Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 1711 1748869 1731676 2026-05-12T09:25:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = John Maynard Keynes |residence = |other_names = |image = Keynes 1933.jpg |imagesize = 225px |caption = John Maynard Keynes |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1883|6|5}} |birth_place = {{flagicon|Karajan Manunggal}} [[Cambridge, Cambridgeshire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1946|4|21|1883|6|5}} |death_place = [[East Sussex]], [[Inggris]] |death_cause = |known = |occupation = [[Ékonomi|Ekonom]] |title = Baron Keynes kapisanan |salary = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |boards = |religion = |spouse = [[Lydia Lopokova]] |partner = |children = |relations = |website = |footnotes = |employer = |height = |weight = }} '''John Maynard Keynes''' [[1883]] – [[1946]], punika satunggiling ahli [[ékonomi]] saking Britania Raya. Piyambakipun dados misuwur déning téyorinipun bab Makro-Ékonomi. Piyambakipun gadhah pangidhepan manawi Pamaréntah kedah tumut ngurusi ékonomi. Karyanipun ingkang misuwur judulipun: ''[[The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money]]'' ([[1936]]). Piyambakipun ugi tumut ngréncangi yasa [[IMF]]. == Uga delengen liyané == * [[Pratélan Tokoh Profesi]] == Kutipan == * ''"In the long run, we are all dead"'' * "Pada jangka panjang, kita semua telah mati" * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/index.htm J.M Keynes,The General Theory of Employment,Interest and Money, 1936] == Pranala njaba == * {{gutenberg author|id=John_Maynard_Keynes|name=John Maynard Keynes}} * {{NRA|P16231}} * [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207173710/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm |date=2006-02-07 }} (1919) * [http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815071131/http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm |date=2000-08-15 }} (1926) * [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933) * [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ John Maynard Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936) * [http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702141901/http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html |date=2021-07-02 }} * [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm Bio, bibliography, and links] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321234546/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm |date=2009-03-21 }} * [http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf Short bio with birth location] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821185947/http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf |date=2010-08-21 }} * [http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=31&item=biography Biography of Keynes by David Gowland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616040146/http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=31&item=biography |date=2011-06-16 }} * [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/books/article-1017464/Beauty-Brain.html Beauty and the Brain] article on Keynes and Lydia * [http://www.newsweek.com/id/185844 Who's This Fella Keynes, Anyway] Newsweek "Cheat Sheet" article by Matthew Philips * [http://www.etoncollege.com Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society] * [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm The Keynesian Revolution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416231317/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm |date=2009-04-16 }} * [http://secularstagnation.com Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217230732/http://secularstagnation.com/ |date=2006-02-17 }} by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998–2007 ) * [http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412225711/http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm |date=2008-04-12 }} by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 6 June 1998 ) * [http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP2000-04.html Keynes and Australia] by [[Donald Markwell]], Reserve Bank of Australia (2000) * [http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33 Keynes and Internatonal Economic and Political Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110306081030/http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33/ |date=2011-03-06 }} by Donald Markwell, Trinity College, University of Melbourne (2009) * [[Richard Posner]], [http://www.tnr.com/article/how-i-became-keynesian How I Became a Keynesian], [[The New Republic]], 23 September 2009 * [[Roy Hattersley]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/05/roy-hattersley-keynes-books Economic return], [[The Guardian|guardian]], 5 September 2009 * [http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2009/09/24/keynes/print.html John Maynard Keynes: Don't Call it a Comeback] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927090555/http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2009/09/24/keynes/print.html |date=2009-09-27 }} by ''[[Salon Magazine]]'' {{Artikel Dhasar}} {{authority control}} [[Kategori:Lair 1883]] [[Kategori:Pati 1946]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Donya]] [[Kategori:Filsuf]] [[Kategori:Ékonomi]] {{Inggris-bio-stub}} 7dm7o8t8z5ji7a0gml5f37z4ohzw9ra 0 17490 1748794 1744966 2026-05-11T13:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748794 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Che_Guevara_June_2,_1959.jpg|thumb|right|Ernesto Che Guevara (1959)]] '''Ernesto Guevara''' ([[14 Juni]], [[1928]] – [[9 Oktober]], [[1967]]), biyasa dikenal minangka '''Che Guevara,''' '''El Che''' utawa mung '''Che''' waé, yakuwi sawijining tokoh pulitik [[revolutionèr]] [[Marxist]], lan pamimpin gerilya [[Cuba]] lan [[Proletarian internationalisme|internationalist]] klairan [[Argentina|Argentine]] Nalika isih nom dadi mahasiswa kadhokteran ([[medicine]]), Guevara lelana ing tlatah [[Amérika Kidul]], njalari dhèwèké kontak langsung karo kondhisi kemlaratan rakyat. Pengalaman lan observasiné sajeroning lelana nemu kesimpulan yèn kaanan lan kepincangan ékonomi mung bisa diowahi kanthi sosialisme liwat revolusi, saéngga dhèwèké banjur njerokaké studiné bab [[Marxism]] lan lunga menyang [[Guatemala]] kanggo sinau bab reformasi kang lagi diwujudaké déning President [[Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán]]. == Buku Karya Guevara == '''Basa Inggris (pertalan)''' * ''Back on the Road: A Journey to Central America (Harvill Panther S.)'', The Harvill Press, paperback, ISBN 0-8021-3942-6. * ''Bolivian Diary'', Pimlico, paperback, ISBN 0-7126-6457-2 * ''Che Guevara: Radical Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and Revolution'', Filiquarian Publishing LLC, paperback, ISBN 1-59986-999-3. * ''Che Guevara Reader: Writings on Guerrilla Warfare, Politics and History'', Ocean Press, paperback * ''Che Guevara Speaks'', Pathfinder, paperback * ''Che Guevara Talks to Young People'', Pathfinder, paperback * ''Critical Notes on Political Economy'', Ocean Press, paperback * ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]'', Souvenir Press Ltd, paperback, ISBN 0-285-63680-4; PDF version of 1961 edition available at {{PDFlink|[http://www.freepeoplesmovement.org/guwar.pdf ''Guerrilla Warfare'']|254&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 260191 bytes -->}} * ''Our America and Theirs'', Ocean Press (AU), paperback, ISBN 1-876175-81-8. * ''[[Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria|Reminiscences of the Cuban Revolutionary War]]'', Monthly Review Press, paperback, 1998 * ''Self-Portrait: Che Guevara'', Ocean Press, 320pp, paperback, 2005 * ''Socialism and Man in Cuba: Also Fidel Castro on the Twentieth Anniversary of Guevara's Death'', Monad, paperback * ''The African Dream: The Diaries of the Revolutionary War in the Congo'', Grove Press, paperback. * ''The Diary of Che Guevara'', Amereon Ltd, * ''The Great Debate on Political Economy'', New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175540, ISBN 978-1876175542 * ''[[The Motorcycle Diaries]]: Notes on a Latin American Journey'', Perennial Press, ISBN 0-00-718222-8 '''Basa Spanyol''' * {{PDF|1=[http://www.redvoluciones.org/index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=68&func=select&id=13 ''Cuadernos de Praga'']}} – Guevara's notebooks written during his clandestine stay in Prague in 1966 * {{PDFlink|[http://www.literatura.org/che/diario.pdf ''Diario del Che en Bolivia'']|368&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 377151 bytes -->}} – Guevara's diary of the guerrilla war in Bolivia * {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-obrasescogidas%5B1%5D.pdf ''Obras Escogidas'']|1.63&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1709772 bytes -->}} – Guevara's selected works in Spanish, including his most important speeches * {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/che-diariodelcongo%5B1%5D.pdf ''Pasajes de la Guerra Revolucionaria: Congo'']|1.21&nbsp;[[Mebibyte|MiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 1271369 bytes -->}} – Guevara's complete Congo Diary in Spanish * {{PDFlink|[http://www.pca.org.ar/librosprop/PDF/libro%2006%20Che%20Guevara.pdf ''Pensamiento y acción'']|621&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 635938 bytes -->}} – A selection of Guevara's writings in Spanish, including ''El socialismo y el hombre nuevo'' == Uga delengen == [[Chetopics-med]] [[Cuba-Flag of Cuba.svg]] == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} === Cithakan === <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> * Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel ("Benigno"). ''Memorias de un Soldado Cubano: Vida y Muerte de la Revolución''. Barcelona: Tusquets Editores S.A., 2002. ISBN 84-8310-014-2 * Alarcón Ramírez, Dariel dit "Benigno". ''Le Che en Bolivie''. Éditions du Rocher, 1997. ISBN 2-268-02437-7 * Anderson, Jon Lee. ''Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life''. New York: Grove Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8021-1600-0 * Bamford, James. ''Body of Secrets: Anatomy of the Ultra-Secret National Security Agency''. New York: Anchor Books, 2002 (Reprint edition). ISBN 0-385-49908-6 * Bravo, Marcos. ''La Otra Cara Del Che''. Bogota, Colombia: Editorial Solar, 2005. “I’d like to confess, papá, at that moment I discovered that I really like killing.” Guevara writing to his father. * Castañeda, Jorge G. ''Che Guevara: Compañero''. New York: Random House, 1998. ISBN 0-679-75940-9 * Castro, Fidel (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). ''Revolutionary Struggle. 