Wikipedia ilowiki https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuna_a_Panid MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Midia Espesial Tungtungan Agar-aramat Agar-aramat tungtungan Wikipedia Wikipedia tungtungan Papeles Papeles tungtungan MediaWiki MediaWiki tungtungan Plantilia Plantilia tungtungan Tulong Tulong tungtungan Kategoria Kategoria tungtungan TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Modulo tungtungan Event Event talk 0 3288 406689 406173 2026-08-17T17:25:46Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406689 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mannurat | name = Rainer Maria Rilke | image = Rilke, 1900.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Retrato ni Rilke, idi 1900. | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1875|12|4|fd=y}} | birth_place = [[Prague]], [[Pagarian iti Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Austria-Hungaria]] | death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|1926|12|29|1875|12|4|fd=y}} | death_place = [[Montreux]], Suisa | occupation = mannaniw, nobelista | nationality = Austriano | period = 1894–1925 | genre = | movement = | influences = [[Jens Peter Jacobsen|J. P. Jacobsen]], [[Lou Andreas-Salomé]], [[Georg Trakl]], [[Auguste Rodin]], [[Paul Cézanne|Cézanne]], [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]] | influenced = [[Martin Heidegger]], [[William H. Gass]], [[J.D. Salinger]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[Erich Maria Remarque]] | signature = Unterschrift Rainer Maria Rilke österreichischer Erzähler und Lyriker.svg | website = }} Ni '''Rainer Maria Rilke''' ([[Disiembre 4]], [[1875]] – [[Disiembre 29]], [[1926]]), maysa nga [[Austria]]no a mannaniw, ket maibilang kas kaindaklanan a mannaniw iti pagsasao nga [[Pagsasao nga Aleman|Aleman]] iti maika-20 a siglo. Dagiti imahen kadagiti daniwna ket maitaltalimudok kadagiti pakarikutan ti [[Cristianismo|Kristianidad]] iti panawen ti di panamatpati, panagmaymaysa, ken nakaro a pannakaburibor, dagiti tema a mangiraman kenkuana iti eskuela dagiti [[Modernismo|modernista]] a mannaniw. Nagsursurat nga agpada iti berso ken lirikal a prosa, dagiti dua a kalalatakan a piesa ti berso ni Rilke ket ti ''Dagiti Soneto ken ni Orpheus'' ken ti ''Dagiti Elehia a Duino''. Dagiti met kalalatakan a piesana a prosa ket ti ''Sursurat iti Ubing a Mannaniw'' ken ti semi-autobiograpikal a ''Dagiti Kuaderno ni Malte Laurids Brigge''. Nagputar pay iti nasurok a 400 a dandaniw iti pagsasao a [[Pagsasao a Pransés|Pransés]]. == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Wikiquote}} * {{commons-nailinia}} * [http://www.rilke.ch International Rilke Association] * [http://rainer-maria-rilke.de Die Gedichte von Rainer Maria Rilke] * [http://blackink.de/literatur/texte/duineser_elegien/titel.html Duineser Elegien] * [http://sonett-archiv.com/r/rilke.htm Rilke's German language sonnets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519231503/http://sonett-archiv.com/r/Rilke.htm |date=2005-05-19 }} * [http://www.sonett-central.de/rilke.htm Rilke's translations of sonnets] * [http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/r/rainer_maria_rilke.html bio and quotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724152110/http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/r/rainer_maria_rilke.html |date=2008-07-24 }} * [http://www.uvm.edu/%7Esgutman/Rilke.htm Audio discussion of seven of the "New Poems"] * [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/5268 The Big Three: Rilke's correspondence with Tsvetayeva and Pasternak] {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} [[Kategoria:Literatura|Rilke]] [[Kategoria:Mamannaniw|Rilke]] [[Kategoria:1875 a pannakaipasngay]] [[Kategoria:1926 nga ipupusay]] sp2o4dbzxnsxyza01jpq9ohkuytutqx 0 5415 406692 335330 2026-08-17T19:18:38Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mannurat | name = Wisława Szymborska | image = Wisława Szymborska 2009.10.23 (1).jpg | caption = Wisława Szymborska, [[Kraków]], Polonia, 23 Oktubre 2009 | birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1923|7|2|fd=y}} | birth_place = Prowent, Polonia (itan ket ti [[Bnin, Kórnik]], Polonia) | death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|2012|2|1|1923|7|2|fd=y}} | death_place = Kraków, Polonia | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Mannaniw * mannalaysay * agipatpatarus}} | nationality = Polako | spouse = Adam Włodek (1948–1954; nadiborsio) | influences = [[Czesław Miłosz]] | awards = {{Plainlist| * [[Premio Goethe]] (1991) * [[Premio Herder]] (1995) * {{awd|[[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]]|1996}} * [[Urnos iti Puraw nga Agila (Polonia)|Urnos iti Puraw nga Agila]] (2011)}} }} Ni '''Wisława Szymborska''', Maria Wisława Anna Szymborska {{IPAc-pl|v|i|'|s|ł|a|w|a|-|sz|y|m|'|b|o|r|s|k|a}} (2 Hulio 1923&nbsp;– 1 Pebrero 2012) ket maysa idi a [[Polako]] a mannaniw, mannalaysay, agipatpatarus ken nagungunaan iti 1996 [[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]]. Naipasngay idiay Prowent, nga itan ket nagbalin a paset iti [[Kórnik]], kalpasan daytoy isuna ket nagtaeng met idiay [[Kraków]] agingana idi pimmusay. Nailanad isuna a kas ti "Mozart iti Daniw". Idiay Polonia, dagiti libro ni Szymborska ket nakadanonen iti panaglako a karibalna dagiti nalatak a mannurat ti prosa: a kinunana iti maysa a daniw, "Adda Sabsabali a Kaykayatda ti Daniw" ("Niektórzy lubią poezję"), nga awan pay nga ad-adu ngen dua kadagiti sangagasot a tattao ket kayatda iti daytoy nga arte.<ref>Szymborska, Wisława. [http://www.poetseers.org/nobel_prize_for_literature/wislawa_szymborska/library/some_like_poetry "Adda Sabsabali a Kaykayatda ti Daniw"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212044340/http://www.poetseers.org/nobel_prize_for_literature/wislawa_szymborska/library/some_like_poetry/ |date=2012-02-12 }}.</ref> Ni Szymborska ket nagungunaan idi 1996 ti [[Premio Nobel iti Literatura]] "para iti daniw nga addaan ti pasagid a kinaapag-isu nga agipalubos iti pakasaritaan ken biolihiko a linaon nga agpabalin kadagiti pedaso ti kinapudno ti nagtagitaoan".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ti Premio Nobel iti Literatura 1996|publisher=Nobelprize|date=7 Oktubre 2010|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996|accessdate=7 Oktubre 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Diak Ammo: Ti Nobel a lektura|publisher=Ti Baro a Republika|date=30 Disiembre 1996|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/books-and-arts/100368/i-dont-know|accessdate=19 Pebrero 2012}}</ref> Nagbalin a naam-ammuan isuna iti sangalubongan gapu ti nagbanagan iti daytoy. Dagiti obrana ket naipatarus iti Ingles ken kadagiti adu a [[Dagiti pagsasao ti Europa|sasao nga Europeano]], ken naipatarus pay iti [[Pagsasao nga Arabiko|Arabiko]], [[Pagsasao a Hebreo|Hebreo]], [[Pagsasao a Hapon|Hapon]] ken [[Pagsasao nga Insik|Insik]]. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} {{Premio Nobel iti Literatura}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{pungol-bio}} [[Kategoria:1923 a pannakaipasngay]] [[Kategoria:2012 nga ipupusay]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti Nobel a laureado iti Literatura|Szymborska]] io36th1a64uz6u0grvvet2fg1od71jm 0 15575 406681 406244 2026-08-17T13:05:48Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox suppiat ti militar |partof = ti [[Nalamiss a Gubat]] ken ti [[Indotsina a Gubgubat]] |image = Bruce Crandall's UH-1D.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Ti [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois|Bell UH-1D a helikopter]] a piniloto ni Komandante [[Bruce P. Crandall]] ket sumangsang-at ti langit kalpasan a nangibaba kadagiti inpanteria ti Estados Unidos para iti mision nga [[agbiruk ken dadaelen]] | |date = {{start date|df=yes|1955|11|1}}<ref group=A name="start date" /> – {{End date|df=yes|1975|4|30}} ({{Age in years and days|1955|11|1|1975|04|30}}) |place = [[Abagatan a Bietnam]], [[Amianan a Bietnam]], [[Cambodia]], [[Laos]] |causes = Panagkaykaysa ti Bietnam (Amianan a Bietnam)<br />[[Panaglas-ud nga annuroten]] ken [[Domino a teoria]], [[Golpo iti Tonkin a Pasamak]] (Estados Unidos) |territory = Panagkaykaysa ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam iti [[Betnam|Sosialista a Republika ti Bietnam]]. |result = Panagballigi ti [[Amianan a Bietnam]] * Panagsanud dagiti [[Siiigam a Buyot iti Estados Unidos|puersa ti Amerikano]] manipud idiay [[Indotsina]] * Pannakarunaw iti [[Republika iti Bietnam]] * Nagturay dagiti komunista agobierno idiay [[Panagpadasan a Rebolusionario a Gobierno iti Republika iti Abagatan a Bietnam|Abagatan a Bietnam]], [[Demokratiko a Kampuchea|Cambodia]] ken [[Laos]] | |combatant1 = Dagiti puersa ti '''[[Kontra-komunismo|Kontra-Komunista]]:''' '''{{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Republika iti Bietnam]]'''<br /> '''{{wagayway|Estados Unidos}}'''<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Republic of Korea}} [[Republika iti Korea]]<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Australia}} [[Australia]]<br /> {{wagayway|Filipinas|1919}}<br /> {{wagayway|Baro a Selanda}}<br /> {{wagayway|Tailandia}}<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Cambodia|1970}} [[Khmer a Republika]]<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Laos|1952}} [[Pagarian iti Laos]] ''Sinuportaran babaen ti:''<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Spanish State}} [[Francoista nga ESpania|Espania]]<ref>Larsen, Stanley R. ken Collins, James L. Jr. ''Panagdal ti Bietnam: Pannakibinglay dagiti Kumaduaan idiay Bietnam''. Washington, DC: Departamento ti Buyot, 1985. p. 167. Ti Espania ket nangipatulod sangkakuyogan ti medisina idiay Probinsia ti Co Gong idi 1965.</ref><br /> {{wagaywayikono|Republic of China}} [[Republika iti Tsina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.psywarrior.com/AlliesRepublicVietnam.html|title=ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM |accessdate=24 Septiembre 2011 }}</ref><br /> | |combatant2 = Dagiti puersa a'''[[Komunismo|komunista]]:''' '''{{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Demokratiko a Republika iti Bietnam]]'''<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''[[Viet Cong]]'''<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]]<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] ''Sinuportaran babaen ti:''<br /> {{flag icon|Democratic People's Republic of Korea}} [[Demokratiko a Republika dagiti Tattao iti Korea]]<br /> {{wagaywayikono|People's Republic of China}} [[Republika dagiti Tattao iti Tsina]] (aginggana ti 1968)<br /> {{wagayway|Kappon ti Sobiet}}<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Cuba}} [[Republika iti Kuba]] | |strength1 = '''~1,830,000 (1968)'''<br /> Republika ti Bietnam: 850,000<br /> Estados Unidos: 536,100<br /> [[Dagiti Puersa ti Militar ti Nawaya a Lubong]]: 65,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.historycentral.com/Vietnam/Troop.html |title=Gubat ti Bietnam : Kapigsa dagiti tropa ti E.U. |publisher=Historycentral.com |accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009 }}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/mrc/reader/vvmcr.htm |title=Dagiti kinapudno a maipanggep ti Pammalagip nga Urnong dagiti Beterano ti Bietnam |publisher=nps.gov}} (agdakdakamat Dagiti immuna a panggubatan a tropa ti Amerikano a simmanglad idiay [[Abagatan a Bietnam]] idi Marso 1965, a naisangsangayan ti Maikatlo a Rehimento ti Kuerpo Marina ti E.U., Maikatlo a Dibision ti Kuerpo Marina, a naibaniaga idiay Bietnam manipud idiay Okinawa tapno mangsalaknib ti Da Nang, Bietnam, a dalanan ti eroplano. Idi panawen ti a kakaruan a pannakibinglay ti E.U., 31 Disiembre 1968, dagiti bilang dagiti kumaduaan a puersa ket dagiti sumaganad: 536,100 militar a tropa ti E.U., nga adda dagiti 30,610 militar ti E.U. a natnatayen; 65,000 dagiti Puersa ti Militar ti Nawaya a Lubong; 820,000 Siiigam a Buyot ti Abagatan a Bietnam (SVNAF) nga adda dagiti 88,343 a natnatayen. Iti gibus ti gubat, adda dagiti agarup a 2,200 a napukpukaw ti aksion ti E.U. (MIA) ken naibaludan ti gubat (POW). Taudan: Harry G. Summers, Jr. Alamanak ti Gubat ti Bietnam, Kinapudo ti Panangipablaak dagiti Papeles, 1985.)</ref><br /> Republika ti Korea: 50,000<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGJ9V06p0BQC&pg=PA16 |title=Kuerpo Marina ti Bietnam 1965–73 |publisher=Google Books |date=8 Marso 1965 |accessdate=29 Abril 2011 |archive-date=2013-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120034450/http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TGJ9V06p0BQC&pg=PA16 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> Mankomunidad ti Australia: 7,672<br /> Pagarian ti Tailandia, Filipinas: 10,450<br /> Baro a Selanda: 552 | |strength2 = '''461,000'''+<br /> Demokratiko a Republika iti Bietnam: 287,465 (Enero 1968)<ref>Gubat ti Bietnam kalpasan dagiti Reporta ti Aksion, BACM Research, 2009, panid 430</ref><br /> Republika dagiti Tattao iti Tsina: 170,000 (1969)<br /> Kappon ti Sobiet: 3,000<br /> Demokratiko a Republika dagiti Tattao iti Korea: 300–600 | |commander1 = {{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Ngo Dinh Diem|Ngô Đình Diệm]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Van Thieu|Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]]<br />{{wagaywayikono| South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Cao Ky|Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} [[Cao Van Vien|Cao Văn Viên]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Richard Nixon]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[William Westmoreland]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|USA}} [[Creighton Abrams]]<br />[[Dagiti daulo ti Gubat ti Bietnam|…''ken dadduma pay'']] | |commander2 = {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Le Duan|Lê Duẩn]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Vo Nguyen Giap|Võ Nguyên Giáp]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Hoang Van Thai|Hoàng Văn Thái]] <br /> {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}} [[Van Tien Dung|Văn Tiến Dũng]] <br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Tran Van Tra|Trần Văn Trà]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyen Van Linh|Nguyễn Văn Linh]]<br />{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Hữu Thọ]]<br />[[Dagiti daulo ti Gubat ti Bietnam|…''ken dadduma pay'']] | |casualties1 = {{wagaywayikono|South Vietnam}} '''Republika ti Bietnam'''<br />361,000<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 />-720,000 a natnatay a sibilian;<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> natnatay a militar: 220,357 (kababaan a karkulo)<ref name="aaron" /> – 316,000 a natay (kangatuan a karkulo);<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997>{{citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |year=1997 |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |format=GIF |title=Tabla 6.1A. Bietnam Demosidio : Dagiti karkulo, Dagiti nagtaudan, ken dagiti panagkarlulo, |work=Kawayaan, Demokrasia, Kappia; Bileg, Demosidio, ken Gubat, Unibersidad ti Hawaii a Sistema }}</ref> 1,170,000 a nasugsugatan<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Estados Unidos}} '''Estados Unidos'''<br />58,220 a natnatay;<ref group=A name=USd&w /> 303,644 a nasugsugatan<ref group=A name=USd&w /><br /> {{wagaywayikono|South Korea}} '''Republika ti Korea'''<br />5,099 a natnatay; 10,962 a nasugsugatan; 4 a napukpukaw<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Australia}} '''Mankomunidad ti Australia'''<br />521 a natnatay; 3,000 a nasugsugatan<br /> {{wagaywayikono|New Zealand}} '''Baro a Selanda'''<br />37 da natnatay; 187 a nasugsugatan<br /> {{wagaywayikono|Thailand}} '''Pagarian ti Tailandia'''<br />1,351 a natnatay<ref name="aaron" /><br /> {{wagaywayikono|Laos|1952}} '''Pagaraian ti Laos'''<br />30,000 a natnatay, di am-ammo dagiti nasugatan<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vietnamgear.com/casualties.aspx |title=Dagiti nadangran ti Gubat ti Bietnam |publisher=Vietnamgear.com |date=3 Abril 1995 |accessdate=17 Oktubre 2009 }}</ref> '''Dagup dagiti natay: 676,585 – 1,035,585'''<br />'''Dagup dagiti nasugatan: ~1,490,000+''' | |casualties2 = {{wagaywayikono|North Vietnam}}{{wagaywayikono|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''Amianan a Bietnam & NLF'''<br />50,000<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 />-182,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html |title=Paggugubatan:Linia a Pagurasan ti Bietnam |publisher=Pbs.org |accessdate=31 Oktubre 2011}}</ref> sibilian a natnatay<br /> 533,000 – 1,489,000 a militar a natnatay wenno napukpukaw;<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> 600,000+ a nasugsugatan<ref>Soames, John. ''Ti Pakasaritaan iti Lubong'', Routledge, 2005.</ref><br /> {{wagaywayikono|Tsína}} '''Republika dagiti Tattao iti Tsina'''<br />1,446 a natnatay; 4,200 a nasugsugatan<br />{{wagaywayikono|Kappon ti Sobiet}} '''Kappon ti Sobiet'''<br />16 a natnatay<ref>Dunnigan, James & Nofi, Albert: ''Dagiti Babassit a Sekreto ti Gubat ti Bietnam: Dagiti Pakaammo ti Militar a Saanmo koma a Maamuan.'' St. Martin's Press, 2000, p. 284. {{ISBN|0-312-25282-X}}.