Barabudhur

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    <title>Barabudhur</title>
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      <comment>Ngoko aja dicampur krama</comment>
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      <text bytes="98298" sha1="731k2rlwq5k591s7xajgop6war9kasa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox historic site
|name=Barabudhur
|native_name={{jav|ꦧꦫꦧꦸꦝꦸꦂ}}
|native_language=jv
|image=Borobudur Temple.jpg
|caption=Barabudhur, Sasana Pusaka Jagat UNESCO
|locmapin=Indonesia Java#Indonesia
|map_caption=Pernahé ing Jawa
|coordinates={{coord|-7.608|110.204|display=inline,title}}
|location=[[Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]]
|built=Kaadegaké ing abad ka-9 nalika trah Syailéndra jumeneng nata.
|restored=1911
|restored_by={{illm|Theodoor van Erp|nl}}
|architect=[[Gunadharma]]
|designation1=WHS
|designation1_type=Cultural
|designation1_criteria=i, ii, vi
|designation1_date=1991 &lt;small&gt;(sèsi ka-15)&lt;/small&gt;
|designation1_partof=Kukuban Candhi Barabudhur
|designation1_number=[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 592]
|designation1_free1name=Péhak Praja
|designation1_free1value={{INA}}
|designation1_free2name=Laladan
|designation1_free2value=Asia Kidul-Wétan
}}
'''Barabudhur''' (éjaan Indonésia: '''Borobudur''') iku papan pamujaning para pandhèrèk [[Buddha Mahayana]] saka abad ka-9 nalika jaman Wangsa Syailendra kang kapernah ing [[Kabupatèn Magelang]], ora adoh saka [[Munthilan, Magelang|Munthilan]], ing [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]]. Papan iku minangka papan pamujan Buddha kang gedhé dhéwé ing sajagat, lan kalebu aliran Buddhis Mahayana lan dadi warisan budaya kang wigati banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guiness&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JakartaPost1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt; Papan pamujané dhapur tlundhag (''platform'') sungsun sanga: kang enem wangun pasagi lan kang telu wangun bunder, mawa stupa panunggul ing pucuk-tengahé, lan rinenggan panil [[Relief|rélièf]] cacah 2.672 dalah reca Buddha cacah 504. Stupa panunggulé dikupeng reca Buddha cacah 72 kang sabené mapan ing sajeroning [[stupa]] kang bolong-bolong.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}}

Kaadegaké ing abad ka-9 nalika [[Wangsa Syailéndra|trah Syailéndra]] jumeneng nata, rancanganing papan pamujan iku linambaran tata yasan (arsitèktur) Buddha-Jawa kang nyarubaké anasir kapitayan memuja leluhur kang Indonésia lugu karo kapitayan nggayuh [[nirwana]] kang saka agama Buddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt; Papan pamujan iku ngatonaké prabawaning kagunan saka Gupta ing Indhia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R. K. K.|title=Rajarajan 2020 Borobudur et alii A Note on Place Names in Java|url=https://www.academia.edu/44356701/Rajarajan_2020_Borobudur_et_alii_A_Note_on_Place_Names_in_Java|journal=In Pedarapu Chenna Reddy, ed., Heritage of Indian History, Culture, and Archaeology (Festschrift to Dr. M.D. Sampath), vol. II, Art and Architecture. Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; tur akèh adegan saha anasir Indonésia lugu, mula njalari Barabudhur nyirèni Indonésia banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;aOtRK&quot; /&gt;{{sfnp|Le|2010}} Yasan Barabudhur minangka papan pasraman lan paran jiyarahing para pandhèrèk Buddha. Laku jiyarah kawiwitan saka perangan ngisor turut lurung kang ngubengi yasan, tumuli munggah nganti pucuk ngliwati telung tataran kang nglambangaké kosmologi Buddha: Kamadhatu (jagat kekarepan), Rupadhatu (jagat wewujudan) lan Arupadhatu (jagat tanpa wewujudan). Para kang jiyarah kudu ngliwati akèh undhakan lan lurung kang rinenggan panil rélièf cacah 1.460 kang ngemu carita ing témbok-témboké (''wall'') dalah kelir-keliré (''balustrade''). Barabudhur minangka salah siji papan kang duwé klumpukan rélièf Buddha kang pepak ing sajagat.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt;

Tandha yekti nuduhaké yèn Barabudhur kaadegaké ing abad ka-9 banjur linumbar ora kaopèn bareng karo bubrahing karaton-karaton Hindhu ing Jawa déné wong Jawa wiwit padha ngrasuk agama Islam.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} Wong-wong sajagat nembé sumurup ananing Barabudhur ing 1814 awit saka pawartaning [[Stamford Raffles|Thomas Stamford Raffles]] minangka wong Britis kang kala samana ngerèh ing Jawa. Dhèwèké dikandhani wong-wong enggonan bab ananing Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;3L5mh&quot; /&gt; Kawit kala iku, Barabudhur wis ping sawatara kawaluyakaké. Pambudidaya maluyakaké (réstorasi) kang gedhé dhèwè ditandangi pangrèh Indonésia lan [[UNESCO]] ing antaraning 1975 lan 1982 banjur Barabudhur kadhapuk minangka salah siji [[Sana Warisan Donya|Sasana Pusaka Jagat]] (''World Heritage Site'') UNESCO.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt;

Barabudhur minangka papan pamujan Buddha kang gedhé dhéwé ing sajagat sababag karo Bagan ing [[Myanmar]] lan [[Angkor Wat]] ing [[Kamboja]] kang minangka sasana arkéologi gedhé ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan|Asia Kidul-Wétan]]. Barabudhur isih dadi papan jiyarah kang misuwur awit saka para pandhèrèk Buddha ing Indonésia ngrayakaké [[Waisak|Wésaka]] ({{lang-id|Waisak}}) ing yasan iku. Barabudhur dadi papan wisata siji-sijiné ing Indonésia kang kerep dhéwé ditekani para wisata.{{sfnp|Elliott|2003}}{{sfnp|Hampton|2005}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Sedyawati1997&quot; /&gt;

==Asal-usuling jeneng==
Ing basa Jawa, papan pamujan kuna ingaran ''candhi''; mula wong enggonan ngarani &quot;papan pamujan Barabudhur&quot; minangka ''Candhi Barabudhur''. Tembung ''candhi'' ngemu teges kang amba kang kanggo ngarani manéka yasan kuna kaya ta gapura lan patirtan. Ana déné, asal-usuling jeneng ''Barabudhur'' ora cetha,{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} kaya déné jeneng lugu papan-papan pamujan kuna ing Indonésia liyané kang ora kaweruhan.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} Jeneng Barabudhur kapisan ditulis Raffles ing layangé kang asesirah ''The History of Java''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raffles1814&quot; /&gt; Raffles nulis bab siji yasan aran Barabudhur, tur iya ora ana layang kang luwih lawas kang nulisaké jeneng iku.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} Siji-sijiné layang basa Jawa kang bokmanawa magepokan amarga nyebutaké ''budhur'' minangka siji yasan panyepèning para pandhèrèk Buddha ya iku layang ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'' kang diripta ing 1365 déning Mpu Prapanca, siji pujangga Buddha ing [[Majapait]].&lt;ref name=&quot;moens&quot; /&gt;

Akèh-akèhé, ''candhi'' kawènèhan jeneng kang padha karo jeneng désa ing sacedhaké. Yèn manut tata basa Jawa lan kawènèhan jeneng kang padha karo jeneng désa ing sacedhaké, ya iku Désa Bara, yasané kuduné aran &quot;Budhur Bara&quot;. Raffles ngira yèn ''Budhur'' bokmanawa gegayutan karo tembung Jawa ''Buda'' (tegesé &quot;kuna&quot;)—mula ngarani &quot;Bara kuna&quot;. Dhèwèké uga penemu yèn jenengé bokmanawa asal saka tembung ''bara'' kang tegesé &quot;agung&quot; utawa &quot;luhur&quot;; ana déné ''budhur'' ngemu teges &quot;Buddha&quot;.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=13}} Mangkonoa, ana arkéolog kang panemu yèn ''budhur'' asal saka tembung Jawa ''bhudhara'' (&quot;pagunungan&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;casparis&quot; /&gt;

Panemu liya bab asal-usuling jenengé teka saka arkéolog Walanda aran A.J. Bernet Kempers kang panemu yèn Barabudhur iku saka tembung ''Wiyara Beduhur'' utawa ''Wihara Buddha Uhr'' ing basa Sangsekerta kang wis ngalami owah-gingsir miturut ilat Jawa. Tembung ''Buddha-Uhr'' bisa ateges &quot;kuthaning para pandhèrèk Buddha&quot;; ana déné panemu liyané manèh ndeduga asalé saka tembung Jawa Kuna ''beduhur'' kang isih kanggo ing basa Bali kang ateges &quot;papan kang dhuwur&quot;, asal saka tembung ''dhuhur'' utawa ''luhur''. Kanthi mangkono, Barabudhur ateges wiyara Buddha kang kapernah ing papan kang dhuwur utawa ing gumuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;3WO5T&quot; /&gt;

Yasa lan kepyaking yasan Buddha kang kramat—dinuga Barabudhur—kasebut ing prasasti cacah loro kang tinemu ing Kedhu, [[Kabupatèn Temanggung]]. Prasasti Karangtenah, katiti-mangsa 824, nyebutaké siji yasan kramat aran Jinalaya (jagating wong kang kasil nelukaké kekarepan kadonyan lan nggayuh pepadhang), dikepyakaké Pramodhawardhani minangka anak wadon saka [[Samaratungga]]. Prasasti Tri Tepusan, katiti-mangsa 842, nyebutaké palemahan [[Sīma|sima]] (palemahan kang kaluwaraké saka pajeg) kang diwènèhi Sri Kahulunnan (Pramodhawardhani) kanggo mesthèkaké siji ''kamulan'' aran ''Bhūmisambhāra'' bisa karagadan lan karumat.{{sfnp|Soekmono|2002|p=46}} ''Kamulan'' asal saka tembung &quot;mula&quot;, kang ateges &quot;papan sangkan&quot;, minangka siji yasan kramat kanggo memuja leluhur, ya iku bokmanawa wong-wong Syailéndra. Casparis panemu yèn patembungan Sangsekerta ''Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra'' kang tegesé &quot;pagunungan sapuluh tataran laku utama boddhisattwa&quot; minangka jeneng lugu saka Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;4IUze&quot; /&gt;

==Pernah==
===Papan pamujan cacah telu===
[[File:Borobudur Map en.svg|thumb|right|380px|Garis lurus kang nggayutaké Barabudhur, Pawon, lan Mendut]][[File:Borobudur-Temple-Park Indonesia Stupas-of-Borobudur-06.jpg|thumb|Barabudhur kinupeng pagunungan, kalebu gunung geni kembar Merapi lan Merbabu.]]
Dohé watara 40 kilomèter ing salor-kuloning [[Ngayogyakarta]] lan 86 kilomèter sakuloning [[Surakarta]], Barabudhur mapan ing laladan dhuwur ing antaraning gunung kembar cacah loro aran [[Gunung Sindara|Sindara]]-[[Gunung Sumbing|Sumbing]] lan [[Gunung Merapi|Merapi]]-[[Gunung Merbabu|Merbabu]], lan kali cacah loro aran [[Kali Praga|Praga]] lan Élo.{{sfnp|Troll|2015}} Miturut caritaning wong enggonan, laladan kang aran Ngaré Kedhu minangka papan kramat Jawa lan tinelah &quot;tamaning Jawa&quot; amarga lemahé kang loh-jinawi kanggo tetanèn.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=1}}

Nalika kawaluyakaké ing kawitan abad ka-20, ana tetemon yèn papan pamujan Buddha cacah telu ing laladan iku: Barabudhur, [[Candhi Pawon|Pawon]], lan [[Candhi Mendut|Mendut]] kacetha mapan salarik.{{sfnp|Krom|1927}} Dinuga ana gegayutan upacara agama ing antaraning pamujan cacah telu mau, sanajan ta apa upacarané kang pesthi ora kaweruhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;moens&quot; /&gt;

===Hipotèsis tlaga kuna===
Pangira-ira bab ananing tlaga kang ngupeng Barabudhur tau dadi rembug gedhé ing antaraning para arkéolog nalika abad ka-20. Ing 1931, juru kagunan uga nimpuna ing babagan tata yasan Hindhu-Buddha saka Walanda aran [[W.O.J. Nieuwenkamp]] mbabar hipotèsis yèn Ngaré Kedhu duk nguni minangka tlaga lan Barabudhur ing sakawit pindha tunjung (kembang traté) kang kumambang ing satengahé.&lt;ref name=&quot;casparis&quot; /&gt; Barabudhur wis kayektèkaké yèn kaadegaké ing gumuk watu-ampar (''bedrock hill''), 265 m ing sandhuwuring palumahaning sagara lan 15 m ing sadhuwuring amparaning tlaga kuna (''floor of paleolake'') kang wis asat.{{sfnp|Murwanto|2004}}

Dumarçay karo Mahaguru [[Ganapathi Thanikaimoni|Thanikaimoni]] njupuk conto lemah ing 1974 lan manèh ing 1977 saka kedhukan kalèn ing gumuk mau, uga saka ngaré ing sakidulé. Conto-conto lemah mau banjur ditaliti Thanikaimoni kang mriksa kandhutan sari lan sporané saperlu meruhi jinisning thethukulan kang tau tumuwuh ing laladan mau nalika jaman yasaning Barabudhur. Saka panalitèn iku ora tinemu ananing sari lan spora saka thethukulan kang tumuwuh ing kukuban banyu kaya ta tlaga, kedhung, utawa rawa. Laladan kang ngupeng Barabudhur dinuga minangka palemahan tetanèn lan patalan (palemahan kang tinuwuhan akèh wit tal) nalika yasaning Barabudhur, kaya déné kaanan saiki. Caesar Voûte lan géomorfolog aran J.J. Nossin nalika kajian lapangan ing 1985–86 mriksa manèh hipotèsis tlaga Barabudhur lan mesthèkaké yèn ora tau ana tlaga kang ngupeng Barabudhur nalika yasané lan nalika isih kanggo minangka papan pamujan. Tetemon iki kababar ing ''A New Perspective on Some Old Questions Pertaining to Borobudur'' (Pandeleng Anyar bab Sawatara Pitakon Lawas Babagan Barabudhur) ing babaraning UNESCO ing 2005 kang asesirah &quot;The Restoration of Borobudur&quot; (Maluyakaké Barabudhur).

==Sajarah==
===Yasa===
[[File:Borobudur as Pilgrimage Site Painting by Hooijer c1910s.jpg|thumb|300px|Lukisaning G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) kang metha sesawangan kira-kira nalika Barabudhur ing mangsa kuncarané.]]
Ora ana cathetan bab yasa utawa ancasing yasa Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} Kapan yasané kinira-kira sarana mbebandhingaké rélièf-rélièf kang ingukir ing pérangan sikiling Barabudhur kang katutupan lan sawatara prasasti kang padatan ana ing piageming karaton nalika abad ka-8 lan ka-9. Barabudhur dinuga kaadegaké ing watara 800 AD.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=9}} Titi-mangsa iku magepokan karo mangsa antaraning 760 lan 830 AD kang minangka jaman kuncaraning Trah Syailéndra kang nguwasani Karaton Mataram ing Jawa pérangan tengah.{{sfnp|Miksic|1990}} Kala samana, panguwasaning Syailéndra ora mung ing Kamaharajan Sriwijaya, nanging uga ing pérangan kidul Tanah Thai, karaton-karaton ing Filipin kang kadayan Indhia, Malaya Lor (Kedah, utawa praja Hindhu kuna aran Kadaram miturut cathetan-cathetan Indhia).{{sfnp|Cœdès|1968}} Suwéning yasa kinira-kira nganti 75 taun lan rampung nalika panguwasaning [[Samaratungga]] ing 825.{{sfnp|Munoz|2006}}

Ora ana pepesthèn bab pangrèh Hindhu utawa Buddha kang nguwasani Jawa nalika samana. Wong-wong Syailéndra kasuwur minangka para pandhèrèk Buddha kang mempeng, sanajan watu-watu prasasti kang tinemu ing Sajamerta negesaké yèn dhèwèké padha pandhèrèk Hindhu.{{sfnp|Dumarçay|1991}} Ing jamaning Syailéndra iku akèh yasan Hindhu lan Buddha kaadegaké ing ngaré-ngaré lan gunung-gunung ing sakiwa-tengening Ngaré Kedhu. Yasan-yasan Buddha, kalebu Barabudhur, kaadegaké ing sakiwa-tengening jaman kang padha karo yasaning papan pamujan Hindhu Siwah aran Prambanan. Ing 732 AD, siji ratu kang uga pandhèrèk Siwah aran Sanjaya ndhawuhaké supaya papan pamujan Lingga Siwah kaadegaké ing Gumuk Wukir, watara 10&amp;nbsp;km ing sawétaning Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Meulen|1977}}

Yasaning papan-papan pamujan Buddha, kalebu Barabudhur, nalika samana bisa kalakon amarga sesulihing Sanjaya aran [[Rakai Panangkaran]] awèh palilah marang para pandhèrèk Buddha saperlu yasa papan pamujan.{{sfnp|Meulen|1979}} Minangka rasa kurmaté, Panangkaran mènèhaké Désa Kalasan marang masarakat Buddha, kaya kang sinurat ing Piagem Kalasan kang katiti-mangsa 778 AD.{{sfnp|Meulen|1979}} Lelakon iku njalari para arkéolog pracaya yèn ora ana cengkah agama ing Jawa sabab ana lelakon ratu Hindhu awèh pangayoman marang adeging yasan Buddha; utawa ratu Buddha kang uga tumindak ngèmperi.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=10}} Mangkonoa, nalika samana dinuga ana trahing karaton cacah loro kang padha adu prabawa—Syailéndra kang Buddha lan Sanjaya kang Siwah. Trah Sanjaya wusana neluk trah Syailéndra ing tetarungan nalika 856 ing Plato Ratubaka.{{sfnp|Hall|1956}} Panduga sairib uga ana gegayutan karo Candhi Rara Jonggrang ing kukuban Prambanan, kang kapracaya diyasa [[Rakai Pikatan]] kanggo nandhingi Barabudhur amarga trah Sanjaya mimpang saka trah Syailéndra,{{sfnp|Hall|1956}} déné panduga liya ngira-ira yèn tau ana mangsa tentrem karana Syailéndra ana uruné tumrap Candhi Rara Jonggrang.{{sfnp|Jordaan|1993}}

===Linumbar===
Barabudhur tau ora kaweruhan amarga kalimputan awu gunung geni tur kalasan kang suwéné nganti sawatara abad. Kang njalari Barabudhur linumbar isih nyalawadi. Ora kaweruhan kapan yasan iku wiwit kanggo lan kapan para pandhèrèk Buddha mandheg jiyarah mrana. Ing antaraning 928 lan 1006, Ratu Mpu Sindok ngalihaké kutha krajaning Karaton Medhang menyang laladan ing Jawa pérangan wétan sapungkuring gunung njeblug kalakon ping sawatara; mangkonoa, lelakon iku durung pesthi kang njalari Barabudhur linumbar, nanging sawatara sumber nyebutaké yèn jaman iku mungkin banget minangka jaman nalika Barabudhur linumbar.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}{{sfnp|Murwanto|2004}} Yasan Barabudhur kasebutaké samar-samar nalika {{circa}} 1365 ing layang riptaning [[Mpu Prapanca]] asesirah ''[[Nagarakretagama]]'', kang ditulis nalika jamaning Majapait lan nyebutaké &quot;wiyara ing Budhur&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;AikB1&quot; /&gt; Soekmono (1976) uga ngandhakaké gugon-tuhon kondhang yèn papan-papan pamujan padha kabubrah nalika wong-wong padha ngrasuk Islam in abad ka-15.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=4}}

Yasan Barabudhur ora kalalèkaké babar blas, mung carita-carita rakyat ngalami owah-gingsir saka kuncarané duk nguni dadi gugon-tuhon kang kagayutaké karo kacilakan. Babad (layang sajarah) cacah loro saka abad ka-18 nyebutaké kacilakan-kacilakan kang gegayutan karo Barabudhur. Miturut ''[[Babad Tanah Jawi]]'' (layang sajarah Jawa)'','' Barabudhur kang njalari cilakaning Mas Dana minangka wong kang ngraman marang Pakubuwana I, ratuning Mataram ing 1709.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=4}} Ing layang mau kasebutaké yèn &quot;Redi Barabudhur&quot; kakepung lan para kraman katelukaké banjur kataman paukuman pati déning ratu. Ing ''[[Babad Mataram]]'' (layang sajarah Karaton Mataram), yasan mau kagayutaké marang cilakaning pangéran pati Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta ing 1757.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} Sanajan ana wewaler supaya aja nekani yasan mau, dhèwèké meksa niliki 'satriya kang kakunjara' (reca ing sajeroning stupa kang bolong-bolong) amarga rumasa mesakaké marang 'kanca kang ora begja' iku. Sabaliné menyang karaton, dhèwèké tiba lara banjur séda ing dina candhaké.

===Tinemu manèh===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Europese mannen poseren op het tempelcomplex van de Borobudur bij de bovenste stupa waarop een afdak en trapleuningen zijn geplaatst TMnr 60043646.jpg|upright|thumb|Stupa panunggul Barabudhur ing satengahing abad ka-19 mawa balé kayu pinasang ing sandhuwuré.]]
Jawa kabawah ing pangrèh Britis kawit 1811 tumeka 1816. Kang kadhapuk minangka gubernur aran Litnan Gubernur-Jèndral [[Thomas Stamford Raffles]] kang banget ndhemeni sajarahing Jawa. Dhèwèké nglumpukaké manéka barang antik lan pijer nyatheti ing saben sesambungané karo wong-wong enggonan nalika lelungan ing saindenging pulo. Nalika lelungan pepriksa menyang [[Semarang]] ing 1814, dhèwèké ngandhakaké bab ananing yasan gedhé tur adoh ing sajeroning alas ing cedhak désa Bumisagara.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=5}} Dhèwèké ora bisa niliki yasan iku banjur kongkon Hermann Cornelius minangka insinyur Walanda kang kasil miyak papan pamujan Sèwu ing 1806–07 saperlu naliti yasan mau. Ing dalem rong sasi, Cornelius lan wong-wongé cacah 200 padha mbabadi alas lan ngedhuki lemah saperlu miyak yasan ing alas iku. Amarga mbebayani yèn ambrol, ora kabèh péranganing yasan dikedhuk. Dhèwèké ngandhakaké tetemoné iku marang Raffles, kalebu manéka gambaré. Sanajan ngandhakaké tetemon lan ayahaning Cornelius dalah wong-wongé mung ing sawatara ukara, Raffles kang olèh jeneng tumrap tetemoning yasan Barabudhur karana dadi wong kang njalari yasan iku dadi kawigatèning wong sajagat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Raffles1814&quot; /&gt;

Christiaan Lodewijk Hartmann kang minangka résidhèn ing laladan Kedhu mbanjuraké garapaning Cornelius, lan ing 1935 kabèh péranganing yasan wusana kawiyak. Kawigatèné marang Barabudhur minangka kawigatèn pribadi tinimbang kawigatèn dhines. Hartmann ora nulis palapuran bab kagiyatan-kagiyatané, mligi bab kabar angin yèn dhèwèké nemu reca Buddha kang gedhé ing stupa panunggul.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} Ing 1842, Hartmann mriksa stupa panunggul, nanging ora kaweruhan apa kang ditemokaké lan stupa panunggul iku pijer suwung tumeka saiki.

Pangrèh Hindhia-Walanda banjur ngutus Frans Carel Wilsen, punggawa tèhnis Walanda, kang naliti yasan mau lan metha skèt tumrap rélièf-rélièfé. Jan Frederik Gerrit Brumund uga kadhapuk supaya naliti yasan mau kang tembé rampung ing 1859. Pangrèh arep mbabar artikel adhedhasar panalitèning Brumund tur kawuwuhan pepethaning Wilsen, nanging Brumund malah ora gelem. Pangrèh banjur ngutus nimpuna liya aran Conradus Leemans kang ngripta monograf adhedhasar sumber-sumbering Brumund lan Wilsen. Ing 1873, monograf kapisan kang minangka panalitèn rincèn bab Barabudhur wusana babar, kang tinut pertalan ing basa Prancis ing sataun candhaké.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} Foto Barabudhur kang kapisan kajupuk ing 1872 déning juru ukir Walanda-Flèmis aran Isidore van Kinsbergen.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=42}}

Panampa tumrap Barabudhur tuwuh alon-alon. Ing dalem sawatara mangsa, Barabudhur tau dadi sumbering olèh-olèh lan pikolèh tumrap para &quot;wong mbeburu olèh-olèh&quot; lan maling. Ing 1882, lurahing juru mriksa tumrap artéfak-artéfak budaya sumelang lan mrayogakaké Barabudhur supaya kabongkar, déné rélièf-rélièfé kadèkèk ing musiyum-musiyum amarga kaanan yasané kang ora pengkuh.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=42}} Temahané, pangrèh ndhapuk Willem Pieter Groeneveldt minangka kurator kolèksi arkéologi ing Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Paguyuban Batawi Radya tumrap Kagunan lan Kawruh)&lt;ref name=&quot;olbT2&quot; /&gt; saperlu mriksa saindenging sasana Barabudhur lan mbiji kaanan laladan kang satemené; palapurané nuduhaké yèn uwas-sumelang iku tanpa dhedhasar lan mrayogakaké supaya Barabudhur dijaraké wutuh (ora kabongkar).

Barabudhur kasuwur minangka sumbering olèh-olèh. Akèh pérangané kang cinolong; sawatarané malah olèh idi-palilah saka pangrèh koloni. Ing 1896, Ratu Chulalongkorn ing Siyem kang mara ing Jawa njaluk sagrobag kebak péranganing Barabudhur supaya digawa mulih lan olèh idi-palilah. Barang kang digawa cacah telung puluh, kaya ta sawatara panil rélièf, gambar Buddha cacah lima, singa cacah loro, makara cacah siji, sawatara motif kala saka undhakan lan gapura, lan dwarapala cacah siji. Saka sawatara artéfak iku kang kasuwur ana: singa, dwarapala, kala, makara, lan jaladwara gedhé. Kabèh artéfak iku saiki kapajang ing kamar Kagunan Jawa ing Musiyum Nasional Bangkok.{{sfnp|Miksic|1994|p=29}}

===Maluyakaké===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De Borobudur TMnr 10023620.jpg|thumb|Barabudhur sarampung diwaluyakaké Van Erp ing 1911. Ana pucukan ''chattra'' kang kapasang ing sandhuwuring stupa panunggul (saiki wis kacopot).]][[File:Borobudur restoration.png|thumb|upright|Masang beton lan pipa PVC saperlu ndandani tata kalèning Barabudhur nalika kawaluyakaké ing 1973.]]
[[File:Water_spout_in_Borobudur_temple.jpg|265x265px|right|thumb|Sistem drainase banyu udan ing candi Borobudur.]]
[[File:Karmawibhangga Museum Borobudur Unfinished Buddha.jpg|thumb|Reca Buddha Kang Ora Rampung saka stupa panunggul Barabudhur ing Musiyum Karmawibhangga kang pijer diwènèhi sajèn déning para pandhèrèk Buddha, lan ''chattra'' stupa panunggul ing samburiné.]]
Barabudhur narik kawigatèn ing 1885 nalika insiyur Walanda aran Jan Willem IJzerman minangka lurahing Masarakat Arkéologi ing Ngayogyakarta nemu pérangan sikilé kang katutupan.&lt;ref name=&quot;kompas&quot; /&gt; Sawatara foto kang kajupuk ing 1890–1891 nuduhaké ananing rélièf ing pérangan sikil kang katutupan iku.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=6}} Tetemon iku njalari pangrèh Hindhia-Walanda tumandang ngreksa yasan Barabudhur. Ing 1900, pangrèh nggatra siji panitya kang wargané iku punggawa cacah telu mawa jejibahan mbiji kaanané yasan; Jan Lourens Andries Brandes minangka juru sajarah, Theodoor van Erp minangka punggawa tèhnis kawadyabalaning Walanda, lan Benjamin Willem van de Kamer minangka insinyur yasa-bangun saka Pérangan Ayahan Umum.

Ing 1902, panitya mau ngusulaké rancangan tikel telu marang pangrèh. Kapisan, bebaya sanalika kudu kaéndhanan kanthi cara nata saben pérangan pojok, nyopoti watu-watu kang mbebayani pérangan-pérangan ing sacedhaké, mikuwati kelir kapisan lan maluyakaké sawatara clowokan (''niche''), plengkung (''archway''), stupa lumrah, lan stupa panunggul. Kapindho, bubar mageri palatarané, pangrukti (''maintenance'') kang pantes kudu katindakaké, mligi kalèn kudu karukti kanthi cara maluyakaké pérangan jogan lan cucukan (''spout''). Katelu, kabèh watu kang wis kendho kudu kacopot, yasan kudu kareresik nganti kelir kapisan, déné watu-watu kang wis rusak kacopot lan stupa panunggul kawaluyakaké. Gunggunging ragad nalika samana kinira-kira ngancik watara 48.800 guldhen Walanda.

Pambudidaya maluyakaké nalika samana katindakaké ing antara 1907 lan 1911 nganggo dhedhasar anastilosis lan dilurahi Theodor van Erp.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2004&quot; /&gt; Ing pitung sasi kang kawitan, anggoné maluyakaké iku ngayahi pangedhuking palemahan ing sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur saperlu nggolèki sirah-sirahing Buddha lan watu-watu panil kang ilang. Van Erp mbongkar lan ngrakit manèh tlundhag bunder sungsun telu ing pérangan ndhuwur dalah stupa-stupané. Nalika nindakaké iku, Van Erp weruh yèn ana gagasan liya kang bisa ditindakaké saperlu ndandani yasané; mula dhèwèké ngusung usulan liya marang pangrèh, kang banjur tinampa kanthi ragad wuwuhan 34.600 guldhen. Nalika Barabudhur wis katon rampung kawaluyakaké kaya duk nguni, Van Erp banjur ngati-ati yasa manèh pucukan ''chattra'' (payung sungsun telu) ing sandhuwuring stupa panunggul. Mangkonoa, dhèwèké banjur nyopot ''chattra'' mau, kandha yèn ora ana cukup watu lugu kanggo yasa manèh pucukan iku. Tegesé, rancangan lugu pucukaning Barabudhur satemené ora kaweruhan. Pucukan ''chattra'' kang dicopot iku saiki kadèkèk ing Musiyum Karmawibhangga kang kapernah sawatara atus mèter ing saloring Barabudhur.

Amarga ragad kang cinumpi, pambudidaya maluyakaké mligi ngresiki reca-reca ukiran déné Van Erp ora ngrampungi masalah kalèn. Ing dalem limalas taun, témbok-témbok dalah ukirané dadi kendho, lan rélièf-rélièfé katon benthèt tur rusak.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2004&quot; /&gt; Van Erp nganggo beton kang wis ora ngandhut uyah alkali lan kalsium hidroksida kang katrapaké ing manéka péranganing yasan. Tandangé njalari sawatara masalah, mula pambudidaya maluyakaké kang gedhé-gedhèn kabutuh kanggo katindakaké manèh.

Sawatara pambudidaya maluyakaké cilik-cilikan wis katindakaké kawit kala iku, nanging ora cukup kanggo ngreksa sakèhing péranganing yasan. Nalika Perang Donya II lan Révolusi Nasional Indonésia ing 1945 tumeka 1949, pambudidaya maluyakaké Barabudhur kalèrènaké. Yasan iku banjur nandhang manéka masalah saka alam lan kalèn kang njalari palemahan ing sajeroning yasan dadi ngembang kang temahané tatanan watu padha mecoto lan tèmbok padha mèncèng. Ing 1950-an, sawatara pérangan Barabudhur ngadhepi bebaya gedhé ambruk. Ing 1965, Indonésia njaluk pamrayoganing UNESCO kanggo ngrampungi masalah gapuking Barabudhur lan yasan-yasan liyané. Ing 1968, Mahaguru Soekmono kang nalika samana minangka lurahing Pamong Arkéologi Indonésia ngabani kampanye &quot;Save Borobudur&quot; (Salametaké Barabudhur) saperlu nggelar proyèk maluyakaké kang gedhé.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS&quot; /&gt;

Ing pungkasan 1960-an, pangrèh Indonésia nyuwun marang paguyuban sajagat supaya Barabudhur kawaluyakaké kanthi gedhèn-gedhèn. Ing 1973, siji rancangan baku kanggo maluyakaké Barabudhur kasil karipta.{{sfnp|Voûte|1973}} Sarana ''Agreement concerning the Voluntary Contributions to be Given for the Execution of the Project to Preserve Borobudur'' (Mupakatan bab Gugur Gunung kanggo Ngayahi Proyèk Lestarining Barabudhur) ing [[Paris]] nalika 29 Januari 1973, nagara cacah lima gelem mèlu gugur-gunung maluyakaké Barabudhur: Ostrali ([[Australian dollar|AUD]] 200.000), Bèlgi ([[Belgian franc|BEF]] 250.000), Siprus ([[Cypriot pound|CYP]] 100.000), Prancis ([[US Dollar|USD]] 77.500), lan Jerman ([[Deutsche Mark|DEM]] 2.000.000).&lt;ref name=&quot;f1DIg&quot; /&gt; Pangrèh Indonésia lan UNESCO banjur ngayahi pamriksa ing saindenging Barabudhur kanggo proyèk maluyakaké ing antaraning 1975 lan 1982.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco2004&quot; /&gt; Ing 1975, pambudidaya maluyakaké kawiwitan. Watu cacah sayuta punjul padha kacopot lan kalumpukaké kanggo katiti-priksa baka siji, kapepantha, kareresik, lan karumat. Barabudhur dadi papan uji-coba tumrap tèknik pangawèt (''conservation technique'') kang anyar, kalebu tata cara ngresiki mikroorganisme kang ngrusak watu.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS&quot; /&gt; Lambaraning yasan kapengkuhaké, lan panil cacah 1.460 kareresik. Anggoné maluyakaké kalebu mbongkari tlundhag pasagi cacah lima lan ndandani kalènan kanthi muwuhi saluran-saluran banyu tumrap yasan. Lapisan panyaring lan lapisan kang keker uga kawuwuhaké. Proyèk kolosal iki dièloni watara wong 600 kanggo maluyakaké yasan Barabudhur lan ngentèkaké ragad kang gunggung USD 6.901.243.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZP492&quot; /&gt;

Sarampung rénovasi, UNESCO ngepyakaké Barabudhur minangka siji Sasana Pusaka Jagat ing 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt; Barabudhur kalebu ing golongan Budaya (i) &quot;kanggo nuduhaké mahakarya kalantipaning manungsa&quot;, (ii) &quot;kanggo nuduhaké sesambunganing ajining manungsa saka jaman kang béda utawa saka laladan budaya ing jagat, tumrap rembakaning tata yasan lan tèhnologi, kagunaning yasan, pangrancanging kutha utawa rancanganing lansekap&quot;, lan (vi) &quot;kanggo kagayutaké marang acara-acara utawa upacara-upacara adat, gagasan utawa kapitayan, karya-karya kagunan lan kasusastran kang wigati tumrap wong akèh tur isih kaurip-urip kanthi sanalika lan nyata&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco-whc&quot; /&gt;

Ing Dhésèmber 2017, gagasan saperlu masang ''chattra'' ing pucuking stupa panunggul Barabudhur rinembug manèh. Kudu ana panaliti kang jero saperlu maluyakaké pucukan kang dhapur payung iku. Ing kawitan 2018, pambudidaya maluyakaké ''chattra'' durung kasembadan.&lt;ref name=&quot;2Z4v9&quot; /&gt;

===Lelakon saiki===
====Upacara agama====
[[File:Borobudur on Vesak Day 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Upacara Wésaka ing Barabudhur.]]
Sarampung kawaluyakaké gedhé-gedhèn ing 1973 kang diragadi [[UNESCO]]{{sfnp|Voûte|1973}}, Barabudhur bali manèh dadi papan pamujan lan jiyarah. Sataun pisan, nalika dina rembulan wutuh ing Mèi utawa Juni, para pandhèrèk Buddha ing Indonésia padha mangayubagya dina Wésaka kang mèngeti lair, pati, lan wayah nalika Siddhartha Gautama nggayuh kawicaksanan luhur lan ngéjawantah dadi Buddha Shakyamuni. Wésaka minangka dina préi nasional kang resmi ing Indonésia,{{sfnp|Vaisutis|2007|p=856}} déné upacarané kapunjer ing sasana pamujan Buddha cacah telu sarana lumaku saka Mendut banjur Pawon lan wusana Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;walubi-The_Meaning_of_Procession&quot; /&gt;

====Pariwisata====
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Bezoekers van de Borobudur TMnr 20027041.jpg|thumb|Para wisata ing Barabudhur]]
Yasan Barabudhur minangka paran wisata (''tourist attraction'') siji-sijiné kang kerep dhéwé ditekani para wisata ing Indonésia. Ing 1974, para wisata cacah 260.000, kang 36.000-é saka mancanagara, padha nekani Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Hampton|2005}} Cacahé banjur muluk dadi 2,5 yuta wong kang wisata saben tauné (80%-né minangka wong wisata saka sajeroning nagara) ing satengahing 1990-an, sadurung nagara ngalami krisis ékonomi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sedyawati1997&quot; /&gt; Pangembanging pariwisata olèh panyruwé amarga ora ngatutaké warga enggonan kang njalari cengkah ping sawatara.{{sfnp|Hampton|2005}} Ing 2003, para warga enggonan lan kang nduwèni pagawéan-pagawéan cilik ing sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur padha ngadani sawatara parepatan lan protès sarana geguritan, kaeneraké marang rancanganing pangrèh provinsi kang nedya yasa mall tingkat telu kang tinelah &quot;Java World&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;2Z7Xj&quot; /&gt;

Sawatara pangaji-aji pariwisata internasional kaganjaraké marang taman arkéologi Barabudhur, kaya ta PATA Grand Pacific Award 2004, PATA Gold Award Winner 2011, lan PATA Gold Award Winner 2012. Ing Juni 2012, Barabudhur cinathet ing ''Guinness Book of World Records'' minangka sasana arkéologi Buddha kang gedhé dhéwé ing sajagat.&lt;ref name=&quot;sEzfV&quot; /&gt;

====Pangawèt====
UNESCO menangi kawigatèn cacah telu gegayutan karo kaanan saiki kanggo ngawètaké (konservasi) Barabudhur: (i) pangrusak déning para wisata; (ii) amblesing lemah ing pérangan kidul-wétaning sasana; lan (iii) pambudidaya niti-priksa lan maluyakaké pérangan-pérangan kang wis ilang.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO report&quot; /&gt; Lemah alus, sawatara lindhu, lan udan deres njalari yasan Barabudhur ora pengkuh. Lindhu minangka jalaran gedhé dhéwé kang dadi kawigatèn, amarga ora mung njalari watu-watu padha tiba lan plengkung padha ambrol, nanging uga lembah dadi katut oreg kaya alun, kang ing tembé bisa ngambrukaké yasan.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO report&quot; /&gt; Stupa kasuwur minangka kang njalari tekaning para wisata kang pérangan gedhéné saka Indonésia. Sanajan ana papan pameling supaya aja ndemok watu ing kabèh tataran, ana giyaran pameling kang bola-bali lumantar kothak kandha (''loudspeaker''), lan ana wong kang njagani, lelakon pangrusak tumrap rélièf lan reca lumrah kalakon tur dadi masalah amarga njalari rusaking yasan kang saya ndadra. Nganti 2009, durung ana pranata kanggo nyumpi cacahing para wisata kang olèh lumebu ing saben dinané utawa kang ngudokaké para wisata padha nganggo pramuwisata (''tour guide'').&lt;ref name=&quot;UNESCO report&quot; /&gt;

Ing Agustus 2014, Otoritas Konservasi Barabudhur ngandhakaké sawatara gigis (abrasi) gedhé ing undhakan watu amarga panggah kena gèsrèkan saka panganggo sikiling para wisata (''visitors' footwear''). Otoritas iku ngrancang bakal masang undhakan kayu saperlu nutupi lan ngreksa undhakan watu kang lugu, kaya déné kang katrapan ing Angkor Wat.&lt;ref name=&quot;jnEYg&quot; /&gt;

====Pangrumat====
Barabudhur katerak jebluganing Gurung Merapi ing Oktober lan Novèmber 2010. Awu gunung geni saka Merapi tumiba ing sasana pamujan iku, kang dohé watara 28 kilomèter sakidul-kuloning kawah. Lapisan awu kang ngancik 2,5 sèntimèter&lt;ref name=&quot;antara2983&quot; /&gt; kandelé tumiba nalika jeblugan ing 3–5 Novèmber kang uga matèni wit-witan ing sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur. Para juru sumelang yèn awu kang ngandhut asem iku bisa ngrusak sasana sajarah iku. Sasanané banjur tinutup saka 5 tumeka 9 Novèmber saperlu kareresik saka awu.&lt;ref name=&quot;zcvVs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;84r4s&quot; /&gt;

UNESCO nyumbang USD 3 yuta minangka péranganing ragad kanggo ngrumat Barabudhur kang kena jebluganing Gunung Merapi ing 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;gV00f&quot; /&gt; Pasagi watu cacah 55.000 punjul kang dadi péranganing yasan padha kacopot kanggo maluyakaké kalèn kang kabebeg awu nalika udan. Anggoné maluyakaké rampung ing Novèmber.&lt;ref name=&quot;VSAmy&quot; /&gt;

Ing Januari 2012, juru ngawètaké watu cacah loro saka Jerman naliti Barabudhur ing dalem sapuluh dina lan mbabar pamrayoga supaya bisané lestari.&lt;ref name=&quot;8hzZ0&quot; /&gt; Ing Juni, Jerman mupakat nyumbang USD 130.000 marang UNESCO kanggo mbacutaké pangrumat (réhabilitasi) kanthi ngerigaké juru cacah enem ing babagan ngawètaké watu, mikrobiologi, tèknik yasan, lan tèknik kimia saperlu tumandang ing Barabudhur ing dalem saminggu ing Juni, banjur manèh ing Sèptèmber utawa Oktober. Pangerig iku nedya nindakaké kagiyatan panglestari (préservasi) kang wis kaprayogakaké ing Januari sinartan nganakaké kagiyatan ngundhakaké daya-kabisaning para punggawaning pangrèh praja lan para kanoman juru ngawètaké supaya padha mundhak bisané nglestarèkaké Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;wdDe1&quot; /&gt;

Ing 14 Fèbruari 2014, sawatara paran wisata gedhé ing Ngayogyakarta lan Jawa Tengah, kalebu Barabudhur, Prambanan, lan Ratu Baka padha tinutup amarga padha katerak awuning gunung geni saka jebluganing Gunung Kelut ing Jawa Wétan, kang kapernah watara 200 kilomèter sawétaning Ngayogyakarta. Stupa lan reca ing Barabudhur padha kakrukuban saperlu kareksa saka awuning gunung geni iku. Gunung Kelut njeblug ing 13 Fèbruari 2014 mawa swaraning jeblugan karungu saka Ngayogyakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZRpjE&quot; /&gt;

====Bebaya tumrap kaamanan====
Ing 21 Januari 1985, stupa cacah sanga rusak banget kajeblugan bom cacah sanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;glXES&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tempo&quot; /&gt; Ing 1991, juru kutbah Muslim kang wuta aran Husein Ali Al Habsyie katrapan paukuman kunjara sajeg jumbleg (salawasing urip) karana ndhalangi sawatara pangebom ing satengahing 1980-an, kalebu pangebom ing Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;qStJf&quot; /&gt; Durjana pangebom liyané cacah loro saka golongan èkstrimis Islam padha katrapan paukuman kunjara kang suwéné 20 taun ing 1986, lan durjana siji liyané katrapan paukuman kunjara kang suwéné 13 taun.

Ing 27 Mèi 2006, lindhu kang gedhéné 6,2 magnitudho ngoregaké pasisir kidul Jawa iring tengah. Lindhu iku banget anggoné ngrusaki laladan kana lan njalari pepati gedhé mligi ing Ngayogyakarta, nanging Barabudhur kukuh bakuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ZKhbU&quot; /&gt;

Ing Agustus 2014, pulisi lan wadyabala kaamanan Indonésia mikuwati kaamananing kukuban sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur kanggo nulak bebaya kang kagiyaraké ing médhia sosial déning péhak kang ngaku minangka ISIS cawang Indonésia kang kandha arep ngajuraké Barabudhur lan reca-reca liyané ing Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;wGCI5&quot; /&gt; Anggoné ngundhakaké kaamanan kalebu ndandani lan ngimbuhi monitor CCTV lan matrapaké rondha wengi ing kukuban Barabudhur. Golongan jihadis nututi tepsiring Islam kang keket kang nganggep wewujudan pindha manungsa kaya ta reca ukiran minangka sesembahan.

====Masalah bludhaging para wisata====
Gedhéning cacah para wisata kang munggah ing undhakaning Barabudhur kang ciyut njalari watu-watu ing undhakan padha kendho, lumahing watu padha gigis, lan padha dadi saya rata tur alus. Barabudhur ngemu lumahing watu undhakan cacah 2.033 kang kasebar ing kéblat papaté: kulon, wétan, kidul, lan lor. Ana lumahing watu cacah 1.028, utawa watara 49,15 persèné, kang rusak banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kompas-Ika&quot; /&gt;

Kanggo ngéndhani rusaking watu-watu ing undhakan saya ndadra, kawit Novèmber 2014, pérangan undhakan Barabudhur kang baku cacah loro – iring wétan (dalan munggah) lan iring lor (dalan mudhun) – tinutupan rerangkèn kayu. Cara kang padha wis katrapaké ing Angkor Wat Kamboja lan ing Piramid Mesir.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kompas-Ika&quot; /&gt; Ing Maret 2015, Punjer Konservasi Barabudhur ngusulaké saperlu nutupi undhakan mawa lapisan karèt.&lt;ref name=&quot;rvtHl&quot; /&gt; Ana uga kang ngusulaké supaya ana sandhal mirunggan kanggo para wisata.&lt;ref name=&quot;l6WAT&quot; /&gt;

==Tata yasan==
Kagiyatan pangedhuk arkéologis ing sajeroning pambudidaya yasa bali (rékonstruksi) nemokaké yèn para pandhèrèk Hindhu utawa kapitayan sadurung iku wis padha ngadegaké yasan gedhé ing gumuking Barabudhur sadurung papan iku diowahi para pandhèrèk Buddha. Lambaraning Barabudhur ora mèmper yasan pamujan Hindhu utawa Buddha kang lumrah, mula yasan kang dhisik dinuga yasan Jawa lugu tinimbang yasan Hindhu utawa Buddha.{{sfnp|Miksic|1994|p=46}}
===Rancangan===
[[File:Borobudur Mandala.svg|thumb|Rancangan dhasar Barabudhur kang dhapur [[mandala]].]][[File:Panoramic views of Borobudur.jpg|thumb|Sesawangan Barabudhur saka awang-awang ngatonaké dhapur piramid sungsun lan mandala.]]Barabudhur kaadegaké minangka stupa gedhé lan yèn kasawang saka dhuwur bakal katon dhapur mandala Buddha tantra kang magrong, kang negesaké kosmologi Buddha lan sipating pikiran.&lt;ref name=&quot;8itFX&quot; /&gt; Lambarané kang lugu (''original foundation'') iku pasagi, watara 118 mèter dawaning saben sisihé. Yasané ngemu tlundhag cacah sanga, kang enem ing pérangan ngisor wangun pasagi lan telu ing pérangan ndhuwur wangun bunder.{{sfnp|Vaisutis|2007|p=168}} Tlundhag-tlundhag ing ndhuwur ngemu stupa cilik cacah pitung puluh loro kang ngubengi siji stupa panunggul kang gedhé dhéwé. Saben stupané dhapur cungkupan mèmper loncèng mawa rerenggan bolong-bolong akèh. Reca-reca Buddha padha lungguh ing sajeroning cungkupan kang bolong-bolong iku.

Barabudhur karancang kaya déné piramid sungsun. Sadurung iku, kabudayan prasajarah mégalitik Austronésia ing Indonésia menangi sawatara pundhungan lemah lan yasan piramid sungsun kang aran pundhèn undhakan kaya déné kang tinemu ing sasana Pangguyangan ing cedhak Cisolok&lt;ref name=&quot;t8HH0&quot; /&gt; lan ing Cipari cedhak Kuningan.{{sfnp|Anom|1996|p=87}} Piramid watu kaadegaké adhedhasar kapitayan lugu yèn gunung lan papan-papan kang dhuwur minangka padununganing jiwa-jiwaning para leluhur utawa hyang.{{sfnp|Haryono|2011|p=14}} Pundhèn undhakan minangka rancanganing Barabudhur kang baku{{sfnp|Soekmono|2002|p=87}} kang kapracaya minangka candhaking adat mégalitik kang luwih lawas kanthi nglebokaké gagasan-gagasan lan lambang-lambang Buddha Mahayana.&lt;ref name=&quot;MuWfW&quot; /&gt;

Péranganing yasan kang cacah telu nglambangaké &quot;jagat&quot; cacah telu ing kosmologi Buddha, kang aran Kamadhatu (jagat kekarepan), Rupadhatu (jagat wewujudan) lan Arupadhatu (jagat tanpa wewujudan). Makluk urip kang salumrahé manggon ing tataran ngisor dhéwé, ya iku ing jagat kekarepan. Makluk kang wis ngobong kabèh kekarepané kanggo nggayuh wujud sabanjuré iku ninggalaké jagat kekarepan lan manggon ing jagat wewujudan: padha bisa weruh marang wewujudan, nanging ora padha kapéncut marang iku. Wusana, para Buddha kang temen iku kang tumapak ngluwihi wewujudan lan ngalami kasunyatan kang murni ing tataran kang wigati dhéwé, ya iku ing samodraning nirwana kang tanpa wewujudan.&lt;ref name=&quot;M9pn9&quot; /&gt; Mardika saka rodhaning ''Saṃsāra'' (sangsara) kang ateges jiwa kang wis olèh pepadhang wis ora nggayut manèh karo wewujudan kadonyan nerangaké gagasan bab Śūnyatā, kaanan suwung kang temen utawa pribadi kang tanpa kaanan. Kamadhatu iku diwakili lambaraning Barabudhur, Rupadhatu iku tlundhag pasagi cacah lima (awak), lan Arupadhatu tlundhag bunder cacah telu dalah stupa panunggul ing pucuké. Tetengering tataran cacah telu iku ana béda kang métaforis. Contoné, tlundhag pasagi mawa rerenggan akèh ing Rupadhatu owah dadi tlundhag bunder kang barès (tanpa rerenggan) ing Arupadhatu kang nglambangaké owah-owahan saka jagat wewujudan—papan kang isih padha gayut marang wujud lan jeneng—dadi jagat tanpa wewujudan.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=17}}

Upacara memuja ing Barabudhur katindakaké bebarengan sarana lumaku. Wong-wong kang upacara padha lumaku turut undhakan lan lurung munggah ngener tlundhag kang pucuk. Saben tlundhag makili siji tataraning pepadhang. Dalan kang diturut wong-wong kang upacara karancang supaya nglambangaké kosmologi Buddha.{{sfnp|Ferschin|2004}}

Ing 1889, pérangan kang katutupan ing pérangan sikil ora njarag tinemu.&lt;ref name=&quot;kompas&quot; /&gt; &quot;Sikilan kang katutupan&quot; iku ngemu rélièf; saka kabèh rélièf, kang cacah 160 nyaritakaké Kamadhatu kang temen. Rélièf-rélièf liyané minangka panil mawa prasasti cendhak kang katon nuduhaké pandom marang para juru ukir kang isiné nerangaké adegan-adegan kang kudu diukir.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} Pérangan sikil lugu (''real base'') ditutupi pérangan sikil pamungkus (''encasement base'') kang ancasé isih nyalawadi. Pérangan sikil lugu kudu katutup dinuga kanggo ngéndhani amblesing Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=18}} Téyori liya ngandhakaké yèn pérangan sikil pamungkus kawuwuhaké sabab pérangan sikil lugu ora karancang kanthi pener, miturut ''Wastu Sastra,'' pustaka Indhia kuna bab tata yasan lan tata kutha.&lt;ref name=&quot;kompas&quot; /&gt; Sanajan ora kaweruhan ancas panggawéné, pérangan sikil pamungkus kagawé mawa rerenggan kang rinci tur satiti lan nganggo lelimbangan agama sarta kaéndahan.

===Pasang-rakit===
[[File:Borobudur Cross Section en.svg|thumb|340x340px|Gambar saparo kang nuduhaké ukuran dhuwur 4:6:9 saka pérangan sikil, awak, lan endhas.]]

Watara 55.000 mèter kubik watu andhesit kajupuk saka pamelikan watu ing sakiwa-tengening Barabudhur kanggo ngrakit yasan Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} Watu kakethok banjur kaangkud menyang pernahing yasan lan kadèkèk tanpa bobokan. Kenob (''knob''), legokan (''indentation''), lan anjing-anjingan (''dovetail'') katrapaké minangka gegelan (''joint'') ing antaraning watu. Payoning stupa, clowokan, lan gapura plengkung karakit sarana cara kondhé (''corbelling method''). Rélièf kaukir ing papan kono (''in situ'') sarampung yasané karakit.

Yasan kapirantèni mawa tata kalèn kang apik kanggo ngemot ilining banyu udan. Saperlu ngéndhani banyu kang megung, cucukan banyu cacah 100 kapasang ing saben pojokan, kang sabené kaukir ing wujud raseksa utawa makara.

Barabudhur katitik saka rancangané kang béda saka yasan-yasan liyané kang mawa ancas kang padha. Ora kaadegaké ing palemahan rata, Barabudhur malah kaadegaké ing gumuk alam. Mangkonoa, caraning ngrakit mirib papan-papan pamujan liyané ing Jawa. Tanpa ruwangan ing sajeroné lan rancangané mèmper piramid, Barabudhur ing sakawit kasengguh minangka stupa, dudu papan pamujan.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} Ancasing stupa iku minangka padhépokaning Buddha. Kadhang-kala stupa kaadegaké mung minangka tandha bakti miturut agama Buddha. Ana déné, papan pamujan iku papan kanggo memuja. Rancanganing Barabudhur kang satiti awèh tetenger yèn Barabudhur iku papan pamujan, dudu stupa.

Ora akèh kang kaweruhan bab Gunadharma kang kasuwur minangka kang yasa Barabudhur.{{sfnp|Voûte|2008}} Jenengé njedhul ing carita rakyat Jawa, dudu prasasti.

Ékan pangukur (''unit of measurement'') baku kang katrapaké nalika yasa Barabudhur iku ''tala'', kang dawané sarai manungsa saka watesing rambut ing bathuk tumeka pucuking janggut utawa dawané saka pucuking jempol tumeka pucuking driji panengah kang kawengakaké nganti pantog.{{sfnp|Atmadi|1988}} Mula, ékan pangukur iku béda dawané saben wong, nanging yasan Barabudhur ékan pangukuré ajeg. Panaliti kang katindakaké ing 1977 kasil nemokaké ping sawatara bebandhingan 4:6:9 ing saindenging yasan. Kang ngrancang yasan nganggo wewaton iku nalika ngrancang Barabudhur mawa alang-ujur kang patitis sarana géomètri fraktal lan sarupa dhiri (''self-similar'').{{sfnp|Atmadi|1988}}&lt;ref name=&quot;fraktal&quot; /&gt; Bebandhingan iku uga tinemu ing rancanganing Pawon lan Mendut kang uga minangka papan pamujan Buddha ing cedhak kana. Arkéolog ndeduga yèn bebandhingan 4:6:9 lan ékan ''tala'' ngemu surasa pananggalan, astronomi, lan kosmologi, kaya kang ana ing papan pamujan Angkor Wat.{{sfnp|Voûte|2008}}

Yasan baku bisa kapérang dadi telu: sikil, awak, lan endhas.{{sfnp|Voûte|2008}} Pérangan sikil ambané 123 m x 123 m mawa témbok 4 mèter.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=16}} Pérangan awak kapérang dadi tlundhag pasagi cacah lima kang saya dhuwur tatarané saya ciyut ambané. Lorogan (téras) kapisan kawiwitan 7 mèter lumebu saka pinggiring pérangan sikil. Saben lorogan mandhuwur kawiwitan 2 mèter saka lorogan sangisoré, kang nurahaké lurung ciyut ing saben tlundhag. Pérangan endhas kapérang dadi tlundhag bunder cacah telu kang saben tlundhagé ngemu stupa bolong-bolong kang tinata jèjèr ngubengi stupa panunggul ing tengah. Pucuking stupa panunggul iku dadi titiking yasan Barabudhur kang dhuwur dhéwé, ya iku 35 mèter saka lumahing palemahan. Undhakan ing satengahing saben sisih kang cacah papat dadi dalan kang ngener pucuk. Undhakan iku katrapan sawatara gapura plengkung mawa reca singa cacah 32. Gapura-gapurané rinenggan endhasing kala ing pérangan ndhuwuré lan makara ing sakiwa-tengené. Rerenggan kala-makara lumrah tinemu ing gapura-gapuraning papan pamujan Jawa. Dalan lumebu kang baku ana ing sisih kiwa, ya iku pernahing rélièf carita kang kapisan. Undhakan ing pèrènging gumuk uga nggayutaké yasan karo ngaré ing sangisoré.

==Rélièf==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%; margin-left:1em; float:right;&quot;
|+Sebaraning panil carita{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=20}}
|-
! Pérangan
! Pernah
! Carita
! Cacahing panil
|-
| sikil kang katutupan
| témbok
| Karmawibhangga || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 160
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | gladri kapisan
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | témbok baku
| Lalitawistara || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 120
|-
| Jataka/Awadana || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 120
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | kelir
| Jataka/Awadana || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 372
|-
| Jataka/Awadana || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 128
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | gladri kapindho
| kelir
| Jataka/Awadana || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 100
|-
| témbok baku
| Gandawyuha || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 128
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | gladri katelu
| témbok baku
| Gandawyuha || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 88
|-
| kelir
| Gandawyuha || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 88
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | gladri kapapat
| témbok baku
| Gandawyuha || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 84
|-
| kelir
| Gandawyuha || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 72
|- style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Gunggung
| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; | 1.460
|}
[[File:Borobudur Reliefs Position en.svg|thumb|Pernahing rélièf-rélièf carita ing Barabudhur.|426x426px]]
Barabudhur kaadegaké kanthi ngatonaké lorogan-lorogané, nuduhaké tata yasan kang njlimet saka lorogan-lorogan kang rinenggan rélièf-cèthèk (''bas-relief'') ing pérangan ngisor tumeka lorogan-lorogan bunder aran Arupadhatu kang tanpa rerenggan.&lt;ref name=&quot;LUQR2&quot; /&gt; Témboking lorogan cacah papat ing pérangan ngisor macak ukiran rélièf-cèthèk. Rerenggan iku kaaranan édi-péni tur alus ing jagat Buddha kuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;UBDsh&quot; /&gt;

Rélièf-cèthèk ing Barabudhur metha akèh sesawangan padinan ing Jawa kuna abad ka-8, saka karaton, patapan ing sajeroning alas, nganti kauripaning wong cilik ing désa. Rélièf-rélièfé uga metha papan pamujan, pasar, manéka kéwan lan tetuwuhan, uga yeyasan Jawa lugu. Wong-wong kang kapetha ing rélièf ana ratu, paramèswari, pangéran, ménak, wong praja, wadyabala, batur, wong cilik, pandhita, lan wong tapa. Rélièfé uga metha roh-roh alus ing ajaran Buddha kaya ta asura, déwa-déwi, boddhisattwa, manuk kinnara, gandharwa, lan apsara. Pepethan kang kapacak ing rélièf sok minangka jujuganing para sajarawan nalika naliti bab tata yasan, tata gaman, ékonomi, tata busana, lan tata angkudan ing abad ka-8 ing kapuloan Asia Kidul-Wétan. Salah siji pepethan kang kondhang ya iku prau mawa katir cacah loro kang tinelah Prau Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;QeTbh&quot; /&gt; Dinané iki, tetironing Prau Barabudhur kanthi gedhé kang satemené tur tau lelayaran saka Indonésia anjog Afrika ing 2004 pinajang ing Musiyum Raksa Samodra kang kapernah atusan mèter ing sakiduling Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;w8rJ4&quot; /&gt;

Rélièf Barabudhur uga narik kawigatèn tumrap kawruh kaéndahan Indhia, kaya ta patraping awak kang ngemu surasa mirunggan lan aji kaéndahan. Rélièf wong ménak, ratu, utawa roh-roh kahyangan kaya ta apsara, tara, lan boddhisattwa lumrahé kapetha mawa patrap ''tribhanga'', ya iku patrap nekuk telu ing gulu, bangkèkan, lan dhengkul, mawa sikil siji tumumpang lan sikil siji liyané nyangga awak. Patrap iku ingaran patrap kang alus dhéwé, pindha Surasundari kang pinuju nggawa tunjung.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zdcr0&quot; /&gt;

Nalika pangedhuking Barabudhur, para arkéolog nemu pigmèn warna biru, abang, ijo, ireng, lan cuwilan grènjèng emas (''gold foil''), lan awèh dudutan yèn yasan kang katon saiki – warna klawu peteng watu gunung geni, tanpa warna liya – bokmanawa biyèné kalapisan lépa putih ''warjalépa'' lan linukisan mawa manéka warna kang padhang kang bokmanawa kanggo nuduhaké sunaring ajaran Buddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Religions&quot; /&gt; Tilasing lépa ''wajralépa'' uga tinemu ing papan pamujan Sari, Kalasan, lan Sèwu. Dinuga rélièf-cèthèk ing Barabudhur ing sakawit iku warna-warni, sadurung kena udan tropis maabad-abad kang wusana nglèthèki pigmèn-pigmèn warnané.

Barabudhur ngemu watara rélièf-cèthèk cacah 2.670 (panil carita cacah 1.560 lan panil rerenggan cacah 1.212) kang kapasang ing windu (''surface'') lan keliré. Ambaning windu kang ngemu rélièf gunggung 2.500 mèter kubik lan kasebar ing pérangan sikil kang katutupan (Kamadhatu) lan tlundhag pasagi cacah lima (Rupadhatu).{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=20}}

Panil carita, kang nuduhaké carita Sudhana lan Manohara,{{sfnp|Jaini|1966}} katunggalaké dadi 11 pérangan carita kang ngubengi yasan kanthi gunggunging dawa 3.000 mèter. Pérangan sikil kang katutupan ngemu pérangan carita kapisan mawa panil carita cacah 160; ana déné 10 pérangan carita kang candhaké kasebar ing saindenging témbok lan kelir ing gladri cacah papat wiwit saka undhakan lumebu ing wétan banjur mangiwa. Panil carita ing témbok kawaca saka tengen mangiwa, déné kang ana ing kelir kawaca saka kiwa manengen. Kaanan iku padha karo pradaksina, ya iku upacara ngubeng déning panyarta upacara kanthi enering laku padha enering pandoming jam lan pernahing papan pamujan panggah ing tengené.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=21}}

Pérangan sikil kang katutupan metha lakuning wewaton karma. Rélièf ing témbok gladri kang kapisan ngemu pérangan carita cacah loro kang larikan ngisor-ndhuwur; saben larik ngemu 120 panil. Larik ndhuwur metha kauripaning Buddha; ana déné larik ngisor kang nyambung ing keliring gladri kapisan lan kapindho metha kauripaning Buddha kang sadurungé.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} Panil-panil liyané metha Sudhana kang leluru Kawicaksanan Sampurna lan wusana kasil digayuh.

===Wewaton karma (Karmawibhangga)===
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf O 89 op de verborgen voet van de Borobudur TMnr 10015826.jpg|thumb|right| Adegan Karmawibhangga ing pérangan sikil kang katutupan; ing tengen kapetha laku dosa matèni lan ngolah penyu lan iwak, ing kiwa kapetha wong kang pagawéané matèni kéwan bakal siniksa ing naraka sarana kaolah urip-urip, kakethok, utawa kauncalaké menyang balé pagenèn.]]

Panil cacah 160 kang katutupan ora ngemu carita kang sambung-sinambung, nanging saben panil iku nuduhaké pepethan pepak bab jalaran lan temahan (''cause and effect'').{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=20}} Ana pepethan bab lelaku kang tinutuh, saka ngrasani nganti matèni, sinartan paukuman-paukumané. Ana uga lelaku kang kaprayogakaké, kaya ta dedana (sidekah) lan jiyarah menyang papan kramat, sinartan ganjaran-ganjarané. Bab naraka kang nggegirisi lan swarga kang nyenengaké uga ana pepethané. Ana adegan kaanan sadina-dina, kang jinangkepan sesawangan sangsara (rodhaning lair lan pati kang ora kendhat). Pérangan sikil pamungkus ing Barabudhur binongkar saperlu ngatonaké pérangan sikil kang katutupan, banjur rélièfé difoto Kassian Chepas ing 1890. Foto-foto iku kapajang ing Musiyum Karmawibhangga. Nalika kawaluyakaké, pérangan sikil pamungkus pinasang manèh kanggo nutupi rélièf-rélièf Karmawibhangga. Saiki, mung pérangan sikil iring kidul-wétan baé kang kawiyak lan bisa ditonton para wisata.