1947–1958''. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London: MIT Press, 1972. ISBN 0-262-02065-3 * Feldman, Allen 2003. ''Political Terror and the Technologies of Memory: Excuse, Sacrifice, Commodification, and Actuarial Moralities''. Radical History Review 85, 58–73. * Escobar, Froilán and Félix Guerra. ''Che: Sierra adentro'' (Che: Deep in the Sierra). Havana: Editora Política, 1988. * Fuentes, Norberto. ''La Autobiografía De Fidel Castro'' ("The Autobiography of Fidel Castro"). Mexico D.F: Editorial Planeta, 2004. ISBN 84-233-3604-2, ISBN 970-749-001-2 * Gálvez, William. ''Che in Africa: Che Guevara's Congo Diary''. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1999. ISBN 1-876175-08-7 * George, Edward. ''The Cuban Intervention In Angola, 1965–1991: From Che Guevara To Cuito Cuanavale''. London & Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers, 2005. ISBN 0-415-35015-8 * Gliejeses, Piero. ''Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965'', Journal of Latin American Studies, no. 28, London: Cambridge University Press, Spring 1996. * Granado, Alberto. ''Travelling with Che Guevara-The Making of a Revolutionary''. New York: Newmarket Press, 2004, ISBN 1-55704-640-9 (hardcover), ISBN 1-55704-639-5 (pbk.) * Guevara, Ernesto "Che". [http://www.patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/index.php ''Pasajes de la guerra revolucionaria''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701210018/http://patriagrande.net/cuba/ernesto.che.guevara/pasajes/index.php |date=2006-07-01 }} * Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdés). ''Che: Selected Works of Ernesto Guevara'', Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1969. ISBN 0-262-52016-8 * Guevara, Ernesto "Che" (editor Waters, Mary Alice). ''Episodes of the Cuban Revolutionary War 1956–1958''. New York: Pathfinder, 1996. ISBN 0-87348-824-5 (See reference to "El Viscaíno" on page 186). * Guevara, Ernesto "Che", translated from the Spanish by Patrick Camiller. ''The African Dream'', New York: Grove Publishers, 2000. ISBN 0-8021-3834-9 * Guevara, Ernesto "Che". ''The Great Debate on Political Economy'', New York: 2006, Ocean Press, ISBN 1876175540, ISBN 978-1876175542 * Guevara Lynch, Ernesto. ''Aquí va un soldado de América''. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, S.A., 2000. ISBN 84-01-01327-5 * Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein. ''The Cairo Documents''. New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-385-06447-0 * Holland, Max. ''Private Sources of U.S. Foreign Policy William Pawley and the 1954 Coup d'État in Guatemala'' in Journal of Cold War Studies, Volume 7, Number 4, Fall 2005, pp.&nbsp;36–73. * James, Daniel. ''Che Guevara: A Biography''. New York: Stein and Day, 1969. ISBN 0812813480 * James, Daniel. ''Che Guevara''. New York: Cooper Square Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8154-1144-8 * Kahn, David. ''The Codebreakers: The Story of Secret Writing''. New York: Macmillan, 1967. ISBN 0684831309 * Matos, Huber. ''Como llegó la Noche'' ("As night arrived"). Barcelona: Tusquet Editores, SA, 2002. ISBN 84-8310-944-1 * Miná, Gianni. ''An Encounter with Fidel''. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 1991. ISBN 1-875284-22-2 * Morán Arce, Lucas. ''La revolución cubana, 1953–1959: Una versión rebelde'' ("The Cuban Revolution, 1953–1959: a rebel version"). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Universitaria, Universidad Católica, 1980. ISBN B0000EDAW9. <!-- Despite the strange form, this is the correct ISBN according to an Amazon.co.uk entry. --> * Peña, Emilio Herasme. [http://www.listin.com.do/antes/junio04/140604/cuerpos/republica/rep10.htm ''La Expedición Armada de junio de 1959''], Listín Diario, (Dominican Republic), 14 June 2004. * Peredo-Leigue, Guido "Inti". ''Mi campaña junto al Che'', México: Ed. Siglo XXI, 1979. {{PDFlink|[http://www.willka.net/libros_archivos/INTI.pdf PDF version]|637&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 653025 bytes -->}}. * Rodriguez, Félix I. and John Weisman. ''Shadow Warrior/the CIA Hero of a Hundred Unknown Battles''. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1989. ISBN 0-671-66721-1 * Rojo del Río, Manuel. ''La Historia Cambió En La Sierra'' ("History changed in the ''Sierra''"). 2a Ed. Aumentada (Augmented second edition). San José, Costa Rica: Editorial Texto, 1981. * Ros, Enrique 2003. ''Fidel Castro y El Gatillo Alegre: Sus Años Universitarios'' (Colección Cuba y Sus Jueces). Miami: Ediciones Universal. ISBN 1-59388-006-5 * Ryan, Henry Butterfield. ''The Fall of Che Guevara: A Story of Soldiers, Spies, and Diplomats''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-511879-0 * Taibo, Paco Ignacio II. ''Ernesto Guevara, también conocido como el Che''. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1999. ISBN 84-08-02280-6 * Thomas, Hugh. ''Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom''. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, April 1998 (Updated edition). ISBN 0-306-80827-7 * Villegas, Harry "Pombo". ''Pombo: un hombre de la guerrilla del Che: diario y testimonio inéditos, 1966–1968''. Buenos Aires: Ediciones Colihue S.R.L., 1996. 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http://www.mzv.cz | title = Ministry of Foreign Affairs Czech Republic | access-date = 18 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv | title = National Security Archive at George Washington University | access-date = 19 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.newsmax.com | title = NewsMax| access-date = 28 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.periodico26.cu | title = Periódico 26, Las Tunas, Cuba | access-date = 27 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.radiobayamo.islagrande.cu/La%20puerta%20de%20la%20victoria.htm | title = Radio Bayamo | access-date = 26 February 2006 | archive-date = 19 March 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070319211656/http://www.radiobayamo.islagrande.cu/La%20puerta%20de%20la%20victoria.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web| url = http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/| title = Radio Cadena Agramonte| access-date = 27 June 2006| archive-date = 13 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413163954/http://www.cadenagramonte.cubaweb.cu/| url-status = dead}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.cubagob.cu | title = Sitio del Gobierno de la República de Cuba | access-date = 27 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.slate.com/id/2107100 | title = Slate | access-date = 18 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org/ | title = Sozialistische Klassiker | access-date = 26 June 2006 | archive-date = 20 January 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150120023103/http://www.sozialistische-klassiker.org/ | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.spectator.se/ | title = Stockholm Spectator | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 28 April 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150428230232/http://spectator.se/ | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.independent.org | title = The Independent Institute | access-date = 26 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.newhumanist.com | title = The New Humanist | access-date = 26 February 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.nysun.com | title = The New York Sun | access-date = 27 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.time.com | title = TIME magazine | access-date = 26 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.uco.es | title = Universidad de Córdoba | access-date = 28 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.state.gov | title = U.S. Department of State | access-date = 26 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.usatoday.com | title = USA Today| access-date = 28 June 2006}} * {{cite web | url = http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk/ | title = Viden er magt | access-date = 28 June 2006 | archive-date = 14 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314132103/http://www.rasmussen.popx.dk/ | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm | title = William Paterson University | access-date = 18 June 2006 | archive-date = 14 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414095836/http://www.wpunj.edu/newpol/issue25/farber25.