</ref> '''Dagup dagiti natnatay: 584,462-1,672,462'''<br />'''Dagup dagiti nasugsugatan: ~604,200+''' | |casualties3 = '''Dagiti sibilian a Bietnamis a natnatay''': 411,000<ref name=FOOTNOTERummel1997 /> – 2,000,000<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html?pagewanted=2&src=pm</ref><br /> '''Dagiti sibilian a Kambodiano a nanatay''': 200,000 – 300,000*<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001" /><ref name="Marek Sliwinski 1995" /><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993" /><br /> '''Dagiti sibilian a Laotiano a natnatay''': 20,000 – 200,000*<br /> '''Dagup dagiti sibilian a natnatay:''' 631,000 – 2,500,000<ref name="afp1995-a">{{cite news |title=20 a Tawtawen kaplasan ti Panagballigi, Dagiti Bietnamis a Komunista ket Agpanpanunotda no Kasanoda nga Agrambak |first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 Abril 1995 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=24 Pebrero 2011 }} Ti Bietnamis a gobierno ket opisial a nagtunton ti narusanger a karkulo kadagiti 2 a riwriw a natnatay a sibilian, ngem saanna a biningbingay dagitoy a natay ti nagbaetan ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam.</ref><br /> '''Total dead''': 1,481,047 – 4,008,047 <nowiki>*</nowiki> ken agibaga dagiti kapagarupan, kitaen ti [[#Dagiti nadangran|Dagiti nadangran]] dita baba<br /> Para iti adu pay a pakaammo kitaen ti [[Dagiti nadangran ti Gubat ti Bietnam]] }} Ti '''Gubat ti Bietnam'''{{#tag:ref|Makunkuna pay a ti ''Maikadua nga Indotsina a Gubat'', ''Bietnam a Suppiat'', ''Amerikano a Gubat'' idiay Bietnam, ken, ken idiay pay Bietnam, a kas ti ''Gubat a panagsuppiat kadagiti Amerikano tapno a Maisalakan ti Pagilian''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/193440/Two-250kg-wartime-bombs-defused.html |title=Opisial a taudan ti panagusar ti nagan |publisher=Vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn |date=29 Oktubre 2009 |accessdate=28 Abril 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011017/http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/Social-Isssues/193440/Two-250kg-wartime-bombs-defused.html |archivedate=2011-04-29 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group="A"}} ket maysa idi a [[Nalamiis a Gubat]] a panawen a [[Palikud a gubat|suppiat ti militar]] a rimsua idiay [[Bietnam]], [[Laos]], ken [[Cambodia]] manipud idi 1 Nobiembre 1955{{#tag:ref|Gapu ti nasapa a kaadda dagiti tropa ti Amerikano idiay Bietnam ti petsa a panangrugi ti Gubat ti Bietnam ket narigat a maammuan. Idi 1998 kalpasan ti nangato a panagrepaso babaen ti [[Departamento iti Salaknib ti Estados Unidos|Departamento iti Salaknib (DoD)]] ken babaen dagiti ganetget ti pamilia ni [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon]] ti panangrugi a petsa ti Gubat ti Bietnam ket nasukatan ti 1 Nobiembre 1955.<ref name="DoD p. ">{{harvnb|DoD|1998|p=}}</ref> Ti gobierno ti E.U. ket agdama nga agdakdakamat ti 1 Nobiembre 1955 a kas ti panagrugi iti "Bietnam a Suppiat," gaputa daytoy ket ti aldaw a pannakaibaniaga dagiti Grupo ti Militar a Panagtulong ti Panagbalakad ti E.U. ({{lang-en|U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG)}}) idiay Indotsina (naibaniaga idiay Abagatan a daya nga Asia babaen ni Presidente Truman) ket naurnong manen a kas dagiti naisangsangayan ti pagilian a paspaset ken ti MAAG a Bietnam ket napabangon idi.<ref name="Lawrence p. 20">{{harvnb|Lawrence|2009|p=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA20 20]}}</ref> Dagiti sabsabali pay a petsa a panagrugi ketmairaman idi ti Hanoi ket nangipalubos kadagiti puersa ti Viet Cong idiay Abagatn a Bietnam a mangrugi kadagiti ababa nga agpang ti [[insureksion]] idi Disiembre1956,<ref name=autogenerated1>James Olson ken Randy Roberts, ''Idiay Nagtinnagan ti Domino: Amerika ken Bietnam, 1945–1990'', p. 67 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).</ref> nga adda dagiti makakitkita a ti 26 Septiembre 1959 idi ti immuna a gubat ket rimsua ti nagbaetan ti Komunista ken Abagatan a Bietnam a Buyot, a kas tipetsa a panagrugi.<ref name="WarBegan">[http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm Dagiti nagtaudan ti Insureksion idiay Abagatan a Bietnam, 1954–1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm |date=2017-10-19 }}, Dagiti Papel ti Pentagon (Gravel nga Edision), Tomo 1, Kapitulio 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Paset 3, pp. 314–346; Departamento ti Internasional a Pannakibiang, Kolehio ti Bantay Holyoke.</ref> |group="A"|name="start date"}} aginggana ti [[Panakatnag iti Saigon]] odi 30 Abril 1975. Daytoy a gubat ket sinarunona ti [[Umuna nga Indotsina a Gubat]] ken naglabana a nagbaetan ti [[Amianan a Bietnam]], ketn sinopurtaran babaen dagiti [[komunismo|komunista]] a kumaduaanna, ken ti gobierno ti [[Abagatan a Bietnam]], a sinopurtaran babaen ti [[Estados Unidos]] ken dagiti sabsabali a [[kontra-komunismo|kontra-komunista]] a pagpagilian.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Gubat ti Bietnam |quote=Kabayatan a, ti Estados Unidos, ti militarna ket desmoralisado ken dagiti sibilian nga elektorado ket naunegda a nabingbingay, ket nagrugida kadagiti pamay-an a panakaawat ti panaapaay ti kaatddogan ken kaaduan ti nagsuppiat a gubat|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/628478/Vietnam-War |accessdate=5 Marso 2008}}</ref> Ti [[Viet Cong]] (makunkuna pay a ti Sangauanag ti Nailaina Panagwayawaya, wenno NLF), ti maysa a nalagan a naarmasan nga Abagtana Bietnam a tinengtengngel ti komunista a [[sapasap a sanguanan]], ket kaaduan a nakilablaban ti maysa a [[gerilia a pannakigubatan|gerilia agubat]] a sumuppiat kadagiti konta-komunista a pursa iti dayta a rehion. Ti [[Buyot dagiti Tattao ti Bietnam]] (Buyot ti Amianan a Bietnam) ken nakisinnupiat kadagiti kaaduan a [[kadawyan a pannakigubatan|kadawyan a gubat]], nga adda dagiti panawen nagitalek kadagiti dadakkel a unit iti gubatan. Ti E.U. ken dagiti puersa ti Abagatan a Bietnam ket nagitaltalekda kadagiti [[Supremasia ti angin]] ken ti agparmek a kabilegan tapno agaramid kadagiti [[agbiruk ken dadaelen]] nga operasion, a mairaman dagiti [[Buyot|puersa ti daga]], [[artileria]], ken dagiti [[panagpunta manipud iti tangatang]]. Ti pannakakita ti gobierno ti E.U. ti panakibiang ti daytoy a gubat ket ti kasla dalan a panagpawil ti panagraut dagiti [[komunista]] iti Abagatan a Bietnam a kas paset ti nalawlawa nga estratehia iti [[panaglas-ud]]. Ti gobierno ti Amianan a Bietnam ken Viet Cong ket nakitkitada daytoy a suppiat a kas maysa a [[kolonial a gubat]], nga immuna a nilabanan a maisuppiat ti [[Pransia]], a sinuportaran babaen ti Estados Unidos, ken kalpasan daytoy ti suppiatan a maipapan ti Abagatan a Bietnam, a daytoy ket naipanunotanda a kas [[tirtiris nga estado]] ti Estados Unidos .<ref>{{cite web |author=Digital History, Steven Mintz |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm |title=The Vietnam War |publisher=Digitalhistory.uh.edu |accessdate=31 October 2011 |archive-date=30 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030062649/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/modules/vietnam/index.cfm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dagiti Amerikano nga [[agbalbalakad a militar]] ket simmangpetda idi idiay [[Pranses nga Indotsina]] a nangrugi idi 1950. Ti pannakairaman ti Estados Unidos ket kimmaro idi kasapaan ti 1960, nga dagiti kaadu ti tropa ket natriple idi 1961 ken natriple manen idi 1962.<ref>[http://25thaviation.org/facts/id430.htm Dagiti Estadistika ken Kinapudno I ti Gubat ti Bietnam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006085906/http://25thaviation.org/facts/id430.htm |date=2009-10-06 }}, sapot a pagsaaadan ti Maika-25 nga Abiasion a Batalion.</ref> Dagiti [[Militar nga organisasion|pananakigubat a unit]] ti Estados Unidos ket nagrugida a naibaniaga idi 1965. Dagiti operasio ket naigay-at kadagiti internasional a pagbeddengan, a dagitoy ket nakaro a binomba ti Laos ken Cambodia. Ti Amerikano a pannakairaman ti daytoy a gubat ket kimmaro idi 1968, iti panawen ti [[Tet Offensive|Tet a Panagraut]]. Kalpasan daytoy, dagiti puersa ti daga ti Estados Unidos ket naininutda a naikkat a kas paset ti annuroten nga ammo a kas ti [[Bietnamisasion]]. Uray pay no ti [[Paris a Panagtunos ti kappia]], a pinirmaan dagiti amin a nairaman idi Enero 1973, ti pannakilablaban ket nagtutuloy. Ti pannakairaman ti Estados Unidos ket nagpatingga idi 15 Agosto 1973 a aks nagbanagan ti [[Case–Church Panagpasayaat]] nga impasa ti Kongreso ti Estados Unidos.<ref>Kolko, Gabriel ''Anatomia iti Gubat'', pp. 457, 461 ff., {{ISBN|1-898876-67-3}}.</ref> Ti [[Pannakatnag iti Saigon|pannakatiliw iti Saigon]] babaen dagiti Buyot dagiti Tattao iti Bietnam idi Abril 1975 ket nangmarka daytoy ti panagpatingga ti gubat, ken ti Amianan ken Abagatan a Bietnam ket napagkaykaysa ti simmaruno a tawen. Ti gubat ket gapuanan ti adu a bayad iti termino dagiti nadangran (kitaen ti [[Dagiti nadangran ti Gubat ti Bietnam]]). Dagiti karkulo ti bilang dagiti soldado ti Bietnam ket dagiti sibilian a natnatay ket agdumaduma manipud iti basbassit a maysa a riwriw<ref>Charles Hirschman et al., "Dagiti nadangran a Bietnamis idi Panawen ti Amerikano a Gubat: Baro a Karkulo," Panagrepaso ti Populasion ken Panagrang-ay, Disiembre 1995.</ref> aginggana iti ad-adu ngem tallo a riwriw.<ref name="afp1995">{{cite news |title=20 a Tawtawen Kalpasan ti Panagballigi, Dagiti Bietnamis a Komunista ket Agpanpanunotda no Kasanoda nga Agrambak |first=Philip |last=Shenon |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |date=23 Abril 1995 |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=24 Pebrero 2011 }}</ref><ref>Associated Press, 3 Abril 1995, "Ti Bietnam ket agkunkuna a 1.1 a Riwriw dagiti Natnatay a Nakilablaban Para iti Amianan."</ref> Addda ti 200,000–300,000 a [[Tattao a Khmer|Kambodiano]],<ref name="Heuveline, Patrick 2001">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "Ti Demograpiko a Panagusig iti Mortalidad idiay Kambodia." Iti Napilit a Panagtalaw ken Mortalidad, eds. Holly E. Reed ken Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: Nailian nga Akademia a Pagmalditan.</ref><ref name="Marek Sliwinski 1995">Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995).</ref><ref name="Banister, Judith 1993">Banister, Judith, ken Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Unibersidad ti Yale a Panagadadal ti Abagatan a daya nga Asia .</ref> 20,000–200,000 [[Tattao a Lao|Laotiano]],<ref>Warner, Roger, Punpuntaan ti Bulan, (1996), pp366, nagkarkulo ti 30,000 a Hmong.</ref><ref>Obermeyer, "Limapulo a tawtawen dagiti natnatay ti naranggas a gubat manipud iti Bietnam aginggana ti Bosnia", ''Medisina a Warnakan ti Britaniko,'' 2008, nagkarkulo ti 60,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>T. Lomperis, ''Manipud iti Gubat dagiti Tattao aginggan ti Panagturay dagiti Tattao,'' (1996), nagkarkulo ti 35,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Small, Melvin & Joel David Singer, ''Agresorta kadagiti Armas: Internasional ken Sibil a Gubagubat 1816–1980'', (1982), nagkarkulo ti 20,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Taylor, Charles Lewis, ''Ti Libro ti Lubong iti Politiko a Sosial a Pangituduan,'' nagkarkulo ti 20,000 a dagup.</ref><ref>Stuart-Fox, Martin, ''Pakasaritaan iti Laos,'' nagkarkulo ti 200,000 babaen idi 1973.</ref> ken 58,220 a kamkamen dagiti serbisio ti Estados Unidos ket natnatay pay iti daytoy a suppiat.{{#Tag:Ref|Dagiti bilang ti 58,220 ken 303,644 para kadagiti natnatay ti E.U. ken nasugsugatan ket nanipud ti Departamento iti Dibision ti Estadistika iti Panagusig ti Pakaammo (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, ken nanipud pay idiay Departamento dagiti Beterano ti kipudno a papel a napetsaan idi Mayo 2010<ref>{{cite report |date=26 Pebrero 2010 |title=Dagiti Gubat ti Amerika |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |publisher=Departamento ti Beterano a Pannakibiang |access-date=2012-06-26 |archive-date=2014-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ti CRS ([[Serbiso ti Kongreso a Panagsukisok]]) Reporta para iti Kongreso, Amerikano a Gubat ken dagiti Nadangran ti Militar nga Operasion: Dagiti Listaan ken Estadistika, napetsaan ti 26 Pebrero 2010,<ref>{{cite report |date=26 Pebrero 2010 |title=Amerikano a Gubat ken dagiti Nadangran ti Militar nga Operasion: Dagiti Listaan ken Estadistika |url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |author1=Anne Leland |author2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |publisher=Serbiso ti Kongreso a Panagsukisok |access-date=2012-06-26 |archive-date=2021-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310173522/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ken ti libro a Kriso a Bietnam: Panaglaplagip ti Inpateria a Teniente.<ref>{{Harvnb|Lawrence|2009|pp=[http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA65 65], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA107 107], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA154 154], [http://books.google.com/books?id=CxtJ56I2cjMC&pg=PA217 217]}}</ref> Adda dagiti sabali a nagtaudan nga agited kadagiti sabali a bilang (a kas ti 2005/2006 a dokumentario a ''Puso iti Kasipngetan: Dagiti Kronika ti Gubat ti Bietnam 1945–1975'' a nagdakat iti daytoy nga artkulo ket agited ti bilang iti 58,159 a natnatay ti E.U.,<ref name="aaron">{{cite video |people = Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (nagpatpataud ken direktor) |date=2005–2006 |title = Puso iti Kasipngetan: Dagiti Kronika ti Gubat ti Bietnam 1945–1975 |medium = Dokumentario|publisher = Koch Vision |time = 321 a minuto |isbn = 1-4172-2920-9 }}</ref> ken ti 2007 libro a ''Annak a Lallaki ti Bietnam'' ket agited ti bilang iti 58,226)<ref>Kueter, Dale. ''Annak a Lallaki ti Bietnam: Para kadagiti dadduma, ti Gubat ket Saan pay a Nalpas.'' AuthorHouse (Marso 21, 2007). {{ISBN|978-1-4259-6931-8}}</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}} == Anotasion == {{Reflist|group="A"}} == Paammo == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti nagibasaran == === Dagiti maikadua a nagtaudan === {{Refbegin|30em}} *Anderson, David L. ''Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War'' (2004). *Baker, Kevin. "Stabbed in the Back! The past and future of a right-wing myth", ''Harper's Magazine'' (June 2006) {{cite web |url = http://www.harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080 |title = Stabbed in the back! The past and future of a right-wing myth (Harper's Magazine) |accessdate = 11 Hunio 2008 |archive-date = 2012-10-19 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019134514/http://harpers.org/archive/2006/06/0081080 |url-status = dead }} *Angio, Joe. ''Nixon a Presidency Revealed'' (2007) The History Channel television documentary *Berman, Larry. ''Lyndon Johnson's War: The Road to Stalemate'' (1991). *Blaufarb, Douglas. ''The Counterinsurgency Era'' (1977) a history of the Kennedy Administration's involvement in South Vietnam. *Brigham, Robert K. ''Battlefield Vietnam: A Brief History'' a PBS interactive website *{{Cite book|last=Brocheux|first=Pierre |title=Ho Chi Minh: a biography|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-85062-9|pages=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&pg=PA198 198]}} *Buckley, Kevin. [http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/buckley.html "Pacification's Deadly Price"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510130004/http://chss.montclair.edu/english/furr/Vietnam/buckley.html |date=2012-05-10 }}, ''Newsweek'', 19 Hunio 1972. <!--accessed 7, 5 August 2008--> *Buzzanco, Bob. "25 Years After End of Vietnam War: Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam", ''The Baltimore Sun'' (17 April 2000) {{cite web |url = http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |title = 25 Years After End Of Vietnam War Myths Keep Us From Coming To Terms With Vietnam |accessdate = 11 June 2008 |archive-date = 5 June 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605195117/http://www.commondreams.org/views/041700-106.htm |url-status = dead }} *Church, Peter ed. ''A Short History of South-East Asia'' (2006). *Cooper, Chester L. ''The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam'' (1970) a Washington insider's memoir of events. *{{Cite book|last=Courtwright|first=David T.|title=Sky as frontier: adventure, aviation, and empire|url=https://archive.org/details/skyasfrontieradv0000cour|edition=2005|year=2005|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=1-58544-419-7}} *Demma, Vincent H. "The U.S. Army in Vietnam." ''American Military History'' (1989) the official history of the United States Army. Available [http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/military/vietnam/short.history/chap_28.txt online] *{{cite book |last=Dennis |first=Peter |title=The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press Australia & New Zealand |location=Melbourne |year=2008 |edition=Maika-2 |isbn=978-0-19-551784-2}} *{{cite web|last = DoD|date = 6 Nobiembre 1998|url = http://www.defense.gov/releases/release.aspx?releaseid=1902|title = Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial|publisher = Department of Defense (DoD)|accessdate = 31 Marso 2010|quote = }} *Duiker, William J. ''The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam'' (1996). *Duncanson, Dennis J. ''Government and Revolution in Vietnam'' (1968). *Fincher, Ernest Barksdale, ''The Vietnam War'' (1980). *Ford, Harold P. ''CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers: Three Episodes, 1962–1968.'' (1998). *Gerdes, Louise I. ed. ''Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War'' (2005). *Gettleman, Marvin E.; Franklin, Jane; Young, Marilyn ''Vietnam and America: A Documented History.'' (1995). *Hammond, William. ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1962–1968'' (1987); ''Public Affairs: The Military and the Media, 1068–1973'' (1995). full-scale history of the war by U.S. Army; much broader than title suggests. *{{cite book|last=Healy|first=Gene|title=The Cult of the Presidency: America's Dangerous Devotion to Executive Power|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=MRA2jIyejwAC|year=2009|publisher=Cato Institute|isbn=978-1-933995-19-9}} *Herring, George C''. America's Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975'' (4th ed 2001), most widely used short history. *Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Vietnam Syndrome''. *{{Cite book|last=Karnow|first=Stanley|authorlink=|title=Vietnam: A History|url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamhistory00karn_0|edition=1991|year=1991|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=0-670-84218-4}}; popular history by a former foreign correspondent; strong on Saigon's plans. *Kutler, Stanley ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1996). *{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=A. T.|title = Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant|edition=2009|year=2009| publisher = McFarland| isbn= 0-7864-4517-3}}. *Lawrence, Mark Atwood. "The Vietnam War: A Concise International History", 2008, Oxford University Press. *Leepson, Marc ed. ''Dictionary of the Vietnam War'' (1999) New York: Webster's New World. *Lewy, Guenter. ''America in Vietnam'' (1978), defends U.S. actions. *Logevall, Fredrik. ''The Origins of the Vietnam War'' (Longman [Seminar Studies in History] 2001). *McMahon, Robert J. ''Major Problems in the History of the Vietnam War: Documents and Essays'' (1995) textbook. *McNamara, Robert, James Blight, Robert Brigham, Thomas Biersteker, Herbert Schandler, ''Argument Without End: In Search of Answers to the Vietnam Tragedy'', (Public Affairs, 1999). *{{cite book |last=McGibbon|first=Ian |title=The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Military History |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Auckland |year=2000 |edition= |isbn=0-19-558376-0}} *{{Cite book |last=McNeill |first=Ian |title=To Long Tan: The Australian Army and the Vietnam War 1950–1966 |url=https://archive.org/details/tolongtanaustral0000mcne |publisher=Allen & Unwin |location=St Leonards |year=1993 |isbn=1-86373-282-9 }} *Milne, David. ''America's Rasputin: Walt Rostow and the Vietnam War'' (Hill & Wang, 2008). *Moise, Edwin E. ''Historical Dictionary of the Vietnam War'' (2002). *{{Cite book|last=Moïse|first=Edwin E.|title=Tonkin Gulf and the escalation of the Vietnam War|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807823002|edition=1996|year=1996|publisher=UNC Press|isbn=0-8078-2300-7}} *Moss, George D. ''Vietnam'' (4th ed 2002) textbook. *Moyar, Mark. ''Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965'', (Cambridge University Press; 412 pages; 2006). A revisionist history that challenges the notion that U.S. involvement in Vietnam was misguided; defends the validity of the domino theory and disputes the notion that Ho Chi Minh was, at heart, a nationalist who would eventually turn against his Communist Chinese allies. *Major General Spurgeon Neel. ''Medical Support of the U.S. Army in Vietnam 1965–1970'' (Department of the Army 1991) official medical history *Nulty, Bernard.''The Vietnam War'' (1998) New York: Barnes and Noble. *{{Cite book|last=Osborn|first=Terry A.| title = The future of foreign language education in the United States|edition=2002|year=2002| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group| isbn= 978-0-89789-719-8}} *Palmer, Bruce, Jr. ''The Twenty-Five Year War'' (1984), narrative military history by a senior U.S. general. *Schell, Jonathan. ''The Time of Illusion'' (1976). *Schulzinger, Robert D. ''A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941–1975'' (1997). *Sorley, Lewis, ''A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America's Last Years in Vietnam'' (1999), based upon still classified tape-recorded meetings of top level US commanders in Vietnam, {{ISBN|0-15-601309-6}} *Spector, Ronald. ''After Tet: The Bloodiest Year in Vietnam'' (1992), very broad coverage of 1968. *{{Cite book|last=Stanton|first=Shelby L.| title = Vietnam order of battle|edition=2003|year=2003| publisher = Stackpole Books| isbn= 0-8117-0071-2}} *Summers, Harry G. [http://books.google.com/books?id=-Z4l-ZySVWwC ''On Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Vietnam War''], Presidio press (1982), {{ISBN|0-89141-563-7}} (225 pages) *Tucker, Spencer. ed. ''Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War'' (1998) 3 vol. reference set; also one-volume abridgement (2001). *{{cite book|last=Willbanks|first=James H.|title=Vietnam War almanac|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=X5WWklFB5O4C|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7102-9}} *Witz, James J. ''The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War'' (1991). *Young, Marilyn, B. ''The Vietnam Wars: 1945–1990.'' (1991). *Xiaoming, Zhang. "China's 1979 War With Vietnam: A Reassessment", ''China Quarterly.'' Issue no. 184, (December 2005) {{cite web |url = http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358806 |title = CJO – Abstract – China's 1979 War with Vietnam: A Reassessment |accessdate = 11 June 2008 |archive-date = 31 October 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071031013014/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=358806 |url-status = dead }} {{Refend}} === Dagiti kangrunaan a nagtaudan === {{refbegin|30em}} *Carter, Jimmy. ''[http://www.usdoj.gov/pardon/carter_proclamation.htm By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act], 4 August 1964 To 28 Marso 1973'' (21 Enero 1977) *Central Intelligence Agency. "[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229000748/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#history |date=2010-12-29 }}", ''CIA World Factbook'' *Kolko, Gabriel [http://www.counterpunch.org/kolko04292005.html The End of the Vietnam War, 30 Years Later] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012020407/http://counterpunch.org/kolko04292005.html |date=2007-10-12 }} *Eisenhower, Dwight D. ''Mandate for Change.'' (1963) a presidential political memoir *Ho, Chi Minh. "Vietnam Declaration of Independence", ''Selected Works.'' (1960–1962) selected writings *LeMay, General Curtis E. and Kantor, MacKinlay. ''Mission with LeMay'' (1965) autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force *Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. [http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512a.htm "Lessons on Vietnam", (1975) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093415/http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750512a.htm |date=2007-06-09 }} *Kim A. O'Connell, ed. ''Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War'' (2006) *McCain, John. ''Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir'' (1999) *Marshall, Kathryn. ''In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966–1975'' (1987) *Martin, John Bartlow. ''Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam?'' (1964) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, tape V, reel 1. *Myers, Thomas. ''Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam'' (1988) *''Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965'' (1966) official documents of U.S. presidents. *Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. ''Robert Kennedy and His Times.'' (1978) a first-hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors *Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom. "Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity." ''Foreign Affairs.'' (1958) describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia *Tang, Truong Nhu. ''A Vietcong Memoir'' (1985), revealing account by senior NLF official *Terry, Wallace, ed. ''Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans'' (1984) *{{Cite book| last =Truong|first= Như Tảng; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan| authorlink =| title = A Vietcong memoir| url =https://archive.org/details/vietcongmemoir00trng|edition=1985|year=1985| publisher = Harcourt Brace Jovanovich| isbn= 978-0-15-193636-6}}<small>- Total pages: 350 </small> *The landmark series Vietnam: A Television History, first broadcast in 1983, is a special presentation of the award-winning PBS history series, American Experience. *''The Pentagon Papers'' (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. [http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html excerpts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818075800/http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent1.html |date=2018-08-18 }} *U.S. Department of State. ''Foreign Relations of the United States'' (multivolume collection of official secret documents) [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022140740/http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_i/index.html vol 1: 1964]; [https://archive.today/20121214072617/www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_ii/index.html vol 2: 1965]; ; [https://web.archive.org/web/20111022140748/http://www.state.gov/www/about_state/history/vol_iv/index.html vol 4: 1966]; *U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services. ''U.S.-Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967.'' Washington, D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services, 1971, 12 volumes. *Vann, John Paul [http://www.answers.com/topix/john-paul-vann-44k ''Quotes from Answers.com''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429011907/http://www.answers.com/topix/john-paul-vann-44k |date=2011-04-29 }} Lt. Colonel, U.S. Army, DFC, DSC, advisor to the ARVN 7th Division, early critic of the conduct of the war. {{Refend}} [[Kategoria:Gubat ti Bietnam]] [[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo (atiddog)]] soe111h2lliks4y4bsxsf8lzwws26ej 0 16224 406686 406555 2026-08-17T16:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox nagtakem |name = Otto von Bismarck |image = Bundesarchiv Bild 146-2005-0057, Otto von Bismarck.jpg |imagesize = 200px |smallimage = |caption = Ni Otto von Bismarck idi agtawen iti 75, Agosto 1890 |order = Umuna a [[Kansilier ti Alemania|Kansilier ti Imperio nga Aleman]] |term_start = 21 Marso 1871 |term_end = 20 Marso 1890 |monarch = [[William I, Aleman nga Emperador|Wilhelm I]]<br />[[Frederick III, Aleman nga Emperador|Friedrich III]]<br />[[William II, Aleman nga Emperador|Wilhelm II]] |predecessor = Awan (nabangon ti opisina) |successor = [[Leo von Caprivi]] |order2 = Maika-9 a [[Ministro Presidente ti Prusia|Ministro Presidente ti Pagarian ti Prusia]] |term_start2 = 23 Septiembre 1862 |term_end2 = 1 Enero 1873 |monarch2 = Wilhelm I |predecessor2 = [[Prinsipe Adolf zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen|Adolf ti Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]] |successor2 = [[Albrecht von Roon]] |order3 = Maika-11 a Ministro Presidente ti Pagarian ti Prusia |term_start3 = 9 Nobiemre 1873 |term_end3 = 20 Maso 1890 |monarch3 = William I<br>Frederick III<br>William II |predecessor3 = Albrecht von Roon |successor3 = Leo von Caprivi |order4 = [[Kansilier ti Alemania|Pederal a Kansilier ti Kompederasion ti Amianan nga Aleman]] |term_start4 = 1867 |term_end4 = 1871 |president4 = William I |predecessor4 = awan (nabangon ti Kompederasion) |successor4 = Aleman nga Imperio |order5 = Maika-23 a [[Ganganaet a Ministro ti Prusia|Ganganaet a Ministro ti Pagarian ti Prussia]] |term_start5 = 1862 |term_end5 = 1890 |monarch5 = William I<br>Frederick III<br>William II |primeminister5 = |predecessor5 = [[Albrecht von Bernstorff]] |successor5 =Leo von Caprivi |birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1815|4|1|df=y}} |death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|df=yes|1898|7|30|1815|4|1}} |birth_place = [[Schönhausen]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] |death_place = [[Friedrichsruh]], [[Imperio nga Aleman]] |party = Awan |signature = Otto vonBismarck Signature.svg |spouse = [[Johanna von Puttkamer]] }} Ni '''Otto Eduard Leopold, Prinsipe iti Bismarck, Duke iti Lauenburg''' (1 bril 1815 – 30 Hulio 1898), ammo a kas ni '''Otto von Bismarck''', ket maysa idi a konserbatibo nga Aleman nga estadista a nagituray kadagiti Europeano a pannakibiang manipud idi 1860 aginggana ti pannakaikkatna idi 1890. Kalpasan kadagiti ababa a panagballigi ti gubgubat isu ket [[Panagkaykaysa ti Alemania|nagipagkaykaysa kadagiti nadumaduma nga estado]] iti maysa a nabileg nga [[Imperio nga Aleman]] babaen ti Prusiano a panangidaulo, ken nagpartuat ti maysa a "gantingan iti bileg" a nagpreserba ti kappia idiay Europa manipud idi 1871 aginggana idi 1914. A kas ti [[Ministro Presidente ti Prusia|Ministro Presidente]] ti [[Pagarian iti Prusia|Prusia]] idi 1862–90, ni Bismarck ket nanagipaunget ti gubat a nagaramid ti Prusia a nagturay iti Austria ken Pransia, ken nangilinia kadagiti ti likud ti Prusia dagiti babbabassit nga estado ti Aleman. Idi 1867 isu ket nagbalin pay a Kansilier ti [[Kompederasion ti Amianan nga Alemania]]. Ni Bismarck ket nangidaremdem ken nagpartuat ti [[Aleman nga Imperio]] idi 1871, nga isu ti immuna a nagbalin a [[Kansilier ti Alemania|Kanselor]] ken kaaduan a nagtengtengngel kadagiti pannakibiangna aginggana idi inikkat babaen ni Kaiser (Emperador) [[William II, Aleman nga Emperador|William II]] idi 1890. Ti diplomasiana iti [[Realpolitik]] ken ti nabileg a panagturayna ket nakaala kaniana ti parbo a nagan a kas ti "Landok a Kanselor". A kas ti inbaga ni [[Henry Kissinger]], "Ti tao iti 'dara ken landok' nagsurat ti prosa iti naisangsangayan a panakaidagus ken kalawag, a maipadpada ti panakaidumdumana kenni [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] ti panagus-usarna ti pagsasao nga Ingles."{{Sfn | Kissinger | 2011}} Isu ket nagusar ti [[gantingan iti bileg]] a diplomasia tapno agtultuloy nga agkappia ti Europa idi panawen nga 1870 ken panawen nga 1880. Isu ket nagpartuat ti baro a pagilian ken nagiturong ti nanam-ay nga estado. Dina kinayat ti kolonianismo ngem nagmaredmed a nangipatakder ti ballasiw taaw nga imperio idi indemanda dagiti napilpili a tattao ken pamanunotan ti masa. Ni Bismarck, ket maysa a nagraraem a Luterano ket natalek para iti arina, a gaputi daytoy ket nagited kenni Bismarck ti napno a suportana. Bayat a ti baro nga Aleman nga Imperio ket [[unibersal a kalintegan a panagbutos|unibersal a kalintegan a panagbutos ti lallaki]], dagiti nabutosan nga opisial ket awan ti agpayso a panagtengngelda ti gobierno. Ni Bismarck di-nagtaltalek ti demokrasia ken nagturay babaen ti napigsa, nasayaat a nasanay a burokrasia nga adda ti bileg a tinegtengngel ti maysa a [[Junker]] a napili a tattao a nagirepresenta kadagiti naisanglad nga aristokrasia ti daya. Ni Bismarck, ket maysa met laeng nga aristokratiko a Junker, nga isu ket adda ti nakarit unay ken mangiturturay a personalidad. Isu ket nagtagikua ti saan laeng a ti napaut a nailian ken internasional a pannakasirmata, ngem ti pay ababa nga abilidad a naigiddanan a mangsalamangka kadagiti adu a narikut a panagrang-ay. A kas ti daulo a kinunkuna dagiti historiador a kas ti "rebolusionario a konserbatismo"<ref>Isabel V. Hull, ''Dagiti Napili a Kumaduaan ni Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888–1918'' (2004) p. 85</ref> ni Bismarck ket nagbalin a bannuar kadagiti Aleman a nationalista; nagipatakderda kadagiti ginasut a monumento a mangidaydayaw ti ikonko a simbolo ti bnabileg a konserbatibo a dauloan. Dagiti historiador ket dinaydayawda isuna a kas maysa nga estadista timoderasion ken gantingan a nangipatpatuloy ti kapia idiay Europa ken kangrunaan nga akinrebbeng para iti panagkaykaysa ti moderno nga Alenania. ==Nasapa a tawtawen== [[Papeles:Otto von Bismarck, Jugendbildnis im Alter von 22 Jahren.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Ni Bismarck idi agtawen ti 21, 1836]] Ni Bismarck ket naipasngay idi idiay [[Schönhausen]], iti nabaknang nga estado ti pamilia a naisanglad idiay laud ti Berlin idiay Prusiano a [[Probinsia iti Saxony]]. Ti amana, a ni Karl Wilhelm ''Ferdinand'' von Bismarck (Schönhausen, 13 Nobiembre 1771 – 22 Nobiembre1845), ket maysa idi nga agtagtagikua ti estado a Junker ken dati a Prusiano nga opisial ti milisia; ti inana, a ni Wilhelmine Luise Mencken ([[Potsdam]], 24 Pebrero 1789 – Berlin), ti nasayaat nga inadalan nga anak ti nangato nga opisial ti gobierno idiay Berlin. Ti lubong ket nakakita kenni Bismarck a kas maysa a tipiko a Prusiano a Junker —ti maysa apanakailadawan nga isu ket nangawawis babaen ti panagkawwes kadagiti uniporme ti militar. Ni Bismarck ket nasayaat idi a naadalan ken kosmopolitano, a nadatonan para iti panakisinnao. Isu ket natarus ti panagsaritana ti Ingles, Pranses, Italiano, Polako, ken Ruso.