ihe nkiri Egypt [[Amr Waked]], onye na-agụ egwú Lebanọn na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Carole Samaha, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-akwado LGBT Alireza Shojaian, na onye ọka iwu Jordan na onye nta akụkọ Ola. Al-Fares . <ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|author=Zaramella|first=Nicole|date=22 June 2020|title=Alireza Shojaian, the Painter of Middle Eastern Queer Men {{!}} Il Grande Colibrì|url=https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701223615/https://www.ilgrandecolibri.com/en/alireza-shojaian-the-painter-of-middle-eastern-queer-men/|archivedate=2020-07-01|accessdate=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada Socialist ''Spring'' bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere Hegazi na Valerie Lannon na-ede, sị: "Echetara m na ọ na-ekwu 'Ọ dịghị mgbe m dị ndụ dị ka n'oge mgbanwe.' Na nsọpụrụ ya, na imezu echiche nke ndụ anyị, ọ bụ ọrụ anyị ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ maka mgbanwe n'ebe a, Egypt na gburugburu ụwa." <ref name="auto2"/> N'ime ọnwa nganga nke 2020, obodo Arab LGBT nwere vigil na [[United States]], Canada, London, Amsterdam, Berlin, Budapest na Beirut iji cheta ndụ Hegazi na mgba megide nwoke idina nwoke; <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=16 June 2020|title=Sara Hegazy, who died by suicide after being tortured for flying a Pride flag, honoured with candlelit vigil at Egyptian embassy|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2020/06/16/sara-hegazy-suicide-torture-pride-flag-egypt-embassy-death-tribute-candelight-vigil-pride/|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release|title=The Háttér Society Also Demands Ahmed Samir Santawy's Release! &#124; Central European University|work=www.ceu.edu|accessdate=2024-05-29|archivedate=2023-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215231702/https://www.ceu.edu/article/2021-04-28/hatter-society-also-demands-ahmed-samir-santawys-release}}</ref> ndị a jikọtara ọnụ na ncheta ncheta na ihe omume n'ofe ụwa. <ref name=":2" /> Na Malta, [[Allied Rainbow Communities]] na Moviment Graffitti mere ncheta ọnwụ Hegazi site na ngosipụta na Embassy Egypt ma katọọ aha Gọọmenti Malta nyere Egypt dị ka obodo dị nchebe nke nwere ike ịlọghachite ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/|title=Gedenken an tote LGBTIQ-Aktivistin vor Ägyptens Botschaft in Malta|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=21 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621102105/https://mannschaft.com/2020/06/19/sarah-hijazi-gedenken-an-tote-lgbtiq-aktivistin-vor-aegyptens-botschaft-in-malta/}}</ref> A tọgbọrọ Hegazi n'owe igbe nwere agba agba egwurugwu na-esochi olili ọha na-eli ozu St. John's Dixie na 22 June 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Boisvert|first=Nick|date=23 June 2020|title='A fighter, a dreamer': Egyptian LGTBTQ activist Sarah Hegazi remembered with love at funeral|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623120636/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/sarah-hegazi-funeral-1.5622673|archivedate=23 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|work=CBC news}}</ref> Ememe ncheta gara n'ihu mgbe olili Hegazi gasịrị. Ndị na-ahazi Global Pride, ihe omume LGBT dị n'ịntanetị nke a ga-eme na 27 June 2020, kwupụtara na onye agha Ijipt ibe Ahmed Alaa ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka Hegazi. Dị ka Hegazi, a tụrụ Alaa mkpọrọ mgbe egwu egwu Mashrou 'Leila mere na 2017 maka ịkwalite ọkọlọtọ ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Somvichian-Clausen|first=Austa|date=6 May 2020|title=Re-imagining the first LGBTQ+ pride online in the age of coronavirus|url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/diversity-inclusion/496365-re-imagining-the-first-lgbtq-pride-online|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=TheHill|language=en}}</ref> Ụdị 2020 nke ihe omume Napoli Pride bụ nke a raara nye na ebe nchekwa Sarah Hegazi; Ndị nhazi ahụ kwupụtara na ha bu n'obi ka mmemme ahụ bụrụ ịdọ aka ná ntị megide mmanye, ime ihe ike na imechi obi. <ref>{{Cite web|date=25 June 2020|title=Napoli Pride 2020: un evento dedicato a Sarah Hegazi|url=http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626103851/http://terredicampania.it/eventi/napoli-pride-2020-un-evento-dedicato-a-sarah-hegazi/25/06/2020/|archivedate=2020-06-26|accessdate=2020-06-26|work=Terre di Campania|language=it-IT}}</ref> Arab Network for Knowledge about Human Rights weputara nkwupụta n'aha ndị otu mpaghara 42 na mba ụwa niile na-echeta Sarah Hegazi site n'ịkpọsa ụbọchị nganga maka ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ndị Queer si Middle East na North Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Remembering Sara Hegazy, Egyptian LGBT+ activist who died after 'evil' torture|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2021/06/14/sara-hegazy-egyptian-lgbt-activist-died-suicide-anniversary/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=PinkNews|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=MENA_LQWPD {{!}} ANKH association {{!}} France|url=https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621175913/https://www.ankhfrance.org/menalqwpd|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Pride Istanbul kpọkọtara otu panel nke na-echeta ncheta mbụ mgbe Hegazi nwụsịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-21|title=Sarah Hegazi'yi Hatırlamak* – İstanbul LGBTİ+ Onur Haftası / Istanbul LGBTI+ Pride Week|url=https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621182319/https://www.prideistanbul.org/etkinlik/sara-hegazi-bir-kuir-sehidi-anmak-panel/|archivedate=2021-06-21|accessdate=2021-06-21}}</ref> Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na Toronto na-echeta ya site n'esere foto ya n'ime obodo mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Toronto community pays tribute to activist tortured in Egyptian prison|url=https://www.blogto.com/city/2021/04/toronto-community-tribute-activist-tortured-egyptian-prison/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Blogto|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mural honours international queer activist Sarah Hegazi - Video - CityNews Toronto|url=https://toronto.citynews.ca/video/2021/06/18/mural-honours-international-queer-activist-sarah-hegazi/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=toronto.citynews.ca}}</ref> Ewubere mgbidi ncheta ọzọ na Brighton, UK. <ref name="scenemag">{{Cite web|date=2020-09-15|title=Sarah Hegazi mural revealed in Brighton {{!}} Scene Magazine - What's on in Gay / LGBTQ Brighton|url=https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/|accessdate=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128190516/https://www.gscene.com/news/sarah-hegazi-mural-revealed-in-brighton/}}</ref> Ememe ncheta nke ''Columbia Global Centers dị na Amman'' kagburu n'ihi nrụgide gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amman Pride event s cancellation stirs painful memories for LGBT Jordanians|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/ammans-cancellation-lgbt-event-frustrates-activists?amp=1|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=The New Arab|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=A year has passed since queer activist Sarah Hegazi's death, but her ghost still frightens local and conservative authorities...|url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FMegaphoneNews%2Fposts%2F2885832361634559|date=June 14, 2021|author=Megaphone|accessdate=October 1, 2021|work=Facebook|language=en}}</ref> Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe (AWID) kpọrọ Sarah Hegazi na ụtụ ha nyere "ndị na-akwado nwanyị 450 bụ ndị gbanwere ụwa anyị". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribute: Remembering feminist activists who changed our world|url=https://www.awid.org/whrd-tribute|accessdate=2020-09-28|work=AWID|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri mkpirisi nyocha nke John Greyson nke afọ 2021 bụ ''International Dawn Chorus Day'' ka emepụtara dị ka ụtụ nye Hegazi na Shady Habash . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/INTERNATIONAL-DAWN-CHORUS-DAY-Premieres-April-29-20210329|title=International Dawn Chorus Day Premieres April 29|first=Sarah Jae|author=Leiber|date=March 29, 2021|work=[[Broadway World]]|accessdate=October 1, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ "Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sarah Hegazi" nke onye nduzi Nicole Teney dere bụ onye ikpeazụ nke 2022 Breaking through the Lens jury. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Calnan2022-06-06T12:25:00+01:00|first=Ellie|title=Breaking Through The Lens 2022 finalists unveiled at Cannes|url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/breaking-through-the-lens-2022-finalists-unveiled-at-cannes/5171404.article|accessdate=2022-09-10|work=Screen|language=en}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2023, Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy kwupụtara mkpakọrịta na-echeta Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TIMEP Announces New Fellowships in 2023|url=https://timep.org/press/press-releases/timep-announces-new-fellowships-in-2023/|accessdate=2023-02-17|work=TIMEP|date=16 February 2023|language=en}}</ref> === Mmeghachi omume === [[Usòrò:Sarah_hegazi_2020.jpg|thumb| Paris vigil na ebe nchekwa Hegazi, 20 June 2020]] Enwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị LGBT na-ehichapụ ma na-emegbu ya kpọmkwem na Egypt na n'ọnọdụ sara mbara nke Middle East na North Africa ( MENA ). Nke a na-abịa site na mmachi, okwu ịkpọasị, na mkpagbu chịkọtara ọnụ. Ezutewo ọnwụ Sarah Hegazi na nzaghachi mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na mpaghara MENA ma site na omume gọọmentị, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, ma ọ bụ okwu ọha, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53056635|title=كيف تحول موت سارة حجازي إلى سجال "فكري ديني"؟|work=BBC News عربي|date=15 June 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/|title=أنس السبطي: قضية سارة حجازي المثلية المصرية المنتحرة.. نقطة نظام|date=19 June 2020|accessdate=23 June 2020|archivedate=27 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627035013/https://www.raialyoum.com/index.php/%d9%82%d8%b6%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b2%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%aa/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/entertainment/2020/6/21/مؤيدون-ومعارضون-لإزالة-جداريات-سارة-حجازي-في-عمان|title=مؤيدون ومعارضون لإزالة جداريات سارة حجازي في عمّان|first=عمّان ــ العربي|author=الجديد|work=alaraby}}</ref> Otu akụkọ na Raseef22 nke tụlere obodo LGBT + na Jordan na Sarah Hegazi mural. na Amman ka ehichapụrụ ngwa ngwa mgbe onye nta akụkọ Jordan nwetara nnukwu iyi egwu na ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 June 2020|title=تهديدات طالت فريق رصيف22... عندما يمارس جزء واسع من مجتمعنا دور السلطة القمعية|url=https://raseef22.com/article/1078854-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA-%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%B1%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%8122-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9|accessdate=2020-06-30|work=رصيف 22}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Side-by-side_image_of_Amman_mural_of_Sarah_Hegazi_before_and_after.jpg|thumb| Sarah Hegazi mural na isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] Amman, tupu na mgbe agba agba]] A na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọ na ihe osise ihe osise na-echeta Hegazi na Amman isi obodo [[Jọdan|Jordan]] ka ọgba aghara mgbasa ozi ọha. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 June 2020|title=أمانة عمان تزيل جرافيتي للمصرية سارة حجازي (صور)|url=http://ammannet.net/%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1|accessdate=2020-06-23|work=موقع عمان نت|language=ar}}</ref> Otu onye nta akụkọ katọrọ omume ahụ na tweet na-ekwu, sị: "...Amman Municipality na-arụ ọrụ ruo mgbede abalị na-ehichapụ ihe osise nke ụfọdụ ndị na-eme ihe ike [ شواذ , okwu Arabic maka ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Amman. Ọ tụrụ m n'anya na ụdị a [ndị na-edina ụdị onwe] dị n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị omenala na omenala anyị..." <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Erem News|date=21 June 2020|title=صور لساره حجازي في شوارع عامة تثير غضبا في الأردن.. وأمانة عمان تتدخل|url=https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622065955/https://www.eremnews.com/entertainment/society/2267772|archivedate=2020-06-22|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.eremnews.com|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ekwuchitere obodo Greater Amman kwuru, sị: "Amman Mayor Yusef Al-Shawarbeh nyere ndị ọrụ mpaghara niile iwu. wepụ ihe osise ahụ." <ref name=":5" /> Òtù Bedaayaa LGBT nke Egypt kọrọ na ọnwụ Hegazi na nlebara anya mgbasa ozi na-esochi kpalitere mkpọsa mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị n'ịntanetị megide ya na ndị obodo LGBT. <ref name=":7"/> Noor Selim, onye Ijipt transgender na nwa nwoke onye omee a ma ama [[Hesham Selim]], gbaghaara ihe ọ kpọrọ ihu abụọ nke ọha ma gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=معنديش خلل هرموني.. كيف أثار نور هشام سليم الجدل مجددا على مواقع التواصل؟ - بوابة الشروق|url=https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=22062020&id=afc948ff-4956-4648-a54a-9ab569809ce6|accessdate=2020-06-22|work=www.shorouknews.com|language=ar-eg}}</ref> Na 23 June 2020, ndị ọka iwu Egypt abụọ gbara akwụkwọ megide Selim maka ịgbachitere Hegazi, ma bo ya ebubo na ọ na-achọ "ịgbasa nwoke idina nwoke" na Egypt. <ref>{{Cite news|date=23 June 2020|title=دعوى قضائية تتهم نجل هشام سليم بنشر "المثلية في مصر"|language=ar|work=BBC News Arabic|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-53159907|accessdate=2020-06-26}}</ref> Cheikh Rafiki, onye ụkọchukwu Alakụba Moroccan, nwetara egwu ọnwụ mgbe ọ gbachitere ebe nchekwa Hegazi n'aka onye metụtara ISIL n'ịntanetị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Maria|date=20 June 2020|title=Islam - Maroc: Cheikh Rafiki " menacé de mort " sur le Net par un daechien|url=http://article19.ma/accueil/archives/130918|accessdate=2020-06-25|work=Article19.ma|language=fr-FR}}</ref> A na-ese foto ihu ya na ụfọdụ okwu ikpeazụ ya na Brighton, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]]. <ref name="scenemag"/> Na Wikipedia Wikipedia Hegazi ehichapụ ibe Wikipedia, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dị n'asụsụ asatọ na Wikipedia n'oge ahụ, kama ọ jikọtara ya dịka otu n'ime akụkụ dị na ibe "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị". <ref name="deletion">{{Cite web|author=ببيلي|first=ديما|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا؟|url=https://www.bbc.com/arabic/trending-53272162|work=BBC News Arabic|accessdate=4 July 2020|language=ar|date=3 July 2020}}</ref> Otu onye otu obodo Wikipedia nke Arabic kọwara mkpebi ha site n'ịzọrọ "enweghị aha Hegazi zuru oke". <ref name="deletion" /> Mkpebi ha kpasuru ndị na-eme ihe ike, bụ ndị boro weebụsaịtị ebubo "ịhụnanya", ma meghere ọnụ ụzọ maka mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkpụrụ edezi na Wikipedia Arabic na banyere nnwere onwe ikwu okwu n'elu ikpo okwu nke "na-emeghe nye onye ọ bụla". <ref>{{Cite web|title=سارة حجازي: من يستحق صفحة على ويكيبيديا|url=https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024|work=headtopics|date=3 July 2020|accessdate=29 May 2024|archivedate=8 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108145022/https://headtopics.com/sa/15871575158515752781-14097024}}</ref> Ndị otu Mashrou'Leila, onye egwu egwu Hegazy gara gara kwupụtara na ọ na-agbasa na Septemba 2022. Onye na-abụ abụ bụ Hamed Sinno, kwuru na ọnwụ Sarah Hegazy bụ ihe na-enye aka na mkpebi ịgbasa. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Lebanese band Mashrou' Leila quits after years of harassment over sexual orientation - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/09/lebanese-band-mashrou-leila-quits-after-years-harassment-over-sexual-orientation|accessdate=2023-03-20|work=www.al-monitor.com|date=25 September 2022|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ese foto Italy Umberto Nicoletti bipụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ "Asylum", na mmekorita nke 519 Church Street, CIG Arcigay, na ndị ọzọ LGBT obodo LGBT òtù na-enye ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mmemme nkwado. Akwụkwọ a na-akọ akụkọ gbasara ndị LGBT na-achọ mgbaba, wee jiri akụkọ Hegazi meghee. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Farber|first=Jim|date=2023-05-15|title='This is not a small issue': the devastating plight of LGBTQ asylum seekers|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/may/15/lgbtq-asylum-seekers-new-book-umberto-nicoletti|accessdate=2023-06-13}}</ref>{{Clear}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   *   {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] scczd8m9qp8yuhnwixugv1f9hg7vvsq 0 46025 631956 168977 2026-05-05T01:17:58Z Goodymaraj 21567 631956 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mohammed Fadel</div> |- class="infobox-data category" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data category" | Ijipt |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ọrụ(ọrụ) | class="infobox-data role" | ihe onyonyo na onye isi ihe nkiri |} {{Databox}}'''Mohammed Fadel''' (aha a kpọkwara '''Muhammad Fadil''' ) bụ onye na-ahụ maka telivishọn [[Egypt]] na onye isi ihe nkiri. Fadel, ya na Osama Anwar Okasha na Inaam [[Mohamed Ali Hafez|Mohamed Ali,]] bụ ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ n'Ijipt maka ịmepụta ụdị ihe nkiri telivishọn dị egwu nke Egypt. A na-ewere ya dị ka "nna nna" nke usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn Egypt. Fadel malitere ọrụ ya na 1950 na redio. O dere ọtụtụ usoro onyonyo na 1960 na 1970, nke kacha mara amara bụ ncha ncha opera ''Al-Qahira wa-l-nas'' ("Cairo na ndị mmadụ"), bụ nke isiokwu ya na ọgbara ọhụrụ na eziokwu omenala. Kewara n'ime nkeji ọkara elekere, ihe ngosi ahụ yiri ihe onyonyo sitcom America, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe pụrụ iche na mgbasa ozi Egypt n'oge ya. <ref name="Armbrust16">Armbrust, 1996, p. 16.</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ na-eduzi ihe nkiri uche ''Etnen Wahed Sifr'' ("2-1-0") (1974) nke na-eme [[Salah Zulfikar]], ọ bụ ọganihu, soap na Ramadan ncha operas ''Abna'i Al-A'izza', Shukran'' (" Ezigbo Ụmụntakịrị, Daalụ") na ngwụcha 1970s, ''Rihlat El-Sayyid Abul-Ela El-Bishri'' ("Njem nke Mr Abul-Ela El-Bishri") na 1980s, <ref name="MustafaAhram" /> ''Li Dawa'i Amniya'' (" Maka Usoro Nchekwa) na 2005, na ''Sekket el-Hilali'' ("Ụzọ El-Hilali") na 2006. Ewelitere aha ya nke ukwuu site na usoro onyonyo ya "White Flag" (1989), nke Okasha dere. Emebere ihe ngosi a na Alexandria ma mesoo ya gbasara enweghị oke ego nke Egypt, ndị omempụ ghọrọ ndị ọgaranya, na ndụ ndị Ijipt dị elu. <ref>Asante, 2002, pp. 121-122.</ref> Fadel duziri ihe nkiri ịhụnanya nke 1982 ''Hobb fil Zinzana'' ("Ịhụnanya n'ime ụlọ mkpọrọ") bụ Soad Hosny, ihe nkiri mbụ na onye isi ala Egypt [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] na ''Nasser 56'' (1996) na-eme [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]], <ref>Hammond, 2007, p. 20.</ref> na onye na-abụ abụ Egypt. Umm Kulthum na ihe nkiri 1999 ''Kawkab al-Sharq'' ("Star of the Orient"). <ref>Hammond, 2007, p. 167.</ref> Nke ikpeazụ gbara nwunye Fadel, onye na-eme ihe nkiri bụ Ferdous Abdel-Hamid. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ ==   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tkj4br64fjrgcqb8yu5kjbq0sc01fpw 0 46590 631923 578410 2026-05-04T23:59:24Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631923 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caroline Casey (born 1971) at World Economic Forum Davos 2021.png|thumb|Caroline Casey]] Caroline Casey (amuru ya na 20 October 1971) o bu onye Ireland activist na management consultant. O kpuru isi n'iji ocular albinism.<ref name="HSE">{{Cite web |title=International Women's Day 2016 |url=https://www.hse.ie/eng/staff/focus/Intwomensday16.html |access-date=17 May 2017 |publisher=[[Health Service Executive|HSE]] |accessdate=25 May 2025 |archivedate=15 August 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815030338/https://www.hse.ie/eng/staff/focus/intwomensday16.html }}</ref><ref name="Indo1" /><ref name="AislingGlobal" /> N'afọ 2000, mgbe ọ dị afọ 28, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya na Accenture iji malite Aisling Foundation, na ebumnuche imeziwanye otú e si emeso nkwarụ. [1] [3]<ref name="Ted" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ gara [[Ndia|India]], n'onwe ya, n'elu enyí azụ maka c.1,000 kilomita, na-ebuli € 250k maka The National Council for the Blind of Ireland and Sightsavers. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ni Cheallaigh|first=Gillian|date=January 10, 2001|title=Element of blind date in 1,000 km elephant ride|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/element-of-blind-date-in-1-000-km-elephant-ride-1.268313|work=[[The Irish Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Ted" /> &nbsp;Casey ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ si n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref name="CE" />Njem ahụ bụ isiokwu nke National Geographic documentary Elephant Vision na TED Talk . [3][4]<ref name="Ted" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A chọpụtara na Casey nwere ọrịa anya mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị mana a gwaghị ya n'onwe ya ruo mgbe ọ gbara afọ iri na asaa.<ref name="Indo1">{{Cite web|author=Casey|first=Caroline|date=21 October 2014|title=Would being legally blind change the way that you see yourself?|url=http://www.independent.ie/life/health-wellbeing/health-features/would-being-legally-blind-change-the-way-that-you-see-yourself-30681044.html|accessdate=17 May 2017|work=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum College Dublin na nzere BA, DBS na MBS. <ref name="UCD">{{Cite web|title=Caroline Casey – UCD Entrepreneurial Graduates|url=http://www.ucd.ie/innovation/aboutus/ucdinnovationimpacts/ucdentrepreneurialgraduates/carolinecasey/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805220457/http://www.ucd.ie/innovation/aboutus/ucdinnovationimpacts/ucdentrepreneurialgraduates/carolinecasey/|archivedate=5 August 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017|publisher=[[University College Dublin|NovaUCD]]}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ gụnyere dịka onye ndụmọdụ nchịkwa maka Accenture . <ref name="Ted">{{Cite news|date=11 May 2017|title=Inspiring Irish legally blind adventurer's TED Talk|publisher=IrishCentral|url=http://www.irishcentral.com/culture/inspiring-irish-legally-blind-adventurer-s-ted-talk|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> == Ntọala Aisling/Kanchi == The Ability Awards, nke a na-akpọ O2 Ability Awards maka ebumnuche nkwado, bụ nke ntọala ahụ guzobere na 2005 iji kwado òtù ndị na-akwalite itinye ndị nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="AbilityAwardsOfficial">{{Cite web|year=2006|title=O2 Ability Awards - 2005 Overall Winners|url=http://www.theabilityawards.com/05_overall.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119170307/http://www.theabilityawards.com/05_overall.htm|archivedate=19 November 2006|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> <ref name="RTE2007">{{Cite web|year=2007|title=O2 Ability Awards 2007|url=https://www.rte.ie/tv/o2abilityawards/|accessdate=17 May 2017|publisher=[[RTÉ.ie]]}}</ref><ref name="AislingGlobal">{{Cite news|author=Reddan|first=Fiona|date=27 June 2008|title=Aisling Foundation is going global|work=[[Irish Times]]|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/aisling-foundation-is-going-global-1.1272658|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="CE">{{Cite web|author=Barrio|first=Esther|date=14 April 2011|title=''Para integrar la discapacidad en la sociedad hay que cambiar la mentalidad, no las leyes''|url=https://hazrevista.org/tercersector/ong/2011/04/para-integrar-la-discapacidad-en-la-sociedad-hay-que-cambiar-la-mentalidad-no-las-leyes/|accessdate=17 May 2017|work=HazRevista.org|language=spanish}} [[Otú:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> N'afọ 2011, a malitere Telefónica Ability Awards na [[Spain]], yana nsụgharị ndị ọzọ a na-eme atụmatụ maka mba ndị ọzọ na Europe. [4]<ref name="Advertiser">{{Cite news|date=26 May 2011|title=Caroline Casey wows the audience as BPW marks quarter century|work=[[Galway Advertiser]]|url=http://www.advertiser.ie/galway/article/40080/caroline-casey-wows-the-audience-as-bpw-marks-quarter-century|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, a gbanwere aha ntọala ahụ iji sọpụrụ enyí "Kanchi" nke e ji mee njem nlegharị anya India. [3]<ref name="ToughTimes">{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Sinead|date=9 October 2014|title=Inspiring businesswoman Caroline Casey on how she's managed the tough times|url=http://www.independent.ie/style/celebrity/inspiring-businesswoman-caroline-casey-on-how-shes-managed-the-tough-times-30651895.html|accessdate=17 May 2017|work=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref> == Ihe Ndị Dị Mkpa 500 == Casey guzobere The Valuable 500, otu nzukọ nke na-achọ inweta nkwarụ na atụmatụ ndị ndu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Joyce|first=Annie|date=2021-08-31|title=Sky News Daily Podcast: Meet the women shattering the glass ceiling - but is it job done?|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sky-news-daily-podcast-meet-the-women-shattering-the-glass-ceiling-but-is-it-job-done-12384973|accessdate=4 February 2022|publisher=[[Sky News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Partington|first=Richard|date=18 May 2021|title=500 global firms put disability inclusion on boardroom agendas|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/may/18/500-global-firms-put-disability-inclusion-on-boardroom-agendas|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta == * Onye otu 98FM * Onye otu SightsaversNdị na-ahụ ihe omimi * Onye bụbu onye otu Comhairle/Citizens Information Board (2002-?) * Onye bụbu onye otu Jack na Jill Children's FoundationNtọala Ụmụaka Jack na Jill * Onye bụbu onye otu FÁS (2001-?) * Onye bụbu onye otu Irish Charity Tax Reform Group/Charities Institute Ireland <ref name="UCD citation">{{Cite web|author=Conway|first=Pádraic|date=7 April 2016|title=Caroline Casey – Doctor of Laws|url=http://www.nui.ie/college/docs/citations/2006/casey.pdf|accessdate=17 May 2017|publisher=[[National University of Ireland]]|archivedate=30 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030023150/http://www.nui.ie/college/docs/citations/2006/casey.pdf}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Casey, Caroline}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ieiaseyvtx1sijyjhm0dornkf9odh8u 0 46875 631911 496493 2026-05-04T15:54:01Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631911 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sahra Halgan.jpg|thumb|Sahra Halgan]] '''Sahra Ahmed Mohamoud''' (Somali ) bụ onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-ahụ maka *ọdịbendị na Somalia. A makwaara ya dị ka '''Sahra Halgan''' dịka aha egwu ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.somalilandsun.com/somaliland-sahra-halgan-preserving-culture-and-singing-for-recognition/|title=Somaliland: Sahra Halgan, Preserving Culture and Singing for Recognition|work=Somaliland Sun|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Halgan na 1972 na Hargeisa, Somalia, n'oge Mohamed Siad Barre na-edu.[1] Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ malitere ịbụ abụ.[2] Ndị obodo ya na-ewute ya ime ihe n'ọgbọ egwuregwu na ịbụ abụ n'ihu ọha, mana ọ nọgidewo n'ihu.[3] Agha obodo Somalia dara na ngwụcha afọ 1970 megide Barre. Mgbanwe ndị na-eguzogide, nke ndị ọchịchị [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na-akwado, malitere ịmalite. Ndị otu National Movement (SNM), karịsịa, weghaara Burco na Hargeysa.[4] N'afọ 1988, Barré kpebiri iji ike kwụsị nnupụisi ahụ wee malite nnukwu ogbunigwe na-elekwasị anya na Hargeisa.[5] Halgan, bụ́ onye dị nanị afọ 16, na-enwekwaghị ọzụzụ mbụ, rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nọọsụ nye òtù SNM. O kwuru, sị, "N'ihu, enwere m onwe m n'ikpeazụ. Ndị agha nwere ihe ndị ọzọ ha ga-eme karịa ịmachibido m iwu ịbụ abụ. " E wepụrụ Barré n'ọchịchị na 26 Jenụwarị 1991. == Ọrụ == Halgan wee pụọ iji gbaba na Europe wee gbakee, wee biri na Lyon.[1] Enyere ya ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma n'ime obodo, na-etinye aka na ndụ agbata obi na ịlaghachi n'egwu.[2] Na 2009, o wepụtara album mbụ ya, [[Somaliland]], nke na-enwetaghị azịza dị ukwuu.[3] Mgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ nke abụọ, onye atọ ya na onye na-akụ egwú Aymeric Krol na onye na-agụ egwú Maël Salètes, bụ ndị zutere na Lyon. E wepụtara album ya nke abụọ, Faransiskiyo Somaliland na 2015. Egwu ahụ jikọtara Tuareg rock na rhythms East Africa. N'afọ 2015, ọ laghachiri ibi na [[Somalia]] mgbe ọ gachara n'etiti mpaghara ya na [[France]]. O guzobere ebe ọdịnala a raara nye egwu na uri na Hargeisa, obodo ya na isi obodo nke abụọ nke Somalia. O weputara abọm nke atọ, ''Waa Dardaaran'', na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pan-african-music.com/en/sahra-halgan-waa-dardaaran|title=Somaliland's singer and activist Sahra Halgan announces new album, ‘Waa Dardaaran’|work=Pan African Music|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rootsworld.com/reviews/halgan-20.shtml|title=Sahra Halgan – 'Was Dardaaran' review by tom pryor|work=Roots World|accessdate=23 March 2020}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Articles with hCards]] [[Òtù:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Òtù:Articles with short description]] kundy1qi58gdx4e62c7zy1dpju3f4pj 0 46907 631992 201261 2026-05-05T02:47:04Z Goodymaraj 21567 631992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Yasmin Benoit''' (amuru 10 June 1996) bu uwe akwa na ihe nlere ozo na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . Ọ bụkwa onye mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p07tq7xx|title=BBC Radio 1 - Radio 1's Life Hacks Podcast, Asexuality with Yasmin Benoit|work=BBC|date=12 November 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/attitude-magazine-asexual-woman-cover-star-a9235836.html|title=Attitude becomes first magazine to put an asexual woman on the cover|date=6 December 2019|work=The Independent}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Benoit sitere na Trinidadian, [[Jamaikạ|Jamaican]] na Barbadian. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yasmin Benoit|date=14 April 2020|title=English aromantic asexual via Trinidad, Jamaica & Barbados! Where are my Black aces at? What's your heritage?|url=https://twitter.com/theyasminbenoitstatus/1117492706010443777|accessdate=6 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Reading Girls na Padworth College . <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/reading-berkshire-news/i-just-figured-would-kick-17416026|title='I just figured it would kick in': What it's really like to be asexual in Reading|journal=Berkshire Live|first=Elizabeth|author=Mackley|date=15 December 2019|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị obere, Benoit maara na ya enweghị mmasị n'ebe onye ọ bụla nwere mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ ịhụnanya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Marsh|first=Stefanie|date=8 August 2020|title=We're The Asexuals: Let's Not Get Physical|work=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/generation-asexual-lets-not-get-physical-qvhr3j3tf|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Boyle|first=Samuel|date=26 October 2020|title=England Unwrapped - Me and my Asexuality|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p08w63q2|accessdate=14 March 2021|work=[[BBC Sounds]]}}</ref> Ọ họọrọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ niile iji zere mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na mmekọrịta. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Pantony|first=Ali|date=19 February 2021|title=People Think I Must be Unlovable, Fussy or Mentally Ill. Here's What it Really Means to be Asexual and Aromantic|work=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]|url=https://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/article/asexuality-and-aromanticism|accessdate=14 March 2021}}</ref> Benoit nwetara okwu ''asexual'' na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, mana ọ mataghị ya ruo mgbe ndụ ya gasịrị. <ref name=":2" /> Benoit dere maka mbipụta gụnyere ''HuffPost UK'' ma nye okwu na ihe omume na mahadum, gụnyere University of Cambridge, UK Asexuality Conference in 2018, Reading Pride, King's College London na February 2019, na National Student Pride. <ref name="aislin">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aislinmagazine.com/yasmin-benoit-clara-josefine|title=An Interview With Yasmin Benoit & Clara Josefine|date=28 December 2018|accessdate=25 September 2019|archivedate=25 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925074458/https://www.aislinmagazine.com/yasmin-benoit-clara-josefine#!}}</ref> Na mmekorita ya na Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN), Budweiser, na Revolt London, Benoit kwadoro ụlọ mmanya mbụ asexual-themed na Pride na [[London]] na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/london-ace-of-clubs-asexual-pride/#gs.5z6j2x|title=This asexual model is launching London's first asexual club for Pride|first=Stefania|author=Sarrubba|date=23 June 2019|accessdate=25 September 2019|archivedate=13 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113133506/https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/london-ace-of-clubs-asexual-pride/#gs.5z6j2x}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ AVEN na Ọktọba ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/theyasminbenoit/status/1179427801029627905?lang=en|title=I'm proud to announce that I'm officially on the Board of Directors of AVEN (@asexuality)! It's an honour to join forces with such an incredible organization. 💜 It's a pretty great way to start #BlackHistoryMonth too!|author=Yasmin Benoit|date=2 October 2019|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> Na mbipụta Disemba 2019 ''àgwà'' akpọrọ "Ndị na-eme ihe", Benoit ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-edina ụdị onwe pụtara na mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ UK. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southfloridagaynews.com/Lifestyle/attitude-becomes-first-uk-magazine-featuring-an-asexual-woman-on-cover.html|title=“Attitude” Becomes First UK Magazine Featuring an asexual Woman on Cover|first=Cameren|author=Boatner|date=12 December 2019|accessdate=17 February 2020|archivedate=19 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419001208/https://southfloridagaynews.com/Lifestyle/attitude-becomes-first-uk-magazine-featuring-an-asexual-woman-on-cover.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/attitude-magazine-asexual-woman-cover-star-a9235836.html|title=Attitude becomes first magazine to put an asexual woman on the cover|journal=Independent|first=Sophie|author=Gallagher|date=6 December 2019|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> Na mbido 2020, Benoit rụrụ ọrụ na England Unwrapped iji gbaa ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ ajụjụ ọnụ. <ref name=":1"/> Ebusara ihe omume a na [[BBC Yoruba|BBC]] Radio Berkshire wee bipụta ya na ụda BBC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.papermag.com/yasmin-benoit-asexual-model-2641410290.html|title=Meet the Activist Debunking Asexuality Stereotypes|date=22 November 2019|accessdate=17 February 2020}}</ref> Na 2022, Benoit weputara atụmatụ ikike nwoke na nwanyị - nke a maara dị ka Stonewall x Yasmin Benoit Ace Project - na mmekorita ya na Stonewall . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-05|title=Stonewall x Yasmin Benoit Ace Project|url=https://www.stonewall.org.uk/stonewall-x-yasmin-benoit-ace-project|accessdate=2022-08-06|work=Stonewall|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baska|first=Maggie|date=2022-04-06|title=Stonewall launches groundbreaking project to stamp out acephobia|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2022/04/06/asexual-ace-stonewall-yasmin-benoit/|accessdate=2022-08-06|work=PinkNews}}</ref> Na June 2023, Benoit ghọrọ onye mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị mbụ bụrụ nnukwu onye ọka iwu maka March Pride NYC . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-05-31|title=Pride profile: I will be the first asexual grand marshal at NYC's Pride March|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/reading-nyc-pride-american-gen-z-b2349299.html|accessdate=2023-06-26|work=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> Benoit bụ onye ndụmọdụ maka oge ikpeazụ nke Netflix's ''Sex Education'' . Mgbe ntọhapụ nke oge ahụ gasịrị, Benoit kwupụtara ndakpọ olileanya na ihe nkiri ndị metụtara omume nwoke na nwanyị-karịsịa ndị na-emekọ ihe na "njedebe nke agbụrụ, ihe ùgwù, na acephobia" - ebipụla ma ọ bụ gbanwee na-edezi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Monteil|first=Abby|date=2023-10-02|title='Sex Education' Asexuality Consultant Says Much of the Show's Ace Storyline Was Cut|url=https://www.them.us/story/asexual-representation-sex-education-o-yasmin-benoit|accessdate=2023-10-02|work=Them|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Iftikhar|first=Asyia|date=2023-10-02|title=How Sex Education season 4 let down asexuals with the character of O|url=https://www.thepinknews.com/2023/10/02/sex-education-asexual-o-yasmin-benoit/|accessdate=2023-10-02|work=PinkNews|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nkwenye == N'afọ 2018, ''Magazin Aislin'' dere, na "ngalaba ụdị ihe nlegharị anya nke kachasị White, [Benoit] aghọwo otu n'ime ụdị ndị ọzọ Black kachasị ama na UK." <ref name="aislin"/> Na 2021, e nyere Benoit onyinye nturu <nowiki><i id="mwhA">ugo omume</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite web|author=James|first=Alastair|date=2021-06-11|title=The asexual activist dispelling myths around lack of sexual attraction|url=https://www.attitude.co.uk/culture/sexuality/the-asexual-activist-dispelling-myths-around-lack-of-sexual-attraction-303073/|accessdate=2023-10-02|work=Attitude|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, a họpụtara Benoit maka ihe nrite LGBT nke Britain n'ụdị nke Influencer Online. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 10 Online Influencers 2022|url=https://britishlgbtawards.com/top-10-online-influencers-2022/|accessdate=2023-10-02|work=British LGBT Awards|date=15 February 2022|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Benoit bụ asexual na aromantic, <ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.thenopebook.com/activism/yasmin-benoit-interview-asexuality/|title=The + in LGBTQ+: An Interview with Yasmin Benoit, Asexual Activist and Model|journal=The Nopebook|first=Chris|author=Jaffray|date=5 March 2019|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> o wee pụta na vidiyo na [[YouTube]] na 2017. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/i-m-asexual-and-i-m-a-lingerie-model-here-s-how-i-balance-the-two_in_5d4fa88ee4b0820e0af679eb|title=I'm Asexual, And I'm A Lingerie Model. Here's How I Balance The Two.|journal=HuffPost UK|first=Yasmin|author=Benoit|date=11 August 2018|accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Na mmekorita ya na Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN), Budweiser, na Revolt London, Benoit kwadoro ụlọ mmanya mbụ asexual-themed na Pride{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Yasmin Benoit on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] emoqk6471ekry7oxpa4vz15c844ffcy 0 47084 631937 180298 2026-05-05T00:50:48Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Archie Boston Jr.''' (amụrụ 1943) bụ onye omenkà eserese America na prọfesọ lara ezumike nka. Amụrụ na ezinụlọ dara ogbenye n'obere obodo dị na ndịda [[Flórídạ|Florida]], <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=September 1, 2008|first=Alan|author=Rapp|title=Archie Boston's Design Journey|url=https://epi.aiga.org/design-journeys-archie-boston|accessdate=2022-01-28|work=AIGA|archivedate=2022-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125213746/https://epi.aiga.org/design-journeys-archie-boston}}</ref> Boston nwetara agụmakwụkwọ na eserese eserese <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=No One Can Suppress Archie Boston|date=30 December 1972|work=Tampa Bay Times|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/317660048/?terms=%22Archie%20Boston%22&match=1|accessdate=2022-02-13|language=en}}</ref> na Chouinard Art Institute dị na Los Angeles. <ref name=":2" /> N'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ na mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dabere na Los Angeles <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=2021 AIGA Medalist: Archie Boston Jr.|url=https://www.aiga.org/membership-community/aiga-awards/2021-aiga-medalist-archie-boston-jr|accessdate=2022-01-25|work=www.aiga.org|language=en}}</ref> tupu ya na nwanne ya nwoke Bradford guzobe Boston & Boston Design na 1967 - otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ojii mbụ nwere na United States. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Na 1972, mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Art Director Club nke Los Angeles, nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ n'ime afọ iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọgbakọ ahụ. <ref name=":4" /> Na 1977 Boston nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na Mahadum Southern [[California]], wee malite ogologo ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Archie Boston papers, 1963-2018 and undated - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries|url=https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/bostonarchie|accessdate=2022-01-25|work=David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library|language=en}}</ref> na Mahadum California State, Long Beach . <ref name=":2"/> O nyere aka chọta mmemme Nkwukọrịta Ozi Visual n'ebe ahụ wee jee ozi dị ka oche ngalaba. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1"/> N'afọ 2004, a họpụtara ya Prọfesọ kachasị mma nke afọ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=The Provocative and Prescient Work of Archie Boston Jr.|url=https://eyeondesign.aiga.org/the-provocative-and-prescient-work-of-archie-boston-jr/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Eye on Design|language=en-US}}</ref> O mepụtala ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri, gụnyere ''20 Ndị na-emepụta Los Angeles dị ịrịba ama'' <ref name=":1"/> na, na 2018 ya na nwanne ya nwoke David, o mepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Black Pioneers of the Sunshine City'' banyere ndị na-akwado òtù Black Community na St. Petersburg, Florida. <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-26|title=Black Pioneers of the Sunshine City|url=https://www.wfla.com/daytime/black-pioneers-of-the-sunshine-city/|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=WFLA|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030121849/https://www.wfla.com/daytime/black-pioneers-of-the-sunshine-city/}}</ref> == Afọ mbụ == Amụrụ na 1943 na Clewiston, Florida, <ref name=":2"/> Nna Boston bụ onye na-ekesa okpete ma ọ bụ onye ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na-akọ ubi okpete ma mesịa bụrụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Donovan|first=Harrell|date=February 25, 2018|title=Black pioneers inspire brothers|page=B1, B9|work=Tampa Bay Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/479613241|accessdate=2 February 2022}}</ref> Nne ya zụrụ ụmụ ise, gụnyere Archie, ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye na-elekọta nwa. <ref name=":3" /> N'otu afọ ahụ ka a mụrụ Archie, ezinụlọ dara ogbenye <ref name=":2" /> kwagara na mpaghara "Peppertown" nke St. <ref name=":3" /> Ezinụlọ Boston nwere ike ịkwaga na mpaghara osisi gas nke obodo n'oge ụfọdụ n'ime 1940s, <ref name=":3" /> mpaghara nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Midtown. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=22nd Street South is a Relic of African-American History|url=https://thebradentontimes.com/nd-street-south-is-a-relic-of-africanamerican-history-p5577-158.htm|accessdate=2022-02-13|work=thebradentontimes.com|date=18 June 2015}}</ref> Boston gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Gibbs High School. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":2" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Na 1961, Boston gbasoro nzọụkwụ nke nwanne ya nwoke tọrọ, Bradford, ịga Chouinard Art Institute na Los Angeles (nke mechara ghọọ California Institute of Arts ). <ref name=":2"/> <ref name=":1"/> Ego mgbazinye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-agbachitere mba kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ ya <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":4"/> maka afọ atọ mbụ wee nweta ohere agụmakwụkwọ Disney Foundation kwadoro afọ ikpeazụ ya nke ọmụmụ ihe eserese. <ref name=":4" /> Louis Danziger, Ken Parkhurst, na Marvin Rubin kụziiri ya, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nsọpụrụ na 1965. <ref name=":1" /> Na 1977 ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na Mahadum Southern California . <ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == N'ime afọ agadi ya na Chouinard, Boston rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dabeere na Los Angeles Carson / Roberts, otu n'ime ndị kasị ukwuu na West. <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|title=Advertising: The 'Have a Happy Day' Agency; Carson/Roberts Has an Unusual Type of Personality|work=The New York Times|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1966/01/02/355981542.html?pageNumber=11|accessdate=2022-02-13|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na studio dị iche iche, gụnyere Hixson na Jorgensen Advertising na 1965, na 1966 ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nkà na Botsford Ketchum. <ref name=":1"/> Na 1967, ya na nwanne ya nwoke nke tọrọ, Bradford, hibere Boston & Boston Design, otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ojii mbụ nwere na United States. <ref name=":1" /> Ha abụọ arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na mbụ na 1963 na-emepụta usoro akwụkwọ mmado maka Council on Negro Affairs. Ndị ahịa Boston & Boston Design gụnyere Beckman Instruments, Chiat/Day Advertising, na Concord Electronics. <ref name=":1" /> Na 1969, mgbe afọ abụọ rụkọrọ ọrụ ọnụ, Archie hapụrụ Boston & Boston Design, na-achọ ịlaghachi n'ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ebe ọ ga-enwe ike ịhụ echiche ya mezuru site na mgbasa ozi ebipụtara. <ref name=":4"/> Ọ were ọkwa na onye were ya n'ọrụ mbụ, Carson/Roberts, mana obere oge ka ọ banyeghachiri Botsford Ketchum, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo 1977. <ref name=":2"/> Na Botsford Ketchum, Boston na-arụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka Motorola, Raytheon, Yamaha, na Pentel, na-agbakọta nkà mgbasa ozi ya na idegharị ederede, karịsịa na-ede isi okwu maka mgbasa ozi Pentel, "Agwara m Pentel ihe ha ga-eji mkpịsị akwụkwọ ha mee. Ha wee mee ya. ." <ref name=":1"/> Ọ malitekwara Archie Boston Graphic Design, mgbasa ozi na ndụmọdụ imewe, na-ebute ndị ahịa malite na 1973. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1" /> Na 1972, mgbe ọ dị afọ 29, Boston ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Art Director Club nke Los Angeles, nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na mba ahụ, ma bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme afọ 28 nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":4"/> === Onye nkuzi imewe === Boston malitere nkuzi mgbe ọ dị afọ 23 na Chouinard Art Institute. <ref name=":2"/> Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta nna ya ukwu na Mahadum Southern California na 1977, <ref name=":0"/> ọ malitere afọ 32 dị ka onye nkuzi zuru oke na Ngalaba Art na Mahadum California State, Long Beach . <ref name=":2" /> Na 1978 o nyere aka chọta ngalaba nhazi nke mechara bụrụ mmemme Nkwukọrịta Nkwukọrịta Anya. <ref name=":2" /> N'oge ya na Cal State Long Beach, ọ rụrụ ọrụ 12 dị ka oche ngalaba. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":1"/> Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi na 2009. <ref name=":1" /> == Mmetụta na ihe nketa == N'oge izu ike mbụ ya na California State University Long Beach, Boston ghọtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ''20 Ndị na-emepụta Los Angeles pụtara ìhè'' . Maka ihe nkiri a, ọ gbara ajụjụ ọnụ na-eduga ndị na-emepụta Los Angeles gụnyere Saul Bass, [[Marion Sampler]], Robert Miles Runyan, <ref name=":1"/> Louis Danziger, April Greiman, <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=20 outstanding Los Angeles designers|url=https://calarts.on.worldcat.org/search/detail/785606967?queryString=20%20Outstanding%20Los%20Angeles%20Designers&databaseList=638&clusterResults=false&stickyFacetsChecked=true&baseScope=sz:34812&sortKey=BEST_MATCH&format=Video&groupVariantRecords=false&scope=sz:34812|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=calarts.on.worldcat.org}}</ref> n'etiti ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe. Ego enwetara site na akwụkwọ akụkọ a rụpụtara nyere ego mmụta maka imewe ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na mkpa. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":8" /> Na 2018, ya na nwanne ya nwoke David, o mebere ma jee ozi dị ka onye nduzi okike na akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Black Pioneers of the Sunshine City.'' Ihe nkiri a na-akọ banyere ọrụ ịsụ ụzọ nke ndị na-akwado ndị otu obodo ojii na St. Petersburg, Florida <ref name=":11"/> == Nkwenye na mmezu == * 1972 Onye isi ala America izizi nke Art Directors Club nke Los Angeles, ebe ọ jere ozi oge abụọ. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":4"/> * 2004 California State University aha Boston Prọfesọ kacha mma nke afọ. <ref name=":7"/> * 2007 AIGA Fellows Award, LA Chapter of AIGA <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Fellow Award {{!}} AIGA Los Angeles|url=https://losangeles.aiga.org/aiga-la-fellow-award/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=losangeles.aiga.org|language=en}}</ref> * 2017 Boston na ọrụ ya gosipụtara na ihe omume 4 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Champagne|first=Christine|date=2017-01-05|title="Real Mad Men Of Advertising" Chronicles The Ad Industry's Formative Years|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3066932/real-mad-men-of-advertising-chronicles-the-ad-industrys-formative-years|accessdate=2022-03-26|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> nke usoro ọtụtụ akụkụ ''The Real Mad Men of Advertising'' <ref name=":7" /> * 2021 AIGA Medalist <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|title=2021 AIGA Medalist: Archie Boston Jr.|url=https://www.aiga.org/membership-community/aiga-awards/2021-aiga-medalist-archie-boston-jr|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=www.aiga.org|language=en}}</ref> * ''Eserese eserese: USA'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ imewe iri atọ na ise. <ref name=":1"/> * Enyere ya maka ọrụ ya na Art Directors Club Shows gụnyere New York, San Francisco, na Los Angeles <ref name=":1" /> * Na 2018, Mahadum Duke nwetara ọrụ niile nke Boston sitere na 1963. " <ref name=":1" /> == Akụrụngwa mpụga == * Akwụkwọ Archie Boston, Mahadum Duke. https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/bostonarchie * Archie Boston graphic design faịlụ, ihe dị ka 1970s-2010s https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/13901957 * Archie Boston, Boston & Boston nkwalite, "Maka onye mmebe ịkpa oke" https://www.notion.so/peoplesgraphicdesignarchive/For-a-Discriminating-Design-Poster-946c2e2f26ff4897bf34035d195f4e4f == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5oxdgpl9h9rw5ex3swe8rlnlquv84nn 0 47385 631973 208678 2026-05-05T02:03:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631973 wikitext text/x-wiki Charles Avery Aiken (29 September 1872 na Georgia, Vermont - 1965) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, na onye na-ese mmiri. == Ndụ == Ọ guru akwụkwọ na School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . Ọ dị na Corcoran Gallery of Art, na National Academy of Design .  O nwere ụlọ ihe nkiri na New York City na na Wellesley, Massachusetts .  [1] Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke ndị Artists Allied of America. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Charles Aiken - Artist Biography for Charles Aiken|url=http://www.askart.com/artist_bio/artist/23307/artist.aspx|work=www.askart.com|accessdate=2024-06-08|archivedate=2016-03-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307023647/http://www.askart.com/artist_bio/artist/23307/artist.aspx}}</ref> Ọrụ dị na Brooklyn Museum, [1] National Museum of American History, [2] na Dallas Museum of Art.   [3] A na-ejide akwụkwọ ya na Archives of American Art. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!215968!0#focus|title=SOVA: Smithsonian Online Virtual Archives}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://web.archive.org/web/20120327081338/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Aiken+Charles+Avery * [http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?&profile=all&source=~!siarchives&uri=full=3100001~!211730~!0#focus "Allied Artists of America records, 1914-1977"] . ''SIRIS'' qygnjz0un7xrz8mx2pw5ocp3qj2zelu 0 47957 631916 497164 2026-05-04T19:39:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631916 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}Ndị '''Bongo''' bụ agbụrụ na-asụ Central Sudanic, bi n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke osimiri Albert Nile nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Uganda na agbata obi [[South Sudan]] na obere obodo gbasasịrị n'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Wau. Ha na-asụ [[asụsụ Bongo]], otu n'ime asụsụ Bongo-Baka . Na mmalite 1990s, a na-eme atụmatụ ọnụọgụ ha na mmadụ 200,000, yana ndị Alakụba 40%. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Olson|first=James Stuart|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdaAdBC-_S4C&q=Bongo|title=The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary|date=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-27918-8|pages=107|language=en}}</ref> N’adịghị ka ndị Dinka na agbụrụ Nilotic ndị ọzọ, ndị Bongo abụghị ndị na-achị ehi, ha anaghịkwa eji ehi rie ọnụ ahịa nwunye. Ọrụ ugbo na ịchụ nta bụ isi ebe a na-eri nri, ọ bụ ezie na a na-enweta ego site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ọhịa, ịrụ ụlọ, ire mmanụ aṅụ, na ụzọ dị iche iche. Tupu arụ ọrụ ígwè a na-ebubata abanye, a maara ha maka mmepụta ígwè ọrụ ọdịnala ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bongo {{!}} people|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bongo-people|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Kemgbe 1970s, nnukwu osisi Bongo olili ozu achịkọtala ihe oyiyi nwoke na Europe ma kọwaa ya dị ka ihe atụ dị mkpa nke nka agbụrụ Africa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Georg_Schweinfurth_drawing_of_Yanga's_grave.jpg|thumb| Ịse saịtị olili ozu ọdịnala Bongo nke Georg Schweinfurth mere]] Georg August Schweinfurth, onye nyocha German, onye biri afọ abụọ n'etiti Bongo gburugburu 1865, kọrọ na tupu ọbịbịa nke ndị na-agba ohu, c. 1850, ha ruru dịkarịa ala 300,000. Ndị na-agba ohu, na ndị na-eso ụzọ Mahdist si n'ebe ugwu Sudan belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nke ukwuu, ọ bụghịkwa ruo mgbe ndị ọchịchị Sudan na-achị achị malitere n'oge 1904 na ruo 1906 ka ọ ga-ekwe omume ị nwetaghachi ndị mmadụ. Tupu narị afọ nke 20, ndị ikom Bongo na-eyi nanị akwa úkwù, na ọtụtụ mgbanaka ígwè iri na abụọ na ogwe aka (haziri ka ha ghọọ ụdị ngwá agha), ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere nanị eriri, bụ nke a na-ekekọta ahịhịa. Ma nwoke ma nwanyị ugbu a na-eji akwa owu eme ihe dị ka uwe. Ihe ịchọ mma nke agbụrụ nwere ntu ma ọ bụ plọg, nke a na-agafe na egbugbere ọnụ ala. Ụmụ nwanyị na-eyikarị diski ọtụtụ sentimita na dayameta n'ụdị ejiji a, yana mgbanaka ma ọ bụ ntakịrị ahịhịa na egbugbere ọnụ elu, ahịhịa na ''alae'' nke imi, na mgbanaka na ''septum'' . Ndị Bongo, n'adịghị ka ndị ọzọ bi na ugwu Naịl, abụghị ndị na-azụ ehi, kama ha na-eji oge ha arụ ọrụ ugbo. Ihe ubi a na-akọkarị bụ sorghum, ụtaba, sesame na durra. <ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Bongo|volume=4|pages=204–205}}</ref> == Ọkpụkpụ agbụrụ Bongo == [[Usòrò:Poteau_funéraire_Bongo-Musée_du_Quai_Branly_(4).jpg|thumb| Bongo grave post na Musée du quai Branly na Paris, [[France]]]] Nchịkọta ihe nka nke Africa nke Mahadum Pacific Lutheran dị na Washington State na US jigidere ili Bongo osisi na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ụdị nke nwoke. Stefano Santandrea kọwara ihe oyiyi ndị dị otú ahụ na omenala ha ka ọ nọrọ ogologo oge na obodo Bongo n'etiti 1960s. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn More: Bongo Grave Post {{!}} African Art Collection|url=https://www.plu.edu/africanartcollection/figures/bongo-grave-post/learn-more-bongo-grave-post/|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Pacific Lutheran University|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>A Catholic priest in the Comboni Mission, Santandrea is the author of approximately twenty books and shorter texts on linguistics, anthropology, geography, and history. Their common link was the Bahr el-Ghazal region, where he dedicated himself for the most part to the mission of being a priest. In ''A Popular History of Wau'', he recalled that the old city of Wau, which he described as a modest village, had been noted since the 1860s in a number of accounts (von Heuglin 1869; Schweinfurth 1984) but that it had disappeared following a Mahdist attack in the spring of 1884 (Santandrea 1964, 17).</ref> Ọzọkwa, katalọgụ " ''Bongo - Monumental statuary si South Sudan'' " na-egosi foto na nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi ndụ. Ewubere ihe ndị a n'ili nke ndị isi obodo Bongo ma bụrụkwa omenala nka nke agbụrụ a. Malite na 1970s, ndị njem Europe achịkọtala ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a ma mesịa ree ya na ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ma ọ bụ mkpokọta nzuzo na Europe na mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=de Grunne|first=Bernard|date=2011|title=Bongo - Monumental statuary from Southern Sudan|url=https://issuu.com/artsolution/docs/4-bongo_int-low|accessdate=2021-06-16|work=Issuu|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019235923/http://issuu.com/artsolution/docs/4-bongo_int-low|archivedate=2014-10-19}}</ref> Otu n'ime oghere ndị a dị 240&nbsp;centimita n'ịdị elu, ka egosiri na ngalaba arịa ndị Africa na Musée du quai Branly na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Musée du quai Branly|title=Bongo - Search|url=https://quaibranly.fr/en/explore-collections/base/Work/action/list/?orderby=null&order=desc&category=oeuvres&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5BExpose%5D=Oui&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Btype%5D=&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Bclassification%5D=&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Bexemplaire%5D=&filters[]=Bongo%20%7C2%7C&refreshFilters=true|accessdate=2021-10-26|work=quaibranly.fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026090944/https://quaibranly.fr/en/explore-collections/base/Work/action/list/?orderby=null&order=desc&category=oeuvres&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5BExpose%5D=Oui&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Btype%5D=&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Bclassification%5D=&tx_mqbcollection_explorer%5Bquery%5D%5Bexemplaire%5D=&filters%5B%5D=Bongo%20%7C2%7C&refreshFilters=true|archivedate=2021-10-26}}</ref> N'August 2018, Museumlọ ihe ngosi nka nke obodo mepere emepe gosipụtara ihe ọkpụkpụ ncheta nwoke nke ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na ngalaba ya nke Arts Africa. Dị ka Christian Duponcheel si kwuo, onye chịkọtara ọrụ ahụ n'ebe ndịda Sudan, e debere ihe ọkpụkpụ a "mgbe tupu afọ 1914 n'ahịa dị n'obodo Tonj bụ ebe azụmahịa azụmahịa n'etiti Bongo na Nuer bi na-eme. N'ebe ahụ, e kwuru na nyere aka mee ka mmekọrịta azụmahịa dịrị n'otu." <ref>{{Cite web|author=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|date=2018|title=Identity, Meaning, Function: Reclaiming the Histories of The Met's Bongo Ngya|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/collection-insights/2018/bongo-commemorative-post-ngya|accessdate=2021-10-26|work=www.metmuseum.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101142512/https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/collection-insights/2018/bongo-commemorative-post-ngya|archivedate=2020-01-01}}</ref> == Ntụaka == nwoke ma nwanyị ugbu a na-eji akwa owu eme ihe dị ka uwe. Ihe ịchọ mma nke agbụrụ nwere ntu ma ọ bụ plọg, nke a na-agafe 1970s, nnukwu osisi Bongo olili ozu achịkọtala ihe oyiyi nwoke na Europe ma kọwaa ya dị{{Reflist}} * Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1929). Ihe ndetu na ndekọ nke Bongo, Sudan, Vol. 12, nkp.&nbsp;1–61. * [https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AFCO_246_0099--christian-missions-and-the-construction.htm Fath, Sébastien (2013).] [https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AFCO_246_0099--christian-missions-and-the-construction.htm Ozi Ndị Kraịst na Mwube nke South Sudan.] [https://www.cairn-int.info/article-E_AFCO_246_0099--christian-missions-and-the-construction.htm Ozi ọma, Ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ, na mmemme mba ụwa na Wau.] Na ''Afrique contemporaine'', vol. 246, mbipụta 2, p.&nbsp;99 ruo 110 * de Grunne, Bernard (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019235923/http://issuu.com/artsolution/docs/4-bongo_int-low ''Bongo - ihe ncheta nke sitere na South Sudan'' .] Brussels, Belgium * Kronenberg, Andreas; Kronenberg, Waltraud. (1960) Ihe osise osisi na South Western Sudan. ''Kush: Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Sudan Antiquities Service'' ''VIII'', p.&nbsp;275–281 * Kronenberg, Andreas; Kronenberg, Waltraud; Schweinfurth, Georg. (1981) ''anwụ Bongo.'' ''Bauern und Jäger im Südsudan'' . Wiesbaden    * Krüger, Klaus-Jochen (1999). Nkà nke Bahr-el-Ghazal. Ihe osise olili ozu nke Bongo na Belanda. Nkà agbụrụ, 22 - oyi-mmiri 1999-2000, p.&nbsp;82–100 * {{authority control}} cusz4toojunjhhm3nby8r89wfyh6rmg 0 48118 631987 588909 2026-05-05T02:34:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Charles Smith''' bụ onye odee egwuregwu na onye nkuzi dabere na Midwwest United States . A maara ya maka ọrụ ya agbagoro na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Victory Gardens, yana teleplay ya na WMAQ-TV . Ọ bụ onye isi mmemme ịde egwuregwu ọkachamara na Mahadum Ohio . <ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200626114639/https://libguides.depaul.edu/ld.php?content_id=10135832 Charles Smith papers], DePaul University Special Collections and Archives. Accessed March 1, 2017.</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Smith tolitere na South Side, Chicago, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụaka asaa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title='Free' from his past|author=Keller|first=Julia|date=February 22, 2004|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Smith kwụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee were ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na osisi Chicago. Mgbe ahụ, ọ sonyeere ndị agha US ma nọrọ na South Korea. Mgbe a chụpụrụ ya, Smith laghachiri na Chicago wee malite ịmụ akwụkwọ na Harold Washington College . Site na ndụmọdụ Edward Homewood, Smith malitere ide ihe, wee gaa n'ihu na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, na-amụ ihe nkiri na Mahadum Iowa . <ref name=":2" /> Smith sonyekwara na ndị New Dramatists na obibi obibi na [[New York City]] . <ref name=":4" /> == Ọrụ == Smith malitere na Victory Gardens Theatre na 1985, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|title=Chicago, the home of great theater|date=March 28, 2004|work=CNN.com}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, Smith ga-abụ onye na-ede egwuregwu na ebe obibi na Victory Gardens. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://woub.org/2015/11/08/renowned-playwright-named-ou-fall-commencement-speaker/|title=Renowned Playwright Named OU Fall Commencement Speaker|date=2015-11-08|work=WOUB Digital|accessdate=2017-03-07}}</ref> Itoolu n'ime ihe nkiri Smith ewepụtala na Victory Gardens, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blackstarnews.com/entertainment/theater/play-charles-smiths-freefall.html|title=PLAY: CHARLES SMITH'S "FREEFALL"|date=September 10, 2013|work=Black Star News|accessdate=March 1, 2017}}</ref> gụnyere ''Knock Me a Kiss, Freefall,'' na ''The Sutherland'' . <ref name=":3" /> Atọ n'ime egwuregwu ya, ''Oziọma Dị ka James, Sister Carrie,'' na ''Les Trois Dumas si kwuo,'' bụ ndị Indiana Repertory Theatre nyere ya ọrụ. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere ''Denmark, Pudd'nhead Wilson, Takunda, City of Gold, Jelly Belly, Young Richard na Free Man of Color.'' <ref name=":4" /> Smith's teleplay, ''Pequito'', ekesara dị ka akụkụ nke Chicago Playwright's Festival na WMAQ-TV . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1986-12-11/features/8604020708_1_gang-shootout-man-killed|title=The agonizing dilemma of a man torn between his...|work=tribunedigital-chicagotribune|accessdate=2017-03-02|language=en}}</ref> Usoro a meriri Chicago/Midwest Emmy Award na 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://chicagoemmyonline.org/awards/emmy-awards/past-winners-and-nominees/|title=Past Winners and Nominees {{!}} NATAS Chicago|work=chicagoemmyonline.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-03-03}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, Smith's teleplay ''Fast Break to Glory'' meriri Chicago/Midwest Emmys maka ihe ndị pụtara ìhè maka mmemme ntụrụndụ: Maka Mmemme Otu; Mmezu Pụrụ Iche Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla: Maka ndị na-eme ihe ngosi na igwefoto; na Ihe Ngosipụta pụtara ìhè Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla: Maka Ọkachamma Onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ndị ihe ha rụpụtara na-adịghị arụ ọrụ (maka onye nduzi Roger Lee Miller). <ref name=":0" /> Egwuregwu Smith nke 1995, ''Black Star Line'', nke Goodman Theatre nyere ya ọrụ, bụ onye batara [[ihe nrite Pulitzer]] . <ref name=":1"/> Smith kụziri ịde egwuregwu na Mahadum Northwwest tupu ọ malite nkuzi na Mahadum Ohio, ebe ọ bụ prọfesọ a ma ama. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohio.edu/finearts/theater/faculty-staff/profiles.cfm?profile=EB687432-5056-A800-4808F066FAFDE0BD|title=Charles Smith|work=www.ohio.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-03-01}}</ref> Egwuregwu Smith, "Nweghachi nke Madison Hemings", mere ihe ngosi ụwa ya na Indiana Repertory Theatre na Indianapolis, IN na Machị 25, 2021. Mkpokọta na ebe nchekwa ihe pụrụ iche nke Mahadum DePaul na-ejide nchịkọta nke ihe odide Smith na ụdị edemede. <ref name=":1"/> == Ntụaka == Itoolu n'ime ihe nkiri Smith ewepụtala na Victory Gardens, gụnyere Knock Me a Kiss, Freefall, na The Sutherland . Atọ Carrie, na Les Trois Dumas si kwuo, bụ ndị {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Charles}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tf7r1y4yt38sj9au8fwdx6ek26g3ixa 0 48276 631915 538178 2026-05-04T16:52:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631915 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Bibi Aisha</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" | بي بي عایشه |- class="infobox-data" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Aisha Mohammadzai</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Afghanistan</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ndị ọzọ&nbsp;aha | class="infobox-data nickname" | Aesha Mohammadzai (aha iwu na United States) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | Ịlanarị ibibi na ịkwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị |} '''Bibi Aisha''' ( Pashto ; ''Bibi'' bụ okwu nkwanye ùgwù pụtara "Nwanyị"; A mụrụ '''Aisha Mohammadzai''', <ref name="CNN2012">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/12/16/us/aesha-surgery-healing/index.html|title=For Aesha, healing comes in many forms|publisher=CNN|date=December 20, 2012|accessdate=February 11, 2015}}</ref> aha iwu na United States: '''Aesha Mohammadzai''' ) bụ nwanyị Afghanistan gbapụrụ n'alụmdi na nwunye ọjọọ a manyere ya n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mana ejidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ, gbupụ ya ma hapụ ya ka ọ nwụọ dị ka ịbọ ọbọ maka ya. mgbapụ. Ndị ọrụ enyemaka mechara gbapụta ya ma gosi akụkọ ya na akụkọ America dịka ọmụmaatụ mmetụta ọchịchị ndị Taliban na-enwe n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka nke 2014, ọ na-ebi na [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]] dị ka nwa nkuchi nke ndị Afghanistan-American di na nwunye na natara reconstructive ịwa ahụ . == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Aisha na 1991 n'ime ezinụlọ Afghan na [[Afghanistan]] . <ref name="CNN2012" />Nne ya nwụnahụrụ ya mgbe ọ dị obere. <ref name="CNN2012" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, nna ya kwere ya nkwa na ọ ga-enye onye agha Taliban ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ na omume a na-akpọ ''baad'', maka igbu ọchụ nke onye òtù ezinụlọ Aisha mere. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Grenoble|first=Ryan|date=February 27, 2013|title=Afghan Woman Who Had Nose, Ears Cut Off By Taliban Recovers|work=[[Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/02/27/aesha-mohammadzai-nose-ears-taliban_n_2773994.html|accessdate=February 11, 2015}}</ref> A manyere ya ịlụ nwoke a mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ. <ref name=":0" /> Di ya na ezinụlọ ya na-akparị ya. <ref name="CNN2012" /> <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọ gbapụrụ na mmegbu ahụ, ma ndị uwe ojii jidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa ise, laghachikwute nna ya, ma nyeghachi ya di ya. <ref name=":0" /> N’ihi ịbọ ọ́bọ̀ maka ịgbapụ, nna nwunye Aisha, di, na ndị ikom atọ ọzọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ kpọọrọ Aisha gaa n’ugwu, bepụ ya imi na ntị ma hapụ ya ka ọ nwụọ. Ọ gara n'ụlọ nwanne nna ya mana ọ jụrụ enyemaka. N'ikpeazụ, nna ya na nna nna ya kpọbatara ya n'ogige ndị agha US gbatara ya mgbaba. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QBeakiLzNY "Meet Aesha, a Symbol of Strength and Triumph" ABC News video (July 2014)]</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bates|first=Karen Grigsby|date=October 13, 2010|title=Bibi Aisha, Disfigured Afghan Woman Featured On 'Time' Cover, Visits U.S.|work=[[National Public Radio]] blog: The Two-Way|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/10/13/130527903/bibi-aisha-disfigured-afghan-woman-featured-on-time-cover-visits-u-s|accessdate=November 27, 2010}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WN/Afghanistan/abused-women-afghanistan-helped-secret-shelters/story?id=10074409|title=Exclusive: The Secret Shelters That Protect Afghan Women|work=[[ABC News]]}}</ref> == Mpụta na akụkọ America == [[Usòrò:Presentación_World_Press_Photo_2011.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px| E gosipụtara onyonyo nke Aisha na ihe ngosi Foto nke World Press na 2011.]] Akụkọ Aisha bu ụzọ pụta na ''Daily Beast'' na Disemba 2009, nke kpaliri ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta inye aka n'efu na ịwa ahụ na-ewuli elu. Grossmann Burn Foundation dị na California kwere nkwa ịwa ahụ dị mkpa wee malite ịhazi maka visa ya n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2010. Na Maachị 2010, Diane Sawyer nke ABC News kpuchiri akụkọ ya, nke ọ ga-elegharịgharị na 2014. E gosipụtara Aisha na mkpuchi nke August 2010 nke magazin ''Time'' na n'isiokwu kwekọrọ, "Ụmụ nwanyị Afghanistan na nlọghachi nke Taliban." <ref>{{Cite news|author=Baker|first=Aryn|title=Afghan Women and the Return of the Taliban|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2007238,00.html|accessdate=November 27, 2010|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=July 29, 2010}}</ref> Ihe oyiyi mkpuchi ahụ kpatara nnukwu esemokwu mba ụwa. <ref name="AOL" /> Ihe oyiyi na isiokwu mkpuchi na-eso ya, "Ihe Na-eme ma Ọ bụrụ na Anyị Hapụ Afghanistan", kpalitere arụmụka banyere Agha Afghan . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nordland|first=Ron|title=Portrait of Pain Ignites Debate Over Afghan War|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?src=mv|accessdate=November 27, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=August 4, 2010}}</ref> Onye na-ese foto South Africa bụ [[Jodi Bieber]] sere mkpuchi ya wee nye ya ihe nrite foto foto nke ụwa na 2010. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Top press award for photo of disfigured Afghan woman|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=February 11, 2011|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-photography-prize-idUSTRE71A1XA20110211|first=Sara|author=Webb|date=February 11, 2011}}</ref> A na-atụnyere onyonyo a nke Aisha mgbe ụfọdụ na foto ''nwanyị Afghan'' nke Sharbat Gula nke Steve McCurry sere. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rubin|first=Elizabeth|title=Veiled Rebellion|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2010/12/afghan-women/rubin-text|accessdate=November 27, 2010|work=[[National Geographic Magazine]]|date=December 2010}}</ref> == Ndụ na United States == N'oge na-adịghị anya ka mkpuchi ' ''Oge'' gasịrị na Ọgọst 2010, a kpọgara Aisha na United States iji nweta ịwa ahụ n'efu. <ref name="AOL">{{Cite news|title=Disfigured Afghan on Cover of Time Heads to US|url=http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/disfigured-afghan-on-cover-of-time-heads-to-us/19582078|accessdate=November 27, 2010|work=[[AOL News]]|date=August 5, 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''[[Akụkọ AOL|AOL News]]''. August 5, 2010. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20101022124150/http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/disfigured-afghan-on-cover-of-time-heads-to-us/19582078 the original] on October 22, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ bịarutere California, ọ na-atụgharị uche na mmụọ n'ime ihe ọdịdọ psychogenic na-abụghị nke epileptic, ọgụ ụjọ, na imerụ onwe ya nke chọrọ ụlọ ọgwụ. N'ihi ihe omume ndị e mesoro ya, ndị dọkịta kpebiri na ya enwebeghị ike zuru oke maka ịwa ahụ ahụ na-ewuli elu na-agwụ ike, na nsogbu ndị a mere ka ọ rịa ọrịa n'ókè . <ref name="Saving Aesha" /> Mgbe ịwa ahụ nrụgharị ya na-egbu oge, ebe nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị maka ụmụ nwanyị Afghan na Queens, New York kpọbatara ya. <ref name="Saving Aesha" /> Ọnọdụ Aisha bịara ka mma site n'ịgbanwe ọgwụ, ọdịdọ ahụ kwụsịrị. <ref name="Saving Aesha" /> Ka oge na-aga, ọnọdụ uche Aisha bịara dịkwuo mma nke na ọ nwere ike ịkwụsị ịṅụ ọgwụ iji chịkwaa àgwà ya. Malite na 2012, nkwadebe maka imegharị ihu dị iche iche maka Aisha malitere. <ref name="Saving Aesha">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/05/world/saving.aesha/?hpt=hp_c2|work=CNN|title=Saving Aesha}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2012/05/world/saving.aesha/?hpt=hp_c2 "Saving Aesha"]. ''CNN''.</cite></ref> A gbasaa ọkpọiso ya n'ime ọtụtụ ọnwa iji nye anụ ahụ zuru oke iji wuo imi ọhụrụ. Ejiri cartilage sitere na ahụ ya wuo ihe owuwu maka imi ọhụrụ ya na anụ ahụ sitere n'aka ekpe ya ka ejirikwa maka mkpuchi ime. <ref name="Saving Aesha" /> Aisha mere ngụkọta nke ịwa ahụ 12 emechara. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRAokVK_R2w Video chronicling her surgery by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (Nov 2014)]</ref> Na 2014 ABC News letara Aisha wee kpughee ka imi ọhụrụ ya siri gbanwee ọdịdị ya. Ndị di na nwunye ndị America na ndị Afghanistan nakweere Aisha, na, dịka nke 2014, bi na [[Mérílạnd|Maryland]] . <ref name=":1"/> Ọ na-amụ Bekee na mgbakọ na mwepụ ma na-achọ ịbụ onye uwe ojii. <ref name="Saving Aesha"/> == Ntụaka == dị afọ iri na asatọ, ọ gbapụrụ na mmegbu ahụ, ma ndị uwe ojii jidere ya, tụọ ya mkpọrọ ọnwa ise, laghachikwute nna ya, ma nyeghachi ya di ya. N’ihi ịbọ ọ́bọ̀ maka ịgbapụ, nna nwunye Aisha, di, na ndị ikom atọ {{Reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Aisha, Bibi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k5bu7tyg1tt0xa0jmc0iv4kwd03mvr9 0 48763 631917 539407 2026-05-04T20:28:07Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Brandon D. Landers''' (amụrụ na 1985, na [[Los Angeles]], California) bụ onye America na-ese ihe atụ na onye nkuzi nka. Ihe ndị ọ na-eme na-egosipụtakarị foto ezinụlọ na ndị enyi yana ihe nkiri a na-eche n'echiche na kwa ụbọchị ndụ ndị ojii nwere ederede edere n'ime ha. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon D. Landers {{!}} Hammer Museum|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/made-la-2020-version/brandon-d-landers|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=hammer.ucla.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Brandon Landers na 1985 wee tolite dị ka naanị nwa na South Central Los Angeles, California. O lekwasịrị anya na nka ihe onyonyo mgbe ọ dị obere ka o si n'osisi daa na klaasị iri na otu. Dị ka e kwuru ''The New York Times'', Landers enweghị ike igwu basketball mgbe ọ na-agbake site na ihe mberede ahụ wee malite ịbịaru dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=2021-06-16|title=He Likes 'Staying Under the Radar,' but His Art Is Getting Noticed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/arts/design/brandon-landers-painter-hammer.html|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPogrebin2021">Pogrebin, Robin (2021-06-16). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/arts/design/brandon-landers-painter-hammer.html "He Likes 'Staying Under the Radar,' but His Art Is Getting Noticed"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Landers gakwara mmemme Boys Scouts mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ gasịrị na Los Angeles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon D. Landers Finds His Way Home|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2022/12/01/brandon-d-landers-young-artists-2023-los-angeles-painter|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.culturedmag.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2022/12/01/brandon-d-landers-young-artists-2023-los-angeles-painter "Brandon D. Landers Finds His Way Home"]. ''www.culturedmag.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Landers nwetara BA site na California State University, Bakersfield . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title=Brandon Landers: Aretha|url=https://www.meer.com/en/56664-brandon-landers-aretha|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Meer|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.meer.com/en/56664-brandon-landers-aretha "Brandon Landers: Aretha"]. ''Meer''. 2019-08-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na mgbakwunye na omume nka ya, Landers rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi nka nye ụmụaka n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Elementary Franklin dị na Bakersfield. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=2021-06-16|title=He Likes 'Staying Under the Radar,' but His Art Is Getting Noticed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/arts/design/brandon-landers-painter-hammer.html|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPogrebin2021">Pogrebin, Robin (2021-06-16). [https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/arts/design/brandon-landers-painter-hammer.html "He Likes 'Staying Under the Radar,' but His Art Is Getting Noticed"]. ''The New York Times''. [[ISSN (ihe nchọpụta)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[[issn:0362-4331|0362-4331]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Eserese Brandon Landers nke ezinụlọ na ndị enyi na-agbasawanye na ahụmịhe ojii na akụkọ nka nka. N'okwu nke onye na-ese ihe: "M na-eji nkà m bara uru. Ọ bụghị naanị ihe a ga-etinye na mgbidi. Anaghị m agbalị ịcha n'ihi na echere m na ọ mara mma. Achọrọ m ka ndị mmadụ nwee ọṅụ, ịma mma, mwute. Achọrọ m iji ya gosi ahụmịhe anyị dị ka ndị isi ojii." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Brandon D. Landers Finds His Way Home|url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2022/12/01/brandon-d-landers-young-artists-2023-los-angeles-painter|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=www.culturedmag.com|language=en}}</ref> Atụlela ọrụ Landers na nka akụkọ ihe mere eme dịka [[Romare Bearden]], [[Robert Colescott]], Clementine Hunter na Kerry James Marshall . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Pogrebin|first=Robin|date=2021-06-16|title=He Likes 'Staying Under the Radar,' but His Art Is Getting Noticed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/arts/design/brandon-landers-painter-hammer.html|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe ngosi solo ''Aretha'' na M + B gallery na Los Angeles bụ ihe ngosi ụlọ ọrụ izizi ya na 2019. O weputara nnukwu kanvases na eserese dị ka eserese ''The Joys'' (2019) na ''Ụzọ'' (2018-2019). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mizota|first=Sharon|date=2019-08-08|title=Black man, white police and the sly tricks of the eye in Brandon Landers' painting|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-08-07/brandon-landers-m-b-gallery|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|date=2019-09-03|title=Brandon Landers|url=https://artillerymag.com/brandon-landers/|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Artillery Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> E gosipụtara eserese ya n'ebe abụọ dị iche iche ''emere na LA 2020: ụdị,'' ma na Hammer Museum na Mahadum California, Los Angeles, yana n'ọbá akwụkwọ Huntington, Art Museum, na Botanical Gardens, California. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Brandon D. Landers {{!}} The Huntington|url=https://huntington.org/brandon-d-landers|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=huntington.org|language=en|archivedate=2024-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528214959/https://huntington.org/brandon-d-landers}}</ref> Ọrụ Brandon Landers gụnyere na nchịkọta nke Pérez Art Museum Miami, Florida. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-12|title=Brandon Landers: Aretha|url=https://www.meer.com/en/56664-brandon-landers-aretha|accessdate=2024-05-28|work=Meer|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT: Landers, Brandon}} mr8rw7pg0sra41hcngj6ra72llin7fg 0 49397 631994 578364 2026-05-05T03:34:58Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Chichi Menakaya''' (Chinyelu Uchechukwu Anne-Menakaya) bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|onye Naijiria]] Trauma na Ọkpụkpụ Ọkpụkpụ nke dabere na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] . Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Annomo Health concierge service. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ajakaiye|first=Fadekemi|title=Experts to Reveal Secret of Lasting Weight Loss at Annomo Webinar |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/04/26/experts-to-reveal-secret-of-lasting-weight-loss-at-annomo-webinar/|accessdate=2024-05-25|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Okeke-Korieocha|first=Ifeoma|date=2021-06-27|title=Our service is patient-driven, not profit-driven - Menakaya|url=https://businessday.ng/interview/article/our-service-is-patient-driven-not-profit-driven-menakaya/|accessdate=2024-05-25|work=[[Business Day (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Site na usoro a, ọ na-akpọkọta ndị dọkịta na ụlọ ọgwụ ndị ama ama ka ndị ọrịa mara. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Ajayi|first=Faith|date=2024-02-03|title=How to end domestic violence in Nigeria — UK-based surgeon, Menakaya|url=https://punchng.com/how-to-end-domestic-violence-in-nigeria-uk-based-surgeon-menakaya/|accessdate=2024-05-25|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O meela nkuzi nkwanye ugwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike Hull na York dị na Yorkshire, United Kingdom ma rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi ahụike nwa akwụkwọ ịwa ahụ maka Mahadum Mahadum London . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Team – Silver Care Africa|url=https://silvercareafrica.com/the-team/|accessdate=2024-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1" /> Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Okwuís_Frocentric, usoro ejiji nke echiche sitere na Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|title=Get Down With Dr.Chichi Menakaya – Surgeon, Human rights activist and Fashion designer – Okwui.com|url=https://myokwui.com/get-down-with-dr-chichi-menakaya-surgeon-human-rights-activist-and-fashion-designer/|accessdate=2024-05-25|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-05-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525224650/https://myokwui.com/get-down-with-dr-chichi-menakaya-surgeon-human-rights-activist-and-fashion-designer/}}</ref> Menakaya, site na ụlọ ọrụ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, Okwuí Mask Scheme, nke dabeere na United Kingdom na Nigeria, na-enye ndị a na-eme ihe ike n'ime ụlọ ike site na uru a na-enweta n'ahịrị ejiji ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Charles|first=Kumolu|date=January 30, 2019|title=DR MENAKAYA: Surgeon redesigning lives with fashion, passion|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/01/dr-menakaya-surgeon-redesigning-lives-with-fashion-passion/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> <ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na June 4, 1980 site na Dr. [[Tim Menakaya]] (onye bụbu minista ahụike Naijiria) na onyeisi ndị ọka ikpe Ann Menakaya na Naijiria. O si Umunya na [[Anambra Steeti|steeti Anambra]] nke Naijiria. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Dr. Chichi Menakaya Profile by Annomo.pdf|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xQ5IP-0dGYxMsWCzn2YwEWC6UD_oKSzf/view?usp=sharing&usp=embed_facebook|accessdate=2024-05-25|work=Annomo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=THEWILL|date=2021-06-28|title=Nigeria's Health Sector Needs Better Regulation, Policies – Menakaya|url=https://thewillnews.com/nigerias-health-sector-needs-better-regulation-policies-menakaya/|accessdate=2024-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ gara mahadum nke Ibadan site na 1999 ruo 2006. Mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ, ọ jere ozi dịka onye isi ego, Federation of African Medical and Dental Students, ma mesịa nweta akara ugo mmụta bachelor na ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ. Ọ gakwara na kọleji Imperial, London na 2009 wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na teknụzụ ịwa ahụ yana modul mgbakwunye na Medico-legal Diploma site na kọleji ahụ na 2011. Ọ gara Royal College of Surgeons na Ireland (RCSI) na 2011 na ọ bụ onye otu Royal College of Surgeons England (MRCS RCSEng). <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2022|title=Nigerians should be free to seek healthcare anywhere — Dr Chichi Menakaya, CEO, Annomo Health|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/nigerians-should-be-free-to-seek-healthcare-anywhere-dr-chichi-menakaya-ceo-annomo-health/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chichi tọrọ ntọala Annomo na 2013. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Awodipe|first=Tobi|date=2021-07-24|title='I've met people who believed I shouldn't succeed as a surgeon because of my gender, colour'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/ive-met-people-who-believed-i-shouldnt-succeed-as-a-surgeon-because-of-my-gender-colour/|accessdate=2024-05-25|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, ndị otu a nyere ihe dị ka igbe mkpuchi 15,000 n'ime ime obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Nigeria. <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=June 24, 2021|title=I still consult my father for guidance, words of wisdom — Chichi, ex-minister Menakaya's daughter|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/06/i-still-consult-my-father-for-guidance-words-of-wisdom-chichi-ex-minister-menakayas-daughter/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)]]}}</ref> Menakaya jere ozi dị ka onye isi mmepe (Europe) maka RISE Global Health Initiative site na Julaị 2014 ruo Septemba 2017. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ Hull na East Yorkshire site na August 2011 ruo Ọgọst 2013. Ọ bụ orthopedic trauma na-eme njem na onye nyocha maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike Harvard na Massachusetts General Hospital site na 2013 ruo 2016. Na 2023, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ ahụike mba (NHS) Clinical Entrepreneur Fellow. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Chichi Menakaya bụ nwanne nwanne Lorenzo Menakaya . Aha ụlọ ọrụ ya, Annomo, sitere n'aha nne ya, "Ann Okwuchukwu Menakaya Orakwue." <ref name=":4"/> == Mbipụta == * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2015) "Nnyocha onye ọrịa nke Venous thromboembolism Prophylaxis Service na-esochi mmerụ ahụ dị n'okpuru na-eji ajụjụ ajụjụ kwadoro" ''Jof'' ''Perioper Pract'', Eprel: 25 (4): ISBN 1750-4589. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menakaya|first=C. U.|date=April 2015|title=Patient evaluation of outpatient venous thromboembolism prophylaxis service following lower limb injuries using a developed validated questionnaire|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26012185/|journal=Journal of Perioperative Practice|volume=25|issue=4|pages=72–77|doi=10.1177/175045891502500403|issn=1750-4589|pmid=26012185}}</ref> * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2014) "Ndị na-arịa ọrịa thromboprophylaxis na-esote nkwụsị ụkwụ ala: ahụmahụ ụlọ ọrụ: Eur Orthop Traumatol Jan 1. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menakaya|first=C. U.|date=2014|title=Outpatients thromboprophylaxis following lower limb immobilisation: an institution's experience|url=https://www.infona.pl//resource/bwmeta1.element.springer-5039a939-2729-3b7c-bc12-7d563ad48282|journal=European Orthopaedics and Traumatology|language=English|volume=4|issue=5|pages=335–339|doi=10.1007/s12570-013-0240-0|issn=1867-4569}}</ref> * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2013) "Ogo nke ọrụ ndetu na Orthopedic Hip Arthroplasty Surgery: Anyị na-agbaso British Orthopedic Association" Nduzi maka Ezi Omume ". Jof Perioper Pract· Dec 1. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menakaya|first=C. U.|date=December 2013|title=Quality of operation notes in orthopaedic hip arthroplasty surgery: are we complying with British Orthopaedic Association's guide to good practice?|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24404704/|journal=Journal of Perioperative Practice|volume=23|issue=12|pages=273–276|doi=10.1177/175045891302301201|issn=1750-4589|pmid=24404704}}</ref> * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2013) "Ụgwọ nke outpatient venous thromboembolism prophylaxis na-esote obere akụkụ mmerụ ahụ", Ọkpụkpụ Joint J. May 1. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menakaya|first=C. U.|date=May 2013|title=The cost of outpatient venous thromboembolism prophylaxis following lower limb injuries|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23632680/|journal=The Bone & Joint Journal|volume=95-B|issue=5|pages=673–677|doi=10.1302/0301-620X.95B5.30555|issn=2049-4408|pmid=23632680}}</ref> * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2013) "Ọgwụgwọ mgbaji na-esote ike ike tibial trauma: Ilizarov vs Taylor Spatial Frame", Ann R Coll Surg Engl Mar 1, 2013. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menakaya|first=Cu|date=March 2014|title=Fracture healing following high energy tibial trauma: Ilizarov versus Taylor Spatial Frame|journal=The Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|language=en|volume=96|issue=2|pages=106–110|doi=10.1308/003588414X13824511650335|issn=0035-8843|pmid=24780666}}</ref> * Menakaya, CU ''et al'' (2015) "Usoro Stitch maka Hamstring Tendon Grafts", Annals R Coll Surg Engl Jan 1, 2013. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nunn|first=T.|date=October 2013|title=loop stitch technique for hamstring tendon grafts|journal=Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England|volume=95|issue=7|pages=530|doi=10.1308/003588413X13781990150491c|issn=1478-7083|pmid=24112505}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Menakaya, Chichi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] besntvztn2l9r0lassi4tlg2n5t7ied 0 49545 631946 588795 2026-05-05T00:53:32Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631946 wikitext text/x-wiki   Na nkà ọgwụ, ọgwụ ọjọọ na eze, na bayoloji, na-egosi nke ahụ nje na-ebute ọrịa na-efe efe site n'aka onye na-elekọta mmadụ ma ọ bụ m ndị nwere ọrịa na-ebute otu onye ma ọ bụ  otu, n'agbanyeghị ma onye nke ọzọ bụ ọrịa mbụ.  [1] Okwu a na-ezo aka nke ọma na ike nke microorganism ụzọ site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ site n'otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ụzọ ndị a: * nnyefe ikuku - obere obere akọrọ na mmiri mmiri na-anọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge na-enye ohere ikuku ikuku ọbụna mgbe ọpụpụ nke onye ọbịa ahụ gasịrị. Nha urughuru <5 μm . * nnyefe droplet - obere ihe na-abụkarị mmiri mmiri na-anọ n'ikuku maka obere oge. Mmetọ na-emekarị n'ihu onye ọbịa. Nha nha nha> 5 μm. * kọntaktị anụ ahụ ozugbo - imetụ onye bu ọrịa aka, gụnyere mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị * mmetụ anụ ahụ na-apụtaghị ìhè – na-emekarị site n'imetụ elu emetọọ aka, gụnyere ala ( fomite ) * nnyefe fecal – onu – na-emekarị site na aka a na-akwọghị akwọ, nri emetọọ ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri n'ihi enweghị ịdị ọcha na ịdị ọcha, ụzọ dị mkpa na-ebufe na pediatrics, ọgwụ anụmanụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. * site na agịga hypodermic emeru ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa ọbara Nzipu ịbụ ike ịbụ indirect, site ọzọ organism, ma a vector (ike anwụnta ma ọ bụ ofufe) ma ọ bụ onye etiti ndị ọbịa (eg tapeworm na pigs nwere ike ibunye ụmụ mmadụ ndị inest esighi ezi na-arụ ọrụ).  Mbufe na-enweghị ìhè nwere ike ike zoonoses ma ọ bụ, na-emekarị, nje dị ka macroparasites nwere usoro ndụ dị anya anya.  Mbufe nwere ike ịbụ autochthonous (ya bụ n'etiti mmadụ abụọ n'otu ebe) ma ọ bụ nwee ike njem nke microorganism ma ọ bụ ndị ọbịa emetụtara. Otu akụkọ Healthtù Ahụ Ike wa nke 2024 kwadoro usoro okwu maka ụzọ mbufe nke nje iku ume n'ikwekọ na physics particle: nnyefe ikuku; iku ume; nkwụnye ego ozugbo; na kọntaktị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Leung|first=Nancy H. L.|date=2024-07-03|title=New WHO proposed terminology for respiratory pathogen transmission|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-024-01067-5|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|language=en|pages=1–2|doi=10.1038/s41579-024-01067-5|issn=1740-1534}}</ref> Mana atụgharịbeghị usoro ndị a ahaziri ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ amụma, gụnyere amụma njikwa ọrịa <ref name=":4" /> ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta ọrịa ma ọ bụ iwu mba ụwa emelitere. == Nkọwa na okwu ndị metụtara ya == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7982|title=Vertical transmission|work=medterms.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070328061254/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=7982|archivedate=28 March 2007}}</ref>Enwere ike ibunye onye na-efe efe na -efe efe n'ụzọ abụọ: dịka Ọrịa -efe efe na-efe efe site n'otu onye gaa na nke ọzọ n'otu ụgbọ (ndị agha nọ n'otu apụ) [1  ] site na isi kpọmkwem (ịcha, imetụ aka, ịta ata), ma ọ bụ ndị na- ikeghị site na ikuku - ụkwara ma ọ bụ uzere ( vectors or fomites that ekwe ka ụzọ nke onye na-akpata ọrịa na-ahụ mmetụ.  anụ ahụ) [2] ma ọ bụ site na okporo ụzọ kwụpụta, na-ebufe ihe na-akpata ọrịa site na nne na nna nye ụmụ, dị ka n'oge irụ nwa ma ọ bụ perinatal . Okwu infectivity na-enwe ikike nke organism nri, dị ndụ na [[Iba|ịba]] ahụ n'ime onye ọbịa ahụ, ebe nje nke onye na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-egosi foto mfe nke na-ebufe onye ahụ ahụ na ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ.  [1] Mbufe nje na-enwe ike ime site na ndị ụzọ, site na nri emetọọ, mmiri ara ma ọ bụ ihe, site na ikuku ume ikuku ma ọ bụ site na ntule vector. . <ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}</ref> Mbufe bụ nsogbu nke ibute ọrịa, nyere ndị n'etiti onye ọbịa butere ọrịa na onye ọbịa ọbịa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Notes on R₀|url=https://web.stanford.edu/~jhj1/teachingdocs/Jones-on-R0.pdf|publisher=Department of Anthropological Sciences, Stanford University|date=May 2007|pages=1–9}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Resources|url=https://asm.org/Press-Releases/2020/COVID-19-Resources}}</ref>Mbufe obodo na-ama ihe isi akụkọ nke ọrịa na-agbasa ma ọ bụ njikọ dị n'etiti ndị ọrịa na ndị ọzọ na-efu.  Ọ na-ezo aka n'ihe isi ike dị n'ịghọta njikọ ọrịa na-efe efe na obodo ụmụaka ikpe enwetara. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gainers and losers in the time of nCoV|url=https://www.manilatimes.net/2020/02/10/opinion/columnists/gainers-and-losers-in-the-time-of-ncov/681991/|work=The Manila Times|date=10 February 2020}}</ref> Mbufe mpaghara obodo na mgbasala iyi nke ọrịa ahụ n'ime ebe a na-akọ ndị (ike n'ime obodo, mpaghara ma ọ bụ obodo).<ref name="whositrep47">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200307-sitrep-47-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=27c364a4_4|title=Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 47|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=8 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200308130605/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200307-sitrep-47-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=27c364a4_4|archivedate=8 March 2020}}</ref> == Ụzọ nnyefe == Ụzọ mgbasa ozi dị mkpa nye ndị na-ahụ maka ọrịa na-efe efe n'ihi na usoro dị iche iche n'etiti ndị mmadụ dị iche iche na otu dị iche iche nke ndị mmadụ na- ndabere na akụ na mụrụ,  omenala na ihe ndị ọzọ.  apeere, ọcha onwe onye na nke nri dị ala n'ihi ihi mmiri mmiri dị ọcha nwere ike ibute nke ọrịa site n'ụzọ fecal-oral, dị ka ọgbụgbọ .  Ọdịiche dị n'ibu ndị dị otú ahụ n'etiti otu dị iche iche echiche ike ime ka ìhè dị n'okporo ụzọ a na-ebufe ọrịa ahụ.  ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụrụ na onye ọrụ na ọrịa polio na-emekarị n'obodo ukwu ndị dị na mba ndị na-emepe akara, na- man mmiri dị ọcha, ụfọdụ n'obodo ndị nwere usoro ọkpọ dị mma, anyị nwere ike echiche echiche.  ahụ na ụzọ fecal-oral na-agbasa polio.  A na-ewere ụzọ dị ka ikuku na-efe efe : ọrịa ikuku na-efe efe na ụmụ irighiri mmiri. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ọrịa ikuku ===   "Nfe ikuku na-ezo aka na nje na-efe efe nke na-agbasa site na droplet nuclei (nke ike site na mmiri mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ) nke nwere microorganisms na-efe efe.  Ihe ndị nwere ike akpụkpọ ndụ n'ahụ ahụ ma , Nche na-akpatụ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge.  Ha na-ebute ndị ọzọ site na elu na nke ala.  osu iku ume." [1] Ogo nke ụmụ irighiri ihe maka ọrịa na-efe efe kwesịrị, <5 μm.  iche ebe ọ nwere ike ịhụrọ n'ikuku ruo ogologo oge Ya bụ, ikuku ikuku dị iche ma ọ bụ gburugburu na-ahụ mma dị mkpa iji zere mmetọ n'ozuzu eg, ụkwara nta, ọkụkọ ọkụkọ, [[Akpata|measles]]. </link> ===   infection ===   [[Usòrò:Sneeze.JPG|alt=Droplet image captured under dark background on scattering illumination or tyndall effect|thumb| A na-ahapụ ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume site na ikwu okwu, ụkwara, ma ọ bụ uzere. <ref name="canada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/respiratory_protection.html|title=Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?|date=28 February 2017|publisher=Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref>]] <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16355e/s16355e.pdf|title=Prevention of hospital-acquired infections|work=World Health Organization (WHO)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326160913/https://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/documents/s16355e/s16355e.pdf|archivedate=26 March 2020}}</ref>Ụdị mgbasa ozi a na-emekarị bụ saịtị na ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume, na-ebute site na ụkwara, uzere ma ọ bụ ikwu okwu.   Nfefe ntapu iku ume bụ ụzọ a na-emekarị maka ọrịa iku ume.   Mbufe nwere ike ime mgbe ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume rute n'elu mucosal nwera ike ike, dị ka n'anya, imi ma ọ bụ ọnụ.   Nke a ụgbọ ike ime na-icheghị ìhè site na ndị na elu emetọọ mgbe aka mete ihu.   Tupu ihicha, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-eku ume buru ibu na akara ike eduzi n'ikuku ogologo oge, a na-agbasasịkwa ya n'ebe dị anya.   [1] Ogo nke irighiri ihe maka ọrịa droplet bụ> 5 μm Nnụnụ na-agbasa site na mbufe droplet nje ndị na-eku ume dị ka nje influenza, nje parainfluenza, adenoviruses, rhinovirus, virus syncytial respiratory, metapneumovirus mmadụ, Bordetella pertussis, pneumococci, streptococcus pyogenes, diphtheria, coronavirus [1]  .  [2] Enwere ike mgbasa nke ụmụ irighiri mmiri iku ume site na onye na-ebu ya site na iji ìhè ịwa ahụ.. <ref name="canada">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/prevention/respiratory_protection.html|title=Respiratory Protection Against Airborne Infectious Agents for Health Care Workers: Do surgical masks protect workers?|date=28 February 2017|publisher=Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety|accessdate=28 February 2017}}</ref> === kọntaktị ozugbo ===   Mmekọahụ ozugbo na-apụta site na kọntaktị akpụkpọ ahụ na akpụkpọ ahụ, nsusu ọnụ, na inwe mmekọahụ. Mmekọrịta ozugbo na-ezokwa aka na kọntaktị na ala ma ọ bụ ahịhịa na-ebu nje na-efe efe. Na mgbakwunye, ebe a na-ewere nnyefe fecal-ọnụ ka ụzọ kọntaktị na-apụtaghị ìhè, kọntaktị ozugbo nwekwara ike bute mbufe site na nsị. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-01-06|title=Common Vehicle Spread|url=https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/MPH-Modules/PH/PH709_Transmission/PH709_Transmission5.html|accessdate=2020-07-21|work=Boston University School of Public Health}}</ref> A na-akpọ ọrịa ndị nwere ike ibunye site na ndị na-asụ na-efe efe ( Ibu na-efe efe efe otu na-efe efe; ọ bụ ihe na ọrịa niile na-efe efe na-efe efe, ọ bụghị ọrịa niile na  -efe efe).  A otu ibunye ọrịa ndị a site n'ịkesa akwa ịkpọrọ (ebe a na-enwe ọmụmụ ahụ nke ọma na ahụ abụọ) ma ọ bụ ihe uwe na-akpachi anya na ahụ (socks, dịka ọmụmaatụ) ma ọ bụrụ na a na  -asacha ha nke ọma n'etiti ojiji.  N'ihi nke a, ọrịa ndị na-efe efe na-ndịkpà n' akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ebe a na-ekerịta akwa na ihe onwe onye nke uwe na ngwaọrụ na-akpa n'ime ụlọ ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ụdị ọrịa a na-ebute site na ndị na-egosi egwu ụkwụ ndị na-eme egwuregwu, impetigo, syphilis, warts, na conjunctivitis.. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Jawetz, Melnick & Adelberg's Medical Microbiology|date=2019|location=New York|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-260-01202-6|edition=28th}}</ref> ==== Mmekọahụ ==== {{Reflist|30em}} Nke a na-ezo aka na ọrịa ọ mgbaka ike ejide ya n'oge mmekọ nwoke na-akpọ, sị ikpu ma ọ bụ gbasara ike ike, nke na-amaghị site n'ọnụ (lee n'okpuru) na ọ dịkarịghị site na  inwe agụụ (lee n'okpuru).  Mbufe bụ kpọmkwem n'etiti elu na ndị mgbe a na-enwe mmekọahụ (ụzọ a na-emekarị maka ọrịa nje na ọrịa ndị na-akpata ọnya) ma ọ bụ site na-achọghị ( semen ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri zoro ezo nke onye nwe  obi ụtọ) nke na-ebu nje ndị na-abanye n'akwụkwọ onye òtù ọlụlụ site na obere ozi.  anya mmiri naamụ, ikpu ma ọ bụ ikensi (nke a bụ ụzọ nje virus na-emekarị).  N'okwu nke abụọ, ndọrọ ndọrọ gbasara gbasara ike dị ize ndụ ebe ọ bụ na na-emepe ọtụtụ anya mmiri na ikensi ụfọdụ ikpu, n'ihi na ikpu na-agbanwe ma na-anabata ya. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ụfọdụ ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site n'ụzọ mmekọahụ HIV/AIDS, chlamydia, warts genital, gonorrhea, ịba ọcha n'anya B, syphilis, herpes, na trichomoniasis. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ==== Ọnụ ọnụ ==== A na-eche na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site ná mmekọahụ dị ka HIV na ịba ọcha n'anya B. ebute ebute site na ọnụ na ọnụ n'agbanyeghị na ọ ga-ekwe omume ibunye ụfọdụ STI n'etiti ahụ na  ọnụ, n'oge agụụ.  N'ihe gbasara nje HIV, ezela nhọrọ a.  Ọ bụkwa ya na-akpata nke nje virus herpes simplex 1 (nke na-ebute ọrịa ọnụ) na ọrịa nje na onye nke ụdị nje 2 </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ==== Mmekọahụ ntuziaka ==== Ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị ụkọ n'ihe gbasara omume mmekọahụ a, ụfọdụ ọrịa nwere ike gbasaa site na inwe mmekọahụ na-agụnye HPV, chlamydia, na syphilis. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hoyle|first=Alice|title=Great Relationships and Sex Education|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2019|accessdate=July 11, 2023|isbn=978-1-35118-825-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KE7ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PT261}}</ref> ==== Ọnụ ọnụ ==== Enwere ike ijide ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site n'ọnụ site na ndị ọnụ kpọmkwem dị ka nsusu ọnụ, ma ọ bụ site na ndị na-egosighị ìhè dị ka ikesa iko ma ọ bụ sịga.  echiche ndị mara na a na-ebute site na nsusu ọnụ ma ọ bụ site na ndị ọnụ ọnụ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ìhè na-agụnye ọrịa niile na-ebute site na ndị droplet na (opekata mpe) ụdị ọ blu nke nje.  nje herpes, ya bụ cytomegalovirus ọrịa herpes simplex virus (ịkarịsịa HSV-1) na mononucleosis na-efe ef. . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ==== Nfefe nne na nwa ==== [[Usòrò:Brocky,_Karoly_-_Mother_and_Child_(1846-50).jpg|thumb| Brocky, Karoly - Nne na Nwa (1846-50)]] {{Authority control}}Nke a sitere na nne ruo nwa (ọ na-enweghị nna na nwa), mgbe mgbe na utero, n'oge ikiri nwa (nke a na-akpọ ọrịa perinatal ) ma ọ bụ n'oge mmekọ anụ ahụ n'etiti nne na  nna na ụmụ.  Na mammals, ndị ụmụ mmadụ, ọ na- kwurukwa site na mmiri ara ara (nfefe transmammary).  echiche ndị nwere ike ibunye n'ụzọ dị otu a: HIV, ịba ọcha n'anya B na syphilis.  A na-ebunye ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. <ref name="auto" />{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission|journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics|volume=44|pages=623–643|doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ==== Iatrogenic ==== Mbufe n'ihi usoro eji emetụ, dị ka imetụ ọnya aka, iji ngwa emetọọ, ma ọ bụ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ma ọ bụ ntụgharị ihe butere ọrịa.  ọrịa nwere ike ibunye n'ụzọ iatrogen na-agụnye ọrịa Creutzfeldt-Jakob, HIV, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-23|title=Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/creutzfeldt-jakob-disease-cjd/|accessdate=2023-09-12|work=nhs.uk|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Massive Iatrogenic Outbreak of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Rural Cambodia, 2014-2015|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=66|issue=11|pages=1733–1741|date=May 2018|pmid=29211835|doi=10.1093/cid/cix1071}}</ref> ==== Ịkekọrịta agịga ==== Nke a bụ omume nke ndị na-eji ọgwụ eme ihe n'ime eriri afọ bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-ekenye agịga ma ọ bụ sirinji iji nye ọgwụ ndị na-esi n'interine dị ka heroin, steroid, na hormones.  Nke a nwere ike ọrụ dị ka vector maka ọrịa ndị sitere n'ọbara, dị ka ịba ọcha n'anya C (HCV) na HIV. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-30|title=HIV and Injection Drug Use {{!}} HIV Transmission {{!}} HIV Basics {{!