===Pangèran Siddhartha lan lairing Buddha (Lalitawistara)===
Carita iku kawiwitan saka udhuning Buddha saka swarga Tushita lan kapungkas mawa sesorahé kang kapisan ing Taman Kidang ing cedhak Benarès.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} Rélièfé nuduhaké yèn Buddha lair minangka Pangéran Siddhartha, anak lanang saka Ratu Suddhodana lan bojoné aran Maya ing Kapilawastu (ing Népal).[[File:Queen Maya, Borobudur.jpg|thumb|right|Ibu Maya numpak kréta jaran menyang [[Lumbini|Taman Lumbini]] nedya nglairaké Pangéran [[Siddhartha Gautama]]]]
Caritané didhisiki panil cacah 27 kang nuduhaké manéka tata-tata, ing swarga lan ing bumi, kanggo mangayubagya lairing janma (''incarnation'') kang pungkasan saka boddhisattwa.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=21}} Sadurung mudhun saka swarga Tushita, boddhisattwa ngulungaké makuthané marang panerusé, ya iku Buddha Maitréya. Dhèwèké banjur mudhun menyang bumi sarana wujud gajah putih mawa gadhing cacah enem kang lumebu wetenging Ibu Maya ing sisih tengen. Ibu Maya ngimpi bab lelakon iku, kang katepsiraké yèn anaké lanang bakal dadi ratu utawa dadi Buddha.

Nalika Ibu Maya rumasa arep nglairaké, dhèwèké metu ing Taman Lumbini ing sajabaning Kutha Kapilawastu. Dhèwèké ngadeg ing sangisoring wit plaksa, nyekel pang sarana tangané tengen, banjur nglairaké bayi lanang aran Pangéran Siddhartha. Carita ing panil-panil iku terus baé nganti pangéran iku dadi Buddha.

===Kauripaning Buddha kang dhisik (Jataka) lan wong-wong wigati liyané (Awadana)===
[[File:Jataka - Level 1 Balustrade Top - 141 Jataka, Level 1, West Wall (8597647402).jpg|thumb|Rélièf carita jataka bab penyu gedhé kang nylametaké para punggawa prau (''sailor'') kang kelelep.]]
Jataka iku carita-caritaning Buddha sadurung lair minangka Pangéran Siddhartha.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=26}} Carita-carita iku bab kauripan-kauripaning Buddha kang dhisik ing wujud manungsa lan kéwan. Buddha ing tembé bisa ngéjawantah dadi raja, wong buwangan, déwa, gajah—nanging, ing wujud apa baé, dhèwèké nindakaké sawatara kautaman kang dadi telenging carita.&lt;ref name=&quot;HqZ8l&quot; /&gt; Awadana mirib jataka, nanging paragané kang baku dudu boddhisattwa. Lelaku suci ing awadana ditindakaké wong-wong wigati liyané. Jataka lan awadana sok katunggalaké lan ing rélièf Barabudhur dadi nunggal pérangan carita.

Panil ngisor cacah rong puluh kang kawitan ing témboking gladri kapisan metha Sudhanakumarawadana utawa lelaku sucining Sudhana. Panil ndhuwur cacah 134 kang kawitan ing keliring gladri kang padha macak carita Jatakamala cacah 34.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=29}} Panil cacah 237 liyané metha carita saka sumber-sumber liya, kaya ta panil ngisor saluwihé dalah panil ing gladri kapindho. Sawatara jataka kapetha ping pindho, kaya ta carita Ratu Sibhi (buyuting Rama).

===Sudhana luru kasunyatan sampurna (Gandawyuha)===
Gandawyuha iku carita kang kapacak ing bab pungkasan sutra Awatamsaka bab lelananing Sudhana kang ora kendhat ngluru Kawicaksanan Sampurna Mahaluhur. Carita iku kapacak ing gladri cacah loro (gladri katelu lan kapapat) lan uga ing saparoning gladri kapindho, kang gunggunging panil cacah 460.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=32}} Paraga baku ing carita, ya iku Sudhana enom, anak lanang saka wong dagang kang sugih banget, kapacak ing panil ka-16. Panil cacah 15 kang sadurungé minangka bebuka kang nyaritakaké pangéram-éram nalika Buddha semadi ing Taman Jéta ing Srawasti.

Nalika lelana, Sudhana nekani ora kurang saka guru cacah telung pulih, nanging ora ana kang maremaké dhèwèké kanthi temen. Dhèwèké banjur dikon Manjusri saperlu nemoni pandhita Megasri, kang mènèhi dhèwèké ajaran kang kapisan. Nalika mbajuraké lakuné, Sudhana kapapag (kanthi urut) Supratisthita, biksu aran Mégha (Sukmaning Kawruh), juru arta aran Muktata, pandhita aran Saradhwaja, upasika aran Asa (Sukmaning Pepadhang Mahaluhur), Bhismottaranirghosa, brahmin aran Jayosmayatna, Pangéran Maitrayani, pandhita aran Sudarsana, bocah lanang aran Indriyèswara, upasika aran Prabhuta, juru arta aran Ratnachuda, Ratu Anala, Déwa Siwah Mahadéwa, Ibu Maya, Boddhisattwa Maitréya lan bali manèh menyang Manjusri. Saben papagané iku mènèhi Sudhana ajaran, kawruh, lan kawicaksanan mirunggan. Manéka papagané iku kapacak ing gladri katelu.

Rampung papagan kang pungkasan karo Manjusri, Sudhana lunga menyang padununganing Boddhisattwa Samantabhadra, kaya kang kapetha ing gladri kapapat. Saindenging carita ing gladri kapapat macak ajaraning Samantabhadra. Panil carita rampung mawa adegan Sudhana kasil nggayuh Kawruh Mahaluhur lan Kasunyatan Pungkasan.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|p=35}}

==Reca Buddha==
[[File:WLANL - Pachango - Tropenmuseum - Kop Borobudur.jpg|thumb|upright|Sirahé reca Buddha ing Barabudhur kang kapajang ing Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam.]]
Ora mung rélièf carita kosmologi Buddha, Barabudhur uga ngemu akèh reca Buddha manéka rupa. Reca-reca kang lungguh sila mujudaké patraping lungguh tunjung (kembang traté) lan kasebar ing tlundhag pasagi cacah lima (tataran Rupadhatu), uga ing tlundhag pucuk (tataran Arupadhatu).

Reca-reca Buddha ana ing sajeroning clowokan (''niche'') ing tataran Rupadhatu, kapapanaké salarik ing winduning kelir kang njaba kanthi cacahing reca saya suda ing tataran kang saya dhuwur. Kelir kapisan ngemu clowokan cacah 104 , kapindho cacah 104, katelu cacah 88, kapapat cacah 73, lan kalima cacah 64. Gunggungé ana reca Buddha cacah 432 ing tataran Rupadhatu.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} Ing tataran Arupadhatu (utawa tlundhag bunder cacah telu), reca-reca Buddha kapapanaké ing sajeroning stupa kang bolong-bolong. Tlundhag budher kapisan ngemu stupa cacah 32, kapindho cacah 24, lan katelu cacah 16, dalah stupané cacah 72.{{sfnp|Soekmono|1976|pp=35-36}} Saka reca Buddha lugu cacah 504, kang cacah 300 punjul wis padha rusak (pérangan gedhéné tanpa endhas), déné kang cacah 43 wis ilang. Kawit temuning yasan Barabudhur, endhas-endhasé padha dijupuki, kang pérangan gedhéné déning musiyum-musiyum Kulonan.{{sfnp|Woodward|1979}} Sawatara endhas-endhas Buddha iku saiki kapajang ing sawatara musiyum, kaya ta Tropenmuseum ing Amsterdam, Musée Guimet ing Paris, lan The British Museum ing London.&lt;ref name=&quot;1pgW0&quot; /&gt; Ing 2014, Jerman mbalèkaké barang jejupukané lan ngragadi kanggo masang bali endhas-endhas mau uga kanggo ngéwangi ngawètaké Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;thejakartapost&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/11/20/buddhas-be-reunited-with-their-heads.html|title=Buddhas to be reunited with their heads|last1=Muryanto|first1=Bambang|date=20 November 2014|access-date=31 December 2019|publisher=The Jakarta Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Satlereman, kabèh reca Buddha katon mirib, nanging ana béda sithik ing antaraning reca-reca iku ing babagan ''mudra'' utawa patraping tangan. Ana lima golonganing mudra: lor, wétan, kidul, kulon, lan punjer, kang nengeri kéblat cacah lima miturut ajaran Mahayana. Kelir cacah papat kang kawitan ngemu mudra cacah papat kang kawitan: lor, wétan, kidul, lan kulon, kang reca-reca Buddhané matrapaké mudra manut kéblaté dhéwé-dhéwé. Reca-reca Buddha ing kelir kalima lan ing sajeroning stupa cacah 72 ing tataran Arupadhatu matrapaké mudra kang padha: punjer. Saben mudra makili siji Buddha Semadi Lima; sabené ngemu simbul kang séjé.{{sfnp|Bucknell|1993}}

Manut urutaning pradaksina (ngubengi manut lakuning pandom jam) saka kulon, mudra-mudra ing reca-reca Barabudhur ana:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;width:60%;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;width:70px;&quot;|Reca
! style=&quot;width:70px;&quot;|Mudra
! style=&quot;width:140px;&quot;|Tegesing simbul
! style=&quot;width:80px;&quot;|Buddha Semadi
! style=&quot;width:60px;&quot;|Kéblat
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;|Pernahing reca
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 10016277.jpg|70px]]
|''Bhumisparsa''
|Kandha marang bumi saperlu nyeksèni
|Aksobhya
|Wétan
|Clowokan ing Rupadhatu ing kelir wétan saka tataran kapisan tekan kapapat.
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60013976.jpg|70px]]
|''Wara''
|Laku becik; dedana
|Ratnasambhawa
|Kidul
|Clowokan ing Rupadhatu ing kelir kidul saka tataran kapisan tekan kapapat.
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amitabha TMnr 10016276.jpg|70px]]
|''Dhyana''
|Semadi
|[[Amitabha]]
|Kulon
|Clowokan ing Rupadhatu ing kelir kulon saka tataran kapisan tekan kapapat.
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Amogasiddha TMnr 10016274.jpg|70px]]
|''Abhaya''
|Sudira
|Amoghasiddhi
|Lor
|Clowokan ing Rupadhatu ing kelir lor saka tataran kapisan tekan kapapat.
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur voorstellende Dhyani Boeddha Vairocana TMnr 10015947.jpg|70px]]
|''Witarka''
|Waskita lan kautaman
|Wairochana
|Punjer
|Clowokan ing Rupadhatu ing kelir kabèh kéblat ing tataran lima (dhuwur dhéwé).
|-
|[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Boeddhabeeld van de Borobudur TMnr 60019836.jpg|70px]]
|''Dharmachakra''
|Ngobahaké rodhaning dharma (pranata)
|Wairochana
|Punjer
|Arupadhatu ing stupa bolong-bolong cacah 72 ing tlundhag bunder cacah telu.
|}

==Pusaka==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM President Soekarno en de Indiase premier Nehru kijken toe hoe Indira Gandhi bloemen in ontvangst neemt tijdens een bezoek aan de Borobudur TMnr 10015646.jpg|thumb|right|Sukarno lan Nayakotama Indhia aran [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] teka ing Barabudhur ing Juni 1950.]][[File:Save Borobudur Monument, 2.50rp+0.25 (1968).jpg|upright|thumb|Meteré Indonésia 1968 kang ngajaki maluyakaké Barabudhur.]]
Rancanganing Barabudhur kang titi tur édi-péni, uga gedhéné kang magrong, njalari wong Indonésia mongkog. Kaya déné [[Angkor Wat]] tumrap Kamboja, Barabudhur dadi simbul kang kuwat tumrap Indonesia — minangka seksi marang kala wingi-unining Indonésia kang agung. Présidhèn Indonésia kapisan aran [[Sukarno]] nuduhaké sasana iku marang panggedhé-panggedhé mancanagara. Réjim [[Suharto]] — sadhar marang kabisan ékonominé kang gedhé — miwiti proyèk gedhé saperlu maluyakaké yasan Barabudhur mawa pitulunganing UNESCO. Akèh musiyum ing Indonésia ngemu tetironing Barabudhur kang cilik. Yasan iku mèh dadi ikon lan katunggalaké bareng [[wayang]] lan [[gamelan]] minangka tinggalan Jawa klasik kang njiwani akèh wong Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;M Wood&quot; /&gt;

Sawatara barang tinggalan arkéologis kang kajupuk saka Barabudhur utawa barang tetironé kapajang ing sawatara musiyum ing Indonésia lan mancanagara. Aliya saka Musiyum Karmawibhangga ing sajeroning laladan Barabudhur, sawatara musiyum ngandhakaké yèn nyimpen barang tinggalan saka Barabudhur, kaya ta Musiyum Nasional Indonésia ing Jakarta, Tropenmuseum ing Amsterdam, The British Museum ing London, lan Musiyum Nasional Thai ing Bangkok. Musiyum Louvre ing Paris, Musiyum Nasional Malaysia ing Kuala Lumpur, lan Musiyum Agama Jagat ing Taipéi uga majang barang tinggalan saka Barabudhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;World Religions&quot; /&gt; Yasan Barabudhur narik kawigatèn wong sajagat marang kabudayan Buddha klasik ing Jawa kuna.

Temu bali lan yasa bali Barabudhur ditampa para pandhèrèk Buddha Indonésia kanthi mongkog lan dianggep minangka tandha-tandha agama Buddha bakal tuwuh-rembaka manèh ing Indonésia. Ing 1934, biksu saka Sri Lanka aran Narada Théra anjog Indonésia ping pisané minangka péranganing lelungané nyebaraké dharma ing Asia Kidul-Wétan. Kalodhangan iku ditampa sawatara pandhèrèk Buddha enggonan kanggo nguripi manèh agama Buddha ing Indonésia. Upacara nandhur wit bodhi ginelar ing iring kidul-wétaning Barabudhur nalika 10 Maret 1934 kanthi pangèstuning Narada Théra, lan sawatara upasaka kinepyak dadi biksu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buddhanet&quot; /&gt; Sataun ping pisan, para pandhèrèk Buddha cacah éwon saka Indonésia lan nagara-nagara tangga-teparo padha teka ing Barabudhur saperlu mangayubagya upacara Wésaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;AptiJ&quot; /&gt;

Lambanging Provinsi Jawa Tengah lan Kabupatèn Magelang ngemu gambar Barabudhur. Yasan iku wis dadi simbuling Jawa Tengah uga Indonésia. Barabudhur wis dadi jeneng sawatara wangunan kaya ta Universitas Borobudur, Hotèl Borobudur ing Jakarta Punjer, lan sawatara griya dhahar Indonésia ing jaban rangkah. Barabudhur uga ana ing dhuwit kertas lan meteré rupiyah lan ing sawatara buku, cap-capan, cathetan dhokumènter, lan cap-capan tetawa wisata Indonésia. Yasané wis dadi salah siji paran wisata baku ing Indonésia, kang wigati kanggo nyengkuyung ékonomi enggonan ing laladan sakiwa-tengené. Contoné, wisata ing Kutha Ngayogyakarta ngrembaka salong amarga leté kang cedhak karo papan pamujan Barabudhur lan Prambanan.

==Ing kasusastran==
Ing geguritané kang sesirah ''Borro Boedoor'' (1835), Letitia Elizabeth Landon nggambaraké Barabudhur saka cara pandeleng Kristen.

==Gladri==
===Gladri rélièf===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Barkas:Borobudur ship.JPG|Panil rélièf Prau Barabudhur.
Barkas:Musician Borobudur.jpg|Wong-wong mainaké gendhing kang dinuga minangka dhapuring gamelan kang kawitan.
Barkas:Apsara Borobudur.jpg|Apsara ing Barabudhur.
Barkas:Sailendra King and Queen, Borobudur.jpg|Adegan kang metha ratu lan paramèswari dalah wong-wongé.
Barkas:Borobudur Keris.jpg|Wong nggawa gaman kang dinuga minangka dhapuring kris kang kawitan.
Barkas:Tara Borobudur 3.jpg|Tara nyekel Chamara.
Barkas:Tara Borobudur 2.jpg|Surasundari nyekel tunjung.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Gladri Barabudhur===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Barkas:World Heritage inscription of Borobudur Temple 1991.jpg|Prasasti Pusaka Jagat ing Candhi Barabudhur.
Barkas:The procedures visiting Borobudur Temple.jpg|Blabag panuntun kanggo kang teka ing Barabudhur.
Barkas:The inscription of Borobudur restoration in 1973.jpg|Prasasti maluyakaké Barabudhur ing 1973 déning Présidhèn Indonésia kala samana Soeharto.
Barkas:Scaterred Antefix - decorative architectural ornament either on the top of balustrade on Borobudur temple wall.jpg|Pérangan-peranganing Barabudhur ing Musiyum Karmawibhangga kang durung kaweruhan pernahé ing yasan.
Barkas:Buddha in the Stupa Borobudur.jpg|Reca Buddha ing sajeroning stupa.
Barkas: Main_gate_of_Borobudur_temple.jpg|Lawang Utama Candi.
Barkas:Pendopo_museum_of_Borobudur_temple.jpg|Pendopo ing Candi Barabudhur.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Piridan==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;3L5mh&quot;&gt;[[Hary Gunarto]], Preserving Borobudur's Narrative Walls of UNESCO Heritage, Ritsumeikan RCAPS Occasional Paper, [https://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/workingPapers/RCAPS_Occasional_Paper_07-5.pdf] October 2007&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;3WO5T&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Borobudur | url=http://ina.indonesia.nl/index.php/pariwisata/356-borobudur | date=21 December 2012 | publisher=Indonesian Embassy in Den Haag | language=id | access-date=24 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106221222/http://ina.indonesia.nl/index.php/pariwisata/356-borobudur | archive-date=6 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;4IUze&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Walubi|title=Borobudur: Candi Berbukit Kebajikan|url=http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|access-date=9 December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100703070946/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml|archive-date=3 July 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AikB1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur |title=Wacana Nusantara - Candi Borobudur |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;olbT2&quot;&gt;[https://www.parlement.com/id/vhsk2t2pahw6/w_p_groeneveldt W.P. Groeneveldt] at parlement.com&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;f1DIg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20865/volume-865-I-12422-English.pdf|title=Agreement concerning the voluntary contributions to be given for the execution of the project to preserve Borobudur}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ZP492&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|title=Cultural heritage and partnership; 1999|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001163/116321Eo.pdf|access-date=17 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2Z4v9&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2018/01/19/ui-archaeology-professor-weighs-in-on-borobudurs-chattra-restoration.html|title=UI archaeology professor weighs in on Borobudur's 'chattra' restoration|last=Post|first=The Jakarta|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=4 May 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2Z7Xj&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,501030203-411454,00.html| access-date=23 August 2008| title=Battle of Borobudur| author=Jamie James| date=27 January 2003| publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]| archive-date=30 September 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930064236/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,501030203-411454,00.html| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sEzfV&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.antaranews.com/berita/319963/candi-borobudur-dicatatkan-di-guinness-world-records |title=Candi Borobudur dicatatkan di Guinness World Records |date=5 July 2012 |publisher=AntaraNews.com |language=id |access-date=15 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709235121/http://www.antaranews.com/berita/319963/candi-borobudur-dicatatkan-di-guinness-world-records |archive-date=9 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;jnEYg&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Batu Tangga Candi Borobudur akan Dilapisi Kayu | publisher=National Geographic Indonesia | date=19 August 2014 | url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/08/batu-tangga-candi-borobudur-akan-dilapisi-kayu | language=id | access-date=26 August 2014 | archive-date=8 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108194302/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/08/batu-tangga-candi-borobudur-akan-dilapisi-kayu | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zcvVs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Borobudur Temple Forced to Close While Workers Remove Merapi Ash |publisher=[[Jakarta Globe]] |date=7 November 2010 |url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/borobudur-temple-forced-to-close-while-workers-remove-merapi-ash/405343 |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101111135645/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/borobudur-temple-forced-to-close-while-workers-remove-merapi-ash/405343 |archive-date=11 November 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;84r4s&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Inilah Foto-foto Kerusakan Candi | language =id | publisher = Tribun News | date = 7 November 2010 | url = http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/11/07/inilah-foto-foto-kerusakan-candi-borobudur | access-date =7 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gV00f&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |title=Borobudur's post-Merapi eruption rehabilitating may take three years: Official |date=17 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116230820/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/17/borobudur%E2%80%99s-postmerapi-eruption-rehabilitating-may-take-three-years-official.html |archive-date=16 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;VSAmy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/28/borobudur-clean-finish-november.html |title=Borobudur clean-up to finish in November |publisher=The Jakarta Post |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=28 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8hzZ0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/jakarta/about-this-office/single-view/news/stone_conservation_workshop_borobudur_central_java_indone/ |title=Stone Conservation Workshop, Borobudur, Central Java, Indonesia, 11-12 January 2012 funded by the Federal Republic of Germany - &amp;#124; UNESCO Office in Jakarta |publisher=Portal.unesco.org |date=16 January 2012 |access-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wdDe1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |title=Germany Supports Safeguarding of Borobudur |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |access-date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615195445/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/germany-supports-safeguarding-of-borobudur/523717 |archive-date=15 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ZRpjE&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Borobudur, Other Sites, Closed After Mount Kelud Eruption|date=14 February 2014|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/|publisher=JakartaGlobe|access-date=15 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214143350/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/borobudur-other-sites-closed-after-mount-kelud-eruption/#|archive-date=14 February 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;glXES&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=1,100-Year-Old Buddhist Temple Wrecked By Bombs in Indonesia|publisher=The Miami Herald|date=22 January 1985|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&amp;s_site=miami&amp;p_multi=MH&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|access-date=17 August 2008|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331014119/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&amp;s_site=miami&amp;p_multi=MH&amp;p_theme=realcities&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0EB3619008FD4B9F&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;qStJf&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=Harold Crouch|author-link=Harold Crouch|journal=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|title=The Key Determinants of Indonesia's Political Future|url=http://www.iseas.edu.sg/72002.pdf|year=2002|issn=0219-3213|volume=7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082726/http://www.iseas.edu.sg/72002.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ZKhbU&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/an-ancient-wonder-reduced-to-rubble/2006/05/29/1148754940170.html|title=An ancient wonder reduced to rubble|author=Sebastien Berger|date=30 May 2006|access-date=23 August 2008|publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wGCI5&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Terkait Ancaman ISIS di Media Sosial, Pengamanan Candi Borobudur Diperketat | author=Ika Fitriana | publisher=National Geographic Indonesia | date=22 August 2014 | url=http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/08/terkait-ancaman-isis-di-media-sosial-pengamanan-candi-borobudur-diperketat | language=id | access-date=26 August 2014 | archive-date=5 March 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305201914/http://nationalgeographic.co.id/berita/2014/08/terkait-ancaman-isis-di-media-sosial-pengamanan-candi-borobudur-diperketat | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rvtHl&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title =Tangga Candi Borobudur Dilapisi Karet |newspaper= Kompas.com |date = 6 March 2015 |editor = I Made Asdhiana | url =http://travel.kompas.com/read/2015/03/06/182500327/Tangga.Candi.Borobudur.Dilapisi.Karet |language =id |access-date = 14 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;l6WAT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2015/10/13/cegah-keausan-batu-pengunjung-borobudur-diharuskan-pakai-sandal-khusus?page=2 |title=Cegah Keausan Batu, Pengunjung Borobudur Diharuskan Pakai Sandal Khusus |author=Sugiyanto |date=13 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8itFX&quot;&gt;{{cite conference|author=A. Wayman| title=Reflections on the Theory of Barabudur as a Mandala| book-title=Barabudur History and Significance of a Buddhist Monument| publisher=Asian Humanities Press| location=Berkeley| year=1981}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;t8HH0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Pangguyangan | work = Dinas Pariwisata dan Budaya Provinsi Jawa Barat | url = http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=878&amp;lang=id | language = id | access-date = 2021-05-21 | archive-date = 2019-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191224184236/http://www.disparbud.jabarprov.go.id/wisata/dest-det.php?id=878&amp;lang=id | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;MuWfW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&amp;cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&amp;id=87&amp;uniq=1577|title=Kebudayaan Megalithikum Prof. Dr. Sutjipto Wirgosuparto|publisher=E-dukasi.net|access-date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710042201/http://e-dukasi.net/index.php?mod=script&amp;cmd=Bahan%20Belajar/Modul%20Online/view&amp;id=87&amp;uniq=1577|archive-date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;M9pn9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Tartakov, Gary Michael|work=Lecture notes for Asian Art and Architecture: Art &amp; Design 382/582|publisher=Iowa State University|title=Lecture 17: Sherman Lee's History of Far Eastern Art (Indonesia and Cambodja)|url=http://www.public.iastate.edu/~tart/arth382/lecture17.html|access-date=17 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LUQR2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.buddhistravel.com/index.php?id=86,377,0,0,1,0|title = Borobudur|access-date = 11 November 2011|year = 2008|publisher = Buddhist Travel|url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120105170427/http://www.buddhistravel.com/index.php?id=86,377,0,0,1,0|archive-date = 5 January 2012 |df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;UBDsh&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=58,6456,0,0,1,0 | title = Temple of enlightenment| access-date = 11 November 2011| author = Tom Cockrem| year = 2008| publisher = The Buddhist Channel.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;QeTbh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.borobudurpark.co.id/en/borobudur-temple-menu/the-cinnamon-route.html |title=The Cinnamon Route |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=Borobudur Park |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925152758/http://www.borobudurpark.co.id/en/borobudur-temple-menu/the-cinnamon-route.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;w8rJ4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.borobudurshipexpedition.com/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030217031728/http://www.borobudurshipexpedition.com/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 February 2003 |title=The Borobudur Ship Expedition, Indonesia to Africa 2003–2004 |access-date=14 December 2011 |year=2004 |publisher=The Borobudur Ship Expedition}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Zdcr0&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/indonesia/borobudur/bor05.html| title = Surasundari| access-date = 11 November 2011| publisher = Art and Archaeology.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;HqZ8l&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301580/Jataka | title = Jataka | access-date = 4 December 2011 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;1pgW0&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/CPbWMMoFSnmUlSHF3dkf5A# | title = Borobudur Buddha head | publisher = BBC | access-date = 2 August 2014 | quote = A History of The World, [[The British Museum]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AptiJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Vesak Festival: A Truly Sacred Experience |publisher=Wonderful Indonesia |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |access-date=4 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504193814/http://www.indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur/article/7/vesak-festival-a-truly-sacred-experience |archive-date=4 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

===Sumber===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Krom|first=N. J.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/barabudur-archaeological-description/oclc/5964215|title=Barabuḍur: Archaeological Description|date=1927|publisher=M. Nÿhoff|location=The Hague|language=English|oclc=5964215|ref={{sfnref|Krom|1927}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Le|first=Huu Phuoc|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/639315496|title=Buddhist Architecture|date=2010|publisher=Grafikol|isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8|location=|oclc=639315496|ref={{sfnref|Le|2010}}}}
* {{cite book|title=Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas|last=Miksic|first=John N.|publisher=Shambhala Publications|year=1990|isbn=0-87773-906-4|location=Boston|ref={{sfnref|Miksic|1990}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Miksic|first=John N.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34241709|title=Borobudur: Golden Tales of the Buddhas|last2=Tranchini|first2=Marcello|date=1994|publisher=Periplus Editions|others=|isbn=0-945971-90-7|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=34241709|display-authors=1|ref={{sfnref|Miksic|1994}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70676684|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|date=2006|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|isbn=981-4155-67-5|location=Singapore|oclc=70676684|ref={{sfnref|Munoz|2006}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Soekmono|first=R.|year=1976|title=Chandi Borobudur: A Monument of Mankind|isbn=92-3-101292-4|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0002/000200/020097E.pdf#search=%22soekmono%20chandi%20borobudur%22|location=Paris|publisher=Unesco Press|access-date=17 August 2008|ref={{sfnref|Soekmono|1976}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Soekmono|first=R.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/pengantar-sejarah-kebudayaan-indonesia-2/oclc/249107232|title=Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2|date=2002|edition=17th|publisher=Penerbit Kanisius|isbn=978-979-413-290-6|location=Yogyakarta|language=id|oclc=249107232|ref={{sfnref|Soekmono|2002}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Vaisutis|first=Justine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/72868731|title=Indonesia|last2=Bedford|first2=Neal|date=2007|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-435-5|edition=8th|location=Footscray, Victoria|oclc=72868731|display-authors=1|ref={{sfnref|Vaisutis|2007}}}}
* {{Cite book|last=Voûte|first=Caesar|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/229446531|title=Borobudur: Pyramid of the Cosmic Buddha|last2=Long|first2=Mark E.|date=2008|publisher=D.K. Printworld|others=|isbn=978-81-246-0403-8|location=New Delhi|oclc=229446531|display-authors=1|ref={{sfnref|Voûte|2008}}}}
{{refend}}

==Pranala njaba==
* [http://borobudurpark.com/ Official site of Borobudur, Prambanan, and Ratu Boko Park]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592 UNESCO Site]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=txujqGtB_6g Borobudur Temple Compounds short documentary] déning UNESCO lan NHK
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150505062200/http://indonesia.travel/en/destination/233/borobudur Wonderful Indonesia's Guide on Borobudur]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWAj22H4qWg Learning From Borobudur documentary] bab rélièf carita Jataka, Lalitawistara lan Gandawyuha in Barabudhur.
* [http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ Australian National University's research project on Borobudur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718090136/http://rubens.anu.edu.au/htdocs/bycountry/indonesia/borobudur/ |date=2014-07-18 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141228053135/http://masterpieces.asemus.museum/borobudur/ Analysis of Borobudur's hidden base]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141106215528/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=856%2F Explore Borobudur on Global Heritage Network]
* [http://www.indiamonuments.org/Indonesia/Indonesia%2001.htm Photographs of Borobudur Stupa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021181846/http://www.indiamonuments.org/Indonesia/Indonesia%2001.htm |date=2014-10-21 }}
* [http://www.wdl.org/en/item/398/ &quot;Yogyakarta. Temple Ruins: Details of Sculpted Figures&quot;]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} foto mawa panemu saka [[Frank G. Carpenter]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305094754/http://www.wacananusantara.org/candi-borobudur/ Wacana Nusantara]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160811213249/http://monsun-verlag.de/Borobudur.htm Borobudur.  Entstehung eines Universums]
* [https://m.youtube.com/watch?feature=youtu.be&amp;v=Lv_GojoT1v4 Borobudur, Hening dalam Keagungan]

{{artikel pethingan}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pratélaning sujana Indonésia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3939</id>
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      <text bytes="5649" sha1="2lgm3bv28l7z6ogqaczetu0dkb7ra82" xml:space="preserve">Pratélan iki pratélan para priyayi sing misuwur déning pagawéyané sing ana gandhèng cènèngé karo panyinaonan sains Indonésia utawa Hindhia-Walanda.

__NOTOC__
[[#A|A]] - [[#B|B]] - [[#C|C]] - [[#D|D]] - [[#E|E]] - [[#F|F]] - [[#G|G]] - [[#H|H]] - [[#I|I]] - [[#J|J]] - [[#K|K]] - [[#L|L]] - [[#M|M]] - [[#N|N]] - [[#O|O]] - [[#P|P]] - [[#Q|Q]] - [[#R|R]] - [[#S|S]] - [[#T|T]] - [[#U|U]] - [[#V|V]] - [[#W|W]] - [[#X|X]] - [[#Y|Y]] - [[#Z|Z]]

=== A ===
* [[Karel Alexander Adelaar]], 1953, ahli basa
* [[Johannes Cornelis Anceaux]], 1920—1988, ahli basa
* [[Bernard Arps]], 1961, ahli basa lan ahli musik

=== B ===
* [[Jan van Baal]]
* [[Cornelis Christiaan Berg]], [[1900]]—[[1990]], ahli filologi lan ahli sajarah
* [[Frederik David Kan Bosch]], [[1887]]—[[1967]], ahli sajarah kuna
* [[Judith Ernestine Bosnak]], [[1973]], ahli seni pamentasan Jawa
* [[Jan Laurens Andries Brandes]], [[1857]]—[[1905]], ahli filologi [http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_jaa003190601_01/_jaa003190601_01_0012.htm]

=== C ===
* [[Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis]], 1916—2002, ahli sajarah, [http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_2_IMCasparis.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224115744/http://www.iias.nl/iiasn/29/IIASNL29_2_IMCasparis.pdf |date=2005-12-24 }}
* [[Abraham Benjamin Cohen Stuart]], 1880—1955, ahli filologi

=== D ===
* [[Gerardus Willibrordus Joannes Drewes]], 1899—1993, ahli agama Islam
* [[Hoesein Djajadiningrat]], 1886—1960, ahli filologi

=== E ===
*
 
=== F ===
* [[Henri Théodore Fischer]], 1901—1976, ahli antropologi
* [[Rudolf Hermann Theodor Friedrich]], 1817—1875, ahli filologi saka [[Prusia]]

=== G ===
* [[Clifford James Geertz]], 1926, ahli antropologi
* [[Johann Friedrich Carl Gericke]], 1798—1857, ahli filologi lan panerjemah Alkitab
* [[Roelof Goris]], 1898—1965, ahli filologi
* [[Jan Gonda]], 1905—1991, ahli basa
* [[Hermanus Johannes de Graaf]], 1899—1984, ahli sajarah
* [[Johannes Gerardus Hermanus Gunning]], 1856-1914, ahli filologi

=== H ===
* [[Godard Arend Johannes Hazeu]], 1870—1929, ahli basa
* [[Christiaan Hooykaas]], 1902—1978, ahli basa

=== I ===
* [[Josua van Iperen]], 1726—1780, ahli sajarah

=== J ===
* [[Jan Petrus Benjamin de Josselin de Jong]], 1886—1964, ahli antropologi
* [[Patrick Edward de Josselin de Jong]], 1922—1999, ahli antropologi
* [[Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn]], 1809—1864, ahli alam
* [[Hendrik Herman Juynboll]], 1867—1945, ahli filologi
* [[Theodoor Willem Juynboll]], 1866—1948, ahli agama Islam

=== K ===
* [[Jacob Kats]], 1875—1945, ahli budaya
* [[Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern]]
* [[Koentjaraningrat]], 1923—1999, ahli antropologi [http://www.tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/k/koentjaraningrat/index.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530000337/http://tokohindonesia.com/ensiklopedi/k/koentjaraningrat/index.shtml |date=2009-05-30 }}
* [[Nicolaas Johannes Krom]], 1883—1945, ahli sajarah kuna
* [[Hillebrandus Cornelius Klinkert]], 1829—1913, sastrawan lan panerjemah Alkitab
* [[Jaap Kunst]], 1891—1960, ahli musik [http://maatschappijdernederlandseletterkunde.nl/mnl/levens/61-62/kunst.htm]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

=== L ===
* [[Jacob Cornelis van Leur]], 1908—1942, ahli hukum lan ahli sajarah
 
=== M ===
* [[Benjamin Frederik Matthes]], 1818-1908, ahli basa lan panerjemah Alkitab
* [[Johannes Jacobus Meinsma]], 1833—1886, ahli sajarah
* [[Willem van der Molen]], 1952, ahli filologi

=== N ===
* [[Robert Nieuwenhuys]], 1908—1999, sastrawan
* [[Jacobus Noorduyn]], 1926-1994, ahli basa

=== O ===
* [[Charles Adriaan van Ophuijsen]], 1854—1917, ahli basa

=== P ===
* [[Willem Palmer van den Broek]], —1881, ahli filologi, [http://www.kompas.com/kompas-cetak/0206/08/dikbud/asal33.htm]
* [[Josephus Dominicus Maria Platenkamp]], 1951, ahli antropologi
* [[Cornelis Marinus Pleyte]], 1863—1917, ahli filologi
* [[Theodoor Gautier Thomas Pigeaud]], 1899—1988, ahli basa
* [[Poerbatjaraka|Raden Mas Ngabehi Poerbatjaraka]], 1884—1964, ahli filologi
* [[Prijohoetomo]], —, ahli filologi
* [[Prijono]], —, ahli filologi

=== Q ===
* [[George Quinn]], [[1943]], ahli sastra

=== R ===
* [[Thomas Raffles|Thomas Stanford Raffles]]
* [[Johannes Jacobus Ras]]
* [[Taco Roorda]], 1801—1874, ahli basa
* [[Gerrit Pieter Rouffaer]], 1860—1928, ahli basa [http://www.inghist.nl/Nieuws/Tips/Onderzoek/Projecten/BWN/lemmata/bwn1/rouffaer]

=== S ===
* [[Reimar Schefold]], 1938, ahli antropologi
* [[Bertram Johannes Otto Schrieke]]
* [[Nicolaas Gerhard Schulte Nordholt]], 1940, ahli antropologi
* [[Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje]], ahli agama Islam
* [[Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels]], 1883—1938, ahli budaya 
* [[Willem Frederik Stutterheim]], 1892—1942, ahli budaya
* [[Jan Lodewijk Swellengrebel]], 1909—1984, ahli filologi

=== T ===
* [[Andries Teeuw]], 1921, ahli basa
* [[Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk]], 1824—1894, ahli basa
* [[Tjan Tjoe Siem]], [[1909]]—[[1978]], ahli basa
=== U ===
* [[Eugenius Marius Uhlenbeck]], 1913—2003, ahli basa [http://www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20041084-19.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914132644/http://www.knaw.nl/publicaties/pdf/20041084-19.pdf |date=2008-09-14 }}

=== V ===
* [[Petrus Voorhoeve]], 1899—1996, filoog lan ahli basa
* [[Cornelis van Vollenhoven]], 1874—1933, ahli hukum

=== W ===
* [[Kurt Wulff]], 1881—1939, ahli filologi saka [[Dhènemarken]]

=== X ===
*

=== Y ===
*

=== Z ===
* [[Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder]], 1906 – 1995, sastrawan, ahli agama lan ahli filologi

[[Kategori:Ngelmuwan Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pratélan unsur miturut lambang</title>
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    <id>23272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747920</id>
      <parentid>1736248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T02:30:00Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="11876" sha1="0vwdxa6kebxmrgjjnw4gnw7wkhqsvc2" xml:space="preserve">'''Pratélan unsur miturut lambang''' ya iku tampilan [[unsur kimia|unsur-unsur kimia]] sajeroning wangun tabèl. Unsur-unsur mau diatur miturut struktur [[elektron]]é saéngga [[sipat kimia]] unsur-unsur mau owah kanthi tumata sadawaning tabèl. Saben [[unsur kimia|unsur]] didaftaraké miturut [[pratélan unsur miturut nomer atom|nomer atom]] lan '''lambang unsuré'''.

Tabèl périodik standar mènèhi informasi dhasar ngenani sawijining unsur. Ana uga [[{{PAGENAME}}#Tampilan liya|cara liya kanggo nampilaké unsur-unsur kimia]] kanthi ngamot katrangan luwih utawa saka persepektif kang béda.

== Golongan ==
Kolom sajeroning tabèl périodik disebut [[golongan tabèl periodik|golongan]]. Ana 18 golongan sajeroning tabèl périodik baku. Unsur-unsur kang sagolongan duwé konfigurasi [[elektron valensi]] kang mèmper, saéngga duwé sipat kang mèmper uga.

Ana telung sistem kanggo mènèhi [[Golongan tabèl periodik#Nomer Golongan|nomer golongan]]. Sistem pisanan nganggo [[angka Arab]] lan loro sistem liyané nganggo[[angka Romawi]]. Jeneng kanthi angka Romawi iku jeneng golongan kang asli tradhisional. Jeneng kanthi angka Arab iku sistem tatajeneng anyar kang disaranaké déning ''International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry'' ([[IUPAC]]). Sistem tata jeneng mau dikembangaké kanggo ngganti kaloro sistem lawas kang migunakaké angka Romawi awit kaloro sistem mau mbingungaké, migunakaké siji jeneng kanggo sawetara bab kang béda.

== Cara nampilaké tabèl périodik ==

=== Tabèl périodik standar ===
{{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}}

Aturan mènèhi warna nomer atom sajeroning tabel périodik ing dhuwur:
* Unsur kang nomer atomé awarna &lt;span style=&quot;color:blue;&quot;&gt;biru&lt;/span&gt; awujud cuwèr ing kahanan [[suhu lan tekanan standar]] (STP),
* Unsur kang nomer atomé awarna &lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;ijo&lt;/span&gt; awujud gas ing kahanan STP,
* Unsur kang nomer atomé awarna &lt;span style=&quot;color:black;&quot;&gt;ireng&lt;/span&gt; awujud padhet ing kahanan STP,
* Unsur kang nomer atomé awarna &lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;abang&lt;/span&gt; iku [[unsur sintetis]] (tansah awujud padhet ing kahanan STP),
* Unsur kang nomer atomé awarna &lt;span style=&quot;color:#808080;&quot;&gt;klawu&lt;/span&gt; (lan warna lataré luwih padhang saka unsur-unsur liyané) durung tinemu (unsur mau diwènèhi warna miturut sipat kang kira-kira bakal diduwèni déning unsur mau nalika tinemu).

=== Tampilan liya ===

* [[Tabèl périodik (standar)|Tabèl périodik standar]] (s.d.a.) ngamot informasi dhasar.
* [[Tabèl périodik (alternatif)|Tabel alternate]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (anti)|Tabel anti]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (gedhé)|Tabel gedhé]] ngamot bab-bab dhasar lan jeneng pepak unsur.
* [[Tabèl périodik (gedhé banget)|Tabel gedhé banget]] ngamot informasi dhasar, jeneng pepak unsur, lan [[massa atom]]é.
* [[Tabèl périodik (jembar)|Tabel jembar]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (dijembaraké)|Tabel dijembaraké]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (Tiongkok)|Tabel ing Tiongkok]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (konfigurasi elektron)|Konfigurasi elektron]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (logam lan dudu logam)|Logam lan dudu logam]]
* [[Tabèl périodik (blok)|Tabel periodik diisi menurut blok]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut jeneng]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut lambang unsur]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut nomer atom]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut titik dhidhih]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut titik lèlèh]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut kapadhetan]]
* [[Pratélan unsur miturut massa atom]]

Lan [http://bic.beckman.uiuc.edu/mritab1/ tabèl périodik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040621032520/http://bic.beckman.uiuc.edu/mritab1/ |date=2004-06-21 }} kanggo [[résonansi magnetis]].

== Panjelasan struktur tabèl périodik ==

Cacahing [[kulit elektron]] kang diduwèni sawijining atom nentokaké période atom mau. Saben kulit duwé sawetara subkulit, kang kaisi miturut urutan ing ngisor, sairing karo tambahing nomer atom:

 1s
 2s           2p
 3s           3p
 4s        3d 4p
 5s        4d 5p
 6s     4f 5d 6p
 7s     5f 6d 7p
 8s  5g 6f 7d 8p
...
&lt;!--

Berdasarkan hal inilah struktur tabel disusun. Karena elektron terluar menentukan sifat kimia suatu unsur, unsur-unsur yang segolongan umumnya mempunyai sifat kimia yang mirip. Unsur-unsur segolongan yang berdekatan mempunyai sifat fisika yang mirip, meskipun [[massa]] mereka jauh berbeda. Unsur-unsur seperiode yang berdekatan mempunyai massa yang hampir sama, tetapi sifat yang berbeda.

Sebagai contoh, dalam periode kedua, yang berdekatan dengan [[Nitrogen]] (N) adalah [[Karbon]] (C) dan [[Oksigen]] (O). Meskipun massa unsur-unsur tersebut hampir sama (massanya hanya selisih beberapa [[satuan massa atom]]), mereka mempunyai sifat yang jauh berbeda, sebagaimana bisa dilihat dengan melihat [[alotrop]] mereka: oksigen diatomik adalah [[gas]] yang dapat terbakar, nitrogen diatomik adalah gas yang tak dapat terbakar, dan karbon adalah zat [[padat]] yang dapat terbakar (ya, [[berlian]] pun dapat terbakar!).

Sebaliknya, yang berdekatan dengan unsur [[Klorin]] (Cl) di tabel periodik, dalam golongan [[Halogen]], adalah [[Fluorin]] (F) dan [[Bromin]] (Br). Meskipun massa unsur-unsur tersebut jauh berbeda, alotropnya mempunyai sifat yang sangat mirip: Semuanya bersifat sangat [[korosif]] (yakni mudah bercampur dengan [[logam]] membentuk [[garam]] [[logam halida]]); klorin dan fluorin adalah gas, sementara bromin adalah [[cairan]] bertitik didih yang rendah; sedikitnya, klorin dan bromin sangat berwarna.
== Sejarah ==
''Artikel utama: [[Sejarah tabel periodik]]''

Tabel periodik pada mulanya diciptakan tanpa mengetahui struktur dalam [[atom]]: jika unsur-unsur diurutkan berdasarkan [[massa atom]] lalu dibuat grafik yang menggambarkan hubungan antara beberapa sifat tertentu dan massa atom unsur-unsur tersebut, akan terlihat suatu perulangan atau ''periodisitas'' sifat-sifat tadi sebagai fungsi dari massa atom. Orang pertama yang mengenali keteraturan tersebut adalah ahli kimia Jerman, yaitu [[Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner]], yang pada tahun [[1829]] memperhatikan adanya beberapa ''triade'' unsur-unsur yang hampir sama.

&lt;table cellspacing=&quot;5&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;&gt;Beberapa triade&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Unsur&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Massa atom&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;th&gt;Kepadatan&lt;/th&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Klorin&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;35,5&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0,00156 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Bromin&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;79,9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0,00312 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Iodin&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;126,9&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;0,00495 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Kalsium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;40,1&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;1,55 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Stronsium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;87,6&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;2,6 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;
&lt;td&gt;Barium&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;137&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;3,5 g/cm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

Temon iki kemudian diikuti oleh ahli kimia Inggris, yaitu [[John Alexander Reina Newlands]], yang pada tahun [[1865]] memperhatikan bahwa unsur-unsur yang bersifat mirip ini berulang dalam interval delapan, yang ia persamakan dengan [[oktaf|oktaf musik]], meskipun ''hukum oktaf''-nya diejek oleh rekan sejawatnya. Akhirnya, pada tahun [[1869]], ahli kimia Jerman [[Lothar Meyer]] dan ahli kimia Rusia [[Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev]] hampir secara bersamaan mengembangkan tabel periodik pertama, mengurutkan unsur-unsur berdasarkan massanya. Akan tetapi, Mendeleyev meletakkan beberapa unsur menyimpang dari aturan urutan massa agar unsur-unsur tersebut cocok dengan sifat-sifat tetangganya dalam tabel, membetulkan kesalahan beberapa nilai massa atom, dan meramalkan keberadaan dan sifat-sifat beberapa unsur baru dalam sel-sel kosong di tabelnya. Keputusan Mendeleyev itu belakangan terbukti benar dengan ditemukannya struktur elektronik unsur-unsur pada akhir [[abad ke-19]] dan awal [[abad ke-20]].
--&gt;

== Rujukan ==
* Mazurs, E.G. (1974). ''Graphical Representations of the Periodic System During One Hundred Years''. Alabama: University of Alabama Press.
* Bouma, J. (1989). &quot;An Application-Oriented Periodic Table of the Elements&quot;. ''J. Chem. Ed.''. 66, 741.

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Golongan tabèl périodik]]
* [[Période tabel périodik]]
* [[Dhèrèt kimia]]
* [[Blok tabel périodik]]
* [[Tabel isotop (pepak)]]
* [[Tabel isotop (kapérang)]]
* [[Panemon unsur-unsur kimia]]
* [[Kalimpahan unsur-unsur kimia]]
* [[Lagu unsur]]
* [[Jeneng unsur sistematik]] [[IUPAC]].
* [[Tabel Périodik Cosmochemical saka Unsur-Unsur sajeroning Tata Surya]]
* [[Sajarah jeneng subkulit s,p,d,f]]

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.chem-is-try.org/?sect=tabel Tabel periodik (Situs Web Kimia Indonesia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810182724/http://www.chem-is-try.org/?sect=tabel |date=2004-08-10 }}
* [http://www.iupac.org/reports/periodic_table The IUPAC periodic table]
* &quot;''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm Presentation forms of the periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804040618/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/alttable.htm |date=2004-08-04 }}''&quot;. Western Oregon University.
* &quot;''[http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm A Brief History of the Development of Periodic Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503003958/http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/perhist.htm |date=2015-05-03 }}''&quot;. Western Oregon University.
* &quot;''[http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/periodic_table.html Visual Periodic Table]''&quot;. ChemSoc.org.
* Barbalace, Kenneth L., &quot;''[http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/ Biochemical Periodic Tables]''&quot;. KLBProductions.com.
* &quot;''[http://www.webelements.com Periodic table] (professional edition)''&quot;. WebElements.
* Counterman, Craig, &quot;''Periodic Table of the Elements: [http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ Atomic Number] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118200639/http://web.mit.edu/3.091/www/pt/ |date=2006-01-18 }}''&quot;. MIT Course 3.091.
* Holler, F. James, and John P. Selegue, &quot;''[http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/ Periodic Table of Comic Books]''&quot;. Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky. 1996-2002.
* Heilman, Chris, &quot;''[http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/periodic/default.html The Pictorial Periodic Table]''&quot;. (Includes alternate styles: Stowe, Benfey, Zmaczynski, Giguere, Tarantola, Filling, Mendeleev)
* &quot;''[http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm Periodic table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119093914/http://pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/default.htm |date=2005-01-19 }}''&quot;. Los Alamos National Laboratory's Chemistry Division.
* &quot;''[http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/periodic_table.html Periodic Table of the Fermi Surfaces of Elemental Solids]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''&quot;. [http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ The Fermi Surface Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210041747/http://www.phys.ufl.edu/fermisurface/ |date=2020-12-10 }}
* &quot;''[http://www.nyu.edu/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/aj39/NMRmap.cgi Interactive NMR Frequency Map]''&quot;. Texas A&amp;M.
* &quot;''[https://www.science.co.il/elements/ Periodic Table Elements]''&quot;. Israèl Science and Technology Directory. 1999-2004. (sorted by physical characteristics)
* Barthelmy, David, &quot;''[http://webmineral.com/chemical.shtml Periodic table]&quot;'' Mineralogy Database. (mineral emphasis)
* Gray, Theodore, &quot;''[http://www.theodoregray.com/PeriodicTable/ Wooden Periodic Table Table]''&quot; (with samples)
* &quot;''[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html Periodic table applet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811140659/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chemlab/info/resources/p_table/Periodic.html |date=2004-08-11 }}''&quot;. Dartmouth College. ([[Java programming language|Java]])
* Jacobs, Bob, &quot;''[http://www.chemistrycoach.com/periodic_tables.htm Periodic Tables] (in case you were thinking that the Internet needed one more)''&quot;. The Chemistry Coach.
* &quot;''[http://periodictable.com/ PeriodicTable.com]''&quot;.

{{CabangKimia}}

[[Kategori:Tabèl périodik| ]]</text>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Peta pembagian Dukuh-Dusun-Kampung di Desa Trasan, Juwiring, Klaten. ~(26 Maret 2026). ~(Kartografer = &quot;Dani Safa Adi Nugraha&quot;)..jpg]] → [[File:Peta pembagian Dukuh-Dusun-Kampung di Desa Trasan, Juwiring, Klaten. ~(26 Maret 2026). ~(Kartografer = Dani Safa Adi Nugraha).jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]]</comment>
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| name  	          = Trasan
| translit_lang2          = [[basa Indonésia]]
| translit_lang2_type     = Resmi
| translit_lang2_info     = Trasan
| settlement_type         = Désa
| subdivision_type        = [[Nagara]]
| subdivision_name        = {{IDN}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Provinsi]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Jawa Tengah]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Kabupatèn]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Kabupatèn Klathèn|Klathèn]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Kacamatan]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Juwiring, Klathèn|Juwiring]]
| coordinates             = {{Coord|-7.6582|110.70669|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map             = Indonesia Klaten Regency#Indonesia Central Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_mapsize         = 300px
| blank_name              = Kodhe laladan&lt;br&gt;administrasi
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'''Trasan''' iku [[désa]] ing [[Juwiring, Klathèn|Kacamatan Juwiring]], [[Kabupatèn Klathèn]], [[Jawa Tengah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|title=Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan (Permendagri No.56-2015)|website=www.kemendagri.go.id|language=Indonésia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429140519/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Daftar Dusun ==
[[Barkas:Peta pembagian Dukuh-Dusun-Kampung di Desa Trasan, Juwiring, Klaten. ~(26 Maret 2026). ~(Kartografer = Dani Safa Adi Nugraha).jpg|jmpl|Peta]]


Dusun-dusun ing Desa Trasan yaiku:

*

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

{{Juwiring, Klathèn}}

[[Kategori:Désa ing Kabupatèn Klathèn]]
[[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Juwiring, Klathèn]]


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    <title>Pananggalan Hijriyah</title>
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      <text bytes="8312" sha1="lng043fb8crn4bvs3ua0fovtfr33dle" xml:space="preserve">{{Islam}}
'''Pananggalan Hijriyah''' utawa '''Kalèndher Hijriyah''' utawa '''Kalèndher Islam''' ([[Basa Arab]]: التقويم الهجري; ''at-taqwim al-hijri''), iku [[kalèndher]] kang dipigunakaké déning umat [[Islam]], kalebu sajeroning nemtokaké tanggal utawa [[wulan|sasi]] kang magepokan karo ngibadah, utawa dina-dina wigati liyané. Ing nagara-nagara kang ndunungi mayoritas [[Islam]], Kalèndher Hijriyah uga minangka tata pananggalan sadina-dina. Kalèndher Hijriyah migunakaké tata [[pananggalan candra]].

Pananggalan iki dijenengaké Pananggalan Hijriyah, amarga ing taun pisanan kalèndher iki iku [[taun]] dumadiné prastawa [[Ijrah]] [[Muhammad]] saka [[Makkah]] menyang [[Madinah]], yakni ing taun [[622]] M.

== Karakteristik ==
Diwiwitiné dina/tanggal ing Pananggalan Hijriyah béda karo ing Pananggalan Masèhi. Ing sistem Pananggalan Masèhi, sawijining dina/tanggal diwiwiti ing jam 00.00 wektu saenggon. Nanging ing sistem Pananggalan Hijriyah, sawijining dina/tanggal diwiwiti nalika srengéngé angslup ing panggonan mau.

Pananggalan Hijriyah diyasa miturut rata-rata silkus sinodik sasi pananggalan rembulan (qomariyah), duwé 12 sasi sajeroning setahun. Kanthi migunakaké siklus sinodik sasi, wilangan [[dina]] sajeroning sataun ana (12 x 29,53059 dina = 354,36708 dina).Bab iki kang njelasaké 1 taun Pananggalan Hijriyah luwih cendhak watara 11 dina tinimbang 1 taun Pananggalan Masèhi.

Faktané, siklus sinodik sasi duwé variasi. Cacahing dina sajeroning sak sasi sajeroning Pananggalan Hijriyah gumantung ing posisi [[rembulan]], bumi lan srengéngé. Umur rembulan kang ngancik 30 dina trep karo dumadiné rembulan anyar (new moon) ing [[titik apooge]], yaiku jarak paling adoh antara rembulan lan bumi, lan ing wektu kang bebarengan, bumi dumunung ing let paling cedhak karo srengéngé [[(perihelion)]]. Sauntara iku, sak sasi kang lumangsung 29 dina trep karo wektu dumadiné rembulan anyar ing [[perige]] (let paling cedhak rembulan karo bumi) kanthi bumi dumunung ing titik paling adoh saka srengéngé (aphelion). Ing kéné katon yèn umur sasi ora tetep nanging owah-owah (29-30 dina) miturut karo kedhudhukan katelu ''barang langit'' mau ([[rembulan]], [[Bumi]] lan [[Srengéngé]])

Panentuan awal sasi (''new moon'') ditandhani déning munculé penampakan (visibilitas) Rembulan Sabit pisanan (''hilal'') sawisé sasi anyar (konjungsi utawa ''ijtimak''). Ing fase iki, rembulan angslup sawatara wektu sawisé angslupé srengéngé, saéngga posisi hilal dumunung ing ufuk kulon. Yèn hilal ora bisa dideleng ing dina angka 29, cacahing dina ing sasi mau dibulatna dadi 30 dina. Ora ana aturan mirunggan sasi-sasi ngendi waé kang duwé 29 dina, lan ngendi kang duwé 30 dina. Kabèh gumantung marang penampakan hilal.

== Jeneng-jeneng sasi ==
Pananggalan Hijriyah dumadi saka 12 sasi:
# [[Sura|Muharram]]
# [[Sapar|Safar]]
# [[Mulud|Rabiul awal]]
# [[Bakdamulud|Rabiul akir]]
# [[Jumadilawal|Jumadil awal]]
# [[Jumadilakhir|Jumadil akir]]
# [[Rejeb|Rajab]]
# [[Ruwah|Sya'ban]]
# [[Pasa (sasi)|Ramelan]]
# [[Sawal|Syawal]]
# [[Sela|Dzulkaidah]]
# [[Besar|Dzulhijjah]]

== Jeneng-jeneng dina ==
Pananggalan Hijriyah dumadi saka 7 dina. Sawijining dina diwiwiti kanthi angsluping srengéngé, béda karo Kalèndher Masehi kang miwiti dina ing wektu tengah [[wengi]]. Ing ngisor iki jeneng-jeneng dina:
# ''al-Ahad'' (Minggu)
# ''al-Itsnayn'' (Senèn)
# ''ats-Tsalaatsa''' (Slasa)
# ''al-Arba'aa / ar-Raabi''' (Rebo)
# ''al-Khamiis'' (Kemis)
# ''al-Jum'aat'' (Jemuah)
# ''as-Sabt'' (Setu)

== Sajarah ==
Kapan diwiwiti taun '''1 Hijriyah''' yaiku 6 taun sawisé séda [[Muhammad]]. Sanadyan mangkono, sistem kang ndhasari Pananggalan Hijriyah wis ana wiwit jaman pra-Islam, lan sistem iki direvisi ing taun angka 9 kalamangsa Madinah.

=== Sistem kalèndher pra-Islam ing Arab ===
Sadurungé tekaning Islam, ing tanah Arab kaloka sistem pananggalan mawa basis campuran antara [[rembulan]] (komariyah) lan [[Srengéngé]] (syamsiyah). Ubengé rembulan dipigunakaké, lan kanggo nyinkronaké karo mangsa diayahi penambahan cacahing dina ([[interkalasi]]).

Ing wektu itu, durung kaloka penomoran taun. Sawijining taun kaloka kanthi jeneng prastawa kang cukup wigati ing taun mau. Upamané, taun nalika [[Muhammad]] lair, kaloka kanthi sebutan &quot;Taun Gajah&quot;, amarga ing wektu iku, kadadéan panyerbuan Ka'bah ing Mekah déning wadyabala gajah kang dipanggedhèni déning Abrahah, Gubernur Yaman (salah siji provinsi Karajan [[Aksum]], saiki kalebu wewengkon [[Etiopia]]).

=== Revisi pananggalan ===
Ing era kenabian Muhammad, sistem pananggalan pra-Islam dipigunakaké. Ing taun angka 9 sawisé [[Ijrah]], mudhun ayat 36-37 Surat [[At-Taubah]], kang nglarang nambahaké dina (interkalasi) ing sistem pananggalan.

=== Panentuan Taun 1 Kalèndher Islam ===
Sawisé séda Muhammad, diusulaké kapan diwiwiti Taun 1 [[Kalèndher]] Islam. Ana kang ngusulaké taun kelairan Muhammad minangka awal patokan pananggalan Islam. Ana kang ngusulaké uga wiwitan pathokan pananggalan Islam wujud taun wafaté Muhammad.

Pungkasané, ing taun 638 M (17 H), khalifah [[Umar bin Khatab]] ngukuhaké wiwitan pathokan pananggalan Islam yaiku taun hijrahé Muhammad saka Mekah menyang Madinah. Panentuan wiwitan pathokan iki diayahi sawisé ngilangaké kabèh sasi-sasi tambahan (interkalasi) sajeroning kalamangsa 9 taun. Tanggal 1 Muharam Taun 1 Hijriyah trep karo tanggal [[16 Juli]] [[622]], lan tanggal iki dudu tanggal hijrahé Muhammad. Prastawa hijrahé Muhammad kadadéan sasi September 622. Dhokumèn tuwa dhéwé kang migunakaké sistem Kalèndher Hijriyah yaiku [[papirus]] ing [[Mesir]] ing taun 22 H, PERF 558.

== Tanggal-tanggal wigati ==
Tanggal-tanggal wigati sajeroning Pananggalan Hijriyah yaiku:
* '''1 Muharram''': [[Taun Anyar Hijriyah]]
* '''10 Muharram''': [[Dina Asyura]]. Dina iki dipèngeti déning kaum [[Singah]] kanggo mèngeti sédané Imam [[Husain bin Ali]]
* '''12 Rabiul Awal''': [[Mulud (pahargyan)|Mulud]] (dina kelairan Muhammad)
* '''27 Rajab''': [[Isra' Mi'raj]]
* '''Wulan Ramelan''': umat Islam nglakoni [[Pasa Ramelan]] sewulan kebak.
** '''27 Ramelan''': [[Nuzulul Qur'an]] (ing Indonésia lan Malaysia dipèngeti saben tanggal 17 Ramelan)
** 10 dina pungkasan ing Wulan Ramelan/17 Ramelan [[Lailatul Qadar]]
* '''1 Syawal''': Dina Riyaya [[Idul Fitri]]
* '''9 Dzulhijjah''': [[Wukuf]] ing [[Padang Arafah]]
* '''10 Dzulhijjah''': Dina Raya [[Idul Adha]]

== Hisab lan Rukyat ==
'''Rukyat''' iku aktivitas ngamati visibilitas hilal, yaiku ngamati penampakan rembulan sabit kang pisanan katon sawisé sasi anyar ('''ijtima'''). Rukyat bisa dilakukan nganggo mata wuda, utawa nganggo piranti bantu optik kaya [[teleskop]]. Yèn hilal katon, ing soré mau wis lumebu tanggal 1.

Déné '''hisab''' iku ngayahi pétungan kanggo nemtokaké posisi sasi kanthi matematis lan astronomis. Hisab minangka piranti bantu kanggo meruhi kapan lan ing ngendi hilal (rembulan sabit pisanan sawisé sasi anyar) bisa katon. Hisab kerep diayahi kanggo mbantu sadurungé rukyat.

Panentuan awal [[wulan|sasi]] dadi signifikan kanggo sasi-sasi kang magepokan karo ngibadah, kaya sasi [[Ramelan]] (yaiku umat Islam nglakoni pasa Ramelan sesasi suwéné), [[Syawal]] (yaiku umat Islam ngrayakaké Dina Riyaya [[Idul Fitri]]), sarta [[Dzulhijjah]] (ana tanggal kang magepokan karo ngibadah [[Haji]] lan Dina Riyaya [[Idul Adha]]). Panentuan kapan hilal bisa katon, dadi motivasi umat Islam sajeroning babagan [[astronomi]]. Iki dadi salah siji panyurung saéngga Islam dadi salah siji pangembang awal ngèlmu astronomi minangka sains, sajabaning [[astrologi]] ing [[Abad Tengahan]].

Béda karo Kalèndher Hijriyah kang murni migunakaké visibilitas [[rembulan]] (''moon visibility'') ing panentuan awal [[wulan|sasi]] (''first month''), [[kalèndher Jawa]] wis ngukuhaké cacahing dina sajeroning saben sasi.

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Hisab lan rukyat]]
* [[Islam]]
* [[Pananggalan]]
* [[Pananggalan Grégorius]]
* [[Pananggalan Julius]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.rukyatulhilal.org Situs Rukyatul Hilal Indonesia]
* [http://al-habib.tripod.com/hijricalendar/ Kalèndher Hijriyah untuk Blog]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Hijriyah}}
{{Pananggalan}}

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Pananggalan|Hijriyah]]</text>
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    <title>Program Pangan Donya</title>
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      <text bytes="3902" sha1="kh1wipjiu30l98ktvsbl18e8od656af" xml:space="preserve">'''Program Pangan Dunia''' utawa '''WFP''' (''World Food Programme'') diadegaké déning [[FAO]] ing taun [[1960]]. Markasé dumunung ing kutha [[New York]], WFP mènèhi bantuan kamanungsaan lan perkembangan program pangan ing [[nagara tumuwuh|nagara-nagara tumuwuh]]. WFP minangka agènsi sing dibéayani kanthi sukarila, amarga saka iku agènsi iki gumantung marang sumbangan saka pamaréntah lan pribadi. Program-programé munjeraké marang pengembangan pelayanan masarakat kanggo promosi program pangan.