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.wilsoncenter.org | title = Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars| access-date = 28 June 2006}} </div> == Wacan Terusan == <div class="references-small"> * ''Exposing the Real Che Guevara: And the Useful Idiots Who Idolize Him'', by Humberto Fontova, New York: Sentinel HC, ISBN 1-59523-027-0 (Hardcover) * ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]'', Ernesto Guevara, Brian Loveman and Thomas M. Davies Jr., Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska, June 1985, ISBN 0-8032-2116-9 and September 1997, ISBN 0-8420-2678-9 * ''Manifesto: Three Classic Essays on How to Change the World'', Ernesto Che Guevara, Friedrich Engels, and Karl Marx, New York: Ocean Press, 2004, ISBN 1-876175-98-2 * ''The Che Guevara Reader'', Collection of Guevara's works edited by David Deutschmann, New York: Ocean Press, ISBN 1-876175-69-9 * ''Special Ops'', A Brotherhood of War Novèl, 2002, Jove Fiction, ISBN 0-515-13248-9 == Pranala njaba == {{col-begin}}{{col-2}} <div class="references-small"> ;English * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7028598.stm Che: The icon and the ad] by Trisha Ziff for the BBC, 05 Oct 2007 * [http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Person:24256 Che Guevara's Family Tree at Rodovid]-pedigree and genealogical information about Guevara * [http://www.russianfootage.com/history/che_guevara Che Guevara in Moscow in 1960] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215719/http://russianfootage.com/history/che_guevara |date=2007-10-11 }} * [http://www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html Che Guevara Monument and Mausoleum in Santa Clara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025044422/http://www.english.ecosur.org/ecosur_e-magazine/edition_%2316%2c_october_2005/monument_to_che_guevarra_.html |date=2007-10-25 }} in EcoSur magazine, October 2005 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050425124114/http://www.geocities.com/socialistparty/socview/13-Che.htm Che Guevara - A legacy of struggle] by Daniel Waldron in Socialist View, No. 13 Winter 2004, an Irish socialist journal. * [http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/index.html Che Guevara - symbol of struggle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060716073520/http://www.socialistworld.net/publications/che/index.html |date=2006-07-16 }}-by Tony Saunois * [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/castaneda-companero.html Compañero] Che Guevara: Childhood, Youth, and Asthma in Argentina * [http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chebiblio.html Ernesto Che Guevara: Bibliography of Writings and Speeches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070721010850/http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/clibrary/about-articles/chebiblio.html |date=2007-07-21 }}-by Ocean Books (N.B.: this list includes his ''published'' works only) * [http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm Exposition of photos by Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715205226/http://www.mkg-hamburg.de/english/ausstell/03_che/home.htm |date=2006-07-15 }} * [http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che- Guevara, Ernesto "Che": A critical biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183024/http://libcom.org/history/guevara-ernesto-che- |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.irlandeses.org/dilab_guevarae.htm ''Guevara, Ernesto (Che) (1928–1967) physician and revolutionary''] by Edmundo Murray in ''Irish Migration Studies in Latin America'' (November-December 2005) * [http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/index.htm The Che Guevara internet archive] – written works, pictures, and speeches * [http://www.theeyeopener.com/article/2832 The importance of being Ernesto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011210154/http://theeyeopener.com/article/2832 |date=2007-10-11 }} by Joe Rayment. * [http://living.scotsman.com/index.cfm?id=&format=print The night Che Guevara came to Limerick] in the Scotsman newspaper, 28 December 2003 * [http://newcriterion.com:81/archive/23/oct04/che.htm The Real Che by Anthony Daniels] * {{PDFlink|[http://www.cubaarchive.org/downloads/CA08.pdf ''216 documented victims of Che Guevara in Cuba: 1957 to 1959'']|24.8&nbsp;[[Kibibyte|KiB]]<!-- application/pdf, 25438 bytes -->}}From Armando M. Lago, Ph.D.'s ''Cuba: The Human Cost of Social Revolution'' ;Spanish * [http://www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm Alta Gracia, Argentina – Museo Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205063045/http://www.eltajamar.com.ar/cheguevara.htm |date=2008-02-05 }} * [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Che Che] – Etimología y utilización del término ''Che'' en la Wikipedia en espaňol * [http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/index.htm Che, Guía y Ejemplo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910062142/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/Che/Index.htm |date=2011-09-10 }} [http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Galeria1.HTM Photos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060520072317/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Galeria1.HTM |date=2006-05-20 }}[http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/che/Videos.HTM Cuban Ministry of culture: videos of Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426072003/http://www.sancristobal.cult.cu/sitios/Che/Videos.HTM |date=2006-04-26 }} * [http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/ Che: mas mito que realidad!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031070114/http://che-guevara.awardspace.com/ |date=2007-10-31 }} * [http://www.juliocarreras.com.ar/che.html Fragmento de ''Che Guevara: el documental'' (video)] * [http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&story_id=19030&format=html Los libros: compañeros inseparables de Ernesto Che Guevara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051213085849/http://www.cedib.org/pcedib/?module=displaystory&story_id=19030&format=html |date=2005-12-13 }} * [http://www.cheguevara.com.ar Revista Social Che Guevara] Noticias, Fotos, Videos del Che, Documentales, Canciones, Foros de Debate, Ayuda Comunitaria, Acciones conjuntas {{col-2}} {{cgsister}} {{col-end}} </div> <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --> [[Kategori:Tokoh Argèntina]] [[Kategori:Lair 1928|Guevara, Che]] [[Kategori:Pati 1967|Guevara, Che]] {{bio-stub}} 59gz3v8z75ukh0c8fd4zmefg6najhzr 0 21398 1748810 1547978 2026-05-11T22:27:18Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Gunung | Nama = Sinabung | Foto = Sinabung.jpg | Katrangan = Sinabung ing taun 1987 | Elevasi = 2,460&nbsp;metres (8,071&nbsp;ft)<ref name="gvp">{{cite web|title=Sinabung|work=Global Volcanism Program|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]|accessdate=2006-12-18|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=0601-08=}}</ref> | Lokasi = [[Sumatra]], [[Indonésia]] | Range = | Prominence = | Koordinat = {{coor d|3.17|N|98.392|E|type:mountain}} | Topographic map = | Tipe = [[stratovolcano]] | Umur = [[Pleistocene]] | Pungkasan Njeblug = Unknown | First ascent = | Easiest route = }} '''Gunung Sinabung''' iku [[gunung]] ing [[dataran dhuwur Karo]], [[Kabupatèn Karo]], [[Sumatra Lor]]. Sinabung bebarengan karo [[Sibayak]] ing sacedhaké, minangka gunung geni aktif ing [[Sumatra]] [[Lor]]. Kanthi elevasi 2.460 [[mèter]], gunung iki dadi pucuk paling dhuwur ing [[Sumatra Lor]]. [[Koordinat]] pucuk gunung Sinabung yaiku [[3]]° [[10]] menit LU, [[98]]° [[23]] menit BT. == Réferènsi == {{Reflist}} == Deleng uga == * [[Pratélan gunung ing Indonésia]] * [[Pratélan gunung]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=1240 Gunung Sinabung]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Gunung ing Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Gunung ing Indonésia|Sinabung]] [[Kategori:Gunung ing Sumatra Lor|Sinabung]] trpgfuwa4jk9akrg0d0n794u59xy5kq 0 24630 1748808 1737677 2026-05-11T20:44:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Town AT| name=Graz| name_local=| image_coa = Wappen Graz.svg| image_map =Map at graz.png| state = [[Styria (state)|Styria]] | regbzk = | district = [[Statutory City]]| population =252852| population_as_of = 2008-01-01| agglomeration ≈ 320,000| population_ref =| pop_dens = 1,990| area = 127.56| elevation = 353| lat_deg=47| lat_min=04| lat_sec=13| lat_hem=N| lon_deg=15| lon_min=26| lon_sec=20| lon_hem=E| postal_code = A-801x, A-802x, A-803x A-804x, A-805x| area_code =+43 316| mayor = [[Siegfried Nagl]] ([[Ostenrikn People's Party|ÖVP]])| website = [http://www.graz.at www.graz.at]| }} {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = City of Graz - Historic Centre | Image = [[Gambar:Graz clock tower.jpg|250px|center|The Grazer Schloßberg Clock Tower.]] | State Party = {{AUT}} | Type = Cultural | Criteria = ii, iv | ID = 931 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]] | Year = 1999 | Session = 23rd | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/931 }} [[Image:Vischer - Topographia Ducatus Stiria - 110 Graz.jpg|thumb|Graz, Georg Matthäus Vischer (1670)]] '''Graz''' [graːts] (asal tembung manawa saka [[Basa Slovene]]: ''Gradec'' <!--IPA: /gra.deʦ/, "bèntèng cilik"), kanthi pedunung cacahé watara 290,000 (taun [[2008]]) <!--(252,852 jiwa duwé status pedunung utncipal residence status), is the [[List of cities and towns in Austria#List of cities and towns by population size|second-largest city]] in [[Austria]] after [[Vienna]] and the capital of the federal state of [[Styria (state)|Styria]] (''Steiermark'' [ˈʃtaɪ̯ɐmaʁk] in [[German language|German]]).--> Graz minangka kutha pelajar: kutha iki duwé enem universitas kang duwé punjul 44,000 mahasiswa. Kutha tuwa Graz minangka salah siji pusat kuta kang paling kajaga ing Éropa Tengah. Ing taun [[1999]], dilebokaké sajeroning pratélan Situs warisan donya [[UNESCO]]. <!-- Graz was sole [[Cultural Capital of Europe]] for 2003. == Geography == The city is situated on the [[Mura|Mur]] river, in the south east of Austria. It is approximately 200&nbsp;km southwest of Vienna or 2.5&nbsp;hours by train / 2&nbsp;hours by car. The nearest larger [[urban center]] is [[Maribor]] in [[Slovenia]] which is about 50&nbsp;km away. Graz is the capital and largest city in [[Styria (state)|Styria]], a green and heavily forested area. ===Climate=== Due to its position south east of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the [[North Atlantic]] to north western and central Europe. Due to this factor the weather in Graz is [[Mediterranean]] influenced. Graz therefore has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that only opens to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that [[latitude]]. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south. However, this milder, less windy climate is detrimental to the [[air quality]] in Graz as it makes the city prone to [[smog]] in winter. The exhaust fumes of the around 120,000 cars driven into Graz every weekday by people living in the surrounding areas, together with the car journeys made by the inhabitants of Graz itself, are the most significant source of [[air pollution]]. *average temperatures: [[Graz Airport]] 8.7°C / [[Karl-Franzens University]] 9.4°C *average rainfall: 818 mm with on average 92 days of rain ([[Karl Franzens University]]) *average hours of sunshine: 1,890 ([[Karl Franzens University]]) ===Neighbouring municipalities=== The following towns and villages border Graz: *to the North: [[Gratkorn]], [[Stattegg]], [[Weinitzen]] *to the East: [[Kainbach bei Graz]], [[Hart bei Graz]], [[Raaba]] *to the South: [[Gössendorf]], [[Feldkirchen bei Graz]], [[Seiersberg]] *to the West: [[Attendorf]], [[Thal, Austria|Thal]], [[Judendorf-Straßengel]] --> === Distrik === Graz dipérang dadi 17 distrik, yakuwi: [[Gambar:Graz Stadtbezirke weiß.png|350px|left|The 17 Districts of Graz]] *[[Innere Stadt (Graz)|Innere Stadt]] (''3,302'') * [[St. Leonhard (Graz)|St. Leonhard]] (''12,377'') * [[Geidorf]] (''19,119'') *[[Lend (Graz)|Lend]] (''22,369'') * [[Gries (Graz)|Gries]] (''22,658'') *[[Jakomini]] (''25,808'') *[[Liebenau (Graz)|Liebenau]] (''11,556'') *[[St. Peter (Graz)|St. Peter]] (''12,809'') *[[Waltendorf]] (''10,782'') * [[Ries (Graz)|Ries]] (''5,789'') *[[Mariatrost]] (''7,403'') * [[Andritz]] (''16,316'') *[[Gösting]] (''9,227'') *[[Eggenberg (Graz)|Eggenberg]] (''16,467'') *[[Wetzelsdorf]] (''12,225'') * [[Straßgang]] (''12,212'') *[[Puntigam]] (''6,248'') == Tuwuhing kang ndunungi == {|class="wikitable" !Taun !Populasi |- |1900||168,808 |- |1951||226,476 |- |1961||237,080 |- |1971||249,089 |- |1981||243,166 |- |1991||237,810 |- |2001||226,244 |- |2006||250,099 |} <!-- The more recent [[population]] figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students. At the end of 2006 there were 37,624 people with secondary residence status in Graz. [http://www.graz.at/cms/ziel/606066/En/][http://www.statistik.at/blickgem/blick1/g60101.pdf] Population (with principal residence status) in the [[agglomeration]] was approx. 320,000 at the end of 2006. ==History== {{Unreferencedsection|date=March 2008}} [[Image:IMG 0411 - Graz - Landhaushof.JPG|thumb|right|Landhaus]] [[Image:IMG 0412 - Graz - Landhaushof.JPG|thumb|right|Landhaus]] The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the [[Copper Age]]. However, there is no historical continuity of a settlement before the Middle Ages. The name of the city, and some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by South Slavic people (namely [[Slovenes]]), which in time became a heavily defended fortification. In [[Slovene language|Slovene]], 'gradec' literally means "small castle". The German name 'Graz' was first used in 1128, and during this time dukes under [[Babenberg]] rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later Graz came under the rule of the [[Habsburg]]s, and in 1281 gained special privileges from [[Rudolf I of Germany|King Rudolph I]]. In the 14th century Graz became the city of residence of the [[Inner Austria]]n line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the [[Grazer Schloßberg|Schloßberg]] castle and from there ruled [[Styria (duchy)|Styria]], [[Carinthia (duchy)|Carinthia]], and parts of today's [[Italy]] and [[Slovenia]] ([[Carniola]], [[Gorizia]] and [[Gradisca d'Isonzo|Gradisca]]). In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in this style is the Landhaus. It was designed by [[Domenico dell'Allio]], and was used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters. Graz was also a city that famous astronomer [[Johannes Kepler]] lived in for a short part of his life. There, he worked as a math teacher, but found time to study astronomy. He left Graz to go to [[Prague]] when [[Lutheran]] people were banned from the city. Karl-Franzens Universität, also referred to as the [[University of Graz]], is the city's oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke [[Charles II of Austria|Charles II]]. For most of its existence it was controlled by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic church]], and was closed in 1782 by [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor [[Franz I of Austria|Franz I]], thus gaining the name 'Karl-Franzens Universität,' meaning 'Charles-Francis University.' Over 30,000 students currently study at this university. [[Nikola Tesla]] studied electrical engineering at the [[Graz University of Technology|Polytechnic]] in Graz in 1875. Nobel Laureate [[Otto Loewi]] taught at the [[University of Graz]] from 1909 until 1938. [[Johannes Kepler]] was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz. [[Erwin Schrödinger]] was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936. [[Adolf Hitler]] was given a warm welcome when he visited in 1938, the year Austria was [[Anschluss|annexed]] by [[Nazi Germany]]. The thriving [[History of the Jews in Austria|Jewish community]] was destroyed by the Nazis and their grand synagogue was burnt. A small group of Graz Jews returned despite everything after the war. In 2000, on the anniversary of the [[Reichskristallnacht]], Graz city council presented the Jewish community with a new synagogue as a gesture of reconciliation. Hitler promised the people of Graz 1,000 years of prosperity and an end to mass unemployment: only 7 years later the Graz resistance surrendered the city to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] troops sparing Graz any further destruction. By then about 16% of buildings had been destroyed by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] bombing - luckily the Old Town was not seriously hit. Graz lies in Styria, or ''Steiermark'' in German. ''Mark'' is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry are taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile [[Mura|Mur]] valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under [[Matthias Corvinus]] in 1481, and by the [[Ottoman Turks]] in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg, the Schloßberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of Baroque weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items. From the earlier part of the 15th century Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of [[Emperor Ferdinand II]], who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were constructed on the Schlossberg at the end of the 16th century. [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s army occupied Graz in 1797. In 1809 the city had to withstand another assault by the French army. During the course of this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with his men against Napoleon's army, which numbered about 900 and 3,000 respectively. He successfully defended the Schloßberg against 8 attacks, but they were forced to give up since the Grande Armee conquered Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. The fortress of Graz is seen as the strongest fortress ever built. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the [[Battle of Wagram]] in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]] of the same year. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were allowed to survive this fate after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation. Archduke [[Charles II of Austria|Charles II of Inner Austria]] had 20,000 [[Protestantism|Protestant]] books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the [[Holy See]]. [[Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria|Archduke Franz Ferdinand]] was born in Graz, in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum). ==Main sights== {{wrapper}} [[Image:Graz, Austria skyline - July 2004.jpg|thumb|centre|700px|A panoramic view of the old town from the Graz Schlossberg]] |- In the last few years some groundbreakingly modern new public buildings have been erected in the city. The most famous of these include the [[Kunsthaus Graz|Kunsthaus]] (house of modern art) designed by [[Peter Cook (architect)|Peter Cook]] and [[Colin Fournier]], a museum constructed right next to the river Mur, and the "[[Murinsel]]" (island in the Mur), an island made of steel, situated in the river. It was designed by the American architect [[Vito Acconci]] and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground. === Old Town === |[[Image:GrazerRathaus-edit.jpg|thumb|250px|right|View of the ''Rathaus'' or City Hall at dusk.]] The old town was added to the [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage List]] in 1999 due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Being situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the old town consists of over 1000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to Contemporary. The most important sights in the old town are: * '''[[Grazer Schloßberg|Schloßberg]]''', hill dominating the old town (475 m high), site of demolished fortress, with views over Graz. * '''Uhrturm''' clocktower, symbol of Graz, on the top of Schloßberg. * '''Neue Gallerie '''. Museum of art. * '''Schloßbergbahn''', a funicular railway up the Schloßberg. * The '''Landhaus''', the building where the federal state parliament of Styria resides, a palace in Lombardic style. It belongs to the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Austria and was built by the Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio between 1557 and 1565. * The '''Landeszeughaus''', armoury, the largest of its kind in the world [http://www.civilization.ca/milhist/austria/images/auslzh2b.gif],[http://www.cosmopolis.ch/landeszeughaus7.jpg]. * The '''Schauspielhaus''' is the principal theatre[http://www.andreas-praefcke.de/carthalia/austria/images/a_graz_schauspielhaus.jpg][http://www.nona.cc/images/diverse/music/graz_landhaus.jpg],[http://www.mondial.at/images/graz-landhaus.jpg]. * '''Dom '''(cathedral), a rare monument of Gothic architecture. Once, there had been many frescos on the outer walls, today, there are only few remains, like the ''Landplagenbild'' ("picture of