}} HIV/AIDS {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/injection-drug-use.html|accessdate=2023-09-12|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> === kọntaktị na-apụtaghị ìhè === Mbufe ndị na-enweghị ìhè, nke a na-adị dị ka ụgbọ ala, eserese site na mmetọ nke ihe na-adịghị ndụ.  ikike ala ndị nwere ike ibunye ihe na-efe efe n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nri nri, mmirika, ndị dị ndụ dị ka ọkụ, na fomites dị ka ịchafụ, akwa akwa, ma ọ bụ ịwa ahụ.  ikike ala nwere ike ibu nje na-efe efe, dị ka nri ma ọ bụ mmiri nwere ike ibu nje ịba ọcha n'anya A. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụgbọ ala ahụ nwere ike inye ebe onye ọrụ na-eto eto,  na-amụba ma ọ bụ na-ahụ ebe, dị ka nri mkpọ na- nri ezi na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado nke botulinum toxin site na Clostridium botulinum.. === Mbufe site na ntule ndị ọzọ === Vector bụ ahụ na-egosi ebute ọrịa n'onwe ya kama na - ebufe ọrịa site n'otu ebe gaa n'ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metapathogen.com|title=Pathogens and vectors|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124020044/http://www.metapathogen.com/|archivedate=24 January 2015|work=MetaPathogen.com}}</ref> Vectors nwere ike ịbụ igwe ma ọ bụ ndu.  Vector na-arụ ọrụ na-eburu ihe na-efe efe n'ahụ ya ma na-ebufe ya n'ụzọ na-ama isi.  Ihe atụ nke vector na-arụ ọrụ bụ ijiji ụlọ, nke na-ada na ozi ehi, na-agụnye ihe mgbakwunye ya na nje bacteria sitere na ezinụlọ, wee daa na nri tupu eri ya.  nje ahụ ụgbọ ịbanye n'ime ahụ ijiji.  N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebufe nje n'ime ahụ ha ma na-ebuga ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ n'ụzọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na--anata ata.  Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebutekarị ọrịa siri ike na-ebute ụkwụ, dị ka ịba, nje encephalitis, ọrịa Chagas, ọrịa Lyme na ọrịa ihi Ụra nke Africa .  Ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anya, ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụghị naanị, arthropods, dị ka anwụnta, akọrọ, fleas na .  A na-achọ vectors na ndụ nke nje.  Usoro a na-achị chịkwaa ọrịa na-efe efe na-ebute vector bụ usoro ndụ nke saịtị n'igbu vector. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Fecal - ọnụ === [[Usòrò:WPA_Outhouse.jpg|thumb| 1940 US akwụkwọ mmado WPA na-agba ume ọhụrụ emebere]] N'okporo ụzọ fecal-oral, nje na-efe efe dị na fecal particles na-esi n'otu onye gaa n'ọnụ onye ọzọ.  Ọ bụ ebe na a na-ekwukarị ya dị ka ụzọ ụzọ, ọ bụ n'ezie ụmụakapụta nke ọnụ ụzọ mbata na ikpe nke nje ahụ, ọ na-eji ọrụ n'ofe ọtụtụ ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ọzọ.  [1] A na-ahụta mbufecal-ọnụ dị ka ụzọ na-enweghị ìhè site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri emetọru.  Otú ọ dị, ọ na-arụ ọrụ saịtị na ndị na-egosi na ihe ma ọ bụ ahụ gụpụtara ihe, dị ka saịtị na inwe mmekọahụ .  [2] [3] Ọ hụ ike na-arụ ọrụ site na ntapu ma ọ bụ ikuku na-ebufe site na mmiri mposi sitere na ụlọ mposi emetọru. <ref name="Mead2013">{{Cite journal|title=Lifting the lid on toilet plume aerosol: a literature review with suggestions for future research|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=41|issue=3|pages=254–258|date=March 2013|pmid=23040490|doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2012.04.330}}</ref> <ref name="Jon2015">{{Cite journal|title=Aerosol transmission of infectious disease|journal=Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine|volume=57|issue=5|pages=501–508|date=May 2015|pmid=25816216|doi=10.1097/JOM.0000000000000448}}</ref> Isi ihe na-ebute ọrịa fecal-ọnụ ọnụ idebe ọcha zuru oke na omume rụrụ ọcha - nke nwere ike were ụdị dị iche iche.  Nfe ọnụ ọnụ nwere ike ịbụ site na nri ma ọ bụ mmiri emetọọla.  Nke a nwere ike ime mgbe ndị mmadụ enweghị aka ha nke ọma mgbe ha mechara ụlọ mposi na tupu ha ọzụzụ nri ma ọ bụ na-elekọta ndị ọrịa </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ụzọ mbufe fecal-oral nwere ike ịbụ ihe ize ndụ ndị ọha na eze maka ndị mmadụ na mba ndị ka na-emepe mịlị bụ ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na- ሙa ማረhọ ọcha zuru oke.  N'ebe a, ozi ma ọ bụ ozi na-enyere nwere ike imetọ ebe mmirika ( mmirika ala ma ọ bụ mmiri elu).  Ndị na-mmiri mmiri e nyere ihe nwere ike ibu ọrịa.  Nsogbu ọzọ na ụfọdụ mba ndị ka na-emepe dị, bụ ịsa awụ n' nke na-ebute ọrịa site n'ụzọ fecal-onu. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ụzọ ná mba ndị mepere emepe, a na-enwe ndakpọ nke sistemu site n'oge ruo n'oge na-eme ka mmiri mmiri na-ejubiga ókè .  Nke a bụ ụdị mgbasa ozi nke ndị na-efe efe dị ka ụgbụgbọ, ịba ọcha n'anya A, polio, Rotavirus, Salmonella, na nje nje (ike Ascaris lumbricoides ) </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ndepụta == A na-akpọ mgbasa nke ọrịa na-efe efe .  Ileba anya nke ọrịa na-efe efe na mpaghara ọha bụ ọrụ dịịrị ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na mba ụwa, mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara.  onye ọrụ mgbasa na-adabere na ndị ọrụ na-azụ na ụlọ achụ nta microbiology iji hụ ndị ọrịa .  Nyocha nke nchịkọta akụkọ nwere ike igosi mgbasa nke ọrịa na ọ bụ isi nke anụ nke ọrịa na-efe efe .  Iji mgbasa nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ọrịa na-ahụ nke a na-egosi, ọ dị mkpa ka achịkọta data na otu ọnwụ, ma ọ bụ nchịkọta data dị ugbu a nwere ike iputa, dị ka data ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ  Aha ọgwụ dịka ọmụmaatụ </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute n'ime ụlọ ọrụ, dị ka ụlọ ọgwụ, ụlọ, ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ụmụ mgbei, onye gbara ọsọ ndụ, wdg, a na-arụ ọrụ  ndị fim na-ahụ maka ọdịdị ọrịa, ndị ga-egosi ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka nke mmemme ọrịa ụlọ ọgwụ.  atụ </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> N'ihi na usoro omenala ndị a na-adị ngwa, na-ewe oge ma na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, a na-achọ proxies nke ọzọ.  Otu onye anya n'ihe gbasara influenza bụ nleba anya ọrịa dị ka influenza na saịtị ụfọdụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka ngwaọrụ na steeti, dịka ọmụmaatụ.  [1] Emepụtala ngwa ọrụ iji nyere aka soro ọrịa influenza site n'ịchọta iwu na ụfọdụ nchọta webụ .  Achọpụtara na ugboro ole ndị na-agụkarị influenza n'ozuzu ya na-arrị elu ka ọnụọgụ ndị na-arahụ ọrịa influenza na-arrị elu.  Nleba anya isi oge-oge nke iheike ka egosiri na mgbasa nke influenza [2] na dengue . <ref name="chan">{{Cite journal|title=Using web search query data to monitor dengue epidemics: a new model for neglected tropical disease surveillance|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases|volume=5|issue=5|pages=e1206|date=May 2011|pmid=21647308|doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001206}}</ref> Ejila ihe ngosi kọmpụta gbasara mgbasa ọrịa na-efe efe.  [1] ndị nwere ikike ike mgbasalite ozi, mgbaàmà oge oge na mmetụta nke ọrịa na-efe efe, dị ka anụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ kwa afọ, bootcamp, Hajj kwa afọ wdg.  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, data sitere na televishọn egosila na ọ ga-enwe ike ijide ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọma iji buru ụzọ.  akụkụ nke ụfọdụ ọrịa na-efe efe, dị ka rubella. <ref name="pnas">{{Cite journal|title=Quantifying seasonal population fluxes driving rubella transmission dynamics using mobile phone data|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=112|issue=35|pages=11114–11119|date=September 2015|pmid=26283349|doi=10.1073/pnas.1423542112}}</ref> == Mmekọrịta na virulence na nlanarị == Ọrịa ga-enwerịrị ụzọ a ga-esi na-ebufe ya site n'otu ndị ọbịa gaa na nke ọzọ iji hụ na ụdị ha dị ndụ. Ndị na-efe efe bụ ndị ọkachamara n'ozuzu maka otu usoro mbufe. Inwe ihe atụ site n'ụzọ iku ume, site n'echiche evolushọn nje virus ma ọ bụ nje bacteria na-eme ka onye ọbịa ha nwee ike ịmalite ụkwara na imi imi nwere nnukwu uru ịlanarị, n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka a ga-achụpụ ha n'otu onye ọbịa na-ebuga ya ọzọ. Nke a bụkwa ihe mere ọtụtụ microorganisms na-akpata [[afọ ọsịsa]] . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ụgbọ dị n'etiti virulence na okpuru ọchịchị anya ma nwee mmetụta dị mkpa maka evolushọn ogologo oge nke pathogen.  Ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ụgbọ maka microbe na ụdị ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ ka ha na-etolite, nje nje na-ahụ nwere ike àmà ndị mbụ ihe ya nke ukwuu.  Ọ na-ahụ na mbụ mbụ nke ọrịa ọhụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu.  Ọ bụrụ na ọrịa na-egbu ngwa ngwa, onye ọbịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwụ tupu e bufee microbe ahụ na onye ọbịa ọzọ.  Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ a nwere ike ịkabiga ya ókè site na uru dị ike nke ọrịa na-efe efe dị elu ma ọ bụrụ na a na- mgbasa ozi na ọrịa virulence, dị ka ọ bụ dịka ọmụmaatụ n'ihe ize ndụ.  (ihe mgbawa na-agbawa agbawa na-enyere nje bacteria na- ndị ọbịa ọhụrụ) ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ọrịa iku ume.  uzere na ụkwara na-ahụ ikuku ikuku na-efe efe ). <nowiki></link></nowiki><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ihe ọ ALA na-abụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akụkụ nke ọrịa na-ebu ihe dị mma, nke bụ uru maka ọha mmadụ na-egosighi na mmetụta nye onye ahuhu.  A na-amata nke a n'ezoghị ọnụ mgbe a na-enye ọgwụ sị n'efu ma ọ bụ na ọnụ ahịa onye ọrịa na- ọnụ ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Externalities, public goods, and infectious diseases.|journal=Real-World Economics Review|date=March 2022|volume=99|pages=25–56|url=http://www.paecon.net/PAEReview/issue99/GravesSamuelson99.pdf}}</ref> == Microorganisms bara uru == Usoro mgbasa ozi bụkwa dị mkpa nke bayoloji nke microbial symbionts bara uru, dị ka coral -associated dinoflagellates ma ọ bụ ụmụ ụmụ microbiota .  Nnụnụ nwere ike ike symbioses na ụmụ nje na-ebute site na nne na nna ha, site na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na-eke njikọ, ma ọ bụ ha abụọ. /link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Mbufe kwụ ọtọ === Mbufe kwụ ɔtɔ na-ezo aka akara symbionts n'aka nne na nna (na- posi ndị nne).  Mbufe kwụ nwe nwere ike ịbụ intracellular (kaka transovarial), ma ọ bụ extracellular (ihe atụ site na ndị mgbe embrayo na-enwe n'etiti nne na nna na ụmụ).  Enwere ike iwere ma ụzọ intracellular na extracellular dị ka ụdị nketa na-ahụ ndụ ihe nketa ma ọ bụ ike nne na nna .  A na-arụ ụka na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ na-enweta ụfọdụ ụdị nke symbionts kwụ otu.  [1] Ihe atụ Canonical nke symbionts ndị a na-ebute na kwụ ụlọ nutritional symbiont Buchnera in aphids (transovarially transmitted intracellular symbiont) na ụfọdụ akụkụ nke ụmụ mmadụ microbiota (ebunye n'oge ngafe nke ụmụ ọhụrụ site na inye nwa nakwa site  na-enye ara) </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === nnyefe kwụ ọtọ === A na-enweta ụfọdụ symbions bara uru n'ụzọ kwụpụta, site na gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ ndị na- ike njikọ.  Nke a na-achọ ka ndị ọbịa na symbiont nwee ike ụfọdụ usoro nke ike misali ha ma ọ bụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ibe ha.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, symbionts enwetara n'ụzọ kwụpụta na-adabara na nke abụọ ụfọdụ metabolism nke mbụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka iji chebe onwe ya ọrịa na ọrịa nje, [1] mana ụfọdụ symbiont nri nri na-enwetakwa n'ụzọ kwụ otu (1)  na gburugburu).  [2] Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke symbionts bara uru na-ebufe n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nje bacteria bioluminescent , na squid bobtail na nje na-edozi nitrogen na osisi . </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ngwakọta-ụkpụrụ nnyefe === <ref name="auto">{{Cite journal|date=2013|title=The Epidemiology and Evolution of Symbionts with Mixed-Mode Transmission|journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics|volume=44|pages=623–643|doi=10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-032513-100555}}</ref>Ọtụtụ microbial symbionts, ndị mmadụ microbiota, nwere ike ibunye ma kwụ ɔ na kehoraizin.  Nbufe ụdị agwakọta nwere ike ikwe ka symbionts nwee ike “kachasị mma nke ụwa abụọ a” - ha nwere ike bute ụmụ ndị ọbịa n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ mgbe n'ihu nke ndị ọbịa dị ala, ma bute ndị ọbịa dị iche iche n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ.  ọtɔ mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọbịa ọzọ.  Ngwakọta ụdị ụdị na-eme ka mgbaàmà (ogo nke ndị ahụ ma ọ bụ uru) nke see siri ike, n'ihi na akara evolushọn nke symbiont bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile na-ahụ na ihe ịga nke ọma nke  onye ọbịa. == Hụkwa == * Bioaerosol * Ịgba ọsọ * Ofefe ụdị nnyefe * Ọrịa na-efe efe: nnyefe * Ọnụọgụ mgbasa ozi (Epidemiology) == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o562vp5ajfpd503por5760z9fni2k0m 0 49651 631940 538838 2026-05-05T00:51:46Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631940 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:A_cover_crop_of_Tillage_Radish_in_early_November.jpg|thumb|Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi osisi radish na mbido Nọvemba]]   N'ọrụ ugbo, ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi bụ osisi ndị a na-akụ iji kpuchie ala karịa maka ebumnuche nke iwe ihe ubi. Ihe ọkụkụ na-ahụ maka mbuze nke ala, ọmụmụ ala, ịdị mma ala, mmiri, ahịhịa, pests, ọrịa, ụdị dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa n'ime usoro agroecosystem-usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na-achịkwa ma na-akpụzi ya. Ihe ọkụkụ kpuchiri ekpuchi nwere ike ịbawanye ọrụ microbial n'ime ala, nke na-enwe mmetụta dị mma na ịnweta nitrogen, ntinye nitrogen na ihe ọkụkụ a chọrọ, na ihe ọkụkụ. Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na-ebelata ihe ize ndụ mmetọ mmiri ma wepụ CO2 site na ikuku . Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọkụkụ na-adịghị agwụ agwụ nke a kụrụ mgbe ọ na-ewe ihe ubi ego. Ihe ubi kpuchiri ekpuchi bụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị nọọsụ n'ihi na ha na-abawanye ndụ nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi a na-egbute, ma na-akụkarị n'oge oyi. Na United States, ihe ubi mkpuchi nwere ike na-eri ihe ruru $35 kwa acre.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Weise|first=Elizabeth|date=28 December 2022|title=Ancient farming practice makes a comeback as climate change puts pressure on crops|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2022/12/28/cover-crops-can-help-fight-climate-change-effects-us-farms/10798179002|work=USA Today|accessdate=28 December 2022}}</ref> == Mgbọrọgwụ nke ala == Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ọkụkụ nwere ike ịrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ na agroecosystem n'otu oge, a na-akụkarị ha naanị maka ebumnuche nke igbochi mbuze ala. Mgbasa ala bụ usoro nke nwere ike belata ikike mmepụta nke agroecosystem. Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ala na-ebelata ọnwụ site n'imeziwanye ọdịdị ala na ịbawanye infiltration, na-echebe ala, na-agbasa ike mmiri ozuzo, ma na-ebepụ ọsọ nke mmegharị mmiri n'elu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Panagos|first=Panos|date=December 2015|title=The new assessment of soil loss by water erosion in Europe|journal=Environmental Science & Policy|language=en|volume=54|pages=438–447|doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2015.08.012}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-egbochi ọsọ nke Mmiri ozuzo tupu ọ metụta n'elu ala, na-egide ịwụfu ala na ịwụfu mmiri.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Römkens|first=M. J. M.|year=1990|chapter=Surface sealing and infiltration|pages=127–172|editor=Anderson|title=Process studies in hillslope hydrology|publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.|isbn=0471927147}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, nnukwu netwọk mgbọrọgwụ ihe ọkụkụ na-enyere aka ijikọta ala n'ebe ma na-eme ka oghere ala dịkwuo elu, na-emepụta netwọk ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị maka macrofauna ala.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tomlin|first=A. D.|year=1995|chapter=Earthworms and their influence on soil structure and infiltration|pages=159–183|editor=Hendrix|title=Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America|publisher=Lewis Publishers}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ka ala dị mma maka afọ ole na ole sochirinụ. == Nchịkwa ala na-eme nri == Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ eme ihe bụ ịkwalite ọmụmụ ala. A na-akpọ ụdị ihe ọkụkụ ndị a dị ka "nri ahịhịa ndụ". A na-eji ha ejikwa ọtụtụ ihe na-edozi ahụ na micronutrients ala. N'ime ihe oriri dị iche iche, mmetụta na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na-enwe na njikwa nitrogen enwetawo nlebara anya kachasị site n'aka ndị nchọpụta na ndị ọrụ ugbo n'ihi na nitrogen na-abụkarị ihe na-egbochi ihe oriri na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-akụ ahịhịa ahịhịa ndụ ndụ maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ, wee kọọ ya n'okpuru tupu ha eruo ntozu oke iji meziwanye ọmụmụ na ịdị mma nke ala. Osisi ndị fọdụrụ na-egbochi ala ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ. Ihe ọkụkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-abụkarị leguminus, nke pụtara na ha bụ akụkụ nke ezinụlọ pea, Fabaceae. Ezinụlọ a pụrụ iche n'ihi na ụdị niile dị na ya setịpụrụ pods, dị ka bean, lentil, lupins na alfalfa. Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na nitrogen dị elu ma nwee ike inye nitrogen achọrọ maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. N'ọrụ ugbo nkịtị, a na-etinyekarị nitrogen a n'ụdị fatịlaịza kemịkal. N'ọrụ ugbo organic, ntinye nitrogen nwere ike iwere ụdị fatịlaịza organic, compost, mkpuchi mkpụrụ osisi, na njikọ site na ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi legume.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=White|first=Kathryn E.|date=2022-04-28|title=Winter cover crops increased nitrogen availability and efficient use during eight years of intensive organic vegetable production|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=17|issue=4|pages=e0267757|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0267757|issn=1932-6203|pmid=35482753}}</ref> A na-akpọ àgwà a nke ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ uru.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thiessen-Martens|first=J. R.|year=2005|title=Legume cover crops with winter cereals in southern Manitoba: Fertilizer replacement values for oat|journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science|volume=85|issue=3|pages=645–648|doi=10.4141/p04-114}}</ref> Àgwà ọzọ pụrụ iche maka ihe ọkụkụ leguminous bụ na ha na-emepụta mmekọrịta symbiotic na nje bacteria rhizobial nke bi na nodules mgbọrọgwụ legume. Lupins na-ejide site na microorganism ''Bradyrhizobium'' sp. (Lupinus) A na-ahụ Bradyrhizobia dị ka microsymbionts na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ (''Argyrolobium'', ''Lotus'', ''Ornithopus'', ''Akasia'', ''Lupinus'') nke sitere na Mediterenian. Nje bacteria ndị a na-agbanwe gas nitrogen ikuku (N2) na-adịghị adị na ammonium (NH + 4) site na usoro nke nitrogen fixation. N'ozuzu, ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-eme ka ọrụ microbial nke ala dịkwuo elu, nke nwere mmetụta dị mma na nitrogen dị n'ime ala, nitrogen na-enweta na ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-achọ, na ihe ọkpọ.<ref name=":0" /> Tupu ọbịbịa nke [[Haber process|Usoro Haber-Bosch]], usoro na-eji ike eme ihe mepụtara iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ nitrogen na-etinye ihe na-eme ka mmiri nitrogen, ọtụtụ nitrogen e webatara na gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ntinye nitrogen.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Galloway|first=J. N.|year=1995|title=Nitrogen-Fixation - Anthropogenic Enhancement-Environmental Response|journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles|volume=9|issue=2|pages=235–252|doi=10.1029/95gb00158}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na njigide nitrogen zuru ebe niile, nke a na-enweta karịsịa site na iji ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie, bụ naanị ihe ọzọ na-eme ka njigide nitrogenian n'ụlọ ọrụ na mgbalị iji lekọta ma ọ bụ mụbaa ọkwa mmepụta nri n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bohlool|first=B. B.|year=1992|title=Biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture: A perspective|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=141|issue=1–2|pages=1–11|doi=10.1007/bf00011307}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peoples|first=M. B.|year=1992|title=Biological nitrogen fixation: Investments, expectations and actual contributions to agriculture|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=141|issue=1–2|pages=13–39|doi=10.1007/BF00011308}}</ref> A katọrọ njikọta nitrogen nke ụlọ ọrụ dị ka isi iyi na-adịghị adịgide adịgide nke nitrogen maka mmepụta nri n'ihi ịdabere na ike mmanụ ala na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara iji fatịlaịza nitrogen eme ihe n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jensen|first=E. S.|year=2003|title=How can increased use of biological N-2 fixation in agriculture benefit the environment?|journal=Plant and Soil|volume=252|issue=1|pages=177–186|doi=10.1023/A:1024189029226}}</ref> Mmetụta ndị dị otú ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere nitrogen fatịlaịza furu efu n'ime ụzọ mmiri, nke nwere ike iduga eutrophication (nchekwa nri) na hypoxia (mbibi oxygen) nke nnukwu mmiri. Ihe atụ nke a bụ na Mississippi Valley Basin, ebe ọtụtụ afọ nke fatịlaịza nitrogen na-abanye na mmiri site na mmepụta ugbo emeela ka "ebe nwụrụ anwụ" nke oge okpomọkụ na Gulf of [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] nke ruru ebe karịrị 22,000 square kilomita na 2017. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Rabalais|first=N. N.|year=2002|title=Gulf of Mexico hypoxia, aka "The dead zone"|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=33|pages=235–263|doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150513}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/gulf-of-mexico-dead-zone-is-largest-ever-measured|title=NOAA: Gulf of Mexico 'dead zone' is the largest ever measured|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)|date=August 3, 2017|accessdate=August 3, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802173757/http://www.noaa.gov/media-release/gulf-of-mexico-dead-zone-is-largest-ever-measured|archivedate=August 2, 2017}}</ref> Mgbagwoju anya nke ihe ndị dị ndụ n'oké osimiri na mpaghara a anọwo na-ebelata n'ihi ya. Tinyere iwebata nitrogen n'ime agroecosystems site na njikọta nitrogen, a na-eji ụdị ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi a maara dị ka "ihe ọkụkụ na-ejide" iji jide ma megharịa nitrogen n'ala. Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ejide na-ewe nitrogen fọdụrụ site na uto nke ihe ọkụkụ gara aga, na-egbochi ya ka ọ ghara ịla n'iyi site na leaching, ma ọ bụ gas denitrification ma ọ bụ [[Ọpụpụ nke ọgwụ ahụhụ|volatilization]]. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thorup-Kristensen|first=K.|year=2003|title=Catch crops and green manures as biological tools in nitrogen management in temperate zones|pages=227–302|journal=Advances in Agronomy|volume=79|doi=10.1016/S0065-2113(02)79005-6}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ejide na-abụkarị ụdị ọka na-eto ngwa ngwa kwa afọ nke na-eme ka nitrogen dị n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ditsch|first=D. C.|year=1991|title=Nonleguminous Cover Crop Management for Residual N Recovery and Subsequent Crop Yields|journal=Journal of Fertilizer Issues|volume=8|pages=6–13}}</ref> A na-ahapụ nitrogen a na-ejikọta na ihe ọkụkụ a na-egbute n'ime ala ozugbo a na-etinye [[ihe ọkụkụ ego]] dị ka nsị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ ọzọ na-amalite ire ure. Ihe atụ nke iji nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ sitere na Naijiria, ebe achọpụtara na mkpuchi ''Mucuna pruriens'' (beansị velvet) na-abawanye nnweta nke phosphorus n'ime ala mgbe onye ọrụ ugbo na-etinye nkume phosphate.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vanlauwe|first=B.|year=2000|title=Utilization of rock phosphate by crops on a representative toposequence in the Northern Guinea savanna zone of Nigeria: response by Mucuna pruriens, Lablab purpureus and maize|journal=Soil Biology & Biochemistry|volume=32|issue=14|pages=2063–2077|doi=10.1016/s0038-0717(00)00149-8}}</ref> == Nchịkwa nke ịdị mma ala == Ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi nwekwara ike imeziwanye ogo ala site n'ịbawanye ọkwa ihe ọkụkụ site na ntinye nke ihe ọkụkụ mkpofu ka oge na-aga. Mmụba nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ'ala na-eme ka Ọdịdị ala dịkwuo mma yana mmiri na ihe na-edozi ahụ na ikike nke ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Patrick|first=W. H.|year=1957|title=The effects of longtime use of winter cover crops on certain physical properties of commerce loam|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|volume=21|issue=4|pages=366–368|doi=10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100040004x}}</ref> Ọ pụkwara iduga n'ịbawanye carbon sequestration n'ala, nke a kwalite dị ka atụmatụ iji nyere aka gbochie ịrị elu nke carbon dioxide ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kuo|first=S.|year=1997|title=Winter cover crop effects on soil organic carbon and carbohydrate in soil|journal=Soil Science Society of America Journal|volume=61|issue=1|pages=145–152|doi=10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100010022x}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sainju|first=U. M.|year=2002|title=Long-term effects of tillage, cover crops, and nitrogen fertilization on organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations in sandy loam soils in Georgia, USA|journal=Soil & Tillage Research|volume=63|issue=3–4|pages=167–179|doi=10.1016/s0167-1987(01)00244-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lal|first=R|year=2003|title=Offsetting global CO2 emissions by restoration of degraded soils and intensification of world agriculture and forestry|journal=Land Degradation & Development|volume=14|issue=3|pages=309–322|doi=10.1002/ldr.562}}</ref> A na-achịkwa ịdị mma ala iji mepụta ọnọdụ kachasị mma maka ihe ọkụkụ iji too. Isi ihe na-emetụta ọdịdị ala bụ [[Ńnú|nnu]] ala, pH, nguzozi microorganism, na mgbochi nke [[Mmetọ ala]]. A na-ahụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-elekọta ọdịdị ala nke ọma ma na-elekọta ya, ọ na-eme ntọala maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ma na-amị mkpụrụ. Otu onye nwere ike ịmepụta ma jikwaa ihe ọkụkụ nke ga-emepụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma ruo oge ụfọdụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Managing Soil Health: Concepts and Practices|url=https://extension.psu.edu/managing-soil-health-concepts-and-practices|accessdate=2023-07-14|work=extension.psu.edu|language=en}}</ref> == Nchịkwa mmiri == Site n'ibelata mbuze ala, ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-ebelata ọnụego na oke mmiri nke na-apụ n'ọhịa, nke ga-eweta ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ mmiri na gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dabney|first=S. M.|year=2001|title=Using winter cover crops to improve soil quality and water quality|journal=Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis|volume=32|issue=7–8|pages=1221–1250|doi=10.1081/css-100104110}}</ref> Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ n'etiti mmiri ozuzo na ala, na-enye ohere ka mmiri ozuzo jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbadata site na profaịlụ ala. Ọzọkwa, dị ka ekwuru n'elu, mkpuchi mgbọrọgwụ ihe ọkụkụ na-eme ka e nwee oghere ala, nke, na mgbakwunye na ịkwalite ebe obibi macrofauna na-enye ụzọ maka mmiri iji nyochaa site na profaịlụ ala kama ịpụ n'ọhịa dị ka mmiri na-aga n'elu. Site na mmụba nke mmiri, enwere ike imeziwanye ikike maka nchekwa mmiri n'ala na recharge nke aquifers.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joyce|first=B. A.|year=2002|title=Infiltration and soil water storage under winter cover cropping in California's Sacramento Valley|journal=Transactions of the ASAE|volume=45|issue=2|pages=315–326|doi=10.13031/2013.8526}}</ref> Obere oge tupu e gbuo ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi (site n'omume ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere ịkpụ, ịkọ, ịkpụ, ịtụgharị, ma ọ bụ itinye ọgwụ herbicide) ha nwere nnukwu mmiri. Mgbe a na-etinye ihe ọkụkụ na ala, ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'elu ala, ọ na-emekarị ka mmiri dị n'ala. Na agroecosystems ebe mmiri maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ dị ụkọ, enwere ike iji ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie dị ka mulch iji chekwaa mmiri site na ndò na ime ka ala jụọ oyi. Nke a na-ebelata mmiri nke ala ma na-enyere aka ichekwa ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arlauskienė|first=Aušra|date=2023-08-16|title=Cover Crop Yield, Nutrient Storage and Release under Different Cropping Technologies in the Sustainable Agrosystems|journal=Plants|volume=12|issue=16|pages=2966|doi=10.3390/plants12162966|issn=2223-7747|pmid=37631177}}</ref> == Nchịkwa ahịhịa == [[Usòrò:Northwestern_South_Dakota_cover_crops,_2015_(20097473376).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ọkụkụ na South Dakota]] Ogwe ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-emekarị ka ha na ahịhịa na-asọ mpi nke ọma n'oge uto ihe ọkụkụ, ma nwee ike igbochi ọtụtụ mkpụrụ ahịhịhịa ndị na-etolite site na imecha ndụ ha na ịmụ nwa. Ọ bụrụ na a na-eme ka ihe ọkụkụ ahụ dị larịị n'elu ala kama itinye ya n'ime ala dị ka nsị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-apụghị ịbanye. Nke a na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị egwu transmittance light na mkpụrụ ahịhịa, nke n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ na-ebelatara ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ahịhi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Teasdale|first=J. R.|year=1993|title=Interaction of light, soil moisture, and temperature with weed suppression by hairy vetch residue|journal=Weed Science|volume=41|pages=46–51|doi=10.1017/S0043174500057568}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọbụlagodi mgbe mkpụrụ ahịhịa na-epulite, ha na-enwekarị ike echekwara maka uto tupu ha ewulite ikike nhazi dị mkpa iji mebie ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi. A na-akpọkarị nke a mmetụta mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kobayashi|first=Y.|year=2003|title=Evaluation of smothering effect of four legume covers on Pennisetum polystachion ssp. setosum (Swartz) Brunken|journal=Weed Biology and Management|volume=3|issue=4|pages=222–227|doi=10.1046/j.1444-6162.2003.00107.x}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-egbochi ahịhịa ma n'oge uto ma mgbe ọ nwụsịrị.<ref name="Blackshaw2001">{{Cite journal|author=Blackshaw|first=R. E.|year=2001|title=Yellow sweetclover, green manure, and its residues effectively suppress weeds during fallow|journal=Weed Science|volume=49|issue=3|pages=406–413|doi=10.1614/0043-1745(2001)049[0406:ysgmai]2.0.co;2}}</ref> N'oge uto, ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na-asọ mpi nke ukwuu na ahịhịa maka ohere, ìhè, na ihe na-edozi ahụ, mgbe ha nwụsịrị, ha na-eme ka ahịhịhịa na-esote site n'ịmepụta ihe mkpuchi n'elu ala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Gazoulis|first=Ioannis|date=2022-10-10|title=Νarrow Row Spacing and Cover Crops to Suppress Weeds and Improve Sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) Biomass Production|journal=Energies|language=en|volume=15|issue=19|pages=7425|doi=10.3390/en15197425|issn=1996-1073}}</ref> ọdịda ọmụmaatụ, ndị na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na mgbe ị na-eji ''Melilotus officinalis'' (yellow sweetclover) dị ka ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi na usoro nkwụsịtụ ka mma (ebe a na-akpachara anya ka oge nkwụsịtụ dị mma site na ọtụtụ usoro nchịkwa dị iche iche, gụnyere ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi), ahịhịa biomass bụ naanị n'etiti 1-12% nke ngụkọta biomass guzo ọtọ na njedebe nke oge uto mkpuchi.<ref name="Blackshaw2001" /> Ọzọkwa, mgbe mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ kwụsịrị, ihe ndị fọdụrụ na-acha odo odo na-egbochi ahịhịa ruo ọkwa 75-97% dị ala karịa na usoro fallow (enweghị yellow sweetclover). [[Usòrò:Hairy_vetch_cover_crop.jpg|thumb|Ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ntutu (vicia villosa) ]] Na mgbakwunye na mmegide ahịhịa na-adabere na asọmpi ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, a maara na ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ahịhịhịa site na allelopathy.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Creamer|first=N. G.|year=1996|title=Mechanisms of weed suppression in cover crop-based production systems|journal=HortScience|volume=31|issue=3|pages=410–413|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.31.3.410}}</ref> Nke a na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe ọkụkụ nke na-emebi, ma ọ bụ na-egbochi ntolite mkpụrụ nke, ụdị osisi ndị ọzọ. Ụfọdụ ihe atụ a ma ama nke ihe ọkụkụ allelopathic bụ Secale cereale (rye), ''Vicia villosa'' (vetch nwere ntutu), ''Trifolium pratense'' (red clover), ''[[Sorghum bicolor]]'' (sorghum-sudangrass), na ụdị dị n'ezinụlọ Brassicaceae, ọkachasị mustard.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haramoto|first=E. R.|year=2004|title=Brassica cover cropping for weed management: A review|journal=Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems|volume=19|issue=4|pages=187–198|doi=10.1079/raf200490}}</ref> N'otu nnyocha, a chọpụtara na ihe ndị fọdụrụ na rye kpuchiri nyere n'etiti 80% na 95% nchịkwa nke ahịhịa ahịhịhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe ejiri ya dị ka mulch n'oge mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ego dị iche iche dị ka soybean, ụtaba, ọka, na sunflower.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nagabhushana|first=G. G.|year=2001|title=Allelopathic cover crops to reduce herbicide use in sustainable agricultural systems|journal=Allelopathy Journal|volume=8|pages=133–146}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi anaghị achọ ịsọ mpi na ihe ọkụkụ ego, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịzụlite ha ma kwụsị ha n'oge oge tupu e guzobe ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1" /> N'ime nnyocha 2010 nke Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọrụ Ugbo (ARS) wepụtara, <ref>{{Cite web|title=In Organic Cover Crops, More Seeds Means Fewer Weeds : USDA ARS|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/news-events/news/research-news/2010/in-organic-cover-crops-more-seeds-means-fewer-weeds/|accessdate=2024-01-15|work=www.ars.usda.gov}}</ref> ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara otú ọnụego mkpụrụ osisi rye na [[Planting patterns|usoro ịkụ osisi]] si emetụta mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ịkụ ihe karịrị pound kwa acre nke rye mere ka mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie ya belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịhịa. Otu ihe ahụ bụ eziokwu mgbe ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nwalere ọnụego mkpụrụ osisi na legumes na oats; ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke mkpụrụ osisi a kụrụ kwa acre belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ ahịhịa ma mụbaa mmepụta nke legume na oat. Usoro ịkụ osisi, nke nwere ma ọ bụ ahịrị ọdịnala ma ọ bụ usoro grid, o yighị ka ọ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ ma ọ bụ na mmepụta ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ ọ bụla. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ARS kwubiri na mmụba nke ịgha mkpụrụ nwere ike ịbụ usoro dị irè nke ịchịkwa ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/pr/2010/100125.htm|title=In Organic Cover Crops, More Seeds Means Fewer Weeds|publisher=USDA Agricultural Research Service|date=January 25, 2010}}</ref> Mahadum Cornell Sustainable Cropping Systems Lab weputara ọmụmụ na Mee 2023 na-enyocha ịdị irè nke ịkụ ihe na-enwe mmetụta oge na njikọta usoro nke ụdị mkpuchi ihe ọkụkụ na ụdị mkpụrụ ego yiri ya. Onye nyocha mbụ, Uriel Menalled, chọpụtara na ọ bụrụ na a na-akụ mkpuchi na mkpụrụ ego dị ka nchọpụta nyocha ya siri kwuo, ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ibelata uto ahịhịa site na 99%. Ọmụmụ ihe a na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo usoro nhazi zuru oke iji chọpụta ihe ọkụkụ nke ga-adabara n'usoro ihe ọkụkụ dị ugbu a. Na nchikota, ihe si na nchọcha a na-akwado nghọta na enwere ike ijikọ njikọ phylogenetic iji gbochie uto ahịhịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Menalled|first=Uriel|title=Ecological Weed Management for Field Crop Production|journal=ProQuest|date=2023|pages=102–126}}</ref> == Nchịkwa ọrịa == N'otu ụzọ ahụ na allelopathic Njirimara nke cover kụrụ nwere ike igbochi ata, ha nwekwara ike imebi ọrịa cycles na ibelata ndị bi na nje na fungal ọrịa, na parasitic nematodes. Ezinụlọ Brassicaceae, dị ka mọstad, ka egosiri n'ọtụtụ ebe iji gbochie ndị ọrịa fungal site na mwepụta nke kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu na-emekarị n'oge mmebi nke ogige glucosinolate n'ime anụ ahụ sel ha.. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lazzeri|first=L.|year=2001|title=Allelopathic effect of glucosinolate-containing plant green manure on Pythium sp and total fungal population in soil|journal=HortScience|volume=36|issue=7|pages=1283–1289|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.36.7.1283}}</ref> == Nchịkwa nke ahụhụ == A na-eji ihe ọkụkụ ụfọdụ eme ihe dị ka ihe a na-akpọ "ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà", iji dọta ụmụ ahụhụ site na ihe ọkụkụ bara uru na ihe ahụhụ ahụ na-ahụ dị ka ebe obibi dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shelton|first=A. M.|year=2006|title=Concepts and applications of trap cropping in pest management|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=51|pages=285–308|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150959|pmid=16332213}}</ref> Enwere ike ịmepụta ebe a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ n'ime ihe ọkụkụ, n'ime ugbo, ma ọ bụ n'ime ala. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ ọnyà n'otu oge ahụ a na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ nri. Enwere ike iji ọgwụ ahụhụ gwọọ obere ebe a na-etinye ihe ọkụkụ ndị a ozugbo a dọtara ụmụ ahụhụ n'ọnyà ahụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-egbu egbu. N'ime usoro ụfọdụ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji nnukwu ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-adọkpụ ihe ọkụkụ ahụ iji wepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu n'ime osisi ma pụọ n'ọhịa. A na-atụ aro usoro a maka iji nyere aka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ lygus na mmepụta strawberry. Ihe atụ ọzọ nke ihe ọkụkụ na-eguzogide nematode bụ mustard ọcha (<nowiki><i id="mw8g">Sinapis alba</i></nowiki>) na radish (<nowiki><i id="mw9A">Raphanus sativus</i></nowiki>) . Enwere ike ịzụlite ha mgbe isi (ọka) na ọnyà nematodes, dịka ọmụmaatụ, beet cyst nematode na Columbian root knot nematode.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Transfer of resistance to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera Schachtii Schm.) from Sinapis alba L. (white mustard) to the Brassica napus L. gene pool by means of sexual and somatic hybridization|journal=Theoretical and Applied Genetics|date=1993-02-01|issn=0040-5752|pages=688–696|volume=85|issue=6–7|doi=10.1007/BF00225006|pmid=24196037|first=C. L. C.|author=Lelivelt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Reproduction of Heterodera schachtii Schmidt on Resistant Mustard, Radish, and Sugar Beet Cultivars|journal=Journal of Nematology|date=2004-06-01|issn=0022-300X|pmid=19262796|pages=123–130|volume=36|issue=2|first=Heidi J.|author=Smith}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Relative susceptibilities of five fodder radish varieties (Raphanus sativus var. Oleiformis) to Meloidogyne chitwoodi|journal=Nematology|date=2014-05-28|issn=1568-5411|pages=577–590|volume=16|issue=5|doi=10.1163/15685411-00002789|first=Misghina G.|author=Teklu}}</ref> Mgbe ha toro, nematodes na-apụta ma na-adọrọ mmasị na mgbọrọgwụ. Mgbe ha banyere na mgbọrọgwụ, ha enweghị ike ịmụba na mgbọrọ ndụ n'ihi mmeghachi omume na-eguzogide nke osisi ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ nematode na-ebelata nke ukwuu, site na 70-99%, dabere na ụdị na oge ọrụ ugbo. A na-eji ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ kpuchie iji dọta ndị na-eri anụ ndị na-egbu egbu site n'iṅomi ihe ndị dị na ebe obibi ha. Nke a bụ ụdị nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ a maara dị ka mmụba ebe obibi, mana a na-enweta ya site na iji ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bugg|first=R. L.|year=1994|title=Using Cover Crops to Manage Arthropod Pests of Orchards - a Review|journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment|volume=50|issue=1|pages=11–28|doi=10.1016/0167-8809(94)90121-x}}</ref> A na-agwakọta nchọpụta banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọnụnọ ihe ọkụkụ na-ekpuchi ihe na-egbu egbu, na-atụ aro mkpa ọ dị maka ozi zuru ezu gbasara ụdị ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi na usoro nchịkwa iji gbakwunye usoro nchịkwa nje. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a maara ahụhụ na-eri ibe ya bụ ''Euseius tularensis'' (Congdon) ka ọ na-enyere aka ịchịkwa ihe na-egbu egbu na Central California citrus orchards. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta chọpụtara na ịkụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dị iche iche (dị ka bell bean, woollypod vetch, New Zealand white clover, na Austrian winter pea) nyere pollen zuru ezu dị ka isi iyi nri iji mee ka mmụba oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ ''E. tularensis'', nke nwere ike iwebata nrụgide anụ oriri zuru ezu iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke citrus thrips.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Grafton-Cardwell|first=E. E.|year=1999|title=Leguminous cover crops to enhance population development of Euseius tularensis (Acari : Phytoseiidae) in citrus|journal=Biological Control|volume=16|issue=1|pages=73–80|doi=10.1006/bcon.1999.0732}}</ref> == Ụdị dị iche iche na anụ ọhịa == Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ihe ọkụkụ kpuchie iji mezuo otu n'ime ebumnuche ndị a tụlere n'elu, ha na-abụkarị ebe obibi maka anụ ọhịa. Ojiji nke ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi na-agbakwunye ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu akụkụ ọzọ nke ụdị osisi dị iche iche na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ ego. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi anaghị abụkarị ihe ọkụkụ bara uru, njikwa ya na-adịkarị obere, na-enye windo nke mmetụta mmadụ "dị nro" na ugbo ahụ. Nchịkwa a "aka-apụ", jikọtara ya na mmụba dị iche iche n'ugbo nke e mepụtara site na nguzobe nke ihe ọkụkụ mkpuchi, na-eme ka o kwe omume na usoro nri dị mgbagwoju anya ga-etolite iji kwado ọkwa dị elu nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Freemark|first=K. E.|year=2001|title=Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: partitioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=101|issue=3|pages=337–350|doi=10.1016/s0006-3207(01)00079-9}}</ref> N'otu nnyocha, ndị na-eme nchọpụta tụnyere arthropod na ụdị ụdị songbird na iji ubi eme ihe n'etiti omenala na ikpuchi ubi owu a kpụrụ akpụ na Southern United States. A na-akụ ihe mkpuchi ahụ n'ubi owu na-akụ ka ọ bụrụ klova, nke a hapụrụ ka ọ na-eto n'etiti ahịrị owu n'oge oge ntolite owu na-eto eto (mkpụrụ osisi strapcover). N'oge njem na oge ọmụmụ, ha chọpụtara na njupụta nnụnụ egwu dị okpukpu 7-20 dị elu n'ubi owu nwere ihe mkpuchi clover jikọtara ọnụ karịa na ubi owu. Arthropod ụba na biomass dịkwa elu karịa n'ubi mkpuchi c-clover n'ọtụtụ oge ọmụmụ nnụnụ egwu, bụ nke ekwuru na mmụba nke nectar ifuru sitere na klova. Ihe ọkụkụ nke clover na-eme ka ebe obibi nnụnụ na-eto eto site n'inye ebe mkpuchi, yana nri na-abawanye site na ọnụ ọgụgụ arthropod dị elu..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cederbaum|first=S. B.|year=2004|title=Effects of alternative cotton agriculture on avian and arthropod populations|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=18|issue=5|pages=1272–1282|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00385.x}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Agroecology * Ọrịa Allelopathy * Nchịkwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ * Mkpụrụ osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ * Ihe mkpuchi ala * Okirikiri nitrogen * Ntinye nitrogen * Ihe ndị sitere n'okike * [[Mmetọ ala]] == Ebem si dee == [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rf2c29jfoi9di28fuimzdn12yofvc2v 0 49819 631948 208403 2026-05-05T00:54:12Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631948 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Duravit AG''', nke e guzobere n'afọ 1817 ma nwee isi ụlọ ọrụ na mba Hornberg, [[Jémanị|Germany]], bụ onye n'emepụta ihe eji eme ụlọ ịsa ahụ. N'afọ ndị n'adịbeghị anya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emeela ka ọ dị iche iche tinye ngwa ahịa ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Hornberg_Industrie.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụlọ ọrụ Duravit na Hornberg]] N'ịbụ nke Georg Friedrich Horn guzobere dị ka obere ụlọ ọrụ n'emepụta ụrọ n'afọ 1817 na Black Forest, Duravit amaliteghị imepụta ihe ndị dị ọcha rụọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 dị ka sinks, [[Bidet|bidets]], na ụlọ mposi. N'afọ ndị 1980, a gbasaa usoro ngwa ahịa ahụ iji nye ihe ndị dị n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ.N,'afọ 1980 na 1990 nwekwara ihe dị iche iche ụlọ ọrụ nwetara, gụnyere "Ceramique de Bischwiller na 1991, "MISR TECH" n'afọ 1999, na akụkụ ụfọdụ na Laufen. Oge a hụkwara uto nke usoro ngwa ahịa, gụnyere iwebata oche ụlọ ịsa ahụ. N'afọ 1994, Duravit meghere ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ, nke oge a maka mmepụta nke arịa dị ọcha. <ref>[https://archive.today/20141002124043/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=5633015 Company overview on "Bloomberg Businessweek", retrieved October 2014]</ref> Mgbasawanye Duravit gara n'ihu n'ime afọ iri mbụ nke narị afọ nke 21 site na nguzobe nke ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka na mba Turkey, India na China. A rụchara Duravit Design Center na mba Hornberg, nke Philippe Starck mepụtara, n'oge a. A n'enweta akara ahụ ugbu a n'ihe karịrị mba 130. Site na nkwekọrịta njikọ aka, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ịgbasa ọrụ ya na mba China n'afọ 2003 ma n'azụ ahịa n'ebe ahụ kemgbe ahụ dị ka Duravit ''Chongqing Sanitaryware Co. Ltd.'' Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, e meghere ụlọ mmepụta na nchịkwa ọhụrụ na Youxi Town (Jiangjin) dị nso na Chongqing. Taa, ụlọ ọrụ n'arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ bụ 100 pasent enyemaka ma n'azụ ahịa dị ka ''Duravit Sanitaryware Co. Ltd.'' N'afọ 2008, Duravit weghaara ihe karịrị 51% nke ụlọ ọrụ na'ahụ maka ite ụrọ nke Tunisia Manufacture Tunisienne des Céramiques (MTC). N'afọ 2010, Duravit meghere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ọhụrụ na Tarapur, India. Ihe mgbaàmà mmalite maka ''Duravit Sanitaryware Technology Co. Ltd'', ụlọ ọrụ injinia na mgbakọ ọhụrụ na Shanghai, dara na 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Schnippenkötter|first=Stefanie|date=2022-03-17|title=Duravit verzeichnet für 2021 Umsatzrekord|url=https://www.si-shk.de/duravit-verzeichnet-fuer-2021-einen-umsatzrekord-140998/|accessdate=2023-06-08|work=Si|language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ebe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe == E nwere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mba Germany na mba ofesi: Hornberg, Schenkenzell na Meißen na Germany, na Bischwiller ([[France]]), Cairo (Egypt), Chongqing (China), Bizerte (Tunisia) na Tarapur (India). <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.duravit.com/website/info/info/company.com-en.html;jsessionid=D9F6929FCEB51F0DC715BC6BF2E22BA8 |title=Information from Duravit website, retrieved October 2014 |accessdate=2024-07-20 |archivedate=2014-10-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006070655/http://www.duravit.com/website/info/info/company.com-en.html;jsessionid=D9F6929FCEB51F0DC715BC6BF2E22BA8 }}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} c5g7ey6f5481aenhx6q2cwcieirzdbl 0 50605 631912 624432 2026-05-04T16:50:49Z Olugold 12202 /* Ihe ndetu */ 631912 wikitext text/x-wiki Ebe Opobo bụ ụlọ 67 War Canoe nke agba agba na ngalaba iri na anọ ("polos").  Nkeji iri na anọ bụ Adibie, Biriye, Diepiri, Dapu, Dappa Ye Amakiri, Epelle na Fubarakworo.  Ndị ọzọ bụ Iroanya, Jaja, Kala-omuso, Okonu-wariapu, Kiepirima, Owujie na Tolofari. <ref name="Opobo2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi|title=Ikot Abasi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=9 January 2009|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|title=About Opobo|publisher=Opoboregatta.com|accessdate=8 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225221436/http://www.opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|archivedate=25 December 2012}}</ref> Ihe obodo obodo iri atɔ osisi Opobo.  Ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Rivers State: Opobo Town (the traditional capital of Opobo Kingdom), Queens Town, Ayaminima, Oloma, Epellema, Ekereborikiri, Iwo-ama Atoki, Cornelius Village, Minima, Kalasunju, Kalaibiama Abasibie, Okpukpo n'etiti  ndị ọzọ;  ebe ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Akwa Ibom steeti ndị a: Kampa, Opukalama, Amadiari, Apiafi Village, Cookey Village, Fibiri, na ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:King_Jaja_Opobo_statue_2.jpg|thumb|220x220px| [[Ihe Ncheta Eze Jaja nke Opobo|King Jaja of Opobo Memorial]]]] Opobo dị n'ụdị ụmụaka nke mbụ Bonny .  Jubo Jubogha onye nchoputa Opubo-ama (Opobo Kingdom) bụbu ohu ijidere na obodo Amaigbo dị n'Imo steeti ugbu a.  Ọ ga-emesịa bilie site n'ịbụ ohu wee duru Opubo Anna Pepple chieftaincy house of Bonny [3] Na 1870, Jubo bu ụzọ bịarute ebe a na-akpọ Opobo ugbu a, ebe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ n'ihi agha obodo na Bonny  n'etiti ndị na-eso ya na ndị Chief Oko Jumbo., onye ndu nke isiokwu ndị isi obodo Manilla Pepple .  [4] Eze ahụ set steeti ọhụrụ ya aha Amanyanabo Opubo "Pepple" Perekule the Great, eze Pepple na Bonny chịrị ebe ahụ saịtị na 1792 ruo 1830. == Ndị ama ama == * Kenneth Minimah, CFR, [[Nigerian Army|onye agha ndị agha Naijiria]] na onye bụbu [[Nigerian Army|onyeisi ndị agha Naijiria]] * Atedo Peterside, CON, onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria, onye na-akụ ego na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. * Dakuku Peterside, onye bụbu Director-General nke Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, NIMASA. * Adawari Pepple, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye bụbu Senator. * [[Usòrò:A statue of Jaja of Opobo at Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state3.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Jaja nke Opobo na Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state]][[Siminalayi Fubara|Amaopusenibo Sim Fubara]] His Excellency, The Executive Governor of Rivers State. == Ihe ndetu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ==Ihe ngosi== <gallery mode="packed" heights="170" caption="[[:Commons:category:Audios From WLA 2026 In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Uda si Opobo]]"> File:Ngelenge Sound ( Xylophone) beat.ogg|Uda Ngelenge ( Xylophone) File:Ekere fari.ogg|Ekere fari File:Okonko drum beat.ogg|ịkụ ụbọ Okonko File:Owu masquerades chants.ogg|Egwu mmanwu Owu File:Ngunume.ogg|Ngunume </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|em30|refs=<ref name=Jones2001 / == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Burns, Alan. ''History of Nigeria'', George Allen & Unwin, 1929. * Dike, Kenneth O. ''Azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Niger Delta, 1830-1885'', Oxford University Press, 1956. * Nchekwa Annang Heritage, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120040824/http://www.annangheritage.org/research/ edemede na Annang] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi Akụkọ Britannica na Ikot Abasi] * Nair, Kanan K. (1972). ''Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ na South Eastern Nigeria 1841-1906'', Frank Cass, London. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html|title=Pictures of Ikot Abasi|work=Picsearch|accessdate=2010-10-17|archivedate=2010-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412024916/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html}} pfsnhkkh6iswsnsczqaxcqry68ut5x4 631913 631912 2026-05-04T16:51:21Z Olugold 12202 631913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}p Ebe Opobo bụ ụlọ 67 War Canoe nke agba agba na ngalaba iri na anọ ("polos").  Nkeji iri na anọ bụ Adibie, Biriye, Diepiri, Dapu, Dappa Ye Amakiri, Epelle na Fubarakworo.  Ndị ọzọ bụ Iroanya, Jaja, Kala-omuso, Okonu-wariapu, Kiepirima, Owujie na Tolofari. <ref name="Opobo2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi|title=Ikot Abasi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=9 January 2009|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|title=About Opobo|publisher=Opoboregatta.com|accessdate=8 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225221436/http://www.opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|archivedate=25 December 2012}}</ref> Ihe obodo obodo iri atɔ osisi Opobo.  Ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Rivers State: Opobo Town (the traditional capital of Opobo Kingdom), Queens Town, Ayaminima, Oloma, Epellema, Ekereborikiri, Iwo-ama Atoki, Cornelius Village, Minima, Kalasunju, Kalaibiama Abasibie, Okpukpo n'etiti  ndị ọzọ;  ebe ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Akwa Ibom steeti ndị a: Kampa, Opukalama, Amadiari, Apiafi Village, Cookey Village, Fibiri, na ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:King_Jaja_Opobo_statue_2.jpg|thumb|220x220px| [[Ihe Ncheta Eze Jaja nke Opobo|King Jaja of Opobo Memorial]]]] Opobo dị n'ụdị ụmụaka nke mbụ Bonny .  Jubo Jubogha onye nchoputa Opubo-ama (Opobo Kingdom) bụbu ohu ijidere na obodo Amaigbo dị n'Imo steeti ugbu a.  Ọ ga-emesịa bilie site n'ịbụ ohu wee duru Opubo Anna Pepple chieftaincy house of Bonny [3] Na 1870, Jubo bu ụzọ bịarute ebe a na-akpọ Opobo ugbu a, ebe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ n'ihi agha obodo na Bonny  n'etiti ndị na-eso ya na ndị Chief Oko Jumbo., onye ndu nke isiokwu ndị isi obodo Manilla Pepple .  [4] Eze ahụ set steeti ọhụrụ ya aha Amanyanabo Opubo "Pepple" Perekule the Great, eze Pepple na Bonny chịrị ebe ahụ saịtị na 1792 ruo 1830. == Ndị ama ama == * Kenneth Minimah, CFR, [[Nigerian Army|onye agha ndị agha Naijiria]] na onye bụbu [[Nigerian Army|onyeisi ndị agha Naijiria]] * Atedo Peterside, CON, onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria, onye na-akụ ego na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. * Dakuku Peterside, onye bụbu Director-General nke Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, NIMASA. * Adawari Pepple, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye bụbu Senator. * [[Usòrò:A statue of Jaja of Opobo at Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state3.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Jaja nke Opobo na Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state]][[Siminalayi Fubara|Amaopusenibo Sim Fubara]] His Excellency, The Executive Governor of Rivers State. == Ihe ndetu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ==Ihe ngosi== <gallery mode="packed" heights="170" caption="[[:Commons:category:Audios From WLA 2026 In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Uda si Opobo]]"> File:Ngelenge Sound ( Xylophone) beat.ogg|Uda Ngelenge ( Xylophone) File:Ekere fari.ogg|Ekere fari File:Okonko drum beat.ogg|ịkụ ụbọ Okonko File:Owu masquerades chants.ogg|Egwu mmanwu Owu File:Ngunume.ogg|Ngunume </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|em30|refs=<ref name=Jones2001 / == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Burns, Alan. ''History of Nigeria'', George Allen & Unwin, 1929. * Dike, Kenneth O. ''Azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Niger Delta, 1830-1885'', Oxford University Press, 1956. * Nchekwa Annang Heritage, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120040824/http://www.annangheritage.org/research/ edemede na Annang] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi Akụkọ Britannica na Ikot Abasi] * Nair, Kanan K. (1972). ''Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ na South Eastern Nigeria 1841-1906'', Frank Cass, London. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html|title=Pictures of Ikot Abasi|work=Picsearch|accessdate=2010-10-17|archivedate=2010-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412024916/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html}} h2h5gfjrcgeezth26puktft37uvjq6o 631914 631913 2026-05-04T16:51:37Z Olugold 12202 631914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ebe Opobo bụ ụlọ 67 War Canoe nke agba agba na ngalaba iri na anọ ("polos").  Nkeji iri na anọ bụ Adibie, Biriye, Diepiri, Dapu, Dappa Ye Amakiri, Epelle na Fubarakworo.  Ndị ọzọ bụ Iroanya, Jaja, Kala-omuso, Okonu-wariapu, Kiepirima, Owujie na Tolofari. <ref name="Opobo2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi|title=Ikot Abasi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=9 January 2009|accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|title=About Opobo|publisher=Opoboregatta.com|accessdate=8 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225221436/http://www.opoboregatta.com/opobokingdom/about/index.html|archivedate=25 December 2012}}</ref> Ihe obodo obodo iri atɔ osisi Opobo.  Ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Rivers State: Opobo Town (the traditional capital of Opobo Kingdom), Queens Town, Ayaminima, Oloma, Epellema, Ekereborikiri, Iwo-ama Atoki, Cornelius Village, Minima, Kalasunju, Kalaibiama Abasibie, Okpukpo n'etiti  ndị ọzọ;  ebe ụfọdụ Opobo obodo dị na Akwa Ibom steeti ndị a: Kampa, Opukalama, Amadiari, Apiafi Village, Cookey Village, Fibiri, na ndị ọzọ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:King_Jaja_Opobo_statue_2.jpg|thumb|220x220px| [[Ihe Ncheta Eze Jaja nke Opobo|King Jaja of Opobo Memorial]]]] Opobo dị n'ụdị ụmụaka nke mbụ Bonny .  Jubo Jubogha onye nchoputa Opubo-ama (Opobo Kingdom) bụbu ohu ijidere na obodo Amaigbo dị n'Imo steeti ugbu a.  Ọ ga-emesịa bilie site n'ịbụ ohu wee duru Opubo Anna Pepple chieftaincy house of Bonny [3] Na 1870, Jubo bu ụzọ bịarute ebe a na-akpọ Opobo ugbu a, ebe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ n'ihi agha obodo na Bonny  n'etiti ndị na-eso ya na ndị Chief Oko Jumbo., onye ndu nke isiokwu ndị isi obodo Manilla Pepple .  [4] Eze ahụ set steeti ọhụrụ ya aha Amanyanabo Opubo "Pepple" Perekule the Great, eze Pepple na Bonny chịrị ebe ahụ saịtị na 1792 ruo 1830. == Ndị ama ama == * Kenneth Minimah, CFR, [[Nigerian Army|onye agha ndị agha Naijiria]] na onye bụbu [[Nigerian Army|onyeisi ndị agha Naijiria]] * Atedo Peterside, CON, onye ọchụnta ego Naijiria, onye na-akụ ego na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba. * Dakuku Peterside, onye bụbu Director-General nke Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency, NIMASA. * Adawari Pepple, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye bụbu Senator. * [[Usòrò:A statue of Jaja of Opobo at Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state3.jpg|thumb|Ihe oyiyi Jaja nke Opobo na Jaja of Opobo Palace, Opobo, Rivers state]][[Siminalayi Fubara|Amaopusenibo Sim Fubara]] His Excellency, The Executive Governor of Rivers State. == Ihe ndetu == .mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman} ==Ihe ngosi== <gallery mode="packed" heights="170" caption="[[:Commons:category:Audios From WLA 2026 In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Uda si Opobo]]"> File:Ngelenge Sound ( Xylophone) beat.ogg|Uda Ngelenge ( Xylophone) File:Ekere fari.ogg|Ekere fari File:Okonko drum beat.ogg|ịkụ ụbọ Okonko File:Owu masquerades chants.ogg|Egwu mmanwu Owu File:Ngunume.ogg|Ngunume </gallery> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|em30|refs=<ref name=Jones2001 / == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Burns, Alan. ''History of Nigeria'', George Allen & Unwin, 1929. * Dike, Kenneth O. ''Azụmahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Niger Delta, 1830-1885'', Oxford University Press, 1956. * Nchekwa Annang Heritage, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081120040824/http://www.annangheritage.org/research/ edemede na Annang] * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/282632/Ikot-Abasi Akụkọ Britannica na Ikot Abasi] * Nair, Kanan K. (1972). ''Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha mmadụ na South Eastern Nigeria 1841-1906'', Frank Cass, London. == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html|title=Pictures of Ikot Abasi|work=Picsearch|accessdate=2010-10-17|archivedate=2010-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412024916/http://www.picsearch.com/pictures/travel/cities/africa/west-central%20africa/nigeria/cities%20a-l/ikot%20abasi.html}} raqy9vixui11qgn269kfkst4nxbvz0b 0 53259 631938 198023 2026-05-05T00:51:10Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631938 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Cycliste_à_place_d'Italie-Paris_crop.jpg|thumb|Ịnyịnya ígwè obodo, otu n'ime ụgbọala ndị a ma ama maka ịgagharị]] Mbugharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ngagharị dị nro, njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibufe ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ngwa ahịa, site n'ụzọ na-abụghị moto, dabere na gburugburu mmega ahụ mmadụ.[1] Ụdị mmegharị ahụ a kacha mara amara bụ ịga ije na ịgba ígwè, ọ bụ ezie na ụdịdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịgba ọsọ, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri, skoota ịgba ụkwụ na skate skate.[2] N'ihi mgbasa ya, a na-atụle ịgba ígwè mgbe ụfọdụ iche iche na ụdị mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Bicycling for Transportation|date=2018|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-812642-4|language=en|doi=10.1016/c2016-0-03936-0}}</ref> Amụma ọhaneze na-akwalite mmegharị mmegharị ahụ na-eme ka ihe ngosi ahụike dịkwuo mma site n'ịbawanye ọkwa ahụike anụ ahụ yana ibelata ọnụego oke ibu na ọrịa shuga, [1] [2] ebe ọ na-ebelata oriri nke mmanụ ọkụ na ikuku carbon na-esi na ya pụta.[3]. E gosipụtara amụma ndị a na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na njem ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka njem: dịka ọmụmaatụ Portland, Oregon, nwere ike ịbawanye iji igwe igwe ugboro ise site na 1990 ruo 2009 site na mmemme ịgba ígwè.[4] Nnyocha egosiwo na mmemme ọkwa obodo dị irè karịa ịgba ume ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ n'ọkwa onye ọ bụla<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Audrey|first=Suzanne|date=December 2019|title=Evaluation of an intervention to promote walking during the commute to work: a cluster randomised controlled trial|journal=BMC Public Health|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=427|doi=10.1186/s12889-019-6791-4|issn=1471-2458|pmid=31014313}}</ref> == Ahụike == Uru ahụike nke ngagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike gụnyere ibelata nrụgide obodo, mbelata oriri ike na mmepụta, yana nkwalite ndụ dị mma.[1] Ụgbọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-egbochi ohere nke ọrịa na-egbu egbu sitere na mmetọ na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Mkpọgharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eme ka ahụike dịkwuo mma site na ibelata mmetọ ikuku site na ụgbọ ala.[3] Agbanyeghị, nsogbu ahụike na-adịghị mma nwere ike ibilite site na ndụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na ịnọ nkịtị. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchịkwa Ọrịa na United States na-atụ aro ịbawanye ohere njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike.[4] Ọtụtụ ihe ọmụmụ US na-akwado maka ịba ụba nke njem njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike maka onye ọ bụla, gụnyere ụmụaka, n'ihi ọtụtụ uru ahụike. Ndị na-anọkarị otu ebe nwere ike belata BMI ha site n'ịbawanye mmega ahụ.<ref name="Dons">{{Cite journal|author=Dons|first=E|year=2018|title=Transport mode choice and body mass index: Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence from a European-wide study|journal=Environment International|volume=119|issue=119|pages=109–116|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.06.023|pmid=29957352|url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/152336/1/Dons2018_preprint_BMI.pdf}}</ref> Otu House of Commons nke Kọmitii Ahụike nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] kọrọ banyere oke ibu na 2004 tụrụ aro ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị ka isi ihe iji lụso oke ibu ọgụ.<ref>House of Commons Health Committee, Obesity – Third Report of Session 2003–04 </ref> Public Health England mere atụmatụ na 2016 na na UK, enweghị ọrụ anụ ahụ na-enye aka na otu onye n'ime mmadụ isii na-anwụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Physical activity: applying All Our Health|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/physical-activity-applying-all-our-health/physical-activity-applying-all-our-health|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> Akụkọ PHE na-ekwu na ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè kwa ụbọchị dị irè iji mụbaa mmega ahụ ma belata oke ibu, yana igbochi ọrịa obi, ụdị ọrịa shuga nke abụọ, ọrịa kansa na ọtụtụ ọrịa uche, gụnyere ịda mbà n'obi.<ref name=":1" /> [[Usòrò:Bike_path_in_the_rain.jpg|thumb|Ndị na-emega ahụ na-agagharị agagharị n'ụbọchị mmiri na-ezo]] Mmega ahụ na-eme ka ahụike uche na ahụike dị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The effects of transport mode use on self-perceived health, mental health, and social contact measures: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study|author=Ione Avila-Palencia|journal=Environment International|volume=120|pages=199–206|date=2018|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2018.08.002|pmid=30098553}}</ref> Ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije na-ahụ gburugburu ebe obibi ha n'ụzọ dị iche karịa ndị na-anya ụgbọala n'ihi na ụgbọala na-egbochi ihe mmetụta nke na-ekpughe njem na-arụ ọrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Orellana|first=D.|title=A Multidisciplinary Analytical Framework for Studying Active Mobility Patterns|date=2016-06-08|url=http://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLI-B2/527/2016/|journal=ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences|language=en|volume=XLI-B2|pages=527–534|doi=10.5194/isprs-archives-XLI-B2-527-2016|issn=2194-9034}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwusi ike na ihe omume ndị dị ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-akwalite mmetụta nke obodo na njikọ, na-eme ka ahụike uche dị mma na ọdịmma zuru oke.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scrivano|first=Luana|title=Active mobility and mental health: A scoping review towards a healthier world|journal=Cambridge Prisms: Global Mental Health|date=2024|volume=11|doi=10.1017/gmh.2023.74|pmid=38390252}}</ref> Inye ezigbo akụrụngwa maka ịgagharị na-akwalite ụdị njem a iji belata okporo ụzọ na mkpọchi obodo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Zhou|first=Q.|date=March 2020|title=Effects of improvements in non-motorised transport facilities on active mobility demand in a residential township|journal=Journal of Transport & Health|language=en|volume=16|pages=100835|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2020.100835}}</ref> Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije nwere ike ịchekwa ego site na ibelata ego a na-emefu na gasoline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Giorgio Guariso|date=2017-08-24|title=Assessing the Value of Systematic Cycling in a Polluted Urban Environment|journal=Climate|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|pages=65|doi=10.3390/cli5030065|issn=2225-1154}}</ref> Nsonaazụ nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije gụnyere mmụba nke mmetọ ikuku, mkpọtụ, na ihe mberede ugboro ugboro.<ref name=":3" /> Ịgba ígwè na-ebelata mkpa maka nnukwu okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ka ịnyịnya ígwè na-ewe 8% nke ohere dịnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụgbọala.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije na-abawanye, enwere ike ịgbanwe akụrụngwa obodo ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ iji gbakwunye oghere ahịhịa ndụ na gburugburu obodo.<ref name=":3" /> Ebe ndị mara mma nwere ike ịghọ ebe kachasị mma maka ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vich|first=Guillem|date=March 2019|title=Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities|journal=Journal of Transport & Health|language=en|volume=12|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003|url=https://ddd.uab.cat/record/203496}}</ref> A pụkwara ịgbanwe gburugburu obodo ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-agagharị agagharị, nke nwere ike ịba uru nye ndị agadi, mana nchekwa nwere ike ịbụ nsogbu ma ọ bụrụ na ebe ndị ụgbọala jupụtara.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Jae Seung|date=December 2013|title=Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|language=en|volume=61|pages=153–166|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008|pmid=23777888}}</ref> Ịmepụta ebe ndị dị nchebe na-agagharị n'obodo ukwu nwere ike ịbawanye ewu ewu nke ịga ije, belata enweghị ọrụ, ma melite ahụike.<ref name=":4" /> Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik na-erite uru site na ụdị mmega ahụ a. N'obodo asaa dị na Europe, ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere 10% dị elu kwa izu karịa ndị ọzọ na-agba ígwè.<ref name="Castro">{{Cite journal|author=Castro|first=A|title=Physical activity of electric bicycle users compared to conventional bicycle users and non-cyclists: Insights based on health and transport data from an online survey in seven European cities|journal=Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives|volume=1|pages=100017|year=2019|doi=10.1016/j.trip.2019.100017}}</ref> Ndị na-agbanwe na e-bike site na ụgbọala onwe ha ma ọ bụ ụgbọ njem ọha na eze na-emefu ike ka mmega ahụ na-abawanye, na-enweta n'etiti 550 na 880 Metabolic Equivalent Task nkeji kwa izu.<ref name="Castro" /> Ịnyịnya ígwè eletrik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ike ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wild|first=Kirsty|date=2021-07-07|title=Gender and the E-bike: Exploring the Role of Electric Bikes in Increasing Women's Access to Cycling and Physical Activity|url=https://activetravelstudies.org/article/id/991/|journal=Active Travel Studies|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.16997/ats.991|issn=2732-4184}}</ref> == Ebe obibi == Uru gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ iji belata [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|okpomọkụ ụwa]].<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fraser|first=Simon D. S.|date=2011-12-01|title=Cycling for transport and public health: a systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling|url=https://academic.oup.com/eurpub/article/21/6/738/493197|journal=European Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=21|issue=6|pages=738–743|doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckq145|pmid=20929903|issn=1101-1262}}</ref> Kwa afọ, ụgbọ ala na-ewepụta 4.6 metric ton nke carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite web|author=US EPA|first=OAR|date=2016-01-12|title=Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle|url=https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/greenhouse-gas-emissions-typical-passenger-vehicle|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=US EPA|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka gas na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ, carbon dioxide dị na ikuku na-eme ngwa ngwa mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Jørgensen|first=Susanne V.