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Kaamanan pangan]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.wfp.org/ Program Pangan Dunia] (situs resmi)
* [http://www.friendsofwfp.org Friends of the World Food Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827171116/http://www.friendsofwfp.org/ |date=2008-08-27 }} United States agency helping raise funds and awareness about global hunger
* [http://www.auburn.edu/hunger/ Auburn University War on Hunger campaign] - Student-led effort to raise awareness about global hunger
* [http://www.fromhungertohope.com/ From Hunger to Hope] - World Hunger Relief Week is a global campaign to raise funds and awareness to support WFP hunger relief programs
* [http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/{90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B}/07.03.06-Cincinnati%20Enquirer-Escalate%20War%20on%20Hunger.htm We Need to Escalate the War on Hunger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005024619/http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/%7B90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B%7D/07.03.06-Cincinnati%20Enquirer-Escalate%20War%20on%20Hunger.htm |date=2008-10-05 }} (Cincinnati Enquirer, July 3rd, 2006)
* [http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/%7B90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B%7D/09.14.06-Salt%20Lake%20Tribune-Democracy%27s%20Vital%20Ingredient.htm Democracy's Vital Ingredient-Food] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005024625/http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/%7B90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B%7D/09.14.06-Salt%20Lake%20Tribune-Democracy%27s%20Vital%20Ingredient.htm |date=2008-10-05 }} September 13, 2006 Salt Lake Tribune online edition. (posted on Friends of WFP site)
* [http://foodquality.wfp.org/ Food Quality Control] (WFP's Food Specifications, Processing and Loss Mitigation)
* [http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/{90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B}/12.01.06-Congress%20Must%20Help%20Feed%20the%20World's%20Children-Cincinnati%20Enquirer.htm Congress Must Help Feed the World's Children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005024630/http://www.friendsofwfp.org/atf/cf/%7B90E7E160-957C-41E4-9FAB-87E2B662894B%7D/12.01.06-Congress%20Must%20Help%20Feed%20the%20World%27s%20Children-Cincinnati%20Enquirer.htm |date=2008-10-05 }} Article about McGovern-Dole School Feeding Program, Cincinnati Enquirer December 1 ,2006
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf Fighting Hunger and poverty in Ethiopia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918115355/http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2005/wb-eth-28feb.pdf |date=2009-09-18 }} ([[Peter Middlebrook]])
* [http://www.lamberspublications.com/schoolfeeding.html School Feeding Programs That Fight Child Hunger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515234248/http://www.lamberspublications.com/schoolfeeding.html |date=2009-05-15 }} Interviews with World Food Programme officials about the status of school feeding programs in developing countries
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2Q8-Fnhfss Ending Child Hunger: School Lunches for Kids Around the World] short filem with historical perspective and UN World Food Programme footage of their school feeding initiatives
* [http://www.foodsec.org/dl e-learning about Food Security from FAO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091126045438/http://www.foodsec.org/dl/ |date=2009-11-26 }}
{{PBB}}

[[Kategori:Organisasi internasional]]
[[Kategori:Badan mligi PBB]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rejasapinggir, Tembelang, Jombang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1764" sha1="8e6pzb09e38iurovykrgzdoup3m5d90" xml:space="preserve">{{désa
|peta          =
|jeneng          =Rejasapinggir
|provinsi      =Jawa Wétan
|dati2         =Kabupatèn
|jeneng dati2    =Jombang
|kacamatan     =Tembelang
|jeneng pemimpin =-
|wewengkon          =-
|sing ndunungi      =-
|kapadhetan     =-
}}	
''' Rejasapinggir ''' iku salah siji désa ing [[Tembelang, Jombang|Kacamatan Tembelang]], Kabupatèn [[Kabupatèn Jombang|Jombang]], [[Provinsi Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|title=Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan (Permendagri No.56-2015) - Kementerian Dalam Negeri - Republik Indonesia|last=|first=|date=|website=www.kemendagri.go.id|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429140519/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

désa iki mapan ana ing sisih wètan Kacamatan Tembelang. Wewatesan karo désa Puloreja ing sisih kulon, désa Jatiwates ing sisih lor, désa Pojokkulon ing sisih lor lan wètan (klebu Kacamatan Kesambèn), désa Kedhungbethik ing sisih wètan (klebu Kacamatan Kesambèn), lan désa Tengaran (klebu Kacamatan Petèrongan) ing sisih kidul.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.nomor.net/_kodepos.php?_i=desa-kodepos&amp;sby=000000&amp;daerah=Desa-Tembelang-Kab.-Jombang&amp;jobs=Rejoso%20Pinggir|title=Desa Rejoso Pinggir 61452 Kode POS|website=m.nomor.net|access-date=2025-02-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Tembelang, Jombang]]
* [[Kabupatèn Jombang]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.jombangkab.go.id/ Situs resmi Kabupatèn Jombang]
{{Tembelang, Jombang}}
{{Kabupatèn Jombang }}
{{Jawa Wétan}}


{{kalurahan-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Persija Jakarta</title>
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      <text bytes="11172" sha1="olj9ejp6lm0ebqwbttiv5i2imlkql02" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|Persija Jakarta|ꦥꦼꦂꦱꦶꦗꦗꦏꦂꦠ}}
{{Infobox Football club
|club name = Persija Jakarta
|image = [[Gambar:Persija Jakarta.svg|200px|Logo Persija Jakarta]]
|fullname = Persatuan Sepak Bola &lt;br&gt;Indonésia Jakarta
|nickname = ''Macan Kemayoran''
|founded = 28 November 1928 déning Voetbalbond Indonesische Jakarta
|ground = [[Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno (sauntara)]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Jakarta]]
|capacity = 88.083
|chairman = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Fery Paulus]]
|mgrtitle = Pelatih kepala
|manager = {{flagicon|Germany}} Thomas Doll
|position = Liga 1, ke-7
|season = 2024-2025
|league = Liga 1
|pattern_b1 = _blackarc|pattern_ra1 = 
|leftarm1 = FF0000|body1 = FF0000|rightarm1 = FF0000|shorts1 = FF0000|socks1 = FF0000
|pattern_la2 = |pattern_b2 = _orangearc|pattern_ra2 = 
|leftarm2 = FFFFFF|body2 = FFFFFF|rightarm2 = FFFFFF|shorts2 = FF0000|socks2 = FF0000
|fansgroup = The Jakmania
}}
'''Persija Jakarta''', Klub Asal Jakarta Ibukota Indonesia,

== Prestasi ==
=== Nasional ===
==== Perserikatan ====
* Taun [[1931]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]], déning VIJ Jakarta (1)
* Taun [[1933]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]], déning VIJ Jakarta (2)
* Taun [[1934]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]], déning VIJ Jakarta (3)
* Taun [[1938]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]], déning VIJ Jakarta (4)
* Taun [[1954]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]] (5)
* Taun [[1964]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]] (6)
* Taun [[1973]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]] (7)
* Taun [[1975]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]], lan ing [[PSMS Medan]] (8)
* Taun [[1979]], Jawara [[Perserikatan]] (9)

==== Liga Indonésia ====
* Taun [[1998]], Semifinalis 
* Taun [[1999]], Semifinalis
* Taun [[2001]], Jawara [[Liga Indonésia]]
* Taun [[2002]], 8 gedhé Liga Bank Mandiri
* Taun [[2003]], Jawara 8 Liga Bank Mandiri
* Taun [[2004]], Jawara 3 Liga Bank Mandiri 
* Taun [[2005]], Runner-Up Liga Indonésia 
* Taun [[2006]], Liga Indoésia 8 gedhé

==== Piala Indonésia ====
* Taun [[2005]], Juwara kedua Copa Indonésia
* Taun [[2006]], Copa Indonésia Jawara 3
* Taun [[2007]], Copa Indonésia Jawara 3

=== Internasional ===
* Tahun [[1973]], Jawara Quoch Khanh Saigon/Ho Chi Minh City Cup

* Tahun [[2000]] &amp; [[2001]], Jawara Brunei Invitation Cup [[Brunei Darussalam]]

== Persija Jakarta &amp; Prestasi ==
===Liga Nasional===
* '''Perserikatan'''
* Jawara '''(9)''': [[1931]], [[1933]], [[1934]], [[1938]], [[1954]], [[1964]], [[1973]], [[1975]], [[1979]]
* Runners-Up '''(5)''': [[1932]], [[1951]], [[1952]], [[1978]], [[1988]]

* '''Liga Indonésia/ISL'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[2001]]
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[2018]]
* Runners-Up '''(1)''': [[2005]]

===Piala Nasional===
* '''Piala Indonésia'''
* Jawara '''(0)''':
* Runners-Up '''(1)''': [[2005]]

===Turnamen Nasional===
* '''Bang Yos Gold Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[2003]]

* '''Bang Ali Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[1977]]

* '''Trofeo Persija'''
* Jawara '''(2)''': [[2011]], [[2012]]

* '''Siliwangi Cup'''
* Jawara '''(2)''': [[1976]], [[1978]]

* '''Jusuf Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[1977]]

* '''Surya Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[1978]]

* '''Marah Halim Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[1977]]

===Internasional===
* '''Quoch Khanh Saigon/Ho Chi Minh City Cup'''
* Jawara '''(1)''': [[1973]]

* '''Brunei Invitation Cup'''
* Jawara '''(2)''': [[2000]], [[2001]]

===Persija U-18===
* '''Soeratin Cup'''
*Jawara '''(4)''': [[1967]], [[1970]], [[1972]], [[1974]]
* Runners-Up '''(1)''': [[2000]]

== Skuat ==
{| table class=&quot;infobox&quot; width=&quot;270px&quot;
|-
|&lt;div style=&quot;position: relative;&quot;&gt;
[[Gambar:Soccer.Field Transparant.png|250px]]
{{Image label|x=0.43|y=1.21|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Hendro Kartiko|Hendro]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.46|y=1.15|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.79|y=0.99|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Ismed Sofyan|Ismed]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.81|y=0.93|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.55|y=1.04|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Precious Emuejeraye|Precious]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.60|y=0.98|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|SIN}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.30|y=1.04|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Eric Arsène Bayemi Maemble|Bayemi]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.98|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Kamerun}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.09|y=0.99|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Mohammad Nasuha|Nasuha]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.13|y=0.93|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.20|y=0.63|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Greg Nwokolo|Greg]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.21|y=0.57|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Nigeria}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.42|y=0.82|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Syamsul Bachri Chaeruddin|Syamsul]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.76|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.67|y=0.63|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Muhammad Ilham|M. Ilham]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.72|y=0.57|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.40|y=0.48|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Oliver Makor]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.47|y=0.42|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Prancis}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.30|y=0.28|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Aliyudin]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.34|y=0.22|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.53|y=0.28|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:small; color:black;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Bambang Pamungkas|Bambang]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
{{Image label|x=0.58|y=0.22|scale=275|text=&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;&quot;&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{flagicon|Indonésia}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&lt;/span&gt;}}
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;'''Formasi Persija nganggo skema 4-4-2'''&lt;/small&gt;
|}
Niki skuat Persija Jakarta kanggo kompetisi 2010–2011.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Pelatih''': {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Rahmad Darmawan]]

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|name=[[Roni Tri Prasnanto]] |tl=[[12 Dhésèmber]] [[1985]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=2|name=[[Precious Emuejeraye]] |tl=[[21 Maret]] [[1983]] |nat= Singapura|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=4|name=[[Eric Arsène Bayemi Maemble|Eric A. Bayemi Maemble]] |tl=[[11 Oktober]] [[1983]]|pos=DF|nat=Kamerun}}
{{Fs player|no=6|name=[[Tony Sucipto]] |tl=[[12 Fèbruari]] [[1986]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=7|name=[[Rizky Ramdani Lestaluhu]] |tl=[[5 November]] [[1991]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=8|name=[[Syamsul Bachri Chaeruddin]] |tl=[[9 Fèbruari]] [[1983]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=10|name=[[Greg Nwokolo]] |tl=[[3 Januari]] [[1986]] |nat= Nigeria|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=11|name=[[Agus Indra Kurniawan]] |tl=[[27 Fèbruari]] [[1982]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=13|name=[[Hasim Kipauw]] |tl=[[9 Mèi]] [[1988]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=14|name=[[Ismed Sofyan]] |tl=[[28 Agustus]] [[1979]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF|other=Wk. kapten}}
{{Fs player|no=15|name=[[Aliyudin]] |tl=[[7 Mèi]] [[1980]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=17|name=[[Mohammad Nasuha]] |tl=[[15 September]] [[1984]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|name=[[Oktavianus (pemain bal-balan)|Oktavianus]] |tl=[[1 Oktober]] [[1981]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=19|name=[[Ambrizal]] |tl=[[1 Fèbruari]] [[1981]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|name=[[Bambang Pamungkas]] [[Gambar:Captain sports.svg|12px|Kapten]]|tl=[[10 Juni]] [[1980]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=21|name=[[Amarzukih]] |tl=[[21 Juli]] [[1984]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=22|name=[[Oliver Makor]] |tl=[[9 Oktober]] [[1973]] |nat= Prancis|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=23|name=[[Leo Saputra|Leo Saputra Jacob]] |tl=[[20 Dhésèmber]] [[1980]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=25|name=[[Agu Casmir]] |tl=[[23 Maret]] [[1984]] |nat= Singapura|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=26|name=[[Andritany Ardhiyasa]] |tl=[[26 Dhésèmber]] [[1991]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=27|name=[[Sigit Hermawan]] |tl=[[25 Oktober]] [[1990]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|name=[[AA Ngurah Wahyu|AA Ngurah Wahyu T.]] |tl=[[28 Juli]] [[1988]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=34|name=[[Hendro Kartiko]] |tl=[[24 April]] [[1973]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=44|name=[[Wirya Kumandra]] |tl=[[24 Maret]] [[1989]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=81|name=[[Muhammad Ilham]] |tl=[[22 Januari]] [[1981]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=89|name=[[Sansan Fauzi Husaeni]] |tl=[[1 Agustus]] [[1989]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=91|name=[[Lifki Suteja]] |tl=[[28 Oktober]] [[1991]] |nat= Indonésia|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

== Pelatih ==
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Endang Witarsa]]
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Herry Kiswanto]]
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Ivan Venkov Kolev]]
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} Garcia Carlos Cambon
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Ronny Pattinasarani]]
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Rahmad Darmawan]]
* {{flagicon|Moldova}} Serghei Dubrovin
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} '''Sofyan Hadi''' (membawa Persija juwara Piala Indonésia 2001)
* {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Benny Dollo]]

== Staff ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Posisi
!Nama
|-
|Pelatih Utama
|[[Rahmad Darmawan]]
|-
|Asisten Pelatih
|[[Francis Wawengkang]]
|-
|Pelatih Kiper
|Haryono
|-
|Pelatih Fisik
|H. Satia Bagja
|-
|Dhokter Tim
|Dr. Mohammad Nasrun
|-
|Manajer
|Harianto Badjoeri
|-
|Asisten Manajer
|Ir. T. Ferry Indrasjarief 
|-
|rowspan=3|Measseur
|Udin
|-
|Mansyur
|-
|Himawan Pramono
|}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{id icon}} [http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.clubdetail&amp;type=profile&amp;klub=12 Entri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319130614/http://www.liga-indonesia.co.id/bli/index.php?go=news.clubdetail&amp;type=profile&amp;klub=12 |date=2011-03-19 }} pada situs resmi Liga Indonésia.
* {{id icon}} [http://www.goal.com/id-ID/teams/indonesia/1245/persija Entri] pada situs Goal.com
* {{id icon}} [http://jakmania.org/ind/ Situs resmi Jakmania]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
{{Tim LSI}}
{{Sepak bola di Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Persija Jakarta| {{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Kategori:Tim bal-balan Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Raditya Dika</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5433" sha1="mg2z8bb2fhzqeuqta1pnqtmr6tkomzw" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox person
| name = Raditya Dika 
| image = Raditya Dika on Interview GoGirl TV.jpg
| image_size = 
| caption = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|12|28}}  
| birth_place = [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] 
| birth_name = Dika Angkasaputra Moewarni 
| other_names = 
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| years_active = 2005 - saiki
| occupation = [[Penulis]], [[Paraga]]
| nationality = [[Indonesia]]
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 
| parents = 
| website = [[http://radityadika.com]]
}}

'''Raditya Dika''' utawa '''Dika Angkasaputra Moerwani''', lair ing [[Jakarta]] tanggal 28 Désèmber 1984, ya iku penulis saka [[Indonesia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://biografi.gudangmateri.com/2010/05/biografi-raditya-dika.html Biografi Raditya Dika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415084217/http://biografi.gudangmateri.com/2010/05/biografi-raditya-dika.html |date=2011-04-15 }}(dipuntingali 5 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://radityadika.com/nama-gue/ Raditya Dika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715174500/http://radityadika.com/nama-gue/ |date=2011-07-15 }}(diaksès 5 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Ing [[Indonésia|Indonesia]], Raditya Dika misuwur dadi penulis buku-buku lucu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Buku-buku mau digawé saka tulisan-tulisan blogé.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Bukuné kang kapisan, judhule &quot;[[Kambing Jantan|Kambing Jalu]]&quot; ya iku buku kang paling laris.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Buku iku nyeritakaké uripé Radith nalika kuliah ing [[Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Tulisané Radith kalebu jinis anyar, amarga nalika dhèwèké nulis bukuné kang kapisan durung akèh kang gawé tulisan komèdi kang dhapuré cathetan pribadi utawa [[blog]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Karir ==
Anggitané kang kapisan ya iku buku kanthi judhul &quot;Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh&quot; (2005). Buku iki nyeritakaké uripé Radith nalika isih kuliah ing [[Adelaide]], Australia.
Bukuné kang kapindho judhulé &quot;Cinta Brontosaurus&quot;, dibabaraké taun 2006. Isiné uripé Radith kang asring apes. Bukuné kang katelu judhulé &quot;Radikus Makankakus: Bukan Binatang Biyasa&quot; babar tanggal 29 Agustus 2007 lan bukuné kang kapapat babar sasi April 2008, judhulé &quot;Babi Ngesot: Datang Tak Diundang Pulang Tak Berkutang&quot;.

Dhèwèké uga dadi juru main filem kang digawé saka bukuné kang kapisan &quot;Kambing Jantan: The Movie&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/10/12/e004043/rudi.sudjarwo.kepincut.kambing.jantan.. Rudi Sudjarwo Kepincut Kambing Jantan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210133100/http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2008/10/12/e004043/rudi.sudjarwo.kepincut.kambing.jantan.. |date=2011-02-10 }}(diaksès 5 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Film iku disutradharai Rudi Sudjarwo. Ing sasi Novèmber 2009, Radith mbiwara yèn bukuné kang kalima kanthi judhul &quot;Marmut Merah Jambu&quot; arep dibabaraké sasi [[Désèmber]] 2009, nanging sidané mundur amarga ana tambahan carita.

Radith miwiti kapénginan gawé buku kang ditulis saka blogé nalika menang bebungah &quot;Indonésian Blog Award&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://teknologi.vivanews.com/news/read/122453-tiga_peraih_online_inspiring_award_2009 Tiga Peraih Online Inspiring Award 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327232652/http://teknologi.vivanews.com/news/read/122453-tiga_peraih_online_inspiring_award_2009 |date=2010-03-27 }}(diaksès 5 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Radit Uga éntuk bebungah &quot;The Online Insipring Award&quot; 2009 saka Indosat.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

Saka kono, dhèwèké nyithak tulisan saka blogé banjur ditawakaké marang penerbit. Mulané akèh kang nolak, nanging sidané naskah mau dibabaraké penerbit [[Gagasmedia]].

Radith dadi penulis buku kang suksès amarga dhèwèké béda saka penulis liya-liyané. Bukuné kalebu jinis anyar kang akèh disenengi wong-wong.

Awalé, bukuné ora patiyo payu. Nanging dhèwèké ora kesel promosi lumantar blog lan lumantar guneman.

Saiki, Radith nerusaké kuliah ing Fakultas Èlmu Sosial lan Pulitik ing [[Universitas Indonésia]]. Dhèwèké uga mergawé dadi pemimpin rédhaksi lan dhirèktur ing penerbit bukuné.

== Anggitané Raditya Dika ==
; Novèl:
* 2005 - &quot;[[Kambing Jantan: Sebuah Catatan Harian Pelajar Bodoh]]&quot;
* 2006 - &quot;[[Cinta Brontosaurus]]&quot;
* 2007 - &quot;[[Radikus Makankakus: Bukan Binatang Biasa|Radikus Makankakus: Bukan Binatang Biyasa]]&quot;
* 2008 - &quot;[[Babi Ngesot: Datang Tak Diundang Pulang Tak Berkutang]]&quot;
* 2010 - &quot;[[Marmut Merah Jambu]]&quot;

; Komik (karo [[Dio Rudiman]]):
* 2008 - &quot;[[Komik Kambing Jantan]]&quot;
* 2011 - &quot;[[Komik Kambing Jantan 2]]&quot;
* 2015 - &quot;[[Koala Kumal]]&quot;

== Filmografi ==
=== Ingkang maragani ===
* ''[[Kambing Jantan: The Movie]]'' (2009)

=== Penulis skénario ===
* ''[[Maling Kutang]]'' (2009)

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.radityadika.com Website Raditya Dika]
* [http://www.telkom.net/sahabat_detail.php?cid=2&amp;id=549 Profil ing Telkom.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919235221/http://www.telkom.net/sahabat_detail.php?cid=2&amp;id=549 |date=2008-09-19 }}
* [http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/10/12/e004043/rudi.sudjarwo.kepincut.kambing.jantan.. Film Kambing Jantan ing Kompas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415101734/http://entertainment.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/10/12/e004043/rudi.sudjarwo.kepincut.kambing.jantan.. |date=2009-04-15}}

[[Kategori:Panitra Indonesia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Politèknik</title>
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      <text bytes="3219" sha1="nq06we3yz0n73r0u7gw4ko9ig4zkcpf" xml:space="preserve">{{Pendhidhikan ing Indonésia}}
[[File:Macau Polytechnic Institute.JPG|thumb|Politèknik Institut Makau]]
'''Politèknik''' utawa kerep dipadhakaké karo '''institut tèknologi''' iku jeneng kang  dianggo ing institusi pendhidhikan kang mènèhi manéka jinis [[sesebutan]] lan kerep beroperasi ing tataran kang béda-béda sajeroning sistem pendhidhikan. Politèknik bisa minangka institusi [[pendhidhikan dhuwur]] lan tèknik lanjutan sarta panelitèn èlmiah misuwur ing donya utawa [[pendhidhikan vokasi]] profèsional, kang duwé spésialiasi sajeroning babagan [[èlmu kawruh]], [[tèknik]], lan [[tèknologi]] utawa jurusan-jurusan tèknis kang béda jinis. Istilah mau uga bisa tegesé sekolah [[pendhidhikan menengah]] kang fokus marang pelatihan vokasional.

Istilah '''''politèknik''''' asal saka [[basa Yunani]] πολύ (''polú'' utawa ''polý'') kang tegesé &quot;akèh&quot; lan τεχνικός (''tekhnikós'') kang tegesé &quot;seni&quot;. Istilah ''institut tèknologi'', kanggo bagéané, kerep dicekak '''IT'''; istilah iki béda karo istilah [[tèknologi informasi]].

Sanajan istilah ''politèknik'' lan ''institut tèknologi'' minangka sinonim, préferènsi panggunaané béda antara siji nagara lan sijiné.

== Politèknik ing Indonésia ==
Politèknik sajeroning [[pendhidhikan ing Indonésia]] iku wangun [[pawiyatan luhur]] saliyané [[akadhemi]], [[institut]], [[sekolah tinggi]], lan [[universitas]]. Politèknik nyelenggarakaké [[pendhidhikan vokasi]] ing  babagan  kawruh mligi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://zkarnain.tripod.com/DIKNAS.HTM |title=Undang-Undang Républik Indonésia Nomor 2 Tahun 1989 tentang Sistem Pendhidhikan Nasional |access-date=2011-09-08 |archive-date=2023-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131224436/https://zkarnain.tripod.com/DIKNAS.HTM |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.inherent-dikti.net/files/sisdiknas.pdf |title=Undang-Undang Républik Indonésia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendhidhikan Nasional |access-date=2011-10-04 |archive-date=2011-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513051314/http://www.inherent-dikti.net/files/sisdiknas.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning posisiné minangka paguron dhuwur, politèknik dadi péranganing [[sistem pendhidhikan nasional]] kang tujuané nyiapaké mahasiswa dadi anggota masarakat kang duwé kamampuan profèsional kang bisa matrapaké, ngembangaké, lan nyebar [[èlmu kawruh lan tèknologi]] sarta ngupayakaké panggunaané kanggo ngundhakaké taraf kauripan masarakat lan kasajahtran umat manungsa sarta kabudayan nasional.

Politèknik minangka pendhidhikan profèsional kang diarahaké marang kesiapan panrapan keahlian tinamtu. Kanggo nggayuh angkah mau, politèknik mènèhi pengalaman sinau lan latihan kang cukup kanggo mbentuk kemampuan profèsional di babagan èlmu kawruh lan tèknologi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.anascava.com/definisi-polit%C3%A8knik/ |title=Definisi politèknik |access-date=2011-10-04 |archive-date=2023-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928121630/http://www.anascava.com/definisi-polit%C3%A8knik/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi]]


{{pendhidhikan-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang</title>
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[[Gambar:Pt pupuk sriwijadja.jpg|thumb|240px]]
{{for|perusahaan kang dahulu bernama PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero)|Pupuk Indonésia}}
{{Kotak info perusahaan
| company_name = PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang
| company_logo = [[Berkas:Pusri.jpeg‎|center|150px]]
| company_type = 
| foundation = [[12 November]]  [[2010]]
| location = [[Palembang]], [[Indonésia]]
| key_people = Parikesit Suprapto, PhD , Komisaris {{br}}Edy Putra Irawady, SH , Direktur Utama |Ir. Arifin Tasrif 
| industry = [[Urea]] dan [[Amoniak]]
| products = {{br}}Urea{{br}} Amoniak
| revenue = 
| operating_income = 
| net_income = 
| num_employees = (organik){{br}} (non-organik)
| parent = [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]]
| subsid = 
{{br}}PT Sri Melamin Rejeki
{{br}}PT Puspetindo
| homepage = http://www.pusri.co.id/
| footnotes = 
}}
'''PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang''', kang kondhang minangka PT Pusri, wujud anak perusahaan saka [[PT Pupuk Indonésia]] (Persero)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pihc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |title=Anak Perusahaan PT Pupuk Indonésia |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115064736/http://pupuk-indonesia.com/id/kepemilikan-saham |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kang bergerak ing babagan [[produksi]] lan [[pemasaran]] [[pupuk]].

== Sajarah ==

==== Pupuk Sriwidjaja minangka Induk Pupuk Indonésia ====
Nalika taun 1997, Pusri ditunjuk minangka perusahaan induk membawahi papat BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan indhustri pupuk lan petrokimia, ya iku PT Petrokimia Gresik ing [[Gresik]], [[Jawa Timur]]; PT Pupuk Kujang ing [[Cikampek]], [[Jawa Barat]]; PT Pupuk Kaltim ing [[Bontang]], [[Kalimantan Timur]]; lan PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda ing [[Lhokseumawe]], [[Acèh]]; sarta BUMN kang bergerak ing babagan engineering, procurement &amp; construction (EPC), ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri (kantore pusat ing Jakarta). Nalika taun 1998, anak perusahaan Pusri bertambah siji BUMN manhe, ya iku PT Mega Eltra ing Jakarta kang bergerak ing babagan perdagangan.

awit Pamaréntah Indonésia mindahake sekabehane sahamnya kang dipanggonake ing Industri Pupuk Dalam Negeri lan ing PT Mega Eltra marang PUSRI, liwat Peraturan Pamaréntah (PP) nomer 28 taun 1997 lan PP nomer 34 taun 1998, mangka PUSRI, kang berkedudukan ing Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, dadi Induk Perusahaan (Operating Holding) kanti membawahi 6 (enam) anak perusahaan kalebu anak perusahaan penyertaan langsung ya iku PT Rekayasa Industri, masing-masing perusahaan bergerak sajrone babagan usaha:

* PT Petrokimia Gresik kang berkedudukan ing Gresik, Jawa Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea, ZA, SP-36/SP-18, [[Phonska]], DAP, NPK, ZK, lan indhustri kimia lliyane sarta Pupuk Organik.
* PT Pupuk Kujang, kang berkedudukan ing Cikampek, Jawa Barat. Memproduksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Kalimantan Timur, kang kedudukane ing Bontang, Kalimantan Timur. Produksi lan masarake pupuk urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Pupuk Iskandar Muda, kang kedudukane ing Lhokseumawe, Nangroe Acèh Darussalam. Produksi an masarake pupuk Urea lan indhustri kimia liyané.
* PT Rekayasa Industri, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta, Bergerak sajrone penyediaan Jasa Engineering, Procurement &amp; Construction (EPC) guna yasa indhustri gas &amp; lenga bumi, pupuk, kimia dan petrokimia, pertambangan, pembangkit listrik (panas bumi, batu bara, micro-hydro, diesel).
* PT Mega Eltra, kang kedudukane ing Jakarta kanti babagan usaha mligi ya iku Perdagangan Umum.

=== Periode Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang ===
Nalika taun [[2010]], dilakokake pemisahan ('''Spin-Off''') saka PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja (Persero) (Pusri) marang PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang (Pusri Palembang)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/breaking-news/ekonomi/11/01/02/155887-pusri-resmi-jadi-holding-bumn-pupuk Pusri resmi jadi holding bumn pupuk]&lt;/ref&gt;. Owah-owahan iki terutang sajrone owah-owahan anggaran dhasar&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |title=Sejarah Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710060935/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil01.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pengalihan hak lan kewajiban Pusri marang Pusri Palembang tertuang sajrone [[Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham]] - Luar Biyasa nalika [[24 Dhésèmber]] 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Serah tampa kalungguhan lan pengalihan hak lan kewajiban efektif nalika [[1 Januari]] 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri Palembang tetep migunakaké logo lan merk dagang Pusri&lt;ref name=&quot;sajarah pusri&quot; /&gt;. Pusri dhéwé ganti jeneng dadi [[Pupuk Indonésia]] lan migunakaké merk Pupuk Indonésia lan logo Pupuk Indonésia&lt;ref name=&quot;ganti nama dan logo ke pupuk indonesia&quot;&gt;[http://www.pupuk-kujang.co.id/allmenu.php?idn=36&amp;idd=166&amp;PHPSESSID=d75250648bd1364e7d411e70d66d8ad9 Lauching Nama dan Logo Baru Holding Pupuk]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Anak Perusahaan ==
# PT Sri Melamin Rejeki&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2013-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130111035224/http://www.pusri.co.id/50profil10.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (20%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |title=Anak Perusahaan Pusri 2 |access-date=2013-01-14 |archive-date=2012-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717073925/http://www.pusri.co.id/index0300.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi melamin.
# [http://www.puspetindo.com PT Puspetindo]&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt; (5.3%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri 2&quot; /&gt;, kang bergerak sajrone produksi peralatan pabrik.
# [http://twinplazahotèl.co.id/ PT Slipi Sri Indopuri]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes 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== Wewengkon Pemasaran ==
Surat Dudutan (SK) Menperindag No 70/MPP/Kep/2/2003 tanggal 11 Fèbruari 2003 wis mengatur manèh pola Pengadaan lan Penyaluran Pupuk Bersubsidi kanggo Sektor Pertanian, ya iku kanti pola rayonisasi distribusi pupuk kanggo produsen pupuk.
Wewengkon Pemsaran Pupuk Sriwidjaja diduduhake kanti warna biru sarta anakan perusahaane.
[[Gambar:Insetpemasaran02.jpg|center|500px]]

== Prastawa wigati ==
# Pusri didegake nalika tanggal 24 Dhésèmber 1959 di Palembang, kanti kagiyatan usaha produksi pupuk urea.
# nalika taun [[1963]] beroperasi pabrik pupuk urea pertama ya iku: ” PUSRI I ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 100.000 ton per taun.
# Tahun [[1974]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kapindho ya iku “ PUSRI II “ kanti kapasitas terpasang 380.000 ton pertahun (awit taun 1992 kapasitase ditingkatake / optimasi dadi 570.000 ton/taun).
# Tahun [[1976]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea ketelu, ya iku “ PUSRI III ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1977]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea kepapat, ya iku “ PUSRI IV ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun.
# Tahun [[1979]], pamaréntah ngukuhaké PT.Pusri minangka perusahaan kang bertanggung jawab sajrone pengadaan lan penyaluran sekabehane jinis pupuk bersubsidi, baik kang berskala saka produksi sajrone nagari utawa import kanggo memenuhi kebutuhan program intensivikasi pertanian (Bimas lan Inmas).
# Tahun [[1990]] dibangun pabrik pupuk Urea, ya iku “ PUSRI I B ” kanti kapasitas terpasang 570.000 ton pertahun minangka pengganti pabrik Puri I kang diendeg operasine amarga usia teknis lan wis ora efisien manèh. Pabrik iki wiwit produksi nalika taun 1994, wujud pabrik pertama kang digarap sapérangan besar déning ahli-ahli bangsa Indonésia, kang dibangun kanti konsèp hemat ènergi lan migunakaké sistem kendali komputer “Distributed Control System”
# Tanggal [[12 November]] [[2010]], pemisahan PT Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang saka PT Pusri.

== Struktur Kepemilikan Saham ==
* PT Pupuk Indonésia (99,99%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;
* Yayasan Kesejahteraan Karyawan Pusri (0,01%)&lt;ref name=&quot;anak perusahaan pusri&quot; /&gt;

[[Gambar:Strukturholding.jpg|center|600px]]

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.pusri.co.id/ Situs Resmi PT. Pupuk Sriwidjaja Palembang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326054110/http://pusri.co.id/ |date=2013-03-26 }}

[[Kategori:Kota Palembang]]
[[Kategori:Perusahaan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pupuk]]</text>
      <sha1>hzkfpdhbst071j20v31icfxbyxdut75</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>RAW</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96653</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747977</id>
      <parentid>1738500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T07:34:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747977</origin>
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      <text bytes="24674" sha1="gnxhsz7s97npqmh9tkora8rxasmrfua" xml:space="preserve">'''RAW''' ya iku salah sawijining acara gulat ingkang tayang ing tivi. RAW iku uga padha kaliyan [[Smack Down]], uga sawijining acara ingkang didamel kaliyan [[World Wrestling Entertaintment]]. Iki uga salah sawijing program gulat ing tivi kanggo hiburan. Adégan-adégan gulak ingkang kawaruh iku namung kanggo hiburan. Ulah raga iku uga diprèdikat tayangan tiyang diwasa lan pinisepuh.
Ing nagari [[Amérikah Sarékat]], kaping pisan RAW iku tayng ing tivi nalika taun 1993. Ing nagari Indonesia, acara tivi gulat ingkang didamel karo [[World Wrestling Entertaintment]] kaya ta [[Smack Down]] lan RAW iku tayang miwiti taun 2006. Nanging déning wonten masalah kanggo rating tivi lan aksi kékérasan ing Indonesia amarga tayangan iku, ijin siarane banjur dicabut.

=== Sajarah saka RAW ===
RAW iku kapisan tayang ing labuh 11 Januari taun 1993. Nalika iku namung tayang 1 jam ing stasiun tivi [[USA Network]]. Tampilan kapisan iku nguguhake [[Yokozuna]] lawan tanding karo [[Koko B. Ware]]. Iki uga dadi episode ingkang [[The Undertaker]] main kapisan ing RAW, ora [[Smack Down]], tarung karo [[Max Moon]]. Nalika ing ngandhape gendéra [[World Wrestling Federation]], gulat iki taksih murni ulah raga, ora ana adègan-adègan ingkang ngemot unsur drama. Nanging banjur ganti asma ing [[World Wrestling Entertaintment]], kathah adègan ingkang sakburine layar, ora namung ing ring gulat.

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!Nagara||Saluran||Ref
|-
|[[Argentina]]
|[[Canal 9 (Argentina)|Canal 9]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Argentina|title=WWE Argentina Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208224449/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Argentina|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Australia]]
|[[Fox8]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fox8.foxtel.com.au/Shows/wwe-raw/index.htm|title=WWE Raw on Fox8's official Website| publisher=[[Fox8]]|accessdate=2009-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Ostrali|title=WWE Ostrali Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ostenrik]]
|[[Sky (Ostenrik)|Sky]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Ostenrik|title=WWE Ostenrik Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bangladesh]]
|[[TEN Sports]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten Sport Schedule&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Banggaladésa|title=WWE Banggaladésa Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Belgium]]
|[[AB3]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Belgium|title=WWE Belgium Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612234025/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Belgium|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ab3.be/guide-programmes/sport-Catch-RAW-285.aspx|title=''WWE Raw'' on AB3|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[AB3]]|language=Dutch, French, German|archive-date=2009-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922235125/http://www.ab3.be/guide-programmes/sport-Catch-RAW-285.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bhutan]]
|[[TEN Sports]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten Sport Schedule&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Bhutan|title=WWE Bhutan Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704112917/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Bhutan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bulgaria]]
|[[bTV Comedy]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Bulgaria|title=WWE Bulgaria Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325192128/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Bulgaria|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gtv.bg/production.php?id=9|title=Primary Power|language=[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[BTV Comedy|GTV]]|archive-date=2009-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828012930/http://www.gtv.bg/production.php?id=9|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bolivia]]
|[[Red PAT]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.redpat.tv/programacion.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-02 |archive-date=2010-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222195050/http://www.redpat.tv/programacion.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|[[Televizija OBN|OBN]]
|&lt;ref&gt;http://obn.ba/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=459&amp;catid=459&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Canada]]
|[[The Score Television Network|The Score]] and [[CKMI-TV|Global Quebec]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thescore.ca/scoretv/programs.aspx?progID=114|title=WWE Raw on FOX8|publisher=[[Fox8]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Canada|title=WWE Canada Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208213624/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Canada|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Chili]]
|[[Chilevisión]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Chile|title=WWE Chile Scheduling|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|archive-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210200743/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Chile|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chilevision.cl/home/index.php?option=com_programacionchv&amp;task=showcurrentweek&amp;Itemid=880|title=Chilevisión Television Schedule|access-date= 2013-02-02|publisher=[[Chilevisión]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Costa Rica]]
|[[Repretel|Repretel Canal 11]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Costa%20Rica|title=WWE Costa Rica Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317143434/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Costa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Colombia]]
|[[Citytv Bogotá|Citytv]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/?country=Colombia|title=WWE Colombia Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602034636/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/?country=Colombia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Czech Republic]]
|[[Nova Sport]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Czech%20Republic|title=WWE Czech republic Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626063800/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Czech%20Republic|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dhènemarken]]
|[[6'eren]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Denmark |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-02 |archive-date=2009-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704112932/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Denmark |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Dunia Arab]]
|[[MBC Action]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Algeria|title=WWE Algeria Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100315153426/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Algeria|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MBC Middle East&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mbc.net/portal/site/MBC-PROGRAMS-PORTAL/menuitem.2ba1fb1201d3e0a65ffa0010441800a0/?vgnextoid=a2f3e2bfce2b3210VgnVCM1000008420010aRCRD&amp;lang=ar&amp;programID=a2f3e2bfce2b3210VgnVCM1000008420010aRCRD|title=''WWE Raw'' on MBC's official site|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=MBC| language=Arabic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[El Salvador]]
|[[Canal VTV (El Salvador)|Canal VTV]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/El%20Salvador|title=WWE El Savador Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724162838/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/El%20Salvador|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[France]]
|[[RTL9]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/France|title=WWE France Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210200749/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/France|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nt1.tv/guide-programmes/sport-Catch-RAW-432.aspx|title=WWE Raw Official NT1 Website|publisher=[[NT1 (television)|NT1]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[French language|French]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Finland]]
|[[MTV3|MTV3 MAX]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Finland|title=WWE Finland Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404084035/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Finland|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Germany]]
|[[Sky Deutschland|Sky Sport]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Germany|title=WWE Germany Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[German language|German]]|archive-date=2010-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100314063528/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Germany|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sky.de/web/cms/de/select-wrestling-wwe-magazin.jsp|title=WWE Magazine|publisher=[[Sky Deutschland|Sky Sport]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[German language|German]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Greece]]
|[[Nova Sports|Nova Sports 3]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Greece|title=WWE Greece Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209041351/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Greece|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nova.gr/eng/tvguide.asp?movieid=36248&amp;weekday=21/8/2009&amp;channel=141&amp;r=5564678|title=WWE Raw Scheduling on Nova Sports|publisher=[[Nova Sports]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Honduras]]
|[[XHGC-TV|Canal 5]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Honduras|title=WWE Honduras Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-07-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728053749/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Honduras|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]] dan [[Indonesia]]
|[[TEN Sports]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;Ten Sport Schedule&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tensports.com/tvschedule/|title=Ten Sports TV Schedule|publisher=[[TEN Sports]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2023-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304065059/https://www.sonypicturessportsnetwork.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/India|title=WWE India Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317143444/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/India|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Pakistan|title=WWE Pakistan Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603212138/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Pakistan|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Sri%20Lanka|title=WWE Sri Lanka Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202211755/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Sri%20Lanka|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Indonesia]]
|[[MNC Sports 2]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Indonesia|title=WWE Indonesia Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090814200248/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Indonesia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Israèl]]
|[[Sport 1]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Israèl|title=WWE Israèl Scheduling|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sport1.co.il/?q=schedule|title=Sport 1 Schedule|access-date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[Sky Sports|Sky Sport 1]]|language=[[Hebrew language|Irsaeli]]|archive-date=2009-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818202443/http://www.sport1.co.il/?q=schedule|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Italy]]&lt;br /&gt;(Siaran langsung)
|[[Sky Italia]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Italy|title=WWE Italy Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Italin language|Italin]]|archive-date=2010-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303142744/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Italy|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://guidatv.sky.it/guidatv/programma/sport/wrestling/wwe-domestic-raw_112654.shtml|title=WWE Domestic Raw|publisher=[[Sky Itali|SKY Itali]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Italin language|Italin]]|archive-date=2009-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914095012/http://guidatv.sky.it/guidatv/programma/sport/wrestling/wwe-domestic-raw_112654.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Malaysia]]
|[[Astro (Malaysia)|Astro Super Sport]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Malaysia|title=WWE Malaysia Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100228191959/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Malaysia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.astro.com.my/channels/schedule_details.asp|title=Astro Super Sport Programming Schedule|publisher=[[Astro (Malaysian satellite television)|Astro]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821022610/http://www.astro.com.my/channels/schedule_details.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Mexico]]
|[[XHGC-TV|Canal 5]], [[TVC Deportes]] dan [[MVS Visión]] (52MX &amp; MC)
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.esmas.com/canal5/|title=Canal 5 Website|publisher=[[XHGC-TV|Canal 5]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2016-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405093928/http://www2.esmas.com/canal5|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Mexico|title=WWE Mexico Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209003431/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Mexico|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Selandia Baru]]
|[[The Box (New Zealand TV channel)|The Box]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/New%20Zealand|title=WWE New Zealand Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527043213/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/New%20Zealand|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.skytv.co.nz/Default.aspx?tabid=516|title=WWE on The Box Website|publisher=[[The Box (saluran televisi Selandia Baru)|The Box]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Norway]]
|[[TV 2 Zebra]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/kanalene/zebra/raw-wrestling-2889029.html| title=RAW Wrestling - TV2 Zebra|publisher=[[TV 2 Zebra|TV2 Zebra]]|access-date=2013-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Panama]]
|[[RPC Canal 4]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Panama|title=WWE Panama Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810100017/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Panama|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rpctv.com/programacion/|title=RPC Canal 4 Television guide|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|archive-date=2009-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707104158/http://www.rpctv.com/programacion/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Peru]]
|[[ATV (Peruvian Network)|ATV]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Peru|title=WWE Peru Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-06-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621180912/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Peru|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atv.com.pe/programacion/programacion_portada.asp|title=ATV Teleivision guide|publisher=[[ATV (Peruvian Network)|ATV]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822024153/http://www.atv.com.pe/programacion/programacion_portada.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Philippines]]
|[[Jack TV]] and [[Solar TV]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jacktv.com.ph/index.php?p=post&amp;id=89|title=WWE Raw|publisher=[[Jack TV]]|access-date= 2013-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Philippines|title=WWE Philippines Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209042142/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Philippines|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Poland]]
|[[Extreme Sports Channel]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Poland|title=WWE Poland Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305070816/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Poland|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.extremesportschannel.pl/OnTV.aspx|title=Extreme Sports Channel Television schedule|date=2013-02-02|publisher=[[Extreme Sports Channel]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207025638/http://www.extremesportschannel.pl/OnTv.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Portugal]]
|[[Sport TV]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Portugal|title=WWE Portugal Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302143028/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Portugal|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sporttv.pt/Modalidades/Wrestling.asp|title=Wrestling Listings on Sport TV's official website|publisher=[[Sport TV]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]|archive-date=2009-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819044415/http://www.sporttv.pt/Modalidades/Wrestling.asp|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Romania]]
|[[Sport.ro]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Romania|title=WWE Romania Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613001123/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Romania|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Serbia]]
|[[Fox televizija]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Serbia|title=WWE Serbia Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007082852/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Serbia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.foxtv.rs/total-formati-ispis.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1182500807&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=1&amp;|title=WWE Raw / WWE SmackDown - U.S. Wrestling|publisher=[[Fox televizija]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Serbian language|Serbian]]|archive-date=2009-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614172859/http://www.foxtv.rs/total-formati-ispis.php?subaction=showfull&amp;id=1182500807&amp;archive=&amp;start_from=&amp;ucat=1&amp;|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[South Africa]]
|[[E.tv]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/South%20Africa|title=WWE South Africa Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317143459/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/South%20Africa|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etv.co.za/extended/about/wwe_raw|title=About WWE Raw|publisher=[[E.tv]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413014606/http://www.etv.co.za/extended/about/wwe_raw|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Spain]]
|[[Cuatro (TV channel)|Cuatro]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Spain|title=WWE Spain Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2009-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090701133130/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Spain|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cuatro.com/pressing-catch/pressing-catch-en-cuatro/pressing-catch-raw/|title=Pressing catch Raw|publisher=[[Cuatro (TV channel)|Cuatro]]|access-date=2013-02-02|language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]]|archive-date=2009-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403131618/http://www.cuatro.com/pressing-catch/pressing-catch-en-cuatro/pressing-catch-raw|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Ukraine]]
|[[QTV (Ukraine)|QTV]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Ukraine|title=WWE's Ukraine Schedule|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301075930/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/Ukraine|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[United Kingdom]] lan [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]&lt;br /&gt;(Siaran)
|[[Sky Sports|Sky Sports 3]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/United%20Kingdom|title=WWE United Kingdom Scheduling|publisher=[[World Wrestling Entertainment]]|access-date=2013-02-02|archive-date=2010-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208151750/http://www.wwe.com/schedules/television/rw/country/United%20Kingdom|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,14206,00.html|title=WWE Live on Sky|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|access-date=2013-02-02| date=2013-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Catethan Suku ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Pranala njaba ===
*[Web Kantor|http://www.wwe.com/shows/raw]
*[http://raw.usanetwork.com ''WWE Raw''didamel USANetwork.com]
*{{tv.com show|wwe-monday-night-raw|WWE Raw}}

[[Kategori:Gulat Gaya Bebas]]
[[Kategori:Amérikah Sarékat]]
[[Kategori:Hiburan]]</text>
      <sha1>gnxhsz7s97npqmh9tkora8rxasmrfua</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pengelola investasi global</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>97920</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747910</id>
      <parentid>1746271</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-29T20:26:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747910</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18082" sha1="8rd4jp9ebda1dqlm3avfzftt3h6iekp" xml:space="preserve">{{rapèkaké}}
[[Gambar:Assorted United States coins.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Moneda]]s de [[Estados Unidos]].]]
[[Gambar:Hedge funds and tax haven-fr.svg|thumb|Les investissements des fonds spéculatifs entre 2000 et 2007]]
'''Pengelola investasi global''' utawi kanthi umum langkung dipuntepang kaliyan istilah '''hedge fund''' inggih punika merupakan [[kontrak investasi kolektif]] privat ingkang dipunkenakakén biaya imbal jasa berbasis kinerja (''performance fee'') lan limrahipun dipuntawarakén kanthi winates dhateng  [[investor]] kelas inggil.
Istilah ''hedge fund'' asalipun saking cara pengelolaan dana ingkang dipunpanggihakén déning [[Alfred Winslow Jones]] ing taun [[1949]]. Strategi A.W. Jones' inggih punika ngélampahi [[Short selling|penjualan kaliyan cara &quot;short&quot;]] atas [[saham]] wekdal punika piyambakipun pembelian saham sanèsipun, dados manawi makaten dipunlampahi [[lindung aji]] atas [[risiko pasar]]. Kathah &quot;pangkalan investasi&quot;, &quot;sindikat investasi&quot;, &quot;kemitraan investasi&quot; utawi &quot;dana oportunis&quot; ingkang gadhah karakteristik bènten-bènten ing donya modern punika ingkang sampun beroperasi sampun ngantos lami punika. Nanging Jones inggih punika ingkang kawiwitan ngélampahi kombinasi ''short selling'', penggunaan daya ungkit (leverage), struktur kemitraan terbatas guna menghindari aturan, lan ngenakaken 20% imbalan insentif kanggé kompensasi atas peranipun minangka &quot;mitra pengelola&quot;, dan olèh karenanya Jones diakui sebagai &quot;bapak&quot; (penemu) dari indhustri ''hedge fund''.&lt;ref&gt;Steve Johnson, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090907123635/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/10bb2ef0-f31c-11db-9845-000b5df10621,dwp_uuid=ae2b356c-f3d6-11db-88aa-000b5df10621,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/10bb2ef0-f31c-11db-9845-000b5df10621,dwp_uuid%3Dae2b356c-f3d6-11db-88aa-000b5df10621.html&amp;_i_referer=http://www.ft.com/reports/hedgefunds2007 A short history of bankruptcy, death, suicides and fortunes], ''Financial Times'', April 27 2007&lt;/ref&gt;
== Struktur hukum ==
Struktur hukum dipun-ginakaken ing nemtokaken kewajiban perpajakan kanggé investor. Kathah ''hedge fund'' dipungadahi domisili hukum ''offshore'' ing nagara-nagara ingkang boten gegayutan saé kaliyan manajer, investor, utawi kagiyatan operasional saking investasi dana, kaliyan ancas supados pajeg namung dipunkenakaken ing investor lan boten dipunkenakaken pajeg tambahan ing dana ingkang dipunkelola.

Kangge para investor ingkang dados subjek pajeg ing Amérika, ''hedge fund'' asring dipundamel ing struktur &quot;kemitraan terbatas&quot; amargi jinis punika angsal perlakuan pajeg ingkang langkung nguntungaken ing Amérika. Manajer ''hedge fund'' (ingkang limrahipun ing wujud [[perusahaan]]) inggih punika &quot;mitra umum&quot; utawi manajer lan si investor inggih punika &quot;mitra terbatas&quot; utawi anggota. Dana mau dipunkempalaken ing suatu kemitraan utawi perusahaan dan &quot;mitra umum&quot; utawi manajer badhé nglampahi sedaya putusan investasi.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cityandfinancial.com] A Practitioner's Guide to Alternative Investment Funds&lt;/ref&gt;
Lokasi ''onshore'' punika ya iku tebih saking ingkang wigati ing salebeting artian lokasi manajer ''hedge fund''. Kota [[New York]] lan wewengkon [[Gold Coast]] ing [[Connecticut]] (limrahipun Stamford, Connecticut and Greenwich, Connecticut) ing panggènan utama saking para manajer ''hedge fund'' kaliyan jumlah ingkang kaping kalih ing jumlah ''hedge fund'' ingkang wonten ing [[London]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ifsl.org.uk/uploads/CBS_Hedge_Funds_2007.pdf Hedge Funds, pg 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811092937/http://www.ifsl.org.uk/uploads/CBS_Hedge_Funds_2007.pdf |date=2007-08-11 }} International Financial Services London&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Peraturan ''offshore'' ===
Kathah pusat keuangan ''offshore'' manawi njurung pendirian ''hedge fund'' kaliyan nawaraken pinten-pinten kombinasi layanan jasa, penerapan merdamel ingkang nguntungaken, peraturan ingkang bersahabat kaliyan donya bisnis kaliyan pusat keuangan ingkang utamanipun kalebet ing  [[Cayman Islands]], [[Dublin]], [[Luxembourg]], [[British Virgin Islands]] lan [[Bermuda]]. Dipunperkirakaken Cayman Islands inggih punika pusat saking sawatawis 75% saking ''hedge fund'' donya, ingkang nguwasani pangsa pasar punika setengah saking indhustri ''hedge fund'' kaliyan aji dipunperkirakaken ngantos 1,225 trilyun [[USD]] &lt;ref&gt;''Institutional Investor'', 15 May 2006, [http://www.dailyii.com/article.asp?ArticleID=1039798&amp;LS=EMS73445 Article Link] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310221113/http://www.dailyii.com/article.asp?ArticleID=1039798&amp;LS=EMS73445 |date=2007-03-10 }}, although statistics in the Hedge Fund industry are notoriously speculative&lt;/ref&gt;.
=== Perusahaan manajemen ''hedge fund'' terkemuka ===
Asring ugi dipuntepang dados perusahaan manajemen investasi alternatif.
* [[Amaranth Advisors]]
* [[BluMont Capital]]
* [[Bridgewater Associates]]
* [[Caxton Associates]]
* [[Citco Fund Services]]
* [[John D. Arnold|Centaurus Energy]]
* [[Citadel Investment Group]]
* [[D. E. Shaw &amp; Co.]]
* [[Fortress Investment Group]]
* [[Goldman Sachs]] Asset Management
* [[Long Term Capital Management]]
* [[Man Group]]
* [[Pirate Capital LLC]]
* [[Renaissance Technologies]]
* [[SAC Capital Advisors]]
* [[Soros Fund Management]]
* [[SRR Capital LLC]]
=== Terminology ===
* [[Commodity pool]]
* [[Derivatives market]]
* [[Investment fund]]
* [[Venture capital]]

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Reksadana]]
* [[Sekuriti]]
* [[Keuangan]]
* [[Pasar keuangan]]
* [[Derivatif]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Waosan lanjut ==
=== Artikel panalitèn ===
* Agarwal, V., and N.Y. Naik, 2000, ''Multi-Period Performance Persistence Analysis of Hedge Funds'', Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Vol. 35, No. 3.
* Amenc, N., L. Martellini, and M. Vaissié, 2003, ''Benefits and Risks of Alternative Investment Strategies'', Journal of Asset Management, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp.&amp;nbsp;96–118.
* Asness, C., R. Krail, and J. Liew, 2000, ''Do Hedge Funds Hedge?'', Journal of Portfolio Management, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp.&amp;nbsp;6–19.
* Caslin, J. J., 2004, [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/fia/baj/2004/00000010/00000003/art00002 ''Hedge Funds''], British Actuarial Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp.&amp;nbsp;441–521.
* De Souza, C., and S. Gokcan, 2004, ''Hedge Fund Investing: A Quantitative Approach to Hedge Fund Manager Selection and De-Selection'', Journal of Wealth Management.
* Fransolet, L. and J. Loeys, 2004, ''Have Hedge Funds Eroded Market Opportunities?'', Journal of Alternative Investments, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp.&amp;nbsp;10–33.
* Géhin, W., and M. Vaissié, 2005, ''Lighthouses Or Tricks Of Light? An In-Depth Look at Creating a Quality Hedge Fund Benchmark'', The Journal of Indexes, May/June.
* Géhin, W., and M. Vaissié, 2006, ''The Right Place for Alternative Betas in Hedge Fund Performance: an Answer to the Capacity Effect Fantasy'', The Journal of Alternative Investments, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.&amp;nbsp;9–18.

=== Makalah panalitèn ===
* Amenc, N., L. Martellini, and M. Vaissié, 2003, ''Indexing Hedge Fund Indexes'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, December.
* Amenc, N., and L. Martellini, 2003, ''Optimal Mixing of Hedge Funds with Traditional Investments'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, February. 
* Amenc, N., and M. Vaissié, 2006, ''Determinants of Funds of Hedge Funds’ Performance'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, February. 
* Géhin, W., 2006, ''The Challenge of Hedge Fund Performance Measurement: a Toolbox Rather Than a Pandora’s Box'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, December.
* Géhin, W., and M. Vaissié, 2004, ''Hedge Fund Indices: Investable, Non-Investable and Strategy Benchmarks'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper.
* Giraud, J.R., 2005, ''Mitigating Hedge Funds’ Operational Risks: Benefits and limitations of managed account platforms'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, December.
* Goltz, F., L. Martellini, and M. Vaissié, 2004, ''Hedge Fund Indices from an Academic Perspective: Reconciling Investability and Representativity'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, November.
* Martellini, L. and V. Ziemann, 2005, ''The Benefits of Hedge Funds in Asset Liability Management'', EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Center, Position Paper, October.

=== Buku ===
* {{cite book
 | last = Anson
 | first = Mark
 | authorlink = Mark Anson
 | year = 2005
 | title = Handbook of Alternative Assets
 | url = http://www.wiley.com
 | publisher = John Wiley and Sons
 | id = ISBN 0-471-21826-X
}}

* {{cite book
 | last = Black
 | first = Keith
 | year = 2004
 | title = Managing a Hedge Fund: A Complete Guide to Trading, Business Strategies, Risk Management and Regulations
 | publisher = McGraw-Hill
 | id = ISBN 0-07-143481-X 
}}
* {{cite book| last=Drobny| first=Steven| year=2006| title=Inside the House of Money: Top Hedge Fund Traders on Profiting in the Global Markets| url=http://www.insidethehouseofmoney.com/| publisher=Wiley| id=ISBN 0-471-79447-3| access-date=2013-02-19| archive-date=2018-12-15| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215224855/http://www.insidethehouseofmoney.com/| url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Gregoriou
 | first = Greg
 | authorlink = Greg N. Gregoriou
 | year = 2006
 | title = Funds of Hedge Funds
 | url = http://books.elsevier.com/finance/?isbn=0750679840
 | publisher = Butterworth-Heineman, an imprint of Elsevier
 | id = ISBN 0-7506-7984-0
 | access-date = 2013-02-19
 | archive-date = 2007-02-25
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070225050550/http://books.elsevier.com/finance/?isbn=0750679840
 | url-status = dead
 }}
* Ineichen, Alexander M., ''Asymmetric Returns-The Future of Active Asset Management'', New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2006, forthcoming. ISBN 0-470-04266-4
* {{cite book| last=Kessler| first=Andy| year=2004| title= Running Money: Hedge Fund Honchos, Monster Markets and My Hunt for the Big Score| url=http://www.andykessler.com/about.html| publisher=Collins| id=ISBN 0-06-074064-7}}
* {{cite book
 | last = Lhabitant
 | first = François-Serge
 | authorlink = François-Serge Lhabitant
 | year = 2004
 | title = Handbook of hedge Funds
 | url = http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026634.html
 | publisher = John Wiley &amp; Sons
 | id = ISBN 0-470-02663-4
 | access-date = 2013-02-19
 | archive-date = 2012-10-14
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121014122833/http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470026634.html
 | url-status = dead
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Nelken
 | first = Izzy
 | authorlink = Izzy Nelken
 | year = 2005
 | title = Hedge Fund Investment Management
 | url = http://books.elsevier.com/finance/?isbn=0750660074
 | publisher = Butterworth-Heineman, an imprint of Elsevier
 | id = ISBN 0-7506-6007-4
 | access-date = 2013-02-19
 | archive-date = 2007-02-25
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070225022221/http://books.elsevier.com/finance/?isbn=0750660074
 | url-status = dead
 }}
* {{cite book
 | last = Spangler
 | first = Timothy
 | authorlink = Timothy Spangler
 | year = 2005
 | title = A Practitioner's Guide to Alternative Investment Funds
 | url = http://www.cityandfinancial.com
 | id = ISBN 1-898830-98-3
}}
* [[Gary Weiss|Weiss, Gary]], ''Wall Street Versus America: The Rampant Greed and Dishonesty That Imperil Your Investments'', New York: Portfolio, 2006. Argues that hedge funds tend to underperform market indexes and are excessively hyped by the médhia. ISBN 1-59184-094-5

=== Penelitian akademik ===
* [http://www.hedgefund.net/reports/Regional_HF_Pct_Ranks_DEC06.pdf Regional Percentile Return Rankings: Full Year 2006]
* [http://www.hedgefund.net HedgeFund.net] 
* [http://www.edhec-risk.com EDHEC Risk and Asset Management Research Centre] of the [[EDHEC Business School]]
* [http://icf.som.yale.edu/research/hedgefund.shtml Hedge Fund Research Initiative] of the International Center for Finance at the [[Yale School of Management]]

=== Berita ===
* [http://www.eurekahedge.com Eurekahedge]
* [http://www.finalternatives.com FINalternatives.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709072933/http://www.finalternatives.com/ |date=2014-07-09 }}
* [http://www.hedgefunds-weblog.com/ Hedge Fund Weblog]
* [http://www.hedgeco.net/ HedgeCo.net]
* [http://www.hedgefund.net/publicnews/ HedgeFund.net]
* [http://fintag.com/ FiNTAG Daily Hedge Fund News]
* [http://www.HFAlert.com Hedge Fund Alert]
* [http://www.hedgefundsreview.com Hedge Funds Review]
* [http://www.hedgefund-index.com/news.asp Daily Hedge News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730044954/http://www.hedgefund-index.com/news.asp |date=2007-07-30 }}

=== Indices ===
* [http://www.eurekahedge.com/indices/hedgefundindices.asp Eurekahedge Indices]
* [http://www.hedgefundintelligence.com Hedge Fund Indices]
* [http://www.hedgeindex.com CSFB Credit Suisse/Tremont Hedge Fund Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819195148/http://www.hedgeindex.com/ |date=2008-08-19 }}
* [https://www.hedgefundresearch.com/hfrx_reg/index.php?fuse=login HFRX Indices] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150920050847/https://www.hedgefundresearch.com/hfrx_reg/index.php?fuse=login |date=2015-09-20 }}
* [http://www.ftse.com/hedge?fuse=indices FTSE Hedge Indices]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.djhedgefundindexes.com/ DOW Jones Hedge Fund Indexes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205031946/http://djhedgefundindexes.com/ |date=2006-12-05 }}
* [http://www.edhec-risk.com/indexes/pure_style EDHEC Alternative Indexes]
* [http://www.edhec-risk.com/indexes/investable_hf EDHEC Investable Hedge Fund Indices]
* [http://www.hedgefundresearch.com/index.php?fuse=indices HFRI Monthly Performance Indices]
* [http://www.hedgefund.net/HFNRealtime/bench_index.aspx HFN Real Time Averages]
* [http://www.hedgefund-index.com Hedge Fund Consistency Index]

=== Asosiasi ===
* [http://www.aima.org/ Alternative Investment Management Association (AIMA)]
* [http://www.thehfa.org/Aboutus.cfm the Hedge Fund Association (HFA)]
* [http://www.mfainfo.org/ Managed Funds Association (MFA)]
* [http://www.caia.org/ Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst Association (CAIA)]

=== Pranala njaba ===

* [http://www.library.hbs.edu/guides/hedgefunds/ Harvard Business School's Baker Library Guide to Hedge Funds]
* [http://www.seclaw.com/centers/hedgefunds.shtml SECLaw.com's Hedge Fund Information Center]
* [http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/reports/principles.pdf Report of President's Working Group on Financial Markets]
* [http://www.hedgefundegulation.com Collection of Articles and PowerPoint Presentations on Hedge Fund Regulation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011073559/http://hedgefundegulation.com/ |date=2007-10-11 }}
* [http://mutualfunds.about.com/cs/hedgefunds/l/blhedgefunds.htm Hedge Funds vs. Mutual Funds] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20050917155748/http://mutualfunds.about.com/cs/hedgefunds/l/blhedgefunds.htm |date=2005-09-17 }}
* [http://www.cftc.gov/opa/speeches04/opabrown-hruska-22.htm Hedge Funds 101: A Primer For Regulators; Commodity Futures Trading Commission, Nov. 30, 2004]
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/weekend/story/0,3605,1575639,00.html ''The long and short'']-''[[The Guardian]]'', [[September 24]] [[2005]]-This article explains hedge funds in layman's terms, why they are of interest to the general reader and contains interviews with fund managers.
* [http://www.uiowa.edu/ifdebook/faq/Hedge.shtml What is a Hedge Fund?] University of Iowa Center for International Finance and Development
* [http://www.e-ii.com/images/covers/Institutional%20Investors%202004%20Research%20and%20Rankings%20Yearbook/2004%20Rankings.pdf Institutional Investors 2004 Ranking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060725125854/http://www.e-ii.com/images/covers/Institutional%20Investors%202004%20Research%20and%20Rankings%20Yearbook/2004%20Rankings.pdf |date=2006-07-25 }}
* [http://www.cfapubs.org/doi/pdf/10.2469/faj.v61.n6.2775 Hedge Funds: Risk and Return], study by Prof. Burton G. Malkiel critical of published hedge fund performance numbers
* http://www.hdmgmt.co.uk/gam.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315013408/http://www.hdmgmt.co.uk/gam.html |date=2012-03-15 }} Case Study of ISO 9001 investment process project at a significant hedge fund
* http://www.cisdm.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530094926/http://cisdm.org/ |date=2013-05-30 }} Center for International Securities and Derivatives Markets at the University of Massachusetts is a research center specializing in hedge fund research
* [http://moneyscience.org/home/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=1 How to Set Up Your Own Hedge Fund] and [http://moneyscience.org/home/tiki-read_article.php?articleId=7 Due Diligence, Disclosure and Fund Managers]-by Hannah Terhune, JD LLM (Taxation, New York University)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070212021552/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/10/europe/web.0210G7.php ''Economic powers to study growing influence of hedge funds'']-''[[The International Herald Tribune]]'', [[February 10]] [[2007]]-This article explains how Hedge Funds are being scrutinized by National Governments for lack of regulation and have slowly become an international policy issue
* http://www.fondosdeinversionlibre.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820024602/http://www.fondosdeinversionlibre.com/ |date=2008-08-20 }} Web specialized in Spanish Hedge Funds
* [http://www.hfalert.com/Public/MarketPlace/Glossary/index.cfm Glossary by Hedge Fund Alert] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812154653/http://www.hfalert.com/Public/MarketPlace/Glossary/index.cfm |date=2007-08-12 }}
{{Manajemen investasi}}

[[Kategori:Pengelola investasi global|*]]
[[Kategori:Jasa keuangan]]
[[Kategori:Lembaga keuangan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Préfèktur Chiba</title>
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      <text bytes="6995" sha1="hoxltbxrnprn8prjsfxj1ek2kos7q67" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Prefecture of Japan}}
{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = {{raise|0.2em|Chiba Prefecture}}
| native_name             = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|ja|千葉県}}}}}}
| settlement_type         = [[Prefectures of Japan|Prefecture]]
| translit_lang1          = Japanese
| translit_lang1_type     = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]
| translit_lang1_info     = {{lang|ja|千葉県}}
| translit_lang1_type1    = [[Romanization of Japanese|Rōmaji]]
| translit_lang1_info1    = {{lang|ja-Latn|Chiba-ken}}
| image_flag              = Flag of Chiba Prefecture.svg
| flag_size               = 100px
| image_blank_emblem      = Emblem of Chiba prefecture.svg
| blank_emblem_size       = 80px
| blank_emblem_type       = Symbol
| image_map               = Map of Japan with highlight on 12 Chiba prefecture.svg
| coordinates             = 
| subdivision_type        = Country
| subdivision_name        = [[Japan]]
| subdivision_type1       = [[List of regions of Japan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Kantō region|Kantō]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[List of islands of Japan|Island]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Honshu]]
| seat_type               = [[List of capitals in Japan|Capital]]
| seat                    = [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]
| parts_type              = Subdivisions
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = [[Districts of Japan|Districts]]: 6 
| p2                      = [[Municipalities of Japan|Municipalities]]: 54
| leader_title            = [[List of prefectural governors in Japan|Governor]]
| leader_name             = [[Toshihito Kumagai]]
| area_total_km2          = 5157.61
| area_water_percent      = 0.8
| area_rank               = [[List of Japanese prefectures by area|28th]]
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 6278060
| population_as_of        = June 1, 2019
| population_rank         = [[List of Japanese prefectures by population|6th]]
| population_density_km2  = auto
| iso_code                = JP-12
| website                 = {{URL|https://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/}}
{{Infobox region symbols 
| embedded = yes
| country  = Japan
| bird     = [[Meadow bunting]]
| fish     = [[Sparidae|Seabream]]
| flower   = [[Oilseed rape|Seiyō aburana blossom]]
| tree     = [[Kusamaki]]
}}}}
[[Gambar:Bōsō Peninsula by Sentinel-2, 2018-10-30.jpg|thumb|[[Bōsō Peninsula]]]]
{{nihongo|'''Préfèktur Chiba'''|千葉県|Chiba-ken}} inggih punika [[prefektur Jepang]] ingkang mapan wonten ing laladan [[Tokyo]]-[[Yokohama]], Pulo [[Honshu]], [[Jepang]] &lt;ref name=&quot;chiba1&quot;&gt;[http://www.iniotaku.com/387-1-Mengenal+Prefektur+di+Jepang.html Mengenal Prefektur di Jepang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121210090100/http://www.iniotaku.com/387-1-Mengenal+Prefektur+di+Jepang.html |date=2012-12-10 }}, (dipun''akses'' tanggal 13 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;. Kutha krajanipun punika kutha [[Chiba]]. Prefektur Chiba jumeneng nalika tanggal 15 [[Juni]] 1873 kanthi gabungan antawisipun Prefektur Kisarazu lan Prefektur Inba. Penduduk Chiba punika salah satunggal ingkang paling sugih ing Jepang. PDB per kapita punika ¥3,1 juta (kirang langkung Rp 270 juta), paling ageng angka gangsal ing Jepang. [[Tokyo Disney Resort]] ingkang kapérang dados [[Disneyland Tokyo]] lan [[DisneySea Tokyo]] mapan wonten ing [[Urayasu]] celak kaliyan watesing sisih [[kulon|kilèn]] prefektur.