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Lowe|title=Prinsipe Bismarck: Ti Naipakasaritaan a Biograpia nga Adda ti Dua a Panakailadawan |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gb_QDH2ACAgC&pg=PA538|year=1886|page=538}}</ref> Ni Bismarck nagadal idiay elementaria a pagadalan ti [[Johann Ernst Plamann]],{{Sfn | Field | 1898 | pp = 603–4}} ken ti sekondaria a pagadalan ti Friedrich-Wilhelm ken [[Graues Kloster]] . Manipud idi 1832 aginggana idi 1833 isu ket nagadal ti linteg idiay [[Unibersidad iti Göttingen]] nga isu idiay ket kameng ti [[Kuerpo Hannovera Göttingen|Kuerpo Hannovera]] sakbay a simmrek idiay [[Unibersidad iti Berlin Humboldt|Unibersidad iti Berlin]] (1833–35). Idiay Göttingen, ni Bismarck ket nakigayyem ti maysa nga Amerikano nga estudiante a ni [[John Lothrop Motley]].Kalpasan daytoy ni Motley ket nagbalin nga eminente a historiador ken dilomatiko, ken maysa kadagiti kaasitgan a gayyem ni Bismarck. Idi 1839 ni Motley ket nagsurat ti maysa a nobela, ti ''Namnama ni Morton, wenno ti Laglagip ti maysa a Probinsial'' a maipanggep ti biag idiay Aleman nga unibersidad nga isu ket nagilanad kenni Bismarck a kas maysa a nadarusodos ken naguapo nga eksentriko, ngem isu pay ket narangkapan unay ken natagirayad nga agtutubo.{{Sfn | Steinberg | 2011 | pp = 39–41}} Nupay nagnamnama ni Bismarck nga agbalin a diplomata, isu ket nangirugi ti praktikal a panagsanayna a kas maysa nga abogado idiay [[Aachen]] ken [[Potsdam]], ken iti nabiit isu ket nagikkat, nga isu ket immuna a nakaidangran ti karerrna baaben ti pnagalan ti saan a naipalubosan a panagbakasion tapno masasurot kadagiti dua nga Inggles a bababai, nga immuna ni Laura Russell, ti kaanakan a babai ti [[Duke iti Cleveland]], kenni Isabella Loraine-Smith, anak a babai ti nabaknang a padi. Isu ket saan a nangasawa ti daytoy a panawen. Isu ket ket nagserbi pay ti maysa atawen idiay buyot ket nagbalin nga opisial iti [[Landwehr]] (reserba), sakbay a nagsubli tapno mangtaripato dagiti estado ti pamiliana idiay Schönhausen idi pimmusay ti inana idi agtawen ti beinte. Idi agtawen ti agarup a tallopulo ni Bismarck ket adda ti nakaro a pannakigayyemna kenni Marie [[von Thadden]], ti kabarbaro nga asawa ti maysa a gayyemna. Babaen ti panagimpluensia ni Marie, ni Bismarck ket nagbalin a [[Pietismo|Pietista]] a Luterano, ken nagisurat kalpasan daytoy ti panawen nga ipupusay ni Marie (manipod ti tipos) isu ket immuna nagkarkararag manipud idi ket ubingpay laeng. Ni Bismarck ket inasawana ti kasinsin a ni Marie', ti nasudi a babai a ni [[Johanna von Puttkamer]] (Reinfeld, 11 Abril 1824 – [[Varzin]], 27 Nobiembre 1894) idiay [[Kołczygłowy|Alt-Kolziglow]] (moderno a Kołczygłowy) idi 28 Hulio 1847. Ti atiddog ken naragsak a panagassawada ket nagpataud ti tallo nga annakda, ni [[Herbert von Bismarck|Herbert]] (b. 1849), [[Wilhelm von Bismarck|Wilhelm]] (b. 1852) ken Marie (b. 1847). Ni Johanna ket managbabain, a nagretretiro ken naraem a relihioso a babai—nupay isu ket naam-ammuan para iti natadem a dilana iti naladaw a biagna—ken iti publiko a biag ni Bismarck, sagpaminsan a kinadkadua babaen ti kabsatna a babai a ni Malwine ("Malle") von Arnim. ==Dagiti nagibasaran== ===Paammo=== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliograpia== ===Biograpiko=== {{refbegin|colwidth=30em}} * {{Citation | last = Crankshaw | first = Edward | title = Bismarck | publisher = The Viking Press | year = 1981}}. * Darmstaedter, Friedrich. '' Ni Bismarck ken ti Panakapartuat ti makadua a Reich'' (2008) * {{Citation | last = Eyck | first = Erich | title = Ni Bismarck ken ti Aleman nga Imperio | year = 1964 | url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/0393002357 }} (pakabuklan ken mabirukan a testo). * {{Citation | last = Feuchtwanger | first = Edgar | title = Bismarck | publisher = Routledge | series = Dagiti Naipakasaritaan a Biograpia | year = 2002 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=108426285 | access-date = 2012-07-17 | archive-date = 2010-04-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100420055859/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o | url-status = dead }}, 276 pp., umuna a pangrugian a puntos. * {{Citation | last = Gall | first = Lothar | title = Bismarck: Ti Puraw a Rebolusionario | year = 1986}}, 2 tom; kangrunaan nga akademiko a panagadal * {{Citation | last = Heuston | first = Kimberley Burton | title = Otto von Bismarck: Landok a Kanselor iti Alemania | publisher = Franklin Watts | year = 2010}}. * {{Citation | last = Hollyday | first = FBM | title = Bismarck | series = Napalpaliiw dagiti Nalatak a Biag | publisher = Prentice-Hall | year = 1970}}. * {{Citation | last = Kent | first = George O | title = Ni Bismarck ken dagiti Panawenna | year = 1978 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7561027 | access-date = 2012-07-17 | archive-date = 2011-09-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110915090752/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7561027 | url-status = dead }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915090752/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=7561027 |date=2011-09-15 }}. * {{Citation | first = Henry A | last = Kissinger | title = Otto von Bismarck, Agturay nga Estadista | newspaper = The New York Times | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/books/review/book-review-bismarck-by-jonathan-steinberg.html?_r=1&nl=books&emc=booksupdateema1 | date = 31 Marso 2011 | type = book review }}. * Lerman, Katharine Anne. ''Bismarck: Bariweswes iti Bileg''. Longman, 2004. {{ISBN|0-582-03740-9}}; 312pp * {{Citation | last = Ludwig | first = Emil | title = Wilhelm Hohenzollern: Dagiti Kinaudi a Kaiser | place = New York | year = 1927a | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ghlSoo9pEUcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Wilhelm+Hohenzollern:+The+last+of+the+Kaisers&hl=en&ei=iuVyT8P8IaWy0AHM7LyOAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CDkQ6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false }}{{Natay a silpo|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, popular. * {{Citation | last = Ludwig | first = Emil | title = Bismarck: Ti Sarita iti maysa a Makilablaban | publisher = Little, Brown | year = 1927b}}, nadayeg. * {{Citation | last = Pflanze | first = Otto | title = Ni Bismarck ken ti Panagrangrang-ay ti Alemania | year = 1971 | origyear = 1963 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=33732682 | volume = I. Ni Bismarck ken ti Panagrangrang-ay ti Alemania: Ti paset ti Panawen iti Panagkaykaysa , 1815–1871 }}; 3 tomo., 1963–90. * {{Citation | last = Pflanze | first = Otto | title = NiBismarck ken ti Aleman a Nationalismo | journal = Amerikano a Naipakasaritaan a Panagrepaso | volume = 60 | number = 3 | date = Abril 1955 | pages = 548–66 | url = http://www.jstor.org/stable/1845577 | publisher = JSTOR }} * {{cite book |last=Steinberg |first=Jonathan |year=2011 |title=Bismarck: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/bismarcklife0000stei_h2q1 |trans-title=Bismarck: Maysa a Biag |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-997539-6 }} * {{Citation | author-link = | last = Stern | first = Fritz | title = Balitok ken Landok: Bismarck, Bleichröder ken ti Panagipatakder ti Aleman nga Imperio | publisher = Penguin | year = 1977}}. * {{Citation | author-link = | last = Taylor | first = AJP | title = Bismarck: ti Lalaki ken ti Estadista | publisher = Alfred A Knopf | place = New York | year = 1969 | url = http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010 | access-date = 2012-07-17 | archive-date = 2011-06-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110624020231/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=14683010 | url-status = dead }}. {{refend}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti kansilier ti Alemania]] [[Kategoria:1815 a pannakaipasngay]] [[Kategoria:1898 nga ipupusay]] [[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]] b2frjv9qm2thxvg80fn9q8muqe2isbn 0 18517 406682 406212 2026-08-17T14:42:56Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406682 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pagtaengan | official_name = Lagos | image_skyline = Lagos Island.jpg | image_caption = Ti horisonte ti Lagos a kas makitkita manipud iti sangladan iti asideg ti Isla Victoria | imagesize = | native_name = | nickname = Lasgidi<ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|title=Maika-18 a Nalilian a Rambakan ti Ay-ayam: Ti Lagos ket nangipakpakita ti Logo, maskot ken website|date=18 Hunio 2012|work=Premium Times|accessdate=2 Oktubre 2012|location=Abuja, Nigera|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027230021/http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/5817-18th-national-sports-festival-lagos-unveils-logo-mascot-and-website.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|title=Eko 2012: Panangibangon ti Pabrika babaen ti Ay-ayam, Articles|date=22 Agosto 2012|work=ThisDay|accessdate=2 Oktubre 2012|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=2013-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112111/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/eko-2012-building-branding-through-sports/122890/ |date=2013-12-24 }}</ref> | image_flag = Lagos State Flag (1967-1970).svg | image_seal = Lagos Seal.png | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map=Nigeria | pushpin_mapsize= | pushpin_map_caption = Ti Lagos a maipakpakita iti kaunegan ti Nigeria | subdivision_type = Pagilian | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Dagiti estado ti Nigeria|Estado]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Estado ti Lagos]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Dagiti Lokal a Lugar ti Gobierno ti Nigeria|LGA]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Isla ti Lagos]]<br />[[Nangruna a daga ti Lagos]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = Oba | leader_name = Rilwan Akiolu | area_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_land_area>Ti Summing ti 16 a pannakaaramid ti Metropolitano a Lagos ti LGA (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Isla ti Lagos, Nangruna a daga ti Lagos, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) segun ti:<br />{{cite web| url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/FGN/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=lagos| title=Dagiti administratibo nga agpang – Estado ti Lagos| author=Ti Kongreso ti Nigeria| accessdate=29 Hunio 2007| archive-date=2005-12-25| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051225234623/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/fgn/administrative/statedetails.asp?state=Lagos| url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_urban_km2 = 999.6 | population_as_of = senso idi 2006, <small>pangyuna</small> | population_footnotes = <ref name=Metropolitan_Lagos_population>Ti Summing ti 16 a pannakaaramid ti Metropolitano a Lagos ti LGA (Agege, Ajeromi-Ifelodun, Alimosho, Amuwo-Odofin, Apapa, Eti-Osa, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ikeja, Kosofe, Isla ti Lagos, Nagruna a daga ti Lagos, Mushin, Ojo, Oshodi-Isolo, Shomolu, Surulere) as per:<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|title=Senso ti Populasion ti 2006|date=Mayo 2007|publisher=Nailian nga Opisina dagiti Estadistika ti Nigeria|accessdate=14 Septiembre 2010|archive-date=2011-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143807/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510135009/http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/nbsapps/Connections/Pop2006.pdf |date=2013-05-10 }}</ref> | population_total = 7,937,932 | population_density_km2 = 7,941 | population_density_sq_mi = 20,170 | population_urban = | population_metro = | population_density_urban_km2 = | population_density_urban_sq_mi = | blank_name_sec1 = [[Pagsurotan ti Panagrangrang-ay ti Nagtagitaoan|HDI]] | blank_info_sec1 = {{increase}} 0.720 (<span style="color:#090">nangato</span>) | blank1_name_sec1 = HDI a ranggo | blank1_info_sec1 = Umuna (2011) | timezone = [[Oras ti Laud nga Aprika|WAT]] (UTC+1) | utc_offset = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|6.455027|3.384082|region:NG|display=inline,title}} | website = [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ lagosstate.gov.ng] | footnotes = }} Ti ''' Lagos''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|eɪ|ɡ|ɒ|s}} {{respell|LAY|gos}})<ref>{{Citation|title=Lagos |edition=Dictionary.com Unabridged |publisher=Random House, Inc. |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Lagos |accessdate=29 Oktubre 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Ti pannakabalikas dagiti nagan ti lugar: ti sangalubongan a diksionario |url=https://archive.org/details/pronunciationofp0000room |first=Adrian |last=Room |page=108 |publisher=McFarland |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7864-2941-7}}</ref><ref name="Olupona">{{cite book|title=Òrìşà a panagraem a kas relihion ti lubong: ti globalisasion ti relihioso a kultura ti Yorùbá |first1=Jacob Obafẹmi Kẹhinde |last1=Olupọna |first2=Terry |last2=Rey |page=132 |publisher=Pagmalditan ti Unibersidad ti ti Wisconsin |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-299-22460-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bZD-1kObnMQC&pg=PA132}}</ref><ref name="Williamsguide">{{cite book|title=Nigeria: Ti Bradt a Pangsurotan ti Panagbaniaga |first=Lizzie |last=Williams |page=110 |publisher=Bradt a Pangsurotan ti Panagbaniaga |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-84162-239-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fwuQ71ZbaOcC&pg=PA110}}</ref> ket maysa a puerto a siudad ken ti kaaduan ti populasion a siudad idiay [[Nigeria]]. Ti opisial a populasion ti Lagos ket naudi a nairehistro idi ti 7,937,932. Ti Lagos ket isu ti maikadua a kapardasan a dumakdakkel a siudad idiay Aprika ken ti maikapito a kapardasan iti lubong.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_growth1.html Dagiti kapardasan a dumakdakkel a siudad ken urbano a luglugar iti lubong manipud idi 2006 aginggana idi 2020], babaen ti CityMayors.com</ref> Ti Lagos ket dati idi a tinataengan babaen dagiti [[Awori a tribu|Awori]] a subgrupo dagiti [[Tattao a Yoruba]]. Babaen ti panangidaulo ti bukodda nga Olofin, dagiti Awori ket immalisda idiay maysa nga isla a tinawtawagan tattan a ti Iddo ken idi manen ti dakdakkel nga [[Isla ti Lagos]]. Idi maika-15 a siglo, dagiti Awori a pagtaengan ket rinaut babaen ti [[Benin nga Imperio]] kalpasan ti pannakiringgorda, ken ti isla ket nagbalin a kampo ti gubat ti Benin a tinawtawagan ti "Eko" babaen ni Oba Orhogba, ti [[Oba ti Benin]] iti dayta a panawen.<ref name="Williamsguide" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Dagiti Pagarian ti Yoruba |first=Robert Sydney |last=Smith |page=73 |edition=3 |publisher=Pagmalditan ti Unibersidad ti Wisconsin|year=1988 |isbn=0-299-11604-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ric6OhxbCS0C&pg=PA73}}</ref> Ti Lagos ket maysa a metropolitano a lugar a nagtaud kadagiti isla a naisina babaen dagiti [[Waig (ugot)|waig]], a kas ti [[Isla ti Lagos]], a kumapkapet ti abagatan a laud a ngarab ti [[Alog Lagos]] bayat a daytoy ket nasalakniban manipud iti Taaw Atlantiko babaen dagiti atiddog a pidaso ti darat a kas ti [[Bar Beach]], ken sumakop daytoy iti sumurok a 100&nbsp;km iti daya ken laud ti ngarab. Manipud idi un-unana, ti Lagos ket nagpadakkel idiay laud ti nangruna a daga ti alog ken ti konorbasion, a mairaman ti [[Ikeja]] ken [[Agege]], a tattan ket makaabot ti ad-adu ngem 40&nbsp;km ti amianan a laud ti Isla ti Lagos. Adda dagiti suburbo ket mairaman ti [[Ikorodu]], [[Epe, Nigeria|Epe]] ken [[Badagry]], ken adda pay dagiti adu a napartuat a lokal a konseho, a mangited ti dagup dagiti lokal a gobierno ti Lagos iti 57. == Pakasaritaan == {{Nangruna|Pakasaritaan ti Lagos}} Ti Lagos ket maysa a kampo ti pannakigubatan para kadagiti kameng ti [[Benin nga Imperio]], a tinawtawaganda ti ''Eko''.<ref name="Olupona" /><ref name="Williamsguide" /> Ti Yoruba ket agus-usar pay laeng ita ti kastoy a nagan ti Eko a mangibaga ti Lagos. Ti kayatna a sawen ti ''Lagos''ket "dandanaw", ken maysa idi a nagan a naited para iti pagtaengan babaen dagiti [[Portuges nga Imperio|Portuges]]. Ti agdama nga aldaw nga estado ti Lagos ket addaan iti nangato a porsiento dagiti Awori, a napan iti daytoy a lugar manipud idiay Isheri idiay igid ti [[karayan Ogun]]. Iti amin a pakasaritaan, daytoy ket pagtaengan ti maysa a nakiginnubgubatan a grupo ti etniko a nagtaeng iti daytoy a lugar. Idi nasapa a pannakataengna, daytoy ket nakakitkita pay dagiti paset ti panawen a panagturay babaen ti Pagarian ti Benin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.edo-nation.net/eko.htm |title=Ti Taudan ti Eko (Lagos) |publisher=Edo Nation |date= |accessdate=2 Hunio 2010}}</ref> Ti Portuges nga eksplorador a ni Rui de Sequeira ket binisitana ti lugar idi 1472, a nangnagan ti lugar a nangpalikmut ti siudad iti ''Lago de Curamo''; a daytoy nga agdama a nagan ket Portuges para iti "danaw". Ti maysa pay a panangipalawag ket ti Lagos ket nainaganan idi para ti [[Lagos, Portugal]] – ti maritimo nga ili nga, iti dayta a panawen, ti kangrunaan idi a sentro ti Portuges a panagbambanniaga kadagiti aplaya ti Aprika, ken ti naganna ket naala manipud iti Latin a balikas ti ''Lacobriga''. Ti Lagos ket pormal idi nga inkapet ti Britaniko a [[Kolonia ti Lagos]] idi 1861. Daytoy ket addaan iti dua a nagbanagan ti pannakarebba ti komersio ti aadipen ken ti pannakabangon ti Britaniko a panagtengngel kadagiti silag ken dadduma pay a negosio.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlantaga.gov/international/sistercity_lagos.aspx|title=Lagos, Nigeria – Komite ti Kabsat a Siudad ti Atlanta|publisher=Opisial a Website para iti Siudad ti Atlanta|accessdate=18 Septiembre 2010|location=Atlanta, Georgia, E.U.