|date=2014-04-01|title=Assessment of urgent impacts of greenhouse gas emissions—the climate tipping potential (CTP)|journal=The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment|language=en|volume=19|issue=4|pages=919–930|doi=10.1007/s11367-013-0693-y|issn=1614-7502}}</ref> Ka ojiji ụgbọala na-abawanye ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ, ọnụego nke ụwa anyị na-eru n'ókè ihu igwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na-arịwanye elu.<ref name=":5" /> Ịgagharị na-eme ka ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-ebelata kwa ụbọchị, na-ebepụ ebe ndị a na-agbadata.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Keall|first=Michael D.|date=2018-12-01|title=Reductions in carbon dioxide emissions from an intervention to promote cycling and walking: A case study from New Zealand|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192091830419X|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|language=en|volume=65|pages=687–696|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2018.10.004|issn=1361-9209}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na [[New Zealand]], achọpụtala na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike iji belata ikuku carbon dioxide site na 1% kwa afọ.<ref name=":6" /> N'ime nnyocha nke obodo asaa dị [[Obodo Békè|Ndị Europe]], a chọpụtara na mgbanwe ndị ọ bụla na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-abịa na uru dị ukwuu nke ikuku carbon, ọbụlagodi na obodo ukwu dị na Europe nke nwere oke ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè.<ref name="PASTA2">{{Cite journal|author=Brand|first=Christian|date=2021|title=The climate change mitigation effects of daily active travel in cities|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|volume=93|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.trd.2021.102764}}</ref> Mmụba nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ ịga ije n'otu n'otu belatara ikuku CO2 metụtara ndụ. Onye ọ bụla na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè 1 njem / ụbọchị ọzọ ma na-akwọ 1 njem / Ụbọchị na-erughị ụbọchị 200 n'afọ ga-ebelata ikuku CO2 metụtara njem site na ihe dị ka tọn 0.5 karịa otu afọ.<ref name="PASTA">{{Cite journal|author=Brand|first=Christian|date=2021|title=The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities|journal=Global Environmental Change|volume=67|language=en|doi=10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224}}</ref> Mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ bụ mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke njem ụgbọ ala. Mmetọ ikuku na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi adịghị mma.[1] Mmetọ ikuku nwere ike ime ka [[mmiri ozuzo acid]], eutrophication, haze, ọnwụ anụ ọhịa, mbelata oyi akwa ozone nke Ụwa, mmebi ihe ọkụkụ, na mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ.[1] Mkpọtụ mmetọ na-akpaghasị gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa.[2] Ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ebelata mmetọ ikuku na mkpọtụ site n'ịnọchite anya ụgbọ ala ndị na-emepụta gas na mkpọtụ, na-erite uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu ebe obibi obodo.<ref name=":3"/> == Nzaghachi gọọmentị == [[Usòrò:Victoria_W6-V9-2.svg|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama n'okporo ụzọ na Victoria, Australia]] Ịgagharị n'ihu na-arịọ ndị na-eme iwu n'ihi onyinye bara uru ọ na-enye na ahụike anụ ahụ na mbelata nke mmetọ ikuku, <ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Pucher|first=John|date=2010-01-01|title=Infrastructure, programs, and policies to increase bicycling: An international review|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091743509004344|journal=Preventive Medicine|language=en|volume=50|pages=S106–S125|doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.07.028|pmid=19765610|issn=0091-7435}}</ref> na-eduga na mbọ ndị omeiwu na-eme iji mee ka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije dị nchebe ma na-adọrọ mmasị maka njem na ọrụ onwe onye. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mackenbach|first=Joreintje Dingena|date=March 2016|title=The Influence of Urban Land-Use and Public Transport Facilities on Active Commuting in Wellington, New Zealand: Active Transport Forecasting Using the WILUTE Model|journal=Sustainability|language=en|volume=8|issue=3|pages=242|doi=10.3390/su8030242}}</ref> Nzọụkwụ ndị a gụnyere mgbanwe akụrụngwa iji kwado ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na-aga ije n'okporo ụzọ, iwu iji belata okporo ụzọ ụgbọ ala, <ref name=":8" /> na agụmakwụkwọ na ọzụzụ iji melite nhazi n'etiti ụgbọala na ndị mmadụ na-eji njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. <ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|author=Pucher|first=John|date=2003-09-01|title=Promoting Safe Walking and Cycling to Improve Public Health: Lessons From The Netherlands and Germany|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=93|issue=9|pages=1509–1516|doi=10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1509|issn=0090-0036|pmid=12948971}}</ref> Mmepe nke akụrụngwa nke jikọtara ya na mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ okporo ụzọ sara mbara, ọkụ n'okporo ámá, ala dị larịị, na ahịhịa ndụ n'obodo ukwu, ọkachasị na ohere ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Cervero|first=Robert|date=1997-09-01|title=Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361920997000096|journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=199–219|doi=10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6|issn=1361-9209}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Vich|first=Guillem|date=2019-03-01|title=Green streetscape and walking: Exploring active mobility patterns in dense and compact cities|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214140518303281|journal=Journal of Transport & Health|language=en|volume=12|pages=50–59|doi=10.1016/j.jth.2018.11.003|issn=2214-1405}}</ref> Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè karịsịa chọrọ mmepe nke akụrụngwa iji nweta mmụba dị ịrịba ama n'iji ya eme ihe, gụnyere: * Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè: ụzọ dị iche n'okporo ụzọ a na-ahụkarị nke a họpụtara site na akara na akara okporo ámá ka echekwa maka ịnyịnya ígwè. * Igbe ịnyịnya ígwè: ebe ndị dị na nkuku a họpụtara maka ịnyịnya ígwè iji nọrọ mgbe ọ kwụsịrị. * Ebe ịnyịnya ígwè na-akwụsị: ebe ndị a na-adọba ụgbọala pụrụ iche nke na-agụnyekwa ngwá ọrụ ndị bụ isi maka mmezi ịnyịnya ígwè.<ref name=":8"/> Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta ekwuputala na onyinye kachasị ukwuu maka ịgagharị na-abịa site na ịnweta ihe ntụrụndụ dị mfe dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụlọ ahịa, na ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke gọọmentị ime obodo nwere ike ịkwalite.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fan|first=Jessie X.|date=2014-11-01|title=An ecological analysis of environmental correlates of active commuting in urban U.S.|url=|journal=Health & Place|language=en|volume=30|pages=242–250|doi=10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.09.014|pmid=25460907|issn=1353-8292}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dogan|first=Timur|date=2020-01-02|title=Urbano: A Tool to Promote Active Mobility Modeling and Amenity Analysis in Urban Design|journal=Technology{{!}}Architecture + Design|volume=4|issue=1|pages=92–105|doi=10.1080/24751448.2020.1705716|issn=2475-1448}}</ref> Nchegbu dị ịrịba ama banyere mmụba nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike bụ mmụba kwekọrọ na mmerụ ahụ na ọnwụ, ọkachasị n'etiti ndị na-aga ije ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsay|first=Graeme|date=2011|title=Moving urban trips from cars to bicycles: impact on health and emissions|journal=Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=35|issue=1|pages=54–60|doi=10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00621.x|pmid=21299701|issn=1753-6405}}</ref> Ịgagharị n'ọrụ nwere ike na-eri oge karịa ịgagharị n'ụgbọala, na mmetụta nke ebe dị anya, ihe ndị dị na ala dị ka ugwu, na ihu igwe nwere ike ime ka ịrụsi ọrụ ike n'èzí ghara ịdị mma ma ọ bụ ghara ịdị irè.<ref name="Rietveld 531–550">{{Cite journal|author=Rietveld|first=Piet|date=2004-08-01|title=Determinants of bicycle use: do municipal policies matter?|journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice|language=en|volume=38|issue=7|pages=531–550|doi=10.1016/j.tra.2004.05.003|issn=0965-8564}}</ref> Nkatọ ọzọ nke iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwu na ịgbanwere okporo ụzọ maka iji ịnyịnya ígwè eme njem na-eme ka njem sie ike maka ndị njem ga-enwe ụgbọala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-19|title=Dangerous 'road diets' are starving LA of common sense: Susan Shelley|url=https://www.dailynews.com/2017/09/19/dangerous-road-diets-are-starving-la-of-common-sense-susan-shelley/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Daily News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ịgagharị agagharị site na mba == === Njikọ Europe === [[Usòrò:Juist,_Carl-Stegmann-Straße_-_panoramio.jpg|alt=Carfree Juist, Germany|thumb|Juist na-enweghị ụgbọala, Germany]] European Union's Mobility and Transport organization gụnyere ịkwalite ịga ije na ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè n'etiti atụmatụ ya iji mee ka njem na-adịgide adịgide na Europe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=John|date=2016-09-22|title=Sustainable transport|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/themes/sustainable_en|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Mobility and Transport - European Commission|language=en}}</ref> European Union anabatala ebumnuche Vision Zero iji kpochapụ ọnwụ okporo ụzọ niile, na-achọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe omume n'etiti ndị na-agafe agafe na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ụgbọala, ebe ndị a na-akpatakarị nnukwu mmerụ ahụ ma ọ bụ ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mobility and transport|url=https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/home_en|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Mobility and transport - European Commission|language=en}}</ref> N'ịbụ ndị kewapụrụ na European Union, ọtụtụ obodo na mpaghara Europe guzobere otu nzukọ, Polis, na 1989 iji hazie mbọ dị n'etiti gọọmentị ime obodo na European Union iji melite arụmọrụ nke njem.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Polis|url=https://www.polisnetwork.eu/who-we-are/about-polis/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Polis Network|language=en-US}}</ref> Nke a na-agụnye ime ka ọ dịkwuo mfe ịgagharị, nke Polis na-ekwu na ọ na-enye uru na gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ọha na eze ma na-ekwusi ike na ọganihu ndị a na-enye aka na akụ na ụba.<ref>[https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/lifecycle_promote-active-travel_handbook.pdf "Active Transportation Best Practices" (PDF)]. Polis Network. June 2019. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> Polis na-atụ aro na mkpebi iwu kwesịrị ịkọwa uru sitere na mbelata ahụike na ụgwọ gburugburu ebe obibi site na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, mmụba nke ohere obodo site na mbelata mkpọchi na mmetọ, ma tụlee ụkpụrụ gbasara imepụta ụgbọala iji dozie nchegbu nke nchekwa na ịdị mfe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211129162520/https://www.polisnetwork.morris-chapman.com/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/polis-paper-securing-the-health-benefits-of-active-travel-in-europe.pdf "Securing the health benefits of active travel in Europe" (PDF)]. Polis Network. November 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> Polis na-agba ume mmepe nke Sustainable Urban Mobility Plans (SUMPs) iji duzie ọrụ njem n'obodo niile. <ref>[https://www.polisnetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/POLIS_Brochure2020-web.pdf "Polis: Cities and Regions for Transport Innovation" (PDF)]. Polis Network. Retrieved 28 July 2020.</ref> === Netherlands === [[Usòrò:Cycling_Fatalities_in_the_Netherlands_Graph.png|thumb|Ọnwụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na Netherlands site na 2007 ruo 2016.]] A na-eji agagharị agagharị eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na [[Netherlands]], gụnyere ihe karịrị 40% nke njem n'ime ime obodo.[1] Ọdịdị dị larịị na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ nke Netherlands na-erite uru mmegharị ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike, nke amụma gọọmentị kwadoro kemgbe ọtụtụ iri afọ, [2] gụnyere kilomita 35,000 nke ụzọ ịgba ígwè raara onwe ya nye.[3] N'ihi ya, gọọmentị Dutch na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe dị ka igwe igwe 1.3 maka onye ọ bụla na Netherlands.[3] Ihe si na nke a pụta bụ na ihe dị ka 20% nke ndị na-egbu ihe mberede okporo ụzọ Dutch bụ ndị na-agba ígwè, ihe karịrị 100 ndị na-agba ígwè na-anwụ kwa afọ.[4] Ọnụego ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị elu karịa ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dị na Europe, na-egosipụta oke ojiji nke ngagharị na-arụ ọrụ na Netherlands.[4] Otú ọ dị, mgbalị amụma nke Ministry of Industry and Water Management[5] nwere ike iso mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ na-ebelata, bụ nke dara karịa 30% site na 2007 ruo 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zaken|first=Ministerie van Algemene|date=2017-06-09|title=Safe cycling - Bicycles - Government.nl|url=https://www.government.nl/topics/bicycles/safe-cycling|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.government.nl|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":10">[https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/sites/roadsafety/files/pdf/statistics/dacota/bfs20xx_cyclists.pdf "Traffic Safety Basic Facts 2018: Cyclists" (PDF)]. European Commission. European Road Safety Observatory. 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2020.</ref> === Singapore === Land Transport Authority (LTA) nke Singapore na-achụso ebumnuche ekwupụtara iji gbakwunye usoro njem na "nhọrọ ije na ịnyịnya ígwè".<ref>{{Cite web|title=LTA {{!}} Who We Are|url=https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltagov/en/who_we_are.html/#our_work|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.lta.gov.sg}}</ref> N'ịgbaso atụmatụ nnwale nke etinyere n'ógbè Tampines, Minista nke Transport gosipụtara atụmatụ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè nke mba na 2013 iji nye ụzọ iji jikọta ịgba ịnyịnya na usoro Mass Rapid Transit nke Singapore. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Meng|first=M.|date=2014-10-01|title=Influences of urban characteristics on cycling: Experiences of four cities|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210670714000481|journal=Sustainable Cities and Society|language=en|volume=13|pages=78–88|doi=10.1016/j.scs.2014.05.001|issn=2210-6707}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MOT Singapore – Gain new perspectives on land, sea & air transport|url=http://www.mot.gov.sg/About-MOT/Land-Transport/Cycling/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.mot.gov.sg|language=en|archivedate=5 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305195350/https://www.mot.gov.sg/About-MOT/Land-Transport/Cycling/}}</ref> Nke a gụnyere ụzọ 190 kilomita, ọtụtụ puku ebe a na-adọba ịnyịnya ígwè, akara, na agụmakwụkwọ ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè. Otú ọ dị, a katọrọ mgbalị ndị a dị ka ndị a kpaara ókè, karịsịa maka igbochi mgbasawanye nke ịnweta ịnyịnya ígwè na njikọ ndị na-abụghị ụzọ, dịka site na Park Connectors Network, karịa ihe ndị ọzọ maka ịgagharị n'obodo ukwu.<ref name=":12" /> === United Kingdom === Association of Directors of Public Health na United Kingdom, nke ihe karịrị otu narị ndị bịanyere aka na ya gụnyere Sustrans na Royal College of Physicians sonyeere na akwụkwọ ọnọdụ na njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, setịpụrụ ọtụtụ usoro iwu doro anya a tụrụ aro maka atụmatụ mpaghara na ndị isi okporo ụzọ, gụnyere: * Ogologo ọsọ 20 mph (32 km / h) maka ebe obibi.&nbsp;&nbsp; * Okporo ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè nke na-enye maka njem dị mfe na nke bara uru. * Agụmakwụkwọ nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mmanye iwu iji melite nchekwa okporo ụzọ. * Mbipụta ebumnuche doro anya maka mgbasawanye nke njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike. <ref>[http://www.adph.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Take_action_on_active_travel_20104.pdf "Take action on active travel" (PDF)]. Association of Directors of Public Health. January 2010. Retrieved 24 July 2020.</ref> ==== England ==== A tọhapụrụ atụmatụ Gọọmentị UK maka njem na England na 2020 ma mara ya dị ka Gear Change. Atụmatụ a bu n'uche ime ka England bụrụ 'mba na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè ukwu'. Atụmatụ ahụ na-ezube ịmepụta ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, iwebata mpaghara ndị ọzọ na-enweghị okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-eju anya ịtọ ụkpụrụ dị elu maka akụrụngwa ịgba ịnyịnya. Atụmatụ ahụ na-eso £ 2 ijeri na ego ndị ọzọ n'ime afọ ise sochirinụ maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije mara ọkwa na Mee 2020. Atụmatụ ahụ webatara ahụ ọhụrụ na onye nyocha a maara dị ka Active Travel England . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cycling and walking plan for England|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/cycling-and-walking-plan-for-england|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=GOV.UK|language=en}}</ref> ==== Scotland ==== Iwu Gọọmentị Scotland na-ezube ịbawanye ojiji nke ụzọ njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Scotland maka njem dị mkpirikpi na ime ka njem na-aga n'ihu dị nchebe ma na-agụnye. E bipụtara National Walking Strategy na 2017 ma melite Cycling Action Plan for Scotland (CAPS) na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Travel Framework (1)|url=https://www.transport.gov.scot/publication/active-travel-framework-1/|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=www.transport.gov.scot}}</ref> Òtù na-akwado njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike Cycling UK katọrọ Gọọmentị Scotland maka ịghara ịbawanye ego maka njem na-eme ihe. Mmefu ego Scotland na-ekenye £ 100 nde maka ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịga ije, nke bụ 3.3% nke mmefu ego njem ma ọ bụ ngụkọta nke kilomita atọ nke atụmatụ A9.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is £500m for cycling and walking in Scotland enough? {{!}} Cycling UK|url=https://www.cyclinguk.org/blog/ps500m-cycling-and-walking-scotland-enough|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=www.cyclinguk.org}}</ref> N'ime ngalaba ọha na eze na Scotland ngalaba njem nwere pasentị kachasị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọkwa ndị dị elu. Naanị 6.25% nke ndị isi ụgbọ njem bụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Exploring gender and active travel|url=https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/research/all-themes/all/exploring-gender-and-active-travel|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=Sustrans|language=en}}</ref> ==== Wales ==== Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013, nke gafere na 2013. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị mpaghara nọgide na-emeziwanye ihe owuwu na ụzọ maka ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ịkwadebe map na-achọpụta ụzọ dị ugbu a na nke nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu maka ojiji ha. Ọ chọkwara imeziwanye okporo ụzọ na ọrụ mmepe iji tụlee mkpa nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'oge imewe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 February 2013|title=Active Travel (Wales) Act 2013 – National Assembly for Wales|url=http://www.senedd.assembly.wales/mgIssueHistoryHome.aspx?IId=5750|accessdate=2 June 2017|work=assembly.wales}}</ref> === United States === Ndị bi na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na-eji njem dị ka ụzọ njem karịa ndị bi na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Jae Seung|date=2013-12-01|title=Safely active mobility for urban baby boomers: The role of neighborhood design|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0001457513001991|journal=Accident Analysis & Prevention|language=en|volume=61|pages=153–166|doi=10.1016/j.aap.2013.05.008|pmid=23777888|issn=0001-4575}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ nke ndị na-aga ije na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè n'obodo ukwu US ka e depụtara dị ka ihe na-enye aka n'ọnọdụ a.<ref name=":11" /> Mgbalị iji mụbaa ojiji nke ịgagharị agagharị na steeti etiti site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Njem nke US, nke na-agbaso mmepe nke ịgagharị na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na Livability Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Livable and Sustainable Communities {{!}} FTA|url=https://www.transit.dot.gov/regulations-and-guidance/environmental-programs/livable-sustainable-communities/livable-and|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.transit.dot.gov}}</ref> Livability Initiative gụnyere ọtụtụ ijeri dollar nke ego site na ọtụtụ mmemme enyemaka, gụnyere Better Utilizing Investments to Leverage Development (BUILD), Infrastructure for Rebuilding America (INFRA), na Transportation Infrastructures Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), iji mee ka iwu akụrụngwa na-akwado mmụba nke ndị na-aga ije na ịnyịnya ígwè.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Department of Transportation Transit, Highway, and Safety Funds - Funding - Bicycle and Pedestrian Program - Environment - FHWA|url=https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/funding/funding_opportunities.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018081651/http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/bicycle_pedestrian/funding/funding_opportunities.cfm|archivedate=18 October 2014|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=[[Federal Highway Administration|Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)]]}}</ref> Mmụba ego maka mmemme ndị a, dị ka Fixing America's Surface Transportation (FAST) nke 2015, enwetala nkwado abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Davis|first=Rodney|date=2015-12-04|title=H.R.22 - 114th Congress (2015-2016): FAST Act|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-bill/22|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Ọtụtụ obodo dị na United States, gụnyere [[Seattle]], [[Chicago]], Minneapolis, Sacramento, na Houston, etinyela iwu nke ha iji gbaa ndị na-agagharị agagharị maka ịga ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lee|first=Richard J.|date=2017-03-04|title=Understanding the role of equity in active transportation planning in the United States|journal=Transport Reviews|volume=37|issue=2|pages=211–226|doi=10.1080/01441647.2016.1239660|issn=0144-1647}}</ref> Mgbalị ndị ọzọ dị ukwuu gụnyere mmemme njem zuru ezu (ATPs), dị ka ndị a na-etinye na [[California]], [[Oregon]]" id="mwATU" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon, [[Texas]]" id="mwATk" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas, na San Diego County.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Program (ATP) {{!}} Caltrans|url=https://dot.ca.gov/programs/local-assistance/fed-and-state-programs/active-transportation-program|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=dot.ca.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-07-25|title=Regional Active Transportation Plan|url=https://www.oregonmetro.gov/regional-active-transportation-plan|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=Metro|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Plan {{!}} City of Fort Worth, Texas|url=https://fortworthtexas.gov/atp/|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=fortworthtexas.gov|language=en|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809073723/http://fortworthtexas.gov/atp/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Active Transportation Plan|url=https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/pds/advance/ActiveTransportationPlan.html|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=www.sandiegocounty.gov}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mgbalị ndị a agbalịwo ịkwalite mgbanwe ndị a na-atụle na pasentị nke ndị njem na-eji ụgbọ njem na-arụ ọrụ: na United States Census Bureau's American Community Survey, 3.4% nke ndị America gbara ịnyịnya ígwè ma ọ bụ na-eje ije ịrụ ọrụ na 2013, naanị 3.1% mere ya na 2018.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|author=Bureau|first=US Census|title=American Community Survey Data|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html|accessdate=2020-08-04|work=The United States Census Bureau|language=EN-US}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Bike_and_pedestrian_lanes_in_Roger_Williams_Park.jpg|thumb|Ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị njem na Roger Williams Park.]] {| class="wikitable" |+Njem na United States <ref name=":13"/> !Afọ !Ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè !Ịga ije !Ngụkọta nke Ọrụ Na-aga |- |2013 |0.614% |2.792% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.405% |- |2014 |0.631% |2.754% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.385% |- |2015 |0.595% |2.768% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.362% |- |2016 |0.573% |2.706% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.279% |- |2017 |0.556% |2.639% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.195% |- |2018 |0.526% |2.574% | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |3.100% |} == Ndị nwere nkwarụ == Ndị nwere nkwarụ na-enwekarị nsogbu na njem karịa ndị na-enweghị nkwarụ.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwere ihe mgbochi ahụike maka njem siri ike. E nwere ụfọdụ ọnọdụ ebe ọ na-agaghị ekwe omume ka mmadụ gaa ije ma ọ bụ gbaa ịnyịnya ígwè, ọbụnakwa ma ọ bụrụ na ewepụ ihe mgbochi anụ ahụ, ọha na eze na ego, ụfọdụ ka ga-achọ ịnweta ụgbọala.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|title=Pave The Way (streetspace) » Transport for All|url=https://www.transportforall.org.uk/campaigns-and-research/pave-the-way/|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=Transport for All|date=21 January 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ihe mgbochi ozugbo maka ndị nwere nkwarụ na-agagharị n'okporo ụzọ bụ enweghị ike ịbanye n'okpogige, dịka ọmụmaatụ: <ref name=":14"/> * Ihe mgbagwoju anya n'okporo ụzọ, dịka ihe ịrịba ama okporo ụzọ na ebe a na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgbọala eletrik * Okporo ụzọ ndị na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ ndị na-agbago elu * Enweghị okporo ụzọ dara ada na ụzọ a na-emetụ n'ahụMmetụta a na-emetụ n'ahụ * Enweghị ebe ndị mmadụ ga-akwụsị izu ike * Ihe ize ndụ ndị ohere ha na ụgbọala na-akpata Maka ndị chọrọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè, ihe mgbochi nwere ike ịgụnye ụzọ ịnyịnya ígwè dị warara, akụrụngwa nke chọrọ ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè rịtuo, ihe mgide anụ ahụ na enweghị ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala kwesịrị ekwesị.<ref name=":14"/> == Ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị == N'obodo na mba ụfọdụ, ụmụ nwanyị na-eduga n'ụzọ mgbe a bịara n'ịga ije. 54% nke njem ndị e ji ụkwụ mee na London bụ ndị inyom na-eme.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=April 2012|title=Understanding the travel needs of London's diverse communities Women|url=https://content.tfl.gov.uk/women.pdf|work=Transport for London}}</ref> Dabere na nyocha banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na njem na-agafe n'ọtụtụ obodo mba ụwa, ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga ije karịa ụmụ nwoke ma nwee ike iji ụgbọ njem ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oyebode|first=Oyinlola|title=From walking to cycling, how we get around a city is a gender equality issue – new research|url=http://theconversation.com/from-walking-to-cycling-how-we-get-around-a-city-is-a-gender-equality-issue-new-research-175014|accessdate=2022-02-05|work=The Conversation|date=2 February 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na usoro njem na-adabere n'afọ ndụ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ize ndụ na nchekwa na-enye ahụmịhe njem dị iche.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haynes|first=Emily|date=2019-12-21|title=Gender and active travel: a qualitative data synthesis informed by machine learning|journal=International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity|volume=16|issue=1|pages=135|doi=10.1186/s12966-019-0904-4|issn=1479-5868|pmid=31864372}}</ref> Nnyocha na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ụzọ nwoke na nwanyị na-aga ndụ dị mma na iwu njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-atụle iji belata ihe ize ndụ okporo ụzọ na ime ihe ike nwoke.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Goel|first=Rahul|date=2022-01-03|title=Gender differences in active travel in major cities across the world|journal=Transportation|volume=50|issue=2|pages=733–749|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11116-021-10259-4|pmid=37035250|issn=1572-9435}}</ref> Ụmụ nwoke nwere ike ịnweta ụgbọ ala nkeonwe karịa ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Nhazi nke na-abara ụgbọ ala uru karịa ụdị njem ndị ọzọ na-abara ụmụ nwoke uru na-enweghị oke.[2] Ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị usoro njem dị iche iche.[3] Ụmụ nwanyị na-enwekarị ike ịgbụ njem, na ịgbụ njem na-akwado iji ụgbọ ala eme ihe.[4][5] O yikarịrị ka a ga-ejide ụmụ nwanyị site na iburu ụmụaka, ịzụ ahịa ma ọ bụ soro ndị enyi agadi [6] Na UK obere okirikiri ụmụ nwanyị karịa ụmụ nwoke [7] [8] na nchekwa okporo ụzọ na-ezo aka dị ka nchegbu metụtara ịgba ígwè [9] ] na ije ije.[10][11] Otu akụkọ Sustrans na UK chọpụtara enweghị ihe akaebe na ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè n'ịmepụta amụma njem na nhazi.<ref name=":15" /> == Hụkwa == * Ịdabere n'ụgbọala * Bicycle-friendly - Atụmatụ obodo na-ebute ụzọ ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè * Ịgba ígwè * Carfree city - Obodo mepere emepe nke na-enweghị ụgbọala * Health impact of light rail systems - mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma dị ka ikuku, mkpọtụ, mmega ahụ, mmetụPeeji na-egosi nkọwa wikidata dị ka ọdịda azụ * Ụgbọ njem nke mmadụ * Ụgbọala nwere injin * Nkọwa nke ịgba ịnyịnya ígwè * Pedestrian village - Atụmatụ obodo maka ebe a na-eji eme ihe dị iche iche na-ebute ndị na-aga ije ụzọ * Street reclamation - Ịgbanwe okporo ámá iji lekwasị anya n'iji ụgbọala eme ihe * Mgbasawanye obodo == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kjysuamyc1a2xmueorlibiu0wfsgoo5 0 53517 631901 539293 2026-05-04T12:13:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|title=Manager of Advisory Department at [[Uganda Development Bank]]}} '''Barbara Kasekende''' bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego nke Uganda na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ngalaba ndụmọdụ na Uganda Development Bank, naanị ụmụ amaala obodo ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmepe ego gọọmentị nwere. Ọ nwetara ọkwa a na February 2022. Tupu nke ahụ, ọ bụ ''onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ Social Investments Manager'' na Stanbic Bank Uganda Limited, nnukwu ụlọ akụ azụmahịa nke Uganda site na akụ. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|url=https://bankersjournalug.com/udb-appoints-barbara-kasekende-manager-business-advisory/|title=UDB Appoints Barbara Kasekende Manager Business Advisory|date=18 February 2022|work=The Bankers Journal Uganda|author=Salim Kalanzi|accessdate=25 February 2022|archivedate=22 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322172300/https://bankersjournalug.com/udb-appoints-barbara-kasekende-manager-business-advisory/}}</ref> <ref name="2R" /> <ref name="3R">{{Cite web|work=The Insider Uganda|url=https://theinsider.ug/index.php/2018/02/28/barbara-kasekende-appointed-stanbic-banks-corporate-social-investment-manager/|title=Barbara Kasekende Appointed Stanbic Bank's Corporate Social Investment Manager|date=28 February 2018|author=The Uganda Insider|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == Kasekende bụ nwa amaala Uganda, amụrụ ihe dịka 1979 na mpaghara Buganda nke [[Uganda]] . Ọ gara Mount Saint Mary's College Namagunga maka agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ọ gbara na 2020, ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka nwa mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya. <ref name="4R">{{Cite web|url=https://davidkangye.com/barbara-kasekende-there-has-to-be-a-reason-why-you-are-here/|title=Barbara Kasekende: There Has To Be a Reason Why You Are Here|work=DavidKangye.com|date=16 November 2020|author=David Kangye|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> Ọ na-ejide nzere bachelọ sayensị na Kọmputa Information Systems, nke Mahadum Elmhurst nyere, na Elmhurst, Illinois, United States. Ọ na-ejidekwa [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration]], nwetara na Naveen Jindal School of Management, na Mahadum Texas na Dallas, na Richardson, Texas, United States. <ref name="2R">{{Cite web|work=Watchdoguganda.com|date=19 February 2022|title=Who is Barbara Kasekende, the newly appointed Uganda Development Bank Manager Business Advisory?|url=https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20220219/130542/who-is-barbara-kasekende-the-newly-appointed-uganda-development-bank-manager-business-advisory.html|accessdate=25 February 2022|author=Ivan Mubiru}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFIvan_Mubiru2022">Ivan Mubiru (19 February 2022). [https://www.watchdoguganda.com/news/20220219/130542/who-is-barbara-kasekende-the-newly-appointed-uganda-development-bank-manager-business-advisory.html "Who is Barbara Kasekende, the newly appointed Uganda Development Bank Manager Business Advisory?"]. ''Watchdoguganda.com''. Kampala, Uganda<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="5R">{{Cite web|work=The Kampala Report|url=https://www.thekampalareport.com/latest/202202199547/udb-installs-barbara-kasekende-as-manager-business-advisory.html|date=19 February 2022|title=UDB appoints Barbara Kasekende Manager Business Advisory|author=The Kampala Report|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge ọ sonyeere Uganda Development Bank na February 2022, ọrụ azụmahịa Kasekende laghachiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 14. O nweela ọrụ nchịkwa na azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche n'oge ahụ. Ọ bụbu onye njikwa na AIG Uganda, Wild Places Africa, NFT Consult na Stanbic Bank Uganda. Ahụmahụ ọrụ ya gụnyere mmepe azụmahịa, ọrụ ndị ahịa, mmekọrịta ndị ahịa dị oke ọnụ ahịa yana ọrụ ọrụ mmekọrịta ụlọ ọrụ . <ref name="6R">{{Cite web|work=PML Daily|url=https://www.pmldaily.com/business/2022/02/barbara-kasekende-appointed-udb-manager-business-advisory.html|title=Barbara Kasekende appointed UDB Manager Business Advisory|date=19 February 2022|author=Nelson Mandela|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> Na Uganda Development Bank, Kasekende bụ onye isi ngalaba ndụmọdụ azụmahịa nke ụlọ akụ, na-ahụ maka inye ndụmọdụ na iduzi ndị ahịa na ndị ahịa ụlọ akụ. <ref name="7R">{{Cite web|url=https://kikubolane.com/2022/02/19/barbara-kasekende-leaves-stanbic-appointed-manager-business-directory-at-uganda-development-bank/|title=Barbara Kasekende leaves Stanbic, appointed Manager Business Advisory at Uganda Development Bank|work=Kikubolane.com|date=19 February 2022|author=Edgar Atwiine|accessdate=25 February 2022}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Hope Eku * Veronica Sentongo == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Kasekende, Barbara}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9d76p5entuezp5p509433zupdna5mpe 0 54538 631944 194789 2026-05-05T00:53:02Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631944 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana Paula Lisboa bụ onye edemede Afro-Brazil, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-eme ihe ngosi, onye bi n'etiti Rio de Janeiro na Luanda na [[Angola]]. Ebipụtala abụ ya na akụkọ mkpirisi ya na mkpokọta mba na mba ụwa. Na 2014 ọ natara mbụ Carolina de Jesus Award.