plagues") painted in 1485, presumably by [[Thomas von Villach]]. The three plagues it depicts are locusts, pestilence and the invasion of the Turks, all of them striking the town in 1480. It features the oldest painted view of Graz. * '''Mausoleum''' of Emperor [[Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand II]] next to the cathedral, the most important building of [[Mannerism]] in Graz. It includes both the grave, where Ferdinand II and his wife are buried, and a church dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria. * '''Rathaus''' (toontown). * '''Burg''' (castle complex), with Gothic double staircase, built between 1438 and 1453 by Emperor [[Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick III]] because the old castle on the Schloßberg was too small and uncomfortable. The ''Burg'' remained the residence of the Inner Austrian Court until 1619. Today, it serves as residence of the government of Styria. * '''Gemaltes Haus''' ("painted house"), in Herrengasse 3. It is completely covered with frescos (painted in 1742 by Johann Mayer). * '''Kunsthaus''' (museum of modern art). * '''[[Murinsel]]''', an artificial island in the Mur. * '''Buildings''', '''courtyards''' (e. g. Early Renaissance courtyard of the ''Former House of Teutonic Knights'' in Sporgasse 22) and '''roofscape''' of the old town. === Outside the Old Town === [[Image:Graz Herz Jesu Kirche 7.jpg|thumb|[[Herz-Jesu-Kirche (Graz)|Herz-Jesu-Kirche]]]] * '''Schloß Eggenberg''' a Baroque palace on the western edge of Graz with State rooms and museum [http://www.bsx.at/bsx_pictures/news/041216_eggenberg.jpg],[http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.photo.data.image.fvw2/fvw2118h.jpg],[http://cms.graztourismus.at/cms/dokumente/10002500/ae6390ca/024_Schloss_Eggenberg.jpg]. * '''[[Mariatrost Basilica|Basilika Mariatrost]]''' a late Baroque church, on the eastern edge of Graz [http://cms.graztourismus.at/cms/dokumente/10002521/ba5381e4/043_Basilika_Mariatrost.jpg],[http://www.graz-seckau.at/pfarre/graz-mariatrost/pics/kirche2.jpg],[http://physik.uni-graz.at/~kew/images/promotion/basilika_mariatrost_scale.jpg]. * The '''[[Herz-Jesu-Kirche (Graz)|Herz Jesu Kirche]]''' is the largest church in Graz with the 3rd highest spire in Austria, built in Gothic Revival style [http://www.graz-herz-jesu.at/kirche/oberkirche01.jpg]. * '''Calvary Hill''' in the Gösting area of Graz with a 17th century calvary and church. * The '''LKH-Universitätsklinikum''', is the biggest hospital of Graz, it is the largest Art Nouveau building complex in Austria. It was built between 1904 and 1912. It is run by the state. * Best viewpoints for vistas of the city are '''Ruine Gösting''', hilltop castle ruins on northwestern edge of city, and '''Plabutsch/Fürstenstand''', behind Schloss Eggenberg with a hilltop restaurant and viewing tower. * The site of the former brewery [[Graz Reininghaus]] is currently the biggest privately financed city development project in Austria. === Within the greater Graz area === * '''Österreichisches Freilichtmuseum Stübing''', an open-air museum containing old farmhouses/farm buildings from all over Austria reassembled in historic setting. * '''Lurgrotte''', the most extensive cave system in Austria. * '''Lipizzanergestüt Piber''', [[Lipizzaner]] stud where the famous white horses are bred. * The '''Steirische Weinstrasse''' is a wine growing region south of Graz, also known as the "Styrian Tuscany". * '''Thermenregion''', spa region east of Graz. * '''[[Riegersburg]]''', a mighty fortress that was never taken. It was a bastion against historical Turkish invasions [http://www.kultur.steiermark.at/cms/dokumente/10091554/8ee18bfb/riegersburg%20633.jpg],[http://www.riegersburg.com/images/gastlich/start2.jpg]. ==Culture== During 2003 Graz held the title of "[[European Capital of Culture]]". ===Museums=== [[Image:Graz Kunsthaus vom Schlossberg 20061126.jpg|thumb|[[Kunsthaus Graz]]]] The most important museums in Graz are: *'''Alte Galerie''' paintings and sculptures from the Romanesque to the end of the Baroque period, coin museum and regular exhibitions. *'''Neue Galerie''' visual arts from the 19th and 20th century. *'''Natural History Museum''' exhibition of botany, mineralogy and zoology. *'''Stadtmuseum Graz''' city museum. *'''Grazer Kunsthaus''' museum of contemporary art. *'''Camera Austria''' museum of contemporary photography. *'''Landeszeughaus''' medieval armory comprising of 32,000 pieces of armour and weaponry, largest of its kind in the world. *'''Volkskundemuseum''' museum of folklore. *'''Diözesanmuseum''' museum of the Roman Catholic church. *'''Künstlerhaus''' museum of contemporary visual arts. *'''Literaturhaus''' museum of contemporary German literature. *'''Museum der Wahrnehmung''' museum of the senses, samadhi bath. *'''Kindermuseum Frida&Fred''' museum for children. *'''Tramwaymuseum''' 40 historic trams, the oldest dating from 1873. *'''Kriminalmuseum''' museum of criminology. *'''Luftfahrtmuseum''' (Graz airport) aviation museum. *'''Hanns Schell Collection''' key and lock museum, largest of its kind in the world. ===Festivals=== Many festivals take place throughout the year such as: *'''styriarte''' theatre and music festival. *'''steirischer herbst''' contemporary art festival. *'''Jazz-Sommer Graz''' *'''Eggenberger Schlosskonzerte''' classical music concerts in banqueting hall of Eggenberg Palace. *'''AIMS'''Midsummernightsconcerts, classical music concerts by overseas music students. *'''Classics in the City''' classical concerts held in old town courtyards. *'''vokal.total''' choir festival and A Cappella competition. *'''Diagonale''' festival of Austrian film. *'''LaStrada''' street/puppet theater festival. *'''Grazer Orgelfest''' organ concerts held in different churches and on different organs of Graz. *'''springfestival''' festival for electronic art and music. *'''elevate''' the Schloßbergfestival. (festival for contemporary music and political discourse). *'''Festival des Trigitalen Films''' Some of these events can be visited for free. ===Venues=== The most important art/music venues in Graz are: *'''Stadthalle Graz''' exhibition center. *'''Oper Graz''' opera house. *'''Schauspielhaus''' principal theatre. *'''NextLiberty''' youth theatre. *'''Orpheum''' music/stand up comedy venue. *'''Grazer Congress - Stephaniensaal''' classical music venue/ballroom. *'''Helmut-List-Halle''' music arena. *'''Grazer Stadtmuseum''' city museum/art venue. *'''Dom im Berg''' contemporary music venue/art venue. *'''Schloßbergbühne Kasematten''' music/theatre venue, open-air stage and auditorium in remains of underground vaults dating from 1578. *'''p.p.c.''' (project pop culture) contemporary music venue. *'''Explosiv''' contemporary music venue. *'''Kulturhaus''' art venue. *'''Postgarage''' contemporary music venue. *'''Generalmusikdirektion''' contemporary music venue. *'''Forum Stadtpark''' contemporary art venue. ===Architecture=== *'''Highest Buildings''' There are currently 228 buildings in Graz that are classified as highrise buildings. In Graz a building is classified as being highrise if the floor of at least one room is 22 metres above ground level. Buildings that are classified as highrise have to adhere to much more stringent fire safety regulations because the ladders of the majority of fire appliances used by Graz Fire Brigade cannot reach higher than 22 metres. {| class="prettytable" |- bgcolor="#DDDDDD" ! ! Name or Address ! Completion ! Usage ! Height / Storeys |- align="center" | 1. | align="left" | [[Herz-Jesu-Kirche (Graz)|Herz-Jesu-Kirche]] | 1887 | church | 109 metres |- align="center" | 2. | align="left" | Elisabeth Hochhaus | 1964 | residential | 75 metres / 25 storeys |- align="center" | 3. | align="left" | Kärntnerstrasse 212, Liebenauer Hauptstrasse | 1968 & 1955 | residential | 69 metres / 21 storeys |- align="center" | 4. | align="left" | Franziskanerkirche | 1240 | church | 69 metres |- align="center" | 5. | align="left" | Hafnerriegel | 1960 | residential | 61 metres / 19 storeys |- align="center" | 6. | align="left" | St. Peter Pfarrweg, Kindermanngasse, Hanuschgasse | 1970s | residential | 55 metres / 17 storeys |- align="center" | 7. | align="left" |Vinzenz Muchitschstrasse, Ungergasse, Kärntnerstrasse 216, Eggenbergergürtel | 1970s | residential | 52 metres / 16 storeys |} In Graz there are a some new high rise buildings in the pipeline, the only one that currently (July 2007) is looking certain to be build is a 15 storey officeblock opposite the "Stadthalle" on the southern edge of the city centre. The construction of this officeblock is to commence in June 2008. [[Image:StrassenbahnGleisplanGraz1997.png|thumb|Tramway network 1997.]] ==Health services== In Graz there are 8 hospitals, 6 private clinics, 44 pharmacies and 2 ambulance services. == Transportation == An extensive public transportation network makes Graz an easy city to navigate without a car. The city has a comprehensive bus network, complementing a tram network consisting of six lines, two of which run from the main train station (Hauptbahnhof) to the old town before branching out. Furthermore, there are seven night-time bus routes, although these operate only at weekends and on evenings preceding public holidays. From the main train station (Hauptbahnhof), you can take regional trains to most of Styria. Direct trains also run to most major cities nearby including [[Vienna]], [[Salzburg]], [[Innsbruck]], [[Maribor]] and [[Ljubljana]] in [[Slovenia]], [[Zagreb]] in [[Croatia]], [[Prague]] in the [[Czech Republic]], [[Budapest]] in [[Hungary]] and [[Zurich]] in [[Switzerland]]. Trains for Vienna leave every hour. [[Graz Airport]] is about 10 kilometres south of the city centre and has a railway station within walking distance (east of the airport). The non charter flight international destinations from Graz are [[Berlin]], [[Cologne]]/[[Bonn]], [[Düsseldorf]], [[Frankfurt/Main]], [[London]], [[Munich]], [[Stuttgart]], [[Zurich]], [[Girona]]/[[Barcelona]] (from 8/11/2007) and [[Oslo]]. ==Sister