|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721032805/http://atlantaga.gov/international/sistercity_lagos.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ti tidda ti moderno nga aldaw a Nigeria ket naagaw idi 1887, ken idi ti Kolonia ken Protektorado ti Nigeria ket nabangon idi 1914, ti Lagos ket nairangarang nga isu ti kapitoliona, a nagtultuloy a kastoy kalpasan ti pannakawaya ti pagilian manipud iti Britania idi 1960. Nairamraman amin nga immay manipud iti amin a lugar ti Nigeria ken dagiti dadduma pay a pagilian ti Laud nga Aprika ket dagiti nagsubsubli a dati a tagabo nga ammo a kas dagiti Kreol, a naggapu manipud idiay [[Freetown]], [[Sierra Leone]], Brasil ken ti [[Laud nga Indio]] a napan idiay Lagos. Dagiti Kreol ket nagparparawad iti pannakapabaro ti Lagos ken dagiti pannakaammoda iti [[Portuges nga arkitektura]] ket makitkita pay laeng kadagiti arkitektura idiay Isla ti Lagos.<ref name="Williamsguide" /> Ti Lagos ket nakasanay ti napardas a panagdakkel kadagiti tawtawtawen ti 1960 ken tawtawen ti 1970 a kas nagbanagan ti ekonomiko a panagrang-ay ti Nigeria sakbay ti [[Sibil a Gubat ti Nigeria]]. Ti Lagos ket isu idi ti kapitolio ti Nigeria manipud idi 1914 aginggana idi 1991.<ref name="Conference">{{cite web|url=http://www.pamro.org/pamro/2008/PAMRO%20LOC%20Welcome%2014Aug08.PPT|title=2008 a Komperensia ti Amin a Panagsukimat ti Midia ti Aprika|page=8|publisher=Pan African Media Research Organisation|accessdate=4 Abril 2012|format=PPT}}{{Natay a silpo|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ti siudad ket naikkat ti kasasaadna idi ti [[Teritorio ti Pederal a Kapitolio, Nigeria|Teritorio ti Pederal a Kapitolio]] ket nabangon para iti panggep a panangipatakder ti siudad ti [[Abuja]]. Idi 14 Nobiembre 1991, ti Presidensia ken dagiti dadduma pay a pamay-an ti pederal a gobierno ket immalisda idiay baro a kapitolio ti siudad ti Abuja.<ref name="Conference" /> == Dagiti paammo ken dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Commons-nailinia}} ;Gobierno * [http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ Opisial a Website ti Gobierno ti Estado ti Lagos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215013033/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/ |date=2008-02-15 }} * [http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ Ukoman a Pangaseraan ti Estado ti Lagos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124234551/http://www.lagosjudiciary.gov.ng/ |date=2005-01-24 }} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} [[Kategoria:Lagos| ]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti dati a kolonia ti Britaniko]] [[Kategoria:Nangruna nga artikulo]] 11xwg6rfq1ym917q8lmb1eaakf00s3l 0 25868 406679 405484 2026-08-17T12:12:24Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{taxobox |image = Echinochloa colona.jpg |regnum = [[Plantae]] |unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]] |unranked_classis = [[Monocots]] |unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]] |ordo = [[Poales]] |familia = [[Poaceae]] |subfamilia = [[Panicoideae]] |genus = ''[[Echinochloa]]'' |species = '''''E. colona''''' |binomial = ''Echinochloa colona'' |binomial_authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]] |synonyms = *''Panicum colonum'' <small>L.</small> *''Echinochloa colonum'' <small>(L.) Link</small> (''[[lapsus]]'') *''Echinochloa equitans'' <small>(Hochst ex A. Rich.) Hubb. ex Troup.</small> *''Echinochloa zonalis'' <small>(Guss.) Parl.</small> *''Milium colonum'' <small>(L.) Moench</small> *''Oplismenus clonus'' <small>(L.) Kunth</small> *''Oplismenus muticus'' <small>Philippi</small> *''Oplismenus repens'' <small>J. Presl</small> *''Panicum equitans'' <small>Hochst. ex A. Rich.</small> *''Panicum incertum'' <small>Bosc ex Steud.</small> *''Panicum musei'' <small>Steud.</small> *''Panicum prorepens'' <small>Steud.</small> *''Panicum zonale'' <small>Guss.</small> }} Ti '''dakkayang''' (wenno '''dakayang''' ken '''dukayang''')<ref>{{cite book |last=Elmer |first=Merril |authorlink=Elmer Drew Merrill|title= Enumerasion ti mulmula nga agsabsabong ti Pilipinas, tom. 1|year=1925 |publisher=Opisina ti Pagmalditan, Manila. |location=Pilipinas |isbn=978-1117720005 |page=62}}</ref> (''Echinochloa colona'') ket maysa a kita ti ruot a nagtaud manipud iti tropikal nga Asia. Daytoy idi ket dati a naidasig a kas maysa a sebbangan ti ''[[Panicum]]''. Daytoy ti naatap a tinaudan iti naimuyongan nga apit ti sereal nga ''[[Echinochloa frumentacea]]'', ti sawa a sabog.<ref name="Hilu">{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1007/BF00939730 | volume = 189 |issue = 3 |pages = 247–257 | last = Hilu |first = Khidir W. | title = Ebidensia manipud kadagiti marka ti RAPD iti ebolusion dagiti sabog ti ''Echinochloa'' (Poaceae) | journal = Sistemika ti Mula ken Ebolusion | year = 1994 }}</ref> Adda met dagiti taksonomo a mangtrato ti taksa a kas agmaymaysa a sebbangan, iti daytoy a kaso dagitinaimuyongan a porma ket mabalin met a tawagan a kas ti ''E. colona''. ==Nakaiwarwarasan== Daytoy a ruot ket adda kadagiti amin a tropikal nga Asia ken Aprika iti taltalon ken igid ti kalkalsada. Naturalisado daytoyen idiay Amianan nga Amerika.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ECCO2 | title = ''Echinochloa colona'' | publisher = Natural Resources Conservation Service; Datos a batayan ti mulmula. USDA | accessdate = 9 Agosto 2013 }}{{Natay a silpo|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Dagiti nagibasaran== {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == *{{commonscat-inline|Echinochloa colona|Dakkayang}} *[http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/junglerice.html ''Echinochloa colona''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305102125/http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/junglerice.html |date=2009-03-05 }} UC Davis IPM. {{Taxonbar|from=Q3338174}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dakkayang}} [[Kategoria:Panicoideae]] i9ijvpv0oezci468vr0n10vog46sjl6 0 30835 406685 351940 2026-08-17T15:50:22Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406685 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox nasalakniban a lugar | name = Nailian a Parke ti Danaw Butig | alt_name = | iucn_category = V | photo = | photo_alt = | photo_caption = | photo_width = | map = Filipinas | relief = 1 | map_alt = | map_caption = | map_width = 280 | location = [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipinas]] | nearest_city = [[Marawi, Lanao del Sur|Marawi]], [[Lanao del Sur]], [[Filipinas]] | coordinates = {{coord|7|59|N|124|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | area = {{pagbaliwen|68|ha||adj=pre|nga}} | established = Mayo 5, 1965 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = [[Departamento ti Enbironmento ken dagiti Masna a Rekurso (Filipinas)|Departamento ti Enbironmento ken dagiti Masna a Rekurso]] | url = }} Ti '''Nailian a Parke ti Danaw Butig''' ket [[Listaan dagiti nasalakniban a lugar ti Filipinas|nasalakniban a lugar]] iti [[Filipinas]] a mabirukan idiay [[Dagiti ili ti Filipinas|ili]] ti [[Butig, Lanao del Sur|Butig]], [[Lanao del Sur]] idiay [[Mindanao|Isla ti Mindanao]]. Ti parke ket sakupenna ti kalawa iti 68 nga ektaria a mangbukel ti Danaw Butig ken ti kaarubayanna a bakir. Daytoy ket nairangarang a nailian a parke idi 1965 babaen ti Republika Tignay Blng. 4190.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chanrobles.com/republicacts/republicactno4190.html |title=Republika Tignay Blng. 4190 |publisher=Chan Robles |accessdate=15 Hunio 2012}}</ref> == Topograpia ken ekolohia == Ti Danaw Butig ket naisanglad idiay akin-abagatan a paset ti Lanao del Sur iti sakaanan ti kabambantayan Butig . Daytoy ket naisangayan a mabirukan idiay Baranggay ti Pindolonan, Butig, Lanao del Sur. Iti 500 a metro a kangato iti pantar ti baybay, ti danaw ket pagawisan dagiti agbisbisita nga agbirbiruk ti panagpariir kadagiti paglanguyan a naaramid gapu ti makapapigsa a klima. Ti kaarrubayanna a bakir ket naamammuan a pangibalayan ti saan a basbassit ngem uppat a sebbangan dagiti billit: dagiti kalaw, dagiti loro, dagiti tukkatok ken dagiti naatap a pato. Dagiti dadduma pay a fauna ket mairaman dagiti sunggo ti Filipinas, ugsa ti Filipinas ken dagiti naatap a baboy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=0&sobi2Id=313&Itemid=56 |title=Dagiti Ili ken dagiti Siudad – Butig |publisher=Biyahero.net |accessdate=15 Hunio 2012 |archive-date=2014-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194721/http://biyahero.net/index.php?option=com_sobi2&sobi2Task=sobi2Details&catid=0&sobi2Id=313&Itemid=56 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dagiti bantay [[Bantay Makaturing]] ken [[Latukan]] ket mangporma ti natural a likudan ti danaw. Daytoy ket mabalin a maabot babaen ti mangpalikmut a kalsada ti [[Danaw Lanao]] manipud idiay [[Marawi, Lanao del Sur|Marawi]], iti kaadayo a panagbiahe iti 30 a kilometro. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Kitaen pay == *[[Listaan dagiti nailian a parke ti Filipinas]] {{Dagiti nailian a parke ti Filipinas}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Butig, Danaw}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti nailian a parke ti Filipinas]] [[Kategoria:Lanao del Sur]] {{Filipinas-heograpia-pungol}} tghnon1cqf7h6cu46ay37l3umfwbb9o 0 32686 406688 399188 2026-08-17T16:54:22Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pagsasao |name=Islandes |nativename=''íslenska'' |pronunciation=[is(t)lɛnska] |states=[[Islandia]] |speakers=330,000 |date=2013 |ref=<ref>[http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1390 97% ti populasion iti 325,000 + 15,000 a patneng nga Islandes nga agsasao iti ruar ti Islandia]</ref> |familycolor=Indo-Europeano |fam2=[[Sasao a Hermaniko|Hermaniko]] |fam3=[[Sasao nga Amianan a Hermaniko|Amianan a Hermaniko]] |fam4=Laud nga Eskandinabia |script=[[Latin a sinuratan|Latin]] ([[Islandes nga abesedario]])<br>[[Islandes a Braille]] |nation={{ISL|Islandia}} |agency=[[Árni Magnússon nga Instituto para kadagiti Islandes a Panagadal]] iti maysa a panagbalakad a kapasidad |iso1=is |iso2t=isl |iso2b=ice |iso3=isl |lingua=52-AAA-aa |notice=IPA }} Ti '''Islandes''' ({{Audio|Is-Íslenska.oga|''íslenska''}}) ket [[Sasao nga Amianan a Hermaniko|Amianan a Hermaniko a pagsasao]], ken isu ti pagsasao ti [[Islandia]]. Daytoy ket maysa nga [[Sasao nga Indo-Europeano|Indo-Europeano a pagsasao]] a tagikua ti Amianan a Hermaniko wenno [[Sasao nga Amianan a Hermaniko|Nordiko]] a sanga dagiti [[sassao a Hermaniko]]. Daytoy ket historikal nga isu daytoy idi ti kalaudan a [[sasao nga Indo-Europeano]] sakbay ti [[Europeano a kolonisasion ti Kaamerikaan|kolonisasion ti Kaamerikaan]]. Ti Islandes, [[pagsasao a Peroes|Peroes]], [[pagsasao a Norn|Norn]], ken [[Pagsasao a Norwego|Norwego]] ket dati idi a nangbukel ti ''Laud a Nordiko''; ti [[Pagsasao a Danes|Danes]] ken [[Pagsasao a Sueko|Sueko]] ket nangbukel ti ''Daya a Nordiko''. Ti Norwego a [[Bokmål]] ket kanungpalan a nagbalin a naimpluensiaan babaen ti kadagiti naudi a dua a pagsasao, a nakaiturongan dagiti Nordiko a pagsasao iti pannakabingbingayda itan kadagiti sasao ti nangruna a daga ti Eskandinabia ken ''Insular a Nordiko'' (mairaman ti Islandes). == Dagiti nagibasaran== {{Reflist}} == Bibliograpia == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite conference | first=Kristján | last=Árnason | authorlink = |author2=Sigrún Helgadóttir | title = Terminology and Icelandic Language Policy | book-title = Behovet och nyttan av terminologiskt arbete på 90-talet. Nordterm 5. Nordterm-symposium | pages = 7–21 | year = 1991}} * {{Cite journal | author=Halldórsson, Halldór| title=Icelandic Purism and its History | journal=Word | year=1979 | volume=30 | pages=76–86}} * {{Citation|last=Kress|first=Bruno|year=1982|title=Isländische Grammatik|publisher=VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie Leipzig}} * {{Cite book |author1=Kvaran, Guðrún |author2=Höskuldur Þráinsson |author3=Kristján Árnason | year=2005 | title=Íslensk tunga I–III | publisher=Reykjavík: Almenna bókafélagið | isbn=9979-2-1900-9 | oclc= 71365446|display-authors=etal}} * {{Cite journal | title=Quantity in Modern Icelandic | journal=Arkiv för Nordisk Filologi | year=1977 | volume=92 | pages=155–71 |last=Orešnik |first=Janez |author2=Magnús Pétursson |authorlink1=}} * {{citation |last=Pétursson |first=Magnus |year=1971 |title=Étude de la réalisation des consonnes islandaises þ, ð, s, dans la prononciation d'un sujet islandais à partir de la radiocinématographie |trans-title=Study on the realisation of the Icelandic consonants þ, ð, s, in the pronunciation of an Icelandic subject from radiocinematography |journal=Phonetica |volume=33 |pages=203–216|doi=10.1159/000259344 |s2cid=145316121 |url=http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/259344}} * {{Cite book | first=Eiríkur | last=Rögnvaldsson | year=1993 | title=Íslensk hljóðkerfisfræði |trans-title=Icelandic phonology | publisher=Reykjavík: Málvísindastofnun Háskóla Íslands | isbn=9979-853-14-X}} * {{Cite book | first=Daniel | last=Scholten | year=2000 | title=Einführung in die isländische Grammatik | location=Munich | publisher=Philyra Verlag | isbn=3-935267-00-2 | oclc=76178278}} * {{Cite book | first=Lars S. | last=Vikør | year=1993 | title=The Nordic Languages. Their Status and Interrelations | publisher=Oslo: Novus Press | pages=55–59, 168–169, 209–214}} {{refend}} == Adu pay a mabasbasa == * ''Icelandic: Grammar, Text and Glossary'' (1945; 2000) babaen ni Stefán Einarsson. Pagmalditan ti Unibersidad ti Johns Hopkins, {{ISBN|9780801863578}}. == Dagiti silpo ti ruar== {{InterWiki}} * [http://www.iceland.is/the-big-picture/people-society/language/ Ti Pagsasao nga Islandes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703170956/http://www.iceland.is/the-big-picture/people-society/language/ |date=2014-07-03 }} * [http://learn101.org/icelandic.php Gramatika nga Islandes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625110753/http://learn101.org/icelandic.php |date=2014-06-25 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Islandes}} [[Kategoria:Pagsasao nga Islandes| ]] {{pagsasao-pungol}} bnjc1f60i0ats2y2e810b9jqbhn5noz 0 45042 406691 319707 2026-08-17T19:17:47Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tao | background = aktor | name = Wallace Beery | image = Wallace Beery-publicity.JPG | imagesize = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1885|04|01}} | birth_place = [[Clay County, Missouri]], Estados Unidos | death_date = {{death date and age|1949|04|15|1885|04|01}} | death_place = [[Beverly Hills, California]], Estados Unidos | death_cause = [[Atake ti puso]] | birth_name = Wallace Fitzgerald Beery | occupation = Aktor, kumakanta, direktor | years_active = 1913–1949 | spouse = [[Gloria Swanson]] (pannakiasawa 1916–1919; diborsio)<br />Rita Gilman (pannakiasawa 1924–1939; diborsio) 1 nga anak | children = Carol Ann (ampon) }} Ni '''Wallace Fitzgerald Beery''' (Abril 1, 1885 – Abril 15, 1949) ket maysa idi nga Amerikano nga aktor ti pelikula.<ref>Obituary ''Variety'', Abril 20, 1949.</ref> Isu ket kaaduan nga ammo para iti panangipapelna a kas ni Bill iti ''[[Min and Bill]]'' a kaduana ni [[Marie Dressler]], a kas ni [[Long John Silver]] iti ''[[Treasure Island (pelikula ti 1934)|Treasure Island]]'', a kas ni [[Pancho Villa]] iti ''[[Viva Villa!]]'', ken iti tiutlar a papelna iti ''[[The Champ (pelikula ti 1931)|The Champ]]'', nga isu ti nagabakanna ti [[Kalaingan nga Aktor (Oscar)|Kalaingan nga Aktor]]. Nagparang ni Beery kadagiti agarup a 250 a sine iti las-ud ti 36 a tawen a karerna. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Adu pay a mabasbasa == *Wise, James. ''Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services''. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. {{ISBN|1-55750-937-9}} {{OCLC|36824724}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Commonscat-inline}} *{{IMDb name|891}} *[http://www.allmovie.com/artist/wallace-beery-p4986 AllMovie.com/ biograpia] *{{IBDB name|31498}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130124053113/http://home.hiwaay.net/~oliver/gsmarriages.htm Pannakiasawa da Wallace Beery ken Gloria Swanson] *[http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=906 Dagiti ladawan ni Wallace Beery] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214105445/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=906 |date=2009-02-14 }} {{Kalaingan nga Aktor Gunguna ti Akademia}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{aktor-pungol}} {{Kabibiag|KATEGORIA|Beery, Wallace}} albvfv6yyvt47xmgg3jr18vr7n0eczj 0 45045 406690 320952 2026-08-17T19:15:39Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tao | background = aktor | name = Victor McLaglen | image =Victor McLaglen in Sea Devils trailer.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Ni Victor McLaglen idi 1937 | birth_date = {{Petsa ti pannakaipasngay|1886|12|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Stepney]], [[Daya a Londres]], Inglatera | death_date = {{Petsa ti ipupusay ken tawen|1959|11|07|1886|12|10|df=y}} | death_place = [[Newport Beach, California]], Estados Unidos | birth_name = Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen | occupation = Aktor | years_active = 1920–1958 | spouse = Enid Lamont (1919–1942) (aginggana idi pimmusay ni Lamont)<br />Suzanne M. Brueggeman (1943–1948)<br />Margaret Pumphrey (1948–1959) (aginggana idi pimmusay ni McLaglen)}} Ni '''Victor Andrew de Bier Everleigh McLaglen''' (10 Disiembre 1886 – 7 Nobiembre 1959) ket maysa idi nga Ingles a boksingero ken beterano ti [[Umuna a Sangalubongan a Gubat]] a nagbalin a nagballigi a kas aktor ti pelikula.