== Kutha ==
&lt;table&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
* [[Abiko, Chiba|Abiko]]
* [[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]]
* [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] (kutha krajan)
** [[Chuo-ku, Chiba|Chuo-ku]]
** [[Hanamigawa-ku, Chiba|Hanamigawa-ku]]
** [[Inage-ku, Chiba|Inage-ku]]
** [[Midori-ku, Chiba|Midori-ku]]
** [[Mihama-ku, Chiba|Mihama-ku]]
** [[Wakaba-ku, Chiba|Wakaba-ku]]
* [[Choshi, Chiba|Choshi]]
* [[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]]
* [[Futtsu, Chiba|Futtsu]]
* [[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]
* [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chiba2&quot;&gt;[http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/koku/gaiyo/indonesia.pdf Ichikawa]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, (dipun''akses'' tanggal 17 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Inzai, Chiba|Inzai]]
* [[Kamagaya, Chiba|Kamagaya]]
* [[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]]
* [[Kashiwa, Chiba|Kashiwa]]
* [[Katsuura, Chiba|Katsuura]]
* [[Kimitsu, Chiba|Kimitsu]]
&lt;td valign=&quot;top&quot;&gt;
* [[Kisarazu, Chiba|Kisarazu]]
* [[Matsudo, Chiba|Matsudo]]
* [[Mobara, Chiba|Mobara]]
* [[Nagareyama, Chiba|Nagareyama]]
* [[Narashino, Chiba|Narashino]]
* [[Narita, Chiba|Narita]]
* [[Noda, Chiba|Noda]]
* [[Sakura, Chiba|Sakura]]
* [[Sawara, Chiba|Sawara]]
* [[Shiroi, Chiba|Shiroi]]
* [[Sodegaura, Chiba|Sodegaura]]
* [[Tateyama, Chiba|Tateyama]]
* [[Tomisato, Chiba|Tomisato]]
* [[Togane, Chiba|Togane]]
* [[Urayasu, Chiba|Urayasu]]
* [[Yachimata, Chiba|Yachimata]]
* [[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]]
* [[Yotsukaido, Chiba|Yotsukaido]]
* [[Yokaichiba, Chiba|Yokaichiba]]&lt;/table&gt;

== Distrik ==
[[Gambar:Nippon Steel Kimitsu Works.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Pabrik-pabrik Kimitsu Nippon Steel ing Kimitsu, Kawasan Industri Keiyō (2007)]]
{|
|-
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* [[Awa, Chiba|Awa]]
** [[Chikura, Chiba|Chikura]]
** [[Kyonan, Chiba|Kyonan]]
** [[Maruyama, Chiba|Maruyama]]
** [[Miyoshi, Chiba|Miyoshi]]
** [[Shirahama, Chiba|Shirahama]]
** [[Tomiura, Chiba|Tomiura]]
** [[Tomiyama, Chiba|Tomiyama]]
** [[Wada, Chiba|Wada]]
* [[Chosei, Chiba|Chosei]]
** [[Chonan, Chiba|Chonan]]
** [[Chosei, Chiba|Chosei]]
** [[Ichinomiya, Chiba|Ichinomiya]]
** [[Mutsuzawa, Chiba|Mutsuzawa]]
** [[Nagara, Chiba|Nagara]]
** [[Shirako, Chiba|Shirako]]
* [[Higashikatsushika, Chiba|Higashikatsushika]]
** [[Shonan, Chiba|Shonan]]
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* [[Inba, Chiba|Inba]]
** [[Inba, Chiba|Inba]]
** [[Motono, Chiba|Motono]]
** [[Sakae, Chiba|Sakae]]
** [[Shisui, Chiba|Shisui]]
* [[Isumi, Chiba|Isumi]]
** [[Isumi, Chiba|Isumi]]
** [[Misaki, Chiba|Misaki]]
** [[Ohara, Chiba|Ohara]]
** [[Onjuku, Chiba|Onjuku]]
** [[Otaki, Chiba|Otaki]]
* [[Kaijo, Chiba|Kaijo]]
** [[Iioka, Chiba|Iioka]]
** [[Unakami, Chiba|Unakami]]
* [[Katori, Chiba|Katori]]
** [[Hikata, Chiba|Hikata]]
** [[Kozaki, Chiba|Kozaki]]
** [[Kurimoto, Chiba|Kurimoto]]
** [[Omigawa, Chiba|Omigawa]]
** [[Shimofusa, Chiba|Shimofusa]]
** [[Taiei, Chiba|Taiei]]
** [[Tako, Chiba|Tako]]
** [[Tonosho, Chiba|Tonosho]]
** [[Yamada, Chiba|Yamada]]
|valign=&quot;top&quot;|
* [[Sanbu, Chiba|Sanbu]]
** [[Hasunuma, Chiba|Hasunuma]]
** [[Kujukuri, Chiba|Kujukuri]]
** [[Matsuo, Chiba|Matsuo]]
** [[Naruto, Chiba|Naruto]]
** [[Oamishirasato, Chiba|Oamishirasato]]
** [[Sanbu, Chiba|Sanbu]]
** [[Shibayama, Chiba|Shibayama]]
** [[Yokoshiba, Chiba|Yokoshiba]]
* [[Sousa, Chiba|Sousa]]
** [[Hikari, Chiba|Hikari]]
** [[Nosaka, Chiba|Nosaka]]
|}

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.pref.chiba.jp/index-e.html Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050404192629/http://www.pref.chiba.jp/index-e.html |date=2005-04-04 }}

{{Chiba}}
{{Jepang}}

[[Kategori:Préfèktur ing Jepang|Chiba]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Meutya Hafid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-29T15:17:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <comment>Tembung komunikasi iku tembung baken ing Bausastra Jawa</comment>
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      <text bytes="10724" sha1="pg2pj1qqf5ee0dhl33h4kdx8bxwuvwy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Journalist
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|image = Meutya Viada Hafid, Menteri Komunikasi dan Digital (2024) (cropped).jpg
|imagesize = 
|caption = 
|birthname =
|birthdate = {{birth date and age|1978|5|3}}
|birthplace = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]], [[Indonésia]]
|deathdate =
|deathplace =
|restingplace =
|restingplacecoordinates =
|othername =
|occupation = [[Pembawa acara|Presenter]] dan Anggota [[DPR]]
|yearsactive = 2000–2010, 2010-sekarang
|partner =
|influences =
|influenced =
|spouse = 
|domesticpartner =
|children = 
|parents = [[alm. Anwar Hafid dan Metty Hafid]]
|almameter = [[Universitas New South Wales]]
|religion = [[Islam]]
|salary =
|website =
}}
'''Meutya Viada Hafid''' ({{lahirmati|[[Bandung]], [[Jawa Barat]]|3|5|1978}}) ya iku Mantri Komunikasi lan Digital (Komdigi) Indonésia. Meutya pernah menjadi anggota Komisi I [[Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat|DPR]] Républik Indonésia dari [[Parté Golkar]] pada masa kalungguhan taun 2009-2024. Sebelumnya ia bekerja sebagai [[wartawan]] di [[Metro TV]]. Di Metro TV, Meutya membawakan [[berita]] sarta menjadi [[pembawa acara|presenter]] di beberapa acara.

==Tragedi Penyanderaan==
Pada [[18 Fèbruari]] [[2005]], Meutya dan rekannya [[juru kodhak]] Budiyanto diculik dan disandera olèh sekelompok priya bersenjata ketika sedang bertugas di [[Irak]]. Kontak terakhir Metro TV dengan Meutya ya iku pada [[15 Fèbruari]], tiga hari sebelumnya. Mereka akhirnya dibebaskan pada [[21 Fèbruari]] [[2005]]. Sebelum ke Irak, Meutya juga pernah meliput [[Gempa bumi Samudra Hindia 2004|tragedi tsunami]] di [[Acèh]].

Pada tanggal [[28 September]] [[2007]], Meutya melaunching buku yang ia tulis sendiri, ya iku ''168 Jam dalam Sandera: Memoar Seorang Jurnalis yang Disandera di Irak''. [[Présidhèn Indonésia|Présidhèn]] [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] pun turut menyumbangkan tulisan untuk pérangan pengantar dari buku ini. Selain présidhèn, beberapa tokoh lainnya pun menyumbangkan tulisannya yakni [[Don Bosco Selamun]] (Pemimpin Redaksi Metro TV 2004-2005) dan [[Marty Natalegawa]] (Mantan Juru Bicara Departemen Luar Negeri).

==Sebagai Jurnalis Televisi==
Pada 11 Oktober 2007, Meutya Hafid terpilih sebagai pemenang Penghargaan Jurnalistik Elizabeth O'Neill, dari pamaréntah [[Australia]]. Penghargaan ini dianugerahkan setiap taun untuk mengenang mantan Atase Pers Kedutaan [[Australia]] Elizabeth O’Neill, yang palastra dalam tugasnya pada 7 Maret 2007 dalam kecelakaan pesawat di [[Yogyakarta]]. 
Penghargaan diberikan kepada satu orang jurnalis Australia dan satu orang jurnalis Indonésia, diserahkan langsung olèh Duta Besar [[Australia]] untuk Indonésia Bill Farmer. Dari Australia, jurnalis ABC Radio Australia bernama Joanna McCarthy terpilih menjadi pemenang. 
Dengan kemenangan itu, Meutya menjalani program 3 minggu di laladan pedalaman untuk mengembangkan pengertian dan apresiasi lebih baik terhadap isu kontemporer yang dihadapi Australia dan Indonésia.
Dubes Farmer menilai Meutya yang saat itu menjadi pembawa acara berita unggulan [[Metro TV]]  dan acara perbincangan seperti Top Nine News, Today’s Dialogue dan Metro Hari ini, ya iku pilihan “paling tepat” sebagai pekerja keras, profésional dan jurnalis yang berdedikasi dengan pengalaman luar biyasa.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.indonesia.embassy.gov.au/jaktindonesian/SM07_071.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Pada 19 Fèbruari 2008, Meutya meraih penghargaan alumni [[Australia]] 2008 untuk kategori Jurnalisme dan Media, bersamaan dengan pemilik grup Lippo Dr. James Tjahaja Riady (alumni University of Melbourne) yang menerima penghargaan serupa untuk kategori kewiraswastaan.
Meutya sempat kuliah di [[University of New South Wales]], sebelum kemudian mengabdikan diri sebagai jurnalis [[Metro TV]]. Finalis lain di kategori yang sama ya iku Avian Tumengkol (William Angliss Institute) yang menjadi wakil mirunggan urusan kepresidenan dan jaban rangkah, Wishnutama Kusubandio (Kooralbyn International School) yang saat itu menjadi Direktur Utama Trans7, Mohammad Sobary (Monash University) yang menduduki Direktur Eksekutif Kemitraan; dan Rahmad Nasution (University of Queensland), kepala biro [[Antara]].
Meutya menjadi satu dari 30.000 pelajar dan mahasiswa [[Indonésia]]  di [[Australia]]  dalam 50 taun terakhir yang menunjukkan prestasi gemilang dan berkontribusi besar membuat lingkungan sosial Australia lebih berwawasan dan mendekatkan kedua bangsa.
Penghargaan diberikan di hadapan sakiwa-tengené 700 alumnus [[Australia]] dan kalangan diplomat RI yang pernah bertugas di [[Australia]]. Turut hadir mantan mantri Hartarto dan pengusaha ternama Noke Kiroyan.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.waspada.co.id/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=11910{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pada 9 Fèbruari 2012, Meutya menjadi satu di antara lima Tokoh Pers Inspiratif Indonésia versi Mizan, karena dianggap sebagai tokoh besar di balik perkembangan pers nasional. 
Meutya menjadi satu-satunya perempuan yang duduk di antara tokoh pers inspiratif tersebut, dan juga yang termuda meraih penghargaan tersebut. Dia terpilih bersama [[Tirto Adhi Soerjo]]. Tirto Adhi Soerjo, perintis pertama ariwarta di Indonésia melalui “Medan Prijaji” pada 1 Januari 1907 di [[Bandung]]. 
Selain itu, juga sastrawan dan pendiri Majalah [[Tempo]] [[Goenawan Mohamad]], tokoh pers Indonésia [[Rosihan Anwar]], sarta [[Andy F. Noya]] yang menjadi host acara &quot;[[Kick Andy]]&quot; di [[Metro TV]]. 
“Kita juga sangsaya sadar bahwa wartawan tak hanya butuh intelektualitas dan wawasan, nanging juga keberanian dan kegigihan. Dan, yang tak kalah pentingnya, Meutya juga menyadarkan pada kita bahwa wartawan bukan hanya profesi kaum priya,” demikian Mizan menyebutkan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mizan.com/index.php?fuseaction=news_det&amp;id=356 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-18 |archive-date=2012-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512085400/http://mizan.com/index.php?fuseaction=news_det&amp;id=356 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Karir Pulitik==
Pada 2010, Meutya berpasangan dengan H Dhani Setiawan Isma S.Sos sebagai calon Walikota dan Wakil Walikota [[Binjai]] periode 2010-2015, diusung Parté Golkar, Dhémokrat, Hanura, PAN, Patriot, P3I, PDS  sarta 16 parté non-fraksi DPRD Binjai.
Deklarasi pasangan Dhani-Meutya dijurung Parté Golkar sebagai calon Walikota dan Wakil Walikota dilaksanakan di Gedung Patar Hall, Jalan Tengku Imam Bonjol, Binjai Kota, pada 17 Fèbruari 2010.
Acara deklarasi tersebut dihadiri ribuan massa dengan pengawalan ketat petugas kepulisian kutha Binjai. 
Sayangnya, Meutya kalah. Saat itu, dinuga ada kesalahan rekapitulasi penghitungan suara di Tingkat PPK Binjai Barat, Binjai Utara, Binjai Timur, Binjai Selatan dan Binjai Kota. Suara Dhani-Meutya juga dinuga berkurang 200, dari seharusnya 22.287 menjadi 22.087 suara.
Perolehan suara Dhani-Meutya juga banyak yang dibatalkan karena kertas suara dicoblos hingga pérangan belakang kanthi simetris, dan banyaknya dan kertas suara yang robek di pérangan tengah sehingga menguntungkan calon pasangan tertentu.
Meutya berupaya mencari keadilan ke Mahkamah Konstitusi dan meminta penghitungan kembali kotak suara sisan mencari kebenaran pelaksanaan Pilkada di Kota Binjai karena dinuga ada kesalahan penghitungan suara di beberapa TPS, Kacamatan Binjai Barat berdasarkan temuan-temuan saksi di tiap-tiap TPS.
Sayangnya, MK memutuskan menolak permohonan Meutya dengan alasan tidak cukup bukti.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.medanpunya.com/mpc-pilkada/3460-golkar-usung-dhani-setiawan-dan-meutya-hafid{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/06/11/mk-tolak-pilkada-kota-binjai-akhiri-harapan-meutya-hafid-jadi-walikota&lt;/ref&gt;

Pada bulan [[Agustus]] [[2010]], ia dilantik menjadi Anggota [[DPR]] antar waktu dari [[Parté Golkar]] menggantikan [[Burhanudin Napitupulu]] yang meninggal donya&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tribunnews.com/2010/08/30/mutia-hafid-resmi-gantikan-burhanuddin-napitupulu &quot;Mutia Hafid Resmi Gantikan Burhanuddin Napitupulu&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ketika organisasi massa yang didirikan [[Surya Paloh]], yakni [[Nasional Dhémokrat]], berganti baju menjadi parté pulitik pada 25 Juli 2011, Meutya yang dekat dengan Surya Paloh (atasannya ketika berkarya di Metro TV) kalebu di antara kader Golkar yang mundur dari Nasdem.
Sekretaris Jenderal Parté Golkar Idrus Marham mengatakan seluruh anggota Fraksi [[Parté Golkar]]  memilih mundur dari Nasional Dhémokrat. Pengunduran diri kader Golkar itu diumumkan pada Kamis, 11 Agustus 2011 yang merupakan tenggat bagi kader Golkar untuk memilih bertahan di parté berlambang beringin tersebut, atau pindah ke Nasdem.
Selain Meutya, kader Golkar lain yang sempat bergabung di Nasdem ya iku Jeffrie Geovani dan Ferry Mursyidan Baldan. Pada hari itu, Meutya Hafid menyatakan di akun Twitternya dengan tegas mengatakan, &quot;sangatlah tak mungkin jika saya menjadi anggota parpol lain.&quot;
&lt;ref&gt;http://pulitik.vivanews.com/news/read/239947-anggota-fraksi-golkar-mundur-dari-nasdem{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Teror dari Penggemar Fanatik==

Ketenaran Meutya Hafid ini sempat berujung pada teror dari seseorang bernama Bobby Meidianto. Pria yang dikabarkan depresi sejak 2000 itu mengaku menjadi suami Meutya, dan menyebarkan kabar bohong itu di donya maya.
Bobby ya iku warga RT. 1/ RW. VII Kalurahan Panularan, Sala, yang tidak lagi mengurusi istri dan kedua anaknya, ya iku Panji (18 taun) dan Pramudya (8 taun). Bobby disebutkan tinggal berpindah-pindah karena mengalami gangguan kejiwaan.
Menurut carita Ny Harsono, mertua Bobby, menantunya ini memang sejak awal punikah terlihat berpotensi mengalami gangguan jiwa. Puncak depresinya terjadi ketika salah seorang adik tirinya datang menanyakan apa benar dirinya meninggal.
Menurut Meutya, pernah ada priya berpakaian compang-camping yang menungguinya di depan pagar rumahnya selama 3 hari. Bobby mengaku sebagai Letkol Purnawirawan dan menjadi anggota detasemen mirunggan di kepulisian Républik Indonésia.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.detik.com/read/2008/12/17/150500/1055197/10/peneror-meutya-hafid-alami-depresi-sejak-8-tahun-lalu&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://meutyahafid.net Situs resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202110037/http://meutyahafid.net/ |date=2016-12-02 }}

{{Penyiar MetroTV}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1978]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Pembawa acara berita Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Bandung]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Parté Golongan Karya]]
[[Kategori:Anggota DPR]]
[[Kategori:Anggota DPR 2009-2014]]
[[Kategori:Selebriti-Politisi Indonésia]]


{{Indo-bio-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pentakosta</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8374" sha1="jsql9iyx8lap72s07mxg8eou9i9jkxy" xml:space="preserve">{{dab|Artikel iki ngenani Pentakosta minangka dina riyaya. Kanggo gréja kanthi dhénominasi Pentakosta, pirsani [[Gréja Pentakosta]]}}
{{Kanggo|dina riyaya Yahudi|Dina Riyaya Pentakosta}}
{{Infobox Holiday
|holiday_name=Pentakosta
|image=
|caption=Sawijining [[lambang]] Pentakosta Kristen, ing tradhisi [[Ortodhoks Yunani]]. Iki wujud lambang Mudhuné Hyang Roh Suci marang Para Rasul. Ing pérangan ngisor iku sawijining sosok [[alegori|kiasan]], diarani ''[[Cosmos|Kosmos]]'', kang nglambangaké donya.
|observedby= [[Katulik]], [[Protèstan]], [[Ortodhoks Wétan]], [[Ortodhoks Oriental]] lan [[Kristen]] liyané. &lt;!--singidake dhisik, isish error
|date{{#time:Y|last year}} = {{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y|last year}}|day=49|format=F j}} (Kulon)
{{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y|last year}}|day=49|format=F j|method=Eastern}} (Wétan)
|date{{#time:Y}} = {{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y}}|day=49|format=F j}} (Kulon)
{{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y}}|day=49|format=F j|method=Eastern}} (Wétan)
|date{{#time:Y|next year}} = {{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y|next year}}|day=49|format=F j}} (Kulon)
{{#invoke:Easter|Calculate|{{#time:Y|next year}}|day=49|format=F j|method=Eastern}} (Wétan) --&gt;
|observances=[[Donga]], Vigili, [[Pasa]] (pre-festival), [[Novena]], [[Retret]]
[[Komuni Suci]], [[Litani]]
|celebrations=Ibadah kaagaman (gréja), Fèstival panganan, Prosesi, [[Baptis]]an, [[Panegesan]], [[Penahbisan]], Kabiyasan tradhisional, Jogèd-jogèd, Mangsa semi lan ritus kayu hutan, Fèstival busana. 
|type=Kristen
|significance=Ngriyayakaké mudéhuné [[Hyang Roh Suci]] marang [[Rasul|Para Rasul]] lan para pandhèrèk [[Yésus]] liyané.
|relatedto=[[Shavuot]], sajarah lan kanthi simbolik; [[Septuagesima]], [[Sexagesima]], [[Quinquagesima]], [[Shrove Tuesday]], [[Rebo Awu]], [[Prapaskah]], [[Minggu Palem]], [[Kemis Putih]], [[Jemuwah Agung]], lan [[Setu Suci]] kang ngarah menyang [[Paskah]]; lan [[Mékrad Dalem Gusti Yésus|Mékrad Dalem]], [[Minggu Tritunggal]], lan [[Corpus Christi (pista)|Corpus Christi]] ing samburiné.
}}
{{Taun Liturgi}}

'''Pentakosta''', uga diéja '''Pantekosta''', (saka {{lang-el|Πεντηκοστή [ἡμέρα]}}, ''Pentēkostē [hēmera]'', &quot;[dina] kaping sèket&quot;) iku dina riyaya [[Kristiani]] kang mèngeti prastawa [[Allah Roh Suci|Hyang Roh Suci]] diasokaké marang para [[rasul]] ing [[Yerusalem]], kang dumadi 50 dina sawisé [[Wungu Dalem Gusti Yésus|Wungu Dalem]][[Yésus|Gusti Yésus]] [[Kristus]]. Ing dina Pentakosta, [[Allah Roh Suci|Roh Suci]] diasokaké selaras karo kang dijanjèkaké [[Yésus]] sawisé [[Mékrad Dalem Gusti Yésus|Mékrad Dalem]] menyang [[swarga]]. Miturut [[Alkitab]], murid-murid Yésus kasil martobataké telung èwu jiwa ing dina mau lan iki kang sinebut lairé [[gréja]] mula-mula (Sumber: [[Para Rasul 2|kitab Para Rasul bab 2]]). Sadurungé, Pentakosta iku wujud dina riyaya gedhé wong Yahudi kang banjur diadhopsi déning [[gréja kulon]] lan [[gréja wétan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rachman&quot;&gt;Rasid Rachman. 2009. Hari Raya Liturgi. Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. Hal. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prajanjian Lawas ==
{{main|Shavuot}}
Pentakosta iku jeneng Yunani lan Latin lawas kanggo [[fèstival panèn]] Yahudi, utawa [[Fèstival Minggu]] (Ibrani  חג השבועות ''Hag ha[[Shavuot]]'' utawa ''[[Shevuot]]'', kanthi barès &quot;Festival of Weeks&quot;), kang bisa tinemu sajeroning Alkitab Ibrani, Shavuot karan Fèstival Minggu (Ibrani: חג השבועות, chag ha-Shavuot, [[Pangentasan]] 34:22, [[Andharaning Torèt]] 16:10); Fèstival Panèn (Ibrani: חג הקציר, chag ha-Katsir, Pangentasan 23:16), lan Dina Woh Pisanan (Ibrani יום הביכורים, Yom ha-Bikkurim, [[Wilangan]] 28:26).

== Prajanjian Anyar ==
Narasi alkitabiah saka pentakosta, ing ngendi 11 Murid Kristus ([[Para Rasul]] 1:13, 26) bebarengan karo watara 109 wong liyané (Para Rasul 1:15), kalebu akèh wanita, ing antarané yaiku Maria Ibu Yésus (Para Rasul 1:14) nampa Baptisan Hyang Roh Suci ing Ruwang nDhuwur, kang bisa dideleng ing bab kaloro saka [[Para Rasul|Kitab Para Rasul]]. Kayadéné dicritakaké sajeroning  Para Rasul 2:1-6.&lt;ref&gt;{{Ayat|Kisah Para Rasul|2|1|4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tanggal ==
Miturut kalèndher Yahudi saiki, dina Pentakosta yaiku sèket dina sawisé [[Paskah]]. Sajeroning pananggalan Yahudi kuna didhebataké, kaya déné ing [[Naskah Laut Mati]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Joseph Fitzmyer]] ''Tanggepan marang 101 pitakonan ing Ukiran Laut Mati'' 1992 kaca 87: &quot;Mliginé wigati kanggo komunitas Qumran ngriyayakaké Pista Minggu ing tanggal 111/15, amarga miturut [[Pangentasan]] 19:1 Israèl... Ing tembé wuri pambaruan Covenant teka kanggo diriyayakaké ing Pista Minggu (delengen [[Jubilees]]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; utawa sajeroning [[Mishnah]].&lt;ref&gt;Menachot 10:3&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning tradhisi Kristen, Pentakosta wujud péranganing [[Siklus Paskah|Siklus kang bisa pindhah]] saka [[taun gréjawi]]. Miturut tradhisi Kristen, Pentakosta tibané mesthi pitung minggu sawisé Minggu [[Paskah]], kang uga ateges, 50 dina sawisé Paskah (kalebu dina Paskah). Kanthi tembung liya, Pentakosta tiba ing dina [[Minggu]] kawolu, diétung saka dina Paskah. Tanggal Paskah bisa diétung kanthi migunakaké prosedhur kang ditepungi minangka [[Computus]].

Wiwit tanggal Paskah diétung béda ing Wétan lan Kulon (delengen [[Kontrovèrsi Paskah]]), ing sapérangan gedhé taun kaloro tradhisi ngriyayakaké Pentakosta ing dina kang béda (sanajan sajeroning sapérangan taun, dina riyana bakal padha, kaya déné ing taun [[2010]], [[2011]], lan [[2014]]). Ing Kulon, tanggal paling gasik yaiku [[10 Mèi]] (kaya déné ing taun [[1818]] lan [[2285]]), lan tanggal paling telat [[13 Juni]] (kaya déné ing taun [[1943]] lan [[2038]]). Ing Wétan, kisarané tanggal kamungkinan saiki selaras karo tanggal [[23 Mèi]] nganti [[26 Juni]] sajeroning [[Kalèndher Grégorius]].

== Komposisi klasik kanggo Pentakosta ==
Gréja [[Lutheranisme|Lutheran]] saka [[Baroque]] ngamati telung dina Pentakosta. Sapérangan komposer nulis [[kantata]] suci kanggo ditampilaké ing ngibadah gréja dina-dina iki. [[Johann Sebastian Bach]] ngomposisi sapérangan [[kantata Bach|kantata]] kanggo [[Pratélan kantata Bach adhedhasar fungsi liturgis#Pentakosta|dina Pentakosta]], kalebu ''[[Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten! BWV 172|''Erschallet, ihr Lieder, erklinget, ihr Saiten!'' BWV 172]]'' nalika taun [[1714]] lan [[Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt, BWV 68|''Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt'', BWV 68]] ing taun [[1725]]. [[Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel]] nulis kantata kaya déné ''Werdet voll Geistes'' (Éntuk semangat penuh) nalika taun [[1737]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2005/May05/Stolzel_9998762.htm Kantata kanggo Pentakosta] pratilik rekaman [[2002]] déning Johan van Veen, [[2005]]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Olivier Messiaen]] ngomposisi sawijining massa organ ''[[Messe de la Pentecôte]]'' ing taun [[1949]]/[[1950|50]]. Nalika taun [[1964]] [[Fritz Werner]] nulis sawijining [[oratorio|karya musik]] kanggo Pentakosta ''Veni, sancte spiritus'' (Rawuha, Hyang Roh Suci) sajeroning urutan ''[[Veni Sancte Spiritus|Veni sancte spiritus]]'', lan [[Jani Christou]] nulis ''Tongues of Fire'', sawijining oratorio Pentakosta. [[Richard Hillert]] nulis sawijining ''Motet for the Day of Pentecost'' kanggo padhuan swara, vibraphone, lan siyap rekaman èlèktronik ing taun [[1969]]. [[Violeta Dinescu]] ngomposisi ''Pfingstoratorium'', sawijining oratorio kanggo Pentakosta kanggo lima solois, dicampur padhuan swara lan orkèstra cilik ing taun [[1993]].

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Gréja Pentakosta]]
* [[Allah Roh Suci]]
* [[Dina Riyaya Pentakosta]]-dina riyaya Yahudi
* Pérangan [[Alkitab]] kang ana gandhènganané: [[Mazmur 16]], [[Mazmur 110]], [[Yoel 2]], [[Para Rasul 2]].

== Pranala njaba ==
*  [http://sejarah.sabda.org/artikel/pentakosta_dan_glossolalia.htm Pentakosta lan Glossolalia]
*  [http://www.annieshomepage.com/pentecost.html/ Annie's Pentecost Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024201504/http://www.annieshomepage.com/pentecost.html |date=2007-10-24 }}
*  [http://www.biblicalholidays.com/pentecost.htm/ Pentecost or Feast of Weeks or Shavuot -- Biblical Holiday] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112083443/http://biblicalholidays.com/pentecost.htm |date=2010-01-12 }}
{{Paskah}}

[[Kategori:Dina riyaya Kristen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Qasim Melho</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1529" sha1="lub2w74561uvsf4jd8yj1tc03f7bxyq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name          = Qasim Melho&lt;br&gt;قاسم ملحو
| image         =
| imagesize     = 
| caption       = 
| birth_name     = Qasim Melho 
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1968 | 2| 5}} 
| birth_place      = [[Aleppo]], [[Suriah]]   
| occupation    = [[pengisi suara|Aktor suara]], [[aktor]]             
|Years_active   = 2011 - 
|Label = 
|Associated_acts = [[Omar (serial TV)]]
|website            = 
|Current_members = 
|Past_members    = 
}}

'''Qasim Melho''' ({{lang-ar|قاسم ملحو}}) (5 Fèbruari 1968, [[Aleppo]], [[Suriah]]) ya iku aktor televisi lan teater [[Suriah]]. Dhèwèké uga misuwur jalaran duwé peran pangisi suara ing sapérangan [[Serial TV]] [[animasi]]. Dhèwèké lulus saka [[Sekolah Tinggi Seni Drama Suriah]] taun 2005

== Réferènsi==
* [http://shoofeetv.com/ShooFeeTV/who-is-who-detail.php?id=529 Soofee TV]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.starsyria.com/index.php?option=com_gallery2&amp;Itemid=30&amp;g2_itemId=13042 Star Syria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214111043/http://www.starsyria.com/index.php?option=com_gallery2&amp;Itemid=30&amp;g2_itemId=13042 |date=2008-02-14 }}
* [http://www.fannanin.com/actors/qasemml7u.htm  موقع الفنانين السوريون ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019045355/http://www.fannanin.com/actors/qasemml7u.htm |date=2007-10-19 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasim Melho}}
[[Kategori:Kelahiran 1988]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1968]]


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  <page>
    <title>Miyamoto Musashi</title>
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      <text bytes="604" sha1="32sxt1asj7sq79iz7frho817n1bvq9t" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Miyamoto Musashi Self-Portrait.jpg|thumb|361x361px|Miyamoto Musashi]]
'''Miyamoto Musashi''' (1584 – Juni 13, 1645) iku sawijining [[samurai]] lan penulis [[jepang]]. Panjenenganipun punika pangarang ''Go Rin No Sho''.

== Gladri ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Barkas:Tombe de Miyamoto Musashi à Ōhara, province de Mimasaka.jpg|al=
Barkas:Temple de Miyamoto Musashi.jpg|al=
&lt;/gallery&gt;
{{Commons category|Miyamoto Musashi}}

== Rujukan ==
* Harris, Victor, ''A Book of Five Rings/Miyamoto Musashi'', Edisi Indonesia (alihbahasa olèh Drs. Suharsono), Kentindo Publisher, 2000.

[[Kategori:Samurai]]


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  <page>
    <title>Pasisir Papuma</title>
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      <text bytes="1365" sha1="bna0u85rsffz159se5c67pc4jdtuaz7" xml:space="preserve">'''Pantai Papuma''' ya iku salah sawijiné pantai dumunung ing kutha [[Jember]]. Jejuluk pasisir Cape Papuma amarga ana pérangan sagara lan minangka Cape. Lokasi Tanjung Papuma Jember dumunung ing sisih kidul &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.merdeka.com/gaya/5-mitos-gaib-yang-meliputi-pantai-papuma-jember-wisata-jember-17.html Mitos ing Pantai Papuma]&lt;/ref&gt;, ing désa kecamatan Lojejer Wuluhan. Ing saka tengah kutha iku dohé ya iku 45 kilometèr. Kanggo nggayuh lokasi pantai Papuma butuhake saentara satunggal jam&lt;ref&gt;[http://anekatempatwisata.com/pantai-papuma-pantai-terindah-di-pulau-jawa/# Pantai Papuma]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reperensi ==
* [http://anekatempatwisata.com/pantai-papuma-pantai-terindah-di-pulau-jawa/# Pantai Papuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501195132/http://anekatempatwisata.com/pantai-papuma-pantai-terindah-di-pulau-jawa/ |date=2016-05-01 }}
* [http://www.pecintaalam.net/menjelajahi-keindahan-pantai-tanjung-papuma/ Papuma ing kutha Jember]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.merdeka.com/gaya/5-mitos-gaib-yang-meliputi-pantai-papuma-jember-wisata-jember-17.html Mitos ing Pantai Papuma]

[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]
[[Kategori:Papan wisata Jember]]


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  <page>
    <title>Parker (filem 2013)</title>
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      <text bytes="5502" sha1="hg6cni2ghdad962gg5qsw86tk3l2d2t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|name=Parker|image=Parker 2013 Movie Poster.png|caption=Poster Promosi|director=[[Taylor Hackford]]|producer={{Unbulleted list|[[Les Alexander]]|Steven Chasman|Taylor Hackford|[[Sidney Kimmel]]|Jonathan Mitchell}}|screenplay=John J. McLaughlin|based on={{based on|''Flashfire''|[[Donald E. Westlake]]}}|starring=[[Jason Statham]]&lt;br&gt;[[Jennifer Lopez]]&lt;!--- Statham and Lopez are the stars of the film, and have leading roles. Any other cast member is apart of the supporting cast - which isn't needed to be listed here. ---&gt;|music=[[David Buckley]]|cinematography=[[J. Michael Muro]]|editing=|studio={{Unbulleted list|Incentive Filmed Entertainment|Sierra Pictures|[[Sidney Kimmel Entertainment]]}}|distributor=[[FilmDistrict]]|released={{Film date|2013|1|25}}|runtime=118 Menit&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 118:18--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=''PARKER'' (15)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/parker-2013|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=30 Novèmber 2012|access-date=30 Novèmber 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;|country={{USA}}|language=Inggris|budget=$30 Juta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Number News - 2013 Preview: January|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=7885|work=The Numbers|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC.|accessdate=20 Januari 2013|archive-date=2013-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031004255/http://www.the-numbers.com/interactive/newsStory.php?newsID=7885|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|gross=$46 Juta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=parker.htm |title=Parker (2013) |work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Amazon.com |date= |accessdate=11 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''''Parker''''' nggih punika [[filem]] laga thriller saking [[Amerika Serikat|Amérikah Sarékat]] ingkang kadamel ing taun [[2013]]. Filem punika dipunarahaken déning [[Taylor Hackford]] adhedhasar saking skénario anggitan John J. McLaughin. Juru damel filem kapasrahaken dhumateng Les Ealexander, Steven Chasman, Taylor Hackford, Sidney Kimmel, lan Jonathan Mitchell. Juru musik ingkang kapracaya nggih punika David Buckley. Wondéné juru para ingkang kadhapuk maragani filem punika antawisipun [[Jason Statham]], [[Jennifer Lopez]], Michael Chklis, Wendell Pierce, Clifton Collins Jr., lan Bobby Cannavale. ''Parker'' kababar kagem sagung pamirsa ing surya [[25 Januari]] [[2013]]. Kanthi rantaman $30 yuta, dumugi pungkasan panggiyaran, filem punika kasil ngempalaken arta dumugi $46 yuta.

== Juru paraga ==

* [[Jason Statham]] minangka Parker
* [[Jennifer Lopez]] minangka Leslie Rogers
* [[Michael Chiklis]] minangka Melander&lt;ref name=&quot;tp01&quot; /&gt;
* [[Wendell Pierce]] minangka Carlson&lt;ref name=&quot;ABt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://movies.about.com/od/parker/a/cast-list.htm|title='Parker' Cast List|last=Murray|first=Rebecca|publisher=[[About.com]] ([[The New York Times Company]]|accessdate=24 Januari 2013|archive-date=2013-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219005800/http://movies.about.com/od/parker/a/cast-list.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Clifton Collins Jr.]] minangka Ross&lt;ref name=&quot;ABt&quot; /&gt;
* [[Bobby Cannavale]] minangka Jake Fernandez&lt;ref name=&quot;ABt&quot; /&gt;
* [[Patti LuPone]] minangka Ascension
* [[Carlos Carrasco (aktor)|Carlos Carrasco]] minangka Norte&lt;ref name=&quot;0303dd&quot; /&gt;
* Micah A. Hauptman minangka August Hardwicke&lt;ref name=&quot;tp01&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://collider.com/parker-michael-chiklis-micah-hauptman-interview/?utm_medium=twitter&amp;utm_source=twitterfeed|title=Michael Chiklis and Micah Hauptman Talk PARKER, Action Scenes and More; Chiklis Also Talks PAWN and the Possibility of a SHIELD Movie|last=Roberts|first=Sheila|date=22 Januari 2013|publisher=Collider|accessdate=24 Januari 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Emma Booth (aktris)|Emma Booth]] minangka Claire&lt;ref name=&quot;ABt&quot; /&gt;
* [[Nick Nolte]] minangka Hurley
* [[Daniel Bernhardt]] minangka Kroll&lt;ref name=&quot;0303dd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spinoff.comicbookresources.com/2013/01/21/jason-statham-discusses-action-remakes-and-becoming-parker|title=Jason Statham Discusses Action, Remakes and Becoming Parker|last=Luna|first=Keri|date=21 Januari 2013|publisher=Spinoff Online|accessdate=24 Januari 2013|archive-date=2016-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330020552/http://spinoff.comicbookresources.com/2013/01/21/jason-statham-discusses-action-remakes-and-becoming-parker/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://film-terbaik.id/parker |title=Sinopsis Film Parker |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-date=2017-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129221712/http://film-terbaik.id/parker |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Pranala njawi ==

* [http://www.parkermovie.com/ Situs web resmi ''Parker'']
* {{IMDb title|1904996|Parker}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|parker_2012|Parker}}
* {{metacritic film|parker|Parker}}
* ''[http://www.tophollywoodmovies.com/movie-preview/parker-2013-movie-photos-trailer-wallpapers-synopsis-review-cast-and-crew Parker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112001055/http://www.tophollywoodmovies.com/movie-preview/parker-2013-movie-photos-trailer-wallpapers-synopsis-review-cast-and-crew |date=2013-01-12 }}'' di [http://www.tophollywoodmovies.com Top Hollywood Movies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607005858/http://www.tophollywoodmovies.com/ |date=2013-06-07 }}

[[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2013]]
[[Kategori:Film aksi laga Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Film thriller Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Film FilmDistrict]]
[[Kategori:Film berbahasa Inggris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Donald Trump</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gaung Tebono</username>
        <id>56216</id>
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      <comment>Murungaké owahan [[Special:Diff/1744194|1744194]] déning [[Special:Contributions/~2026-11540-76|~2026-11540-76]] ([[User talk:~2026-11540-76|rembugan]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="5989" sha1="1c8swalamn5nsj057o2h838a3tg8hry" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Official portrait of President Donald J. Trump (Library of Congress).tiff|kiri|jmpl|Donald Trump (2017)]]

'''Donald Jancuk Trump''' lair ing kutha [[New York]], 14 [[Juni]] 19; umur 272 tahun yaiku salah sawijiné pebisnis, tokoh [[télévisi]] realita, politikus, uga Présidhèn [[Amérikah Sarékat|Amérika Serikat]] kaping-45 lan kaping-47. Dhèwèké kapilih dadi [[Présidhèn|Présidèn]] Amérika Serikat nalika pilihan présidhèn 2016 saka Partai Republik, ngalahaké calon saka partai Demokrat, Hillary Clinton. Dilantik dadi présidhèn tanggal 20 [[Januari]] 2017

Trump lair lan gedhé ning kutha New York. Angsal gelar [[sarjana]] ning jurusan ekonomi saka Wharton School, Universitas Pennsylvania nalika taun 1968. Taun 1971 wiwit mimpin prabrik properti ganteni bapaké yaiku Fred Trump. Dhèwèké naté nyalonaké dadi présidèn saka Partai Reformasi nalika taun 2000 nanging ora sida lan mundur sedurungé pilihan présidèn diwiwiti. Donald Trump  dadi pambiwara uga produser The Appentuice, adicara  télévisi realita ning NBC wiwit taun 2004 nganthi 2015. Ning taun 2017 Doland Trump dadi wong paling sugih nomor 324 ning donya lan nomor 113 ning Amérika serikat kanthi totalan $3,1 miliyar resik.

== Présidhèn Amérika Serikat kaping 45  ==
Juni 2015 Trump wénéh wara-wara babagan pencalonan dadi Presiden saka partai Republik lan langsung dadi calon sing diunggulaké. Sasi Juli 2016 Donald Trump sah dadi calon présidhèn ning Konvensi Nasional republik 2016. [[Kampanye pulitik|Kampanye]] saka Doland Trump angsal liputan media lan dadi wigati sing amba ning jero utawa luar Negara. Kathah ukara Trump ing sajroning wawanrembag, [[Twitter]] utawa sanesé sing gawé kontroversi utawa sing ora bener. Kagiyatan kampanye sedanguné mangsa pilihan dibarengi demo. Sawise menang ning pemilu dhèwèké wiwit anggone transisi utawa nata pamerintahan. Ning umur sing uwis 70 taun, Doland Trump dadi wong paling sepuh sing  mapan dadi présidhèn ning Amérika Serikat
&lt;br /&gt;
[[Gambar:President Trump visit to Israel May 22-23, 2017 DSC 3982F (34847749905).jpg|jmpl]]

== Kauripan lan Pakaryan  ==
Trump lair tanggal 14 Juni 946 ning [[Jamaika|Jamaika, Queens]], salah siji papan ana kutha New York. Dhèwèké anak nomer 4 saka 5 seduluran. Sedulur sing isih ana yaiku Maryanne, Elizabeth, lan Rober. Mas saka Doland Trump, Fres Je., seda taun 1981 amarga alkoholisme. Amarga babagan iku Doland ora pernah ngombe [[alkohol]] utawa ngerokok. Trump menika turunan [[Jerman]] saka bapaké lan [[Skotlandia]] saka ibuné. Sedaya mbah saka Trump lair ning [[Éropah|Èropa]]. Bapaké, Fred Trump (1905-1999) lair ning kutha Queens saka wong tua asalé teka kutha Kallstadt, Jerman, lan dadi salah siji pangembang properti sing gedhé ning kutha New York. Ibuné Maru Trump (1912-2000) lair ning Tong, Lewis, Skotlandia. Fred lan Mery ketemu ning kutha New York lan nikah taun 1936 banjur omah-omah ana kutha Queens. mbah lanang Donald Trump yaiku Fredrick Trump kuwi pengusaha omah makan uga asrama ning sakiwatengené Seattle lan Klondike, Kanada.

=== [[Pendidikan]] ===
               Kaluwarga iku duwe omah tingkat loro nalika Trump manggon ana Midland Parkway, Jamaica Estate lan sekolah ning sekolah The Kew-forest. Trump mandek sekolah nalika umur 13 taun terus daftar ning New York Military Academy, Cornwall, New York. Ning kana Trump lulus sawisé ngerampungaké kelas woluné. Terus melu pendidikan militer lan oleh pangkat kapten. Trump kuliyah ning Universitas Fordham, Bronx suwéné rong taun wiwit Agustus !964. Pindah menyang sekolah Wharton, Universitas Pennsylvenia, Philadelphia. Lulus sasi Mei 1968 kanthi gelar Bachelor of Science saka jurusan ekonomi.

== Ing Media  ==
Donald Trump uwis misuwur ning media wiwit metuné karikatur dhèwèké ning adicara télévisi lan film-film kaya ta Home Alone 2, The Nanny, The Fresh Prince og Bel Air, Pays of Our live lan dadi paraga saka awaké dhéwé ning film The Little Rescals. Taun 2004 Trump dadi produser eksekutif lan pambiwara adicara NBC, The Apprentice.

== Kauripan pribadhi  ==
Trump nikah akehé ping telu yaiku

# Ivana Zelnickova, lair taun 1949, Trump nikah kaliyan Ivana taun 1977 lan duwé 3 anak yaiku Donald Jr 31 Desember 1977, Ivanka 30 Oktober 1981, Eric 11 Januari 1984. Nalika taun 1992 Ivana lan Trump pisahan.
# Marla Maples, lair taun 1963, Trum nikah malih kalih Marla taun 1963 duwé anak 1 yaiku Tiffany sing lair tanggal 13 Oktober 1993.
# Melanija Knavs, lahir taun 1970. Trump ngelamar Melanija tanggal 26 April 2004 lan nikah tanggal 22 Januari 2005 ning Bethesda, Pantai Palm, [[Florida]]. Duwe anak 1 sing jenenge Barron William Trump sing lahir 20 Maret 2006.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/04/us/donald-trump-fast-facts/|title=Donald Trump Fast Facts|last=CNN Internasional|first=|date=|work=CNN Library|access-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/specials/politics/president-donald-trump-45|title=President ke 45 Amerika Serikat|last=Donald Trump|first=|date=2019-05-13|website=edition.CNN.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.detik.com/sosok/d-4435695/jatuh-bangun-donald-trump-sebelum-jadi-orang-nomor-1-di-as|title=Jatuh Bangun Donald Trump Sebelum Jadi Orang Nomor 1 di AS|last=Kusuma|first=Hendra|website=detikfinance|access-date=2019-05-14|archive-date=2019-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514063556/https://finance.detik.com/sosok/d-4435695/jatuh-bangun-donald-trump-sebelum-jadi-orang-nomor-1-di-as|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/dunia-38668624|title=Dari pengusaha properti ke Presiden Amerika Serikat|date=2017-01-20|access-date=2019-05-14|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Présidhèn Amérika Sarékat}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1946]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]]</text>
      <sha1>1c8swalamn5nsj057o2h838a3tg8hry</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Maikaze</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161639</id>
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      <id>1747949</id>
      <parentid>1484438</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:49:37Z</timestamp>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2212" sha1="hysmzeptn4i3dizkggmdc3hm8y9matx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_destroyer_Maikaze_on_15_July_1941.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Maikaze, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Maikaze'''''|舞風||''Angin puyuh''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka wolulas ing klas Kagerō.

''Maikaze'' kapernahaké rikala 22 April 1940 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyard]]; banjur kababar rikala 15 Maret 1941. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Juli 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Seiji Nakasugi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072081600?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072081600%20&amp;|title=７月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 17 Fèbruari 1944 cedhak Laguna Chuuk ({{coord|07|45|N|151|20|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/maikaz_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
{{commonscat|Maikaze (ship, 1941)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maikaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>hysmzeptn4i3dizkggmdc3hm8y9matx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Hagikaze</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747938</id>
      <parentid>1484406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:30:30Z</timestamp>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2129" sha1="lrq74qzw0a3x6t39jvyt1h4fd55ocz3" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hagikaze.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Hagikaze, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hagikaze'''''|萩風||''Angin marsilea''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka pitulas ing klas Kagerō.

''Hagikaze'' kapernahaké rikala 23 Mèi 1939 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 18 Juni 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Maret 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yoshio Inoue&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072080500?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072080500%20&amp;|title=３月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 Agustus 1943 cedhak Laguna Chuuk ({{coord|07|45|N|151|20|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/maikaz_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hagikaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>lrq74qzw0a3x6t39jvyt1h4fd55ocz3</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Arashi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747932</id>
      <parentid>1484393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:22:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2198" sha1="17xrtrf2vzluaiuwsgn0eb4r9ied1rv" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_destroyer_Arashi_underway_in_December_1940.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Arashi, taun 1940.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Arashi'''''|嵐||''Badai''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka nembelas ing klas Kagerō.

''Arashi'' kapernahaké rikala 4 Mèi 1939 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 22 April 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 25 Novèmber 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yasumasa Watanabe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072079700?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072079700%20&amp;|title=１１月（５）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 Agustus 1943 ing [[Perang Lempongan Vella]]  ({{coord|07|50|S|156|55|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/arashi_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arashi}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>17xrtrf2vzluaiuwsgn0eb4r9ied1rv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Nowaki (1940)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161642</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747956</id>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2217" sha1="rbe0zos2higopg8xx4rzqv3cm7tp6da" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Nowaki_II.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Nowaki, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Nowaki'''''|野分}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka limalas ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Nowaki&quot;.

''Nowaki'' kapernahaké rikala 8 Novèmber 1939 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 17 Sèptèmber 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 28 April 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Magotaro Koga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072080700?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072080700&amp;|title=４月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 26 Oktober 1944 cedhak [[Legaspi, Albay|Legaspi]] ({{coord|13|0|N|124|54|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/nowaki_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nowaki}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>rbe0zos2higopg8xx4rzqv3cm7tp6da</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Hamakaze (1940)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161645</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747939</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:32:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2472" sha1="d6h2qdgthhdt34w2rrocqa1s8lypecf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:HamakazeII.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Hamakaze, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hamakaze'''''|浜風||''Angin pasisir''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka telulas ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Hamakaze&quot;.

''Hamakaze'' kapernahaké rikala 20 Novèmber 1939 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 25 Novèmber 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Juni 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Tsuneo Orita&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072081500?IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InfoSDU&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072081500%20&amp;|title=６月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 April 1945 ing [[Operasi Ten-Go]] ({{coord|30|47|N|128|08|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spurr&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Spurr|first1=Russell|title=A Glorious Way To Die - The Kamikaze Mission of the Battleship Yamato|date=1981|publisher=Newmarket Press|location=New York|isbn=9781557049131|pages=257}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
{{commonscat|Hamakaze (ship, 1941)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/hamaka_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamakaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>d6h2qdgthhdt34w2rrocqa1s8lypecf</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Isokaze (1939)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161648</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747943</id>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2222" sha1="myvbdveptn5gey1lhnpqlw16qnpt91u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Isokaze_II.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Isokaze, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Isokaze'''''|磯風||''Angin pasisir''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka rolas ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Isokaze&quot;.

''Isokaze'' kapernahaké rikala 25 Novèmber 1938 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Sasebo]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 Juni 1939. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Novèmber 1940 ing pamangkuné Mayor Koshichi Sugioka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072079300?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072079300%20&amp;|title=１１月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 April 1945 ing [[Operasi Ten-Go]] ({{coord|30.46|N|128.92|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/isokaz_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Isokaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>myvbdveptn5gey1lhnpqlw16qnpt91u</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Urakaze (1940)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161649</id>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2445" sha1="7gcylsmmctl4houjvk8siv3zfslll96" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Urakaze_II.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Urakaze, taun 1940.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Urakaze'''''|浦風||''Angin sagara''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sewelas ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Urakaze&quot;.

''Urakaze'' kapernahaké rikala 11 April 1939 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 April 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Dhésèmber 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Nagayoshi Shiraishi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072079900?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072079900%20&amp;|title=１２月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 21 Novèmber 1944 déning {{USS|Sealion|SS-315|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
| last        = Whitley
| first       = M. J.
| title       = Battleships of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia
| location    = Annapolis, Maryland
| publisher   = Naval Institute Press
| year        = 1998
| isbn        = 1-55750-184-X
| oclc        = 40834665
| page        = 184}}&lt;/ref&gt; cedhak [[Keelung]], [[Taiwan|Formosa]] ({{coord|26|09|N|121|23|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/urakaz_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urakaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>7gcylsmmctl4houjvk8siv3zfslll96</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Tokitsukaze (1939)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161652</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>1484480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:11:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747963</origin>
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      <text bytes="2471" sha1="24kvsuve0ah4yl9dnbir3lg0d9wdx2r" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese destroyer Tokitsukaze underway, circa 1941 (painting).jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Lukisan prau panumpes Jepang Tokitsukaze.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Tokitsukaze'''''|時津風||''Angin duwe bathi''}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sepuluh ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Tokitsukaze&quot;.

''Tokitsukaze'' kapernahaké rikala 20 Fèbruari 1939 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 10 Novèmber 1939. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Dhésèmber 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Giichirou Nakahara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072079900?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072079900%20&amp;|title=１２月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 3 Maret 1943 ing Perang Sagara Bismarck ({{coord|07|16|S|148|15|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/tokits_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokitsukaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>24kvsuve0ah4yl9dnbir3lg0d9wdx2r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Yukikaze (1939)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161659</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747966</id>
      <parentid>1484623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747966</origin>
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      <text bytes="2340" sha1="oxorq74vt9b9l3jj7ykk02v9h387yot" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Yukikaze_2.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Yukikaze, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Yukikaze'''''|雪風||&quot;Angin salju&quot;}} iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka wolu ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Yukikaze&quot;.

''Yukikaze'' kapernahaké rikala 2 Agustus 1938 ing [[Sasebo, Nagasaki]] déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Sasebo]]; banjur kababar rikala 24 Maret 1939. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 20 Januari 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Shoichi Taguchi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072077200?IS_KIND=SimpleSummary&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;IS_KEY_S1=C13072077200%20&amp;|title=１２月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Prau iki diwenehake kanggo Wadya Sagara Taiwan rikala 6 Juli 1947 (jenengé ''Tan Yang''). ''Tan Yang'' kabungkar taun 1970.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/yukika_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
== Pranala njaba ==
{{commonscat|Yukikaze (ship, 1940)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yukikaze}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>oxorq74vt9b9l3jj7ykk02v9h387yot</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Oyashio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161678</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747958</id>
      <parentid>1484461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:03:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3131" sha1="nmi6z5snisqsw83dj9ebgfnxl93v6m5" xml:space="preserve">[[File:IJN_DD_Oyashio_in_1943.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Oyashio, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Oyashio'''''|親潮||''Arus wong tua''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 816}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka papat ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Oyashio&quot;. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Arus Oyashio]].

''Oyashio'' kapernahaké rikala 29 Maret 1938 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 29 Novèmber 1938. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 20 Agustus 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Kunizo Kanaoka&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072078000?IS_KEY_S1=C13072078000&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=５月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 8 Mèi 1943 cedhak [[Vila, Kepuloan Solomon|Vila]] ({{coord|08|08|S|156|55|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/oyashi_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
*{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
*{{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Evans   | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | location = | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946|editor=Roger Chesneau|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Grenwitch|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book | last = Howarth   | first = Stephen | year = 1983 | title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum
 | location = | isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
*{{cite book | last = Jentsura  | first = Hansgeorg  | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Cassell Publishing|year=1988|isbn=1-85409-521-8}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Oyashio}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>nmi6z5snisqsw83dj9ebgfnxl93v6m5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Shiranui (1938)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161680</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747959</id>
      <parentid>1484469</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:05:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3061" sha1="tot39bko61rcy8uqyprlaq57m9d8quu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Shiranuhi.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Shiranui, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Shiranui'''''|不知火||''Api sing ora dingerteni''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 39}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes klas Kagerō kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka loro ing klas Kagerō. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Shiranui&quot;.

''Shiranui'' kapernahaké rikala 30 Agustus 1937 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 28 Juni 1938. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 20 Dhésèmber 1939 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Kenji Nakamura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072077200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072077200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 27 Oktober 1944 cedhak [[Panay]] ({{coord|12|0|N|122|30|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/shiran_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
*{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
*{{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Evans   | first = David | year = 1979 | title = Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1887-1941 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | location = | isbn = 0-87021-192-7}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922-1946|editor=Roger Chesneau|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Grenwitch|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book | last = Howarth   | first = Stephen | year = 1983 | title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum
 | location = | isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
*{{cite book | last = Jentsura  | first = Hansgeorg  | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Cassell Publishing|year=1988|isbn=1-85409-521-8}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/kagero-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Kagerō| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Kagerō}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shiranui}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1938]]</text>
      <sha1>tot39bko61rcy8uqyprlaq57m9d8quu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Kasumi (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747944</id>
      <parentid>1484429</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:41:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747944</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3277" sha1="fk80shh09cwvch61k1x950b82hj1rrm" xml:space="preserve">[[File:KASUMI.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Lukisan prau panumpes Jepang Kasumi.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kasumi'''''|霞||''Gesang''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 946}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka sanga ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Kasumi&quot;.

''Kasumi'' kapernahaké rikala 1 Dhésèmber 1936 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 18 Novèmber 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 28 Juni 1939 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masashichi Shirahama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072075900?IS_KEY_S1=C13072075900&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=６月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 April 1945 cedhak [[Nagasaki]] ({{coord|31|N|128|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kasumi_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Feifer | first = George | year = 2001 | chapter = Operation Heaven Number One | title = The Battle of Okinawa: The Blood and the Bomb | publisher = The Lyons Press | location = | isbn = 1-58574-215-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Hara | first = Tameichi | authorlink = Tameichi Hara | year = 1961 | chapter = The Last Sortie | title = Japanese Destroyer Captain | publisher = [[Ballantine Books]] | location = New York &amp; Toronto | isbn = 0-345-27894-1}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kasumi}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>fk80shh09cwvch61k1x950b82hj1rrm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Arare (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161685</id>
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      <id>1747931</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:20:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2575" sha1="c97n2jlntfafcgh4w7cgqzzml0j8ond" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Arare'''''|霰||''Udan es''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 946}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka sepuluh ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Arare&quot;.

''Arare'' kapernahaké rikala 5 Maret 1937 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 16 Novèmber 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 April 1939 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Toshimichi Ohara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072075500?IS_KEY_S1=C13072075500&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 4 Juli 1942 cedhak Kiska ({{coord|52|0|N|177|40|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/arare_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II|last=D'Albas|first=Andrieu|publisher=Devin-Adair Pub|year=1965|isbn=0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warship Losses of World War Two|last=Brown|first=David|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1990|isbn=1-55750-914-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945|last=Howarth|first=Stephen|publisher=Atheneum|year=1983|isbn=0-689-11402-8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentsura|first=Hansgeorg|publisher=US Naval Institute Press|year=1976|isbn=0-87021-893-X}}
* {{Cite book|title=Japanese Warships of World War II|last=Watts|first=Anthony J|publisher=Doubleday|year=1967|id=ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|last=Whitley|first=M J|publisher=Arms and Armour Press|year=2000|isbn=1-85409-521-8|location=London}}


== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arare}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>c97n2jlntfafcgh4w7cgqzzml0j8ond</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Asagumo (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161687</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:24:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3163" sha1="rso64ckb0jekeq5gjyx3vtt0fj6iis4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Asagumo.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Asagumo, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Asagumo'''''|朝雲||''Méga ésuk''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 750}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka lima ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Asagumo&quot;.

''Asagumo'' kapernahaké rikala 23 Dhésèmber 1936 déning [[Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation]]; banjur kababar rikala 5 Novèmber 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Maret 1938 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yoshihisa Mori&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072073600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072073600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 25 Oktober 1944 ing [[Perang Supitan Surigao]] ({{coord|10|04|N|125|21|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/asagum_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commonscat|Asagumo (ship, 1938)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asagumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>rso64ckb0jekeq5gjyx3vtt0fj6iis4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Minegumo (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747953</id>
      <parentid>1484445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:55:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747953</origin>
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      <text bytes="3182" sha1="49agm117tz2p9debt4xa3z33ztq2sg1" xml:space="preserve">[[File:IJN_DD_Minegumo_1937_launching.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Minegumo, taun 1937.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Minegumo'''''|峯雲||''Méga puncak (gunung)''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 349 &amp; 942}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka wolu ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Minegumo&quot;.

''Minegumo'' kapernahaké rikala 22 Maret 1937 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 4 Novèmber 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 4 April 1938 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Katsumori Yamashiro&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072073800?IS_KEY_S1=C13072073800&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=５月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 5 Maret 1943 ing [[Perang Supitan Blackett]] ({{coord|08|01|S|157|14|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/minegu_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commonscat|Minegumo (ship, 1938)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Minegumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>49agm117tz2p9debt4xa3z33ztq2sg1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Yamagumo (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161692</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747965</id>
      <parentid>1484488</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:14:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747965</origin>
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      <text bytes="3094" sha1="p7jzqhso8awipcr9w1c3ici7t4pngdp" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Yamagumo.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Yamagumo, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Yamagumo'''''|山雲||''Méga (ing) gunung''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 346 &amp; 942}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka enem ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Yamagumo&quot;.

''Yamagumo'' kapernahaké rikala 4 Novèmber 1936 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 24 Juli 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Januari 1938 ing pamangkuné Mayor Tameichi Hara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072073300?IS_KEY_S1=C13072073300&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 25 Oktober 1944 ing [[Perang Supitan Surigao]] ({{coord|10|25|N|125|23|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/yamagu_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yamagumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>p7jzqhso8awipcr9w1c3ici7t4pngdp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Natsugumo (1937)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161694</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747955</id>
      <parentid>1484453</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:58:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3126" sha1="me34e2hw4u0nx1o22njhmh3h466usip" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Natsugumo.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Natsugumo, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Natsugumo'''''|夏雲||''Méga ing mangsa panas''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 52 &amp; 942}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka pitu ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Natsugumo&quot;.

''Natsugumo'' kapernahaké rikala 1 Juli 1936 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Sasebo]]; banjur kababar rikala 26 Mèi 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 10 Fèbruari 1938 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masayuki Kitamura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072072900?IS_KEY_S1=C13072072900&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 12 Oktober 1942 cedhak [[Pulo Savo]] ({{coord|08|40|S|159|20|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/natsug_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Natsugumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>me34e2hw4u0nx1o22njhmh3h466usip</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Arashio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161695</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747933</id>
      <parentid>1484394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:23:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3096" sha1="ggdn65a5x2qgmwfs92901kipywsiora" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Arashio.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Arashio, taun 1937.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Arashio'''''|荒潮||''Pasang badai''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 778}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka papat ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Arashio&quot;.