[1] Ọ bụ onye edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ O Globo.. == Lfe == A mụrụ Ana Paula Lisboa na [[Rio de Janeiro]] na ngwụcha afọ 1980, ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ nke ndị ọrụ ojii na-arụ ọrụ. Ọ malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum na asụsụ Portuguese na edemede.<ref name="Stanford">{{Cite web|title=Ana Paula Lisboa, Agência de Redes para Juventude (Brazil)|work=Stanford Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law|date=June 25, 2015|url=https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/multimedia/ana-paula-lisboa-ag%C3%AAncia-de-redes-para-juventude-brazil}}</ref> Na 2011 ọ sonyeere Network for Youth Agency (Agência de Redes Para Juventude). Malite dị ka onye ogbugbo mpaghara maka Rio de Janeiro favelas nke Cidade de Deus na Borel, ọ mechara rụọ ọrụ dịka onye nhazi usoro.[1] E tinyela ihe odide ya na favelas na mkpokọta abụọ a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ French. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2014, ọ natara onyinye Carolina de Jesus nke mbụ, nke akpọrọ aha Carolina Maria de Jesus nke enyere ndị gbanwere ndụ ha site na akwụkwọ.<ref name="Stanford"/> Ana Paula Lisboa nọ na Marielle Franco na nzukọ nke Casa das Pretas (Ụlọ nke ndị inyom ojii), na mpaghara Lapa nke Lapa, Rio de Janeiro tupu e gbuo Franco na 2016. Ọnwụ ahụ mere ka ọ tụleghachi ihe ndị ọ na-ebute ụzọ, na-ebuli yoga. na candomblé:   Ana Paula Lisboa bụ onye nyere aka na Jet Black Eyes (2017), nchịkọta nke Black Brazilian prose. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tom Farias|title=Crítica: as vozes das mulheres negras brasileiras contemporâneas|work=CEERT|date=July 17, 2017|url=https://ceert.org.br/noticias/genero-mulher/18219/critica-as-vozes-das-mulheres-negras-brasileiras-contemporaneas|accessdate=October 26, 2024|archivedate=July 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729192935/https://ceert.org.br/noticias/genero-mulher/18219/critica-as-vozes-das-mulheres-negras-brasileiras-contemporaneas}}</ref> N'afọ 2019 o sonyere na 8th Outskirts Literary Festival (Festa Literária das Periferias [pt], ma ọ bụ FLUP), nke emere na Rio Art Museum . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Daniel Persia|title=Weekly Dispatches from the Front Lines of World Literature: Brazil|work=[[Asymptote (magazine)|Asymptote]]|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2019/11/08/weekly-dispatches-from-the-front-lines-of-world-literature-32/#more-21883|accessdate=July 27, 2021}}</ref> O tinyekwara aka na ọrụ akwụkwọ - Carolinas: A New Generation of Black Writers - na-etolite site na ọmụmụ ihe ederede nke FLUP na 2020, nke ọrụ Carolina Maria de Jesus kpaliri afọ iri isii gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Carolinas: a Nova Geração de Escritoras Negras Brasileiras|work=Livraria Da Vila|url=https://www.livrariadavila.com.br/carolinas--a-nova-geracao-de-escritoras-negras-brasileiras-752497/p|accessdate=July 29, 2021|archivedate=July 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729192926/https://www.livrariadavila.com.br/carolinas--a-nova-geracao-de-escritoras-negras-brasileiras-752497/p}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke emume ncheta afọ 95 nke ''O Globo'' na 2020, ọ sonyeere ndị nta akụkọ ndị ọzọ iji rụrịta ụka gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na Rodrigo Maia na Luís Roberto Barroso.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|title=Colunistas e convidados abordam em lives do GLOBO temas mais urgentes da atualidade|date=July 2020|work=O Globo|url=https://oglobo.sp-globo.com/colunistas-e-convidados-abordam-em-lives-do-globo-temas-mais-urgentes-da-atualidade/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == * (ya na Veruska Delfino) Dicionário Agência. [[Brazil]]: Agência de Redes para Juventude, 2014. * (ya na Mário Feijó, Joana Ribeiro na ndị ọzọ) Je suis toujours favela. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke Paula Anacaona sụgharịrị. * (ya na Denise Homem, Fernando Molica na ndị ọzọ) Je suis encore favela. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nke Paula Anacaona sụgharịrị. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://oglobo.globo.com/cultura/ana-paula-lisboa/ Ana Paula Lisbon], O Globo [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bz19xfpmdek66u1qhsiw416dtupxdhp 0 56253 631902 200961 2026-05-04T12:29:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631902 wikitext text/x-wiki Basa bụ ụyọkọ asụsụ Kainji gbasasịrị na Naịjirịa. A na-asụ ha n'ime obodo dị iche iche site na steeti Niger dị na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo Benue steeti dị na ndịda etiti. Nke a pụtara na ndị Basa nwere ike bụrụ ndị na-esote ndị na-agbasa na Naijiria ma ndị Hausa na Fula gachara. Ndị otu dị anya amataghị ibe ha, ndị nọ nso n’ala nna ha nke dị nso na Kambari (Basa-Kontagora na Basa-Gumna) apụọla asụsụ ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/Basa/BasaOP.htm|title=Roger Blench: Basa languages|date=2008|work=www.rogerblench.info|accessdate=2017-07-20|archivedate=2018-01-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101043805/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/Basa/BasaOP.htm}}</ref> == Asụsụ == E nwere asụsụ Basa asatọ: == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} nu9qqom84lwxrt1laetpabvh0gp224i 0 57761 631931 368809 2026-05-05T00:47:05Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631931 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SulamithSchwartzNardi1928.png|thumb|Shulamith Nardi]] '''Shulamith Schwartz Nardi''' (Hibru; April 23, 1909 - May 3, 2002) bụ onye ntụgharị asụsụ, onye odee, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi a mụrụ n'America, nke bi na Israel mgbe 1950 gasịrị. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ Ya == A mụrụ Shulamith Schwartz na New York City, nwa nwanyị nke Avraham Shmuel Schwartz na Fannie Masliansky Schwartz. Nna ya bụ dọkịta na onye na-ede uri; nna nne ya bụ Zvi Hirsch Masliansky bụụrụ onye ndú nke Zionist Organization of America . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nardi|first=Zviah|title=Biography of Zvi Hirsch Masliansky|url=https://www.clevelandjewishhistory.net/silver/masliansky-biography.html|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Cleveland Jewish History}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1935-03-08|title=Maslianskys Honored on 60th Anniversary|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-maslianskys-hon/138336995/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Brooklyn Daily Eagle|pages=20}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnard College n'afọ 1928. O nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum Columbia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nardi|first=Zvia|title=Shulamith Nardi|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ Ya == Shulamith Schwartz bụ onye isi oche nke mba nke Junior Hadassah site n'afọ 1931 ruo 1933.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1932-11-03|title=Zionist and 2 Hadassah Groups Hear Miss Shulamith Schwartz|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-courier-news-zionist-and-2-hadassah/138331235/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Courier-News|pages=10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1954-11-21|title=Mrs. Nardi to Speak at Zionist Meeting|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-indianapolis-star-mrs-nardi-to-spea/138337220/|accessdate=2024-01-09|work=The Indianapolis Star|pages=49}}</ref> Ya na di ọhụrụ ya kwagara Tel Aviv n'afọ 1934. Ọ kụziri Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ma dee maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Jewish Frontier. Ọ kwuru banyere Palestine na Montreal n'afọ 1936, ma bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya na ọgbakọ Zionist Congress nke iri abụọ ya emere na na Zürich n'afọ 1937.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1936-12-08|title=Palestine Rebuilt by Unity of Jews; Miss Shuliamith Schwartz Describes Development to Hadassah|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-gazette-palestine-rebuilt-by-unity-o/138336327/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Gazette|pages=8}}</ref> N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ biri na New York ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Hadassah Newsletter na onye òtù American Zionist Emergency Council . <ref>{{Cite news|date=1944-11-19|title=Zionists To Note Declaration of Balfour Today|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/hartford-courant-zionists-to-note-declar/138336486/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Hartford Courant|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nardi|first=Zvia|title=Shulamith Nardi|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Nardi, Zvia. [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith "Shulamith Nardi"]. ''Jewish Women's Archive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ gara njem na-ekwu okwu n'ihu ndị òtù obodo ndị Juu. <ref>{{Cite news|date=1939-11-30|title=Shulamith Schwartz Hadassah's Speaker; Noted Speaker Favors Local Organization with Visit Here|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-castle-news-shulamith-schwartz-hadas/138330493/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=New Castle News|pages=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1940-01-07|title=Shulamith Schwartz, Noted Jewish Lecturer, to Appear at Faber Hall Monday Night|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tyler-courier-times-shulamith-schwar/138330899/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Tyler Courier-Times|pages=11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1940-05-20|title=Meeting, Convention Attendance on List of Hadassah Activities|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-central-new-jersey-home-news-meeting/138331130/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Central New Jersey Home News|pages=7}}</ref> Nardi laghachiri Israel n'afọ 1951, wee ghọọ ọkammụta [[asụsụ Bekee]] na Mahadum Hibru nke [[Jerusalem]] n'afọ %1953. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Raymond|first=Steve|date=1959-04-19|title=Education is Development Key, Israelis Believe|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tampa-tribune-education-is-developme/138337769/|accessdate=2024-01-09|work=The Tampa Tribune|pages=58}}</ref> N'afọ 1961, ọ bụụrụ onye nnọchi anya ndị nnọchi anya Israel na Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu . <ref>{{Cite web|date=1961-09-06|title=Golda Meir to Head Israel's Delegation at U.N. General Assembly Session|url=https://www.jta.org/archive/golda-meir-to-head-israels-delegation-at-u-n-general-assembly-session|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|language=en-US}}</ref> Malite n'afọ ndị 1960, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na agọọmentị Israel dị ka onye ndụmọdụ onye isi ala na ihe gbasara ihe na-eme na mba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nardi|first=Zvia|title=Shulamith Nardi|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Nardi, Zvia. [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith "Shulamith Nardi"]. ''Jewish Women's Archive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Zalman Shazar site na Hibru gaa na Bekee, nakwa otu n'ime Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Nardi|first=Shulamith Schwartz|url=http://archive.org/details/sevenscrolls0000nard|title=The seven scrolls|date=1957|publisher=Jerusalem, Hebrew University in collaboration with the Shrine of the Book|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> O duziri otu òtù ọmụmụ banyere akwụkwọ ndị Juu. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Shulewitz|first=Malka Hillel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zDzUAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shulamith+Nardi&pg=PR11|title=Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands|date=2000-10-27|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-8264-4764-7|pages=xi|language=en}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị O bipụtara == * A Genesis Apocryphon: Akwụkwọ mpịakọta sitere n'ọzara nke Judaea (1956, nke Nahman Avigadi na Yigael Yadin, nke Shulamith Nardi sụgharịrị) * ''Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta Asaa'' (1957) <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Nardi|first=Shulamith Schwartz|url=http://archive.org/details/sevenscrolls0000nard|title=The seven scrolls|date=1957|publisher=Jerusalem, Hebrew University in collaboration with the Shrine of the Book|others=Internet Archive}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNardi1957">Nardi, Shulamith Schwartz (1957). [[iarchive:sevenscrolls0000nard|''The seven scrolls'']]. Internet Archive. Jerusalem, Hebrew University in collaboration with the Shrine of the Book.</cite></ref> * Women Build a Land (1962, nke Ada Maimon, nke Nardi sụgharịrị) * Morning Stars (1967, nke Zalman Shazar, nke Nardi sụgharịrị) * Isiokwu ndị Juu na Contemporary World Literature (1969) <ref>{{Cite news|date=1966-11-11|title=Random House to Print Books Examining Jewish Life in 20th Century|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-wisconsin-jewish-chronicle-random-ho/138336748/|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle|pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Gilroy|first=Harry|date=November 6, 1966|title=Random House Series on Jewish Life Today Set; General Editor a Professor at Hebrew University Books to Appear in '69|url=http://timesmachine.nytimes.comhttp//timesmachine.content-tagging.us-east-1-01.prd.dvsp.nyt.net/timesmachine/1966/11/06/83551439.html?pageNumber=132|accessdate=2024-01-09|work=The New York Times|pages=132|language=en}}</ref> * Ebe Nsọ nke Akwụkwọ na Akwụkwọ Mpịakọta ya (1970) <ref>{{Cite book|author=Nardi|first=Shulamith Schwartz|url=http://archive.org/details/shrineofbookitss0000nard|title=The Shrine of the Book and its scrolls|date=1965|publisher=[Jerusalem, Shrine of the Book, the D. Samuel and Jeane H. Gottesman Centre for Biblical Manuscripts, the Israel Museum]|others=Internet Archive}}</ref> * ''Ụwa na-abịa Jerusalem: nchịkọta foto '' (1983, nke Sarah na Eli Ross, nke Nardi dezigharịrị) * A maliteghachiri ya na Jerusalem: Ncheta nke onye na-ede uri na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị (nke Asenath Petrie dere, nke Nardi dezigharịrị) == Ndụ onwe onye Ya == Schwartz lụrụ nwa akwụkwọ ibe ya gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, onye nkuzi a mụrụ na Kiev bụ Noah Nardi, n'afọ 1933. A mụrụ ụmụ ha nwanyị Meira na Zvia na New York n'afọ ndị 1940. Ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2002, mgbe ọ dị afọ irí itoolu na atọ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Nardi|first=Zvia|title=Shulamith Nardi|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith|accessdate=2024-01-08|work=Jewish Women's Archive|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Nardi, Zvia. [https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/nardi-shulamith "Shulamith Nardi"]. ''Jewish Women's Archive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-08</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 2gdviay0xswmmxrxsl67wzlolnpjfd0 0 59486 631929 516410 2026-05-05T00:46:37Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 631929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_Entrance_(1682).jpg|thumb|Castle of Good Hope]] <ref name="places" /> Castle nke Ezi Olileanya ( ;  )[1] bụ ebe mgbakwasị ụkwụ nke narị afọ nke 17 na Cape Town, South Africa.  N'ịbụ nke dị na ụsọ oké osimiri nke Table Bay, na-esote mweghachi ala, ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ugbu a n'ime ime obodo.[2]  [3] Na 1936 ka ekwuputara Castle ahụ ka ọ bụrụ ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme (ugbu a ebe ihe nketa mpaghara) na-esochi mweghachi na 1980s, a na-ewere ya dị ka ihe atụ echekwara kacha mma nke ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịbụ nke ndị ọrụ Dutch East India Company wuru n'etiti afọ 1666 na 1679, Castle bụ ụlọ ochie ochie dị na South Africa.  [1] Ọ nọchiri ebe e wusiri ike ochie a na-akpọ Fort de Goede Hoop nke e ji ụrọ na osisi wuo ma Jan van Riebeeck wuru mgbe ọ rutere Cape of Good Hope na 1652.[2]    [peeji dị mkpa]E wuru ebe mgbaba abụọ, Redoubt Kyckuit (Lookout) na Redoubt Duijnhoop (Duneheap) n'ọnụ njikọ Nnu na 1654.Ebumnuche nke ndị Dutch bi na Cape bụ ọrụ dị ka ebe a na-mọ mmiri maka ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe n' Indonesia egwu dị gburugburu Cape na [[Netherlands]] njem na Dutch njem n' Indonesia. N'afọ 1664, dị n'etiti Great Britain na Netherlands bilitere n'etiti asịrị agha.  N'otu afɔ ahụ, Commander Zakaria Wagenaer, onye nọchiri Jan van Riebeeck, bụ onye Kọmishana Isbrand Goske nyere iwu ka o jiri nkume wuo ebe e wusiri ike.  A tọgbọ mbụ mbụ na mbụ 2, 1666. Ọ bụ ndị ohu ọrụ n'ụdị ụfọdụ nke ebe ahụ e wusiri ike.  VOC ejighị n'aka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị bi n'ahụ ma si otú a na-atụ egwu nnupụisi ma ọ bụrụ na ha mee ha ohu;  kama nke ahụ, ha tụrụ ihe ruru ndị ohu 60,000 si [[Madagascar]], [[Mozambique]], Dutch-Indies, na India.[1]  A na-akpaghasị ọrụ ugboro ugboro n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India na-ala azụ imefu ego na ọrụ ahụ.  N'abụ iri abụọ na isii n'afọ nke n'afọ 1679, a ike ise ahụ aha aha William nke Atọ nke Orange-Nassau: Leerdam n'ebe ihie, na Buuren, Katzenellenbogen, Nassau, na Oranje n' hore elekere site na ya.[2]    [peeji dị mkpa] A na-eji aha ndị a eme ihe dị ka aha okporo amá na mpaghara dị iche iche, mana nke adi na Cape Town, dị ka Stellenberg, Bellville. N'afọ 1682, ọnụ ụzọ mbata ahụ dochiri ọnụ ụzọ mbido ochie, nke chere ihu n'oké osimiri. E wuru ụlọ mgbịrịgba, nke dị n'elu ọnụ ụzọ mbata, na 1684 - mgbịrịgba mbụ, nke kachasị ochie na South Africa, bụ nke onye na-eme mgbịrịgba n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Fremy kpụrụ na Amsterdam na 1697, ọ dịkwa ihe karịrị kilogram 300 (660 . A na-eji ya akpọsa oge, yana ịdọ ụmụ amaala aka ná ntị ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ihe ize ndụ, ebe ọ bụ na a na-anụ ya n'ebe dị kilomita iri. A na-akpọkwa ya iji kpọọ ndị bi na ndị agha mgbe a chọrọ ọkwa dị mkpa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|title=Welcome to the Castle of Good Hope|accessdate=2010-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911180927/http://www.cape-town.org/ShowSite.asp?SecId=1&MemId=142|archivedate=11 September 2011}}</ref> N'oge ọ na, de Choisy zutere Kọmishana General Dutch na onye agha French aha ya bụ de Saint-Martin, ebe ndị ọzọ so n'òtù ahụ na- nta n'ahụ maka "partridges, roe deer na turtledoves".  Kọmishana-Jenal gbakwunyere obere ezi na sitere sitere na Canary Islands na nri ha, na-egosi ha nwere.  [9] de Choisy kwuru na n'oge ahụ, ihe ụmụaka ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ na ise nke Dutch East India Company na-achọ kwa afụ na Cape iji ike, ebelata osisi na akwụkwọ nri.. [9] Ebe e wusiri ike nwere ụlọ ụka, ebe a na-eme ụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche, ebe obibi, ụlọ ọrụ, na ọnụ ụlọ ọrụ, n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ.  A nna ágbá na-acha odo odo na akwụkwọ n'ihi na ọ na-belbelụ nke ọmụmụ na ọmụmụ.  Mgbidi, nke e wuru iji chebe ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụrụ na ikike, kewara ụgbọ dị n'ime, nke see De Kat Balcony, nke Louis Michel Thibault ikpe na ihe ndị e sere na ihe ndị a atụ nke Anton Anreith.  E wuru nke mbụ na 1695, mana e wu egwuregwu ya n'ụdị ọ dị ugbu a n'etiti 1786 na 1790. Site na veranda, a mara ọkwa ndị agha, ndị ohu na ndị obodo Cape. N'oge Agha nke ịhụnanya nke Boer (1899-1902), e ji nke nnukwu ụlọ ahụ mee ihe dị ka ụlọ, ụlọ ndị mbụ ka dị ruo taa.  Fritz Joubert Duquesne, onye e mechara mara dị ka nwoke gburugburu Kitchener na onye ndú nke Duquesne Spy Ring, bụ otu n'ime ndị bi na ya a ma ama.  Mgbidi nke nnukwu ụlọ ahụ dị oke arọ, mana n'iji n'akụkụ, Duquesne ji spoon gwupụta simenti gburugburu.  Ọ echiche nke nta ka ọ gbapụ n'otu ụzọ, mana nnukwu nkume dara ma tinye ya n'ime mmiri mmiri ya.  N'ụtụ echi ya, onye nche ebe ya na-egosi onwe ya mana ọ dị ndụ.<ref name="chances">{{Cite book|author=Burnham|first=Frederick Russell|authorlink=Frederick Russell Burnham|title=Taking Chances|publisher=Haynes Corp|date=1944|location=Los Angeles, California|isbn=1-879356-32-5}}</ref> N'afọ 1936, a mara Castle ahụ dị ka ihe ọmụmụ ihe mere eme (site na 1969 a maara dị ka Ihe ngosi mba na 1 mọdị 2000 Ebe nketa mpaghara), ebe mbụ na South Africa a ga-echebe ya.[1]  A rụzuru nrụzi dị ukwuu na'afọ ndị 1980 na-eme ka Castle ọ bụrụ ihe atụ ngosi mma nke ụlọ ọrụ Dutch East India Company.<ref name="places">{{Cite web|url=http://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html|title=Castle of Good Hope|work=places.co.za|accessdate=8 September 2010|archivedate=13 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413070754/https://www.places.co.za/html/ct_castle.html}}</ref> Castle ọrụ dị ka isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Ndị agha South Africa na Western Cape, ma taa nwere Castle Military Museum na ebe mmemme maka omenala Cape Regiments.  Castle bụkwa ebe obibi nke Cape Town Highlanders Regiment, otu ndị agha na-arụ ọrụ. == Ebe Ngosi Ihe Nketa nke Cape == Ebe ngosi nka Cape Heritage, nke dị n'ime Castle nke Good Hope na South Africa, bụ nke Maazị Igshaan Higgins na-elekọta. Ebe ngosi nka a na-enye akụkọ zuru oke nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke South Africa, na-eme ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obodo dị iche iche dị ka Khoi, San, na Dutch, site na oge dị iche iche gụnyere ọchịchị na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ pụta ìhè. Ebumnuche ya bụ inye echiche ziri ezi banyere ihe nketa dị iche iche nke mba ahụ na ihe dị mgbagwoju anya gara aga. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Slave Heritage Museum {{!}} An unedited history of South Africa|url=https://slaveheritagemuseum.org/|accessdate=2024-03-12|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Explorer|first=Museum|date=2023-02-20|title=Cape Heritage Museum|url=https://museumexplorer.co.za/cape-heritage-museum/|accessdate=2024-03-12|work=Museum Explorer SA|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nnọchianya == Tupu a dochie ya na 2003, a na-eji ọdịdị pụrụ iche nke ụlọ elu pentagonal mee ihe na ọkọlọtọ ndị agha South Africa, bụrụ ihe ndabere nke ụfọdụ akara ọkwa nke ndị isi na n'elu, ma jiri ya mee ihe na ụgbọ elu South African Air Force.<gallery> Faịlụ:Kasteel_van_Goede_Hoop_binnenkant_hoofdingang.JPG|Inner view of the entrance Faịlụ:South_Africa_Cape_Town_Castle_Flags.jpg|The six historical flags that have flown over the Cape, in chronological order from right to left: the Prince's Flag, the flag of Great Britain, the Batavian flag, the flag of the United Kingdom, the old South African flag, and the [[Ọkọlọtọ nke South Africa|current South African flag]] Faịlụ:Pediment_above_enterance_to_CT_Castle.jpg|Pediment above entrance to castle. Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_02.jpg|Entrance of main building Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town_04.jpg|A cannon in the castle Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_model_of_the_castle_in_1710-90.jpg|A model of the castle as it would have appeared between 1710 and 1790. Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(5).jpg|alt= Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014_5.jpg|The courtyard with the main entrance on the left Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_museum.jpg|The old museum Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(7).jpg|The main entrance from inside the Castle Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope,_2014.jpg|The Castle is surrounded by a canal Faịlụ:Lady_Anne_Barnard's_bath_at_the_Castle_of_Good_Hope,_Cape_Town.jpg|Lady Anne Barnard fountain Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_-_lion_4.jpg|alt= Faịlụ:9_2_018_0056-The_Castle_Inside-Cape_Town-s.jpg|The fountain inside the Castle Faịlụ:Castle_of_Good_Hope_(11).jpg|The Lady of the Cape of Good Hope Sculpture </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Ihe ndị e wusiri ike na Cape Peninsula * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cape Colony Tupu afọ 1806 * Mgbọ Eche * Ndepụta nke ụlọ elu na mgbidi na South Africa * Ụlọ Olileanya (ogige siri ike) == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l53FAQAACAAJ|title=The Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town|author=Lalou Meltzer|publisher=Art Link|year=1997|isbn=0-620-20823-6}} * Ras, A.C. (1959). ''Die Kasteel na Ander Vroe Kaapse Vestingwerke''. Tafelberg-Uitgewers * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO2CGwAACAAJ|title=300 years of the Castle at Cape Town|author=Eric Rosenthal|publisher=H.M. Joynt|year=1966}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * Official website * {{Cite web|url=http://www.aboutcapetown.com/castle.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040606135327/http://www.aboutcapetown.com/castle.htm|archivedate=6 June 2004|title=Description on tourism website}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.iziko.org.za/castle/castle.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516062828/http://www.iziko.org.za/castle/castle.html|title=Castle of Good Hope on the Iziko Museums of Cape Town website|archivedate=16 May 2008}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.fortified-places.com/capetown/|title=Castle of Good Hope on the Fortified Places website}} * Site by Castle of Good Hope, naSAHRA [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lynl9wl2ip1bvjbggf0ybkuhkj1jw45 0 59688 631939 515599 2026-05-05T00:51:29Z Goodymaraj 21567 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 631939 wikitext text/x-wiki Mandu Mildred Ramakaba-Lesiea (née Ramakaba; amuru 28 Jenuarị 1933) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na onye agha nke African National Congress (ANC), nke o sonye na 1954. Mgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na 1994, ọ nọchitere anya ANC na National Assembly site na 19948 ruo 2020. Ramakaba-Lesiea sonyeere ANC n'oge mmalite nke mgba megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ iji sonye na mgbasa ozi megidere iwu Bantu Education Act nke 1953. N'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ bụ onye ama ama na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị na nhazi obodo na Cape Town; A tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'okpuru Iwu Suppression of Communist Act na 1960s ma nwụchiri ya maka mmemme ya n'ọtụtụ oge ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2005, gọọmenti South Africa nyere ya Order of Luthuli na Silver maka nkwado o nyere na mgba. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Ramakaba-Lesiea na 28 Jenụwarị 1933 na Langa na mpụga [[Cape Town]] na mpaghara Cape Province.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=24 May 2012|title=Mildred Lesiea|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mildred-lesiea|accessdate=2023-04-09|work=South African History Online}}</ref> Nna ya, Sello Ramakaba, sitere na [[Sotho people|Sotho]]" id="mwHw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Lesotho">Lesotho ma too na Orange Free State; nne ya, Francina Pretorius, tolitere na Free State mana agbụrụ agwakọta, ya na nne Afrikaans na nna Sotho.<ref name=":0" /> N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Kensington, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ruo mgbe ọ bụ ọkọlọtọ isii (nke asatọ). N'afọ 1949, nna ya nwụrụ ma nne ya lụrụ onye bụbu onye agha nke gbara ya ume ịlụ di n'ihi nsogbu ego ezinụlọ ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, Ramakaba-Lesiea hapụrụ ụlọ ka ọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ọrụ ụlọ na Sea Point.<ref name=":0" /> == Mgbalị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ == N'afọ 1952, Ramakaba-Lesiea na di ọhụrụ ya kwagara Elsie's River, ebe ha nọrọ n'otu ebe a na-akpọ Maseru (site na Isi obodo [[Lesotho]], maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị Masotho bi). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Mbita|first=Tarzan|date=8 June 2017|title=Mme: The level-headed heroine|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/mme-the-level-headed-heroine-20170607|accessdate=2023-04-09|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ malitere itinye n'ọrụ Iwu Mmụta Bantu; mmegide Ramakaba-Lesiea megide iwu ahụ dugara ya n'ime mmegide megide ịkpa ókè megide ịkpa oke agbụrụ, nke mbụ site na Elsie's River Civic Association na mgbe ahụ site na African National Congress (ANC), nke ọ sonyeere na 1954. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0"/> N'ime afọ ole na ole sochirinụ, o sonyere na mkpọsa nnupụisi obodo buru ibu, gụnyere ngagharị iwe megide iwu na mwepụ a manyere. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Mildred Ramakaba-Lesiea (1933 –)|url=https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/mildred-ramakaba-lesiea-1933#:~:text=Mildred%20Ramakaba-Lesiea%20(1933%20-%20)%20Awarded%20for:,just%20and%20democratic%20South%20Africa.&text=Mildred%20Ramakaba-Lesiea%20was%20born,Wynberg%20district%20of%20Cape%20Town.|accessdate=2023-04-09|work=The Presidency of South Africa|archivedate=2023-04-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409020249/https://www.thepresidency.gov.za/national-orders/recipient/mildred-ramakaba-lesiea-1933#:~:text=Mildred%20Ramakaba-Lesiea%20(1933%20-%20)%20Awarded%20for:,just%20and%20democratic%20South%20Africa.&text=Mildred%20Ramakaba-Lesiea%20was%20born,Wynberg%20district%20of%20Cape%20Town.}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye ndú mpaghara na ANC Women's League na Cape Town ma na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Federation of South African Women; ka ọ na-erule 1958, ọ sonyeere South African Communist Party na nzuzo, nke gọọmentị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ machibidoro iwu.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1959, ọ malitekwara ịhazi maka Brick, Cement and Quarry Workers' Union, otu njikọ nke South African Congress of Trade Unions . <ref name=":0" /> E jidere Ramakaba-Lesiea ụbọchị iri na anọ n'afọ 1959 mgbe ụmụ nwanyị mere ngagharị iwe megide Dompas, ma mesịa n'afọ 1959, a chụpụrụ ya n'ike site na Osimiri Elsie gaa Nyanga n'ihe gbasara Iwu Obodo.<ref name=":0"/> E jidere ya ọnwa ise ọzọ na 1963, ọtụtụ oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya, mgbe ahụ, obere oge ka a tọhapụrụ ya, e jidere ya ọzọ. N'afọ 1964, e boro ya na ndị ọzọ 44 (gụnyere Oscar Mpetha) <ref name=":1"/> ebubo imebi ihe n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist; a mara ya ikpe ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ isii, ọ ghọkwara nwanyị mbụ e jidere n'Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Pollsmoor tupu a kagbuo ikpe ya n'ime mkpegharị ikpe na 1965. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'ụlọ, na 1966 a manyere ya ịkwaga Witsieshoek dị anya n'oge esemokwu ya na gọọmentị banyere ịgbaso iwu ya.<ref name=":0" /> O mechara laghachi n'ọrụ ụlọ ma mesịa laghachi n"ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị ma na-etinye aka n'ịkwado ezinụlọ ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":2"/> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke United Women's Organisation nke Cape Town na 1981. N'ime afọ ndị 1980 niile, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na United Democratic Front ma na-arụ ọrụ nzuzo maka ANC.<ref name=":2" /> E jidere ya ọnwa ise ọzọ n'oge ọnọdụ mberede nke afọ 1985.<ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị == Mgbe ntuli aka mbụ nke South Africa na 1994 gasịrị, Ramakaba-Lesiea sonyere na ndị isi mba nke ANC Women's League ma nọchite anya ANC dị ka onye kansụl mpaghara na Gugulethu, Cape Town site na 1995 ruo 1998. <ref name=":0"/><ref name=":2"/> E zigara ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu iji mejupụta oche ANC na 1998, <ref name=":0" /> a họpụtakwara ya maka oge zuru ezu na Nzukọ nke Mba na ntuli aka nke afọ 1999. A họpụtara ya ọzọ n'afọ 2004. Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká, na 2017, ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye otu alaka ANC ya na Gugulethu.<ref name=":1"/> == Nsọpụrụ == Na 2004, Western Cape Premier, Ebrahim Rasool, nyere Ramakaba-Lesiea mpaghara ugwu, Office of the Order of Disa.[1] N'afọ sochirinụ, Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki nyere ya Order nke Luthuli na Silver maka "ezigbo ntinye aka ya na mgba maka ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị na-abụghị agbụrụ, ikpe ziri ezi na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche South Africa".[2] Na 2017, [[Thandi Modise]], n'ikike ya dị ka Chancellor nke Cape Peninsula University of Technology, nyere Ramakaba-Lesiea nzere nzere bachelọ na njikwa ọha..<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2017|title=Honouring a life lived in service of others|url=https://www.cput.ac.za/newsroom/news/article/3325/honouring-a-life-lived-in-service-of-others|accessdate=2023-04-09|work=Cape Peninsula University of Technology|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ramakaba-Lesiea lụrụ James Lesiea na 1952; ọ si Aliwal North mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ na họtel dị na Sea Point. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ ma gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1971.<ref name=":0"/> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 53v6n2jdm71kz33j61cba3cn37fx08u 0 65760 632002 623304 2026-05-05T11:50:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 632002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Rath''' (amụrụ na 25 Disemba 1965) bụ dọkịta Czech, onye bụbu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Ahụike site na 2005 ruo 2006, na onye omekome a mara ikpe. Ọ bụ onye otu Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) ruo na 16 Mee 2012 mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe e boro ya ebubo iri ngo.<ref name="iDnes"/> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, a mara Rath ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 8.5 maka nrụrụ aka na iji ihe gọọmentị na-azụ. Rath rịọrọ arịrịọ maka mkpebi ikpe ahụ. A jụrụ arịrịọ ahụ na 26 June 2019, mana e belatara ikpe ahụ ruo afọ asaa.<ref name="CT"/> == Ọrụ ahụike == Rath gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Charles dị na Prague n'afọ 1990. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ General Teaching Hospital na Prague (Všeobecná fasní mocnice), wee gaa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Faculty Hospital na Motol (Fakultní mocnice v Motole). Mgbe ahụ na Kralupy nad Vltavou ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Association Sameria.  Ọ laghachiri Prague wee sonye na ngalaba ngalaba na-ahụ maka ọgwụ n'ime ụlọ na Mahadum Charles na 1995. Site na 1998 ruo 2005 Rath jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Ụlọ Ndị dọkịta Czech (Česká Lékařská Komora, ma ọ bụ ČLK), otu nche anwụ maka ndị dọkịta Czech niile. == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'afọ 1994, Rath sonyeere Civic Democratic Party (ODS). N'afọ 1995, o guzobere Medical Action Group (ma ọ bụ Physician's Union Club) n'ime pati ahụ, nke wetara nkwado ego dị ukwuu n'oge ntuli aka nke afọ 1998. Dị ka onye nduzi nke Physician's Union Club Rath malitere ọgbaghara dọkịta na Nọvemba 1996. N'afọ 1996 ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Free Democrats - Liberal National Socialist Party coalition (SD-LSNS). Na Nọvemba 2005, Praịm Minista n'oge ahụ, Jiří Paroubek, họpụtara ya onye minista ahụike. A gwara ya ka o dozie ego nke usoro ahụ ike Czech nwere nsogbu, ọ malitekwara ịmalite ọtụtụ mgbanwe dị egwu. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2006, Rath mere akụkọ mba ụwa mgbe ya na onye bụbu osote praịm minista Miroslav Macek gbara aka na nzukọ ndị dọkịta ezé mgbe a kọrọ na Macek lụrụ nwunye ya maka ego ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5001414.stm|title=Czech politicians exchange blows|work=[[BBC News]]|date=21 May 2006|accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref> E mechara kwụọ Macek ụgwọ maka ịmalite ime ihe ike ahụ site n'ịkụ Rath aka n'azụ isi tupu ya ekwuo okwu na nnọkọ ahụ. Na Septemba 2006, Tomáš Julínek nọchiri Rath dị ka onye minista ahụike maka Czech Republic.[1] Mgbe ahụ, a họpụtara Rath onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii Ahụ Ike nke Czech Chamber of Deputies (ụlọ dị ala). == Ebubo nrụrụ aka na nkwenye == N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2012, e jidere ya ma boo ya ebubo ịnata iri ngo.<ref name="iDnes">{{Cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/primy-prenos-tiskova-konference-policie-k-obvineni-poslance-ratha-106-/domaci.aspx?c=A120515_165607_domaci_jw|title=PŘÍMÝ PŘENOS: Tisková konference policie k obvinění poslance Ratha|date=15 May 2012|work=[[Mladá fronta DNES]]|publisher=iDnes|language=Czech|accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> N'oge ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Onye omeiwu nke Czech Republic na Gọvanọ nke Central Bohemian Region. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zpravy.ihned.cz/cesko/c1-55802760-hejtmana-a-poslance-ratha-zadrzela-policie-podezira-ho-z-korupce|title=ŽIVĚ: Hejtman Rath si při zatčení nesl 7 milionů, vyšetřovalo ho 100 policistů|date=15 May 2012|publisher=[[Hospodářské noviny]]|language=Czech|accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2015, a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ asatọ na ọkara. Onye ọka iwu Rath rịọrọ arịrịọ maka mkpebi ikpe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/czech-court-sends-former-politician-rath-to-prison-for-corruption/1240758|title=Czech court sends former politician Rath to prison for corruption|date=23 July 2015|work=[[ČTK]]|publisher=České noviny|accessdate=11 September 2015|archivedate=19 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119220640/http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/zpravy/czech-court-sends-former-politician-rath-to-prison-for-corruption/1240758}}</ref> A jụrụ arịrịọ ahụ na June 2019, mana e belatara ikpe ahụ ruo afọ asaa.<ref name="CT">{{Cite web|title=Soud definitivně rozhodl, že je David Rath vinen. Za zmanipulované zakázky dostal 7 let vězení|url=https://ct24.ceskatelevize.cz/domaci/2852663-soud-vynese-pravomocny-verdikt-v-korupcni-kauze-davida-ratha|work=Česká televize|accessdate=26 June 2019}}</ref> Ebubo na ikpe iri ngo nke abụọ ka na-echere.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Policie navrhla obžalovat obviněné z druhé větve Rathovy kauzy|date=18 August 2015|work=České Noviny|publisher=[[Czech News Agency]]|url=http://www.ceskenoviny.cz/tema/zpravy/policie-navrhla-obzalovat-obvinene-z-druhe-vetve-rathovy-kauzy/1248733&id_seznam=5024}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{s-gov}} {{succession box|before=[[Milada Emmerová]]|title=[[Minister of Health]] of the [[Czech Republic]]|years=2005–2006|after=[[Tomáš Julínek]]}} {{s-end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rath, David}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s7iy6obt4em9yzsxi1hwc9y3juanp8n 0 71931 631904 541304 2026-05-04T13:14:14Z Olugold 12202 631904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ememme Opobo Nwaotam''' bụ mmemme omenaala nke ndị ala eze Opobo na-emekarị iji mee ka ndị ọbịa na ndị obodo dị n'otu. A na-eme mmemme Opobo Nwaotam kwa ụbọchị iri abụọ na ise nke ọnwa Disemba ma ewezuga ụbọchị Sọnde nke ụbọchị ahụ. Ememme omenala a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n'ihe nketa nke ndị Ibani. ememe omenala a na-egwuri n'elu ụlọ nke ụlọ ahụ n'agbanyeghị otú ụlọ ahụ si dị elu. <ref>{{Cite web|last=Solate|first=Emmanuel|date=2024-08-02|title=Opobo Nwaotam Festival: A Vibrant Festival in Opobo, Rivers State, Nigeria.|url=https://medium.com/@showlatefilmsproduction/opobo-nwaotam-festival-a-vibrant-festival-in-opobo-rivers-state-nigeria-e8b3359331d1|accessdate=2025-03-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ago|first=salvadornkparain Cross Culture • 3 years|date=2021-10-27|title=Introducing The Nwaotam Cultural Dance: An Experience of Cultural Tourism|url=https://hive.blog/hive-181017/@salvadornkpara/introducing-the-nwaotam-cultural-dance|accessdate=2025-03-17|language=en}}</ref> == Mmalite == '''Ememme Opobo Nwaotam'''. nwere ike ị nweta azụ na Ndoki na steeti Abia. Ndị Ndoki enweela mmekọrịta ogologo oge na ndị Ibani ndị Bonny na ndị Opobo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Solate|first=Emmanuel|date=2024-08-02|title=Opobo Nwaotam Festival: A Vibrant Festival in Opobo, Rivers State, Nigeria.|url=https://medium.com/@showlatefilmsproduction/opobo-nwaotam-festival-a-vibrant-festival-in-opobo-rivers-state-nigeria-e8b3359331d1|accessdate=2025-03-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ago|first=salvadornkparain Cross Culture • 3 years|date=2021-10-27|title=Introducing The Nwaotam Cultural Dance: An Experience of Cultural Tourism|url=https://hive.blog/hive-181017/@salvadornkpara/introducing-the-nwaotam-cultural-dance|accessdate=2025-03-17|language=en}}</ref> ==Ihe ngosi== <gallery mode="packed" heights="130" caption="[[:Commons:category:Images From Uke Nwaotam Groups In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|Ememme Uke Nwaotam]]"> File:Images from Uke Nwaotam Groups display 17.jpg File:Images from Uke Nwaotam Groups display 38.jpg File:Images from Uke Nwaotam Groups display 04.jpg File:Images from Uke Nwaotam Groups display 03.jpg File:Images from Uke Nwaotam Groups display 27.jpg </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} npwrpkij563fvms86e8qf6d9fm0pf8z 0 74728 631924 630950 2026-05-05T00:25:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631924 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Carolyn Steyn''' (née '''Barkhuizen'''; amụrụ na 17 Mee 1960)bụ onye mgbasa ozi na mba Saụt Afrịka ma bụrụkwa onye hiwere otu na-anaghị akpata ego, 67 Blanket maka ụbọchị Nelson Mandela. Na 2022, Carolyn Steyn natara French Ordre national du Mérite. . <ref name=":5" /> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Steyn na 17 Mee 1960 na Johannesburg, South Africa. Ọ gara Jeppe High School for Girls ma banye na 1977.<ref name=":0" /> O nwetara nzere nsọpụrụ na Speech na Drama na Mahadum Witwatersrand na 1981 na asambodo na Teacher's License in Speech and Drama na Mahadum South Africa na 1980.. == Ndụ onwe onye == Steyn zutere onye ọchụnta ego South Africa, Douw Steyn na 1999.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2003, ha lụrụ di na nwunye mana ha gbara alụkwaghịm ọnwa isii ka e mesịrị.<ref name=":4" /> Na Febụwarị 2013, Douw na Carolyn lụrụ di ọzọ na Saxon Boutique Hotel, ebe ndị ọbịa gụnyere [[Graça Machel]], Timothy Moloi, na Michael de Pinna.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-01|title=R250m Palazzo Steyn reflects "my confidence in SA's future"|url=https://www.biznews.com/undictated/2014/12/01/douws-r250m-palazzo-steyn-reflects-my-confidence-in-sas-future|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=BizNews.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mbụ: 1983-1987 === Steyn rụrụ ọrụ na Performing Arts Company nke Transvaal (PACT) n'agbata afọ 1983 na 1987. N'oge a, Steyn mere ihe nkiri dịka Die Swerfjare van Poppie Nongena nke Elsa Joubert mere, na Poppie Nongena (1984) n'ihu Nomsa Nene. Ọ gbara otu afọ ma nweta nyocha dị mma.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọrụ mba ụwa: 1989-2005 === Steyn biri na United States n'agbata afọ 1989 na 1999, na United Kingdom n'agbanyeghi afọ 2000 na 2005. Na [[Los Angeles]], ebe ọ na-achụso ọrụ ime ihe nkiri, Steyn gụrụ akwụkwọ na Beverly Hills Playhouse ruo afọ ise n'okpuru onye nkuzi ime ihe nkiri ahụ, Milton Katselas, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya [[Kate Hudson]], Giovanni Ribisi, Jeffrey Tambor, Tony Danza na Doris Roberts, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-27|title=Blanketing SA with kindness|url=https://getitmagazine.co.za/joburg-north/blog/2020/01/27/blanketing-sa-with-kindness/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Get it Joburg North|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://getitmagazine.co.za/joburg-north/blog/2020/01/27/blanketing-sa-with-kindness/ "Blanketing SA with kindness"]. ''Get it Joburg North''. 2020-01-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, Steyn pụtara na Melrose Place na ''Babilọn 5'' ma gosikwa n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu, gụnyere Private Lives, Shadowlands na Harold Pinter's Betrayal . <ref name=":3" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Los Angeles]] guild nke nzukọ ntụziaka ụmụaka, Big Sisters, na 2004, a họpụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị inyom kachasị akpali akpali" site na Beverly Hills Sheet. === Ọrụ South Africa: 2006 - ugbu a === Kemgbe ọ laghachiri South Africa, Steyn so Carolyn Steyn na Michael de Pinna mee ihe ngosi Radio Today ruo afọ itoolu a na-akpọ Whispers <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-02-10|title=Presenters|url=http://1485.org.za/presenters/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Radio Today|language=en-GB}}</ref> ma bụrụkwa onye na-elekọta Tongue in Cheek na SABC 3. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SABC3 to air new talk show, Tongue in Cheek|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/70595/sabc3-to-air-new-talk-show-tongue-in-cheek|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Media Update|date=5 September 2014|language=en}}</ref> Steyn kwadoro The Classic Cocktail Hour na Classic Lunch kwa ụbọchị izu na Classic 1027. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Carolyn Steyn now a board member for the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/carolyn-steyn-now-a-board-member-for-the-johannesburg-philharmonic-orchestra-48123403|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/carolyn-steyn-now-a-board-member-for-the-johannesburg-philharmonic-orchestra-48123403 "Carolyn Steyn now a board member for the Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra"]. ''www.iol.co.za''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Steyn anọwo na-akwado Hot Classic na Hot 1027 FM.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HOT 102.7FM celebrates its launch|url=https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/150761/hot-1027fm-celebrates-its-launch|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Media Update|date=2 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2014 na 2018, Steyn pụtara na Generations, dị ka onwe ya, onye guzobere 67 Blankets maka Nelson Mandela Day.<ref name=":3"/> N'afọ 2016, Steyn jere ozi dị ka onye isi mmepụta nke Mandela's Gun nke a họpụtara maka onyinye anọ, merie atọ, na 2018 Harlem International Film Festival na [[New York City|New York]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Harlem International Film Festival » 2018 Awards|url=https://harlemfilmfestival.org/2018-awards/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=harlemfilmfestival.org}}</ref> Steyn rụrụ obere ọrụ na ihe nkiri dịka Blessers na Zulu Wedding . <ref name=":3" /> Steyn jere ozi dị ka onye nkwado nke Joburg Ballet <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2014-06-12|title=Actress helps to bring fairy tales to life|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-12-actress-helping-to-bring-fairy-tales-to-life/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://mg.co.za/article/2014-06-12-actress-helping-to-bring-fairy-tales-to-life/ "Actress helps to bring fairy tales to life"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 2014-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> na nke Auto & General Theatre na Square . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Member Profile : Auto & General Theatre on the Square {{!}} Sandton Tourism Association|url=https://www.sandtontourism.com/whats-happening/news/member-profile-auto-general-theatre-on-the-square/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=www.sandtontourism.com}}</ref> Steyn bụkwa onye nnọchi anya South Africa maka Peace Starts, otu na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite Ụbọchị Udo Mba Nile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Spread it – Carolyn Steyn: Stitching the fabric of our nation|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/how-to-spread-it-carolyn-steyn-stitching-the-fabric-of-our-nation-20150429|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Steyn na-anọdụ ugbu a dị ka onye otu Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra . <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us – Johannesburg Philharmonic Orchestra|url=https://jpo.co.za/about-us/|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=jpo.co.za}}</ref> == Ọrụ ebere == Steyn guzobere otu na-enweghị uru, 67 Blankets for [[Nelson Mandela]] Day, n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe onye isi ala mbụ a họpụtara site na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, Nelson Mandela, nwụsịrị na Disemba 2013 na-esote ihe ịma aka nke onye bụbu onye na-enyere Mandela aka, Zelda la Grange ka ọ kụọ ma ọ bụ dụkọta blanket 67 iji kwado Ụbọchị Mandela kwa afọ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Gules|first=Nicki|title=Prisoners go from crime to crocheting blankets for Madiba|url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/from-crime-to-crochet-20180424|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Citypress|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGules">Gules, Nicki. [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/from-crime-to-crochet-20180424 "Prisoners go from crime to crocheting blankets for Madiba"]. ''Citypress''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> E mechara malite nzukọ ahụ na 27 Jenụwarị 2014. Kemgbe e guzobere ya, 67 Blankets for Nelson Mandela Day etinyela Guinness World Records atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=It's official! Mandela blanket a world record|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/gauteng/its-official-mandela-blanket-a-world-record-1864981|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Largest crochet blanket|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-crochet-blanket|accessdate=2021-12-19|work=Guinness World Records|date=22 April 2016|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Longest crocheted scarf - team|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/118809-longest-crocheted-scarf-team|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Guinness World Records|date=29 July 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> Na 6 Mee 2021, Steyn malitere 'Carolyn Steyn Performing Arts Centre' na [[alma mater]] ya, Jeppe High School for Girls . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Opening of the Carolyn Steyn Performing Arts Centre|url=http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=Jeppe High School for Girls|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.jeppegirls.co.za/ "Opening of the Carolyn Steyn Performing Arts Centre"]. ''Jeppe High School for Girls''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na 30 Machị 2022, Steyn natara Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite. Onye nnọchi anya [[France]] na South Africa, [[Aurélien Lechevallier]] nyere ya Steyn na French Residence na Pretoria maka onyinye ya metụtara mmekọrịta ọdịbendị South Africa na France.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Sth|first=Mpofu|date=2022-04-04|title=SA philanthropist Carolyn Steyn receives French knighthood|url=https://social-tv.co.za/sa-philanthropist-carolyn-steyn-receives-french-knighthood/|accessdate=2022-04-13|work=Social TV|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-04-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404151835/https://social-tv.co.za/sa-philanthropist-carolyn-steyn-receives-french-knighthood/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSthile2022">Sth, Mpofu; ile (2022-04-04). . ''Social TV''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-13</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kkxuwuqu17z6ya9wh86kipt3an2mok5 0 74978 631918 630943 2026-05-04T21:26:30Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631918 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Brownkey Abdullahi''' bụ onye na-akwado ọchịchị na onye na-ede blọgụ nke a mụrụ site n'aka ndị nne na nna Somalia na ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Dadaab na Kenya.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|author=Dumbuya|first=Mustapha|date=20 Ọ bụ onye guzobere Brownkey Organization. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Abdullahi n'aka nne na nna Somalia, ndị gbapụrụ n'Agha Obodo Somalia na 1991, <ref name=":1" /> na ogige ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Dadaab <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Dumbuya|first=Mustapha|date=2016-10-10|title=Meet Brownkey Abdullahi: Dadaab refugee camp's first female blogger|url=https://www.one.org/us/blog/meet-brownkey-abdullahi-dadaab-refugee-camps-first-female-blogger/|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=ONE|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223003712/https://www.one.org/us/blog/meet-brownkey-abdullahi-dadaab-refugee-camps-first-female-blogger/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDumbuya2016">Dumbuya, Mustapha (2016-10-10). . ''ONE''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Vogt|first=Heidi|date=2016-05-14|title=Kenya's Push to Close World's Largest Refugee Camp Fuels a Sense of Displacement|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kenyas-push-to-close-worlds-largest-refugee-camp-fuels-a-sense-of-displacement-1463131800|accessdate=2022-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abdullahi|first=Brownkey|date=6 July 2016|title=I was born and raised in a refugee camp: the world isn't as globalized as you think|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/07/i-was-born-and-raised-in-a-refugee-camp-the-world-isn-t-as-globalized-as-you-think/|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> Abdullahi na-ewere onwe ya dị ka "Dadaabbian" ma ọ bụ onye Kenya ma ọ bụ Somali.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Klein|first=Rachel|date=11 Jan 2017|title=Dadaab-born blogger: 'My nationality is refugee' {{!}} DW {{!}} 11.01.2017|url=https://www.dw.com/en/dadaab-born-blogger-my-nationality-is-refugee/a-37087539|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Mgbalị == N'afọ 2013, Abdullahi malitere ịde blọgụ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye mbụ na-ede blọgụ site na Dadaab.<ref name=":0"/> Blog ya lekwasịrị anya na mbụ n'igbochi okwu ọjọọ banyere ndị Somalia gbara ọsọ ndụ tupu ọ lekwasị anya na ikike ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Brownkey Abdullahi - Agenda Contributor|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/brownkey-abdullahi/|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Abdullahi hiwere otu Brownkey Organisation, nke dị na Dadaab, nke na-akwado megide ibibi ụmụ nwanyị na ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2017, ntọala ahụ mere mkpọsa maka ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma na maka mgbanwe na iwu ogige. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kenya|first=Amnesty|date=2017-06-30|title=The Forgotten Refugees of Dadaab –Warehoused|url=https://www.amnestykenya.org/the-forgotten-refugees-of-dadaab-warehoused/|accessdate=2022-02-23|work=Amnesty International Kenya|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223003713/https://www.amnestykenya.org/the-forgotten-refugees-of-dadaab-warehoused/}}</ref> == Onyinye == Abdullahi bụ onye Akili Dada Fellow . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Akili Dada - African. Women. Lead {{!}} Meet Brownkey, a Voice for Refugees|url=https://akilidada.org/brownkey-voice-of-the-refugees-2/|accessdate=2022-02-23|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223003713/https://akilidada.org/brownkey-voice-of-the-refugees-2/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore=""><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Edemsibia == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fzw5d1vgybhsmqh9kb0gzm05ipj5erh 0 75057 631919 631461 2026-05-04T22:18:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Beatrice Métraux''' (amụrụ ya n’ụbọchị 11 nke ọnwa Ọgọst n’oge afọ 1955 na Arcachon, Nouvelle-Aquitaine) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọka iwu nke French-Swiss. Ọ bụ onye otu Green Party nke Switzerland, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke Council of State of Vaud site n’oge afọ 2012 ruo ohe afọ 2022. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Béatrix Métraux n’ụbọchị 11 nke onwa Ọgọstụ n’oge afọ 1955 na Arcachon, nke mba [[France]]; Otú ọ dị, ọ nọrọ afọ iri abụọ na ise mbụ nke ndụ ya na Northern France.<ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.bottens.ch/images/Archives_Journal/contact53-web.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521003328/https://www.bottens.ch/images/Archives_Journal/contact53-web.pdf|archivedate=2022-05-21|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=www.bottens.ch}}</ref> Métraux nwere agụmakwụkwọ n'akụkụ iwu, ọkachasị n'agbanyeghị nzere masta ya na iwu ọha na eze na Mahadum nke Lille, mgbe ahụ ọ mechara gụọ akwụkwọ gbasara iwu ọha na nke Europe na Mahadum nke Lausanne na Mahadum nke Geneva, n'otu n'otu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2026-03-23|title=Accueil|url=https://vert-e-s-vd.ch/|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=Les VERT.E.S vaudois.es|language=fr-FR}}</ref> N'oge afọ 1981, ọ kwagara mba [[Switzerland]], <ref>{{Cite web|title=ISSN 1423-3967 - Le Temps (Genève)|url=https://portal.issn.org/resource/ISSN/1423-3967|accessdate=2026-03-30|work=portal.issn.org}}</ref> wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na Lausanne District Tribunal. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye na-enye onyinye na Federal Office for Refugees na Swiss Institute of Comparative Law. Tupu nke a otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ, na ruo oge afọ 1990, ọ bụ onye ọka iwu onwe onye maka ụlọ ọrụ Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation na mba [[Rwanda]] na Mali. <ref name=":0"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dzchpzceqoerjfc4twx9a1l6d6q352a 0 75080 631921 631497 2026-05-04T22:37:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caecilia_Loots_ROI_lowres.tif|thumb]] {{Reflist}} '''Cilia Antonia Maria "Cilia" Loots''' (nke a maara dị ka "Tante Kiel"; 27 Disemba 1903 - 13 Mee 1988) bụ onye nkuzi Dutch na onye otu nnupụisi na-emegide Fascist, nke a maara maka ịzọpụta ụmụaka ndị Juu n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].<ref name="yadvashem.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/righteous-women/loots.asp|title=Caecilia Antonia Maria Loots - Stories of Women Who Rescued Jews During the Holocaust - Righteous Among the Nations - Yad Vashem|publisher=}}</ref> A maara ya dị ka Onye Ezi Omume n'etiti Mba.<ref name="yadvashem.org" /> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Caecilia Loots na Haarlem.[1] Ọ gbara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe maka ụmụaka nwere nnukwu nsogbu mmụta na Amersfoort, Province nke Utrecht.[1] Na 1942, o kpebiri izobe ọtụtụ ụmụaka ndị Juu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ya n'ihi arịrịọ enyi ya.[1][2] Ọ zoro ụmụaka ndị ọzọ ka oge na-aga, Dina van Heiningen (emesịa van der Geld) nyeere ya aka n'ọrụ ụlọ, ebe ọ maara na a na-ezobe ụmụaka ndị Juu.[1] Dina nyeere ya aka nkwụsi ike site n'ihe omume ndị dị ka ọrụ ozi na ikesa akwụkwọ akụkọ iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref name="yadvashem.org"/> Ụlọ akwụkwọ Loots bụ ebe dị ize ndụ iji zoo ụmụaka dịka ọ dị nso n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ Amersfoort; Emebere ebe ezoro ezo na mberede n'uko ụlọ mana ọ naghị adịkarị eji.[1] Loots zorokwa ụfọdụ ndị toro eto n'ụlọ ya n'oge agha ahụ, gụnyere ndị gbapụrụ n'ogige ụlọ ọrụ Amersfoort, yana inwe nzukọ mgbochi n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="yadvashem.org" /> N'afọ 1969, Yad Vashem nabatara Loots dị ka otu n'ime ndị ezi omume n'etiti mba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ifcj.org/post/advocates-and-allies-caecilia-loots|title=Advocates and Allies: Caecilia Loots|work=The Bridge|accessdate=2026-04-30|archivedate=2016-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094835/http://blog.ifcj.org/post/advocates-and-allies-caecilia-loots}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 84 ma lie ya na Leusden . == Edensibịa == il6yuqhm7ic0df74u6ftc07qjr7miwp 0 75177 631995 631703 2026-05-05T05:37:43Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 631995 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | image = Intervention au séminaire annuel de la Délégation socialiste française.jpg | office1 = [[Member of the European Parliament]] | termstart1 = 9 April 2014 | termend1 = 1 July 2019 | constituency1 = [[Île-de-France]] | predecessor1 = [[Harlem Désir]] | office2 = [[Regional Council of Île-de-France|Councillor of Île-de-France]] | term_start = | term_end = 18 December 2015 | president2 = [[Jean-Paul Huchon]] | termend2 = 18 December 2015 | termstart2 = 2 April 2004 | birth_name = Christine Revault d'Allonnes | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|11|10}} | birth_place = [[Châteauroux]], [[France]] | party = [[Socialist Party (France)|Socialist Party of France]] }} <nowiki>'''</nowiki>Christine Revault d'Allonnes-Bonnefoy<nowiki>'''</nowiki> (amụrụ na 10 Nọvemba 1971 na Châteauroux) bụ nwanyị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị French. Dị ka onye òtù Socialist Party nke France, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchiteanya Kansụl Ógbè nke Île-de-France n'etiti afọ 2004 na 2015, onye òtù European Parliament (MEP) n'etiti afọ 2014 na 2019, <ref name="ep">{{Cite web|url=https://historicalarchives.europarl.europa.eu/en/members/christine-revault|title=Christine Revault d’Allonnes-Bonnefoy, France, MEP: 2014-2019|work=[[European Parliament]]}}</ref> na onye òtù ndị Socialist delegation nke European Parliament n'etiti afọ 2017 na 2019. == Ọrụ == Christine Revault d'Allonnes sonyeere òtù Socialist Party of France (PS) n'afọ 1995, sonyere ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Lionel Jospin n'oge ntuli aka onye isi ala mba France na 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://94.citoyens.com/2015/entretien-avec-christine-revault-dallonnes-deputee-europeenne-du-val-de-marne,08-05-2015.html|title=Entretien avec Christine Revault-d'Allonnes, députée européenne du Val-de-Marne|date=2015-05-08}}</ref> N'afọ 2004 na 2010, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchiteanya Kansụl Ógbè nke Île-de-France. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politiquemania.com/conseillers-regionaux-ile-de-france-2004.html|title=Les conseillers régionaux d'ÃŽle-de-France élus en 2004|work=Politiquemania}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politiquemania.com/conseillers-regionaux-ile-de-france-2010.html|title=Les conseillers régionaux d'ÃŽle-de-France élus en 2010|work=Politiquemania}}</ref><ref name="ep" /> Tupu nke a, n'etiti afọ 2002 na 2007, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nnọchi anya National Assembly Jean-Yves Le Bouillonnec . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/tribun/xml/xml/acteurs/267835.asp|title=Jean-Yves Le Bouillonnec|work=[[National Assembly (France)|Assemblée Nationale]][}}</ref> === Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe (2014 - 2019) === Na Jun 2009, ọ gbara onye nke isii na ndepụta PS maka mpaghara Île-de-France n'òtù ndị nnọchiteanya Europe. N'afọ 2014, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nọ na ndepụta PS gbara arụkwaghịm, ọ mechara bụrụ onye MEP. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://villejuif.parti-socialiste.fr/2014/04/15/christine-revault-dallonnes-bonnefoy-depute-europeenne/|title=Christine Revault-D'Allonnes Bonnefoy, député européenne|date=2014-04-15|accessdate=2026-05-02|archivedate=2019-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522233945/http://villejuif.parti-socialiste.fr/2014/04/15/christine-revault-dallonnes-bonnefoy-depute-europeenne/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, ọ zọrọ ịhọpụta ya ọzọ na ntuli aka nke European Parliament na France, a họpụtakwara ya ọzọ na 25 Mee 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Européennes : Christine Revault d'Allonnes (Villejuif) élue|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/val-de-marne-94/europeennes-christine-revault-d-allonnes-villejuif-elue-25-05-2014-3870799.php|work=leparisien.fr|date=2014-05-26}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Christine Revault|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/bloggers/christine-revault-dallonnesbonnefoy/|work=Le Huffington Post}}.</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mmt72ogtxi8r2qf5iw0iylw9kt897d9 0 75196 631903 631900 2026-05-04T12:49:36Z Olugold 12202 /* Ihe ngosi */ 631903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Faịlụ:O'Shea_Jackson,_1987.jpg|thumb|Onye nka na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] bụ Ice Cube na-eyi ụdị ntutu Jheri curl na 1987]] '''Jheri curl''' (a na-asụpel ya di ka '''Jerry curl''' ma ọ bu '''Jeri Curl''') bụ ụdị ntutu isi na-adịgide adịgide nke a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-eme ntutu isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Black Amerika]] n'oge afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Onye na-akpụ isi mepụtara ya, Jheri Redding,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|title=Milestones|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812021231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-12|date=March 30, 1998}}</ref>  Mkpụchi Jheri na-eme ka onye yi ya maa mma nke na-egbuke egbuke ma na-agbagharị agbagharị. A kpọrọ ya ụdị "ịsacha na yiri" nke dị mfe ilekọta karịa ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ., ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro, ọ bụghị ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro zuru oke, kama ọ bụ iji mee ka ntutu dị nro ma ọ bụ ntutu dị nro dị ka mmiri mmiri site na kemikalu == Ntinye na mmezi == Jheri curl chọrọ itinye akụkụ abụọ nkè nwéré ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro (nke a na-akpọkarị "rearranging cream") iji wepụ ntutu, na ihe ngwọta iji setịpụ curls. Ude eji emezi na-eji Ammonium thioglycolate, na-eme ka curls sie ike na-agbapụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Aguh|first=Crystal|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Ethnic_Hair/5DGuDQAAQBAJ|title=Fundamentals of Ethnic Hair: The Dermatologist's Perspective|date=2016-12-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45695-9|language=en}}</ref> A na-etinyezi curls ndị na-adịghị ike na perm rods na ngwọta kemịkal a na-akpọ neutralizer, na-abụkarị ihe oxidizing dị ka hydrogen peroxide, na ntutu iji mee ka ọ na-agbanye kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Mensah|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Good_Hair/a67ODwAAQBAJ|title=Good Hair: The ultimate care and styling guide for afro, textured and curly hair from the award-winning hairstylist|date=2020-10-29|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-241-98817-6|language=en}}</ref> "Perming" bụ oge na ọrụ siri ike, ọ dịkwa oké ọnụ iji lekọta. Chemicals achọrọ màkà usoro ahụ na-emekarị ka ntutu nke onye na-eyi ya na-emebi emebi ma kpọọ nkụ. Iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ọnụahịa nke ọdịdị ahụ, Comer Cottrell mepụtara ihe dị ọnụ ala (nke ọ kpọrọ "Curly Kit") nke enwere ike iji n'ụlọ, si otú ahụ na-enyere ndị na-enweta ego dị àlà aka iṅomi ụdị ndị nlereanya ha.<ref name="NPR 11 October 2014">{{Cite web|author=Grigsby Bates|first=Karen|title=Comer Cottrell, Creator Of The People's Jheri Curl, Dies At 82|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|date=11 October 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=27 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928203629/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|archivedate=28 September 2015}}</ref> == Na mgbasa ozi == === Egwú === Edmund Sylvers bụ ónyé Black Amerika mbụ na-agu egwu jiri Jheri curl na nwee mee mkpuchi abọm, nke pụtara na mbipụta ya na Casablanca na 1980 Have You Heard . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|title=Music hairstyles: a brief history of 12 iconic cuts - BBC Music|date=2016-10-14|accessdate=2017-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|archivedate=2017-02-25}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Jackson]] na-agu egwu, 1988]] [[Michael Jackson]] yi uwe Jheri n'ihu abọm ya bụ Thriller, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 1982. Jackson mepụtara Jheri curl ya na 1986, nkè egosiri nà mkpuchi nkè abọm ya nkè 1987 bu Bad . Ndị ọzọ a ma àmà na-eyi ụdị ahụ na 1980s na mmalite afọ 1990s gụnyere ndị rapper MC Eiht, DJ Quik, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, [[Hi-C (rapper)|Hi-C]], Arabian Prince na B.G. Knocc Out. Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú India Arie kwuru màkà Jheri curls na egwu ya "I Am Not My Hair", nke e wepụtara na afọ 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|title=I'm Not My Hair lyrics by India.Arie from Girlfriends soundtrack.|url=https://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/girlfriends/imnotmyhair.htm|accessdate=2022-09-12|work=www.stlyrics.com|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-agụ egwu R&amp;amp;B bụ Jorja Smith kwuru maka Jheri curls na njirimara ya na egwu "Peng Black Girls", nke Enny wepụtara na 2020. === Ihe nkiri === Keenen Ivory Wayans gosipụtara ónyé akpọrọ "Jeri Curl" na ihe nkiri Robert Townsend nkè afọ 1987 ''Hollywood Shuffle'' . Onye gosi pụtara ihe nkiri Jules Winnfield (nke Samuel L. Jackson gosipụtara) yiri Jheri curl na ihe nkiri Pulp Fiction nke afọ 1994. Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Owen Gleiberman weere ya dị ka "nkwupụta na-atọ ọchị banyere ghettoization nke [ndị ojii] na ihe nkiri". === Egwuregwu === A kọrọ na onye na-agba bọọlụ na Los Angeles Lakers bụ Billy Ray Bates bụ ónyé na-adịghị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ "n'ihi na o nwere ezigbo Jheri curl di mmiri mmiri, nke mere ka bọọlụ na-amị amị. "<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR726FSxsy0C&q=Billy+Ray+Bates+jheri+curl&pg=PT157|title=Showtime: Magic, Kareem, Riley, and the Los Angeles Lakers Dynasty of the 1980s|author=Jeff Pearlman|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0698148611|accessdate=2016-06-05}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ntutu isi == Ihe ngosi == <gallery mode="packed" heights="170" caption="Ụdị ndozi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a"> Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_02.jpg Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_03.jpg ndozi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a "> File:Modern Jerry Curl hairstyle 03.png Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_05.jpg Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_01.jpg </gallery> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   *   {{Human hair}} [[Otú:Ụdị ntutu isi]] h2f86ogukln3ax1r067o3mf0tl0wz0s 1728 75208 631993 2026-05-05T03:34:36Z Goodymeraj 16207 Event page created 631993 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="4" cellspacing="10" style="margin:auto;" |[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] |} fqfha1hzl4zmjg2xsku9izqsueyxb62