<ref name="WVobit">Obituary ''Variety'', 11 Nobiembre 1959, page 79.</ref> Isu ket ammo idi a kas aktor ti karakter, a naisangayan kadagiti pelikula ti Western, ken nagaramid kadagiti pito a pelikula a kaduana da [[John Ford]] ken [[John Wayne]]. Ni McLaglen ket nagabak ti [[Kalaingan nga Aktor (Oscar)|Kalaingan nga Aktor]] idi 1935 para iti papelna iti ''[[The Informer]]''. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Commonscat-inline}} *{{IMDb name|0572142}} *[http://www.cyberboxingzone.com/boxing/mclaglen.htm Rekord ni McLaglen iti Cyber Boxing Zone] *[http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=879 Dagiti ladawan ni Victor McLaglen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214001413/http://film.virtual-history.com/person.php?personid=879 |date=2009-02-14 }} {{Kalaingan nga Aktor Gunguna ti Akademia}} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{Aktor-pungol}} {{Kabibiag|KATEGORIA|McLaglen, Victor}} f1zngg4deeqset87to967j8m53ainq6 0 45442 406683 404282 2026-08-17T15:01:55Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406683 wikitext text/x-wiki Daytoy ket ti '''listaan dagiti pagilian ti [[Asia]] ken agkamkammatalek a terteritorio babaen ti populasion''', a naurnos babaen dagiti normalisado a proyeksion ti demograpia idi tengnga ti tawen ti 2015. == Tabla == {| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align: right" !Ranggo!!Pagilian<br>wenno agkamkammatalek a teritorio)!!Proyeksion<br>Hulio 1, 2015<ref>Nakarkulo, no magun-od, manipud kadagiti kinaudi a senso wenno kadagiti kinaudi nga opisial a karkulo (adu kadagitoy ket nadakamat iti bukodda a batong), a nausar ti [[eksponensial nga annong|eksponensial]] a pormula a naipakita iti artikulo ti [[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti napalabas ken masakbayan a populasion]]. Naaramid daytoy tapno manormalisado dagiti nadumaduma a populasion iti naisangayan a petsa, tapno isuda ketpudno a maiyasping.</ref>!!% of<br>pop.!!Natimbeng<br>a relatibo<br>a tinawen<br>nga iya-adu<br>(%)<ref>Daytoy ket maitunos iti sumaganad a pormula: proyeksion<SUB>2015</SUB>/proyeksion<SUB>2014</SUB>x100-100.</ref>!!Natimbeng<br>nga absoluto<br>a tinawen<br>nga iya-adu<br><ref>Daytoy ket maitunos iti karkulo: proyeksion<SUB>2015</SUB>*annual_growth/100.</ref>!!Nakarkulo<br>a panagdoble<br>ti panawen<br>(Tawtawen)<ref>Daytoy ket maitunos iti sumaganad a pormula: LN(2)/LN(iya-adu100+1), nga agpataud iti agpada a resulta a kas LOG<SUB>10</SUB>(2)/LOG<SUB>10</SUB>(growth/100+1).</ref>!!Opisial<br>pigura<br>(no<br>magun-od)!!Petsa<br>naudi a pugura!!Taudan |- |1||align=left|{{CHN}}||1,370,793,000||31.35||0.49||6,730,000||141||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 136072+1.8243*{{Age in days|2013|12|31}} round 0}}0000}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://data.stats.gov.cn/english Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] |- |2||align=left|{{IND}}||1,299,499,000||29.72||1.64||20,998,000||43||1,210,854,977||Marso 1, 2011||align=left|[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/00%20A%202-India.xls Kaudian a resulta ti senso ti 2011] |- |3||align=left|{{IDN}}||255,462,000||5.84||1.41||3,549,000||50||255,461,700||2015||align=left|[http://www.bps.go.id/linkTabelStatis/view/id/1274 Opisial a karkulo] |- |4||align=left|{{PAK}}||191,785,000||4.39||2.00||3,765,000||35||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 192000+9.215*{{Age in days|2015|11|21}} round 0}}000}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.pwd.punjab.gov.pk Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502230956/https://pwd.punjab.gov.pk/ |date=2019-05-02 }} |- |5||align=left|{{BAN}}||158,762,000||3.63||1.37||2,139,000||51||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 149772.364+5.762*{{Age in days|2011|3|15}} round 0}}000}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904045106/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/Home.aspx |date=2011-09-04 }} |- |6||align=left|{{RUS}}<ref>Ti proyeksion ti demograpia ti tengnga ti 2015 ket mailaksid ti naisuppiatan a teritorio ti [[Republika ti Crimea]] ken ti siudad ti [[Sevastopol]] (ti makunkuna a [[Pederal a Distrito ti Crimea]]), urayno ti opisial a karkulo ti [[Rusia]] iramanna isuda a dua.</ref>||144,031,000||3.19||0.19||278,000||368||146,544,710||Enero 1, 2016||align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/Popul2016.xls Tinawen nga opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127103545/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/popul2016.xls |date=2016-01-27 }} |- |7||align=left|{{JPN}}||126,891,000||2.81||-0.01||-12,000||-||126,890,000||Nobiembre 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] |- |8||align=left|{{PHI}}||102,965,000||2.28||2.13||2,147,000||33||102,965,300||2015||align=left|[http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popnProj.asp Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113143425/http://www.nscb.gov.ph/secstat/d_popnProj.asp |date=2015-11-13 }} |- |9||align=left|{{VNM}}||91,812,000||2.03||1.16||1,057,000||60||90,493,352||Abril 1, 2014||align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=507&ItemID=16141 Opisial a karkulo] |- |10||align=left|{{IRN}}||78,778,000||1.74||1.29||1,001,000||54||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 75149.669+2.464*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}} round 0}}000}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] |- |11||align=left|{{TUR}}||78,214,000||1.73||1.34||1,035,000||52||77,695,904||Disiembre 31, 2014||align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do Opisial a karkulo] |- |12||align=left|{{THA}}||68,387,000||1.51||0.76||517,000||91||65,926,261||Septiembre 1, 2010||align=left|[http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm Resulta ti senso ti 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201333/http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |13||align=left|{{MYA}}||52,280,000||1.16||1.22||632,000||57||51,486,253||Marso 29, 2014||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Myanmar-Cities.html Resulta ti senso ti 2014] |- |14||align=left|{{KOR}}||50,617,000||1.12||0.38||193,000||181||50,617,045||2015||align=left|[http://kosis.kr/eng Opisial a karkulo] |- |15||align=left|{{IRQ}}||36,575,000||0.81||2.90||1,030,000||24||36,575,000||2015||align=left|[http://cosit.gov.iq/images%5Cpublications%5Ciraqnums.pdf Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517220411/http://cosit.gov.iq/images%5Cpublications%5Ciraqnums.pdf |date=2016-05-17 }} |- |16||align=left|{{SAU}}||31,521,000||0.70||2.44||751,000||29||31,521,418||2015||align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/pdf/PopulationEstimates2010-2025-admareas.pdf Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509155043/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/ar/indicators/1 |date=2016-05-09 }} |- |17||align=left|{{UZB}}||31,283,000||0.69||1.70||523,000||41||31,022,500||Enero 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Uzbekistan.html Opisial a karkulo] |- |18||align=left|{{MAS}}||31,032,000||0.69||1.84||561,000||38||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 28334.135+1.436*{{Age in days|2010|7|6}} round 0}}000}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321161002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/ |date=2012-03-21 }} |- |19||align=left|{{NPL}}||28,038,000||0.62||1.42||392,000||49||28,037,904||2015||align=left|[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Population-Projection-2011-2031.pdf Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425141819/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Population-Projection-2011-2031.pdf |date=2015-04-25 }} |- |20||align=left|{{AFG}}||26,849,000||0.59||1.87||494,000||37||27,101,365||Enero 1, 2016||align=left|[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan.aspx Opisial a karkulo] |- |21||align=left|{{YEM}}||26,745,000||0.59||2.95||766,000||24||24,527,000||Hulio 1, 2012||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Yemen.html Opisial a karkulo] |- |22||align=left|{{PRK}}||25,863,000||0.57||1.08||277,000||64||24,052,231||Oktubre 1, 2008||align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf Kaudiana resulta ti senso ti 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331091148/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf |date=2010-03-31 }} |- |23||align=left|{{TWN}}<ref>Ti isla ti [[Taiwan]] wennoti makunkuna a [[Republika ti Tsina]] (ROC), nga isun ket ''[[de facto]]'' a nawaya manipud idi 1949 ket ti [[Politikal a kasasaad ti Taiwan|sangkapaset a mabigbigan]], ket tinunton babaen ti Komunista a [[Republika ti Tattao ti Tsina]] (PRC) a kas maysa kadagit iprobinsiana.</ref>||23,455,000||0.52||0.35||81,000||200||23,476,640||Oktubre 31, 2015||align=left|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |24||align=left|{{SYR}}||23,270,000||0.52||2.45||557,000||29||21,377,000||Disiembre 31, 2011||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html Opisial a karkulo] |- |25||align=left|{{SRI}}||20,869,000||0.46||0.94||194,000||74||20,771,000||Hulio 1, 2014||align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20district.pdf Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604210342/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/VitalStatistics/MidYearPopulation/Mid-year%20population%20by%20district.pdf |date=2019-06-04 }} |- |26||align=left|{{KAZ}}||17,541,000||0.39||1.45||250,000||48||17,608,200||Oktubre 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/homePage;jsessionid=G5JpVCcKynkT2nllTQWRY8Q7TWp9pJtX9ppcLT5QbgFMLJgkRTvq!843276735?_afrLoop=6512168744609926#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D6512168744609926%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D1dqq3zx3a9_4 Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803180146/http://www.stat.gov.kz/faces/homePage;jsessionid=G5JpVCcKynkT2nllTQWRY8Q7TWp9pJtX9ppcLT5QbgFMLJgkRTvq!843276735?_afrLoop=6512168744609926#%40%3F_afrLoop%3D6512168744609926%26_adf.ctrl-state%3D1dqq3zx3a9_4 |date=2016-08-03 }} |- |27||align=left|{{KHM}}||15,040,000||0.33||1.59||236,000||44||13,395,682||Marso 3, 2008||align=left|[http://www.nis.gov.kh Kaudian a resulta ti senso ti 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227230811/http://www.nis.gov.kh/ |date=2011-02-27 }} |- |28||align=left|{{AZE}}||9,651,000||0.21||1.23||117,000||57||9,593,000||Enero 1, 2015||align=left|[http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=2690 Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322184514/http://stat.gov.az/news/?id=2690 |date=2016-03-22 }} |- |29||align=left|{{UAE}}||8,933,000||0.20||1.57||138,000||45||8,264,070||2010||align=left|[http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf |date=2013-10-08 }} |- |30||align=left|{{TJK}}||8,451,000||0.19||2.35||194,000||30||8,354,000||Enero 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |31||align=left|{{ISR}}||8,372,000||0.19||1.89||155,000||37||8,436,600||Oktubre 31, 2015||align=left|[http://cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915102003/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/?MIval=cw_usr_view_Folder&ID=141 |date=2018-09-15 }} |- |32||align=left|{{HKG}} ([[Tsina]])<ref>Espesial a Rehion Administratibo (SAR) Dati a kolonia ti [[Nagkaykaysa a Pagarian|Britania]], naisubli iti turay ti Tsina idi Hulio 1, 1997.</ref>||7,299,000||0.16||0.90||65,000||77||7,298,600||Hulio 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/so20.jsp Opisial a karkulo] |- |33||align=left|{{JOR}}||6,837,000||0.15||2.75||183,000||26||6,388,000||2012||align=left|[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/Demograghy/pop_estimates.htm Opisial a karkulo] |- |34||align=left|{{LAO}}||6,802,000||0.15||1.63||109,000||43||6,492,400||Marso 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.lsb.gov.la/ Preliminario a resulta ti senso ti 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318122158/https://www.lsb.gov.la/ |date=2020-03-18 }} |- |35||align=left|{{KGZ}}||5,943,000||0.13||1.64||96,000||43||5,895,100||Enero 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kyrgyzstan.html Opisial a karkulo] |- |36||align=left|{{SIN}}||5,541,000||0.12||1.30||71,000||54||5,535,000||Hulio 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#14 Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129094649/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/latest-data#14 |date=2015-11-29 }} |- |37||align=left|{{TKM}}||4,902,000||0.11||1.24||60,000||56||4,751,120||Disiembre 26, 2012||align=left|[http://www.chrono-tm.org/2015/02/rezultatyi-perepisi-naseleniya-v-turkmenistane Resulta ti senso ti 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503173743/http://www.chrono-tm.org/2015/02/rezultatyi-perepisi-naseleniya-v-turkmenistane/ |date=2016-05-03 }} |- |38||align=left|{{PSE}}<ref>Daytoy ket buklen ti [[Gaza Strip]] ken ti [[West Bank]], naisinada babaen ti maysa a koridor ti daga ti [[Israel]].</ref>||4,683,000||0.10||2.92||133,000||24||4,550,368||2014||align=left|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |39||align=left|{{LBN}}||4,288,000||0.09||1.78||75,000||39||4,965,846||Disiembre 31, 2013||align=left|[http://www.cipopulation.de/Lebanon-Cities.html Opisial a karkulo]{{Natay a silpo|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |40||align=left|{{OMN}}||4,181,000||0.09||5.13||204,000||14||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 40940.28+2.32*{{Age in days|2015|1|1}} round 0}}00}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/Pages/NCSI.aspx Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009234648/https://www.ncsi.gov.om/Pages/NCSI.aspx |date=2016-10-09 }} |- |41||align=left|{{KWT}}||4,161,000||0.09||3.00||121,000||23||4,183,658||Hunio 30, 2015||align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait-Cities.html Opisial a karkulo] |- |42||align=left|{{GEO}}||3,730,000||0.08||0.03||1,000||2,585||3,729,500||Enero 1, 2015||align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Opisial a karkulo] |- |43||align=left|{{MNG}}||3,029,000||0.07||2.19||65,000||32||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 30000+1.39*{{Age in days|2014|11|4}} round 0}}00}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://en.nso.mn Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] |- |44||align=left|{{ARM}}||3,005,000||0.07||-0.03||-1,000||-||3,004,000||Septiembre 30, 2015||align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=19001&submit=Search Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] |- |45||align=left|{{QAT}}||2,113,000||0.05||4.29||87,000||16||2,412,483||Oktubre 31, 2015||align=left|[http://www.mdps.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/statistics_en/monthly_preliminary_figures_on_population_en Binulan nga opisial a karkulo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118202257/http://www.mdps.gov.qa/portal/page/portal/gsdp_en/statistics_en/monthly_preliminary_figures_on_population_en |date=2015-11-18 }} |- |46||align=left|{{BHR}}||1,781,000||0.04||7.35||122,000||10||1,234,571||Abril 27, 2010||align=left|[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |47||align=left|{{TLS}}||1,245,000||0.03||2.72||33,000||26||1,167,242||Hulio 11, 2015||align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1-Preliminary-Results-4-Printing-Company-19102015.pdf Preliminari a resulta ti senso ti 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225112143/http://www.statistics.gov.tl/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/1-Preliminary-Results-4-Printing-Company-19102015.pdf |date=2021-02-25 }} |- |48||align=left|{{BTN}}||760,000||0.02||1.74||13,000||40||{{formatnum: {{#expr: 75000+3.9*{{Age in days|2014|8|10}} round 0}}0}}||{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}||align=left|[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=4 Opisial a pagorasan ti populasion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319084148/http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=4 |date=2016-03-19 }} |- |49||align=left|{{MAC}} ([[Tsina]])<ref>Espesial a Rehion Administratibo (SAR) Dati a kolonia ti [[Portugal]], naisubli it ituray ti Tsina idi Disiembre 20, 1999.