''Arashio'' kapernahaké rikala 1 Oktober 1935 déning [[Kawasaki Shipbuilding Corporation]]; banjur kababar rikala 26 Mèi 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Dhésèmber 1937 ing pamangkuné Mayor Wakahito Yamakuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072072900?IS_KEY_S1=C13072072900&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 4 Maret 1943 cedhak [[Finschhafen]] ({{coord|07|15|S|148|30|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/arasho_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arashio}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>ggdn65a5x2qgmwfs92901kipywsiora</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Michishio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161701</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747952</id>
      <parentid>1484442</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:53:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3105" sha1="bkinf9c30axukmo5365shwo58er5oz6" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Michishio.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Michishio, taun 1937.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Michishio'''''|満潮||''Ombak kebak''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 562 &amp; 570}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka telu ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Michishio&quot;.

''Michishio'' kapernahaké rikala 5 Novèmber 1935 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 15 Maret 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Oktober 1937 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yasuo Satou&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072072400?IS_KEY_S1=C13072072400&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１０月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 25 Oktober 1944 ing [[Perang Supitan Surigao]] ({{coord|10|25|N|125|23|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/michis_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Michishio}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>bkinf9c30axukmo5365shwo58er5oz6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Ōshio</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161703</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747969</id>
      <parentid>1484499</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:19:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3132" sha1="5xq03ypqjob49aokt064gkk5gpkih7u" xml:space="preserve">[[File:IJN_DD_Ohshio_on_trial_run.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Ōshio, taun 1939.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Ōshio'''''|大潮||''Ombak gedhe''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 750}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka loro ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Ōshio&quot;.

''Ōshio'' kapernahaké rikala 5 Agustus 1936 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 April 1937. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Oktober 1937 ing pamangkuné Mayor Yamashiro Katsumori&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072072400?IS_KEY_S1=C13072072400&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１０月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 20 Fèbruari 1943 déning {{USS|Albacore|SS-218|6}} cedhak [[Pulo Manus]] ({{coord|00|50|S|146|06|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/oshio_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
* {{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn = 0-689-11402-8}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn = 0-87021-893-X }}
* {{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
* {{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn = 1-85409-521-8 }}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ōshio}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1937]]</text>
      <sha1>5xq03ypqjob49aokt064gkk5gpkih7u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Asashio (1936)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161705</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747936</id>
      <parentid>1484400</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:27:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3474" sha1="o4zi5ebb5ogzndgztr103znpw7hxp6a" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Asashio II.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Asashio, taun 1937.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Asashio'''''|朝潮||''Pasang ésuk''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last = Nelson | first = Andrew N. | year = 1967| title = Japanese–English Character Dictionary| publisher = Tuttle | isbn = 0-8048-0408-7|page= 750}}&lt;/ref&gt; iku prau panumpes angka siji ing klas Asashio kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Asashio&quot;.

''Asashio'' kapernahaké rikala 5 Sèptèmber 1935 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Sasebo]]; banjur kababar rikala 16 Dhésèmber 1936. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Agustus 1937 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Moichi Narita&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072072200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072072200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=８月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 3 Maret 1943 ing [[Perang Sagara Bismarck]] ({{coord|07|15|S|148|15|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/asashi_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
*{{cite book | last = D'Albas | first = Andrieu| year = 1965 | title = Death of a Navy: Japanese Naval Action in World War II  | publisher = Devin-Adair Pub| isbn = 0-8159-5302-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Brown | first = David| year = 1990 | title = Warship Losses of World War Two| publisher = Naval Institute Press| isbn = 1-55750-914-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Hammel | first = Eric | authorlink = Eric M. Hammel | year = 1988 | title = Guadalcanal: Decision at Sea : The Naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 13–15, 1942 | publisher = Pacifica Press | location = (CA) | isbn = 0-517-56952-3}}
* {{cite book | last = Morison | first = Samuel Eliot | authorlink = Samuel Eliot Morison| year = 1961| title = Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944, ''vol. 7 of ''[[History of United States Naval Operations in World War II]] | publisher =[[Little, Brown and Company]] | location = Boston | id = ASIN B0007FBB8I}}
*{{cite book | last = Howarth | first = Stephen | year = 1983| title = The Fighting Ships of the Rising Sun: The Drama of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1895–1945 | publisher = Atheneum | location =| isbn=0-689-11402-8}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentsura | first = Hansgeorg | year = 1976 | title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945 | publisher = US Naval Institute Press  | isbn=0-87021-893-X}}
*{{cite book | last = Watts | first = Anthony J | year = 1967 | title = Japanese Warships of World War II | publisher = Doubleday | id = ASIN B000KEV3J8}}
*{{cite book | last = Whitley | first = M J | title = Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia | publisher = Arms and Armour Press | year = 2000 | location = London | isbn=1-85409-521-8}}
== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commonscat|Asashio (ship, 1937)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/asashio-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Asashio| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Asashio}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asashio}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1936]]</text>
      <sha1>o4zi5ebb5ogzndgztr103znpw7hxp6a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Yūgumo (1941)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747967</id>
      <parentid>1484494</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2334" sha1="qvujh0nhgpc9ibx045s1fhb26axl2xo" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Yūgumo'''''|夕雲||''Méga soré''}} iku prau panumpes angka siji ing klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Yūgumo&quot;.

''Yūgumo'' kapernahaké rikala 12 Juni 1940 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 16 Maret 1941. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 5 Dhésèmber 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Shigeo Semba&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072082900?IS_KEY_S1=C13072082900&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１０月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 Oktober 1943 déning {{USS|Chevalier|DD-451|6}} ing [[Perang Vella Lavella]] ({{coord|07|33|S|156|14|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/yugumo_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yūgumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1936]]</text>
      <sha1>qvujh0nhgpc9ibx045s1fhb26axl2xo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Makigumo (1941)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747950</id>
      <parentid>1484439</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:50:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747950</origin>
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      <text bytes="2424" sha1="79o9wat8qra6812q3efozia13s00c3t" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Makigumo II.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Makigumo, taun 1942.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Makigumo'''''|巻雲||''Méga sirus''}} iku prau panumpes angka loro ing klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka loro kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Makigumo&quot;.

''Makigumo'' kapernahaké rikala 23 Dhésèmber 1940 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 5 Novèmber 1941. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 14 Maret 1942 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Isamu Fujita&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072084600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072084600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 1 Fèbruari 1943 cedhak [[Pulo Savo]] ({{coord|09|15|S|159|47|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/makigu_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commonscat|Makigumo (ship, 1942)|{{PAGENAME}}}}
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makigumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>79o9wat8qra6812q3efozia13s00c3t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Kazagumo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161717</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747945</id>
      <parentid>1484431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:43:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2417" sha1="foihovk66apwcwk5xar3lucnu2tmgos" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_destroyer_Kazagumo_on_28_March_1942.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Kazagumo, taun 1942.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kazagumo'''''|風雲||''Méga sing disebul angin''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka telu ing klas Yūgumo. 

''Kazagumo'' kapernahaké rikala 23 Dhésèmber 1940 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 26 Sèptèmber 1941. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 28 Maret 1942 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masayoshi Yoshida&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072084700?IS_KEY_S1=C13072084700&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 8 Juni 1943 déning {{USS|Hake|SS-256|6}} cedhak Lempongan Davao ({{coord|06|03|N|125|57|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kazagu_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
*{{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazagumo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>foihovk66apwcwk5xar3lucnu2tmgos</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Naganami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161721</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747954</id>
      <parentid>1484451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:57:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747954</origin>
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      <text bytes="2469" sha1="is2xpz2d82i3ebl19sfvw24c7qd30zn" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Naganami.jpg|300px|right|thumb|Prau panumpes Jepang Naganami, taun 1942.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Naganami'''''|長波||''Ombak dowo''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka papat ing klas Yūgumo.

''Naganami'' kapernahaké rikala 5 April 1941 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 5 Maret 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Juni 1942 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Tsutau Kumabe&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072086200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072086200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-24|archive-date=2020-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608150544/https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072086200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072086200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 11 Novèmber 1944 cedhak [[Ormoc]] ({{coord|10|50|N|124|35|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/nagana_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naganami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>is2xpz2d82i3ebl19sfvw24c7qd30zn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Makinami (1941)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161733</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747951</id>
      <parentid>1484440</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:52:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747951</origin>
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      <text bytes="2449" sha1="258k7oz4z91coa0nav7ym0ffsbw2bgv" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Makinami'''''|巻波||''Ombak nggulung''}} iku prau panumpes angka lima ing klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Makinami&quot;.

''Makinami'' kapernahaké rikala 11 April 1941 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 17 Dhésèmber 1941. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 18 Agustus 1942 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Toyohara Hitomi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072086600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072086600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=８月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 25 Novèmber 1943 ing [[Tanjung St. George]] ({{coord|05|14|S|153|50|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/makina_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{Cite book|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|last=Campbell|first=John|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|isbn=0-87021-459-4|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}{{Cite book|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|last=Campbell|first=John|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=1985|isbn=0-87021-459-4|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
* {{Cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7|editor-last=Chesneau|editor-first=Roger|location=Greenwich, UK}}
* {{Cite book|title=Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945|last=Jentschura|first=Hansgeorg|last2=Jung|first2=Dieter|last3=Mickel|first3=Peter|publisher=United States Naval Institute|year=1977|isbn=0-87021-893-X|location=Annapolis, Maryland|last-author-amp=y}}
* {{Cite book|title=Destroyers of World War 2|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|date=1988|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makinami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1941]]</text>
      <sha1>258k7oz4z91coa0nav7ym0ffsbw2bgv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Takanami (1942)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161735</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747961</id>
      <parentid>1484475</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:08:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2285" sha1="sod1gu3ezmdodeovz2nm2uqvtogesmz" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Takanami'''''|高波||''Ombak dhuwur''}} iku prau panumpes angka enem ing klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Takanami&quot;.

''Takanami'' kapernahaké rikala 29 Mèi 1941 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 16 Maret 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Agustus 1942 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masami Ogura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072086700?IS_KEY_S1=C13072086700&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=８月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 30 Novèmber 1942 ing [[Perang Tassafaronga]] ({{coord|-9.23|159.82 }}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/takana_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Takanami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>sod1gu3ezmdodeovz2nm2uqvtogesmz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Ōnami (1942)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161736</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747968</id>
      <parentid>1484498</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:19:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2277" sha1="o0yvk8jsxsc18egru6k3oymyfj3mw43" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Ōnami'''''|大波||''Ombak gedhe''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka siji kang kaaran mitrut jenengé &quot;Ōnami&quot;.

''Ōnami'' kapernahaké rikala 15 Novèmber 1941 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 31 Agustus 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 20 Januari 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Kiyoshi Makkawa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072088600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072088600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 25 Novèmber 1943 ing [[Tanjung St. George]] ({{coord|05|15|S|153|49|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/onami_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ōnami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>o0yvk8jsxsc18egru6k3oymyfj3mw43</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Kiyonami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161737</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747947</id>
      <parentid>1484435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:46:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747947</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2253" sha1="esrpmwb2alghxuvjrsm8hvelt2eo3ui" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kiyonami'''''|清波||''Ombak tulèn''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka wolu ing klas Yūgumo.

''Kiyonami'' kapernahaké rikala 5 Oktober 1941 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 17 Agustus 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 25 Januari 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Tokiyoshi Arima&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072089500?IS_KEY_S1=C13072089500&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１月（６）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 20 Juli 1943 ing [[Perang Kolombangara]] ({{coord|07|13|S|156|45|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kiyona_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyonami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>esrpmwb2alghxuvjrsm8hvelt2eo3ui</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Tamanami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161738</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747962</id>
      <parentid>1484476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:09:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2241" sha1="k84h6cp5kdxc4l9phot2lqtgffqep96" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Tamanami'''''|玉波||''Ombak bal''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sanga ing klas Yūgumo.

''Tamanami'' kapernahaké rikala 16 Maret 1942 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 20 Dhésèmber 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 April 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Eisuke Sakuma&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072090800?IS_KEY_S1=C13072090800&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=５月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 Juli 1944 cedhak [[Manila]] ({{coord|13|55|N|118|30|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/tamana_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamanami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>k84h6cp5kdxc4l9phot2lqtgffqep96</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Suzunami (1943)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747960</id>
      <parentid>1484473</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:06:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747960</origin>
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      <text bytes="2247" sha1="30ka6cltofry6gfh9oldy826cm6tvo9" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Suzunami'''''|涼波||''Ombak mbobol''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sepuluh ing klas Yūgumo.

''Suzunami'' kapernahaké rikala 27 Maret 1942 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 12 Maret 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 27 Juli 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masao Kamiyama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072092200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072092200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 11 Novèmber 1943 ing Plabuhan Rabaul ({{coord|04|13|S|152|11|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/onami_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suzunami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>30ka6cltofry6gfh9oldy826cm6tvo9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Fujinami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747937</id>
      <parentid>1484403</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:28:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2332" sha1="j3fki6i181nvk0z1zjyyn0j2co9avnf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Capt._Matsuzaki_and_Fujinami.JPG|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1944.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Fujinami'''''|藤波||''Ombak wungu''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sewelas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Fujinami'' kapernahaké rikala 25 Agustus 1942 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 20 April 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Juli 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Tatsuji Matsuzaki&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072092200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072092200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 27 Oktober 1944 cedhak [[Iloilo]] ({{coord|12|0|N|122|30|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/fujina_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fujinami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>j3fki6i181nvk0z1zjyyn0j2co9avnf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Hayanami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747941</id>
      <parentid>1484418</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747941</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2323" sha1="ph07qbcpktroty47z8l96b8kx23gqrz" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hayanami.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hayanami'''''|早波||''Ombak cepet''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka rolas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Hayanami'' kapernahaké rikala 15 Januari 1942 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 Dhésèmber 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 21 Juli 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Itsuro Shimizu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072092200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072092200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 Juni 1944 cedhak [[Tawi-Tawi]] ({{coord|04|43|N|120|03|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/hayana_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayanami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>ph07qbcpktroty47z8l96b8kx23gqrz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Hamanami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161745</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747940</id>
      <parentid>1484408</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:34:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747940</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2336" sha1="7ehpaufsptffp6nxi84ylxr9ekgvqzt" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hamanami.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hamanami'''''|浜波||''Ombak pasisir''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka telulas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Hamanami'' kapernahaké rikala 28 April 1943 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 18 April 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Oktober 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Masayoshi Motokura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072093800?IS_KEY_S1=C13072093800&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１０月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 11 Novèmber 1944 ing [[Tanjung Ormoc]] ({{coord|10|50|N|124|35|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/hamana_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hamanami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>7ehpaufsptffp6nxi84ylxr9ekgvqzt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Okinami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747957</id>
      <parentid>1484460</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T04:01:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2264" sha1="f7eyz1gzg39edfmfiwjlo9vtugv825h" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Okinami'''''|沖波||''Ombak samodra''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka patbelas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Okinami'' kapernahaké rikala 15 Agustus 1942 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 18 Juli 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 10 Dhésèmber 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Akira Makino&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072094800?IS_KEY_S1=C13072094800&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 13 Novèmber 1944 cedhak [[Manila]] ({{coord|14|35|N|120|50|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/okinam_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Okinami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>f7eyz1gzg39edfmfiwjlo9vtugv825h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Kishinami</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161764</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747946</id>
      <parentid>1484434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:45:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747946</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2503" sha1="q0b8v6m1zr43vzhm3u5va3arhpbtait" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kishinami'''''|岸波||''Ombak segaran''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka limalas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Kishinami'' kapernahaké rikala 29 Agustus 1942 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 Agustus 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 3 Dhésèmber 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Toshiro Mifune&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072094700?IS_KEY_S1=C13072094700&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 4 Dhésèmber 1944 déning {{USS|Flasher|SS-249|6}} cedhak [[Pulo Palawan]] ({{coord|13|12|N|116|37|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kishin_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}
* {{Cite book|title=Leyte June 1944–January 1945|last=Morison|first=Samuel E.|date=1958|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-534-9|location=Annapolis, MD|author-link=Samuel Eliot Morison}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kishinami}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>q0b8v6m1zr43vzhm3u5va3arhpbtait</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Asashimo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161766</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747935</id>
      <parentid>1484399</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747935</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2322" sha1="1lgnf7u96cb2kl9z4io0qvo4t34s815" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Asashimo.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Asashimo'''''|朝霜||''Embun beku ésuk''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka nembelas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Asashimo'' kapernahaké rikala 21 Januari 1943 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 18 Juli 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 27 Novèmber 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Nisaburou Maekawa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072094600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072094600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１２月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 7 April 1945 ing [[Operasi Ten-Go]] ({{coord|31|N|128|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/asashm_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Asashimo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>1lgnf7u96cb2kl9z4io0qvo4t34s815</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Hayashimo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161772</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747942</id>
      <parentid>1484419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:37:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2354" sha1="8oujm5g2ruqhnu7x0ivrledhwn9fu02" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hayashimo.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1944.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hayashimo'''''|早霜||''Embun beku wiwitan mangsa gugur''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka pitulas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Hayashimo'' kapernahaké rikala 20 Januari 1943 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Maizuru]]; banjur kababar rikala 20 Oktober 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 20 Fèbruari 1944 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yasuo Arai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072095900?IS_KEY_S1=C13072095900&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=２月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 26 Oktober 1944 cedhak [[Pulo Semirara]] ({{coord|12|50|N|121|21|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/hayash_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hayashimo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>8oujm5g2ruqhnu7x0ivrledhwn9fu02</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Akishimo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161774</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747930</id>
      <parentid>1484388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:18:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2351" sha1="3oip4suwn70fixclcf1lk0idt10sw5d" xml:space="preserve">[[File:IJN_DD_Akishimo_1944_under_construction.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1944.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Akishimo'''''|秋霜||''Embun beku ing mangsa gugur''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka wolulas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Akishimo'' kapernahaké rikala 3 Mèi 1943 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 5 Dhésèmber 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 11 Maret 1944 ing pamangkuné Mayor Toshio Hirayama&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072096600?IS_KEY_S1=C13072096600&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（４）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 14 Novèmber 1944 cedhak [[Cavite]] ({{coord|14|35|N|120|55|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/akishi_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akishimo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>3oip4suwn70fixclcf1lk0idt10sw5d</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau panumpes Jepang Kiyoshimo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161775</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747948</id>
      <parentid>1484436</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:47:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747948</origin>
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      <text bytes="2339" sha1="bdnkegr8wgdqimh1zsxj43yptizjyuu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_destroyer_Kiyoshimo_1944.jpg|300px|right|thumb|{{PAGENAME}}, taun 1944.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kiyoshimo'''''|清霜||''Embun beku wening''}} iku prau panumpes klas Yūgumo kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Prauné minangka prau angka sangalas ing klas Yūgumo.

''Kiyoshimo'' kapernahaké rikala 16 Maret 1943 déning [[Fujinagata Shipyards]]; banjur kababar rikala 29 Fèbruari 1944. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 16 Mèi 1944 ing pamangkuné Mayor Isamu Miyazaki&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072098200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072098200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=５月（５）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-25}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prau iki kèrem rikala 26 Dhésèmber 1944 cedhak [[Manila]] ({{Coord|12|20|N|121|0|E}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/kiyosh_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
|last=Nevitt|first=Allyn D.|year=1998 | work=Kuchikukan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com 
 | accessdate=July 5, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|last=Campbell|first=John|title=Naval Weapons of World War II|year=1985|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|isbn=0-87021-459-4}}
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Destroyers of World War 2|publisher=Naval Institute Press|date=1988|isbn=0-87021-326-1|location=Annapolis, Maryland}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{cite web| last = Globalsecurity.org| first = | url = https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/japan/yugumo-dd.htm| title =  Prau panumpes klas Yūgumo| work = }}
{{prau panumpes klas Yūgumo}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiyoshimo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1944]]</text>
      <sha1>bdnkegr8wgdqimh1zsxj43yptizjyuu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Shimushu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747928</id>
      <parentid>1484632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:14:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747928</origin>
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      <text bytes="2091" sha1="ogschdzl52zf6bzuyx6abyksgmjz5la" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Shimushu_1940.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Shimushu, taun 1940.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Shimushu'''''|占守}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka siji ing klas Shimushu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Shumshu|Pulo Shimushu]] ing [[Sagara Okhotsk]].

''Shimushu'' kapernahaké rikala 29 Novèmber 1938 déning [[Mitsui Engineering &amp; Shipbuilding]]; banjur kababar rikala 13 Dhésèmber 1939. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 30 Juni 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Shoji Kiichiro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072078400?IS_KEY_S1=C13072078400&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Shimushu'' diwenehake kanggo Wadya Sagara Sovyèt rikala 5 Juli 1947 (jenengé ''EK-31'', ''PS-25'', banjur ''PM-74'').  Prau iki kabungkar sawise taun 1959.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shimushu_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shimushu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimushu}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1939]]</text>
      <sha1>ogschdzl52zf6bzuyx6abyksgmjz5la</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Hachijo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747923</id>
      <parentid>1484379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:08:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747923</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1975" sha1="7q4g91ibxzk6ptodaz6pmdjarkcx0yn" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Hachijo_1941.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Hachijo, taun 1941.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Hachijo'''''|八丈}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka telu ing klas Shimushu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Hachijō-jima|Pulo Hachijo]] ing [[Sagara Okhotsk]].

''Hachijo'' kapernahaké rikala 3 Agustus 1939 déning [[Astragara Wadya Sagara Sasebo]]; banjur kababar rikala 10 April 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 31 Maret 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Yoshinori Fujimaki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072080700?IS_KEY_S1=C13072080700&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=４月（２）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hachijo'' kabungkar rikala 30 April 1948.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Hachijo_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shimushu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hachijo}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>7q4g91ibxzk6ptodaz6pmdjarkcx0yn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Kunashiri</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161820</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747925</id>
      <parentid>1484382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:11:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747925</origin>
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      <text bytes="1976" sha1="dkrn6xz52kcrqtfy4jlk1g9pciwvmi9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Kunashiri_1942.jpg|ka|jmpl|300px|Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Kunashiri, taun 1942.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Kunashiri'''''|国後}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka loro ing klas Shimushu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Kunashir|Pulo Kunashiri]] ing [[Sagara Okhotsk]].

''Kunashiri'' kapernahaké rikala 1 Maret 1939 déning [[JFE Engineering|Nippon Kokan]]; banjur kababar rikala 6 Mèi 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 3 Oktober 1940 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Toshio Shimizu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072079000?IS_KEY_S1=C13072079000&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=１０月（１）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Kunashiri'' kérem rikala 4 Juni 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Kunashiri_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shimushu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kunashiri}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>dkrn6xz52kcrqtfy4jlk1g9pciwvmi9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Ishigaki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161823</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747924</id>
      <parentid>1484565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1994" sha1="6uvt1hfju8pqqb7zkuktjxju96h78q9" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Ishigaki.jpg|ka|300px|]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Ishigaki'''''|石垣}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka papat ing klas Shimushu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Pulo Ishigaki]] ing [[Sagara Okhotsk]].

''Ishigaki'' kapernahaké rikala 15 Agustus 1939 déning [[Mitsui Engineering &amp; Shipbuilding]]; banjur kababar rikala 14 Sèptèmber 1940. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 15 Fèbruari 1941 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Ataka Fujitani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072080400?IS_KEY_S1=C13072080400&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=２月|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Ishigaki'' kérem rikala 31 Mèi 1944 déning {{USS|Herring|SS-233|6}} cedhak [[Pulo Matua]] ({{coord|48|28|N|151|30|E|}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Ishigaki_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Shimushu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Shimushu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ishigaki}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1940]]</text>
      <sha1>6uvt1hfju8pqqb7zkuktjxju96h78q9</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Sado</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161855</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747927</id>
      <parentid>1484633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:13:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48188</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1967" sha1="hye9kw7slj63bhjz9vwmmn3lj6rn6ez" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Sado_1943.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Sado, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Sado'''''|佐渡}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka telu ing klas Etorofu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Pulo Sado]].

''Sado'' kapernahaké rikala 21 Fèbruari 1942 déning [[JFE Engineering|Nippon Kōkan]]; banjur kababar rikala 28 Novèmber 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 27 Maret 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Motonari Matsubayashi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072090100?IS_KEY_S1=C13072090100&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Sado'' kérem rikala 31 Mèi 1944  cedhak [[Bataan]] ({{coord|14|25|N|120|00|E|}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Sado_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Etorofu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sado}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>hye9kw7slj63bhjz9vwmmn3lj6rn6ez</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Matsuwa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161857</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747926</id>
      <parentid>1484616</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:13:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2035" sha1="4oi6p2e7m4ut45pnw1uery2ob5ae0fw" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Japanese_escort_ship_Matsuwa_1943.jpg|ka|300px|thumb|Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Matsuwa, taun 1943.]]
{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Matsuwa'''''|松輪}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka loro ing klas Etorofu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Pulo Matua|Pulo Matsuwa]].

''Matsuwa'' kapernahaké rikala 20 Fèbruari 1942 déning [[Mitsui Engineering &amp; Shipbuilding]]; banjur kababar rikala 19 April 1942. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 23 Maret 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Kinichi Odawara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072090100?IS_KEY_S1=C13072090100&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=３月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Matsuwa'' kérem rikala 22 Agustus 1944 déning {{USS|Harder|SS-257|6}} ing [[Lempongan Hidai]] ({{coord|14|25|N|120|00|E|}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Matsuwa_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Etorofu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Matsuwa}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1942]]</text>
      <sha1>4oi6p2e7m4ut45pnw1uery2ob5ae0fw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Fukae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161858</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747922</id>
      <parentid>1484622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747922</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1836" sha1="6sh6bv6uyb21auvwck6j33boc70mq6y" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Fukae'''''|福江}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka sepuluh ing klas Etorofu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Pulo Fukue|Pulo Fukae]].

''Fukae'' kapernahaké rikala 30 Oktober 1942 déning [[Uraga Dock Company]]; banjur kababar rikala 2 April 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 28 Juni 1943 ing pamangkuné Mayor Egawa Hirose.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072091700?IS_KEY_S1=C13072091700&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=６月（６）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-27}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Fukae'' diwenehake kanggo Karajan Manunggal lan kabungkar rikala 16 Juli 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Fukue_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Etorofu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukae}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>6sh6bv6uyb21auvwck6j33boc70mq6y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prau pangayom pasisir Jepang Tsushima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747929</id>
      <parentid>1484631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T03:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747929</origin>
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      <text bytes="1905" sha1="l2dyr1t2dvsbjg1v9opd5ilfcwyo4w5" xml:space="preserve">{{nihongo|'''Prau ''Tsushima'''''|対馬}} iku prau pangayom pasisir angka pitu ing klas Etorofu kang kaanggo nalika [[Perang Donya II]] darbéné [[Wadya Sagara Kamaharajan Jepang]]. Aran prau iki saka jenengé [[Pulo Tsushima]].

''Tsushima'' kapernahaké rikala 20 Juni 1942 déning [[JFE Engineering|Nippon Kokan]]; banjur kababar rikala 20 Maret 1943. Prau iki kinepyakaké rikala 28 Juli 1943 ing pamangkuné Lètnan Kolonèl Shigeru Suzuki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jacar.archives.go.jp/aj/meta/image_C13072092200?IS_KEY_S1=C13072092200&amp;IS_KIND=detail&amp;IS_STYLE=default&amp;IS_TAG_S1=InD&amp;|title=７月（３）|website=www.jacar.archives.go.jp|access-date=2019-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Tsushima'' diwenehake kanggo Républik Rakyat Cina rikala 31 Juli 1947 (jenengé ''Lin An''). ''Lin An'' kabungkar taun 1963.&lt;ref name=&quot;TROM&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url= http://www.combinedfleet.com/Tsushima_t.htm 
 | title= {{PAGENAME}} ing Combinedfleet.com
 | last= Hackett | first= Bob |author2=Sander Kingsepp |author3=Peter Cundall
 | year= 2010| work=Junyokan! | publisher=www.combinedfleet.com  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferensi ==
{{reflist}}
== Wacan liyané ==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{cite book| last = Jentschura| first = Hansgeorg| first2 = Dieter |last2=Jung|first3=Peter |last3=Mickel| year = 1977| title = Warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1869–1945| publisher = United States Naval Institute| location = Annapolis, Maryland| isbn = 0-87021-893-X|lastauthoramp=y}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.combinedfleet.com/Etorofu_c.htm Prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu]
{{prau pangayom pasisir klas Etorofu}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tsushima}}
[[Kategori:Prau taun 1943]]</text>
      <sha1>l2dyr1t2dvsbjg1v9opd5ilfcwyo4w5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pura Penataran Sasih</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>163879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1747974</id>
      <parentid>1723686</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-30T06:27:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>48188</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
      <origin>1747974</origin>
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      <text bytes="10800" sha1="jcj9duo5aqisuj7za0mmh9jx6bwuqc1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox building
| image=File:Split Gate, Pura Penataran Sasih, Pejeng 1456.jpg
| caption= Gapura lumebu ing Pura Penataran Sasih
| name= Pura Penataran Sasih &lt;br&gt; ᬧᬸᬭᬧᭂᬦᬢᬃᬭᬦ᭄ᬲᬲᬶᬄ
| location_town= [[Gianyar]], [[Bali]]
| location_country=[[Indonésia]]
| architect=
| client=
| completion_date=udakara 1266 M
| style=[[pura]] lan [[candhi]]
| module={{Infobox designation list 
| embed=yes
| designation1=
| designation1_offname = 
| designation1_date = 
| designation1_type = 
| designation1_criteria = 
| designation1_number =
| designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1value =  Indonésia
| designation1_free2name = Wewengkon
| designation1_free2value = Asiah-Pasifik
}}
}}

'''Pura Penataran Sasih''' ([[basa Bali]]: ᬧᬸᬭᬧᭂᬦᬢᬃᬭᬦ᭄ᬲᬲᬶᬄ) ya iku sawijining [[pura]] utawa [[candhi]] [[Hindhu]] kang mapan ing Banjar Intaran, Désa Pejeng, [[Tampaksiring, Gianyar|Kacamatan Tampaksiring]], [[Kabupatèn Gianyar]], [[Bali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.babadbali.com/pura/plan/penataran-sasih.htm|title=Babad Bali - Pura Penataran Sasih|website=www.babadbali.com|access-date=2020-01-04|archive-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224050205/http://www.babadbali.com/pura/plan/penataran-sasih.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pura iki diyasa taun 1266 M kang kapacak mawa [[kronogram]] modhéren ing gapura ngarep. Saliyané iku [[pura]] iki uga minangka pura Karajan Pejeng ya iku antarané taun 1293-1343 M.

== Wastana ==
Pura iki kawastanan minangka Pura Sasih jalaran awit anané tinggalan [[purbakala]] aran [[Nekara Pejeng]]. Miturut [[dongèng]] kang sumebar ing masarakat, nekara pejeng karan minangka [[rembulan]] kang tumiba menyang [[bumi]] banjur madhangi laladan sakiwa-tengené ing wayah [[awan]] apadéné [[wengi]]. Para maling rumangsa kèwuhan anggoné arep nindakaké niyat alané jalaran swasana ing laladan iku tansah padhang. Awit saka iku, maling-maling padha nguyuhi rembulan iku mau. Pungkasané rembulan iku wus ora bisa cumlorot manèh nganti saiki. Nekara pejeng kang uga misuwur minangka Bulan Pejeng ([[basa Bali]]: ''sasih'' = rembulan) iku nuli dianggo minangka aran utawa wastanané Pura Penataran Sasih. Déné ana dongèng liya ngandharaké manawa Bulan Pejeng iku Subang Kebo Iwa. Paraga iki misuwur jalaran kasektèné lan lumantar kasektèné dhèwèké wis kasil bisa mbangun sawenèh papan suci, kaya ta Candhi [[Gunung Kawi]] lan [[Guwa Gajah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbali/pura-penataran-sasih/|title=Pura Penataran Sasih|last=artanegara|date=2019-02-18|website=Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya Bali|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530075559/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpcbbali/pura-penataran-sasih/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cagar Budaya ==
[[File:Chronogram, Pura Penataran Sasih 1457.jpg|thumb|Kronogram kang ana ing Pura Penataran Sasih]]
Pura Penataran Sasih iku wus antuk SK panetepan saka pamaréntah minangka situs warisan purbakala ya iku lumantar SK No. 260/SK/UPT.BD/22.VII/2003 lan pamarsudi kanggo nguri-uri. Wujud anggoné nguri-uri kang wus dileksanakaké ya iku invèntarisasi, panetepan, jupel, zonasi, papan nama, lan balé pangreksa. Minangka [[cagar budaya]], pura iki uga dikembangaké minangka papan wisata lan dirumat kanthi sistem kontrak. Nuli asiling anggoné ngrumat iku mau digunakaké kanggo béya reresik pura sarta kabutuhan liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Banjur nalika wulan Oktober 2019, tim juru cagar budaya nasional anggelar pasamuwan ing [[Tasikmalaya]] kanggo netepaké cagar budaya lan Pamaréntah Kabupatèn Gianyar nuli ngajokaké pitung usulan papan amrih katetepaké minangka cagar budaya. Wondéné salah siji papan kang diusulaké déning Pamaréntah Kabupatèn Gianyar ya iku Pura Penataran Sasih bebarengan karo papan-papan liyané, ing antarané ya iku [[Pura Penglingan]], [[Pura Mengening]], [[Istana Tampak Siring|Istana Tampaksiring]], [[Pura Pusering Jagat]], [[Pura Pengukur-ukuran]] lan [[Puri Agung Gianyar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2019/10/31/163958/tahun-2019-gianyar-prioritaskan-penobatan-tiga-cagar-budaya|title=Tahun 2019, Gianyar Prioritaskan Penobatan Tiga Cagar Budaya|last=JawaPos.com|date=2019-10-31|website=baliexpress.jawapos.com|language=id|access-date=2020-01-05}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2019/10/31/163958/tahun-2019-gianyar-prioritaskan-penobatan-tiga-cagar-budaya|title=Tahun 2019, Gianyar Prioritaskan Penobatan Tiga Cagar Budaya|last=JawaPos.com|date=2019-10-31|website=baliexpress.jawapos.com|language=id|access-date=2020-01-05}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pungkasané ya iku ing wulan Novèmber 2019, Bupati Gianyar [[I Made Mahayastra]] netepaké patang situs purbakala dadi cagar budaya, kalebu Pura Penataran Sasih. Panetepan iki dikukuhaké lumantar SK Bupati Gianyar No: 1345/E-01/HK/2019 babagan Panetepan Barang Cagar Budaya, kang salah siji barang kang katetepaké minangka barang cagar budaya ya iku Nekara Pejeng Pura Penataran Sasih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nusabali.com/berita/64330/4-situs-ditetapkan-jadi-cagar-budaya|title=4 Situs Ditetapkan Jadi Cagar Budaya|last=Bali|first=Nusa|website=www.nusabali.com|language=EN|access-date=2020-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pérangan utama ==
[[File:Courtyard, Pura Penataran Sasih 1458.jpg|thumb|Plataran Pura Penataran Sasih]]
Pura Penataran Sasih dumadi saka limang pérangan utama utawa limang ''palebaan''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, ing antarané ya iku:

* Pura Penataran Sasih; minangka pura babon
* Pura Taman Sari, 
* Pura Ratu Pasek, lan 
* Pura Bale Agung; sawenèh pura kang prenahé ana sisih lor
* Pura Ibu; prenahé ana sisih kidul

Ing wewengkon sajroning Pura Penataran Sasih ana sawenèh ''pelinggih''. Ing [[gapura]] mlebu sisih jaba tengah ana wangunan Padma Kuning minangka papan sumimpené Sang Hyang Jaran. Jinèjèran ing isih wétan ya iku wangunan ''pengaruman'' kang adaté digunakaké minangka papan kanggo nyèlèhaké simbul-simbul Ida Batara saka [[Pura Kahyangan Tiga]]. Déné ing saloré balé pengaruman kaprenah ''Pelinggih Ratu Sasih''. Ana ing sisih [[kidul]] kaprenah pasimpangan Ida Batara Gana lan gedhong pasimpangan Ida Batara Brahma, banjur gedhong pasimpangan Batara Wisnu mapan ing sisih lor lan gedhong pasimpangan Batara Mahadewa ing sisih [[kulon]].

== Pérangan wigati ==
Pérangan wigati pura&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/indonesia/pejeng/mp01.html|title=Bali - Indonesia|website=www.art-and-archaeology.com|access-date=2020-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ing antarané ya iku:

* [[Gerbang]] lumebu
* Kronogram modhéren ing gapura ngarep
* Tatahan ukiran [[Hindhu]] abad ka-10 nganti 12
* Kursi Ganesa ing satengahing plataran utama
* Rembulan Pejeng kang misuwur, drum prunggu kolosal gagrag lawas lan diwingitaké

== Warisan Arkéologi ==
Ing plataran jero (basa Bali: jeroan) ana sawenèh tinggalan arkéologi&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;, ing antarané ya iku:

* Reca [[Ganésa]]
* Reca pawujudaning [[Déwa|Bathara]]-Bathari
* Reca [[pandhita]]
* Reca [[Catur Kaya]]
* Reca [[Dwarapala]]
*[[Lingga Yoni]]

== Nekara Pejeng ==
[[File:Moon of Pejeng, Pura Penataran Sasih 1462.jpg|thumb|Wangunan papan prenahé Rembulan Pejeng]]
Nekara Pejeng iku minangka salah sawijining barang cagar budaya kang narik kawigatèné para juru purbakala awit jaman biyèn. Nekara Pejeng iku nekara kang wujudé saèmper kaya [[kendhang]] utawa [[bedhug]], sisih tengahé rada legok, nduwèni rong sisih kang bisa ditabuh, lan salah siji sisihé iku binuka. Ukuran dhuwuré 1,86 m lan garis tengah sisih kang ditabuh ya iku 1,60 m. Déné ing pérangané nekara ana renggan kang wujud corak [[lintang]], [[wulu]] [[manuk]], [[tumpal]], wujud huruf f, lan [[topèng]] sepasang. Rerenggan iku minangka simbul religius magis lan uga minangka pawujuding karya kagunan masarakat Bali nalika jaman [[undhagi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bali.tribunnews.com/2018/03/13/meski-berusia-ratusan-tahun-pura-penataran-sasih-pejeng-tetap-tegak-berdiri-begini-kisah-sejarahnya|title=Meski Berusia Ratusan Tahun Pura Penataran Sasih Pejeng Tetap Tegak Berdiri, Begini Kisah Sejarahnya|website=Tribun Bali|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nekara Pejeng nduwèni aji lan wigati banget ana sajroning masarakat ing jaman biyèn apadéné nganti jaman saiki. Nalika jaman biyèn, nekara prunggu nduwèni piguna kang manéka warna, ing antarané ya iku:

* Minangka kendhang kang ditabuh nalika perangan
* Minangka piranti upacara kang nekakaké udan kanggo [[tetanèn]]
* Minangka simbul pawujudaning [[leluhur]]
* Minangka kakuwatan kang bisa ngreksa masarakat

Banjur ing jaman saiki Nekara Pejeng dikramataké lan digunakaké minangka sarana puja déning masarakat. Nekara Pejeng digunakaké kanggo sarana nyenyuwun kaslametan lan karaharjan, saéngga dipapanaké ing panggonan kang mirunggan aran ''Pelinggih Ratu Bhetara Sasih''. Nuli ing dina-dina tartamtu nekara prunggu iku diupacarani lan diciprati ''tirtha'' utawa banyu suci, lan awit saka iku nekara prunggu iki malih cepet [[korosi]] lan dithukuli [[jamur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Upacara ==
[[Upacara]] ''piodalan'' ing Pura Penataran Sasih kapérang dadi loro, ya iku upacara ''panyelah'' lan upacara ''karya agung''. Upacara ''panyelah'' digelar saben 210 dina, ya iku nalika dina [[Raditya|Radité]] [[Legi (pasaran)|Umanis]] [[wuku Langkir]] lan kagelar sasuwéné telung dina. Déné upacara ''karya agung'' kagelar nalika purnama kasanga nemu pasah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Beksan Sang Hyang Jaran ==
Pura Panataran Sasih uga misuwur awit jogèd utawa beksan sakral aran [[Tari|beksa]] [[Sang Hyang Jaran]]. Beksan iki wis katetepaké minangka Warisan Budaya Donya Dudu Barang déning [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/gaya-hidup/20181204095738-269-350935/membentengi-kelestarian-alam-di-bali-dengan-ritual-sakral|title=Membentengi Kelestarian Alam di Bali dengan Ritual Sakral|last=ANTARA|website=gaya hidup|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beksan iki digelar nalikané Pura Penataran Sasih kagungan damel ageng, kaya ta upacara ''ngenteg linggih'' lan ''caru balik sumpah''. Beksan iki dilakokaké déning patang pambeksa kang pambeksa iku dudu wong sembarangan.  Pambeksa adaté bakal teka sawenèh wektu sadurungé pagelaran. Tekané pambeksa kang dadakan iku manut karo arahané sesepuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Kategori:Bali]]
[[Kategori:Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Hindhu]]
[[Kategori:Pura]]
[[Kategori:Candhi]]
[[Kategori:Candhi Hindhu]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>P.G. Wodehouse</title>
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      <text bytes="12349" sha1="crq28xo8h898zr5duwffb2svdh7722w" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer
| name        = P.G. Wodehouse
| image       = P.G. Wodehouse, 1930.jpg
| imagesize   =
| caption     = 
| birth_name   = Terence David John Pratchett
| birth_date   = {{birth date|df=y|1881|10|15}}
| birth_place  = Guildford, Surrey, Inggris
| death_date   = {{death date and age|df=y|1975|02|14|1881|10|15}}
| death_place  = Southampton, New York, Amérikah Serikat
| resting_place = Southampton, New York, Amérikah Serikat
| occupation  = Novèlis lan satiris
| education   = * Elizabeth College (1886)
* Malvern House Preparatory School (1891)
* Dulwich College (1894)
| alma_mater  =
| spouse      = Ethel Wayman
| children    = Leonara
| relatives   = 
| period      = 
| genre       = 
| movement    =
| signature   =
}}

'''Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse''' utawa '''P.G. Wodehouse''' ya iku panitra lan satiris kang lair ing Guildford, Surrey, [[Inggris]] tanggal 15 Oktober 1881.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/P-G-Wodehouse|title=P.G. Wodehouse (Biography, Books, Characters, and Facts)|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fantasticfiction.com/w/p-g-wodehouse/|title=P.G. Wodehouse|last=|first=|date=|website=Fantastic Fiction|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké tilar donya ing Southampton, [[New York (praja)|New York]], [[Amérika Sarékat]] tanggal 14 Fèbruari 1975 nalika umur 93 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/P._G._Wodehouse|title=P.G. Wodehouse|last=|first=|last2=|date=|website=New World Encyclopedia|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-09|last3=|first3=|last4=|last5=|first5=|last7=|first7=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.biographyonline.net/writers/p-g-wodehouse.html|title=P.G. Wodehouse Biography|last=|first=|date=|website=Biography Online|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cipta ripta ==
=== Novèl ===
Sajroning uripé, Wodehouse wis ngasilaké 72 novèl, ya iku:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/plenty-of-room-for-stupidity-on-p-g-wodehouse|title=Plenty of Room for Stupidity: On P.G. Wodehouse|last=|first=|date=|website=The New Yorker|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-03-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 88%;&quot;
!Sesirah
!Taun kababar pisanan
!Penerbit
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |''The Pothunters''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1902
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
| align=&quot;left&quot; |''A Prefect's Uncle''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1903
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
|''The Gold Bat''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1904
|Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
|''William Tell Told Again''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1904
|Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
|''The Head of Kay's''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1905
|Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
|''Love Among the Chickens''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1906
|George Newnes (Inggris)
|-
|''The White Feather''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1907
|Adam &amp; Charles Black (Inggris)
|-
|''Not George Washington''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1907
|Cassell &amp; Company (Inggris)
|-
|''The Luck Stone''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1908
| align=&quot;center&quot; |-
|-
|''The Swoop!''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1909
|Alston Rivers Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Mike''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1909
|A &amp; C Black (Inggris)
|-
|''A Gentleman of Leisure''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1910
|W.J. Watt &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Psmith in the City''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1910
|A &amp; C Black (Inggris)
|-
|''The Prince and Betty''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1912
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* W.J. Watt &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Mills &amp; Boon (Inggris)
|-
|''The Little Nugget''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
1913
| align=&quot;left&quot; |Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Psmith, Journalist''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1915
|A &amp; C Black (Inggris)
|-
|''Something Fresh''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1915
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
* D. Appleton &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
*Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Uneasy Money''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1916
|D. Appleton &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Piccadilly Jim''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
1917
| align=&quot;left&quot; |
Dodd, Mead, &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''A Damsel in Distress''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1919
|
* George H. Doran Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Coming of Bill''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1919 
|Boni &amp; Liveright (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Jill the Reckless''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1920
|George H. Doran Company (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''The Girl on the Boat''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1922
|
* George H. Doran Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Adventures of Sally''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1922 
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Leave It to Psmith''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1923
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Bill the Conqueror''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1924
|Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Sam the Sudden''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1925
|
* George H. Doran Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''The Small Bachelor''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1927
|
* George H. Doran Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Money for Nothing''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1928
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Summer Lightning''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1929
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Big Money''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1931
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''If I Were You''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1931
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Doctor Sally''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1932
|Methuen Publishing Ltd (Inggris)
|-
|''Hot Water''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1932
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Heavy Weather''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1933
|
* Little, Brown, and Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Thank You, Jeeves''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1934
|
* Little, Brown, and Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Right Ho, Jeeves''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1934
|
* Little, Brown, and Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Luck of the Bodkins''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1935
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Laughing Gas''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1936
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Summer Moonshine''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1937
|Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''The Code of the Woosters''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1938
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Uncle Fred in the Springtime''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1939
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Quick Service''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1940
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Money in the Bank''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1942
|Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Joy in the Morning''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1946
|Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Full Moon''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1947
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Spring Fever''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1948
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Uncle Dynamite''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1948
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Mating Season''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1949
|
* Didier &amp; Company (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Old Reliable''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1951
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Barmy in Wonderland''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1952
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Pigs Have Wings''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1952
|
* Doubleday Publishing (Amérika Sarékat)
* Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Ring for Jeeves''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1953
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Jeeves and the Feudal Spirit''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1954
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''French Leave''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1956
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Something Fishy''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1957
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Cocktail Time''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1958
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Jeeves in the Offing''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1960
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Ice in the Bedroom''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1961
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Service with a Smile''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1961
|Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Stiff Upper Lip, Jeeves''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1963
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Frozen Assets''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1964
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Galahad at Blandings''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1964
|Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
|-
|''Company for Henry''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1967
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Do Butlers Burgle Banks?''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1968
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''A Pelican at Blandings''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1969
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''The Girl in Blue''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1970
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Much Obliged, Jeeves''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1971
|
* Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc. (Amérika Sarékat)
*Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Pearls, Girls and Monty Bodkin''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1972
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Bachelors Anonymous''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1973
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Aunts Aren't Gentlemen''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1974
|Barrie &amp; Jenkins (Inggris)
|-
|''Sunset at Blandings''
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1977
|Chatto &amp; Windus (Inggris)
|}

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Albert Chinualumogo Achebe]]
* [[Evelyn Waugh]]
* [[Guy Bolton]]
* [[Jonathan Allen Lethem]]
* [[Stephen Fry]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.wodehouse.org/ Bebadan The Wodehouse].
* [https://www.pgwodehousesociety.org.uk/ Bebadan The Wodehouse (Amérika Sarékat)].
* [https://onemorelibrary.com/index.php/en/languages/english/p-g-wodehouse-collection-318 Cipta Ripta P.G. Wodehouse ing Situs One More Library]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+Grenville%22+OR+subject%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+G.%22+OR+subject%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+P.+G.%22+OR+subject%3A%22Pelham+Grenville+Wodehouse%22+OR+subject%3A%22Pelham+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+subject%3A%22P.+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+subject%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham%22+OR+subject%3A%22Pelham+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22Pelham+Grenville+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22Pelham+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22P.+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22P.+Grenville+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+Grenville%22+OR+creator%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+G.%22+OR+creator%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+P.+G.%22+OR+creator%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+P.+Grenville%22+OR+creator%3A%22Pelham+Wodehouse%22+OR+creator%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham%22+OR+title%3A%22Pelham+Grenville+Wodehouse%22+OR+title%3A%22Pelham+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+title%3A%22P.+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+title%3A%22Pelham+Wodehouse%22+OR+description%3A%22Pelham+Grenville+Wodehouse%22+OR+description%3A%22Pelham+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+description%3A%22P.+G.+Wodehouse%22+OR+description%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+Grenville%22+OR+description%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham+G.%22+OR+description%3A%22Pelham+Wodehouse%22+OR+description%3A%22Wodehouse%2C+Pelham%22%29+OR+%28%221881-1975%22+AND+Wodehouse%29%29+AND+%28-mediatype%3Asoftware%29&amp;page=2 Cipta Ripta P.G. Wodehouse ing Situs Internet Archive].
* [https://librivox.org/author/420?primary_key=420&amp;search_category=author&amp;search_page=1&amp;search_form=get_results Cipta Ripta P.G. Wodehouse ing Situs LibriVox].
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/783 Cipta Ripta P.G. Wodehouse ing Situs Project Gutenberg].
* [http://www.wodehouse.co.uk/ Official Website P.G. Wodehouse].
* [[dmoz:Arts/Literature/Authors/Humor/Wodehouse, P. G./|P.G. Wodehouse ing Situs Curlie]].

[[Kategori:Panitra]]</text>
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== ''The Signpost'': 31 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/In the media|AI ban, newspapers disrupt archiving; and antisemitism complaints]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Community view|Videos from WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Disinformation report|Cleaning up after Jeffrey Epstein, Peter Nygard, and Mohamed Al-Fayed]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/WikiConference report|WikiConference North America 2025 in NYC review]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Obituary|Dr. Subas Chandra Rout]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Traffic report|Call in the dogs of war, soldier of fortune]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Gallery|Canadian Rangers participate in Operation ''Enduring Encyclopedia'']]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/Comix|n00bsitting]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 31 Maret 2026 10.08 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=30329870 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&amp;oldid=28552112 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: March 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia &amp; Libraries: Building New Contributors]]

&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 April 2026 10.21 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30317659 --&gt;

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 3 April 2026 17.09 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29905755 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''

* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Ekstensi CampaignEvents]] kini dilengkapi dengan fitur baru untuk penetapan tujuan kelompok, yang memungkinkan para penyelenggara menetapkan dan memantau target acara, seperti jumlah artikel yang dibuat dan jumlah kontributor yang berpartisipasi, secara langsung. Di sisi lain, para peserta juga dapat bergerak menuju target bersama dan melihat dampak kolektif yang dihasilkan seiring berlangsungnya acara. Fitur ini kini telah tersedia di seluruh wiki Wikimedia. Pelajari lebih lanjut dalam [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|dokumentasinya]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|label daftar pantauan]] yang baru (yang diumumkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Berita Teknis 2026-07]]) kini telah tersedia melalui VisualEditor, penyunting sumber, dan &quot;''watchstar''&quot; (pranala pantau). Sebelumnya, pemberian label hanya dapat dilakukan melalui [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. Kini, di ketiga tempat tersebut, tersedia kolom baru yang terletak setelah kolom masa kedaluwarsa.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada halaman pembicaraan di perangkat seluler yang menggunakan Parsoid, yang membuat halaman menjadi tidak dapat digunakan setelah munculnya tajuk bagian yang kosong, kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Fitur subreferensi]], yang memungkinkan penyunting menambahkan keterangan pada referensi yang sudah ada tanpa perlu membuatnya dua kali, akan diluncurkan secara bertahap ke [[phab:T414094|lebih banyak wiki]] pada akhir tahun ini. Wiki yang menggunakan gawai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] dianjurkan untuk memperbarui versinya (umumnya berada di [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] seperti ditunjukkan [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 di sini]) guna menjaga kompatibilitas. Gawai lain yang berkaitan dengan referensi juga berpotensi terdampak. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
* Seluruh edisi Wikinews dijadwalkan untuk ditutup dan dialihkan ke mode hanya-baca pada 4 Mei 2026. Meskipun seluruh konten tetap dapat diakses, tidak akan ada lagi penyuntingan atau penambahan artikel baru. Keputusan penutupan ini telah disetujui oleh Dewan Pengawas Wikimedia Foundation setelah melalui rangkaian diskusi yang panjang. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Baca selengkapnya]].
* [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|API tindakan]] (''action API'') selama ini menyediakan berbagai format keluaran sesuai permintaan. Salah satunya, yaitu &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;format=php&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, akan segera dihentikan. Oleh karena itu, pastikan skrip atau bot yang Anda gunakan telah beralih ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|format JSON]]. Perubahan ini diperkirakan hanya akan berdampak pada sebagian kecil skrip dan bot. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538]
* Halaman [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] kini juga memuat nama lain (alias) ruang nama. Sebagai contoh, &quot;WP&quot; digunakan sebagai alias untuk ruang nama &quot;Project&quot; (&quot;Wikipedia&quot;) di Wikipedia bahasa Jerman. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 6 April 2026 16.18 (UTC)
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature &amp; Architecture + Women NZ
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore &amp; more #1Lib1Ref
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 9 April 2026 18.19 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30344683 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-16&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak.
'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294]
* Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]]  melalui &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;action=query&amp;meta=notifications&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991]
* Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W16&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 13 April 2026 15.18 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30380527 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-17&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, &quot;Liquid Glass&quot;. Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia.
* Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]].
* Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Layanan &lt;code&gt;mirrors.wikimedia.org&lt;/code&gt; yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707]
* Tabel &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;image&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; atau &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;oldimage&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;file&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; dan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;filerevision&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741]
* Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]].
* Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W17&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20 April 2026 14.59 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30432763 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]]

* Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 21 April 2026 06.50 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=30434643 --&gt;

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}
A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}}
[[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 26 April 2026 00.57 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: April 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]]
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 27 April 2026 16.01 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30406002 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-18&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484]
* Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi &quot;Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta&quot; dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W18&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 27 April 2026 18.05 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30458046 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roti lapis selé kacang lan gudir</title>
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      <text bytes="3937" sha1="q2ytyer1rpf5zjq1zqz9nonswi67qxm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Roti lapis selé kacang lan gudir|image=Peanut Butter and Jelly on Square Bread (25592634453).jpg|caption=Praupané roti iki|alternate name=Peanut butter &amp; jelly sandwich, PB&amp;J|country=[[Amerika Serikat]]|region=|creator=|course=Mangan awan, Nyamikan|served=Adhem|variations=[[Selé kacang]] lan selai rasa liya, pasta kacang, dengan [[mentega]] atau [[marshmallow|lelehan marshmallow]]|calories=403 kkal, 18 g lemak, 58 g karbohidrat, 28 g protein&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;Jegtvig, about.com, undated, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060113143915/http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutritionforchildren/a/pbj.htm How Nutritious is a PB&amp;J?]&quot;, archived from [http://nutrition.about.com/od/nutritionforchildren/a/pbj.htm the original], 13 Januari 2006. Diakses 20 Desember 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;|other=}} '''Roti lapis selé kacang lan gudir''' ( [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]] : '''''peanut butter and jelly sandwich''''' ) utawa uga dikenal minangka '''PB&amp;J''', yaiku roti lapis sing komposisi kalebu siji utawa luwih lapisan selé kacang lan siji utawa luwih lapisan gudir utawa senggol ing roti. Kadhangkala roti lapis dipangan mbukak utawa siji roti ditaleni (efektif dadi &quot;setengah roti lapis&quot;).

== Sajarah ==
Selé kacang asliné digandhengaké karo macem-macem panganan, kaya ta [[Cengkèh|cengkeh]], [[Kèju|keju]], [[Slèdri|celery]], watercress, lan roti panggang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbOsI9RG8fYC&amp;pg=PA35|title=Peanuts: The Illustrious History of the Goober Pea|publisher=University of Illinois Press|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing artikel ''Good Housekeeping sing'' diterbitake ing Mei 1896, resep &quot;dumadakan ibu omah tangga nggunakake penggiling daging kanggo nggawe selé kacang lan mènèhaké asile ing roti&quot;. Ing wulan candhakipun, majalah kuliner ''Table Talk'' nerbitake &quot;roti lapis selé kacang&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VritIGJ5f48C&amp;pg=PA166|title=The Story Behind the Dish: Classic American Foods|last=Mark McWilliams|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=166}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/packages/html/magazine/2013/innovations-issue/#/?part=pbj|title=Who Made That?|last=Lau, Maya|date=7 Juni 2013|website=New York Times Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wiwitan taun 1900, sandwich iki ngalami transfer struktur kelas amarga regane selé kacang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodsandwiches.html#peanut|title=Food Timeline|publisher=Lynne Olver}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dadi misuwur karo bocah-bocah ing taun 1920an nalika produsen wiwit nambah gula ing selé kacang . Wiwit [[Perang Donya II]], selé kacang lan roti lapis roti wis ditemokake ing dhaptar jabatan militer AS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9h7fcZFYWVcC&amp;pg=PA126|title=Why Do Donuts Have Holes?|publisher=Citadel Press|page=127}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nutrisi ==
Mentega kacang lan roti lapis digawé karo roti putih, loro sendok saben butter kacang lan senggol strawberry, menehi 27% intake saben dina sing disaranake kanggo kabutuhan lemak lan 22% kalori.

Nalika udakara 50% kalori asalé saka gajih, umume asalé saka lemak monounsaturated lan lemak poliaturatur, sing wis ana gandhengane karo kesehatan jantung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.livestrong.com/article/394766-are-peanut-butter-jelly-sandwiches-healthy/|title=ARE PEANUT BUTTER &amp; JELLY SANDWICHES HEALTHY?|last=Corleone|first=Jill|access-date=31 Maret 2012|archive-date=2020-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605045528/https://www.livestrong.com/article/394766-are-peanut-butter-jelly-sandwiches-healthy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;gallery class=&quot;center&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;140&quot; classes=&quot;center&quot;&gt;
Gambar:Peanut butter and jelly sandwich (11120683916).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;Nggawe roti lapis 
Gambar:Oozing 3 365 (2752498522).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;Nutup bungkus roti lapis kacang lan buncis 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Cathetan ==

[[Kategori:Roti]]
[[Kategori:Kaca sing nganggo sintaksis gambar lawas]]
[[Kategori:Panganan]]</text>
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    <title>Pai kacang</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Bean pie|image=Bean pie recipe.jpg|caption=A selection of bean pies|alternate_name=|country=United States|region=|creator=|course=|served=|main_ingredient=[[Beans]] (usually [[navy bean]]s), sugar, butter, milk, and spices|variations=|calories=|other=}}A '''pie kacang''' punika olahan manis [[Custard|puding]] pie kang Isi kasusun saka mashed kacang buncis, biasane navy kacang, gula, [[Endhog minangka panganan|endhog]], susu, butter, lan rempah-rempah. &lt;ref name=&quot;Taste&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine|last=Anastopoulo|first=Rossi|date=November 13, 2018|title=The Radical Pie That Fueled a Nation|url=https://www.tastecooking.com/the-radical-pie-that-fueled-a-nation/|access-date=April 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rempah-rempah lan perasa umum kalebu rasa vanilla, [[Kayu legi|kayu manis]] lan [[pala]] . Variasi bisa kalebu [[Cengkèh|cengkeh]], [[Jaé|jahe]], bumbu pie labu, lan ekstrak jeruk nipis . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=June 2019|title=Bean Pie|url=https://www.southernliving.com/recipes/bean-pie|access-date=April 15, 2020|archive-date=October 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003223955/https://www.southernliving.com/recipes/bean-pie|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/recipes/lanas-bean-pie/14892/|title=Lana's Bean Pies|last=Lindsey|first=Deb|date=September 15, 2015|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=April 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Allrecipes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allrecipes.com/recipe/216354/no-fail-bean-pie/|title=No Fail Bean Pie Recipe|website=Allrecipes|access-date=June 17, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.food.com/recipe/navy-bean-pie-muslim-184372|title=Navy Bean Pie (Muslim) Recipe|website=Food.com|access-date=January 2, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Pai]]</text>
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    <title>Pai ès lèmon</title>
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{{Infobox food|name=Lemon ice box pie|image=Raspberry lemon ice box pie.jpg|image_size=250px|caption=Lemon ice box pie with raspberry sorbet and raspberry sauce|alternate_name=|country=[[United States]]|region=|creator=|course=[[Dessert]]|type=[[Pie]]|served=|main_ingredient=Pie crust ([[graham cracker]]s, [[butter]]), [[lemon juice]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]],  [[condensed milk]]|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Pai kotak es''' [[Lémon|jeruk nipis]] minangka salah sawijining olahan jinis [[Panganan cuci mulut|panganan]] cuci [[Panganan cuci mulut|mulut sing kalebu]] [[Lémon|jus lemon]], [[Endhog minangka panganan|endhog]], lan [[Susu kondensasi|susu kental]] ing kerak pie, &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QQJLKCwcxvUC&amp;pg=PA499 The Dinner Doctor -] [[Anne Byrn]]&lt;span&gt; - Google Books&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=3lsniJfoz7oC&amp;pg=PT398 Screen Doors and Sweet Tea: Recipes and Tales from a Southern Cook - Martha Hall Foose - Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt; asring digawe saka krupuk graham lan [[Mertéga|mentega]] . &lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4uu1Id6UxAgC&amp;pg=PA119 The Southern Foodie: 100 Places to Eat in the South Before You Die (and the Recipes That Made Them Famous) - Chris Chamberlain - Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt; Iki minangka varian saka kue jeruk Key ; kalorone, asam sitrat nyetel kuning telur, kanthi panggangan minimal. Uga ora ana versi panggangan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.southernliving.com/recipes/no-bake-lemon-icebox-pie|title=No-Bake Lemon Icebox Pie|website=Southern Living|access-date=6 October 2020}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/star-spangled-lemon-icebox-pie/|title=Star-Spangled Lemon Icebox Pie|website=Taste of Home|access-date=6 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Pai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pizza quattro formaggi</title>
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      <text bytes="2634" sha1="p5d6twu06u3zkq5zbo6884kjl1asd15" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|image=Pizza_quattro_formaggi_at_restaurant,_Chalk_Farm_Road,_London.jpg|type=Pizza|country=Italy|main_ingredient=Mozzarella, Gorgonzola, Fontina and Parmigiano.}}'''Pizza quattro formaggi''' {{IPA-it|ˈkwattro forˈmaddʒi|lang}} ( '''papat pizza keju''' ) yaiku macem-macem [[pizza]] ing [[Olahan Itali|masakan Italia]] sing ditambah karo kombinasi papat jinis keju, biasane dilebur bareng, nganggo ( ''rossa'', abang) utawa tanpa saus tomat ( ''bianca'', putih). Iki misuwur ing saindenging jagad, kalebu ing [[Itali|Italia]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/most-popular-pizzas-in-italy|title=Most popular italian pizzas|date=25 April 2020|publisher=Taste Atlas.}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan minangka salah sawijining barang ikonik saka menu [[pizza]] .

Biasane, keju kalebu [[Mozzarella]], minangka komponen dhasar, sing njaga kelembapan sajrone masak, sebagian nglindhungi keju liyane saka oven sing panas banget. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.agrodolce.it/2016/04/06/pizza-quattro-formaggi/|title=Revival: la pizza Quattro Formaggi|date=25 April 2020|publisher=Gabriele Valdès}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gorgonzola]] meh saiki kanthi sistematis lan duo sing ngrampungake kalebu keju lokal liyane, gumantung saka wilayah kasebut, kanthi [[Fontina]] lan [[Parmigiano-Reggiano]] minangka komplementer khas, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/quattro-formaggi|title=Pizza quattro formaggi|date=6 April 2016|publisher=Taste Atlas}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging varian liyane kalebu [[Pecorino]], [[Ricotta]], [[Stracchino]], [[Robiola]], [[Keju Taleggio|Taleggio]], [[Provolone|Provola]] asap utawa [[Caciocavallo]] . Saliyane Mozzarella, pizza sing [[Produksi massal|diproduksi massal]] asring nggunakake keju Parmesan, Romano, [[Keju Asiago|Asiago]], lan keju gaya Italia liyane, sanajan sawetara nggunakake keju non-Italia kayata keju [[Kèju édham|Edam]], [[Kèju èmmental|Emmental]] lan [[Kèju biru|Biru]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.oetker.co.uk/uk-en/our-products/pizza/ristorante/quattro-formaggi|title=Ristorante Pizza Quattro Formaggi|date=25 April 2020|publisher=Dr. Oetker|access-date=18 November 2020|archive-date=26 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026113256/https://www.oetker.co.uk/uk-en/our-products/pizza/ristorante/quattro-formaggi|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pilihan keju ora acak, kudu lemu utawa semi-lemu lan beda-beda rasane. Kajaba Mozzarella, ''formaggi quattro'' biasane nggabungake keju biru utawa diwasa, keju empuk (kayata Emmental utawa [[Gruyère|Gruyere]] ) utawa keju krim (kayata Robiola utawa Stracchino), lan keju hard (parmesan utawa pecorino, parut).