cities== * [[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|25px]] [[Coventry]], [[United Kingdom]], since 1948 (Agreement, 1957) * [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|25px]] [[Montclair, New Jersey]], [[USA]], since 1950 * [[Image:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], [[Netherlands]], since 1965 * [[Image:Flag of Germany.svg|25px]] [[Darmstadt]], [[Germany]], since 1968 * [[Image:Flag of Norway.svg|25px]] [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]], since 1968 * [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|25px]] [[Pula]], [[Croatia]], since 1972 * [[Image:Flag of Italy.svg|25px]] [[Trieste]], [[Italy]], since 1973 * [[Image:Flag of Slovenia.svg|25px]] [[Maribor]], [[Slovenia]], since 1987 * [[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|25px]] [[Pécs]], [[Hungary]], since 1989 * [[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|25px]] [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]] since 2001 * [[Image:Flag of Croatia.svg|25px]] [[Dubrovnik]], [[Croatia]], since 1994 * [[Image:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|25px]] [[Banja Luka]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes: * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Niš]], [[Serbia]] == Famous people == *[[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], former [[bodybuilding]] champion, actor and current governor of [[California]]. Born and raised in the farming village [[Thal, Austria|Thal]], 2&nbsp;km from Graz. In [[2005]], the Graz football stadium named after Schwarzenegger was renamed [[Stadion Graz-Liebenau]] after controversy over the use of the death penalty in California, now it is called UPC-Arena. *[[Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach]], architect of the [[Baroque architecture|Baroque period]]. *[[Ludwig Boltzmann]], Austrian physicist, Professor of Mathematical Physics at the [[University of Graz]] (1869), chair of Experimental Physics at the [[University of Graz]] (1876-1890). *[[Robert Stolz]], Austrian composer and conductor. *[[Friedrich St. Florian]], Austrian-American architect. *[[Olga Neuwirth]], one of the most important contemporary Austrian composers. *[[Nicolaus Harnoncourt]],born in Berlin raised in Graz, a conductor known throughout the world for his performances of classical works on period instruments. *[[Jochen Rindt]], the first Austrian [[Formula 1]] champion raised in Graz with his grandmother. *[[Otto Wanz]], former [[professional wrestler]] who held the [[AWA World Heavyweight Championship]]. *[[Wolfgang Bauer]], Austrian writer. *[[Werner Schwab]], playwright and visual artist. *[[Bernd Brückler]], professional ice hockey player *[[Thomas Vanek]], professional hockey player, born in [[Baden bei Wien]], raised in Graz. *[[Helmut Marko]], former racing driver *[[Markus Schopp]], midfielder for [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] side [[Red Bull New York]] *[[August Musger]], inventor of the slow motion technique in cinema. *[[Karl Böhm]], an Austrian conductor. *[[Lili Novy]], [[Slovenia]]n poet. --> == Rujukan == * {{cite web | year = 2006 | url = http://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/fileadmin/downloads/Teilberichte/Steiermark/Steiermark_2006_02/Steiermark_2006_02_1.pdf | title = Graz: Stadtplanung und Stadtentwicklung (Rechnungshofbericht, 2006) in German | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-04-08 | archive-date = 2008-04-08 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080408185603/http://www.rechnungshof.gv.at/fileadmin/downloads/Teilberichte/Steiermark/Steiermark_2006_02/Steiermark_2006_02_1.pdf | url-status = dead }} == Pranala njaba == {{linkfarm}} {{Commons|Graz}} '''Situs resmi''' * {{wikivoyage|Graz}} * [http://www.graz.at/ City website] {{de icon}} {{en icon}} * [http://www.graz.at/stadtplan/ Searchable map of Graz] * [http://www.graztourismus.at/ Graz Tourism Office] * {{de icon}} [http://www.kulturserver-graz.at/ KulturServerGraz Town's cultural portal] * [http://public-transport.net/bim/Graz.htm tramway in Graz] '''Aktivitas Budaya''' * [http://www.kunsthausgraz.at/ Kunsthaus Graz (Modern Art House)] * [http://www.jazzsommergraz.at/ Jazz Sommer Graz] * [http://www.lastrada.at/ LaStrada - a street festival] * [http://www.springfestival.at/ springfestival website - the portal to annual websites for the festival for electronic art and music in Graz] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915204418/http://www.springfestival.at/ |date=2008-09-15 }} * [http://www.elevate.at/ elevate - festival for contemporary music and political discourse] '''Sajarah''' * [http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-Graz-ENGL.html Jews in Graz. Expelled 1439 - returned 1447 - expelled 1496 - returned 1783 - holocaust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501174607/http://www.geschichteinchronologie.ch/eu/oe/EncJud_juden-in-Graz-ENGL.html |date=2008-05-01 }} (from Encyclopaedia Judaica 1971) {{Ibukutha budaya Éropa}} {{Situs warisan donya ing Ostenrik}} {{Styria}} [[Kategori:Graz| ]] [[Kategori:Kutha ing Ostenrik]] [[Kategori:Situs Warisan Donya ing Ostenrik]] i0dnt6tcf6rt3uhjvxsyysovbqqshzj 0 26121 1748799 1744040 2026-05-11T16:03:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Franz Kafka|ꦥ꦳꧀ꦫꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦥ꦳꧀ꦏ}} {{Infobox Writer | name = Franz Kafka | image = Kafka1906.jpg | caption = Foto Franz Kafka ing taun 1906 | birth_date = [[3 Juli]] [[1883]] | birth_place = {{flagicon image|Ensign of Austro-Hungarian civil fleet (1869-1918).svg}} [[Praha]], [[Ostenrik-Honggari]] (saiki [[Céko]]) | death_date = [[3 Juni]] [[1924]] | death_place = {{flagicon|Ostenrik}} [[Wina]], [[Ostenrik]] | occupation = [[Novèlis]], [[carita cekak|cerpènis]], pagawé asuransi, manajer pabrik, | nationality = [[Yahudi]]-[[Bohémia]] [[Yahudi Ashkenazi|(Ashkenazi)]] ([[Ostenrik-Hungaria]]) | genre = | movement = [[modèrenisme]], [[èksistènsialisme]], [[suréalisme]], palopor dhasar saka [[réalisme magis]] | magnum_opus = [[Der Prozess]], [[Der Schloss]], [[Die Verwandlung]] | influences = [[Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] | influenced = [[Albert Camus]], [[Federico Fellini]], [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], [[Gabriel Garcia Marquez]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Haruki Murakami]] | signature = Kafka.gif }} '''Franz Kafka''' ([[3 Juli]] [[1883]]-[[3 Juni]] [[1924]]) yaiku salah siji panitra [[basa Jerman]] kang wigati. Kafka lair saka kulawarga [[Yahudi]] kelas manengah ing [[Praha]], Ostenrik-Honggari (saiki ing [[Céko]]). Karya-karya wigatiné kalebu ''[[Die Verwandlung]]'' ("Owah-owahan" 1915), ''[[Der Process]]'' ("Prosès Pangadilan" 1925) lan ''[[Das Schloss]]'' ("Kastil" 1926). Nalika dhèwèké urip, kang ndunungi Praha akèhé nuturaké basa Céko, nanging uga ana kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Jerman. Pamilahan antarané kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Céko saka kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Jerman iku kadadèn, jalaran rong golongan iki padha-padha ndhedhesaké jatidhiri nasionalé dhéwé-dhéwé. Komunitas Yahudi kerepé posisiné ana antarané komunitas Céko lan komunitas panutur basa Jerman. Prakara iki temtuné ngakibataké Wong Yahudi lan mligi Kafka dadi kerep mikiraké posisi awaké dhéwé. Kafka dhéwé bisa baud nuturaké basa Jerman lan basa Céko, nanging basa Jerman dianggep basa ibuné. Kafka kuliah minangka siji pangacara. Sawisé lulus studi ukum, dhèwèké olèh pagawéan ing siji perusahaan asuransi. Banjur dhèwèké nulis cerkak manawa préi. Salawasé urip, dhèwèké ngomèl genéya wektuné kanggo nglakoni klangenané kurang nyukupi. Dhèwèké getun pagawéyané kanggo golèk pangan utawa apa kang diarani ''Brotberuf'' (pagawéan golèk roti) iku nguras akèh wektuné. Kafka senengé nggegayut karo sanak saduluré saha kanca-kancané mawa nulis layang. Dhèwèké nulis atusan layang marang saduluré lan kanca-kanca wadoné kang raket. Sing tau nampa layangé ya iku bapakné, tunangané [[Felice Bauer]] lan adhiné wadon kang bontot, [[Ottla Kafka|Ottla]]. Gegayutané marang bapakné rada njlimet lan prakara iki bisa dititèni ing karya tulisé. Dhèwèké uga ngalami kasangsaran batin déné idhèntitas Yahudiné. Dhèwèké rumangsa manawa prakara iki ora ana gandhèng-cènèngé karo awaké, sanadyan para kritikus padha débat apa latar wuriné minangka [[Yahudi|Wong Yahudi]] mangaribawani karya tulisé. == Babad slira == === Sangkaning kulawarga Kafka === [[Gambar:Dohle (Corvus monedula) d1.jpg|thumb|left|Manuk ''kavka'']] [[Gambar:Kafka-sisters.jpg|thumb|left|Saduluré wadon Franz Kafka saka kiwa: Valli, Elli, Ottla]] [[Gambar:Kafka5jahre.jpg|thumb|left|Franz Kafka, nalika limang taun umuré]] Kafka lair ing siji kulawarga kelas manengah Yahudi kang mituturaké basa Jerman ing Praha, kutha krajan [[Bohémia]]. Bapakné, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), diarani siji "wong dagang utawa bisnis kang gedhé awaké, égois lan dominan"<ref>Corngold 1973</ref>. Jeneng Kafka iku dijupuk saka basa Céko ''kavka'' utawa basa Polski (basa Polen) ''kawka'' lan tegesé siji manuk kang mèmper [[gagak]]..<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die frühen Jahre.'' Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2014, S. 31</ref> Wong tuwané Franz Kafka, [[Hermann Kafka]] (1852–1931) lan Julie Kafka-Löwy (1856–1934) asalé saka siji kulawarga dagang Yahudi kelas manengah.