</ref>||641,000||0.01||3.89||24,000||18||643,100||Septiembre 2015||align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Home.aspx?lang=pt-PT Opisial a karkulo] |- |50||align=left|{{BRU}}||421,000||0.01||1.69||7,000||41||393,372||Hunio 20, 2011||align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2014/Table06.pdf Preliminario a resulta ti senso ti 2011] |- |51||align=left|{{MDV}}||345,000||0.01||1.47||5,000||47||344,023||Septiembre 20, 2014||align=left|[http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/nbs/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Census-Summary-Tables1.pdf Preliminario a resulta ti senso ti 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222115837/http://statisticsmaldives.gov.mv/nbs/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Census-Summary-Tables1.pdf |date=2018-12-22 }} |- |||align=left|'''Dagupl'''||'''4,516,317,000'''||'''100.00'''||'''1.16'''||'''52,210,000'''||'''58'''|| |} {{Pie chart | caption= Populasion ti Asia babaen ti pagilian (8 a kaaduan). | dadduma = yes | label1 = Tsina | value1 = 31.35 | color1=#36A | label2 = India | value2 = 29.72 | color2=#1A9 | label3 = Indonesia | value3 = 5.84 | color3=#6A5 | label4 = Pakistan | value4 = 4.39 | color4=#CC5 | label5 = Banglades | value5 = 3.63 | color5=#928 | label6 = Rusia | value6 = 3.19 | color8=#FE3 | label7 = Hapon | value7 = 2.81 | color6=#E33 | label8 = Filipinas | value8 = 2.28 | color7=#E72 }} == Kitaen pay == *[[Listaan dagiti pagilian babaen ti populasion]] == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} [[Kategoria:Dagiti pagilian idiay Asia]] [[Kategoria:Demograpia ti Asia|*]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti listaan babaen ti populasion|CPagpagilian, Asia]] pjxkb8jkl6j5n3y9ksqhoekb2ffy812 0 49044 406680 397281 2026-08-17T12:39:56Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406680 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox is-isla | name = Espiritu Santo | sobriquet = Santo | image_name = | image_caption = Mapa ti Espiritu Santo | map_image = Vanuatu - Espiritu Santo.PNG | native_name = | native_name_link = | location = [[Probinsia ti Sanma]], Vanuatu | coordinates = {{coord|15|15|S|166|50|E|region:VU_type:isle_scale:1000000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = [[Baro a Hebridas]] | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 3955.5 | highest_mount = [[Bantay Tabwemasana]] | elevation_m = 1879 | country = [[Vanuatu]] | country_admin_divisions_title = [[Dagiti probinsia ti Vanuatu|Probinsia]] | country_admin_divisions = [[Probinsia ti Sanma|Sanma]] | country_largest_city = [[Luganville]] | country_largest_city_population = 10,738 | population = 39,606 | population_as_of = 2009 | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups = [[Ni-Vanuatu]] }} Ti '''Espiritu Santo'''<ref>Manipud iti Espaniol: ''Espíritu Santo,'' "[[Nasantuan nga Espiritu]]", kadawyan a tinawtawagan a kas Santo.</ref> ket ti kadakkelan nga isla iti pagilian ti [[Vanuatu]], nga addaan iti kalawa iti {{pagbaliwen|3955.5|km2|abbr=on}} ken ti populasion iti agarup a 40,000 segun ti senso idi 2009.<ref>[http://www.governmentofvanuatu.gov.vu/index.php/publicationdocuments/vanuatu-statistics 2009 Census Summary release final] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221233814/http://www.governmentofvanuatu.gov.vu/index.php/publicationdocuments/vanuatu-statistics |date=2013-12-21 }} – Government of Vanuatu</ref> Daytoy ket maitagikua iti [[purpuro]] ti [[Baro a Hebridas]] iti rehion ti Pasipiko ti [[Melanesia]]. Daytoy ket adda iti [[Probinsia ti Sanma]] ti Vanuatu. Ti ili ti [[Luganville]], iti abagatan a daya nga aplaya ti Espiritu Santo, ket ti maikadua a kadakkelan a pagtaengan ti Vanuatu ken isu ti probinsial a kapitoliona. Dagiti kalsada ket mapan iti amianan ken laud manipud iti Luganville ngem kaaduan ti isla ket adayo manipud iti limitado a network ti kalsada. Ti kangatuan a pantok ti Vanuatu ket ti 1879&nbsp;a metro (6165&nbsp;foot) a [[Bantay Tabwemasana]] iti laud-tengnga nga Espiritu Santo. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == * [http://www.espiritusantotourism.com/index.html Turismo ti Espirtu Santo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305070251/http://www.espiritusantotourism.com/index.html |date=2010-03-05 }} {{Kontrol ti autoridad}} {{Heograpia-pungol}} [[Kategoria:Is-isla ti Vanuatu]] jqnce8bfl93ug2lja24st3tvqryz7t7 0 49997 406687 363272 2026-08-17T16:25:12Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox pagsasao |name=Mnong |states=[[Bietnam]], [[Cambodia]] |region=Iti amin a paset ti rehion ti [[Tây Nguyên]], naipangpangruna idiay [[Probinsia ti Đắk Lắk|Đắk Lắk]], [[Probinsia ti Lâm Đồng|Lâm Đồng]], [[Probinsia ti Đắk Nông|Đắk Nông]] ken [[Probinsia ti Bình Phước|Bình Phước]] provinces; [[Mondulkiri]] idiay [[Cambodia]] |speakers={{sigfig|134,200|2}} |date=2002–2008 |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austroasiatiko |fam2=[[Sasao a Bahnariko|Bahnariko]] |fam3=Abagatan a Bahnariko |fam4=Sre–Mnong |lc1=cmo|ld1=Tengnga a Mnong |lc2=mng|ld2=Akindaya a Mnong |lc3=mnn|ld3=Akin-abagatan a Mnong |lc4=rka|ld4=Kraol |glotto=mnon1259 |glottorefname=Mnong }} Ti '''pagsasao a Mnong''' (ammo pay a kas '''Pnong''' wenno '''Bunong''') ket maitagikua iti pamilia ti pagsasao a [[Sasao a Mon–Khmer|Mon–Khmer]]. Daytoy ket insasao babaen dagiti nadumaduma a grupo ti [[Tattao a Mnong|Mnong]] idiay [[Bietnam]] ken ti maysa a grupo ti Mnong idiay [[Cambodia]]. == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} == Adu pay a mabasbasa == {{refbegin}} * Blood, Henry Florentine. ''A Reconstruction of Proto-Mnong''. Waxhaw, N.C.: Wycliffe-JAARS Print Shop, 1968. * Nguyễn Kiên Trường & Trương Anh. 2009. ''Từ Điển Việt – M'Nông''. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Từ Điển Bách Khoa. {{refend}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == *[http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Mnong Mnong iti www.peoplesoftheworld.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026075937/http://peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Mnong |date=2020-10-26 }} {{Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam}} {{Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia}} {{Sasao nga Austroasiatiko}} {{Austroasiatiko-pagsasao-pungol}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mnong}} [[Kategoria:Sasao a Bahnariko]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Bietnam]] [[Kategoria:Dagiti pagsasao ti Cambodia]] kttd8sycwtxvy74l578lx5jt3g3aegp 0 57379 406694 405951 2026-08-18T07:40:47Z Ziv 18486 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Aglaiaodorata1web.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 030807-0095 Aglaia odorata.jpg]] → File replacement: changing the name of a duplicate file ([[c:c:GR]]) 406694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{automatic taxobox | name = Pamilia ti kaoba | image = Chinaberry1216.JPG | image_caption = Ti agsabsabong a ''[[Melia azedarach]]'' | taxon = Meliaceae | authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x }}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = Dagiti subpamilia | subdivision = *[[#subfamily Cedreloideae|Cedreloideae]] *[[#subfamily Melioideae|Melioideae]] }} Ti '''Meliaceae''', wenno ti '''pamilia ti kaoba''', ket ti pamilia ti [[agsabsabong a mula]] a kaaduan kadagitoy ket dagiti [[kayo]] ken dagiti bassit a mula (ken dagiti bassit a [[hierba a mula]], dagiti [[parakad]]) iti urnos a [[Sapindales]]. Nailasin dagitoy babaen ti agsinnublat, kadawyan a pinnado a bulbulong nga awanan kadagiti ungkay, ken babaen ti syncarpous,<ref>Iti maysa a [[gynoecium]], a naaramid kadagiti nagkaykaysa a karpelo</ref> mabalin a biseksual (ngem iti kinapudno ket kaaduan a kriptiko nga uniseksual) grupo wenno agririmpuok a [[sabong]]. Kaaduan dagiti sebbangan ket kankayon a berde, ngem adda met dagiti matnag ti bulongna, iti namaga a tiempo wenno panaglalam-ek. Mangiraman ti pamilia dagiti agarup a 53 a henero ken dagiti agarup a 600 nga ammo a sebbangan,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W. | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 }}</ref> nga addaan iti pantropikal a pannakaiwarwaras; ti maysa a henero (''Toona'') ket sumakop iti amianan iti temperado a Tsina ken abagatan iti abagatan a daya nga Australia, ti sabali pay (''Synoum'') ket iti abagatan a daya nga Australia, ken ti sabali pay (''Melia'') ket gangani iti adayo nga amianan. [[Papeles:Fruits of Chisocheton paniculatus.JPG|thumb|Dagiti bunga ti ''[[Chisocheton cumingianus]]'']] == Dagiti usar == Dagiti nadumaduma a sebbangan ket naus-usar para iti [[lana ti nateng]], panagaramid iti [[sabon]], dagiti [[insektisidio]], ken ti napateg a kayo (kaoba). Dagiti dadduma a nangruna iti ekonomia a henero ken dagiti sebbangan ket maitagikua iti daytoy a pamilia: *[[Azadirachta indica|Kayo a neem]] ''Azadirachta indica'' (India) *''[[Carapa]]'': kas ti ''Carapa procera'' (Abagatan nga Amerika ken Aprika) *''[[Cedrela odorata]]'' Tengnga ken Abagatan nga Amerika; ti kayo ket ammo a kas Sedro ti Espaniol *''[[Entandrophragma]]'': mairaman ti [[Entandrophragma cylindricum|sapele]] ken "utile" wenno "sipo" (''E. utile'') ti tropikal nga Aprika *[[Guarea|''Guarea'', ti henero ti ''Bossé'' wenno "de rosas a kaoba"]] mairaman ti: ''[[Guarea thompsonii|G. thompsonii]]'' ken ''[[Guarea cedrata|G. cedrata]]'' (Aprika) *''[[Khaya]]'' mairaman ti: [[Khaya ivorensis|Kaoba ti Aplaya ti Marpil]] ken ti [[Khaya senegalensis|Kaoba ti Senegal]] (tropikal nga Aprika) *[[Chinaberry]] wenno Puraw a Sedro, ''Melia azedarach'' ([[Ekosona ti Indomalaya|Indomalaya]] ken [[Australasia]]) * [[Sandoricum koetjape|Santol]] (''[[Sandoricum koetjape]]''), naimulmula para iti makan a bunga iti [[Abagatan a daya nga Asia]] ken [[Abagatan nga Asia]] *''[[Swietenia]]'' ket ti klasiko a henero ti "kaoba" manipud iti tropikal a [[Kaamerikaan]] *''[[Toona]]'': ti henero ti sebbangan ti "kayo a toon" (tropikal nga [[Asia]], [[Malesia]], ken [[Australia]]), naipangpangruna iti ''[[Toona ciliata]]'' == Dagiti henero == [[Papeles:Starr 030807-0095 Aglaia odorata.jpg|right|thumb|Sabong-Bagas ti Insik (''[[Aglaia odorata]]'')]] === Subpamilia ti Cedreloideae === Daytoy ket ammo pay a kas ti subpamilia ti Swietenioideae.<ref name="GDR08">{{cite journal|title=Floral Development in the Tribe Cedreleae (Meliaceae, Sub-family Swietenioideae): ''Cedrela'' and ''Toona''.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5864552|author=Gouvea CF |author2= Dornelas MC |author3= Rodriguez APM|journal=Annals of Botany 101(1):39-48|year= 2008|accessdate=18 Enero 2018}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APWeb/genera/meliaceaegen.html Missouri Botanic Garden: list of Meliaceae genera (naala idi 18 Enero 2018)]</ref> {{columns-list| tribu '''Cedreleae'''<ref name="GDR08" /> *''[[Cedrela]]'' – Kaamerikaan *''[[Toona]]'' – Asia dagiti sabali a tribu ken dagiti henero: *''[[Capuronianthus]]'' *''[[Carapa]]'' *''[[Cedrelopsis]]'' *''[[Chukrasia]]'' *''[[Entandrophragma]]'' *''[[Khaya]]'' *''[[Lovoa]]'' *''[[Neobeguea]]'' *''[[Pseudocedrela]]'' *''[[Schmardaea]]'' *''[[Soymida]]'' *''[[Swietenia]]'' *''[[Xylocarpus]]'' }} === Subpamilia ti Melioideae === {{columns-list| tribu: '''Aglaieae''' *''[[Aglaia]]'' *''[[Lansium]]'' *''[[Reinwardtiodendron]]'' - dagiti mainaig a henero: *''[[Chisocheton]]'' *''[[Dysoxylum]]'' (sinonimo ti ''Pseudocarapa'') *''[[Sphaerosacme]]'' tribu: '''Guareeae'''<ref>[http://edepot.wur.nl/189376 Koenen E (2011) Phylogenetic and biogeographic studies in Guareeae (Meliaceae: Melioideae) – (naala idi 18 Enero 2018)]</ref> – Aprika *''[[Guarea]]'' - dagiti mainaig a henero: *''[[Heckeldora]]'' *''[[Leplaea]]'' *''[[Ruagea]]'' *''[[Turraeanthus]]'' tribu: '''Melieae''' *''[[Melia (plant)|Melia]]'' *''[[Azadirachta]]''<ref>Koenen E (2011) ''ibid.''</ref> tribu: '''Sandoriceae''' *''[[Sandoricum]]'' tribu: '''Turraeeae''' *''[[Calodecarya]]'' *''[[Humbertioturraea]]'' *''[[Munronia]]'' *''[[Naregamia]]'' *''[[Nymania]]'' *''[[Turraea]]'' - dagiti mainaig a henero: *''[[Anthocarapa]]'' tribu: '''Trichilieae''' *''[[Astrotrichilia]]'' *''[[Cipadessa]]'' *''[[Ekebergia]]'' *''[[Heynea]]'' *''[[Lepidotrichilia]]'' *''[[Malleastrum]]'' *''[[Owenia (plant)|Owenia]]'' *''[[Pseudobersama]]'' *''[[Pseudoclausena]]'' *''[[Pterorhachis]]'' *''[[Trichilia]]'' *''[[Walsura]]'' tribu: '''Vavaeeae''' *''[[Vavaea]]'' di naikeddeng ti tribu: *''[[Aphanamixis]]'' *''[[Cabralea]]'' *''[[Synoum]]'' }} == Dagiti nota == {{Reflist}} == Dagiti nagibasaran == * {{aut|Pennington, T.D. & Styles, B.T.}} (1975): A generic monograph of the Meliaceae. ''Blumea'' '''22''': 419-540. == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == *[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/meliacea.htm Meliaceae] in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). The families of flowering plants.] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929163235/http://www.mahoganyforthefuture.org/projectmeliaceae/ Project Meliaceae] {{Taxonbar|from=Q158979}} [[Kategoria:Meliaceae| ]] lslrz6xxgcdup8mn1vrlpiq0vsbebkk 0 60362 406695 405450 2026-08-18T10:42:38Z Ziv 18486 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Psidium cattleianum fruit.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 031002-0033 Psidium cattleianum.jpg]] Changing the name of a duplicate 406695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox |image = Starr 031002-0033 Psidium cattleianum.jpg |image_caption = Ti nalabbasit a cattley a bayabas |status = |status_system = |genus = Psidium |species = cattleyanum |authority = Sabine |synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; | *''Episyzygium oahuense'' <small>Suess. & A.Ludw.</small> *''Eugenia ferruginea'' <small>Sieber ex C.Presl</small> *''Eugenia oxygona'' <small>Koidz.</small> *''Eugenia pseudovenosa'' <small>H.Perrier</small> *''Eugenia urceolata'' <small>Cordem.</small> *''Guajava cattleiana'' <small>(Afzel. ex Sabine) Kuntze</small> *''Guajava obovata'' <small>(Mart. ex DC.) Kuntze</small> *''Psidium ferrugineum'' <small>C.Presl</small> *''Psidium indicum'' <small>Bojer</small> nom. inval. *''Psidium littorale'' <small>Raddi</small> *''Psidium obovatum'' <small>Mart. ex DC.</small> *''Psidium variabile'' <small>O.Berg</small> }} |synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-166659 |title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species |accessdate=6 Mayo 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806201438/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-166659 |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} Ti '''''Psidium cattleyanum''''',<ref name=GRIN>{{cite web|last=USDA-ARS|title=GRIN Taxonomy for Plants|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=30200 |accessdate=6 Mayo 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Missouri Botanical Gardens|title=Tropicos.org|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/22102275?tab=acceptednames|accessdate=9 Hunio 2011}}</ref> kadawyan nga ammo iti Ingles a kas '''Cattley guava''', '''strawberry guava''' wenno '''cherry guava''', ket ti bassit a kayo (2–6&nbsp;m iti katayag) iti pamilia ti [[Myrtaceae]] (mirtus). Ti sebbangan ket nanaganan a kas pammadayaw ken ni [[William Cattley]] ti Ingles a hortikulturista. Ti henero a naganna iti ''Psidium'' ket agtaud manipud iti [[Pagsasao a Latin|Latin]] iti ''psidion'', wenno "armlet."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Psidium|title=Definition of PSIDIUM|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=Ingles|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref> Ti agbunga iti nalabbasit a karuay a ''P. cattleyanum var. cattleyanum'', ket kadawyan nga ammo iti Ingles a kas ti purple guava, '''red cattley guava''', red strawberry guava ken red cherry guava.<ref name=GRIN /> Ti agbunga iti duyaw a karuay a ''P. cattleyanum var. littorale'' ket ammo iti Ingles a kas ti '''yellow cattley guava''', yellow strawberry guava, yellow cherry guava,<ref name=GRIN /> lemon guava ken kas ti ''waiawī'' iti [[Hawaii]]. Uray no ti ''P. cattleyanum'' ket addaan kadagiti napili nga ekonomiko nga usar,<ref name="GRIN" /><ref>State of Hawaii. (2010). Biocontrol of Strawberry Guava by its Natural Control Agent for Preservation of Native Forests in the Hawaiian Islands. Department of Land and Natural Resources, 54.</ref><ref name=":0">US Forest Service. (2016). Strawberry Guava: Not All Green Is Good. Pacific Southwest Research Station.</ref> daytoy ket naikeddeng a makaraut a mula iti Hawaii.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/2508592/overview|title=Strawberry Guava – Psidium cattleianum – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|language=Ingles|access-date=2017-05-04}}</ref><ref name=":1">Lowe S., Browne M., Boudjelas S., De Poorter M. (2000) ''100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species: A selection from the Global Invasive Species Database''. Published by The Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) a specialist group of the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of the World Conservation Union (IUCN), 12pp. First published as special lift-out in Aliens 12, December 2000. Updated and reprinted version: November 2004.</ref> == Deskripsion == Ti ''Psidium cattleyanum'' ket ti maysa a bassit ken adu ti sangana a kayo a makaabot iti katayag iti 13 a metro, uray no kaaduan kadagiti kayo ket adda iti pagbaetan ti 2 ken 4&nbsp;m.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://eol.org/pages/2508592/overview|title=Strawberry Guava – Psidium cattleianum – Overview – Encyclopedia of Life|website=Encyclopedia of Life|language=Ingles|access-date=2017-05-06}}</ref> Ti ''P. cattleyanum'' ket addaan iti nalamuyot, maris-dapo aginggana iti maralabbasit-kayumanggi nga ukis ti kayo, nga addaan iti arinduyog aginggana iti eleptiko a bulbulong a dumakkel iti 4.5&nbsp;cm iti kaatiddog. Daytoy ket agbunga no ti mula ket agtawen iti pagbaetan ti 3 ken 6 a tawtawen. Daytoy a bunga ket addaaan iti naingpis a kudil a sumakop manipud iti duyaw aginggana iti nangisit a nalabbasit wenno purpura, immitlog iti sukog, ken dumakkel iti agarup a 4&nbsp;cm iti kaatiddog. Mabalin nga agsabong iti bugbugtong wenno dagiti rimpuok iti tallo, ken ti tunggal maysa a sabong ket addaan iti lima a petalo.<ref name=":2" /> Agpaadu ti ''P. cattleyanum'' babaen ti bukel ken cloning. Dagiti mapataud iti cloning a saringit ket addaan iti ad-adu a lugar iti bulong.