== Referensi ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rega panganan</title>
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[[Barkas:Tomatos_Price_Per_Pound.jpg|jmpl| Rega Tomatos Saben Pound]]
'''Rega panganan''' nuduhake [[Tingkat rega|level rega]] rata-rata [[Pangan|panganan ing]] saindenging negara, wilayah lan ing skala global. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Roser|first=Max|last2=Ritchie|first2=Hannah|date=2013-10-08|title=Food Prices|url=https://ourworldindata.org/food-prices|journal=Our World in Data}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harga panganan kena pengaruh kanggo produsen lan konsumen panganan.

Tingkat rega gumantung karo proses produksi panganan, kalebu pemasaran pangan lan distribusi panganan . Fluktuasi rega panganan ditemtokake dening sawetara faktor gabungan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thebalance.com/why-are-food-prices-rising-causes-of-food-price-inflation-3306099|title=5 Causes of High Food Prices|last=Amadeo|first=Kimberly|date=|website=The Balance|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815013613/https://www.thebalancemoney.com/why-are-food-prices-rising-causes-of-food-price-inflation-3306099|archive-date=2023-08-15|access-date=2020-09-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Acara geopolitik, panjaluk global, kurs, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/37951/|title=What's Driving Food Prices?|date=2008|editor-last=Abbott|editor-first=Philip C.|series=Issue Report|language=en|editor-last2=Hurt|editor-first2=Christopher|editor-last3=Tyner|editor-first3=Wallace E.}}&lt;/ref&gt; kabijakan pamrentah, penyakit lan panen panen, biaya energi, kasedhiyan sumber daya alam kanggo pertanian, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Savary|first=Serge|last2=Ficke|first2=Andrea|last3=Aubertot|first3=Jean-Noël|last4=Hollier|first4=Clayton|date=2012-12-01|title=Crop losses due to diseases and their implications for global food production losses and food security|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-012-0200-5|journal=Food Security|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=519–537|doi=10.1007/s12571-012-0200-5|issn=1876-4525}}&lt;/ref&gt; spekulasi panganan, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/19/speculators-commodities-food-price-rises|title=Hedge funds accused of gambling with lives of the poorest as food prices soar|date=2010-07-18|work=The Guardian|access-date=2020-09-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globaljustice.org.uk/food-speculation|title=Food speculation|date=2014-12-09|website=Global Justice Now|language=en|access-date=2020-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Spratt|first=S.|date=2013|title=Food price volatility and financial speculation|url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.304.5228&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf|journal=FAC Working Paper 47|language=English|volume=|pages=|citeseerx=10.1.1.304.5228|via=}}&lt;/ref&gt; pangowahan panggunaan prastawa lemah lan cuaca ana pengaruhe langsung tumrap kenaikan utawa penurunan rega panganan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://futuresfundamentals.org/see-the-impact/agriculture-futures/food-prices-explained/|title=Food Price Explained|website=Futures Fundamentals|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-19|archive-date=2020-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026212017/https://www.futuresfundamentals.org/see-the-impact/agriculture-futures/food-prices-explained/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Konsekuensi fluktuasi rega panganan yaiku pirang-pirang. Kenaikan rega panganan mbebayani keamanan pangan, utamane kanggo negara berkembang, lan bisa nyebabake kerusuhan sosial. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bellemare|first=Marc F.|date=2015|title=Rising Food Prices, Food Price Volatility, and Social Unrest|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1093/ajae/aau038|journal=American Journal of Agricultural Economics|language=en|volume=97|issue=1|pages=1–21|doi=10.1093/ajae/aau038|issn=1467-8276}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-change-and-rising-food-prices-heightened-arab-spring/|title=Climate Change and Rising Food Prices Heightened Arab Spring|last=Perez|first=Ines|date=|website=Scientific American|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/20/food-price-spikes-and-social-unrest-the-dark-side-of-the-feds-crisis-fighting/|title=Food Price Spikes and Social Unrest: The Dark Side of the Fed's Crisis-Fighting|last=Winecoff|first=Ore Koren, W. Kindred|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peningkatan rega panganan ana gandhengane karo perbedaan kualitas lan kesehatan diet, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darmon|first=Nicole|last2=Drewnowski|first2=Adam|date=2015-10-01|title=Contribution of food prices and diet cost to socioeconomic disparities in diet quality and health: a systematic review and analysis|url=https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/73/10/643/1848128|journal=Nutrition Reviews|language=en|volume=73|issue=10|pages=643–660|doi=10.1093/nutrit/nuv027|issn=0029-6643|pmc=4586446|pmid=26307238}}&lt;/ref&gt; utamane ing antarane populasi sing rentan, kayata wanita lan bocah-bocah. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Darnton-Hill|first=Ian|last2=Cogill|first2=Bruce|date=2010-01-01|title=Maternal and Young Child Nutrition Adversely Affected by External Shocks Such As Increasing Global Food Prices|url=https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/140/1/162S/4600327|journal=The Journal of Nutrition|language=en|volume=140|issue=1|pages=162S–169S|doi=10.3945/jn.109.111682|issn=0022-3166|pmid=19939995}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Harga panganan [[Tren pasar|rata-rata]] bakal [[Tren pasar|terus]] mundhak amarga macem-macem sebab. Akeh [[Pedunung donya|populasi donya]] bakal sijine liyane meksa ing [[Pasokan lan panjaluk|sumber lan dikarepake]] . [[Pamanasan global|Perubahan Iklim]] bakal nambah [[Cuaca ekstrem|kedadeyan cuaca sing ekstrem]], kalebu mangsa garing, badai lan udan deres, lan kenaikan suhu umume bakal nyebabake produksi panganan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434|title=Climate Change: The Unseen Force Behind Rising Food Prices?|date=2013|publisher=World Watch Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717075133/http://www.worldwatch.org/node/5434|archive-date=17 July 2018|access-date=7 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan￼￼￼ ==</text>
      <sha1>ksvkwho0qptyhhd7ggdutu47xrksed4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rabokki</title>
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      <text bytes="2418" sha1="najsdi349hk1xcl77fsunw8u10e47b1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|image=Ra-bokki.jpg|caption=}}{{Infobox Korean name|title=Korean name|hangul={{lang|ko|라볶이}}|hanja=none|rr=rabokki|mr=rapokki}}'''''Rabokki''''' ( {{Korean|hangul=라볶이}} ) yaiku salah sawijining jinis ''[[tteokbokki]]'' (kue beras goreng), kanthi mie ''[[Mi instan|ramyeon sing]]'' ditambahake. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sasse&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://issuu.com/the_korea_foundation/docs/2012_koreana_spring_english/74|title=English Blogs and Cyber Guide to Korean Cuisine|last=Sasse|first=Werner|date=Spring 2012|work=[[Koreana (magazine)|Koreana]]|access-date=10 April 2017|last2=Kim|first2=Hak-soon|editor-last=Koo|editor-first=Chun-sur|page=74|last3=Lee|first3=Yong-shik|via=[[issuu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka panganan jalanan sing umume didol ing ''bunsikjip'' (bar cemilan). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.modernluxury.com/san-francisco/story/the-great-noodle-quest|title=The Great Noodle Quest|last=Kauffman|first=Jonathan|date=28 January 2013|work=[[San Francisco (magazine)|San Francisco Magazine]]|access-date=10 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka panganan ''tteokbokki'' liyane, eomuk ( [[Kuwé iwak|kue iwak]] ) lan endhog rebus minangka tambahan umum. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AYbDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123|title=Korean Food Made Simple|last=Joo|first=Judy|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|year=2016|isbn=978-0-544-66330-5|location=Boston, MA|pages=123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saus krim utawa saus cabai gaya barat bisa digunakake tinimbang ''[[gochujang]]'' (tempel cabai). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDdvBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA37|title=Passport to Korean Culture|last=Korean Culture and Information Service|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism]]|year=2009|isbn=978-89-7375-153-2|location=Seoul|pages=37|author-link=Korean Culture and Information Service}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rabokki ing basa Korea, nggabungake karakter kanggo ramyeon (라면), lan tteokbokki (볶이). Makna harfiah yaiku nambah mi ramyeon ing jajan beras

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.honestfoodtalks.com/rabokki-recipe-spicy-noodle-rice-cake/|title=Rabokki Recipe, Korea’s Spicy Rice Cake Noodle Dish|last=Oliver|first=Nyasha|date=2020-04-18|website=Honest Food Talks|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001025238/https://www.honestfoodtalks.com/rabokki-recipe-spicy-noodle-rice-cake/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==</text>
      <sha1>najsdi349hk1xcl77fsunw8u10e47b1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Pai tomat kidul</title>
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[[Barkas:Tomato_pie_slice.jpg|jmpl| Pai tomat]]
'''Pai tomat Kidul''' minangka panganan [[tomat]] saka Amerika Serikat Kidul . Iki kalebu cangkang pie kanthi [[tomat]] (kadhang nganggo [[Selasih|kemangi]] utawa jamu liyane), ditutupi tutup [[Kèju|keju]] parut sing dicampur karo [[Mayonès|mayones]] utawa [[Saos béchamel|saus putih]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/tomato-pie-recipe.html|title=Tomato Pie Recipe|last=Deen|first=Paula|website=[[Food Network]]|access-date=24 November 2015|archive-date=12 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212153719/http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/paula-deen/tomato-pie-recipe.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Crain&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jwrx_HY0HOEC&amp;q=southern+%22tomato+pie%22&amp;pg=PT175|title=Best of the Best, from Southern Coastal Ladies|last=Crain|first=Eula|publisher=PublishAmerica|year=2011|isbn=9781456085827|access-date=November 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki dianggep minangka panganan musim panas, sing bakal digawe nalika tomat wis mangsane. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.southernliving.com/food/entertaining/tomato-pie-recipes|title=Savory Tomato Pie Recipes|work=[[Southern Living]]|access-date=24 November 2015}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Versi manis nggunakake tomat ijo sing diwetokake lan legi, kanthi resep paling ora wiwit taun 1877. &lt;ref name=&quot;McWilliams2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Story Behind the Dish: Classic American Foods|last=McWilliams|first=Mark|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|isbn=9780313385094|page=94|chapter=Fried Green Tomatoes|access-date=November 24, 2015|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0gdNLAGknGMC&amp;q=%22southern+tomato+pie%22&amp;pg=PA94}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rasane wis dibandhingake karo pai apel sing ijo. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;Massie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTclCAzKgxoC&amp;q=%22southern+tomato+pie%22&amp;pg=PA269|title=Walnut Pickles and Watermelon Cake: A Century of Michigan Cooking|last=Massie|first=Larry B.|last2=Massie|first2=Priscilla|date=1998|publisher=Wayne State University Press|isbn=9780814327944|page=268}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wilcox&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dixiecookbook00wilcgoog|title=The Dixie Cook-book|publisher=L.A. Clarkson &amp; Company|year=1883|editor-last=Wilcox, Estelle Woods|edition=revised|page=[https://archive.org/details/dixiecookbook00wilcgoog/page/n225 222]|oclc=5021592|quote=southern tomato pie.|access-date=November 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Pai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pai sifon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2317" sha1="qca4qvdqpq7wlduhem0trjnhuykdvhf" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:The_Ladies'_home_journal_(1948)_(14764208311).jpg|jmpl| Pie chiffon lemon, entuk popularitas saka ibu rumah tangga ing [[Amérika Sarékat|Amerika]], ditampilake ing Ladies 'Home Journal]]
'''Pie sifon''' minangka jinis pie sing kasusun saka jinis isi empuk ing ndhuwur kulit. Isi biasane digawe nganggo lempitan [[meringue]] menyang campuran sing mirip karo [[Dadih woh|curd fruit]] (umume lemon) sing wis kenthel karo [[Gelatin|gelatin sing ora]] dihiasi kanggo nyedhiyakake tekstur sing entheng lan hawa; mula dibedakake karo pie krim utawa pai mousse, sing entuk entheng kanthi lempitan krim sing disebat tinimbang meringue. Kanggo nyuda risiko salmonella, disaranake Switserlan-meringue (endhog putih lan gula digawe panas ing ketel kaping pindho nganti {{Convert|120|-|130|F}} liwat banyu sing wis direndhem, banjur dipecut) digunakake tinimbang nggunakake pethikan endhog sing disebat mentah.  Isi iki banjur dilebokake ing cangkang pie sing wis dipanggang kanthi komposisi variabel lan adhem.&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/18/food/la-fo-classicrec18e-2009nov18 Recipe: Lemon chiffon pie.] Los Angeles ''Times.'' November 18, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bonappetit.com/recipe/lemon-chiffon-pie-with-gingersnap-crust Lemon Chiffon Pie with Gingersnap Crust.] ''bon appétit.'' July 1, 2006. Retrieved July 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.foodnetwork.com/recipes/lemon-chiffon-pie-recipe.html Lemon Chiffon Pie.] Food Network. Retrieved July 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Teknik sing padha iki uga bisa digunakake karo waluh kalengan kanggo ngasilake pie sifon waluh.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.marthastewart.com/351305/pumpkin-chiffon-pies Pumpkin Chiffon Pies.] ''Martha Stewart Living.'' October 2007. Retrieved July 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bhg.com/recipe/pies/pumpkin-chiffon-pie/ Pumpkin Chiffon Pie.]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Better Homes and Gardens.'' Retrieved July 2, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Preparasi pie chiffon mock bisa disederhanakake kanthi nggunakake campuran gelatin rasa lan pengganti krim pecut buatan.

&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.womansday.com/food-recipes/food-drinks/recipes/a9919/tropical-chiffon-pie-121162/ Tropical Chiffon Pie.] ''Woman's Day.'' January 24, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Pai]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pratélan penggawa gendéra Israèl ing Olimpiade</title>
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      <text bytes="10332" sha1="chtqorlut7w1z1rpu7lh6jy9i02q297" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox country at games
| NOC = ISR
| NOCname = [[Komite Olimpiade Israel]]
| games = Olimpiade
| year = 
| flagcaption = 
| oldcode = 
| website = {{url|www.olympic.one.co.il }}&amp;nbsp;{{in lang|he|en}}
| location = 
| competitors = 
| sports = 
| flagbearer = 
| rank = 
| gold = 2
| silver = 1
| bronze = 9
| officials = 
| appearances = 
| app_begin_year = 
| app_end_year = 
| summerappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Israel|competition=Olimpiade Musim Panas|begin_year=|end_year= }}
| winterappearances = {{Team appearances list|team=Israel|competition=Olimpiade Musim Dingin|begin_year=1994|end_year= }}
| seealso = 
}}
Ing ngisor iki menika '''pratelan penggawa gendera sing ngewakili [[Israel ing Olimpiade]].'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093132/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISR/ Israel]. Olympics at Sport-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Accessed 25 October 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Para penggawa gendera ngegawa gendera nasional negarane ing upacara-upacara pambuka lan panutup [[Gim Olympiadé]].

{|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! # !!Taun lomba !! Musim !! Penggawa gendera pambuka !! Ulahraga !! Penggawa gendera panutup !! Ulahraga
|-
|24
|[[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|2020]]
|Musim panas
|[[Hanna Knyazyeva-Minenko]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Yakov Toumarkin]]
|[[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Atletik]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Langi ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Langi]]
|[[Linoy Ashram]]
|[[Senam ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2020|Senam]]
|-
|23
|[[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|2018]]
|Musim dingin
|[[Oleksii Bychenko]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Winter-Games/Games-PyeongChang-2018-Winter-Olympic-Games/Ceremonies/PyeongChang-2018-Opening-Ceremony-Flagbearers.pdf#_ga=2.141341425.2132925313.1518270684-1570468165.1518270684|title=Opening Ceremony Flagbearers - Olympic Winter Games, PyeongChang 2018|date=9 February 2018|website=olympic.org|publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC)|access-date=10 February 2018|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228001620/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/Games/Winter-Games/Games-PyeongChang-2018-Winter-Olympic-Games/Ceremonies/PyeongChang-2018-Opening-Ceremony-Flagbearers.pdf#_ga=2.141341425.2132925313.1518270684-1570468165.1518270684|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018 – Tunggal putra|Seluncur indah]]
|[[Itamar Biran]]
|[[Ski alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2018|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 22 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|2016]] || Musim panas || [[Neta Rivkin]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4827398,00.html|title=ריבקין תישא את הדגל בטקס הפתיחה בריו|trans-title=Rivkin will carry the flag at the opening ceremony in Rio|date=12 July 2016|publisher=[[Ynet]]|access-date=13 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Senam ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2016|Senam]] || [[Alona Koshevatskiy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198514089.709347620.1471871887 |title=Rio 2016 Closing Ceremony - Flag Bearers |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2016-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822094245/https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Document%20Library/OlympicOrg/News/2016/08/2016-08-21-Rio-2016-Closing-Ceremony-Flag-Bearers.pdf#_ga=1.198514089.709347620.1471871887 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || Senam
|-
| 21 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|2014]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Vladislav|Bykanov}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Opening_Ceremony.pdf |title=Sochi 2014 Opening Ceremony - Flagbearers |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815082813/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Opening_Ceremony.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[seluncur cepat trek pendek ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|Seluncur cepat trek pendek]] || {{sortname|Vladislav|Bykanov}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |title=Sochi 2014 Closing Ceremony - Flag Bearers |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175800/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Sochi_2014/Flagbearers_Sochi_2014_Closing_Ceremony.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[seluncur cepat trek pendek ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2014|Seluncur cepat trek pendek]]
|-
| 20 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|2012]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Shahar|Tzuberi}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200417093132/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/ISR/ Israel]&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Pelayaran ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|Pelayaran]] || [[Neta Rivkin]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/sports/london-2012-rhythmic-gymnastics-no-medals-but-israelis-still-find-a-way-to-shine-1.457527 London 2012 Rhythmic Gymnastics No Medals, but Israelis Still Find a Way to Shine]&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Senam ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2012|Senam]]
|-
| 19 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|2010]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Alexandra|Zaretsky}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|Seluncur indah]] || [[Mykhaylo Renzhyn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Vancouver_2010/ClosingCeremonyFlagbearers-eng.pdf |title=The Flagbearers for the Vancouver 2010 Closing Ceremony |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2010-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401032223/http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Games_Vancouver_2010/ClosingCeremonyFlagbearers-eng.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Seluncur alpen ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2010|Ski alpen]]
|-
| 18 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|2008]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Michael|Kolganov}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1215330904908 Kolganov to carry Israel flag in Beijing]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Balap kano ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Lomba kano]] || {{sortname|Shahar|Tzuberi}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1362.pdf |title=Closing Ceremony Flag Bearers |access-date=2022-01-26 |archive-date=2019-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408094801/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_1362.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Pelayaran ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2008|Pelayaran]]
|-
| 17 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|2006]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Galit|Chait}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[selancar indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|Selancar indah]] || {{sortname|Galit|Chait}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympic.org/news/flag-bearers-for-the-closing-ceremony-2 2006 Flag Bearers for the  Closing Ceremony]&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2006|Seluncur indah]]
|-
| 16 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|2004]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Ariel|Ze'evi}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Judo ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|Judo]] || [[Gal Fridman]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.olympic.org/news/flag-bearers-for-the-closing-ceremony 2004 Flag Bearers for the  Closing Ceremony]&lt;/ref&gt; || [[Pelayaran ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2004|Pelayaran]]
|-
| 15 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|2002]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Galit|Chait}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 2002|Seluncur indah]] || || 
|-
| 14 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|2000]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Rogel|Nachum}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 2000|Atletik]] || || 
|-
| 13 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|1998]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Michael|Shmerkin}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1998|Seluncur indah]] || || 
|-
| 12 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|1996]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Lydia|Hatuel-Zuckerman}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Anggar ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1996|Anggar]] || || 
|-
| 11 || [[Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|1994]] || Musim dingin || {{sortname|Michael|Shmerkin}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Seluncur indah ing Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1994|Seluncur indah]] || || 
|-
| 10 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1992|1992]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Eldad|Amir}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Pelayaran ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1992|Pelayaran]] || || 
|-
| 9 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|1988]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Itzhak|Yonassi}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Menembak ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1988|Menembak]] || || 
|-
| 8 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|1984]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Zehava|Shmueli}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1984|Atletik]] || || 
|-
| 7 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976|1976]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Esther|Roth-Shahamorov}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1976|Atletik]] || || 
|-
| 6 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1972|1972]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Henry|Herscovici}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Menembak ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1972|Menembak]] || || 
|-
| 5 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1968|1968]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Gershon|Shefa}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Renang ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1968|Renang]] || || 
|-
| 4 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1964|1964]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Gideon|Ariel}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1964|Atletik]] || || 
|-
| 3 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1960|1960]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Gideon|Ariel}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Atletik ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1960|Atletik]] || || 
|-
| 2 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956|1956]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Yoav|Ra'anan}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Selancar ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1956|Selancar]] || || 
|-
| 1 || [[Olimpiade Musim Panas 1952|1952]] || Musim panas || {{sortname|Abraham|Shneior}}&lt;ref name=OpenFlag /&gt; || [[Basket ing Olimpiade Musim Panas 1952|Basket]] || || 
|}

==Referensi==
{{reflist}}

{{dhaptar penggawa gendera nasional Olimpiade miturut negara}}

[[Category:Israel ing Olimpiade]]
[[Category:Pratélan penggawa gendéra Olimpiade miturut nagara|Israel]]
[[Category:Pratélan ulahragawan Israel]]</text>
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    <title>Rembulan Sabit Abang Palèstina</title>
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| name                = Perhimpunan Rembulan Sabit Abang Palestina &lt;br/&gt; &lt;big&gt;'''جمعية الهلال الأحمر الفلسطيني'''&lt;/big&gt;
| image               = Palestine Red Crescent Society logo.svg
| image_border        = 
| size                = 160px
| caption             = 
| motto               = 
| formation           = 1968
| type                = [[Nirlaba]]
| status              = 
| purpose             = 
| headquarters        = {{flagicon|Palestina}} [[Al-Bireh]], [[Gisik Kulon]], [[Negara Palestina|Palestina]]
| region_served       = {{flag|Palestina}}
| affiliations        = 
| budget              = 
| website             = [http://www.palestinercs.org/]
}}
'''Perhimpunan Rembulan Sabit Abang Palestina''' didegake ing 1968, dening [[Fathi Arafat]], saudara [[Yasser Arafat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/02/international/middleeast/02arafat.html | work=The New York Times | title=Fathi Arafat, P.L.O. Leader's Brother, Dies at 67 | date=2 December 2004 | accessdate=21 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Organisasi kasebut menika [[organisasi kamanungsan]] sing dadi bagean saka [[Gerakan Palang Abang lan Rembulan Sabit Abang Internasional]]. Organisasi kasebut nyediakake rumah sakit, pengubatan darurat lan jasa ambulan, lan pusat perawatan kesehatan primer ing [[Gisik Kulon]] lan [[Lurung Gaza]]. Markas gedhene ana ing [[Ramallah]], cedhak [[Yerusalem]].

==Referensi==
{{Reflist}}

==Pranala jaba==
{{commons category|Palestinian Red Crescent Society}}
* [http://www.palestinercs.org/ PRCS website]
* [http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/RMOI-6PW36D?OpenDocument PRCS summary on ReliefWeb]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.ifrc.org/Docs/News/pr06/4706.asp IFRC press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215025024/http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/pr06/4706.asp |date=2011-02-15 }}
* [http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/pr06/3706.asp IFRC call for support for the Palestine Red Crescent Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806115834/http://www.ifrc.org/docs/news/pr06/3706.asp |date=2009-08-06 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Organisasi sing didegaké taun 1968]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11448" sha1="51056isaxjz82vj821dgk06fzy51qp0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox software
| name                   =
| title                  = Phabricator
| logo                   = &lt;!-- Phacility phabricator logo.svg --&gt;
| logo caption           =
| logo size              = 100px
| logo alt               = Phacility phabricator
| screenshot             = &lt;!-- Wikimedia Phabricator screenshot.png --&gt;&lt;!-- Image name is enough --&gt;
| caption                =
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| author                 = Evan Priestley&lt;ref name=evan&gt;{{cite journal
  | first1  = F.    | last1 = Fagerholm
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  | first3  = A. S. | last3 = Guinea
  | first4  = J.    | last4 = Borenstein
  | first5  = J.    | last5 = Münch
  | title   = Onboarding in Open Source Software Projects: A Preliminary Analysis
  | journal = Global Software Engineering Workshops (ICGSEW), 2013 IEEE 8th International Conference on
  | year    = 2013
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  | arxiv= 1311.1334| isbn = 978-0-7695-5055-8
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| developer              = Phacility, Inc&lt;ref name=phacility&gt;{{cite web
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  | title      = EvanPriestley(LinkedIn)
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| released               = {{start date and age|2010}}&lt;!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} --&gt;
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| latest preview version =
| latest preview date    = &lt;!-- {{Start date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes/no}} --&gt;
| programming language   = [[PHP]]&lt;ref name=&quot;crossfact&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | url       = https://secure.phabricator.com/book/phabricator/article/installation_guide/
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| operating system       = [[Mèmper Unix]]
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| language               = [[Basa Inggris|Inggris]]
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| language footnote      =
| genre                  = [[Paninjo kodhe]], [[Panglacak bug|panglacak ''bug'']]
| license                = [[Apache License 2.0]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  | url   = https://github.com/facebook/phabricator/blob/master/LICENSE
  | title = phabricator/LICENSE at master · phacility/phabricator · GitHub
  | work  = GitHub
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| alexa                  =
| website                = {{URL|https://phacility.com/phabricator/}}
| standard               =
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}}

'''Phabricator''' yaiku sasetèl piranti tembayatan pangrembakan [[piranti alus]] dhedhasar wèb kang dumadi saka piranti paninjo kodhe ''Differential'', pangluru répositori ''Diffusion'', piranti pamawang pangowahan ''Herald'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
  | first1    = C. | last1 = Dentel
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  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Phabricator sinambungan karo [[Git]], [[Mercurial]], lan [[Subversion]]. Piranti alus iki cumepak minangka piranti alus mardika mawa Lisènsi Apache 2.0.

Phabricator wiwitané dirembakakaké minangka piranti internal ing [[Facebook]].&lt;ref name=&quot;phabricator&quot;&gt;{{cite web
  | url        = https://secure.phabricator.com/book/phabflavor/article/project_history
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  | url        = https://techcrunch.com/2011/08/07/oh-what-noble-scribe-hath-penned-these-words/
  | title      = Meet Phabricator, the Witty Code Review Tool Built Inside Facebook
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  | url        = http://readwrite.com/2011/09/28/a-look-at-phabricator-facebook#awesm=~olc3GsPA9t1BIk
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  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Juru rembaka pokok Phabricator aran [[Evan Priestley]] ninggal Facebook supaya bisa nerusaké pangrembakan Phabricator ing perusahaan anyar aran Phacility.&lt;ref name=evan /&gt;&lt;ref name=phacility /&gt;

Ing tanggal 29 Mèi 2021, Phacility mbabar wara-wara yèn dhèwèké padha bakal ngendheg sengkuyungan lan ora ngrembakakaké Phabricator manèh.&lt;ref name=&quot;J11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://admin.phacility.com/phame/post/view/11/phacility_is_winding_down_operations/|title=Phacility is Winding Down Operations|date=2021-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawiji paguyuban nggawé ''fork-fork''-an Phabricator aran Phorge, mbabar wara-wara rilis stabil kapisan menyang publik ing tanggal 7 Sèptember 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Eyal |first=Aviv |date=2022-09-07 |title=Going Public |work=Phorge |url=https://we.phorge.it/phame/post/view/1/going_public/ |access-date=2022-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panganggo ==
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* [[AngularJS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesproductgroup/2016/10/07/the-forbes-front-end-epochalypse/#16a6d2666ef9|title=The Forbes Front End Epochalypse|last=McCampbell|first=Johnny|date=2016-10-07|work=Forbes|access-date=2018-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Asana (piranti alus)|Asana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet Phabricator&quot; /&gt;
* [[Blender (piranti alus)|Blender]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wiki.blender.org/wiki/Tools/Phabricator|title=Tools/Phabricator|publisher=Blender|website=wiki.blender.org|access-date=2022-06-27|archive-date=2021-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603090702/https://wiki.blender.org/wiki/Tools/Phabricator|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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* [[Dropbox (layanan)|Dropbox]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet Phabricator&quot; /&gt;
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* [[FreeBSD]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Phabricator|url=https://reviews.freebsd.org/|website=reviews.freebsd.org|access-date=2019-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[GnuPG]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dev.gnupg.org/|title=GnuPG Development Hub|access-date=2021-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[KDE]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=KDE's Phabricator|url=https://phabricator.kde.org/|website=phabricator.kde.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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* [[LLVM]]/[[Clang]]/[[LLDB (debugger)]]/LLD (linker)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://llvm.org/docs/Phabricator.html|title=Code Reviews with Phabricator - LLVM 8 Documentation|access-date=2018-11-11|archive-date=2023-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817151244/https://llvm.org/docs/Phabricator.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Lubuntu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-12-05|title=Join Phabricator|url=https://lubuntu.me/2658-2/|access-date=2021-06-05|website=lubuntu.me|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lubuntu Phabricator|url=https://phab.lubuntu.me/|access-date=2021-06-05|archive-date=2023-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610051756/https://phab.lubuntu.me/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[MemSQL]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet Phabricator&quot; /&gt;
* [[Pinterest]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|work=Pinterest Engineering blog|date=2019-05-10|title=Pinterest + ktlint = ❤|url=https://medium.com/pinterest-engineering/pinterest-ktlint-35391a1a162f|access-date=2021-06-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=pinterest/arcanist-linters|date=2021-06-05|url=https://github.com/pinterest/arcanist-linters|publisher=Pinterest|access-date=2021-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Quora]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet Phabricator&quot; /&gt;
* [[Twitter]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://secure.phabricator.com/w/usage/companies/|title=Organizations Using Phabricator|access-date=2021-07-14|archive-date=2023-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315065352/https://secure.phabricator.com/w/usage/companies/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Uber]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meet Phabricator&quot; /&gt;
* [[Wildfire Games]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wildfire Games Phabricator| url=https://code.wildfiregames.com/|access-date=2021-06-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/Phabricator|title=Phabricator documentation|access-date=2021-06-05|website=Wildfire Games|archive-date=2023-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321120336/https://trac.wildfiregames.com/wiki/Phabricator|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Wikimedia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wikimedia Phabricator|url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/|website=phabricator.wikimedia.org|access-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Barkas:Serlo Phabricator Tasks erstellen 2018-11-22 Schritt 2.png|''Workboard'' Phabricator
Barkas:Phabricator homepage overview with top Favorites menu opened.png|Pendhapaning Phabricator
Barkas:Serlo Phabricator Tasks erstellen 2018-11-22 Schritt 3.png|Tuladha panggawèan tugas
Barkas:Phabricator history screenshot with Harbormaster passes.png|''Continuous integration'' ing Phabricator
Barkas:Phabricator project labels 4.png|Labèl proyèk ing Phabricator
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* {{Official website|https://phacility.com/phabricator/}}
* {{Commons category-inline|Phabricator}}
* [https://github.com/phacility/phabricator Phabricator] ing [[GitHub]]
* [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Phabricator], dianggo kanggo nglacak tugas-tugas Wikimédia lan MédiaWiki ([[palapuran bug|palapuran ''bug'']] lan [[panjalukan fitur]]).
* [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Phabricator Kaca MédiaWiki babagan Phabricator]

[[Kategori:Piranti alus sumber binuka]]
[[Kategori:Piranti alus paninjo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pawerna alami bathik</title>
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      <text bytes="10795" sha1="i4y1eqj3yvcnsakmbf8sss3xlxu66th" xml:space="preserve">'''Pawerna alami bathik''' sejatinipun sampun dipun mangertosi masarakat wiwit zaman kina. Kayekten menika kababar wonten ing naskah-naskan Jawi kina, mirungganipun wonten ing [[serat Centhini]]. Ing serat menika kaserat bilih wonten 6 jinis taneman ingkang ngasilaken werni saengga saged dipun ginakaken kanggé pawerni kain.

== Asal Wénter Bathik Alami ==
[[Barkas:NATURAL DYES.jpg|jmpl|Pawerni alami bathik]]
Zat werni alami asalipun saking taneman menapa déné kewan. Zat werni saking taneman saged kapanggihaken saking kajeng, kulit kajeng, oyot, kulit oyot, isi, kulit isi, ron-ronan, lan sekar. Kirang langkung wonten 34 jinis taneman ingkang saged dipun ginakaken dados wénter alami bathik. Taneman ingkang umum dipun ginakaken kanggé untuk wénter batik inggih menika oyot [[Pacé|pace]] (''Morinda citrifolia'') ingkang ngasilaken werni abrit, kajeng [[tegeran]] (''Cudrania javanensis'') ingkang ngasilaken werni kuning, kajeng [[tingi]] (''Ceriops tagal) ingk''ang ngasilaken werni coklat, ron indigo utawi [[nila]] (''Indigofera sp'') ingkang ngasilaken werna biru, lan ron [[pelem]] (''Mangifera indica'') ingkang ngasilaken werna ijem. Taneman sanesipun inggih menika [[jolawe]] (''Elaocorpus folium)'', [[jati]] (''Tectonagrandis''), [[secang]] (''Caesalpinia sappan Flem.''), [[krambil]] (''Cocos nucifera''), [[durèn]] (''Durio zibethinus L.''), [[bakau]] (''Rhizophora mucronata''), [[manggis]] (''Gracinia mangostana''), lan sakpiturutipun.

== Sejarah Wénter ==
Pawerninan ngginakaken bahan alami saking pasta dados pawerninan bathik paling lami tertua ingkang teksih dipun agem dugi sakmenika. Pawerninan nganggé wénter pasta saged dipun panggihaken ing wilayah Wètan Tengah saha Asia sanèsipun kados ta: [[Jepang]], [[Indhonésia|Indonesia]], [[Indhi]], [[Afrika]], lan [[China]]. Wénter pasta piyambak wonten maneka warni. Wénter wujud pasta ingkang tahan lami lan kathah dipun ginakaken didamel saking uwos kaliyan glepung sanèsipun. Campuran uwos lan bubuk sulfat seng saha sarem kathah dipun ginakaken ing Jepang. Campuran kasebat dipunmasak dados krim transparan, lajeng diudek supados rata lan asrep.
Wénter wujud pasta diolesaken kanthi mawarni-warni cara, kados ta dipun sikat nganggé astha utawi ngginakaken stensil, dipunseka nganggé driji, lajeng dipunremes. Wénter pasta kanggé bathik biyasanipun nanging dipunoles wonten setunggal sisih kemawon.

== Proses Pawerninan ==
Wénter bentuk pasta menika campuran saking bahan pawerni garing (ditumbuk dados bubuk) kalih campuran tlutuh kelèt ingkang sampun dipunèncèraken. Campuran tlutuh menika asipat kaku lan matesi jat pawerni supados boten kecampur kaliyan jat caér. Campuran tlutuh ingkang langkung kentel damel kain langkung kaku. Sakdèrèngipun dipun ginakaken campuran pawerni kedah dipunasrepaken rumiyin. Wonten ing proses pawernian, kain boten angsal dipunkom supados werni-werni sanès saged dipuncaosaken wonten ing bagéan sanès ingkang dipunpisahaken nganggé wénter pasta.
[[Barkas:4. Proses pewarnaan Batik (34739577614).jpg|jmpl|Proses pawerninan kain]]
Proses pawernian ingkang pungkasan inggih menika nyikat pawerni peteng wonten ing saperanganipun kain. Sasampunipun, kain dipunadhang supados lem saking wénter pasta ical. Kain ingkang saged dipunadhang boten nanging selembar, sedaya kain ingkang sampun dipunwerni saged dipunadhang sesarengan. Saben lembar kain ingkang dipunadhang dipunpisahaken nganggé koran lajeng dipungulung dados setunggal. Gulungan menika lajeng digulung malih kanthi dipunlapisi kertas, lan pucuk-pucukipun dipuntekuk lajeng dipuniket. Gulungan menika dipuntutupi nganggé kain tal lan dipungantung wonten nginggilipun dandang. Kain dipunadhang sedayanipun sajroning kirang langkung setunggal jam. Kanggé kain ingkang langkung kandel, proses adhangipun langkung dangu. Sasampunipun, kain diwedalaken saking dandang lajeng dipungirahi ngantos resik ngangge toya asrep lan kedah dipunbilas makaping-kaping ngantos campuran pasta saèstu ical. Menawi kain sampun garing, kain dipunsetrika supados boten ketekuk.

== Bahan Pawerni Sanès ==

# [[Kunir]] (''Curcuma domestica val'') -- kejawi dados pawerni masakan, kunir inggih saged kanggé pawerni bathik. Kunir ingkang dipuncampuraken kalih woh jarak lan jeruk ngasilaken werni ijem sepuh, menawi dipuncampuraken kalih nila utawi  indigo ngasilaken werni ijem enèm.
# Isi [[woh pinang]] -- isi woh pinang ingkang saged diagem pawerni bathik menika ingkang sampun sepuh saking wit pinang. Wit pinang menika batangipun alit ndlujur nanging inggil sanget tinggi, boten nggadhahi pang, mirip wit [[krambil]]. Bèntenipun wit pinang boten nyerat-nyerat. Isi woh pinang sepuh ditumbuk alus lajeng dicampur toya nembé saged dinggé pawérni kain. Tiyang Papua ingkang nganggé isi woh pinang kanggé bathikipun. Werni ingkang kasil saking isi woh pinang menika coklat semu abrit lan cemeng.
#Oyot kulit [[pacé]] -- oyot kulit pace menika ngasilaken werni abrit sepuh utawi abrit radi coklat.
#Kulit wit [[mundu]] -- mundu menika dipun sebat [[apel Jawa]]. Nalika dipuncampur kaliyan [[tawas]], kulit wit mundu ngasilaken werni ijem.
#Ron [[Indigo|nila/indigo]] (''Indigofera tinctoria'') -- wonten ingkang nyebat wit menika wit tarum. Ron nila ngasilaken werni biru nalika dipuncampur kaliyan toya [[gamping]]. Werni biru saking ron nila menika kiyat sanget anggenipun nyatunggil kaliyan kain dados werninipun bathik saged awet lan boten gampil mbladus.
#Kulit [[manggis]] -- kulit manggis nggadhahi jat ''tannin'' (jat werni ingkang dipungadhahi taneman) paling saé. Kulit manggis ngasilaken werni abrit, ungu, lan  biru. Sakdèrèngipun dinggé mernani bathik, kulit manggis kedah ditumbuk, lajeng dipunkum nganggé campuran etanol, bibar menika dipungaringaken.
#Ron [[jambu isi]] -- ron jambu isi nggadhahi senyawa ingkang gampil sanget dipunserep kain. Ron jambu menika ngasilaken werni kuning lan semburat coklat wonten ing kain.
#Wit [[soga]] -- ingkang diginakaken dados bahan pawerni ingging menika kulit kajengipun wit soga. Wonten tigang jinis soga, inggih menika:   *Soga tegeran (''Cudrania javanensis'') - dipunmangertosi kanthi nami perdu eri. Taneman menika saged dipunpanggihi wonten ing wilayah [[Jawa]], [[Madura]], [[Kalimantan]], lan [[Sulawesi]]. Soga tegeran ngasilaken werni kuning. *Soga tingi (''Ceriops condolleana'') - soga menika mirip kaliyan soga tegeran. Bèntenipun, soga tinggi nggadhahi jinis ron majemuk ingkang nggrombol ing pucuk pangipun. Soga tinggi ngasilaken werni abrit peteng utawi semburat coklat. *Soga jambal (Phelthopherum pterocarpum- soga menika benten saking soga tegeran lan soga tinggi. Wit soga jambal langkung inggil. Werni ingkang dipunasilaken inggih menika abrit semburat coklat.
# Isi [[kesumba]] --  isi kesumba menika ngasilaken werni abrit semu oranye.
# Lonjoran [[secang]] (''Caesaslpinia sapapan lin'') - lonjoran menika ngasilaken werni abrit senajan werni lonjoranipun oranye.
# [[Jalawe]] (''Terminalia bellirica'') -- bagéan kulit jalawe menika asring dinggé pawerni alami bathik. Werni ingkang dipunasilaken inggih menika ijem semburat coklat.
# [[Tèh|Teh]] (''Camelia sinensis'') -- teh saged dipunginakaken dados pawerni alami bathik. Teh ngasilaken werni coklat wonten kain.
# [[Brambang]] (''Allium ascalonicium L'') -- kulit brambang menika ngasilaken werni oranye semburat coklat.
# [[Krambil]] (''Cocos nucifera'') -- ingkang ngasilaken werni krem semburat coklat inggih menika bagéan kulit woh paling njawi ingkang nyerabut.

== Sipat Pawerni Alami Bathik ==
Bahan pawerni alami bathik menika nggadhahi konsentrasi lan konsistensi werni ingkang boten inggil. Mila mekaten, radi awrat menawi badhé damel bathik ingkang rata werninipun. Sipat menika awon dibandhingaken kaliyan pawerni damelan/sintetis. Supados werni bathik saged awet, bahan-bahan menika kedah dipuntambahaken:

* kapur
* tawas
* tunjung

Amargi pawerni alami gampil ical, mila ampun nggirahi bathik nganggé sabun deterjen. Kain bathik saénipun dipungirahi nganggé lerak supados werninipun mboten énggal luntur.

== Rujukan ==

: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ Warisan Budaya Takbenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907030523/http://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2023-09-07 }}
:: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12378/1/Buku%20Panduan%20Penetapan%20Warisan%20Budaya%20Takbenda%20Indonesia%20Tahun%202014.pdf|title=Buku Panduan Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2014|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2014|location=Jakarta}}
:: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Katalog_Warisan_Budaya_Takbenda_Indonesia_2018_%28Buku_1%29.pdf|title=Katalog Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia 2018|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2018|location=Jakarta}}
:: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/24348/1/Panduan%20pencatatan%2C%20penetapan%2C%20dan%20pengusulan%20warisan%20budaya%20tak%20benda%20indonesia.pdf|title=Panduan Pencatatan, Penetapan, dan Pengusulan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2015|location=Jakarta}}
:: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/34299-ID.pdf|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan|last=Mancacaritadipura|first=Gaura|last2=Wirakartakusumah|first2=Daryl Neng|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2019|location=Jakarta}}

== Pranala Njawi ==

# [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailTetap=1215 Pewarna Alami Yogyakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220131707/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailTetap=1215 |date=2023-02-20 }} 
#[https://www.adhiantirina.com/2021/09/mengenal-10-pewarna-alami-untuk-membatik.html Mengenal 10 Pewarna Alami untuk Membatik.html]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
#[https://fitinline.com/article/read/15-jenis-bahan-pewarna-alami-dan-sintetis-yang-biasa-dipakai-pada-proses-pembuatan-batik/ 15 Jenis Bahan Pewarna Alami dan Sintetis yang Biasa Dipakai pada Proses Pembuatan Batik/]
#[https://www.infobatik.com/mengenal-pewarnaan-batik/ Mengenal Pewarnaan Batik/]
#[http://www.jnjbatik.com/blog/zat-pewarna-alami-batik/ Zat Pewarna Alami Batik/]

[[Kategori:WikiPusaka]]</text>
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    <title>Palarangan kanthong plastik</title>
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      <text bytes="99683" sha1="o9pisk4ut8sm8f3g81n5tng01f96dg5" xml:space="preserve">'''Palarangan kanthong plastik''' iku angger-angger kang matesi panganggoning kanthong [[plastik]] ènthèng ing toko-toko [[ècèran]]. Ing wiwitan abad ka-21, ana trèn global pambusakan kanthong plastik ènthèng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001 |pmid=30503422 |title=Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=137 |pages=157–171 |year=2018 |last1=Schnurr |first1=Riley E.J. |last2=Alboiu |first2=Vanessa |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Meenakshi |last4=Corbett |first4=Roan A. |last5=Quanz |first5=Meaghan E. |last6=Sankar |first6=Karthikeshwar |last7=Srain |first7=Harveer S. |last8=Thavarajah |first8=Venukasan |last9=Xanthos |first9=Dirk |last10=Walker |first10=Tony R. |bibcode=2018MarPB.137..157S |s2cid=54522420 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Xanthos&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 |pmid=28238328 |title=International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=118 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–26 |year=2017 |last1=Xanthos |first1=Dirk |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |bibcode=2017MarPB.118...17X }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthong plastik kanggo blanja lumrahé dianggo mung ping pisan. Kanthong iki digawé saka plastik jinis ''[[low-density polyethylene]]'' (LDPE),&lt;ref name=&quot;plastic bags AU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/waste/plastic-bags/index.html|title=Plastic bags|date=5 November 2009|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=1 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan diwènèhaké kanthi gratis marang palanggan nalika tuku barang: kanthong iki pancèn dianggep pénak, murah, lan [[higiyènis]] nalika nggawa barang. Nanging, masalah banjur metu jalaran kanthong plastik iku sumber daya kang ora kaanyaraké (''non-renewable resources'' kaya ta [[lenga patra]], gas, lan areng watu),&lt;ref name=&quot;bag problems&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.ecorecycle.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Plastic_Bag_Free_Challenge_-_Factsheet.pdf| title=Plastic Bag Fact Sheet| date=9 November 2005| publisher=Sustainability Victoria| access-date=1 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903152738/http://www.ecorecycle.sustainability.vic.gov.au/resources/documents/Plastic_Bag_Free_Challenge_-_Factsheet.pdf| archive-date=3 September 2013| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; angèl nalika nindakaké pangguwakan kang trep, lan ana dampak lingkungané. Bareng karo pangélongan kanthong plastik ènthèng, toko-toko padha nepungaké [[tas blanja kang kena dianggo manèh]].

Pirang-pirang pamaréntahan nglarang dodolan kanthong plastik, tuladhané ya iku palanggan kudu mbayar yèn péngin nganggo kanthong plastik, utawa majegi toko kang ngadol kanthong plastik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Xanthos&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;worldbag reduction&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url= http://www.marrickville.nsw.gov.au/MARRICKVILLE/INTERNET/RESOURCES/DOCUMENTS/pdfs/bagbusters/around-the-world.pdf| title= Plastic bag reduction around the world| author= Kogoy, D| publisher= Marrickville Council| date= 8 November 2010}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah [[Banggaladésa]] dadi kang pisanan kang nglarang kanthong plastik sawutuhé ing 2002.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24090603|title=Plastic bag backlash gains momentum|first=Jane|last=Onyanga-Omara|date=14 September 2013|via=bbc.co.uk|newspaper=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun 2010 nganti 2019, kawicaksanan publik kang kanggo mbusak panganggoning kanthong plastik dadi mundhak ping telu.&lt;ref name=pmid31109543&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Tobias Dan |last2=Holmberg |first2=Karl |last3=Stripple |first3=Johannes |title=Need a bag? A review of public policies on plastic carrier bags – Where, how and to what effect? |journal=Waste Management |date=March 2019 |volume=87 |pages=428–440 |doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.025 |pmid=31109543 |bibcode=2019WaMan..87..428N |s2cid=104472741 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing 2022, palarangan kaya mangkono iku wis ditrapaké ing 99 nagara, mawa tingkat palarangan kang béda-béda, lan 32 nagara uga ngongkon wargané ngetokaké dhuwit yèn péngin nganggo kanthong plastik ing toko. Palarangan lan mbayar kanthong plastik uga disahaké déning sawetara yuridiksi ing tingkat provinsi.
{{TOC limit}}

== Masalah ==
[[Barkas:Payatas-Dumpsite Manila Philippines02.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Polusi plastik|Limbah plastik]] ing tumpukan sampah ing [[Filipina]]]]
Kanthong plastik marakaké akèh masalah lingkungan lan ékologi ing skala cilik nganti gedhé. Masalah paling lumrah kang diwetokaké kanthong plastik iku cacahing limbah kang digawé. Akèh kanthong plastik kang pungkasané malah ana ing dalan lan tumuli nyemari sumber banyu saha kali.

[[Barkas:Photodegraded Plastic Bag.jpg|thumb|left|Foto kanthong plastik kang gapuk ing cedhak dalan munggah gunung. Kira-kira 2.000 wiji renyekan plastik mawa ukuran 1–25 mm sawisé telung sasi kena cahya srengéngé.]]
Senadyan ta plastiké wis diguwak kanthi trep, plastiké bakal butuh wektu nganti taunan supaya kauré (''terurai''), lan isih bakal nggawé [[sampah]] kang cacahé akèh ing wektu suwé. Kanthong kang diguwak kanthi sembarangan uga bakal nyemari [[dalan banyu]], nyumpeti kalèn, lan tinemu ing segara, mènèhi dampak ala marang ékosistem makhluk segara.&lt;ref name=&quot;plastic bags AU&quot; /&gt; Volume limbah plastik kang gedhé uga kaguwak menyang segara saben taun. Bab iki marakaké anceman marang spésiyes segara lan nganggu ranté panganan ing kana. Sawetara spésiyes mikroba mapan ing partikel-partikel plastik kang ngundhakaké bebayané, lan partikel-partikel plastik kang kagawa angin bisa mujudaké tumpukan sampah ing pirang-pirang pérangan segara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ghaffar |first1=Imania |last2=Rashid |first2=Muhammad |last3=Akmal |first3=Muhammad |last4=Hussain |first4=Ali |date=August 2022 |title=Plastics in the environment as potential threat to life: an overview |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=38 |pages=56928–56947 |doi=10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |pmid=35713833 |s2cid=249713887 |issn=0944-1344}}&lt;/ref&gt; PBB mrakirakaké yèn bakal akèh plastik tinimbang iwak ing segara nalika taun 2050 kajaba nagara-nagara nindakaké tumindak darurat kanggo mromosikaké prodhuksi, panganggonan, lan pangurusan limbah plastik ing sadawané siklus urip plastik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. This World Environment Day, it's time for a change|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.unenvironment.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kanthong plastik diweruhi nyumbang pamanasan global. Sawisé diguwak, nuli kena sorotan srengéngé terus-terusan, palumahing plastik iki bakal ngasilaké ''[[gas rumah kaca]]'' kang lumayan akèh, kaya ta [[métana]] lan [[étiléna]]. Kajaba iku, amerga sipat senyawa kimia mawa karapetan kang cilik utawa dhuwur pangé, marakaké kanthong plastik gampang kauré tinimbang jinis plastik liyané. Kasilé, palumahing aréa plastik kang kasorot srengéngé nggelisaké panguculan ''gas rumah kaca''. Asiling ''gas penjejak'' (''trace gas'') mundhak makaping-kaping saka plastik murni dhedhasar palumahing aréa lan wektu suwéné. Mula, LDPE ngetokaké ''gas rumah kaca'' nganti tingkat kang luwih angèl diurusi tinimbang jinis plastik liya. Ing pungkasan inkubasi sasuwéné 212 dina, émisi kang kacathet ya iku 5,8 nmol g-1 d-1 métana, 14,5 nmol g-1 d-1 étiéna, 3,9 nmol g-1 d-1 étana, lan 9,7 nmol g-1 d-1 propiléna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Karl|first1=David M.|last2=Wilson|first2=Samuel T.|last3=Ferrón|first3=Sara|last4=Royer|first4=Sarah-Jeanne|date=1 August 2018|title=Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=8|pages=e0200574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200574|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6070199|pmid=30067755|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300574R|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lègislasi ing sakabèhing donya  ==