<ref>[http://www.lehrer.uni-karlsruhe.de/~za874/homepage/kafka.htm Franz Kafka, Lebensdaten, Werk], Regionaler Arbeitskreis Internet am Oberschulamt Karlsruhe</ref> Bapakné asalé saka Désa [[Osek u Radomyšle|Wosek]] ing [[Céko|Bohémia Kidul]], ing endi dhèwèké tumuwuh ing swasana prasaja. Minangka siji bocah, dhèwèké kudu ngeteraké dagangané bapakné (Jakob Kafka (1814-1889)) ing tlatah pradésan sakiwa-tengené. Jakob Kafka iku siji [[Syekhita|tukang jagal Yahudi]]. Ing dina tembé Hermann Kafka banjur nggolèk dhuwit minangka dagang keliling, sawisé iku dhèwèké dadi grosir wiraswastawan kang ngedol barang-barang pahésan ing [[Praha]]. Julie Löwy asalé saka kulawarga kang nduwé saka [[Poděbrady]], lan pawiyatané luwih dhuwur tinimbang bojoné. Ing tokoné bojoné dhèwèké uga ndarbèni hak bisa mèlu ngatur, lan saben dina Julie nyambut gawé nganti rolas jam. Kajaba sadulué lanang Georg lan Heinrich kang wis tilar donya minangka bocah, Franz Kafka uga ndarbèni adhi wadon telu. Telu-teluné nanging ing tembé bakal dideportasi manyang mbokmanawa kamp konsèntrasi utawa ghetto. Sawisé iku dunungé ora kinawruhan manèh. Seduluré ya iku [[Elli Kafka|Gabriele]], apeparab Elli (1889–1941?), [[Valli Kafka|Valerie]], apeparab Valli (1890–1942?), lan [[Ottla Kafka|Ottilie „Ottla“ Kafka]] (1892–1943?). Amerga wong tuwané loro-loroné sadina-dinané kudu nyambut gawé, mula bocah-bocah diurusi para réwang wadon. Kafka iku anggota kaum minoritas warga Praha kang mituturaké basa Jerman. Sanajan mangkono, Franz uga bisa nuturaké basa Céko, kaya déné wong tuwané. Sauntara Kafka ing layang-layangé, buku padinan, lan tèks-tèks prosa dijlèntrèhaké gegayutané marang bapakné, ibuné mèh ora diomongaké. Sanajan mangkono, sanak saduluré saka ibuné uga ana kang dadi paraga ing carita-caritané Kafka,<ref>[[Peter-André Alt]]: ''Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie''. Beck, München 2005, S. 28.</ref> kaya ta si nimpuna [[Talmud]] kang nyèntrik lan njomblo.<ref>Carita ' Das Unglück des Junggesellen ' saka ''Betrachtungen''</ref> Contoné ya iku pak ciliké, Siegfried Löwy kang dadi tuladhané dhokter désa ing carita ''[[Ein Landarzt]]'' ('Sawijining Dhokter Désa). === Mangsa cilik lan pawiyatané === [[Gambar:Geburtshaus Kafkas.JPG|thumb|Ing ''Dům U Minuty'' Kafka manggon karo kulawargané antara taun 1889 lan 1896. Adhiné telu lair ing kéné kabèh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prague.cz/minute-house/ |title=Minute House in Prague |author= |website=prague.cz |date= |access-date=2015-05-12}}</ref>]] Saka taun 1889 nganti 1893, Kafka sekolah ing ''die Deutsche Knabenschule'' ing Fleischmarkt ing Praha. Sawisé lulus, Franz nurut dhawuhé bapakné lan banjur sekolah ing Gymnasium Negeri Humanistis ing punjer kutha Praha ing [[Puri Goltz-Kinsky]]. Toko wong tuwané uga ana ing gedhong iki.<ref>Peter-André Alt: ''Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie''. Beck, München 2005, S. 74.</ref> Kanca-kancané nalika jamané sekolah manengah ya iku [[Rudolf Illowý]], [[Samuel Hugo Bergman|Hugo Bergmann]], [[Ewald Felix Příbram]], lan [[Paul Kisch]] saha [[Oskar Pollak]], kang uga dadi kancané kuliah ing universitas. Ing tembé Kafka bakal nyambut gawé ing kantor asuransiné bapakné Ewald Felix Příbram. Sanadyan Kafka iku siji siswa kang baud, dhèwèké ngalami masalah ''[[atychiphobia]]'' nalika isih sekolah lan mangaribawani wijiné.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die frühen Jahre''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2014, S. 97.</ref> [[Gambar:Kafka-as-pupil.jpg|thumb|left|Kafka minangka siswa (sadurungé 1900)]] Nalika dadi siswa sekolah, Kafka wis seneng marang kasusastran. Nanging corètan karyané kang mbiyèn wis ora ana manèh, mbokmanawa wis disirnakaké, kaya ta uga buku-buku dinané kang awal. In taun 1899, Kafka kang umuré 16 taun dadi katarik marang [[sosialisme]]. Sanajan kancané lan guru pulitiké Rudolf Illowy metu saka sekolah déné aktivitas konspirasi sosialisme, Kafka panggah setya marang kapercayané lan nganggo [[anyelir|kembang anyelir]] ing bolongan beniké.<ref>[[Klaus Wagenbach]]: ''Kafka'' Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1964, S. 35f.</ref> Sawisé lulus ujian ing taun 1901 mawa wiji kang maremaké, bocah umur 18 taun, kanggo kapisan ing uripé ninggal Bohémia lan lelungan karo pakliké, om [[Siegfried Löwy]] menyang [[Norderney]] lan [[Helgoland]]. Kafka miwiti kuliah wiwit taun 1901 nganti 1906 ing [[Universitas Karl Ferdinand]] ing Praha. Kapisan dhèwèké nyoba kuliah kimia, nanging ora suwé manèh dhèwèké ganti dadi kuliah kukum. Sawisé iku dhèwèké ora seneng lan nyoba kuliah [[basa Jerman|basa lan sastra Jerman]] lan sajarah seni sasemèster suwéné. Banjur nalika semèster taun 1902, Kafka ngrungokaké ceramahé [[Anton Marty]] ngenani "dhasar psikologi dèskriptif".<ref>Klaus Wagenbach: ''Franz Kafka.'' Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2008, S. 50f.</ref> Nalika iku Kafka nimbang-nimbang arep nerusaké kuliahé ing [[München]]. Pungkasané dhèwèké panggah nerusaké studi kukum. Banjur sawisé limang taun, dhèwèké bisa ngrampungaké studiné ing sajeroning wektu kang ditemtokaké mawa promosi karo [[Alfred Weber]]. Sawisé iku dhèwèké kudu magang tanpa dibayar, sataun suwéné ing pangadilan nagari lan pangadilan tindak pidana.<ref>[[Bodo Pieroth]]: ''Das juristische Studium im literarischen Zeugnis – Franz Kafka'', in: JURA – Juristische Ausbildung 1993, S. 415f (mit weiteren Angaben zu Studium und Prüfung)</ref> === Pagawéyané === Sawisé nyambut gawé ora nganti sataun ing maskapé asuransi swasta [[Assicurazioni Generali]] (Oktober 1907 nganti Juli 1908) Kafka banjur saka taun 1908 nganti 1922 nyambut gawé ing siji badan usaha kang saparo darbéné pamaréntah ''Arbeiter-Unfallversicherungs-Anstalt für das Königreich Böhmen'' ('Maskapé Asuransi Kacilakan Buruh kanggo Karajan Bohémia') ing Praha. Dhèwèké ngarani pagawéyané minangka "gawéan kanggo golèk roti" (''Brotberuf''). Aktivitas Kafka merlokaké kawruh kang mumpuni ngenani produksi lan tèhnik indhustri. Kafka kang umuré 25 taun iki ngusulaké aturan kanggo menggak kacilakan pas prosès produksi. Banjur manawa dhèwèké ora nyambut gawé, Kafka solidèr kanthi pulitik marang para buruh. Manawa ana démonstrasi, dhèwèké mèlu lumaku lan bolongan beniké ditancepi kembang anyelir abang. Pisan-pisanané dhèwèké nyambut gawé ing pérangan kacilakan, nanging sawisé iku dhèwèké dipindhah lan ditugasi ing pérangan asuransi tèhnik. Wiwit taun 1910 Kafka dadi calon punggawa sajeroning babagan ing perusahaané, sawisé Kafka nyinaoni pagawéan iki déné olèhé mèlu kuliah prakara tèknologi mékanis ing Pawiyatan Luhur Tèknik ing Praha. Dhèwèké banjur kang nulis lan ngirim dokumèn sarta ngasuransèkaké perusahaan-perusahaan kang dipérang dadi sawatara kelas rawan kacilakan. Saka taun 1908 nganti 1916, dhèwèké kerep dikirim tugas menyang Bohémia Lor, kerepé menyang Reichenberg (saiki [[Liberec]]). Ing kana dhèwèké nuwèni lan ninjo perusahaan, mriksa sèrtifikasi perusahaan lan nekani sidhang pangadilan. Minangka panulis asuransi, dhèwèké nulis lapuran taunan pertanggung-jawaban sawatara perusahaan. Minangka pangaji prestasiné, Kafka dipromosèkaké nganti ping papat, ing taun 1910 dadi calon punggawa, ing taun 1913 dadi wakil sekretaris, ing taun 1920 dadi sekretaris lan in taun 1922 dadi sekretaris jendral. Perkara pagawéyané, Kafka nulis ing siji layang: "Aku ora patiya sesambat prakara gawéyanku, kaya prakara kakesètaning wektu kang ora lumaku". Tekanan jam makarya, menthelengi jam kang andayani kabèh lan menit-menit pungkasan dina makarya minangka "watu pancolotan lelucon", ya mangkono iku gagasané Kafka prakara pagawéyané. Dhèwèké tau nulis marang [[Milena Jasenská]]: "Tugasku iku anèh banget lan ènthèng banget [...] aku nganti ora mudheng genéya aku olèh dhuwit". Kafka ngrasakaké manawa sumbangsihé ing perusahaan wong tuwané kang dikarepaké kulawargané iku nggawé sesek. Wiwit taun 1911, dhèwèké kudu nyambut gawé ing pabrik [[asbès]] darbéné ipéné. Ing pabrik iki dhèwèké ora bisa tumuwuh, kamangka kafka iku digawé dadi salah siji peséro. Saliyané iku lakuné Kafka kang grapyak marang para buruh, béda banget karo tumindhaké bapakné kang mrebawani. Perang Donya I banjur nggawa pangalaman anyar, manawa èwonan pangungsi Yahudi kepéngin menyang Praha. Minangka tetulungan marang para wadya, Kafka ngurusi réhabilitasi lan pawiyatané wong-wong kang tatu abot.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis.'' Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-10-075119-5, S. 78 ff.</ref> Dhèwèké diwajibaké déning perusahané. Sadurungé perusahaané ngandharaké manawa Kafka iku siji "tenaga kang ora bisa diganti", dadi Kafka kareksa lan ora perlu mèlu perang, sawisé Kafka ing taun 1915 dianggep layak kanthi militèr lan bisa dikerahaké. Ing sisih liyané, Kafka dadi lara [[TBC]] rong taun engkas. Kafka banjur njaluk dipènsiyun. Nanging perusahaan ora mènèhi pènsiyun, pas ing tanggal 1 Juli 1922 dhèwèké pungkasané bisa bébas. === Gegayutan karo bapakné === [[Gambar:De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg|thumb|Kaca kapisan saka ''[[Brief an den Vater]]'' ('Layang marang kang Rama') kang ora dikirim saka taun 1919, mawa tilas tulisan tangané]] Gegayutan Franz Kafka marang bapakné, Hermann Kafka, kang kebak karo konflik iku dadi punjering motif ing karyané lan motif utama. Franz Kafka dhéwé olèhé nggambaraké bapakné iku minangka priyayi kang sènsitif, ngati-ati, lan malahan isin saha sok ngengen-engen. Bapakné iku bisa nyambut gawé akèh saha tlatèn lan dadi wong nduwé kamangka asalé saka kalangan kulawarga mlarat. Nanging bapakné iku bisa dadi wong déné wateké kang kasar, kerep mbengok nèk ngomong, golèk menang dhéwé lan ndarbèni watek dagang kang [[dèspotisme|dèspotik]]. Bapakné ajeg sesambat lan muni-muni kasar ngenani mangsa ciliké kang rekasa lan anak-anak sarta pegawéné kang luwih kepènak, kang namung bisa dijamin déning awaké karo ngangsa banget. Ibuné kang asalé saka kalangan kulawarga alus, sajatiné bisaa dadi kosok baliné bapakné kang kasar, nanging ibuné nuruti paugeran, wanti-wanti, norma lan kaputusané sang Patriark iki kanthi loyal. Ing ''Layang marang kang Rama'' Franz Kafka nglèhaké bapakné kang nrapaké kakuwasan otoritèr: "Bapak mung bisa ngrengkuh anak, kaya déné wateké bapak dhéwé, nganggo kakuwatan gedhé, mbengok lan duka, lan ing prakara iki, Bapak pancèn cocog, amarga Bapak kersa ngwujudaké dalem dadi bocah lanang kang kuwat lan kendel." Ing carita-caritané Kafka, paraga sang bapak ora arang digambaraké kuwasa, nanging uga ora adil, kaya ta ing novèl ''Die Verwandlung''. Sajeroning novèl iki, sang paraga baku, Gregor, kang wis owah dadi kéwan gegremetan, dibalangi apel déning bapakné nganti tatu lan banjur lampus. Ing cerkak ''Das Urteil'', siji bapak kang dominan lan nggegirisi nibani vonis marang anaké, Georg Bendemann, paukuman "pati déné keblebekan banyu". Si anak ing carita iki banjur ya nuruti bapakné lan mencolot saka kreteg lumebu ing banyu. === Kanca-kancané === Ing Praha Kafka nduwé golongan kanca-kanca kang klangenané padha, klompoké iki kawujudaké ing taun-taun kapisan nalika dhèwèké kuliah ing universitas (uga diaranai ''[[Prager Kreis]]'' ing basa Jerman). Saliyané [[Max Brod]], kanca-kancané ya iku [[Felix Weltsch]], kang ing tembé dadi filsuf, sarta padha-padha panulis [[Oskar Baum]] lan [[Franz Werfel]]. Brod iku kang kapisan lan wis awal bisa nitèni kawasisané Kafka. Dhèwèké uga kang ngakon kancané mbabaraké bukuné ing panerbit anyar, [[Rowohlt Verlag]] kang dumunung ing Kutha Leipzig.