<ref name=":5">Huenneke, L. (1990). Seedling and clonal recruitment of the invasive tree Psidium cattleianum: Implications for management of native Hawaiian forests. ''Biological Conservation'' 53(3): 199-211.</ref> Uray no patneng iti Brasil, daytoy itan ket naiwarwaras kadagiti adu a paset ti tropikal a rehion.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Daytoy ket naipayammo iti Hawaii idi nasapsapa ngem 1825 tapno mapartuat iti maysa nga agrikultural a paglakuan kadagiti bungana, negm saan pay met a nagablin a nasayaat a produkto ti komersio. Daytoy ket adu unayen kadagiti ekosistema ti tropikal a katuduan a bakir gapu ti aksidental a pannakailugan ken dagiti tagikuana a kas makaraut a mula.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9">C. Wikler, J. Pedrosa-Macedo, M. Vitorino, M. Caxambú, C. Smith. (1999). Strawberry Guava (Psidium cattleianum) – Prospects for Biological Control. ''Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds'' 4–14 July 1999. Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana. Edited by Neal R. Spencer pp. 659-665 (2000).</ref> == Dagiti ladawan == <gallery> Papeles:Starr 040209-0263 Psidium cattleianum.jpg|Kayo Papeles:Starr 031002-0017 Psidium cattleianum.jpg|Bulbulong Papeles:Starr-120120-1791-Psidium cattleianum-ripe fruit in hand showing inside-Enchanting Floral Gardens of Kula-Maui (24764914269).jpg|Bunga Papeles:BBG - Psidium littorale var. longipes - Informal upright.jpg|Kas bonsai Papeles:16 Psidium cattleianum - John Lindley - Collectanea botanica (1821).jpg|Pannakailadawan, [[John Lindley]] </gallery> == Dagiti nagibasaran == {{Reflist}} The Complete Book of Fruit Growing in Australia, Louis Glowinski, {{ISBN|0 85091 870 7}} == Dagiti akinruar a silpo == {{Commons-nailinia}} * [http://www.hear.org/species/psidium_cattleianum/ ''Psidium&nbsp;cattleianum'' (cattley&nbsp;guava)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530060744/http://www.hear.org/species/psidium_cattleianum/ |date=2011-05-30 }} pakaammo manipud iti [http://www.hear.org/ HEAR&nbsp;project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221021637/http://www.hear.org/ |date=2021-02-21 }} * [http://aoki2.si.gunma-u.ac.jp/BotanicalGarden/PICTs/Psidium-littorale.jpeg Photo of ripening yellow cattley guavas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050723160502/http://aoki2.si.gunma-u.ac.jp/BotanicalGarden/PICTs/Psidium-littorale.jpeg |date=2005-07-23 }}. Naala idi 2007 Nobiembre 25. {{Taxonbar|from=Q17813563}} [[Kategoria:Psidium|cattleyanum]] [[Kategoria:Flora ti Brasil]] 4rtfyl1p6jme8iy51bpy92heb8tpzc7 0 81755 406684 405533 2026-08-17T15:08:24Z InternetArchiveBot 14943 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 406684 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Paleontologo a taga Kenya}} {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = Ti Kinatan-okna | name = Louise, Princess of Merode | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|3|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | other_names = | fields = [[Paleontolohia]] | workplaces = | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = [[Nagkaykaysa a Lubong a Kolehio ti Atlantiko]]<br />[[Unibersidad ti Bristol]]<br />[[Kolehio ti Unibersidad, Londres]] | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--> | doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Kaubingan a nadokumento a tao a nakasarak iti hominoid fossil | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = {{marriage|[[Prince Emmanuel de Merode]]|2003}} | children = Prinsesa Seiyia de Merode<br />Prinsesa Alexia de Merode | parents = [[Richard Leakey]]<br />[[Meave Leakey|Meave Epps]] | relatives = [[House of Merode]] (babaen ti panagasawa) | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> }} Ni Prinsesa '''Louise de Merode ''' (''[[née]]'' '''Leakey''', naipasngay idi 21 Marso 1972) ket maysa a Kenya [[paleontologo]] ken [[antropologo]]. Isu ket mangisayangkat ti panagsirarak ken trabaho iti tay-ak kadagiti tao [[fossil]] idiay Makindaya nga Africa.<ref name= NatGeo>{{cite web|last= Mitchell| first=Ryan |date= November 2003|title= Anthropologist Louise Leakey carries 'family banner'| url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/1104_031104_louiseleakey.html| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20031211101039/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/11/1104_031104_louiseleakey.html| url-status= dead| archive-date= 11 December 2003| access-date= March 20, 2016}}</ref> ==Nasapa a biag ken edukasion== Ni Louise Leakey ket naipasngay idiay [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]], iti Kenya a paleoantropologo, [[Ti movimiento ti konserbasion|konserbasionista]] ken [[politiko]] [[Richard Leakey]] ken Briton [[paleoantropologo]] [[Meave Leakey]] idi 1972, isu met laeng a tawen a natay ti paleoantropologo nga apongna, [[Louis Leakey]]. Isu ket immuna a nagbalin nga aktibo a nairaman kadagiti pannakaduktal ti fossil idi 1977, idi idi agtawen iti lima isu ket nagbalin a ti kaubingan a nadokumento a tao a nakasarak ti [[hominoid]] a fossil.<ref>Pearson, Stephanie (2003-12). [http://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/xx-factor/123394128.html "Louise Leakey" in "XX Factor"]. ''Outside Magazine'', December 2003.</ref> Ni Leakey ket nakagun-od kenkuana [[Internasional a Baccalaureate]] manipud iti [[Nagkaykaysa a Lubong a Kolehio ti Atlantiko]] ken ti Bachelor of Science degree iti heolohia ken biolohia manipud iti [[Unibersidad ti Bristol]]. Isu ket nakagun-od ti [[PhD]] manipud iti [[University College, London]].<ref name="Leakey">{{cite web |url=http://www.leakey.com/bios/sample-page |title=Bios: Louise Leakey |access-date=21 November 2014 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201175108/http://www.leakey.com/bios/sample-page |url-status=dead }}</ref> idi 2001. ==Karera== Idi 1993, ni Leakey ket nakikadua kenni nanangna a kas maysa a kaduana a lider dagiti paleontologo nga ekspedision idiay amianan a Kenya. Ti [[Koobi Fora]] a proyekto ti panagsukisok ket isu idi ti kangrunaan a programa iti likudan ti sumagmamano kadagiti kalatakan a hominid a fossil a naduktalan iti napalabas a dua a dekada, ti kaudian ket ''[[Kenyanthropus platyops]]''..<ref name=NatGeo /> Ni Leakey ket nangitandudo ti maysa nga aramid a mangikabil kadagiti digital a modelo dagiti koleksion ti fossil iti maysa a birtual a laboratorio, ''African Fossils,'' a sadiay dagiti modelo ket mabalin a mai-download, [[3D printing|3D printed]] wenno naputed iti karton para iti pannakaurnos manen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://3dprint.com/68226/memento-ancient-tools/|title=Autodesk & Dr. Louise Leakey Share 3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools with the World via 3D Printing {{!}} 3DPrint.com {{!}} The Voice of 3D Printing / Additive Manufacturing|website=3dprint.com|date=28 May 2015 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-20}}</ref> ==Personal a biag== Idi 2003, ni Leakey ket nakiasawa kenni [[Prince Emmanuel de Merode]], maysa a [[Belgium|Belgiano]] [[primatologist]]. Isu ket naestilo a ''prinsesa [[De Mérode|de Merode]]'' babaen ti panagasawa. Dua ti annakda a babbai dagiti dua.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/who-tried-to-kill-the-man-who-protects-the-congo-gorillas-9271431.html|title=Who tried to kill the man who protects the Congo gorillas?|date=2014-04-20|work=The Independent|access-date=2017-12-20|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Bowman-Kruhm, Mary (2005). ''The Leakeys: A Biography''. {{ISBN|0-313-32985-0}}</ref> {{Leakey nga puon ti pamilia}} ==See also== * [[Listaan dagiti fossil a lugar]] ''(nga addaan iti direktorio ti silpo)''. * [[Listaan dagiti fossil ti hominina|Listaan dagiti fossil ti hominina (hominid)]] ''(nga addaan kadagiti ladawan)''. ==Dagiti Reperensia== {{Reflist}} ==Dagiti silpo iti ruar== {{Wikiquote}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061102053451/http://www.leakeyfoundation.org/foundation/f1_7.jsp Leakey Foundation] * [http://www.africanfossils.org/ African Fossils] * [http://www.kfrp.com/ Koobi Fora Research Project] * {{TED speaker}} ** [https://www.ted.com/talks/louise_leakey_a_dig_for_humanity_s_origins "A dig for humanity's origins" (TED2008)] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leakey, Louise}} [[Kategoria:1972 a pannakayanak]]. [[Kategoria:Sibibiag a tattao]]. [[Kategoria:Alumni ti Unibersidad ti Bristol]]. [[Kategoria:Alumni ti Unibersidad ti Londres]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti arkeologo a taga-Kenya]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti babbai nga arkeologo a taga-Kenya]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti paleontologo a taga-Kenya]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti tattao a Kenya a nagtaud iti Britaniko]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti tattao a Kenya a nagtaud iti Ingles]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti sientista a taga-Kenya]]. [[Kategoria:Pamilia ni Leakey|Louise]]. [[Kategoria:Pamilia ni Merode]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti Paleoantropologo]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti tattao a nasursuruan idiay Atlantic College]]. [[Kategoria:Puraw a tattao a Kenya]]. [[Kategoria:Dagiti babbai a paleontologo]]. 4imls0cyeqqpvdm5kxbxpp8hju1g9hh 4 81888 406693 406652 2026-08-17T21:02:40Z MediaWiki message delivery 6184 /* Tech News: 2026-34 */ baro a seksion 406693 wikitext text/x-wiki == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] has developed a [https://82db7c8d4b.catalyst.wmcloud.org/w/index.php?title=Regent%27s_Park&uselang=de patch demo] that wraps the page toolbar onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, which can occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429518] * The Reader Experience team is planning to launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]], a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Mobile and apps/Have Apps reading lists available on Destop/Mobile|Community Wishlist item]], which is currently available to try in beta, as a full feature in September. Before then, volunteer translator help is needed for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-readinglists&filter=&action=translate string translations] into a number of languages. The feature supports reading and learning goals on Wikipedia. * Next week, the table of contents on Wikimedia Commons file pages will be improved by consolidating the file page table of contents with the page table of contents. This will make it easier to understand a file page’s structure, navigate to specific sections, and share links to individual sections. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where some [[w:TIFF|TIFF]] images failed to load after clicking their thumbnail, causing a broken image to be displayed instead of the full-size image, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429326] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The variable and function selector in AbuseFilter has been updated to support search and autocomplete. It will allow filter maintainers to find the desired variable or function more quickly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323698] * The MJPEG and VP8 formats are removed from the video player. The MP4 format (MPEG-4 Part 2) is added instead, which provides higher quality videos to older iPhone devices. It may take a few weeks to retroactively update all existing videos. The default format for modern devices stays the same (VP9/WebM). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358266] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:45, 3 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30872536 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new ChartWizard is [[c:Special:ChartWizard/Data:Example.Pie.chart|now available on Wikimedia Commons]] for users interested in creating charts from their own data. The wizard makes the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] more beginner-friendly by allowing editors to create charts, such as bar and pie charts, without needing to use JSON. Users can still switch to the JSON editor if they prefer. Feedback on the new tool is welcome on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist/W414|wish talk page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Wikipedia iOS app’s Picture of the Day widget displayed the same image every day instead of updating daily, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430692] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Math|Math formula]] SVG images will soon be generated in the browser instead of on the server. MathML continues to be generated on the server and renders in the browser without JavaScript. Wikibooks will see this change on 12 August, Wikisource on 19 August and Wikipedia from 20-27 August. You can try this by selecting "{{int:Mw-math-mathjax}}" in your preferences. This change is part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase/deprecation|deprecating RESTBase]] and [[phab:T431372|deprecating Mathoid]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271001] * Category pages will soon support sorting entries by the time they are added to a category. This will make it easier to find recently or long-standing categorized pages. It will also improve workflows for maintenance categories such as deletion backlogs and other time-based review tasks. You can use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>cldsort=timestamp</nowiki></code></bdi> URL argument in category view to sort the entries. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and user scripts on Wikimedia wikis may now use [[phab:T395347|ES2018 features]] and [[phab:T419142|ES2019 features]] in JavaScript code. Previously, the platform only allowed up to ES2017. MediaWiki validates the source code to protect functionality from syntax errors and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browser_support_matrix|supported browsers]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419142] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:44, 10 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30901051 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist|Worklist feature]] for the Event Registration tool is now live on all Wikimedia wikis. With Worklist, event organizers can add the articles their event will focus on directly to the event page. The Worklist also powers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Worklist#How Event Pathways uses the worklist|Event Pathways]] which notifies other editors of the upcoming or ongoing event when they edit an article featured in the event's Worklist. This is the minimum viable version (MVP), and feedback is welcome. Organizers are encouraged to try the feature. A hands-on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Worklist Setup Workshop: Get Your Event Ready|Worklist Setup Workshop]] will take place on 18 August at 16:00 UTC and 19 August at 11:00 UTC. '''Updates for editors''' * [[Special:ShortPages]] displays short pages by their size, but in many cases it gets filled with disambiguations and soft redirects, making it harder to find the short articles themselves. Starting this weekend, you will be able to choose not to include an article in the special page by adding the magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__EXPECTSHORTPAGE__</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433203] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3436680|Bole]] ([[w:bol:|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>w:bol:</nowiki></code></bdi>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429921] * Starting the week of August 17, the page toolbar will wrap onto two lines when there is not enough horizontal space for all the buttons. This is a [[phab:T429518|fully merged patch from the Reader Experience team]] which aims to reduce crowding in the Vector 2022 toolbar, that may occur on some language Wikipedias at certain screen widths. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, uploading large files to Wikimedia Commons has become more stable and less prone to failure following some fixes related to the “Could not acquire lock” upload error. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386640] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Debian Bullseye will reach the end of its Long Term Support on 31 August 2026. [[phab:T434103|Some Cloud VPS projects]] still have instances running Debian Bullseye. Maintainers of those projects are encouraged to migrate to Debian Bookworm or Debian Trixie. A [[wikitech:Help:Cloud VPS instance operating system migration|migration guide]] is available to help with the process, and users may also want to consider whether their workload is better suited to Toolforge. If you need help or cannot complete the migration by 31 August, please contact the Cloud VPS admins as soon as possible. [[listarchive:list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/RVIPQSYLKMSL5M46JP6NEJVGVE6I2RXQ/|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:02, 17 Agosto 2026 (UTC) <!-- Mensahe nga inpatulod babaen ni Agar-aramat:STei (WMF)@metawiki a nagusar iti listaan ti https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30922806 --> ci4y0ns22pdfo6xjyxj77aqdsa1zanq