=== Ringkesan ===
[[Barkas:Plastic bag legislation.svg|upright=3|center|thumb|Pambusakan kanthong plastik ing sakabèhing donya (angger-angger kang disahaké nanging durung ditindakaké ora bakal kapacak ing péta)
{{legend|#48ab06|Plastik ora diidini}}
{{legend|#d4af13|Kudu mbayar kanthong plastik}}
{{legend|#FF6600|Mbayar salilané}}
{{legend|#820782|Sapérangan kudu mbayar utawa ora diidini}}]]&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; width=&quot;100%&quot;
! class=&quot;sortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lègislasi
! class=&quot;sortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nagara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | [[Grup Régional Pasarékatan Bangsa-Bangsa]]
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Cathetan
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Rujukan
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Afghanistan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;UN study&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Albani]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://emerging-europe.com/news/albania-bans-lightweight-plastic-bags/|title=Albania bans lightweight plastic bags |website=Emerging Europe|date=31 July 2018 |access-date=9 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Andorra]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2017.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mediambient.ad/bosses-de-plastic|title=Reducció del consum de les bosses de plàstic|website=mediambient.ad|access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Anguilla]]
|N/A
| Awit 2018.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=26 November 2018 |title=Anguilla Joins Region's Governments Banning Plastic |url=https://theanguillian.com/2018/11/anguilla-joins-regions-governments-banning-plastic/ |work=The Anguillan}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Antigua lan Barbuda]]
| Amérika Latin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/absci/2016/07/antigua-and-barbuda-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Antigua and Barbuda bans plastic bags|date=12 July 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Argèntina]]
| Amérika Latin
| Ora diidini ing sawetara provinsi lan kutha.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Adiós a las bolsas del súper|url=http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html|website=Clarin|date=January 2017|access-date=2 January 2017|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043805/http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Armèni]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2022.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2019/02/23/Armenia/2076608|title=Armenia to introduce environmental tax on plastic bags, looks to ban from 2022|work=Panorama.am|date=23 February 2019|access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Ostrali]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Palarangan kanthong plastik ing kabèh nagara bagéan lan tèritori.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/costs/new-laws-and-changes-that-will-affect-australia-from-january-1-2018-and-beyond/news-story/85825f4092834190a292a828aacb7c3d|title=New laws that will affect Australia|date=January 2018|access-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-06/plastic-bags-banned-in-queensland-cash-for-cans-and-bottles/8876620|title=Plastic bag ban gets green light in Queensland|newspaper=ABC News|date=6 September 2017|access-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-set-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-year|title=Victoria set to ban plastic bags next year|access-date=18 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island|title=Council Adopts a Plastic Bag Policy for Norfolk Island|date=20 October 2017|website=Norfolk Online|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620072219/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-moves-to-ban-plastic-bags|work=SBS|date=19 June 2019|title=Victoria moves to ban plastic bags}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Risso|first=Angelo|date=2020-03-08|title=NSW set to ban single-use plastic bags|work=[[Seven News]]|url=https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613083826/https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021|archive-date=2020-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NSW&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nsw.gov.au/news/single-use-plastics-banned-under-new-law |title=Single-use plastics banned under new law |date=16 November 2021 |publisher=NSW Government |access-date=November 30, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Ostenrik]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/austria-to-ban-most-plastic-bags-starting-in-2020/|title=Austria to ban most plastic bags starting in 2020|date=5 December 2018|website=The Seattle Times|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Azerbaijan]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-bans-more-plastic|title=Azerbaijan bans more plastic &amp;#124; Eurasianet|newspaper=Eurasianet}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Bahama]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 1 Juli 2020.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tribune242.com/news/2020/jan/03/customer-complaints-single-use-plastic-ban-comes-e/|title=Customer Complaints As Single Use Plastic Ban Comes Into Effect|work=The Tribune|date=3 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Bahrain]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 21 Juli 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12|title=Bahrain to ban plastic bags in July|work=Khaleej Times|date=13 June 2019|access-date=24 June 2019|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Banggaladésa]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2002.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto9&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/top+5/6442656206/story.html|title=Top 5 places with plastic bag bans|date=7 June 2012|author=Nicole Bogart|publisher=Global News|access-date=2 July 2012|archive-date=14 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414181123/http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/top+5/6442656206/story.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Barbados]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit April 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/another-caricom-country-places-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products_155333?profile=1373|title=Jamaica Observer Limited|website=Jamaica Observer|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806065107/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/another-caricom-country-places-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products_155333?profile=1373|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Bélarus]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Bab kudu mbayar kanthong plastik lagi dirembug
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/obshchestvo/belarus_v_trende_borby_s_musorom/|title=Belarus joins garbage combating trend|publisher=TVR|date=28 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Bèlgi]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2016 ing [[Wallonia]], 2017 ing [[Brusel]], 2019 ing [[Flanders]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto10&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ff-packaging.com/plastic-bags-law-belgium/|title=Plastic bags law in Belgium |website=FF Packaging |access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bakkersvlaanderen.be/nieuws/verbod-plastic-zakjes-definitief-van-kracht|title=Verbod plastic zakjes definitief van kracht|work=Bakkers Vlaanderen|language=nl|date=25 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Belis]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 22 April 2019 ([[Dina Bumi]]).
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto11&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://mic.com/articles/188565/belize-pledges-to-ban-plastic-forks-bags-and-other-single-use-items-by-2019#.dilSphOr1|title=Belize pledges to ban plastic forks, bags and other single-use items by 2019|access-date=22 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton et al 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Clayton |first1=C. Andrea |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Adam |first4=Issahaku |title=Policy responses to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in the Caribbean |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |date=November 2020 |volume=162 |pages=111833 |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111833 |pmid=33213855 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Bénin]]
| Afrika
| Awit Novèmber 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto12&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-08/stop-banning-plastic-bags-please|title=Stop banning plastic bags, please|date=8 November 2017 |access-date=4 January 2018|work=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Adam |first1=Issahaku |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |last3=Bezerra |first3=Joana Carlos |last4=Clayton |first4=Andrea |title=Policies to reduce single-use plastic marine pollution in West Africa |journal=Marine Policy |date=1 June 2020 |volume=116 |pages=103928 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103928 |s2cid=216397079 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Bhutan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto13&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=22302|title=Plastic ban still ineffective |website=BBS|date=14 January 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Bolivia]]
| Amérika Kidul
| Ora diidini ing [[La Paz]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto14&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html|title=La Paz, Bolivia BANS Plastic Bags!|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035129/http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Bosni lan Hérzégowina]]
| Éropa Wétan
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;UN study&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27113/plastics_limits.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y|title=Legal Limits on Single-Use Plastics and Microplastics|work=United Nations|year=2018|access-date=27 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Botswana]]
| Afrika
| Awit Novèmber 2018.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jenmansafaris.com/travel-info/travel-news-3/namibia-botswana-plastic-bag-pollution/|title=Namibia and Botswana Act Against Plastic Bag Pollution|date=28 June 2018|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Brasil]]
| Amérika Latin
| Ora diidini ing [[Sao Paulo]] lan [[Rio de Janeiro]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto17&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags/|title=City of São Paulo, Brazil Launches Ban on Traditional Plastic Bags – The Global Grid|date=6 May 2015|access-date=11 January 2018|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/brazil-state-of-rio-de-janeiro-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Brazil: State of Rio de Janeiro Bans Plastic Bags |work=Global Legal Monitor|last=Soares|first=Eduardo|date=2018-07-05|access-date=2019-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Tlatah Samodra India Britis]]
|N/A
|Rencana ngganti kanthong plastik karo tas kertas, carané durung diumumaké.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Tackling Plastic Pollution – British Indian Ocean Territory |url=https://biot.gov.io/news/tackling-plastic-pollution/ |access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FF6600;&quot; |Mbayar salilané
| [[Brunéi Darussalam]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thescoop.co/2018/04/16/brunei-aims-phase-out-plastic-bags-2019/|title=Brunei aims to phase out plastic bags in supermarkets by 2019|date=16 April 2018|website=The Scoop|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Bulgari]]
| Éropa Wétan
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/168268/Bulgaria%E2%80%99s+Environment+Ministry+Reports+Substantial+Reduction+in+Plastic+Bag+Use|title=Bulgaria's Environment Ministry Reports Substantial Reduction in Plastic Bag Use – Novinite.com – Sofia News Agency|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Burkina Faso]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2015.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto19&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unpei.org/latest-news/burkina-faso-endorses-law-on-sustainable-development-and-bans-non-biodegradable-plastic-bags|title=Burkina Faso endorses law on sustainable development and bans non-biodegradable plastic bags – UN Environment|website=unpei.org|access-date=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Burundi]]
| Afrika
| Awit 22 Agustus 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Burundi-brings-forward-plastic-bag-ban-by-six-months/4552908-5235636-f508l2/index.html|title=Burundi brings forward plastic bag ban by six months|date=14 August 2019|website=The East African|access-date=1 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Kamboja]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Oktober 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto20&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502|title=Cambodia to charge customers for plastic bags|work=Channel News Asia|date=19 October 2017|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=12 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042929/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kamerun]]
| Afrika
| Awit April 2014.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto21&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://africanarguments.org/2016/11/30/cameroon-bagging-it-after-the-plastic-ban/|title=Cameroon: bagging it after the plastic ban |website=African Arguments|date=30 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kanada]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 20 Dhésèmber 2022.
| [[#Canada|See section]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Canada&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050|title=Canada's single-use plastics ban takes effect. These are the products in phase 1|work=CTV News|date=20 December 2022|access-date=27 December 2022|via=ctvnews.ca|archive-date=3 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203174357/https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Pongol Verdé]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2017.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prcmarine.org/en/cabo-verde-ban-plastic-bags-0|title=Cabo Verde: ban on plastic bags – Partenariat Régional pour la conservation|website=prcmarine.org|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127192310/http://www.prcmarine.org/en/cabo-verde-ban-plastic-bags-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Républik Afrika Tengah]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.radiondekeluka.org/actualites/environnement/38030-centrafrique-les-sacs-plastiques-en-circulation-malgre-l-entree-en-vigueur-de-la-loi-interdisant-l-usage.html|title=Centrafrique : les sacs plastiques en circulation malgré l'entrée en vigueur de la loi interdisant l'usage|date=18 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Chad]]
| Afrika
| Ora diidini ing [[N'Djamena]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto22&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports|title=Chad – Prohibited &amp; Restricted Imports – export.gov|website=export.gov|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Cilé]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Fèbruari 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.diarioconcepcion.cl/economia-y-negocios/2019/02/03/comienza-la-aplicacion-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bolsas-plasticas.html|title=Comienza la aplicación de la nueva Ley de Bolsas Plásticas|first=Diario|last=Concepción|website=Diario Concepción|access-date=10 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Cina]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2022. Kudu mbayar awit Juni 2008. Diganti karo palarangan, kajaba prodhuk-prodhuk seger nganti 2025. Ing [[Hong Kong]] lan [[Makau]] kudu mbayar.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto28&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/3158| title=China's bag ban, one year later| date=10 July 2009| author=Shi Jierui| publisher=China Dialogue| access-date=3 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto29&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml| title=Plastic bag ban abroad| date=6 January 2011| publisher=China Network Television| access-date=3 July 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142854/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml| archive-date=11 April 2014| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=China: Single-Use Plastic Straw and Bag Ban Takes Effect |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-03-23/china-single-use-plastic-straw-and-bag-ban-takes-effect/ |website=Library of Congress |access-date=13 September 2021 |date=23 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau/|work=Macau Hub|date=19 August 2019|title=Shops providing free plastic bags to customers will be fined in Macau|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/china-to-cut-single-use-plastic-reliance-by-2025/|title=China to cut single-use plastic reliance by 2025|work=Circular Online|date= 20 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Taiwan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2003. Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2030.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;asia bag ban&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm| title=Retail Bags Report – List of Retail Bag Policies – Asia| date=11 March 2011| publisher=Department of Environmental Protection Florida| access-date=3 July 2012| archive-date=18 April 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205829/https://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto108&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Taiwan to ban disposable plastic items by 2030 |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-to-ban-disposable-plastic-items-by-2030 |website=The Straits Times |publisher=AFP |access-date=4 June 2018 |date=22 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto109&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Everington |first1=Keoni |title=Taiwan EPA sets timeline for ban on plastic straws |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3363954 |work=Taiwan News |access-date=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto110&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=McCarthy |first1=Joe |title=Taiwan Announces Ban on All Plastic Bags, Straws, and Utensils |url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/taiwan-ban-on-plastic-bags-straws-utensils-contain/ |website=Global Citizen |access-date=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kolombia]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Juli 2017. Kudu mbayar yèn péngin nganggo plastik kang kena dianggo manèh.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto30&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/vida/conozca-los-detalles-sobre-el-impuesto-que-cobrara-las-bolsas-plasticas-en-colombia-104296|title=Abecé de lo que tiene que saber sobre el impuesto a bolsas plásticas|publisher=ElTiempo.com|date=2017-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf|title=REPORT ON THE STATUS OF STYROFOAM AND PLASTIC BAG BANS IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN REGION|work=United Nations|date=11 July 2019|access-date=29 January 2019|archive-date=30 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053119/http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Komoro]]
| Afrika
| Awit April 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Bezerra&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|title=Single-use plastic bag policies in the Southern African development community|last1=Bezerra|first1=Joana Carlos|last2=Walker|first2=Tony Robert|last3=Clayton|first3=C Andrea|last4=Adam|first4=Issahaku|journal=Environmental Challenges|year=2021 |volume=3|issue=|page=100029 |doi=10.1016/j.envc.2021.100029 |bibcode=2021EnvCh...300029C |s2cid=233530478 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010021000081}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kosta Rika]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thecostaricanews.com/2021-costa-rica-will-be-first-country-eliminate-single-use-plastics/|title=By 2021 Costa Rica Will be the First Country to Eliminate Single-Use Plastics|work=The Costa Rica News|date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://elaw.org/CR_PlasticLaws|title=Costa Rica's Plastic Laws &amp;#124; ELAW|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210044720/https://elaw.org/CR_PlasticLaws|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Républik Dhémokratik Kongo]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;DRC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://medium.com/sci-five-university-of-basel/living-without-plastic-bags-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-is-paving-the-way-e245d8bfb7a8|title=Living without plastic bags — the Democratic Republic of Congo is paving the way|work=Medium|access-date=1 January 2019|date=6 December 2018 |first=Silke|last=Oldenburg}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Républik Kongo]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2011.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto31&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602|title=Congo bans plastic bags to fight pollution|first=Reuters|last=Editorial|access-date=23 March 2018|newspaper=Reuters|date=2011-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906120144/https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602 |archive-date=2018-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kroasia]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2022.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto32&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/58878-plastic-bag-ban-in-croatia|title=Plastic Bag Ban in Croatia from January 1, 2022: How Will It Look?|website=Total Croatia News|access-date=4 January 2022|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002171921/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/58878-plastic-bag-ban-in-croatia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Siprus]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 18 Fèbruari 2023.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto33&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban/|title=Shops ignoring plastic bag ban – Cyprus Mail|date=4 January 2018|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511113551/https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/11/plastic-bag-ban-to-be-implemented-february-18/
|date=February 11, 2023
|title=Plastic bag ban to be implemented February 18
|newspaper=[[Cyprus Mail]]
|access-date=15 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Ceko|Céko]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2018
| &lt;ref name=&quot;pirodsky&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/|title=Czech Republic Bids Farewell to Free Plastic Bags in 2018|date=18 December 2017|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102131845/https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Dhènemarken]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Kanthong plastik dipajegi awit 1993. Ora dipajegi ing Grinlan.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.surfrider.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/report_EUMemberStateslegislations_PlasticBags_web_en.pdf|title=ENOUGH EXCUSES: Time for Europe to act against plastic bag pollution.|work=Surfrider Foundation Europe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ina.gl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |title=Saqqummersitat &amp;#124; Inatsisartut |access-date=4 June 2014 |archive-date=6 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Jibuti]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;UN study&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Dominika]]
| Amérika Lor
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2018/08/island-nation-banning-plastic |title=This Island Nation Is Banning Plastic |first=Sarah |last=Gibbens |date=8 August 2018|website=National Geographic|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Timor Wétan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 23 Fèbruari 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://devpolicy.org/burning-ambition-timor-lestes-waste-management-problem-20210524-2/|title=Burning ambition: Timor-Leste's waste management problem|first=Alex|last=Ray|date=23 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Ékuador]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 9 May 2020. Ora diidini ing [[Galápagos]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto35&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chile-becomes-first-south-american-country-to-ban-commercial-use-of-plastic-bags-4895191.html|title=Chile becomes first South American country to ban commercial use of plastic bags- Technology News, Firstpost|website=Tech2|access-date=9 August 2018|date=2018-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Alarcón|first=Isabel|date=2020-05-08|title=Impuesto a las bolsas plásticas se aplica desde este sábado 9 de mayo del 2020 en Ecuador|language=es|trans-title=Plastic Bag Tax Starts this Saturday, May 9, 2020 in Ecuador|work=[[El Comercio (Ecuador)]]|url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630184707/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html|archive-date=2020-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Mesir]]
| Afrika
| Ora diidini ing [[Kagubernuran Segara Abang]].
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ww.egyptindependent.com/red-sea-governorate-bans-plastics|title=Red Sea Governorate bans plastics|date=2 April 2019|access-date=8 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Guinéa Katulistiwa]]
| Afrika
| Kudu mbayar awit 12 Dhésèmber 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-0346-equatorial-guinea-publishes-financial-law-2020|title=Equatorial Guinea publishes Financial Law 2020|work=Tax News|date=11 February 2020|access-date=12 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Eritrea]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2005.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto36&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=Department of Environmental Protection Florida|url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm|title=Retail Bags Report – List of Retail Bag Policies|date=16 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm|archive-date=27 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Estonia]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit Juli 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Éthiopia]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto37&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081156/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 December 2017|title=Ethiopia puts a squeeze on plastic bags |website=Xinhua News Agency |access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Fiji]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto38&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/406477/fiji-s-plastic-bag-ban-to-come-into-effect-on-new-year-s-day|title=Fiji's plastic bag ban to come into effect on New Year's Day|website=Radio NZ|date=31 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FF6600;&quot; |Mbayar salilané
| [[Finlan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;zerowasteeurope.eu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/2017/07/ditching-plastic-bags-a-lesson-from-africa/|title=Ditching Plastic Bags: A Lesson from Africa – Zero Waste Europe|date=3 July 2017|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Prancis]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Juli 2016. Uga ora diidini ing [[Départemèn Jaban Rangkah Prancis|Jaban Rangkah Prancis]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto39&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Robert|first1=Aline|title=France postpones plastic bag ban for six months|url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/france-postpones-plastic-bag-ban-for-six-months/|website=EurActiv.fr|access-date=14 November 2016|date=19 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/letter-to-the-editor/st-pierre-et-miquelon-a-taste-of-french-freedom-for-nlers-209285/|title=St-Pierre-et-Miquelon: A taste of French freedom for N.L.ers|website=The Telegram |access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/Publications/Autres-dossiers-archives/Articles-archives/2017/Protection-de-l-environnement-creation-de-l-ecotaxe-et-interdiction-des-sacs-plastiques|title=Protection de l'environnement : création de l'écotaxe et interdiction des sacs plastiques / 2017 / Articles archivés / Autres dossiers archivés / Publications / Accueil – Les services de l'État à Wallis et Futuna|website=wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr|access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Le-gouvernement-annonce-une-interdiction-des-sacs-plastiques-en-2019_a174675.html|title=Le gouvernement annonce une interdiction des sacs plastiques en 2019|website=Tahiti Infos, les informations de Tahiti|access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.euractiv.fr/section/developpement-durable/news/la-nouvelle-caledonie-interdit-les-plastiques-jetables/|title=La Nouvelle-Calédonie interdit les plastiques jetables|website=Euractiv|date=3 January 2019 |access-date=3 January 2019|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Gabon]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2010.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto40&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Gabon-to-ban-plastic-bags,-introduces-biodegradable-bags--13-534258-18-lang2-index.html|title=Gabon to ban plastic bags, introduces biodegradable bags|website=panapress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Gambia]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2015.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto41&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201505121229.html|title=Gambia: The Ban On Plastic Bag Use|website=allafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Géorgia]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto42&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/84469/armenia-fails-to-ban-plastic-bags-taxing-them-could-generate-$215-million-for-the-government.html|title=Armenia Fails to Ban Plastic Bags. Taxing Them Could Generate $215 Million for the Government – Hetq – News, Articles, Investigations|access-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Jerman]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2022.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Germany&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.de24.news/en/2020/11/plastic-bags-will-be-banned-from-supermarkets-from-2022.html|title=Plastic bags will be banned from supermarkets from 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Gibraltar]]
|N/A
| Awit 2019.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 September 2019 |title=New legislation bans most single use plastic bags and makes washing down dog urine a legal obligation |url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |work=GBC |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509050555/https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Grikenlan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto43&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year|title=Free plastic shopping bags banned from start of new year – Kathimerini|access-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Grenada]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Fèbruari 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/311492/grenada-bans-single-use-plastics|title=Grenada bans single use plastics|website=Travel Weekly|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Guatémala]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/336d3631ab9240339aa37c3e912e611d|title=Guatemala to ban plastic bags, straws, cups beginning 2021|work=AP|date=20 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan mbayar salilané
| [[Guernsey]]
|N/A
|Ora diidini ing [[Alderney]]. Mbayar salilané ing [[Guernsey]].
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alderney agrees ban on single-use plastic bags |url=https://guernseypress.com//news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=guernseypress.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124034746/https://guernseypress.com/news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Warlow |first=Alex |title='UK has left us behind on plastic bag charge' |url=https://guernseypress.com//news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge/ |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=guernseypress.com |language=en |archive-date=2023-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123231437/https://guernseypress.com/news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Guinea-Bissau]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2016.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto49&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://trendtype.com/2017/04/17/guinea-bissau-retailers-hit-back-at-plastic-bag-ban/|title=Guinea-Bissau: retail hits back at plastic bag ban – Trendtype|date=17 April 2017|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Guyana]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;epag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|title=The Impending Ban on Single-use Plastic Products (SUPP)|website=Environmental Protection Agency Guyana|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119170054/https://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Haiti]]
| Amérika Latin
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto51&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/15/haiti-police-raid-plastics-ban-crackdown|title=Haiti police raid warehouses in plastics ban crackdown|first=Rashmee Roshan|last=Lall|date=15 August 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Honduras]]
| Amérika Latin
| Ora diidini ing [[Dhépartemen Kapuloan Bay]].
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hondurastravel.com/news/lifestyle/roatan-bans-plastic-bags-and-straws/|title=Roatan Bans Plastic Bags and Straws!|work=Honduras Travel|date=24 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Honggari]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2012.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Èslan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2021/01/05/plastic_shopping_bags_banned_in_iceland/|title=Plastic Shopping Bags Banned in Iceland|magazine=Iceland Monitor|access-date=9 February 2021|date=5 Jan 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[India]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2002.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;worldbag reduction&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto53&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|title=plastic pollution: cow eating a plastic bag, near the Ganges River, Allahabad, India, 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/136513/A-cow-eating-a-plastic-bag-discarded-by-Hindu-devotees|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=17 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar
| [[Indonésia]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Kudu mbayar ing 23 kutha. Ora diidini ing [[Bali]] awit Juni 2019 lan [[Jakarta]] awit Juli 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto57&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|title=Indonesia launches campaign to reduce use of plastic bags|date=21 February 2016|author=Sujadi Siswo|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222234235/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|title=Indonesia: Plastic bag ban in Bali to go into effect June 2019|website=GardaWorld|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=10 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/07/jakarta-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-by-june.html|title=Jakarta to ban single-use plastic bags by June|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/7/1/indonesia-jakarta-bans-single-use-plastic-bags|title=Indonesia: Jakarta bans single-use plastic bags|first=Jessica|last=Washington|website=www.aljazeera.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Irlan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Maret 2002, pajeg 0,15 Euro ditambahaké ing kabèh kanthong plastik. Awit panambahan pambayaran iku, ana pangélongan 90% panganggoning kanthong plastik.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto54&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17027990|title=What should be done about plastic bags?|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=6 October 2015|date=2012-03-19|last1=Summers|first1=Chris}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Convery |first1=Frank |last2=McDonnell |first2=Simon |last3=Ferreira |first3=Susana |title=The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |date=26 July 2007 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s10640-006-9059-2 |s2cid=155059787 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Pulo Man]]
|N/A
|Palarangan isih diusulaké.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=Manx government proposes ban on single-use plastics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-49103294 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-63329873|date=October 20, 2022|title=Plastic bags and straws to be banned on the Isle of Man in 2023|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Israèl]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Januari 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto58&quot;&gt;Udasin, Sharon: [http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Knesset-bills-seeks-to-alleviate-scourge-of-plastic-shopping-bags-in-Israel-340958 &quot;Knesset bills seeks to alleviate scourge of plastic shopping bags in Israel &quot;], in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 10 February 2014&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Itali]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Januari 2011.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto55&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| title=Italy Carries Out Plastic Bag Ban| date=6 January 2011| publisher=Environmental Leader| access-date=3 July 2012| archive-date=10 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Pulo Gadhing]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2014.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto56&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30198313|title=Plastic bag protest in Ivory Coast|date=25 November 2014|access-date=23 March 2018 |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Jamaika]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Januari 2019.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto61&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Gov%26%238217;t_ban_on_single_use_plastic_bags,_straws,_Styrofoam_starts_January|work=Jamaica Observer|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|title=Gov't ban on single use plastic bags, straws, Styrofoam starts January}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayton et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Jepang]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Juli 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto62&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news_id035126.html/|title=Current Status of Plastic Bag Reduction Efforts in Japan｜JFS Japan for Sustainability|website=JFS Japan for Sustainability}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/not-so-fantastic-can-japan-end-its-love-affair-with-plastic|title=Can Japan end its love affair with plastic?|work=Japan Today|date=25 March 2019|access-date=26 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-11-japan-retailers-plastic-bags.html|work=Phys|title=Japan retailers to charge for plastic bags from 2020|date=1 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Jersey]]
|N/A
|Ora diidini awit Juli 2022. Kudu mbayar 70p yèn péngin nganggo kanthong kang kena dianggo manèh.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Single use plastic and paper bag guidance |url=https://www.gov.je/Industry/RetailHospitality/Shops/Pages/singleuseplastics.aspx |accessdate=27 December 2022 |work=Jersey Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Single-use plastic carrier bag ban in Jersey begins |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-62238573 |access-date=2023-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Kazakhstan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Bab palarangan kanthong plastik lagi dirembug.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto63&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|title=Kazakhstan authorities decide to abolish plastic shopping bags|publisher=Tajikistan News Asia-Plus|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131748/http://www.news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kénya]]
| Afrika
| Awit 28 Agustus 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto59&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Freytas-Tamura |first1=Kimiko de |title=In Kenya, Selling or Importing Plastic Bags Will Cost You $19,000 — or Jail (Published 2017) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/world/africa/kenya-plastic-bags-ban.html |work=The New York Times |date=28 August 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kiribati]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Oktober 2020.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://g20mpl.org/partners/kiribati|title=Policy framework: Kiribati Integrated Environment Policy|work=Osaka Blue Ocean Vision|date=27 August 2021|access-date=10 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Kirgizstan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Bab palarangan kanthong plastik lagi dirembug.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto64&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://24.kg/english/75474__Kyrgyzstan_intends_to_prohibit_use_of_plastic_bags/|title=Kyrgyzstan intends to prohibit use of plastic bags|first=Anastasia|last=BENGARD|date=8 February 2018|access-date=23 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Latvia]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit Januari 2019. Ora diidini ing 2025.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto60&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bnn-news.com/stores-in-latvia-will-no-longer-provide-plastic-bags-free-of-charge-178081|title=Stores in Latvia will no longer provide plastic bags free of charge|date=11 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/how-latvian-stores-prepare-for-future-ban-on-free-plastic-bags.a471497/|date=August 30, 2022|title=How Latvian stores prepare for future ban on free plastic bags|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]]|access-date=8 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Lebanon]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Ora diidini ing [[Byblos]].
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/lebanese-mayor-bans-plastic-bags-we-need-to-start-somewhere-254361913|title=Lebanese mayor bans plastic bags: 'We need to start somewhere'|website=Middle East Eye|access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Lesotho]]
| Afrika
| Bab kudu mbayar kanthong plastik lagi dirembug.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |title=Government imposes plastic bag levy |website=News Day |date=13 December 2022 |accessdate=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112223945/https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Litowen]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 31 Dhésèmber 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Luxembourg]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zerowasteeurope.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Madagaskar]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2015.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto65&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|title=Madagascar: Prohibition of the use of plastic bags as from May 1 2015|first=Antso|last=Rajaona|access-date=2023-05-17|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806053447/https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Malawi]]
| Afrika
| Palarangan bola-bali dijabut.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Bezerra&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; | Mbayar ing sawetara laladan
| [[Malaysia]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Kudu mbayar ing rong nagara bagéan.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto67&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/ms/pusat-media/koleksi-ucapan-yab-km/638-launching-of-no-free-plastic-bags-day-at-tesco-sg-dua| title=Launching of No Free Plastic Bags Day at Tesco Sg Dua| date=24 January 2011| publisher=Penang Government| access-date=2 July 2012| archive-date=11 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511105942/https://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/ms/pusat-media/koleksi-ucapan-yab-km/638-launching-of-no-free-plastic-bags-day-at-tesco-sg-dua| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto68&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/3/nation/20100103204118&amp;sec=nation|title=Selangor implements 'No Plastic Day' every Saturday|date=3 January 2010|author=Shaun Ho|work=The Star|access-date=2 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Maladéwa]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Juni 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://raajje.mv/92939|title=Maldives banning plastic bags, straws and other single-use items from June 2021|date=31 December 2020|website=raajje.mv|access-date=9 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Mali]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto69&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130103-2013-plastic-bag-ban-mauritania-mali|title=Could 2013 spell the end for plastic bags? |work=France 24|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Malta]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2022.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/single-use-plastics-will-be-banned-in-malta-by-2022/|title=Single-Use Plastics Will Be Banned In Malta By 2022|work=Lovin Malta|date=14 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kapuloan Marsyal]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;RadioNZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/336271/more-pacific-islands-step-up-battle-against-plastic|title=More Pacific islands step up battle against plastic|date=1 August 2017|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Mauritania]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2013.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto70&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20891539|title=Mauritania bans plastic bag use|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Mauritius]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2016.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mauritius bans the use of plastic bags |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2019-01-05 |date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083659/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Mèksiko]]
| Amérika Latin
| Ora diidini ing 18 nagara bagéan lan Kutha Mèksiko.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Mexico&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/estos-son-los-estados-del-pais-que-prohiben-el-uso-de-plasticos/1356289|title=Estos son los estados del país que prohíben el uso de plásticos|date=4 January 2020|website=Excélsior}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-28 |title=State of Chihuahua to ban plastic bags next month |url=https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=KTSM 9 News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824200910/https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Jalisco plastic bag ban fines put on ice for next 12 months |url=https://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/news/news/regional/54588-jalisco-plastic-bag-ban-fines-put-on-ice-for-next-12-months |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=theguadalajarareporter.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Mikronésia]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 31 Dhésèmber 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;RadioNZ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sprep.org/news/pacific-islands-moving-towards-banning-single-use-plastic|title=Pacific Islands Moving Towards Banning Single Use Plastic|work=SPREP|date=29 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kirmakosrae.wordpress.com/education-unit/|title=Plastic Bag Ban coming April 2019 for Kosrae State|date=4 December 2018|work=Kirma Kosrae}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/523ce201e4b0cd883dbb8bbf/t/5b5e38e02b6a28400343a7e8/1532901604439/ChuukSB14-34.pdf|work=Chuuk State Senate|title=Chuuk State Clean Environment Act of 2018|date=April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Moldova]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;dulgher&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.moldova.org/en/plastic-bags-use-and-selling-will-be-penalised-in-moldova/|title=Plastic bags use and selling will be penalised in Moldova|first=Maria|last=Dulgher|website=moldova.org|access-date=4 April 2021|date=13 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Monako]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2016.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.monacolife.net/plastic-bag-restrictions-continue-in-monaco/|title=Plastic bag restrictions continue in Monaco|author=Staff Writer|date=8 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Mongolia]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Maret 2019.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto74&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620100433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2018|title=Mongolia decides to ban single-use plastic bags |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Giri Cemeng]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Palarangan isih diusulaké.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto75&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.total-montenegro-news.com/lifestyle/2805-plastic-bags-banning-montenegro|title=Plastic Bag Ban to be Introduced in Montenegro|website=Total Montenegro News |access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Maroko]]
| Afrika
| Awit Juli 2016.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto76&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/01/morocco-enforcing-nationwide-ban-on-plastic-bags/|title=Morocco enforcing nationwide ban on plastic bags|date=1 July 2016 | publisher=Africanews|access-date=4 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Mozambik]]
| Afrika
| Awit 5 Fèbruari 2016. Ora diidini ing 2024.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto77&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601290496.html|title=Mozambique: Restrictions On Plastic Bags Take Effect On 5 February|date=29 January 2016|website=AllAfrica}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/
|date=June 16, 2022
|title=MOZAMBIQUE: Plastic bags to be banned by 2024
|publisher=[[Afrik21]]
|access-date=8 March 2023
|archive-date=8 March 2023
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308192020/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Myanmar]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Ora diidini ing [[Yangon]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;mmtimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |title=Plastic bags get the toss from Yangon |work=The Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2018 |author1=Aye Sapay Phyu |author2=Juliet Shwe Gaung |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232548/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Namibia]]
| Afrika
| Ora diidini ing papan kang dilindhungi.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Bezerra&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto78&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004406/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Namibia officially bans plastic bags in protected areas |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Nauru]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 23 April 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/index.php/subordinate_legislation/view/784|title=Ronlaw – Nauru's Online Legal Database – Environmental Management and Climate Change (Ban on Single Use Plastic Shopping Bags) Regulations 2021 in force|website=ronlaw.gov.nr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Népal]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto79&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/ban-production-use-plastic-bags-comes-effect/|title=Ban on production and use of plastic bags comes into effect|date=17 July 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Nèderlan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2016. Ora diidini ing [[Aruba]], [[Sint Maarten]] lan [[Caribbean Nèderlan]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto81&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/afval/inhoud/verbod-op-gratis-plastic-tassen|title=Verbod op gratis plastic tassen – Afval – Rijksoverheid.nl|last=Milieu|first=Ministerie van Infrastructuur en|website=rijksoverheid.nl|language=nl-NL|access-date=2016-03-30|date=2015-08-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/08/08/aruba-just-banned-plastic-bags/|title=Why Aruba Just Banned Plastic Bags|date=9 August 2016|website=Caribbean Journal|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobonaire.com/single-use-plastics-banned-by-bonaire/|title=Single-Use Plastics Banned by Bonaire|first=Susan Davis for The Bonaire|last=Insider|date=18 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/plastic-carrier-bags-prohibited-in-saba-per-january-1/|title=Plastic carrier bags prohibited in Saba per January 1|website=www.curacaochronicle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|title=Sint Maarten's Move To Prohibit Single-Use Plastics 'Focuses On Natural Processes, Emerging Green Technologies, Innovative Thinking'|date=27 April 2021|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083654/https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Niu Sélan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Juli 2019. Uga ora diidini ing [[Niue]]. Palarangan isih diusulaké kanggo [[Kapuloan Cook]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto80&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|title=Single-use plastic bags banned from July 1, Government confirms|date=2018-12-18|work=Newshub|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043804/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/361574/niue-joins-growing-pacific-movement-to-ban-plastics|title=Niue joins growing Pacific movement to ban plastics|date=11 July 2018|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://embed.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/391746/cook-islands-moves-to-ban-single-use-plastic|title=Cook Islands moves to ban single-use plastic|date=11 June 2019|work=Radio NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Niger]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto82&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Niger--Govt.-bans-production,-import,-trade,-use-of-plastic-bags--12-630408542-40-lang2-index.html|title=Niger: Govt. bans production, import, trade, use of plastic bags|website=panapress.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Nigeria]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Nigeria&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Opara |first1=George |title=Reps pass bill banning plastic bags, prescribe fines against offenders |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/21/reps-pass-bill-banning-plastic-bags-prescribe-fines-offenders/ |access-date=27 May 2019 |agency=Daily Post |date=May 21, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Makedonia Lor]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2009.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Saveski|first1=Zdravko|title=Оние незабележливи пластични ќеси |language=| url=https://nezavisen.mk/onie-nezabelezhlivi-plastichni-kjesi/ |work=Nezavisen |date=5 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://zabranaplasticnikesi.site/nezabraneti-zabraneti-plasticni-kesi/ &quot;Незабранетите забранети пластични кеси во Македонија&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813002818/https://zabranaplasticnikesi.site/nezabraneti-zabraneti-plasticni-kesi/ |date=2022-08-13 }}, Иницијатива за забрана на пластични кеси, 23.12.2020.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FF6600;&quot; |Mbayar salilané
| [[Nurwègen]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto83&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.no/20171003/plastic-bag-charge-on-way-to-norway|title=Plastic bag charge carries to Norway|newspaper=The Local Norway |date=3 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Oman]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto84&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/clarification-issued-on-single-use-plastic-bag-ban-in-oman|title=Clarification issued on single-use plastic bag ban in Oman|work=Times of Oman|access-date=9 February 2021|date=8 January 2021|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108090422/https://timesofoman.com/article/clarification-issued-on-single-use-plastic-bag-ban-in-oman|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Pakistan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto85&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/508417-pakistan-will-become-128th-country-to-ban-use-of-plastic-bags-on-14th|title=Pakistan will become 128th country to ban use of plastic bags on 14th |date=5 August 2019|work=The News |access-date=7 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/445120-kp-govt-bans-plastic-bags|title=KP govt bans plastic bags|date=17 March 2019|work=The News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://en.qantara.de/content/in-pakistans-northern-mountains-plastic-bags-face-the-bin|title=In Pakistan's northern mountains, plastic bags face the bin|date=26 June 2019|work=Quantara}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/30-May-2019/ajk-bans-production-use-of-plastic-shopping-bags|title=AJK bans production, use of plastic shopping bags|date=30 May 2019|work=Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Palau]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pacificnote.com/single-post/2017/11/09/Palau-Moves-To-Ban-Plastic-Bags|title=Palau Moves To Ban Plastic Bags|work=Pacific Note|date=9 November 2017|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083658/https://www.pacificnote.com/single-post/2017/11/09/palau-moves-to-ban-plastic-bags|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Panama]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit 20 Juli 2019.
|
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Papua New Guinea]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2016.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto87&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-15/png-prepares-for-ban-on-non-biodegradable-plastic/7031006|title=PNG prepares for ban on non-biodegradable plastic bags|date=2015-12-15|website=ABC News|access-date=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto88&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/295150/ban-on-plastic-bags-begins-in-png|title=Ban on plastic bags begins in PNG|date=2016-01-28|access-date=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Peru]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Agustus 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/ley-plasticos-debes-cobro-bolsas-establecimientos-noticia-ecpm-631782|title=Ley de plásticos: todo lo que debes saber sobre el cobro de bolsas en establecimientos|language=es|work=El Comercio|date=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto89&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-environment-plastic-idUSKBN1O520V|title=Peru to phase out throw-away plastic bags in three years|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar
| [[Filipina]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Ora diidini ing [[Metro Manila]], kajaba [[Taguig]], [[Malabon]], [[Caloocan]], [[Valenzuela, Metro Manila|Valenzuela]], [[Navotas]], [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]], lan [[Parañaque]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto90&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&amp;title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&amp;id=47636|title=To plastic or not to plastic, that is the question...|last=Valisno|first=Jeffrey O.|date=March 2, 2012|website=Business World Online|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113005844/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&amp;title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&amp;id=47636|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/quezon-city-plastic-bag-fee|title=Quezon City plastic bag fee to go to 'green' projects|website=Rappler|date=14 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/265156/money/economy/industry-expects-50-downsizing-if-manila-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Industry expects 50% downsizing if Manila bans plastic bags|website=GMA News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmanetwork.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/318144/news/specialreports/as-ban-on-plastic-bags-spreads-valenzuela-stubbornly-says-no/|title=As ban on plastic bags spreads, Valenzuela stubbornly says 'no'|website=GMA News Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/606728/why-malabon-continues-to-delay-plastic-ban|title=Why Malabon continues to delay plastic ban|first=Nathaniel R.|last=Melican|date=30 May 2014|website=INQUIRER.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Polen]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto91&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Koniec z darmowymi reklamówkami. Jakie są ceny foliówek w supermarketach? |url=https://www.wprost.pl/gospodarka/10095657/koniec-z-darmowymi-reklamowkami-jakie-sa-ceny-foliowek-w-supermarketach.html |publisher=[[Wprost]] |access-date=28 September 2018|date=2018-01-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Portugal]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2016.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto92&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|title=Plastic bag use plummets a year after tax introduction|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426052944/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Romania]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
|
| [[Ruslan]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2024.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/02/russia-to-fully-ban-single-use-plastic-products-by-2024-minister-a74960 |title=Russia Moves to Phase Out Plastic Bags in New Draft Law|website=The Moscow Times|date=2 September 2021 | first= Maxim | last=Korotchenko }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Rwanda]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2008.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Rwanda&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/15/rwanda-banned-plastic-bags-so-can-we | title=Think you can't live without plastic bags? Consider this: Rwanda did it | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=15 February 2014 | access-date=14 September 2015 | author=Clavel, Émilie}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Saint Vincent lan Grenadines]]
| Amérika Latin
| Awit Agustus 2020.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wicnews.com/caribbean/st-vincent-grenadines-bans-single-use-plastic-bags-421023901/|title=St Vincent and the Grenadines bans single-use plastic bags|website=WICNEWS|access-date=5 August 2020|date=29 November 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Samoa]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/23_06_2018/local/34334/Samoa-to-ban-plastics.htm|title=Samoa to ban plastics|website=Samoa Observer|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[San Marino]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 1 Juni 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sanmarinofixing.com/2020/10/29/la-repubblica-di-san-marino-dice-addio-alla-plastica-monouso/|title=La Repubblica di San Marino dice addio alla plastica monouso|date=29 October 2020|language=it|access-date=24 August 2021|work=San Marino Fixing}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Sao Tome lan Principe]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2021
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|language=pt|url=https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/plastics-policies/8029_N_2020_Law_No_8_2020.pdf|title=SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE - DIÁRIO DA REPÚBLICA N.º 61 – 21 de Setembro de 2020|website=Nicolas Institute|date=21 September 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Sénégal]]
| Afrika
| Awit April 2015.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto93&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/johnpaul-iwuoha/plastic-shopping-bags-wil_b_10277978.html|title=Plastic Shopping Bags Will Soon Be History Everywhere in Africa. Here's Why...|first=John-Paul|last=Iwuoha|website=[[HuffPost]]|date=3 June 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Sèrbi]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2018. Ora diidini ing [[Belgrade]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto94&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbia-says-good-bye-to-plastic-bags|title=Serbia Throws Plastic Bags in Dustbin of History |website=Balkan Insight |date=17 January 2012 |access-date=28 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sllistbeograd.rs/pdf/2018/85-2018.pdf#view=Fit&amp;page=1 {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Sésèl]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2017.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/9264/In+another+environmental+push%2C+Seychelles+bans+single-use+plastic+straws|title=In another environmental push, Seychelles bans single-use plastic straws|website=seychellesnewsagency.com|access-date=27 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Slowak]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit Maret 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;surfrider.eu&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Slowén]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto95&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://english.sta.si/2406444/govt-bans-free-lightweight-plastic-bags-as-of-2019|title=STA: Govt bans free lightweight plastic bags as of 2019|website=english.sta.si|access-date=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Kapuloan Solomon]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Ora diidini ing Provinsi Kulon.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto96&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.diveplanit.com/marine-environment/solomon-islands-bans-plastic-bags/|title=The Solomons has announced a ban on plastic bags!|date=21 June 2017|access-date=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Somalia]]
| Afrika
| Ora diidini ing [[Somaliland]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto97&quot;&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/report/53210/somalia-somaliland-bans-use-plastic-bags Somaliland bans use of plastic bags], IRIN News, 1 March 2005. Accessed on 30 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto98&quot;&gt;[http://www.irinnews.org/feature/2005/03/24/somaliland-still-blighted-plastic-bags-despite-ban Somaliland still blighted by plastic bags, despite ban], IRIN News, 24 March 2005. Accessed on 30 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto99&quot;&gt;[http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-plastic-ban-enforcement-teams-formed-for-implementation/ Somaliland plastic ban: Enforcement teams formed for implementation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107031302/http://www.somalilandinformer.com/somaliland/somaliland-plastic-ban-enforcement-teams-formed-for-implementation/ |date=7 November 2017 }}, Somaliland Informer, 9 September 2016. Accessed on 30 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto100&quot;&gt;[http://www.somalilandsun.com/politics1/government/7236-somaliland-ban-on-plastic-bags-imposed Somaliland: Ban on Plastic Bags Imposed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219105555/http://www.somalilandsun.com/politics1/government/7236-somaliland-ban-on-plastic-bags-imposed |date=19 February 2017 }}, Somaliland Sun, 14 April 2015. Accessed on 30 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto101&quot;&gt;[http://www.somalilandsun.com/images/PDF/warsaxaafadeed_Madaxweyne_14.04.2015_1.pdf The Official text of the Presidential decree (in Somali)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406180131/http://www.somalilandsun.com/images/PDF/warsaxaafadeed_Madaxweyne_14.04.2015_1.pdf |date=6 April 2017 }}. Accessed on 30 October 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Afrika Kidul]]
| Afrika
| Awit 2004.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;econrsa.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Analysis of the plastic-bag levy in South Africa |url=http://www.econrsa.org/papers/p_papers/pp18.pdf |website=Economic Research Southern Africa |first1=Johane |last1=Dikgang |first2=Anthony |last2=Leiman |first3=Martine |last3=Visser |date=8 July 2010 |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820200837/https://econrsa.org/papers/p_papers/pp18.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John Roach&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/04/080404-plastic-bags.html|title=Plastic-Bag Bans Gaining Momentum Around the World|date=4 April 2008|author=John Roach|magazine=National Geographic|access-date=2 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Koréa Kidul]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Agustus 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto102&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2018/08/02/South-Korea-bans-disposable-coffee-cups-plastic-bags/6841533181415/|title=South Korea bans disposable coffee cups, plastic bags|access-date=10 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Sudan Kidul]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto103&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eyeradio.org/govt-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Gov't bans plastic bags|date=18 December 2017|access-date=10 August 2018|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331095757/https://eyeradio.org/govt-bans-plastic-bags/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Spanyol]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit Juli 2018. Ora diidini ing [[Kapuloan Balearic]] awit 2020.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto105&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thinkspain.com/news-spain/28650/charging-for-carrier-bags-to-be-mandatory-in-spain-from- |title=Charging for carrier bags to be mandatory in Spain from 2018 |website=thinkSPAIN |date=16 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/17/balearic-islands-ban-plastic-2020-bid-clean-beaches/|title=Balearic Islands to ban plastic by 2020 in bid to clean its beaches|date=17 January 2018|access-date=13 October 2019|work=The Telegraph|last1=Badcock|first1=James}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| Asia
| Awit 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto104&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka-bans-plastic-bags-other-disposables-after-garbage-crisis|work=The Straits Times|title=Sri Lanka bans plastic bags, other disposables after garbage crisis|date=1 September 2017|access-date=20 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Sudan]]
| Afrika
| Ora diidini ing [[Khartoum]].
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto106&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201709210130.html|title=Sudan: Khartoum State Bans Light Plastic Bags|date=21 September 2017|access-date=10 August 2018|via=AllAfrica|newspaper=Sudan News Agency (Khartoum)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Swèdhen]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto107&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2016/07/06/sweden-fees-plastic-bags-environment-ocean/|title=Sweden considers higher fees for plastic bags|date=6 July 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#FF6600;&quot; |Mbayar salilané
| [[Switserlan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Ora diidini ing [[Jénéwa]] awit 2020. Mbayar salilané ing papan liya.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Guillaume&quot;&gt;Michel Guillaume, &quot;L'économie suisse promet de verdir&quot;, ''[[Le temps]]'', Monday 26 September 2016, page 4. Published on-line as [https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/09/25/leconomie-suisse-promet-verdir-malgre-rejet-linitiative &quot;L'économie suisse promet de verdir malgré le rejet de l'initiative&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043801/https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/2016/09/25/leconomie-suisse-promet-verdir-malgre-rejet-linitiative |date=2023-04-21 }} on 25 September 2016 (page visited on 26 September 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;West&quot;&gt;Michael West, &quot;Environnement. « Petits prix pour grands effets »&quot;, ''[[Migros Magazine]]'', number 39, 29 September 2016, page 38-39.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.ch/20190423/geneva-set-to-ban-single-use-plastics-environment-switzerland|title=Geneva set to ban single-use plastics|date=23 April 2019|work=The Local}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Tanzania]]
| Afrika
| Awit Juni 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RK0TM-OZATP|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408145424/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKCN1RK0TM-OZATP|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2019|title=Tanzania to ban single-use plastics by July – environment minister|date=8 April 2019|access-date=10 June 2019|via=af.reuters.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190531-tanzania-latest-african-nation-ban-plastic-bags|title=Tanzania latest African nation to ban plastic bags|date=2019-05-31|website=France 24|access-date=2019-06-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Thai]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-plastic/major-thai-stores-to-stop-giving-out-plastic-bags-by-2020-minister-idUSKBN1W915E|title=Major Thai stores to stop giving out plastic bags by 2020: minister|date=24 September 2019|website=Reuters|access-date=12 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/thailand-to-ban-single-use-plastics-in-2021/|title=Thailand to ban single-use plastics in 2021|date=12 November 2019|work=Coconuts Bangkok}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Togo]]
| Afrika
| Awit Juli 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto112&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/togo-bans-plastic-bags-amid-growing-global-trend-2188205.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/togo-bans-plastic-bags-amid-growing-global-trend-2188205.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Togo bans plastic bags amid growing global trend|website=[[Independent.co.uk]]|access-date=26 September 2018|date=2011-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Adam et al 2020&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Tunisia]]
| Afrika
| Awit Maret 2017.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto113&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.treehugger.com/environmental-policy/tunisia-bans-disposable-plastic-shopping-bags.html|title=Tunisia bans disposable plastic shopping bags|work=TreeHugger|access-date=2017-03-27|archive-date=2023-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425050335/https://www.treehugger.com/environmental-policy/tunisia-bans-disposable-plastic-shopping-bags.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Turki]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Palarangan ing sawetara laladan. Ing [[Siprus Lor]] uga kudu mbayar.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto114&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/plastic-bags-to-be-banned-on-istanbuls-princes-islands-95429|title=Plastic bags to be banned on Istanbul's Princes' Islands|website=Hürriyet Daily News|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto115&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.plasteurope.com/news/TURKEY_t236614/|title=TURKEY: Introduction of fees for retail plastic bags from January 2018 / Ban on thin plastic bags|first=Jens|last=Hartmann|website=plasteurope.com|access-date=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.t-vine.com/north-cyprus-introduces-plastic-bag-charge/|title=North Cyprus introduces plastic bag charge – T-VINE|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=20 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520141529/http://www.t-vine.com/north-cyprus-introduces-plastic-bag-charge/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Kapuloan Turks lan Caicos]]
|N/A
| Awit Januari 2019.
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 October 2018 |title=Goodbye to single use plastic bags Ban to take effect from January 2019 |url=http://tcweeklynews.com/goodbye-to-single-use-plastic-bags-ban-to-take-effect-from-january-p9105-127.htm |access-date=27 December 2018 |website=Turks and Caicos Weekly News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Tuvalu]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit Agustus 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/tuvalu-ban-on-single-use-plastics-commences/|title=Tuvalu: Ban on Single-Use Plastics Commences|date=19 August 2019|publisher=Library of Congress|archive-date=14 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914015244/https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/tuvalu-ban-on-single-use-plastics-commences/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Uganda]]
| Afrika
| Awit Sèptèmber 2007.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto116&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title = East African ban on plastic bags| work = BBC| access-date = 2012-09-29| date = 2007-06-14| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6754127.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Ukraina]]
| Éropa Wétan
| Awit 10 Dhésèmber 2021.
| &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.epravda.com.ua/news/2021/12/10/680568/ &quot;Goodbye, plastic&quot;: restrictions on plastic bags have come into force in Ukraine], [[Ukrayinska Pravda|Ekonomichna Pravda (&quot;Economic Truth&quot;)]] (10 December 2021)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.president.gov.ua/en/news/prezident-pidpisav-zakon-pro-zaboronu-vikoristannya-plastiko-68861|title=President signed a law banning the use of plastic bags in Ukraine|website=Official website of the President of Ukraine}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan
| [[Kaamiran Arab Manunggal]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Ora diidini ing [[Abu Dhabi]] awit 1 Juni 2022.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeoutabudhabi.com/news/abu-dhabi-bans-single-use-plastic-bags|title=Abu Dhabi single-use plastic bags ban takes effect|publisher=Timeout Abu Dhabi|access-date=12 January 2023|date=1 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; | Mbayar
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Karajan Manunggal]]
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| [[Inggris]]: 5p awit 2015. Mundhak dadi 10p ing 2021.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto119&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34346309|title=The 5p plastic bag charge: All you need to know|last=Howell|first=Dominic|date=2016-07-30|newspaper=[[BBC News]] |access-date=2016-11-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-05-20 |title=Higher plastic bag charge comes into force in England |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-57193108 |access-date=2023-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Irlan Lor]]: 5p awit 2013. Mundhak dadi 25p ing 2022.
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto118&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2015-11-20 |title=NI Direct Bag Levy |url=http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/baglevy |website=Carrier bag Levy Northern Ireland |publisher=NI Direct}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Carrier Bag Levy {{!}} Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs |url=https://www.daera-ni.gov.uk/articles/carrier-bag-levy |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=DAERA |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Skotlan]]: 5p awit 2014. Mundhak dadi 10p ing 2021.
|&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-scot&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Natasha Culzac |date=20 October 2014 |title=Scotland's 5p carrier bag charge comes into effect |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/scotlands-5p-carrier-bag-charge-comes-into-effect-9806706.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220526/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/scotlands-5p-carrier-bag-charge-comes-into-effect-9806706.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=6 October 2015 |work=The Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Scotl |first1=Get In Touch Zero Waste |last2=Scotl |first2=Limited Registered in |last3=Floor |first3=Ground |last4=Office: 01786 433 930 |first4=Moray House Forthside Way Stirling FK8 1QZ |date=2016-11-22 |title=Carrier bag charge guidance |url=https://www.zerowastescotland.org.uk/litter-flytipping/carrier-bag-charge-guidance |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=Zero Waste Scotland |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Wales]]: 5p awit 2011. Palarangan isih diusulaké.
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto117&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=July 2013 |title=Retailers |url=http://www.carrierbagchargewales.gov.uk/retailers/?lang=en |access-date=4 August 2013 |work=Carrier bag charge Wales |publisher=Crown |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906113800/http://www.carrierbagchargewales.gov.uk/retailers/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Welsh Government Publishes Bill to Ban Single Use Plastic Bags {{!}} ACS Press Release |url=https://www.acs.org.uk/press-releases/welsh-government-publishes-bill-ban-single-use-plastic-bags |access-date=2023-01-23 |website=www.acs.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#820782; color: white;&quot; |Ora diidini ing sawetara laladan lan kudu mbayar
| [[Amérika Sarékat]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Ora diidini ing sangang nagara bagéan (siji ''de facto'') lan limang téritori. Kudu mbayar ing Washington, D.C. lan Colorado. Ban bakal ditrapaké ing Colorado taun 2024.
|
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Uruguay]]
| Amérika Kidul
| Awit Juli 2019.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Uruguay&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes/19655-2018|title=Ley N° 19655|website=www.impo.com.uy|access-date=2019-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#d4af13;&quot; |Mbayar
| [[Uzbèkistan]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-44017.htm|title=Free distribution of plastic bags to be banned in Uzbekistan from 2019|website=UzDaily.com|access-date=27 December 2018|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806075355/https://www.uzdaily.com/articles-id-44017.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Vanuatu]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Awit 31 Januari 2018.
| &lt;ref name=&quot;auto121&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/347385/plastic-bag-ban-in-vanuatu-from-february|title=Plastic bag ban in Vanuatu from February|date=3 January 2018|access-date=3 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Vatikan]]
| Éropa Kulon lan Liyané
| Awit 2019.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11872/vatican-city-state-set-to-end-sale-of-single-use-plastics|title=Vatican City State set to end sale of single-use plastics|website=The Tablet|date=16 July 2019|access-date=17 May 2023|archive-date=9 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409110514/https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/11872/vatican-city-state-set-to-end-sale-of-single-use-plastics|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|
| [[Viètnam]]
| Asia-Pasifik
| Palarangan direncanakaké ing 2025.
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.packaging-gateway.com/news/vietnam-plastic-bags-ban/| title=Vietnam aims to ban the use of all plastic bags by 2030| date=16 May 2022| publisher=Packaging gateway| access-date=12 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Yemen]]
| Asia-Pasifik
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;UN study&quot; /&gt;
|-
|
| [[Zambia]]
| Afrika
| Palarangan diumumaké, nanging durung ditindakaké
| &lt;ref name=&quot;Bezerra&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background:#48ab06;&quot; |Ora diidini
| [[Zimbabwé]]
| Afrika
|
| &lt;ref name=&quot;UN study&quot; /&gt;
|}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=}}
&lt;!--
== Wacan bacutan==
* {{Skeptoid | id=4711 | number=711 | date=21 January 2020 | title=The Trashy Secret of Plastic Bag Bans: Science decides the question of whether plastic bag bans help or hurt the environment| access-date=16 May 2022}}--&gt;

[[Kategori:Plastik]]
[[Kategori:Limbah]]</text>
      <sha1>o9pisk4ut8sm8f3g81n5tng01f96dg5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
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== ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar &amp; Auckland Museum student update
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12 Januari 2026 12.57 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=29895284 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Wikimedia Foundation telah membagikan sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini berfokus pada tren global, uji coba yang lebih cepat dan lebih sehat, dukungan yang lebih baik bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, peningkatan kolaborasi lintas proyek, dan upaya memperluas dan mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]].

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan Tim Community Tech dalam proyek [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Daftar pantau ganda]] (''Multiple watchlists''), tampilan [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] akan diperbarui sebagai langkah awal menuju penerapan beberapa daftar pantau. Selain itu, sistem penomoran halaman pada fitur [[Special:Search|Pencarian]] juga akan diperbarui sebagai bagian dari pengerjaan permintaan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|perombakan penomoran dan navigasi halaman]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] merupakan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|ekstensi]] MediaWiki yang memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini baru-baru ini diperbarui agar tampilannya lebih menyerupai [[Special:Watchlist|Daftar pantau]] biasa, termasuk untuk menyiapkannya menghadapi penggunaan akun sementara dalam penyamaran IP (misalnya dengan mengarahkan ulang pranala pengguna ke halaman kontribusi), menampilkan judul halaman dengan huruf tebal, dan membuka pranala dalam ringkasan suntingan dan label di tab peramban baru. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika pemblokiran global tidak memiliki opsi untuk menonaktifkan pengiriman surel kini telah diperbaiki, dan fitur tersebut dapat digunakan pada pekan 13 Januari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|Perkakas pengutipan di VisualEditor]] dan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Pratinjau Rujukan]] kini mendukung jenis rujukan &quot;peta&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 12 Januari 2026 19.32 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29907192 --&gt;
== ''The Signpost'': 15 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/News and notes|Wikipedia's 25th anniversary is here!]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Special report|Wikipedia at 25: A Wake-Up Call]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Serendipity|The WMF wants to buy you books!]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/WikiProject report|Time for a health check: the Vital Signs 2026 campaign]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/In the media|Fake Acting President Trump and a Wikipedia infobox]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Community view|The inbox behind Wikipedia]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Recent research|Art museums on Wikidata; comparing three comparisons of Grokipedia and Wikipedia]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Traffic report|Tonight I'm gonna rock you]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-15/Comix|Oh come on man.]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 15 Januari 2026 15.19 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=29899914 --&gt;
== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==

Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.


'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 16 Januari 2026 19.44 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29879549 --&gt;
== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:

* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:

# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 18 Januari 2026 13.21 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Tiven2240@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&amp;oldid=29228188 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Panel yang ditampilkan pada [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] dalam tampilan seluler telah didesain ulang. Panel ini kini ditampilkan dalam keadaan tertutup secara bawaan dan dilengkapi dengan pranala untuk membatalkan suntingan yang sedang ditinjau, sehingga memudahkan penyunting dan peninjau di perangkat seluler untuk mengambil tindakan tanpa membuat antarmuka terlihat penuh. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantau Global]] memungkinkan Anda melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. Ekstensi ini terus dikembangkan dan kini mampu menentukan arah teks secara otomatis, sehingga tampilan situs dengan nama domain yang tidak lazim tetap benar. Ekstensi ini juga menampilkan keterangan yang lebih rinci untuk setiap tindakan dalam log. Pada akhir pekan ini, akan ditambahkan pranala permanen baru untuk pembuatan halaman dan kelas CSS untuk setiap elemen entri. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya ditemukan pada Vector 2022, yaitu tujuan pranala jangkar tertutup oleh tajuk yang menempel (''sticky header''), kini telah ditangani. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebagaimana disebutkan dalam [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|pengumuman penghentian bertahap pada Oktober 2025]], Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki akan mulai menghentikan seluruh titik akhir transformasi (''transform endpoint'') pada MediaWiki REST API yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir alamat (''trailing slash'') pada pekan 26 Januari. Perubahan ini diperkirakan akan diterapkan di semua wiki paling lambat 30 Januari. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih menggunakannya diimbau untuk beralih ke versi titik akhir tanpa garis miring di akhir. Kedua variasi titik akhir tersebut dapat ditemukan, dibandingkan, dan diuji melalui [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. Jika memiliki pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan ajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team].
* Dokumentasi rujukan interaktif untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] telah dipindahkan. Permintaan ke dokumentasi API yang sebelumnya diinang melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (misalnya &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) kini akan dialihkan ke [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Tim Platform Wikidata Wikimedia Foundation]] (WDP) telah menerbitkan [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|nawala Januari 2026]]. Nawala ini memuat pembaruan mengenai penghentian titik akhir graf penuh (''full-graph'') lama, perubahan kebijakan User-Agent, jadwal sesi diskusi bulanan migrasi Blazegraph, dan upaya untuk mengurangi kemunduran (regresi) yang disebabkan oleh penonaktifan titik akhir lama tersebut. Sebagai pengingat, Anda dapat [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|berlangganan nawala WDP]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Pertemuan dan acara'''
* [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Eropa Barat Laut 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 13–14 Maret 2026 di Arnhem, Belanda. Pendaftaran dibuka sejak pertengahan Desember dan akan segera ditutup atau ditutup lebih awal jika kuota peserta telah terpenuhi. Acara ini merupakan hackathon teknis selama dua hari yang mempertemukan para Wikimediawan dari kawasan tersebut. Sampai jumpa di sana!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19 Januari 2026 20.29 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29943403 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tinjauan tahunan untuk Kode Etik Universal dan Panduan Penegakan&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
Saya ingin menyampaikan bahwa periode peninjauan tahunan Kode Etik Universal dan Pedoman Penegakannya saat ini telah dibuka. Usulan perubahan dapat diajukan hingga 9 Februari 2026. Tahap ini merupakan langkah awal dari rangkaian proses peninjauan tahunan yang akan dilakukan.[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Informasi lengkap dan ruang diskusi tersedia di halaman UCoC di Meta]].

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Komite Pengarah Kode Etik Universal]] (U4C) adalah grup global yang didedikasikan untuk memberikan implementasi yang adil dan konsisten dari UCoC. Tinjauan tahunan ini telah direncanakan dan diimplementasikan oleh U4C. Untuk informasi dan tanggung jawab U4C lebih lanjut, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Anda dapat meninjaunya pada piagam U4C]].

Mohon bagikan informasi ini pada anggota lain di komunitas Anda di mana pun yang mungkin sesuai.

-- Bekerja sama dengan U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|bicara]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

19 Januari 2026 21.01 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=29905753 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Wikimedia Foundation mengundang masukan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|usulan arah masa depan]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] hingga 28 Februari.
* Semua pengguna dengan akun terdaftar kini dapat menggunakan kunci sandi (''passkey'') untuk [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Kunci sandi merupakan cara masuk yang lebih sederhana tanpa perlu menggunakan perangkat kedua. Identitas pengguna diverifikasi melalui sidik jari, pemindaian wajah, atau kode PIN. Untuk menggunakan kunci sandi, pengguna harus terlebih dahulu mengaktifkan metode 2FA standar. Saat ini, proses masuk dengan kunci sandi masih memerlukan kata sandi. Pada kuartal ini, fitur masuk tanpa kata sandi akan memungkinkan pengguna masuk dengan satu klik menggunakan kunci sandi. Pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan juga akan diwajibkan mengaktifkan 2FA. Kebijakan ini merupakan bagian dari proyek [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Keamanan Akun]].
* Kontributor tidak terdaftar yang berasal dari alamat IP atau rentang IP yang diblokir kini dapat berinteraksi di wiki untuk mengajukan banding pemblokiran dengan membuat akun sementara dan menyampaikannya melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna, selama opsi &quot;mencegah pengguna ini menyunting halaman pembicaraannya sendiri&quot; tidak diaktifkan. Perubahan ini mengatasi masalah sebelumnya, yaitu pengguna yang tidak masuk log (keluar log dari akun) tidak dapat menggunakan prosedur pembukaan blokir standar melalui halaman pembicaraan pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:20}} {{PLURAL:20|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, deskripsi metode Autentikasi Dua-Faktor (2FA) pada halaman pengelolaan kini telah diperbarui. Penjelasannya menjadi lebih jelas dan lebih mudah dipahami serta digunakan oleh pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebuah variabel AbuseFilter baru, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, telah ditambahkan untuk menyediakan cara yang andal dalam menentukan jenis akun yang sedang dibuat pada tindakan &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; dan &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt;. Sebagai bagian dari perubahan ini, variabel &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; telah diubah namanya menjadi &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, dan &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; kini dinyatakan tidak lagi digunakan (''deprecated''). Pengelola penyaring suntingan disarankan untuk memperbarui penyaring apa pun yang masih menggunakan pemeriksaan jenis akun yang ditulis langsung (''hardcoded'') atau variabel yang telah dinyatakan tidak digunakan tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Keluku (''thumbnail'') yang diminta dengan ukuran tidak standar dan menggunakan cara tidak standar, seperti permintaan langsung ke &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, akan berhenti berfungsi dalam waktu dekat. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk mencegah penyalahgunaan berkelanjutan oleh pengambil data otomatis (''web scraper'') dan bot. Sebagian pengguna dengan CSS/JS khusus, pengurus antarmuka yang dapat memperbaiki gawai dan kulit lokal, serta pembuat alat, perlu memperbarui kode mereka agar menggunakan ukuran gambar mini standar. [[phab:T414805|Informasi lengkap, pranala pencarian, dan contoh cara memperbaikinya tersedia pada tugas terkait]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 26 Januari 2026 21.16 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=29969530 --&gt;
== This Month in Education: January 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto &quot;25x25&quot; llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 28 Januari 2026 18.26 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=29951116 --&gt;
== Your feedback wanted: improve transparency of Wikidata edits affecting your Wiki ==

''(Apologies for writing in English. Please translate to your language to help spread the message.)''

Hello everyone, I am writing on behalf of Wikimedia Deutschland’s [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.
I have news about our focus area on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Show_Wikidata_edits|“increasing the transparency of Wikidata edits that can affect your wiki”]], especially for patrollers, reviewers and editors of recent changes and watchlists.

'''Your wiki will soon receive a change making the user-preference “Show Wikidata edits” an opt-out for the recent changes and watchlists pages.''' This is scheduled for '''''27 February, 2026'''''.

'''[What does this mean?]'''
* Accounts registered on this wiki will see Wikidata edits in the [[:jv:Mirunggan:Kaca_anyar|Recent Changes]] page
* Accounts registered on this wiki will see Wikidata edits in [[:jv:Mirunggan:Pawawangan|Watchlists]]
* You can opt-out and disable this setting at any time in your [[:jv:Mirunggan:Pilalan|user settings]]
[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Show_Wikidata_edits|(Here is a guide to enable/disable this setting)]].

'''[How you can help?]'''&lt;br&gt;
We’d love to hear from you! Your experiences, feedback, and ideas are invaluable as we work to improve the visibility and utility of Wikidata edits.
We are particularly interested to hear from:
* '''Patrollers:''' How has the change influenced your workflow in spotting, reviewing, and acting on edits in recent changes?
* '''Editors:''' How has the change affected your experience in monitoring and reviewing changes to your watched pages?
* '''General reflections:''' Is there anything about Wikidata edits that you find confusing, surprising, or difficult to act on?

If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Show_Wikidata_edits|talk page of the project]]. We will gladly answer!

More in depth information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Show_Wikidata_edits|the project page on Meta]].

If you'd like ask our team anything, if you have questions, concerns, or additional thoughts, please ping me here or write on the talk page of the project. We will gladly answer!
Thank you, -- [[Naraguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|rembugan]]) 23 Januari 2026 15.35 (UTC)

:''Hello @[[Naraguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]], we would be happy to try the new change. Thanks for [[Parembugan_Naraguna:Bennylin#c-Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)-20260127141300-Wikidata_edit_visibility_in_recent_changes/watchlists|informing us]].''
:Kanggé kanca-kanca, mengko nang kaca [[Mirunggan:Owahan anyar]] bakal ana pratélan besutan Wikidata. Yèn keganggu, isa sètingané isa dipatèni ing [[Mirunggan:Preferensi]]. [[Panganggo:Bennylin|Bennylin]] (&lt;small&gt;[[Dhiskusi_Panganggo:Bennylin|ꦉꦩ꧀ꦧꦸꦒ꧀ꦒꦤ꧀]]&lt;/small&gt;) 28 Januari 2026 06.14 (UTC)
::Great! I will keep you informed for any changes or developments. Thanks again --[[Naraguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|rembugan]]) 28 Januari 2026 08.44 (UTC)

: Personally I find this very interesting, as we can track and patrol users's changes on interwiki links and when needed revert them back. Actually I did reply you on my talk page *https://jv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parembugan_Naraguna%3AMeursault2004&amp;diff=1742658&amp;oldid=1742656). [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 29 Januari 2026 05.03 (UTC)

== ''The Signpost'': 29 January 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Traffic report|The most viewed articles of 2025]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News and notes|Good news... but also bad news for the Public Domain]]

* News from Diff: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/News from Diff|Solving puzzles together]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/In the media|Every view on the 25th anniversary of everything]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-01-29/Comix|Perspectives]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 29 Januari 2026 06.31 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=29988053 --&gt;

== Books &amp; Bytes – Issue 72 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px&quot;&gt; [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif&quot;&gt;'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books &amp; Bytes''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Issue 72, November–December 2025 &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em&quot;&gt; 
* Renewed partnerships
* Spotlight: Strengthening Wikimedia Collaborations with and for Open Science
&lt;big&gt;'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/November-December 2025|Read the full newsletter]]'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 29 Januari 2026 12.44 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&amp;oldid=29991504 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Fitur &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; yang menampilkan informasi validasi tentang suatu halaman ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} contoh]) kini secara otomatis akan menyertakan daftar isi. Jika terdapat halaman lokal [[MediaWiki:Pageinfo-header]] yang dibuat oleh pengguna, halaman tersebut kini dapat dihapus. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebelumnya VisualEditor menambahkan pemformatan tebal atau miring di dalam deskripsi pranala, sehingga membuat kode wiki menjadi rumit. Hal ini kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Tidak ada salinan XML pada 20 Januari. Selain itu, mulai sekarang, salinan data hanya akan dihasilkan satu kali per bulan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki telah menghapus dukungan untuk seluruh titik akhir transformasi yang menggunakan garis miring di akhir (''trailing slash'') dari [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API REST API MediaWiki]. Seluruh pengguna API yang saat ini masih memanggil titik akhir tersebut dianjurkan untuk beralih ke versi tanpa garis miring di akhir. Apabila terdapat pertanyaan atau mengalami kendala, silakan mengajukan tiket di Phabricator pada papan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Wikimedia Foundation mengingatkan para pengguna bahwa sejumlah pertanyaan panduan untuk Rencana Tahunan Juli 2026–Juni 2027 telah dibagikan melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] dan ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. Pertanyaan ini menyoroti berbagai isu utama, termasuk tren global, pengembangan eksperimen yang lebih cepat dan berkelanjutan, peningkatan dukungan bagi pengguna baru, penguatan peran penyunting dan pengguna tingkat lanjut, optimalisasi kolaborasi antarproyek, dan upaya meningkatkan serta mempertahankan jumlah pembaca. Masukan, saran, dan gagasan dapat disampaikan melalui [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|halaman pembicaraannya]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 2 Fèbruari 2026 17.43 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30000986 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Daftar keinginan]] Kontributor yang masuk log dan mengelola daftar pantauan yang besar atau kompleks kini dapat mengatur dan menyaring halaman yang dipantau dengan lebih efektif melalui fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Label Daftar Pantauan]] yang baru. Dengan menambahkan label tersuai, misalnya halaman yang dibuat sendiri, halaman yang dipantau untuk vandalisme, atau halaman diskusi, pengguna dapat lebih cepat mengidentifikasi halaman yang memerlukan perhatian, mengurangi beban kognitif, dan merespons dengan lebih efisien. Peningkatan ini membuat daftar pantauan lebih mudah digunakan, terutama bagi penyunting yang sangat aktif.
* Sebuah fitur baru yang tersedia di [[Special:Contributions|Istimewa:Kontribusi]] kini menampilkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|akun sementara]] yang kemungkinan dioperasikan oleh orang yang sama, sehingga proses patroli menjadi lebih efisien dan tidak memakan banyak waktu. Saat memeriksa kontribusi suatu akun sementara, pengguna yang memiliki akses ke alamat IP akun sementara kini dapat melihat tampilan kontribusi dari akun-akun sementara terkait. Fitur ini menelusuri seluruh alamat IP yang terkait dengan suatu akun sementara dalam periode retensi data, lalu menampilkan semua kontribusi dari seluruh akun sementara yang pernah menggunakan alamat IP tersebut. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Pelajari lebih lanjut]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* Saat para penyunting melakukan pratayang suntingan teks wiki, kotak pengingat di bagian atas yang menunjukkan bahwa yang ditampilkan hanyalah pratayang kini menggunakan latar belakang abu-abu/netral, bukan lagi kuning/peringatan. Perubahan ini memudahkan pembedaan antara catatan pratayang dan peringatan yang sebenarnya (misalnya konflik suntingan atau sasaran pengalihan yang bermasalah), yang kini akan ditampilkan dalam kotak peringatan atau kesalahan terpisah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna meninjau daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini terus mengalami penyempurnaan, yang kini mendukung lebih dari satu situs Wikibase secara optimal, seperti [[d:|Wikidata]] dan [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. Selain itu, kendala tentang arah teks telah diperbaiki bagi pengguna Wikidata atau situs Wikibase lain yang menggunakan bahasa dengan arah kanan ke kiri (RTL). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* &quot;Pranala magis&quot; otomatis untuk nomor ISBN, RFC, dan PMID [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|telah dinyatakan usang dalam teks wiki sejak 2021]] karena kurang fleksibel dan menyulitkan pelokalan. Sejumlah wiki telah berhasil menggantikan pranala magis RFC dan PMID dengan pranala luar yang setara, tetapi untuk menggantikan fungsi pranala magis ISBN sering kali diperlukan templat khusus. Kini telah tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|fungsi pengurai bawaan]] baru, &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, yang dapat digunakan untuk menggantikan fungsi dasar pranala magis ISBN. Hal ini memudahkan wiki yang ingin bermigrasi dari fungsi pranala magis yang telah dinyatakan usang tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Dua wiki baru telah dibuat: 
** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q35401|bahasa Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} dalam [[d:Q1186896|bahasa Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. 

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebuah kelompok pengguna global baru telah dibuat, yaitu [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. Kelompok ini digunakan secara internal oleh perangkat lunak untuk memungkinkan bot komunitas melewati pembatasan laju (''rate limit'') yang diterapkan terhadap [[w:en:Web scraping|perayap web]] (''web scraper'') yang bersifat merusak. Akun yang telah disetujui sebagai bot di setidaknya satu wiki Wikimedia akan secara otomatis ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok ini. Perubahan ini tidak memengaruhi atau mengubah hak akses yang dimiliki oleh bot tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Pertemuan dan acara'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|Konferensi Pengguna dan Pengembang MediaWiki Musim Semi 2026]] akan diselenggarakan pada 25–27 Maret 2026 di Salt Lake City, Amerika Serikat. Acara ini diselenggarakan oleh dan untuk komunitas MediaWiki pihak ketiga. Peserta dapat mengusulkan sesi serta mendaftarkan diri untuk mengikuti konferensi ini. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 9 Fèbruari 2026 23.29 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;
== ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Fèbruari 2026 08.33 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30055818 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* &lt;span class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|Tim SRE]] akan membersihkan Etherpad, yaitu penyunting berbasis web sumber terbuka untuk penyuntingan dokumen kolaboratif langsung. Seluruh catatan (''pad'') akan dihapus secara permanen setelah 30 April 2026. Harap membuat salinan cadangan lokal atas konten apa pun yang ingin dipertahankan karena data yang telah dihapus tidak dapat dipulihkan. Pembersihan ini bertujuan untuk mengurangi ukuran basis data dan meminimalkan jejak infrastruktur. Etherpad akan tetap mendukung kolaborasi langsung, tetapi tidak ditujukan untuk penyimpanan jangka panjang. Pembersihan tambahan dapat dilakukan di masa mendatang tanpa pemberitahuan sebelumnya.&lt;/span&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Tim Pengambilan Informasi (''Information Retrieval'') akan meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|eksperimen aplikasi seluler Android]] untuk menguji pencarian hibrida yang mampu menangani kueri semantik dan berbasis kata kunci. Peningkatan pencarian di dalam platform ini bertujuan memudahkan pembaca menemukan informasi yang dicari secara langsung di Wikipedia. Eksperimen ini akan pertama kali diluncurkan di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani pada akhir Februari, kemudian diperluas ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, Prancis, dan Portugis pada bulan Maret. Informasi selengkapnya [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ dapat dibaca] di Diff. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.&lt;/span&gt;
* &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]].&lt;/span&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:19}} {{PLURAL:19|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. &lt;span class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah di [[Special:RecentChanges|Istimewa:PerubahanTerbaru]] telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, ketika pengguna mengeklik sembunyikan pada penyaring aktif, tombol &quot;lihat perubahan baru sejak…&quot; ikut menghilang, padahal seharusnya tetap ditampilkan. Kini, tombol tersebut telah berfungsi dan ditampilkan sebagaimana mestinya.&lt;/span&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* &lt;span class=&quot;mw-translate-fuzzy&quot;&gt;Dokumentasi baru kini tersedia untuk membantu para penyunting menelusuri dan mendiagnosis masalah pada fitur pencarian di situs. Dokumentasi ini mendukung proses pemecahan masalah ketika halaman tidak muncul dalam hasil pencarian, ketika peringkat hasil terasa tidak sesuai, dan ketika perlu memeriksa konten apa saja yang sedang diindeks. Dengan demikian, perilaku pencarian menjadi lebih mudah dipahami dan dianalisis. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Pelajari lebih lanjut]].&lt;/span&gt; [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16 Fèbruari 2026 19.16 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;
== ''The Signpost'': 17 February 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/In the media|Global powers see Wikipedia as fundamental target for manipulation]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/News and notes|Discussions open for the next WMF Annual Plan]]

* Serendipity: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Serendipity|Maintenance crews continue to slog through Wikipedia's oldest Featured Articles]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Disinformation report|Epstein's obsessions]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Technology report|Wikidata Graph Split and how we address major challenges]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Traffic report|Deaths, killings, films, and the Olympics]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Opinion|Incoming Incurables]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Crossword|Pop quiz]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-02-17/Comix|herculean]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 17 Fèbruari 2026 08.03 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=30039447 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Pemeriksaan Referensi]] kini telah diterapkan di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris, menandai selesainya peluncuran fitur ini di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur tersebut mendorong pengguna baru untuk menambahkan rujukan sebelum memublikasikan konten baru, sehingga membantu menekan pembatalan suntingan akibat kekurangan rujukan dan meningkatkan keterverifikasian. Hasil pengujian A/B menunjukkan dampak yang kuat: pengguna baru yang ditampilkan Pemeriksaan Rujukan sekitar 2,2 kali lebih sering menambahkan rujukan di desktop dan sekitar 17,5 kali lebih sering di web seluler. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|Ekstensi InterwikiSorting]], yang sebelumnya memungkinkan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|pengurutan pranala antarwiki]], telah dinonaktifkan di Wikipedia. Dampaknya, penyunting yang mengaktifkan pengurutan pranala antarwiki dalam mode tidak ringkas (format daftar penuh) kini akan melihat urutan pranala berubah. Ke depannya, pranala antarwiki akan ditampilkan berdasarkan urutan alfabet kode bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Mulai akhir pekan ini, pengguna yang menyunting suatu bagian halaman menggunakan VisualEditor seluler akan melihat tombol baru &quot;Sunting seluruh halaman&quot;. Dengan mengetuk tombol tersebut, pengguna dapat langsung menyunting keseluruhan artikel. Fitur ini memudahkan ketika perubahan yang ingin dilakukan ternyata berada di luar bagian yang awalnya dibuka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] mengundang para penyunting untuk menilai apakah mode gelap masih perlu dianggap sebagai fitur beta di wiki masing-masing berdasarkan pengalaman penggunaan dan kinerjanya di perangkat desktop maupun seluler. Apabila fitur ini dinilai telah matang, para penyunting dapat memperbarui pesan antarmuka di &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; dan &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; untuk menunjukkan bahwa mode gelap telah siap digunakan dan tidak lagi berstatus beta.
* [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Tab Aktivitas]] yang telah ditingkatkan dan menampilkan wawasan pengguna kini tersedia untuk seluruh pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia iOS (versi 7.9.0 dan yang lebih baru). Setelah uji A/B sebelumnya menunjukkan peningkatan jumlah pembuatan akun pada pengguna yang memiliki akses ke fitur ini, pembaruan tersebut kini diluncurkan kepada 100% pengguna, dan disertai dengan sejumlah penyempurnaan. Tab Aktivitas kini menampilkan artikel-artikel yang telah disunting dalam lini masa, menyajikan wawasan dampak penyuntingan seperti jumlah kontribusi dan tren kunjungan artikel, serta menyediakan opsi penyesuaian untuk meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan aplikasi.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Contohnya, sebuah kekutu yang sebelumnya menyebabkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] tidak berfungsi di perangkat seluler kini telah diperbaiki, sehingga fungsionalitasnya kembali berjalan sepenuhnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]] memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] yang mendukung fitur ini terus dikembangkan. Pembaruan terbaru menambahkan [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|kait baru]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, yang dijalankan setiap kali daftar pantauan dibangun ulang. Dengan adanya kait ini, gawai dan skrip pengguna kini dapat dijalankan pada halaman Istimewa tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23 Fèbruari 2026 19.02 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Mode Ulang Tahun]] ke-25 Wikipedia kini telah tersedia di Wikipedia bahasa Betawi, Breton, Tionghoa, Ceko, Belanda, Inggris, Prancis, Gorontalo, Indonesia, Italia, Luksemburg, Madura, Sisilia, Spanyol, Thai, dan Vietnam. Fitur kampanye waktu terbatas ini merayakan 25 tahun Wikipedia dengan maskot ulang tahun bernama Baby Globe. Saat diaktifkan, Baby Globe akan muncul di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|sekitar 2.500 artikel]] dan dapat ditemukan oleh para pembaca. Komunitas dapat memilih untuk mengaktifkan Mode Ulang Tahun dengan mencapai konsensus di tingkat komunitas, lalu meminta pengurus untuk mengaktifkan dan menyesuaikan fitur tersebut melalui [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|pengaturan komunitas]] di wiki lokal masing-masing.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Fitur baru [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], yang memungkinkan penggunaan ulang rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda, telah dirilis di Wikipedia bahasa Swedia, Polandia, dan [[:phab:T418209|beberapa wiki lainnya]]. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|Fitur ini dapat dicoba]] di proyek-proyek tersebut atau di testwiki dan [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Pembelajaran dari wiki percontohan pertama, yaitu Wikipedia bahasa Jerman, telah [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|dirilis dalam sebuah laporan]]. Jika [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|berminat untuk menjadi wiki percontohan]], silakan menghubungi tim Wikimedia Deutschland.
* Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Pemeriksaan Tempel]] (''Paste Check'') akan tersedia di seluruh Wikipedia pekan ini. Fitur ini menampilkan pengingat kepada pengguna baru yang menempelkan teks ke dalam VisualEditor yang kemungkinan besar bukan hasil tulisan mereka sendiri agar mempertimbangkan risiko pelanggaran hak cipta. Pemeriksaan Tempel juga [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|menandai]] semua suntingan yang memunculkan pengingat tersebut untuk kemungkinan peninjauan lebih lanjut. Pengurus lokal dapat mengatur berbagai aspek fitur ini melalui [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Penelitian]] di 22 wiki menunjukkan bahwa Pemeriksaan Tempel menghasilkan penurunan relatif sebesar 18% pada suntingan yang dibatalkan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol. Para penerjemah dapat membantu [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate melokalkan] fitur ini dan fitur terkait lainnya.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] akan melakukan standardisasi menu pengguna di pojok kanan atas bagi seluruh pengguna seluler agar lebih selaras dengan pengalaman di desktop. Saat ini, menu tersebut hanya terlihat oleh pengguna yang mengaktifkan Kontrol Seluler Lanjutan (''Advanced Mobile Controls''/AMC). Perubahan yang dilakukan hanya berupa pemindahan beberapa tombol yang sebelumnya berada di menu sisi kiri ke pojok kanan atas bagi pengguna yang tidak mengaktifkan AMC. Perubahan ini dijadwalkan diterapkan pada 9 Maret dan bertujuan untuk meningkatkan antarmuka pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Mulai pekan 2 Maret, surel yang dikirim saat alamat surel pada suatu akun ditambahkan, dihapus, atau diubah akan beralih dari format teks biasa menjadi surel HTML yang tampilannya lebih rapi dan informatif. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Saat ini, setiap pengguna dapat menyimpan hingga 2.000 notifikasi lama, dengan riwayat yang mencakup sejak 2013 ketika fitur ini diperkenalkan. Ke depan, sistem akan diubah sehingga hanya notifikasi dari lima tahun terakhir yang disimpan, tetapi dengan kapasitas yang ditingkatkan hingga 10.000 notifikasi. Penyesuaian ini dilakukan untuk menjaga kesehatan infrastruktur dalam jangka panjang sekaligus mengurangi kemungkinan notifikasi terbaru hilang lebih cepat dari yang seharusnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami penyempurnaan. Pembaruan terbaru meningkatkan pengalaman penggunaan label. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|Ekstensi]] ini kini memungkinkan pengaktifan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|sistem pengganti bahasa]] (''language fallback'') untuk butir Wikidata yang tidak memiliki label dalam bahasa yang sedang ditampilkan, dan menampilkan label tersebut dalam bahasa Wikidata pilihan pengguna apabila tidak ada parameter URL &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; yang digunakan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* Tim Wikipedia Android telah memulai uji coba beta fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|pencarian hibrida]] di Wikipedia bahasa Yunani. Fitur pencarian hibrida ini dapat menangani pencarian berdasarkan makna maupun kata kunci, sehingga pembaca dapat menemukan informasi yang dicari secara lebih mudah langsung di Wikipedia.
* Demi meningkatkan keamanan, anggota dari sejumlah kelompok pengguna [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|diwajibkan mengaktifkan autentikasi dua-faktor]] (2FA). Saat ini, 2FA menjadi syarat untuk menggunakan hak akses dalam kelompok tersebut, tetapi belum menjadi syarat untuk tercatat sebagai anggotanya. Karena kebijakan ini masih memiliki beberapa kelemahan, perubahan akan [[phab:T418580|dilakukan secara bertahap mulai bulan Maret]]. Anggota kelompok terkait tidak lagi dapat menonaktifkan satu-satunya metode 2FA yang tersisa di akun mereka. Selain itu, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA tidak dapat ditambahkan ke dalam kelompok tersebut. Pengguna tetap dapat menambahkan metode autentikasi baru atau menghapus metode yang ada, selama minimal satu metode 2FA tetap aktif. Pada paruh kedua bulan Maret, pengguna yang belum mengaktifkan 2FA akan dikeluarkan dari kelompok-kelompok ini. Ketentuan ini berlaku untuk pengurus CentralNotice, pemeriksa, pengurus antarmuka, pengawas, staf Wikidata, staf Wikifunctions, WMF Office IT, dan WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Tidak ada perubahan bagi pengguna lainnya. Jadwal pelaksanaan dapat dilihat pada tugas yang ditautkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:27}} {{PLURAL:27|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang sebelumnya menghalangi pengguna untuk membuat sebuah instans (''instance'') di [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], dalam satu bulan ke depan Wikimedia Foundation akan menerapkan pembatasan jumlah permintaan (''rate limit'') API secara global pada seluruh API yang digunakan. Pada awal Maret, batas yang lebih ketat akan diberlakukan untuk permintaan yang tidak teridentifikasi dari luar Toolforge/WMCS dan permintaan API yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diterapkan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin agar dampaknya terhadap komunitas tetap minimal. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* Layanan ''Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment'' (LDF) akan dihentikan pada bulan Februari. Layanan ini hanya melayani lalu lintas yang terbatas, dan penggunaannya telah berhasil dialihkan ke metode akses data lain yang lebih sesuai untuk mendukung kebutuhan yang ada. Perangkat keras yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk mendukung layanan LDF akan dialokasikan kembali guna menunjang proses migrasi sistem bagian belakang yang sedang berlangsung. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* Pengurai Parsoid versi terbaru [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|terus diperluas penggunaannya ke berbagai wiki lainnya]]. Penerapan ini mendukung keberlanjutan sistem dan mempermudah pengembangan fitur baru untuk kegiatan membaca dan penyuntingan. Kini, Parsoid telah menjadi pengurai utama di 488 wiki milik Wikimedia Foundation, termasuk 268 edisi Wikipedia. Cakupan tersebut mewakili lebih dari 10% dari total tayangan halaman di seluruh Wikipedia.
* Proses dan kriteria untuk [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|mengajukan akses khusus]] ke umpan data berkapasitas tinggi dari API Wikimedia Enterprise (tanpa biaya untuk penggunaan yang sejalan dengan misi) [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|kini telah dipublikasikan]]. Publikasi ini bertujuan menyediakan dokumentasi yang lebih lengkap dan jelas bagi para pengguna.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], yang selama ini menjadi blog bagi komunitas teknis Wikimedia, [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ akan digabungkan] ke [[diffblog:|Diff]], blog yang memuat berita dan kegiatan komunitas. Proses penggabungan ini ditargetkan rampung pada April 2026. Setelah proses tersebut selesai, kiriman tulisan baru akan kembali dibuka untuk dipublikasikan. Semua tulisan, baik yang lama dan yang baru, tetap dapat dibaca melalui halaman khusus di https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 2 Maret 2026 17.51 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;
== This Month in Education: February 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 3 Maret 2026 11.55 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30155806 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026, [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan sebagai bagian dari uji coba pengalihan peladen pusat data ke peladen cadangan, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|yang dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dialihkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Pengujian ini bertujuan memastikan layanan tetap tersedia dan mengurangi kemungkinan gangguan layanan, termasuk dalam keadaan darurat.
* Pekan lalu, seluruh wiki sempat berada dalam mode hanya-baca selama sekitar dua jam. Selain itu, skrip pengguna dan gawai juga mengalami gangguan lebih lama dari biasanya. Kejadian ini disebabkan oleh sebuah insiden keamanan yang kini telah ditangani. Langkah-langkah untuk mencegah kejadian serupa masih terus dilakukan. Informasi terkini dapat dilihat pada [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|pengumuman di papan pengumuman penatalayan]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|tersedia terjemahan]]).

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Pengguna yang terkena beberapa pemblokiran saat mengakses melalui perangkat seluler kini akan melihat alasan untuk setiap pemblokiran secara terpisah, bukan lagi satu pesan umum. Hal ini membantu pengguna memahami alasan pemblokiran yang mereka alami serta langkah-langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengatasinya. Sebagai contoh, pengguna yang terdampak karena menggunakan VPN umum (seperti [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) akan mendapatkan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai apa yang perlu dilakukan agar dapat kembali menyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Pada akhir pekan ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Mode Saran]] (''Suggestion Mode'') akan tersedia sebagai fitur beta di penyunting visual di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini memberikan berbagai saran tindakan yang dapat dipertimbangkan untuk memperbaiki artikel Wikipedia, dan membantu pengguna mempelajari pedoman yang relevan. Pengaturan fitur ini dapat disesuaikan oleh setiap wiki dan juga dapat diperluas dengan menambahkan saran khusus. Pengaturan yang saat ini berlaku dapat dilihat di halaman [[Special:EditChecks]]. Selain itu, tersedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|panduan bagi pengurus untuk menyesuaikan]] pranala agar mengarah ke pedoman lokal. Mode Saran terhubung dengan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Pemeriksaan Suntingan]] yang memberikan saran perbaikan ketika seseorang sedang menulis konten baru. Ke depannya, tim Penyuntingan (''Editing'') berencana menilai dampak fitur ini terhadap pengguna baru melalui sebuah percobaan terkontrol. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:23}} {{PLURAL:23|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah ketika posisi kursor menjadi tidak selaras saat menggunakan penyorotan sintaks CodeMirror (fitur yang memudahkan pembacaan teks wiki dan kode) kini telah diperbaiki. Masalah ini secara khusus memengaruhi pengguna yang menetapkan aturan jenis huruf dalam lembar gaya tersuai ketika membuat topik baru dengan menggunakan DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Pembaruan pembatasan permintaan API: Untuk membantu memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]], pembatasan jumlah permintaan API secara global akan mulai diterapkan pada minggu ini. Pembatasan ini berlaku untuk permintaan tanpa User-Agent yang sesuai yang berasal dari luar Toolforge/WMCS, serta untuk permintaan API tanpa autentikasi yang dilakukan melalui peramban web. Pada bulan April, batas yang lebih tinggi akan diberlakukan untuk lalu lintas yang teridentifikasi. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, semua pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah diperbarui. Untuk informasi lebih lanjut, lihat halaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* API GraphQL yang baru kini telah tersedia. API ini dikembangkan sebagai alternatif yang lebih fleksibel untuk beberapa fitur di Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemudahan bagi pengembang, mendukung fleksibilitas penggunaan, dan mempercepat akses data. Pengguna dipersilakan untuk mencoba API ini dan [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|memberikan masukan]]. Pengembang juga dapat [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply mendaftar untuk mengikuti uji kegunaan].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Kelompok Kerja untuk Perkakas yang Tidak Didukung]] melanjutkan peningkatan pada [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] sepanjang Februari. Pembaruan ini mencakup perbaikan kesalahan autentikasi, penanganan berkas berukuran besar, visibilitas antrean tugas, dan penjelasan yang lebih jelas mengenai proses pengunggahan. Sejumlah pekerjaan masih terus berlangsung di beberapa bagian, termasuk perubahan yang berkaitan dengan metode pengunggahan dari sisi peladen yang sudah tidak digunakan lagi. Baca [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|kabar terkini]] untuk mengetahui informasi selengkapnya.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''Lebih lanjut'''
* Tim Panduan Artikel (''Article Guidance'') mengundang penyunting Wikipedia berpengalaman dari sejumlah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|wiki percontohan]] dan kontributor yang berminat dari Wikipedia lainnya untuk mengisi angket ini. Angket tersebut tersedia dalam [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform bahasa Inggris], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arab], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Jepang], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portugis], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persia], dan [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turki]. Jawaban yang diberikan akan membantu tim untuk menyesuaikan panduan bagi penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman, sekaligus membantu mereka mempelajari kebijakan dan praktik komunitas saat membuat artikel. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dilihat di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|halaman proyek tersebut]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 9 Maret 2026 18.52 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;
== ''The Signpost'': 10 March 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* Interview: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Interview|Bernadette Meehan, new Wikimedia Foundation CEO]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/News and notes|Security testing unleashes computer worm on Meta-wiki]]

* Special report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Special report|What actually happened during the Wikimedia security incident?]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In the media|Indonesian government blocks Wikimedia logins; archive site scoured from Wikipedia after owner runs malware]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Recent research|To wiki, perchance to groki]]

* Obituary: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Obituary|Madhav Gadgil, Fredrick Brennan, Mark Miller, Chip Berlet]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Opinion|Interface administrators and trusting trust]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Technology report|English Wikipedia deprecates archive.today after DDoS against blog, altered content]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Op-ed|Why is &quot;Trypsin-sensitive photosynthetic activities in chloroplast membranes&quot; cited in &quot;List of tallest buildings in Chicago&quot;?]]

* Essay: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Essay|The pursuit of a button click]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/In focus|Short descriptions: One year later]]

* WikiProject report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/WikiProject report|Unreferenced articles backlog drive]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Community view|Speaking of planning ...]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Traffic report|Over the mountain, kissing silver inlaid clouds]]

* Crossword: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Crossword|&quot;It will never happen&quot;]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-10/Comix|BRIEn't]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 10 Maret 2026 04.14 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=30121359 --&gt;
== Books &amp; Bytes – Issue 73 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px&quot;&gt; [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif&quot;&gt;'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books &amp; Bytes''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Issue 73, January–February 2026 &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em&quot;&gt; 
* Four new partnerships
* User survey thanks
&lt;big&gt;'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/January-February 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 11 Maret 2026 12.06 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&amp;oldid=30224864 --&gt;
== ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 ==

{| style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion &amp; a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande!
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12 Maret 2026 00.51 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30232291 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], telah digunakan untuk penyorotan sintaks teks wiki sejak November 2024. Fitur ini direncanakan keluar dari status beta pada Mei 2026 agar berbagai perbaikan dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|fitur]] baru dapat digunakan oleh semua penyunting yang memakai penyorot sintaks standar. Jika terdapat pertanyaan atau masukan terkait rencana penghapusan status beta pada fitur ini, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|silakan disampaikan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Sebagian perubahan pada kelompok pengguna lokal dilakukan oleh penatalayan di Meta-Wiki dan sebelumnya hanya dicatat di sana. Kini, perubahan hak pengguna lintas wiki akan dicatat di Meta-Wiki dan di wiki tempat pengguna tersebut berada. Langkah ini memudahkan penelusuran riwayat lengkap perubahan hak pengguna di wiki lokal. Catatan perubahan yang terjadi sebelumnya juga akan ditambahkan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu mendatang. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* Pada wiki yang menggunakan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], jumlah perubahan tertunda yang ditampilkan di halaman [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] sebelumnya juga menghitung halaman yang sebenarnya sudah tidak menunggu peninjauan. Hal ini terjadi karena halaman tersebut telah dihapus dari sistem tanpa melalui proses peninjauan, misalnya karena dihapus, dipindahkan ke ruang nama lain, atau akibat perubahan konfigurasi wiki. Kini, jumlah yang ditampilkan telah diperbaiki sehingga lebih akurat. Di beberapa wiki, angka yang terlihat mungkin jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan sebelumnya. Daftar halaman yang ditampilkan seharusnya tidak mengalami perubahan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Bahasa komposisi yang digunakan di Wikifunctions telah ditulis ulang dan menghasilkan versi bahasa yang baru. Perubahan ini dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kestabilan layanan dengan mengurangi penggunaan memori pada orkestrator. Selain itu, pembaruan ini juga memungkinkan pengurangan waktu tunda secara signifikan, penyederhanaan kode, dan penerapan abstraksi yang lebih baik. Perubahan tersebut membuka peluang bagi pengembangan fitur baru pada tahap berikutnya. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|pembaruan ini]] dapat dibaca pada penjelasan yang tersedia.
* Pengguna kini dapat mengurutkan hasil pencarian secara alfabetis berdasarkan judul halaman. Pembaruan ini menambahkan opsi baru yang dapat membantu menemukan halaman dengan lebih mudah dan cepat. Sebelumnya, hasil pencarian hanya dapat diurutkan berdasarkan tanggal penyuntingan, tanggal pembuatan, atau tingkat relevansi. Untuk menggunakan opsi baru ini, buka menu &quot;Pencarian lanjutan&quot; pada halaman hasil pencarian, lalu pilih &quot;Alfabetis&quot; pada bagian &quot;Urutan pengurutan&quot;. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:28}} {{PLURAL:28|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kekutu yang sebelumnya membuat UploadWizard di Wikimedia Commons tidak dapat mengimpor berkas dari Flickr kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Sebuah halaman istimewa baru, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], telah dibuat untuk menampilkan daftar halaman yang ditransklusikan dan ditandai memiliki galat pemeriksaan kode (''lint''). Halaman ini membantu pengguna menemukan kesalahan tersebut dengan lebih mudah. Daftar yang ditampilkan akan diurutkan berdasarkan jumlah transklusi yang mengandung galat. Contohnya dapat dilihat pada halaman [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Pengguna fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] telah menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai pengganti [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman berisi JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua sejak beberapa waktu terakhir. Seiring dengan rencana mengeluarkan CodeMirror 6 dari status beta, CodeEditor juga direncanakan akan digantikan sebagai penyunting standar untuk jenis konten tersebut pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Masukan atau tanggapan tentang rencana ini sangat dipersilakan]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* Modul JavaScript [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] akan segera diperbarui ke CodeMirror 6. Menjelang pembaruan tersebut, pemuatan modul &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; atau &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; dari gawai dan skrip pengguna telah dinyatakan usang sejak Juli 2025. Penggunaan kait &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; juga telah dinyatakan usang sejak Maret 2025. Kontributor kini dapat menyesuaikan skrip atau gawai mereka agar kompatibel dengan CodeMirror 6. Lihat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|panduan migrasi]] untuk informasi lebih lanjut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* Tim Antarmuka MediaWiki sedang memperluas cakupan definisi modul REST API agar juga mencakup [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|API dari ekstensi]]. Modul REST API merupakan kelompok titik akhir yang saling berkaitan dan dapat dikelola serta diberi versi secara mandiri. Saat ini, modul tersebut sudah tersedia untuk API [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] dan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions]. Seiring dengan pemindahan API ekstensi ke struktur ini, dokumentasinya akan dipindahkan dari spesifikasi utama MediaWiki OpenAPI dan tampilan REST Sandbox. Selanjutnya, dokumentasi tersebut dapat diakses melalui opsi khusus modul pada menu tarik turun di [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (yaitu di [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], yang tersedia di semua proyek wiki).
* Ekstensi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] menyediakan berbagai informasi tentang wiki tempat modul digunakan melalui pustaka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]]. Sejak pekan lalu, pustaka tersebut juga menyediakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|cara]] untuk mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|ID wiki]]. Informasi ini dapat digunakan untuk memudahkan pemeliharaan modul yang digunakan di berbagai wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''Lebih lanjut'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Penghargaan Perkakas Terkeren 2026]], yang merayakan berbagai perkakas terbaik yang dikembangkan oleh komunitas, kini telah membuka proses nominasi. Nominasi untuk perkakas favorit dapat diajukan melalui [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en formulir survei nominasi] paling lambat 23 Maret 2026. Informasi lebih lanjut mengenai privasi dan pengelolaan data dapat dilihat pada [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|pernyataan privasi survei]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16 Maret 2026 19.35 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30260505 --&gt;
== Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]].

We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community.
* Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently &lt;code&gt;&quot;:n&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;:0&quot;&lt;/code&gt;, &lt;code&gt;&quot;:1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&quot;book_reference-1&quot;&lt;/code&gt;).
* Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name.
* Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation).
* Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. &quot;title&quot; or &quot;last&quot;+&quot;first&quot;) – defined by the community.

=== Feedback ===
[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]].

'''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism.
We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic.

Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings.

Thank you for participating!&lt;/div&gt; &lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|parembugan]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 19 Maret 2026 11.15 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&amp;oldid=30281362 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat masuk log ke akun mereka tanpa menggunakan kata sandi melalui penggunaan kunci sandi (''passkey''). Metode ini merupakan cara yang aman dan didukung oleh autentikasi seperti sidik jari, pengenalan wajah, atau PIN. Dengan adanya perubahan ini, semua pengguna yang memilih masuk log tanpa kata sandi akan merasakan proses yang lebih mudah, lebih cepat, dan lebih aman saat mengakses akun mereka dari berbagai perangkat. Opsi masuk menggunakan kunci sandi saat ini ditampilkan sebagai saran pengisian otomatis pada kolom nama pengguna. Dalam waktu dekat, [[phab:T417120|tombol tambahan &quot;Masuk log dengan kunci sandi&quot;]] juga akan tersedia bagi pengguna yang telah mendaftarkan kunci sandi mereka sebelumnya. Pembaruan ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan keamanan sekaligus memberikan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih baik. [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|Rekaman layar]] yang disertakan memperlihatkan proses masuk log tanpa kata sandi secara bertahap, langkah demi langkah.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Seluruh wiki akan berada dalam mode hanya-baca]] selama beberapa menit pada Rabu, 25 Maret 2026 [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 pukul 15.00 UTC]. Hal ini dilakukan dalam rangka pengujian pencadangan melalui pengalihan peladen pusat data (''datacenter server switchover'') yang [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|dilaksanakan dua kali setiap tahun]]. Selama proses pengalihan tersebut, seluruh lalu lintas situs web Wikimedia akan dipindahkan dari pusat data utama ke pusat data cadangan. Langkah ini bertujuan untuk menguji ketersediaan layanan sekaligus memastikan bahwa layanan tetap dapat berjalan tanpa gangguan, bahkan dalam situasi darurat.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Pengguna situs Wikimedia kini dapat mengekspor notifikasi mereka yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun dengan menggunakan sebuah [[toolforge:echo-chamber|perkakas baru di Toolforge]]. Fitur ini memungkinkan pengguna untuk tetap menyimpan notifikasi penting mereka, sekaligus menghindari risiko terhapusnya notifikasi tersebut seiring rencana penghapusan notifikasi yang berusia lebih dari lima tahun, sebagaimana telah diumumkan sebelumnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Para penyunting Wikipedia dalam bahasa Indonesia, Thai, Turki, dan Simple English kini memiliki akses ke Special:PersonalDashboard. Fitur ini merupakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|versi awal dari sebuah pengalaman]] yang dirancang untuk memperkenalkan alur kerja patroli kepada penyunting yang lebih baru, sehingga mereka dapat beralih secara lebih mudah dari sekadar melakukan suntingan menuju keterlibatan dalam tugas moderasi yang lebih lanjut di proyek mereka. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* Halaman [[Special:Block]] kini mengalami dua perubahan kecil pada antarmukanya. Pengurus kini dapat dengan lebih mudah menetapkan pemblokiran tanpa batas waktu melalui tombol pilihan (''radio button'') khusus yang tersedia pada bagian masa berlaku. Selain itu, ketika masa berlaku tanpa batas dipilih, akan muncul kumpulan alasan umum yang berbeda untuk dipilih, yang dapat disesuaikan melalui halaman [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Para penyunting seluler [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|di beberapa wiki]] kini dapat melihat peringatan penyuntingan dalam keadaan belum masuk log (''logged-out'') yang telah ditingkatkan, berkat pembaruan terbaru dari tim Pertumbuhan. Perubahan yang dirilis pada pekan lalu ini merupakan bagian dari upaya dan pengujian yang berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan pengalaman [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|pembuatan akun di perangkat seluler]], dan mendorong peningkatan partisipasi pengguna. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:36}} {{PLURAL:36|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, galat yang sebelumnya menyebabkan pengguna web seluler tidak dapat melihat informasi pemblokiran ketika mereka terdampak oleh beberapa pemblokiran sekaligus kini telah diperbaiki. Kini, saat mengakses Wikipedia, mereka dapat melihat pesan dari seluruh pemblokiran yang sedang berlaku terhadap akun atau alamat IP mereka.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Citra yang dibangun menggunakan Toolforge dalam waktu dekat akan mendapatkan pembaruan versi ''buildpacks'' (kumpulan skrip dan konfigurasi untuk membangun aplikasi secara otomatis), yang menghadirkan dukungan bagi versi bahasa pemrograman yang lebih baru serta berbagai peningkatan dan perbaikan dari sumber pengembang utama (''upstream''). Jika menggunakan Toolforge Build Service, disarankan untuk meninjau surel terbaru dari [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ milis cloud-announce] dan memperbarui konfigurasi ''build'' sesuai kebutuhan, guna memastikan bahwa perkakas yang digunakan tetap kompatibel dengan perubahan tersebut. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* Wiki dokumentasi [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] akan ditutup pada Juni 2026. Kunci API yang dibuat melalui API Portal akan tetap berfungsi sebagaimana mestinya. Titik akhir api.wikimedia.org akan dihentikan secara bertahap mulai Juli 2026. Dokumentasi yang sebelumnya tersedia di API Portal sedang dipindahkan ke [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat dipelajari melalui [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek]] yang tersedia.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''Lebih lanjut'''
* Tim [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] (inisiatif dari Wikimedia Deutschland yang berfokus pada pengembangan fitur berdasarkan kebutuhan teknis komunitas) tengah mempertimbangkan peningkatan pada [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|penamaan referensi yang dihasilkan secara otomatis di VisualEditor]]. Para pengguna dipersilakan untuk meninjau [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solusi yang diusulkan]] serta berpartisipasi dalam proses [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|permintaan tanggapan]] yang sedang berlangsung.

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23 Maret 2026 16.50 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;
== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Versi Beta dari [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]], proyek baru Wikimedia yang tidak terikat dengan bahasa, telah diluncurkan pada pekan lalu. Proyek ini memungkinkan berbagai komunitas untuk menyusun artikel Wikipedia dalam bahasa asli mereka, yang kemudian dapat dengan mudah diakses oleh pengguna lain dalam bahasa masing-masing. Wiki ini dijalankan melalui serangkaian instruksi dari Wikifunctions, dan didukung oleh konten terstruktur yang berasal dari Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Baca selengkapnya]].

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') sedang menjalankan uji A/B untuk mengevaluasi pesan yang lebih jelas dan ramah pengguna dalam mendorong pembuatan akun di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, ketika pengguna seluler yang belum masuk log mulai melakukan penyuntingan, mereka akan dihadapkan pada pesan peringatan yang terasa mendadak dan dapat mengurangi minat untuk melanjutkan kontribusi. Selain itu, kondisi ini juga menjadikan penyuntingan dengan akun sementara sebagai pilihan bawaan, alih-alih mendorong pengguna untuk membuat akun. Uji coba ini berlangsung di sepuluh Wikipedia, termasuk Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Spanyol, dan Jerman. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Baca selengkapnya]].
* Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Apps'') mengundang Anda untuk memberi masukan mengenai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|cara proses penyuntingan seharusnya bekerja di aplikasi seluler Wikipedia]]. Diskusi ini berfokus pada upaya meningkatkan cara pengguna mengakses berbagai alat penyuntingan saat mereka mengetuk tombol &quot;Sunting&quot;. Inisiatif ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk mengarahkan para pembaca yang mulai tertarik menyunting agar dapat menemukan jalur yang lebih ramah pengguna ketika mereka mulai berkontribusi.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:45}} {{PLURAL:45|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, sebuah masalah ketika pengambilan sitasi dari arsip surat kabar besar [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] tidak lagi berfungsi, akibat adanya pemblokiran pada permintaan di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]], kini telah berhasil diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 30 Maret 2026 19.25 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="3113" sha1="9h40gnh62gt6tgnvqnsr3dvtvvwguxf" xml:space="preserve">{{Kothakinfo pulo|name=Pulo Gag|native_name=|sobriquet=&lt;!-- or nickname --&gt;|coordinates={{coord|0|27|6.51|S|129|52|34.50|E|type:isle_region:ID_source:nlwiki|display=inline,title}}|map_caption=Kepuloan Raja Ampat|pushpin_map=Indonesia Raja Ampat|pushpin_map_alt=|pushpin_map_caption=[[Kepuloan Raja Ampat]]|area_km2=77,27|area_footnotes=|country=Indonesia|country_admin_divisions_title=Provinsi|country_admin_divisions=[[Papua Barat Daya]]|country_admin_divisions_title_1=Kabupaten|country_admin_divisions_1=[[Raja Ampat]]|country_admin_divisions_title_2=Kecamatan|country_admin_divisions_2=[[Waigeo Barat, Raja Ampat|Waigeo Barat]]|population=633|population_as_of=2009|density_km2=|density_footnotes=|ethnic_groups=|website=|additional_info=}}
[[Barkas:Karta_ID_RajaAmpat_Isl.PNG|jmpl|267x267px| Kart Pulo Gag ing Kabupatèn Raja Ampat]]
'''Pulo Gag''' iku sawijining [[pulo]] kang kapernah ing [[Kabupatèn Raja Ampat]], Provinsi [[Papuah Kidul Kulon|Papua Kulon Kidul]]. Pulo iki wewatesan karo Pulo Gebe, [[Maluku Lor]] ing sisih lor-kulon.

== Uripé Wong Gebe ing Pulo Gag ==
Atusan taun kepungkur Pulo Gag didhuwéni déning Wong Gebe, Desa Umera, amarga wektu iku Wong Gebe wis manggoni Pulo Gag nanging isih pindhah-pindhah. Wong Gebe urip ing Pulo Gag kang tujuané kanggo tetanèn lan menawa wis panèn banjur bali manèh menyang Gebe. Wong Gebe bali menyang Gabe amarga kahanan kang répot amarga akèh urusan marang Kasultanan Tidore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Moifilit|first=Mesak|date=10 Desember 2007|title=Dukungan Hak Ulayat Warga Suku Gebe|journal=Warga Masyarakat Suku Maya Klanafat Raja Ampat Salawati Selatan Distrik Salawati Selatan dan Distrik Seget Kabupaten Sorong}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lelampahan urip Wong Gebe kaya ngene iki wis suwé lan pungkasané sawisé Kamardikan Indonésia, Wong Gebe bali menyang Pulo Gag lan kepengin manggon terus, mula udakara ing taun 1956, wong-wong iki ngyasa desa sing kapernah ing Musawalo sing saiki diarani Kampung Tua. Nanging, sawetara taun, Wong Gebe diganggu déning prastawa rebutané Irian Kulon ing taun 1960, lan pungkasane bali menyang Gebe amarga Pulo Gag dianggep ora aman. Nganti ing taun 1962 sawise Operasi Trikora rampung lan kahanan katon aman, wong-wong iki bali menyang Pulo Gag lan nata urip manèh lan ngyasa desa sing jenengé Fanipnu lan diresmikaké ing taun 1966 kanthi jeneng Kampung Gambir nganti saiki.

Irian Kulon nalika diamanké déning PBB ing taun 1969 nalika PEPERA, Wong Gebe sing manggon ing Pulo Gag uga mèlu kagiyatan PEPERA. Sawisé PEPERA rampung ditindhakaké lan kahanan dadi aman, Wong Gebe sing manggon ing Pulo Gag resmi dadi warga Provinsi Irian Kulon.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* [https://www.forda-mof.org/files/6-Kajian_sosekbud_masy_gag_1_Manokwari.pdf Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi dan Budaya Masyarakat Sekitar Kawasan Konservasi: Studi Kasus di Pulau Gag, Raja Ampat, Papua Barat.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829014048/http://www.forda-mof.org/files/6-Kajian_sosekbud_masy_gag_1_Manokwari.pdf |date=2019-08-29 }}


[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Raja Ampat]]
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    <title>Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa</title>
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      <text bytes="21169" sha1="autgbwd09ek2szpc6y74a58pz94s8ai" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = 
| name                = Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa
| honorific-suffix    = 
| image               = Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa, Menteri Keuangan (2025).jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = Purbaya ing taun 2025
| office              = Pratélan Mantri Artakarya Indonésia{{!}}Mantri Kauangan Indonésia
| order               = kaping 30
| term_start          = 8 September 2025
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Sri Mulyani]]
| president           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| lieutenant          = [[Suahasil Nazara]]&lt;br&gt;[[Thomas Djiwandono]]&lt;br&gt;[[Anggito Abimanyu]]
| office1             = Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan{{!}}Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan
| order1              = kaping 4
| term_start1         = 3 September 2020
| term_end1           = 8 September 2025
| president1         = [[Joko Widodo]]&lt;br&gt;Prabowo Subianto
| deputy1             = 
| predecessor1        = Halim Alamsyah
| successor1          = [[Didik Madiyono]] (Plt.)
| office2             = [[PT Danareksa|Dirèktur Utama PT Danareksa Sekuritas]] 
| order2              = 
| term_start2         =  April 2006
| term_end2           =  Oktober 2008
| predecessor2        = 
| successor2          = 
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1964|7|7}}
| birth_place         = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Kutha Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]], Indonesia
| birthname           = 
| occupation          = {{hlist|Ékonom|Insinyur}}
| spouse              = Ida Yulidina
| children            = 2
| alma_mater          = {{ubl|[[Institut Teknologi Bandung]] (Ir.)|[[Universitas Purdue]] (M.Sc. &amp; Ph.D)}}
| parents             =
| father              = drh. J. Soegiri
| mother              = Prof. Dr. drh. Nawangsari Soegiri
| party               =  
| otherparty          = 
| signature           = Signature Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa.png
| website             = 
}}

'''Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa''' ({{lahirmati|[[Kutha Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]]|7|7|1964}}) inggih punika satunggaling ékonom lan insinyur Indonésia ingkang sapunika njabat minangka Mantri Kauangan Républik Indonésia wiwit 8 Sèptèmber 2025 ing sangandhapipun Présidhèn Prabowo Subianto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jatim.antaranews.com/berita/972137/prabowo-lantik-lima-menteri-baru-purbaya-gantikan-sri-mulyani|title=Prabowo lantik lima menteri baru, Purbaya gantikan Sri Mulyani|last=Agency|first=ANTARA News|website=ANTARA News Jawa Timur|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sadèrèngipun, panjenenganipun njabat minangka Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan saking 2020–2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1742157/purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-resmi-jadi-ketua-dewan-komisioner-lps|title=Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa resmi jadi Ketua Dewan Komisioner LPS|last=antaranews.com|date=2020-09-23|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendhidhikan ==
Panjenenganipun pikantuk gelar Sarjana saking Jurusan Tèknik Èlèktro, Institut Tèknologi Bandung (ITB). Déné gelar Master of Science (MSc) lan gelar Dhoktor ing widang Ilmu Ékonomi dipunpikantuk saking Univèrsitas Purdue, Indiana, Amérika Sarékat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/finance/plain-speaking-economist-purbaya-takes-helm-indonesias-finance-minister-2025-09-09/|title=Plain speaking economist, Purbaya, takes helm as Indonesia's finance minister|last=Suroyo|first=Gayatri|date=2025-09-09|work=Reuters|access-date=2025-09-13|last2=Sulaiman|first2=Stefanno|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pengalaman ==
=== Karir Profésional ===
[[Gambar:Purbaya Yudhi KSSK.jpg|thumb|Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa nalika ngrawuhi Rapat Komite Stabilitas Sistem Keuangan (KSSK)]]
Sadèrèngipun tumut ing papréntahan, panjenenganipun miwiti karir minangka ''Field Engineer'' ing Schlumberger Overseas SA (1989–1994). Lajeng ing wulan Oktober 2000 dumugi Juli 2005, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Ékonom Senior ing Danareksa Research Institute. Salajengipun, panjenenganipun dados Dirèktur Utama PT Danareksa Securities saking April 2006 dumugi Oktober 2008. Panjenenganipun ugi dados ''Chief Economist'' Danareksa Research Institute ing Juli 2005 – Maret 2013, lan minangka Anggota Dhéwan Dirèksi PT Danareksa (Persero) saking Maret 2013 dumugi April 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://keuangan.kontan.co.id/news/danareksa-incar-kelola-dana-rp-23-triliun|title=Danareksa incar kelola dana Rp 23 triliun|last=Mediatama|first=Grahanusa|date=2015-01-14|website=kontan.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Karir ing Papréntahan ===
[[Gambar:Ketua DK LPS St Regis.jpg|thumb|Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr LPS Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa nalika Konferènsi Pèrs]]
Panjenenganipun miwiti karir papréntahanipun ing Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian. Panjenenganipun dados Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi Mantri Koordinator Widang Perekonomian, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian salebetipun 4 taun (2010–2014) kajawi punika panjenenganipun ugi dados Anggota Komite Ékonomi Nasional (2010–2014), lembaga nonstruktural ingkang dipunpandhégani déning Chairul Tandjung.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/41265/perpres-no-22-tahun-2012|title=PERPRES No. 22 Tahun 2012|work=Database Peraturan {{!}} JDIH BPK|access-date=2025-09-13|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing wulan Maret 2015, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Dhéputi III Widang Pangemunah Isu Stratègis, Kantor Staf Présidhèn Républik Indonésia déning Kepala Staf Kaprésidhènan Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2015/luhut_panjaitan_tunjuk_lima_deputi_/69287.html|title=Luhut Panjaitan Tunjuk Lima Deputi  - kbr.id|last=Radio|first=Kantor Berita|work=Kantor Berita Radio|access-date=2025-09-13|language=en|archive-date=2023-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627091222/https://kbr.id/nasional/03-2015/luhut_panjaitan_tunjuk_lima_deputi_/69287.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panjenenganipun namung njabat dumugi Sèptèmber 2015. Lajeng ing Novèmber 2015, Purbaya dipuntunjuk minangka Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi Mantri Koordinator Widang Pulitik, Hukum lan Kaamanan, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Politik, Hukum dan Keamanan, jabatan punika dipunemban dumugi Juli 2016.

Ing taun 2016, panjenenganipun wangsul dhateng Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Pereknomian. Panjenenganipun dados Wakil Ketua Satgas Pananganan lan Panyelesaian Kasus (''Debottlenecking''), ingkang langkung misuwur kanthi nama “Pokja IV”, ing sangandhapipun Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Perekonomian (Juni 2016-2020). Salajengipun, panjenenganipun dipunpindhah dhateng Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman minangka Staf Khusus Widang Ékonomi (Juli 2016–Mèi 2018). Jabatanipun dipunindhakaken dados Dhéputi Widang Koordinasi Kedaulatan Maritim lan Ènèrgi, Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi saking Mèi 2018 dumugi Juni 2020. Salajengipun dipungèsèr dados Dhéputi Widang Koordinasi Kedaulatan Maritim lan Ènèrgi ing wulan Juni 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://maritim.go.id/detail/menko-luhut-pimpin-pelantikan-pejabat-pimpinan-tinggi-madya|title=Kemenko Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi|last=abdillah|website=Kemenko Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi|language=en|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Purbaya dipunlantik minangka Ketua Dhéwan Komisionèr Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan saking 2020–2025 ing tanggal 23 Sèptèmber 2020,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; panjenenganipun lajeng dipuntunjuk minangka Mantri Kauangan Républik Indonésia nggantosaken Sri Mulyani ing tanggal 8 Sèptèmber 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bisnis.com/read/20250909/638/1909522/perbandingan-rekam-jejak-karier-sri-mulyani-dan-menkeu-baru-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa|title=Perbandingan Rekam Jejak Karier Sri Mulyani dan Menkeu Baru Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa|last=Lestari|first=Hesti Puji|date=2025-09-09|website=Bisnis.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Organisasi ===
Panjenenganipun dados Anggota Dhéwan Pertimbangan Kamar Dhagang lan Industri (2016–2020) lan Anggota Indonesia Economic Forum (2015–). Ing wulan Oktober 2016, panjenenganipun dipuntunjuk minangka Gubernur ''Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries'' (OPEC) saking Indonésia nggantosaken Widhyawan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://katadata.co.id/berita/nasional/5e9a56c1484ed/luhut-tunjuk-purbaya-gantikan-widhyawan-sebagai-gubernur-opec|title=Luhut Tunjuk Purbaya Sebagai Gubernur OPEC Gantikan Widhyawan - Katadata.co.id|last=Sirait|first=Arnold|date=2016-10-13|website=katadata.co.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kontrovèrsi ==
Kirang saking 24 jam sasampunipun dipunlantik, Purbaya ngadhepi paling mboten kalih kontrovèrsi ingkang dados sorotan médhia lan masarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.suara.com/news/2025/09/09/154335/3-kontroversi-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-di-tengah-jabatan-baru-sebagai-menteri|title=3 Kontroversi Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa di Tengah Jabatan Baru sebagai Menteri|website=suara.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pranyatan gegayutan &quot;17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat&quot; ===
Ing dinten palantikanipun, Purbaya nanggapi gerakan &quot;17+8 Tuntutan Rakyat&quot; ingkang dipunsuwantenaken déning élémèn masarakat sipil. Panjenenganipun mratélakaken bilih tuntutan kasebat inggih punika &quot;swantenipun sakedhik rakyat kita&quot; ingkang mungkin rumaos gesangipun kaganggu utawi taksih kirang. Panjenenganipun gadhah pamanggih bilih tuntutan kasebat badhé ical kanthi otomatis menawi panjenenganipun kasil nyiptakaken pertumbuhan ékonomi 6 dumugi 7 persèn, amargi masarakat badhé &quot;sibuk pados pedamelan lan nedha éca katimbang médhémo”.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/5096717/menkeu-purbaya-jelaskan-ucapan-yang-tuai-kontroversi-publik|title=Menkeu Purbaya jelaskan ucapan yang tuai kontroversi publik|last=antaranews.com|date=2025-09-09|website=Antara News|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pranyatan punika nuwuhaken kritik ingkang wiyar saking publik amargi dipunanggep ngremèhaken aspirasi masarakat. Nanggepi prakawis kasebat, Purbaya ngaturaken panyuwunan pangapunten nalika konferènsi pers serah trima jabatan. Panjenenganipun ngakeni taksih adhaptasi kaliyan posisi enggalipun lan nyebat dhirinipun minangka &quot;mantri kagètan&quot; kanthi gaya wicanten ingkang &quot;koboi&quot;. Panjenenganipun janji badhé langkung ngatos-atos anggènipun maringi pranyatan ing wekdal salajengipun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.republika.co.id/berita/t2b78v409/permintaan-maaf-menteri-kagetan-purbaya-usai-responsnya-atas-tuntutan-178-tuai-kontroversi|title=Permintaan Maaf 'Menteri Kagetan' Purbaya Usai Responsnya Atas Tuntutan 17+8 Tuai Kontroversi|last=Saubani|first=Andri|date=2025-09-09|website=Republika|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wonten ing klarifikasi salajengipun, Purbaya nerangaken bilih pranyatanipun dipundhasaraken ing konsèp ékonomi lan pengalamanipun. Miturut panjenenganipun, percepatan pertumbuhan ékonomi mboten badhé langsung njalari inflasi amargi kapasitas ékonomi Indonésia taksih gadhah papan kanggé tuwuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Unggahan Médhia Sosial Putranipun ===
Kontrovèrsi kaping kalih dugi saking putranipun, Yudo Achilles Sadewa. Setunggal tangkapan layar ingkang dipunkinten asalipun saking akun Instagram Yudo (@yvdos4dewa) viral ing médhia sosial. Wonten ing unggahan kasebat, kaserat ukara ingkang dipunanggep nyindir Sri Mulyani: &quot;Alhamdulillah, bapak kula nglengsèraken agèn CIA Amérika ingkang nyamar dados mantri”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://radartv.disway.id/read/28135/anak-menkeu-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-diduga-sindir-sri-mulyani-sebagai-agen-cia-amerika-kontroversi-memanas|title=Anak Menkeu Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa Diduga Sindir Sri Mulyani Sebagai Agen CIA Amerika, Kontroversi Memanas|last=radartvnews.com|website=radartvnews.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Unggahan kasebat sumebar wiyar lan nuwuhaken rembagan publik. Mboten dangu sasampunipun viral, akun Instagram kagunganipun Yudo Sadewa mboten saged dipanggihaken malih.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://suryamalang.tribunnews.com/news/273654/2-kontroversi-purbaya-baru-dilantik-menkeu-anaknya-sindir-sri-mulyani-agen-cia-ucapan-nirempati|title=2 Kontroversi Purbaya Baru Dilantik Menkeu: Anaknya Sindir Sri Mulyani Agen CIA, Ucapan Nirempati|website=Suryamalang.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réaksi publik lan pasar kauangan ==
Pranyatan awal Purbaya minangka mantri pikantuk tanggepan saking kathah kalangan. Ékonom lan Pakar Kabijakan Publik UPN Veteran Jakarta, Achmad Nur Hidayat, ngritik sikap Purbaya ingkang dipunanggep kegedhèn rasa pitados dhiri (''overconfidence'') lan ngremèhaken kritik publik. Miturut panjenenganipun, pranyatan kasebat saged maringi sinyal ingkang mbebayani kanggé stabilitas pasar lan nedahaken panyederhanaan prakawis ingkang komplèks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indoposco.id/ekonomi/2025/09/09/overconfident-purbaya-tuai-kontroversi-ekonom-publik-butuhkan-peta-jalan-bukan-retorika|title=Overconfident Purbaya Tuai Kontroversi, Ekonom: Publik Butuhkan Peta Jalan Bukan Retorika|last=Dami|first=Laurens|date=2025-09-09|website=indoposco.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saking sisih pasar kauangan, analis ngira-ira bilih pelaku pasar badhé mendhet sikap ngentosi (''wait and see'') dhateng kabijakan ingkang badhé dipuntrepaken déning Purbaya. Kahanan mboten mesthi amargi gantosipun pejabat lan pranyatan ingkang kontrovèrsial gadhah potènsi njalari apesipun Indèks Rega Saham Gabungan (IHSG) ing jangka cendhak.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lombokpost.jawapos.com/ekonomi-bisnis/1506567787/ekonom-ugm-ungkap-hal-yang-harus-diwaspadai-di-balik-strategi-rp200-triliun-menkeu-purbaya|title=Ekonom UGM Ungkap Hal Yang Harus Diwaspadai di Balik Strategi Rp200 Triliun Menkeu Purbaya - Lombok Post|last=Hidayati|first=Nurul|website=Ekonom UGM Ungkap Hal Yang Harus Diwaspadai di Balik Strategi Rp200 Triliun Menkeu Purbaya - Lombok Post|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Purbaya Effect (Èfèk Purbaya) ==
'''''Purbaya Effect''''' inggih punika istilah ingkang dipun-ginakaken déning médhia lan analis kauangan kanggé ngrujuk dhateng réaksi pasar lan éwah-éwahan èkspèktasi kabijakan ékonomi sasampunipun Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa njabat minangka Mantri Kauangan Indonésia ing Sèptèmber 2025. Fénoména punika sacara mirunggan dipungayutaken kaliyan pendekatan kabijakan fiskalipun ingkang dipunanggep langkung agrésif lan fokus ing stimulus pertumbuhan lumantar intervènsi likuiditas, bènten kaliyan kabijakan saderengipun ingkang langkung konservatif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jurnalzone.id/bedah-purbaya-effect-dampak-dana-rp200-t-bagi-ekonomi/|title=Bedah Purbaya Effect: Dampak Dana Rp200 T bagi Ekonomi|date=2025-09-12|website=Jurnalzone.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13|archive-date=2025-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251008205050/https://www.jurnalzone.id/bedah-purbaya-effect-dampak-dana-rp200-t-bagi-ekonomi/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Katalis utami saking ''Purbaya Effect'' inggih punika kabijakan kapisanipun kanggé ngrélokasi dana Saldo Anggaran Langkung (SAL) kathahipun Rp200 triliun saking Bank Indonésia dhateng bank-bank kagunganipun negari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ancas ingkang dipunpratélakaken inggih punika kanggé nambah likuiditas perbankan supados saged nyurung panyaluran krédit. Pendekatan punika konsistèn kaliyan saran kabijakan ingkang naté panjenenganipun aturaken nalika pandemi COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloombergtechnoz.com/detail-news/83736/purbaya-effect-ini-arah-saham-bank-himbara|title=Purbaya Effect: Ini Arah Saham Bank Himbara - Market|website=www.bloombergtechnoz.com|language=en|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wujud awal saking èfèk punika katingal ing réaksi pasar ingkang manéka warni. Ing dinten kapisan Purbaya njabat, Indèks Rega Saham Gabungan (IHSG) ditutup apes 1,78%, ingkang dipun-atribusikaken déning para analis minangka gambaran kahanan mboten pastinipun invèstor. Sawangsulipun, nilai tukar Rupiah nèdahaken stabilitas rélatif ing périodhe ingkang sami.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/market/20250912123157-17-666450/ihsg-melesat-1-lebih-purbaya-effect-masih-lanjut|title=IHSG Melesat 1% Lebih, Purbaya Effect Masih Lanjut?|last=fsd|website=CNBC Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kabijakan punika nuwuhaken analisis ingkang bènten saking kalangan ékonom. Sapérangan pihak nganggep punika minangka stimulus positip ingkang saged ngandhapaken suku bunga silihan lan ngobahaken sèktor riil. Sawetawis punika, pihak sanès nyuwantenaken kaatos-atosan, kanthi alesan bilih prakawis utaminipun mungkin sanès amargi kirangipun likuiditas, nanging amargi apesipun panyuwunan krédit. Risiko kados potènsi inflasi lan ''moral hazard'' ing sèktor perbankan ugi dados poin ingkang dipunsorot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.viva.co.id/bisnis/1848481-dpr-minta-publik-beri-kesempatan-buktikan-purbaya-effect|title=DPR Minta Publik Beri Kesempatan Buktikan Purbaya Effect|last=Nugraha|first=Bayu|date=2025-09-13|website=www.viva.co.id|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagesangan pribadi ==
Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa krama kaliyan Ida Yulidina, ingkang minangka pamenang ajang Wajah Femina ing taun 1989.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/100002470588124/posts/6233572440068380/?mibextid=rS40aB7S9Ucbxw6v|title=me and husband|date=2023-05-31|website=facebook.com|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saking palakrami punika, kekalihipun dipunpeputra kalih putra, inggih punika Yuda Purboyo Sunu lan Yudo Achilles Sadewa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/6157367/purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-dari-insinyur-itb-hingga-sepak-terjangnya-sebagai-menteri-keuangan|title=Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa: Dari Insinyur ITB hingga Sepak Terjangnya Sebagai Menteri Keuangan|last=Liputan6.com|date=2025-09-12|website=liputan6.com|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Putranipun, Yudo Achilles Sadewa, misuwur minangka satunggaling ''trader'' lan kreator kontèn. Purbaya piyambak naté nyebat Yudo minangka &quot;si bocah trader&quot; wonten ing setunggal unggahan médhia sosial ing taun 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/news/1146143/sosok-yudo-sadewa-anak-menteri-keuangan-baru-main-trading-sejak-smp-kini-sudah-berpenghasilan|title=Sosok Yudo Sadewa Anak Menteri Keuangan Baru, Main Trading Sejak SMP Kini Sudah Berpenghasilan|website=Tribunjabar.id|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bandha kakayaan ==
Adhedhasar Lapuran Bandha Kakayaan Panyelenggara Negari (LHKPN) ingkang dipunaturaken dhateng Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) ing tanggal 11 Maret 2025 kanggé périodhe 2024, total bandha kakayaanipun Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa kacathet gunggungipun Rp39.210.000.000. Wonten ing lapuran kasebat, Purbaya kacathet mboten gadhah utang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/business/economy/harta-kekayaan-menkeu-purbaya-yudhi-sadewa-mencapai-rp39-2-m-00-4zd95-yfmw2y|title=Harta Kekayaan Menkeu Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa Mencapai Rp39,2 M|last=Pranasdita|first=Indira|date=2025-09-09|website=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing ngandhap punika rincian saking bandha kakayaan kasebat:

* '''Siti lan Wangunan'''

Total regi asèt siti lan wangunan kagunganipun Purbaya dumugi Rp30.500.000.000. Sedaya asèt properti punika mapan ing Kitha Jakarta Kidul lan dipunlapuraken minangka asil piyambak. Rincianipun inggih punika:

** Siti lan Wangunan wiyaripun 2.152 m²/400 m² reginipun Rp13.000.000.000.
** Siti lan Wangunan wiyaripun 120 m²/100 m² reginipun Rp1.500.000.000.
** Siti wiyaripun 1.787 m² reginipun Rp16.000.000.000.

* '''Piranti Transportasi lan Mesin'''

Purbaya nglapuraken bilih panjenenganipun gadhah enem unit tetunggangan (kendaraan) kanthi total regi Rp3.606.000.000. Sedaya tetunggangan punika ugi dipunlapuraken minangka asil piyambak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.insertlive.com/lifestyle/20250910071704-210-379592/adu-isi-garasi-menkeu-baru-purbaya-yudhi-vs-mantan-menkeu-sri-mulyani|title=Adu Isi Garasi Menkeu Baru Purbaya Yudhi vs Mantan Menkeu Sri Mulyani|last=ARM|website=lifestyle|language=id-ID|access-date=2025-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rincianipun inggih punika:

** Mobil Mercedes-Benz Sedan taun 2008, reginipun Rp200.000.000.
** Mobil BMW Jeep taun 2019, reginipun Rp1.600.000.000.
** Mobil Toyota Alphard Minibus taun 2019, reginipun Rp1.000.000.000.
** Mobil Peugeot Jeep New 5008 taun 2019, reginipun Rp730.000.000.
** Motor Yamaha XMAX BG6 AT taun 2018, reginipun Rp55.000.000.
** Motor Honda Vario 125 taun 2021, reginipun Rp21.000.000.

* '''Asèt Sanèsipun'''
** Bandha Obah Sanèsipun: reginipun Rp684.000.000.
** Kas lan Setara Kas: reginipun Rp4.200.000.000.
** Surat Berharga: reginipun Rp220.000.000.

== Pirsani uga ==

* [[Sri Mulyani Indrawati|Sri Mulyani]]
* [[Lembaga Penjamin Simpanan]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commonscat|Purbaya Yudhi Sadewa}}
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadewa, Purbaya Yudhi}}
[[Kategori:Mantri Ardana Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Bogor]]

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  <page>
    <title>Pepéling</title>
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      <text bytes="5315" sha1="o550k4pi9cbsrk8hln87wj1c3xhmkqf" xml:space="preserve">'''Pepeling''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: ꦥꦼꦥꦺꦭꦶꦁ​; [[Basa Indonésia|basa Indhonésia]]: ''Pepeling'') yaiku salah siji lagu utawa [[gendhing]] basa Jawa kang digawé déning Ki [[Anom Suroto]], sawijining dalang wayang kulit purwa saka [[Jawa Tengah]]. Lagu iki misuwur amarga ngemu piwulang moral lan piweling tumrap umat manungsa supaya tansah eling marang kuwajiban agama, utamané ing babagan nindakaké ibadah shalat. Tembang iki dadi salah siji karya seni Jawa kang nggabungaké unsur budaya lan dakwah agama liwat media musik lan tembang.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/budaya/d-8174802/lirik-lagu-pepeling-karya-ki-anom-suroto-wis-wancine-tansah-dielingake|title=Lirik Lagu Pepeling Karya Ki Anom Suroto, 'Wis Wancine Tansah Dielingake'|last=Azizah|first=Ulvia Nur|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-03-15}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Pangerten lan Asal-usul Lagu ==
Lagu '''Pepeling''' kalebu tembang Jawa kang nganggo basa Jawa kanthi gaya langgam utawa [[campursari]]. Tembung ''pepeling'' dhéwé asalé saka basa Jawa sing tegesé “pangeling-eling” utawa naséhat supaya wong tansah eling marang kabecikan lan kuwajiban.

Lagu iki digawé déning Ki Anom Suroto, sawijining seniman lan dalang kondhang sing kerep nggunakaké kesenian tradisional minangka sarana nyebaraké piwulang moral lan agama. Ing karya-karyané, dhèwèké kerep nggabungaké unsur budaya Jawa karo ajaran spiritual supaya luwih gampang ditampa déning masyarakat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.detik.com/jateng/budaya/d-8174802/lirik-lagu-pepeling-karya-ki-anom-suroto-wis-wancine-tansah-dielingake|title=Lirik Lagu Pepeling Karya Ki Anom Suroto, 'Wis Wancine Tansah Dielingake'|last=Azizah|first=Ulvia Nur|website=detikjateng|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-03-15}}{{Pranala mati|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Isi ,Lirik, lan Makna Lagu ==
Lirik lagu '''Pepeling''' ngandhut pesen religius kang ngélingaké manungsa supaya ora lali marang kuwajiban sembahyang. Ing tembang iki dijlentrehaké manawa shalat iku dadi cagak utawa pondhasiné agama, mula kudu ditindakake kanthi istiqamah lan tumakninah. 

Kajaba iku, lagu iki uga ngemot pitutur supaya manungsa:

* tansah eling marang dhawuhing Gusti,
* ora sembrana ing urip donya,
* nduwèni sikap sabar lan tawakal,
* lan éling manawa urip ing donya mung sementara.

Piwulang kasebut nggambarake pandangan urip [[masyarakat Jawa]] kang nyawijèkaké nilai agama, etika, lan kabudayan.

Lirik Pepeling

Wis wancine tansah dielingake

Wis wancine podo nindaake

Adzan wus kumandhang

wayahe sembahyang

Netepi wajib dawuhe pangeran

Sholat dadi cagak ing agomo

Limang wektu kudu tansah dijogo

Kanthi istiqomah lan sing tumakninah

Luwih sampurno yen berjama'ah

Subuh Luhur lan 'Asar

Sholat sayekti ngadohke tindak mungkar

Maghrib lan 'Isya' jangkepe

Prayogane ditambah sholat sunate

Jo sembrono iku printah agomo

Ngelingono neng ndonya mung sedelo

Sabar lan tawakal pasrah sing kuoso

Yen kepengin mbesok munggah suargo

== Nilai-nilai Piwulangan ==
Saka isi tembang '''Pepeling''', ana sawetara nilai piwulangan kang bisa dijupuk, antara liya:

# '''Nilai religius''' – ngajak manungsa supaya tansah nindakaké ibadah lan netepi dhawuh agama.
# '''Nilai moral''' – ngélingaké supaya ora tumindak ala lan tansah njaga prilaku becik.
# '''Nilai spiritual''' – nandhesaké pentingé sabar, ikhlas, lan tawakal marang Gusti.
# '''Nilai budaya''' – nuduhaké carané budaya Jawa bisa dadi media kanggo nyebaraké piwulang agama.

Nilai-nilai kasebut ndadèkaké lagu iki ora mung dadi hiburan, nanging uga dadi sarana pendidikan moral lan spiritual tumrap masyarakat.

== Peran ing Budaya Jawa ==
Ing masyarakat Jawa, lagu '''Pepeling''' kerep ditembangaké ing acara kesenian tradisional kayata pagelaran wayang, karawitan, utawa acara budaya liyane. Lagu iki uga asring digunakaké minangka tembang pangeling supaya masyarakat ora lali marang kuwajiban agama.

Karya iki dadi bukti manawa kesenian Jawa bisa dadi sarana komunikasi budaya lan dakwah sing efektif, amarga pesené disampaikan kanthi cara alus lan gampang dingerteni déning masyarakat. 

== Pelestarian Lagu ==
Pelestarian lagu '''Pepeling''' bisa dilakoni kanthi sawetara cara, kayata:

* ngrembakakake tembang iki ing pagelaran seni tradisional,
* ngenalaké marang generasi enom liwat pendidikan budaya lan karawitan,
* ngrekam lan nyebaraké lagu iki liwat media digital utawa platform musik,
* lan nyinaoni makna lan piwulang kang ana ing liriké.

Kanthi cara kasebut, lagu '''Pepeling''' bisa tetep lestari lan dadi bagean saka warisan budaya Jawa sing nduwèni nilai spiritual lan moral.

== Panutup ==
Lagu '''Pepeling''' minangka salah siji karya seni Jawa kang ora mung éndah saka segi musikal, nanging uga sugih makna. Liwat tembang iki, masyarakat diajak supaya tansah eling marang Gusti, netepi kuwajiban agama, lan nglakoni urip kanthi budi pekerti becik. Mula saka iku, '''Pepeling''' ora mung dadi lagu hiburan, nanging uga dadi tembang piwulang kang nduwèni peran penting ing pelestarian nilai budaya lan spiritual masyarakat Jawa.

[[Kategori:Swarajati Project]]
[[Kategori:Tembang]]
[[Kategori:Tembang Dolanan]]</text>
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    <title>Alastair Bruce</title>
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      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:Alastair Bruce of Crionaich|]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="460" sha1="s4de77ukeur9stxg1yac68khnmu0t94" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Alastair Bruce (Edinburgh Castle) 2019.jpg|thumb|Alastair Bruce (2019)]]
'''Alastair Andrew Bernard Reibey Bruce of Crionaich''' (lair 25 Juni 1960) iku mayor jèndral ing militèr Britani Agung lan wartawan télévisi. Dhèwèké uga kawentar tau main in sérial télévisi ''[[Downton Abbey]]'' minangka ''Lord Chamberlain'' Raja Britani.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bruce, Alastair}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1960]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Downton Abbey]]</text>
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