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Entscheidungen''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, S. 66ff.</ref> Minangka wakilé Kafka sawisé Kafka tilar donya, Max Brod menggak supaya karya-karyané kang awujud fragmèn-fragmèn roman kang durung rampung diobong. Antara kanca-kancané uga ana siji tokoh kang jenengé [[Jizchak Löwy]]. Dhèwèké iku juru main sandhiwara lan asalé saka siji kulawarga [[Yudaisme Hasidut|Yahudi Hasidut]], ing Warsawa. Dhèwèké iku bisa nges banget marang Kafka déné sipaté kang ora nduwé kompromi. Löwy iku ora diwèhi pangèstu wong tuwané kang ndarbèni kapitayan Yahudi Ortodoks, yèn dhèwèké kapéngin dadi seniman. Löwy iku muncul dadi siji paraga ing sawijing fragmèn caritané Kafka ''[[Vom jüdischen Theater]]''. Kafka olèhé gegayutan karo kulawargané raket dhéwé karo adhiné [[Ottla Kafka|Ottla]]. Dhèwèké iku kang tansah nulung kangmasé manawa lara parah lan perlu pitulung sarta panglipur. === Pribadi === [[File:Felice Bauer and Franz Kafka.jpg|thumb|[[Felice Bauer]]]] Kafka nalika urip ora tau omah-omah. Miturut Max Brod, Kafka iku "disiksa" déning kadrengan asmarané lan panulis biografi Kafka, [[Reiner Stach]] ngandharaké manawa sadawané uripé iku, Kafka "tansah ngoyak wong wadon" lan dhèwèké wedi manawa "gagal kanthi sèksual".{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 44, 207}} Nalika wis diwasa, Kafka kerep nekani [[bordhil]]{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 186, 191}}{{sfn|European Graduate School|2012}}{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 43}} lan dhèwèké uga nduwé klangenan marang pornografi.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|p = 186}} Saliyané iku dhèwèké uga ndarbèni rélasi karo sawatara wong wadon. Ing tanggal 13 Agustus 1912, Kafka ketemu karo [[Felice Bauer]], saduluré Brod, kang nyambut gawé ing Berlin minangka wakil siji perusahaan diktafpn. Sawisé ketemu Felice ing omahé Brod, Kafka nulis ing buku padinané: {{quote|Mbak FB. Nalika aku teka ing ngomahé Brod tanggal 13 Agustus, wong wadon iku lungguh cedhak méja. Aku ora kepéngin ngerti wektu iku, sapa dhèwèké, nanging ora perduli waé. Ceking mawa rai kosong kang cetha nuduhaké kakosongan kapribadèné. Guluné ora ditutupi. Nganggo blus. Rupané lugu banget nganggo gauné, nanging tibakné ora babar belas. (Aku nggawé jarak sesithik srana olèhku nitèni awaké). Irungé kaya tugel. Rambuté pirang warnané, rada lurus, ora menarik, daguné kuwat. Nalika aku lungguh, aku nuwèni dhèwèké kanggo kapisan. Lan nalika aku wis lungguh kepénak, aku wis nduwé panemuku kang ora bakal gigrig.{{sfn|Banville|2011}}{{sfn|Köhler|2012}}}} Sawisé prastawa iki, Kafka nulis carita ''[[Das Urteil]]'' ing namung sawengi waé sarta bakal mroduksi roman ''[[Der Verschollene]]'' lan ''[[Die Verwandlung]]''. Olèhé Kafka lan Felice Bauer komunikasi, kerepé nganggo srana layang ing wanci limang taun sawisé iki. Wong loro iki uga sok-sokan tetemon lan malahan tau tunangan ping loro.{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}} Layang-layangé Kafka marang Felice dibabar minangka ''[[Briefe an Felice]]'' (''Layang-layang marang Felice''); nanging layang-layangé Felice ora ana kang lestari.{{sfn|Banville|2011}}{{sfn|Seubert|2012}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 196–197}} Miturut panulis biografi Kafka, Stach lan James Hawes, ing sakiwa-tengené taun 1920, Kafka tunangan manèh kaping telu, saiki karo Julie Wohryzek, siji réwang kamar hotèl kang mlarat lan ora sekolahan.{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 129, 198–199}} Sanajan wong loro iki banjur nyéwa kamar bebarengan lan ngrencanakaké tanggal mantènan, mantènané ora tau kalaksanan. Bapakné Franz Kafka ora sarujuk yèn dhèwèké rabi karo Julie, amarga Julie iku nganut faham [[Zionisme]]. Sadurungé tanggal mantènané kang wis direncanakaké, dhèwèké pacaran karo wong wadon liya manèh.{{sfn|Murray|2004|pp = 276–279}} Sanajan Kafka merlokaké wong wadon lan sèks sajeroning uripé, dhèwèké iku nduwé rasa ''minder'' saha nduwé panemu yèn sèks iku nistha. Saliyané iku, dhèwèké sok isin, mligi isin marang awaké dhéwé.{{sfn|Steinhauer|1983|pp = 390–408}} Stach and Brod ngandharaké manawa salawaé Kafka tepungan karo Felice Bauer, dhèwèké uga pacangan karo kancané Felice, kang jenengé Margarethe "Grete" Bloch,{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 379–389}} siji wanita Yahudi saka Berlin. Brod banjur kandha manawa Bloch nglairaké anak lanang katurunané Kafka, sanadyan Kafka ora tau ngertèni lan tepung karo anak iki. Anak iki, kang jenengé ora ana kang ngerti, lair ing taun 1914 utawa 1915 lan banjur tilar inga taun 1921 ing [[München]].{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 240–242}}{{sfn|S. Fischer|2012}} Nanging, panulis biografi Kafka liyané, Peter-André Alt ngandharaké manawa sanadyan Bloch nduwé anak lanang, Kafka iku dudu bapakné lan Bloch saha Kafka iku ora tau raket nganti intim.{{sfn|Alt|2005|p = 303}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 180–181}} Stach uga ngandharaké manawa sanadyan Bloch nduwé anak lanang, ora ana bukti kuwat yèn Kafka iku bapakné, malahan ana bukti yèn Kafka iku dudu bapakné bocah iki.{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 1, 379–389, 434–436}} Kafka olèh diagnosis manawa dhèwèké iku lara [[TBC]] ing sasi Agustus 1917. Banjur dhèwèké pindhah menyang Désa Zürau (Siřem ing [[basa Céko]]) ing [[Bohémia]]. Ing kana, adhiné, Ottla nyambut gawé ing pertaniané ipéné, Hermann. Kafka seneng ana ing kana lan rumangsa kepénak. Ing tembé dhèwèké bakal nulis manawa wayah iki, mobokmanawa wayah sajeroning uripé kang kepéna dhéwé, amarga Kafka ora nduwé beban tanggung jawab babar belas. Dhèwèké nulis buku padinan lan ''[[Oktavheft]]''. Saka cathetan ing buku-buku iki, Kafka njupuk 109 lembar dluwang tèks kang dinomeri lan banjur kanthi acak dibabar ''[[Die Zürauer Aphorismen]] oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg'' (Aforisme Zürau utawa Réflèksi marang Dosa, Pangarepan, Kasangsaran lan Dalan kang Bener).{{sfn|Apel|2012|p = 28}} Ing taun 1920 Kafka miwiti gayutan kang raket karo [[Milena Jesenská]], siji wartawati lan panulis Céko. Layang-layangé marang Milena ing tembé dibabar minangka ''[[Briefe an Milena]]''.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p=389}} Nalika liburan ing sasi Juli 1923 ing [[Graal-Müritz]], cedhak Sagara Baltik, Kafka ketemu karo [[Dora Diamant]], sawijing guru TK umur 25 taun saka kulawarga Yahudi Ortodoks. Kafka kang nduwé pangarep lumayu saka pangaribawané kulawargané dhéwé supaya bisa konsèntrasi nulis, banjur pindhah menyang Berlin lan manggon karo Diamant. Diamant dadi pacaré lan dhèwèké dadi sebabé Kafka katarik marang [[Talmud]].{{sfn|Hempel|2002}} Kafka banjur nulis patang carita kang bakal dibabar minangka ''[[Ein Hungerkünstler]]'' (''Sawijining Seniman Pasa'').{{sfn|Brod|1966|p=389}} === Kapribadèn === [[File:Franz-Kafka,-etching(author-Jan-Hladík-1978).jpg|thumb|200px|Franz Kafka, gorèsan ètsa déning Jan Hladík, 1978]] Kafka wedi manawa dhèwèké medèni wong liya kanthi mèntal lan fisik. Nanging, wong-wong kang wis tau nemoni dhèwèké nduwé panemon manawa Kafka iku wongé kalem lan adem, pinter, lan nduwé rasa humor kang 'garing', lumrahé Kafka uga dianggep bagus kaya bocah enom, sanadyan panampilané prasaja.{{sfn|Janouch|1971|pp = 14, 17}}{{sfn|Fichter|1987|pp = 367–377}}{{sfn|Repertory|2005}} Brod madakaké Kafka karo [[Heinrich von Kleist]], loro-loroné bisa nggambaraké siji kaanan kanthi réalistis lan persis.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 41}} Brod nganggep manawa Kafka iku salah siji wong kang nyenengaké kang tau ditemoni; Kafka uga seneng guyonan karo kanca-kancané, nanging uga nulungi lan ngandhan-ngandhani kanca-kancané manawa lagi susah.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 42}} Miturut Brod, dhèwèké iku siji tukang carita kang pinter, wasis wicara kaya déné musik. Brod ngrasa manawa loro saka sipat-sipaté Kafka kang nonjol iku kajujurané sarta setiti banget.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 47}} Kafka iku bisa njajaki détail kang ora digatèkaké wong kanthi jero mawa rasa asih lan persis nganti prakara-prakara kang sadurungé ora katon lan semu anèh nanging bener bisa muncul.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 52}} Sanajan Kafka ora patiya katarik latihan ulah raga nalika isih cilik, dhèwèké sawisé seneng marang dolanan lan aktivitas fisik,{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 14}} sarana nunggangi jaran, nglangi, lan melah utawa ndhayung.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}} Ing pungkasaning minggu, dhèwèké lan para kancané lumaku-lumaku adoh, kang direncanakaké déning Kafka dhéwé.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 90}} Klangenan liyané ya iku pangobatan alternatif, sistim pawiyatan modèn kaya ta [[pamulangan Montessori education|Montessori]],{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}} lan panemon-panemon tèhnik anyar kaya ta montor mabur lan filem.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 92}} Nulis iku wigati kanggo Kafka, dianggep "sajinising cara dedonga".{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 214}} Dhèwèké sènsitif banget marang swara ribut lan luwih seneng manawa swasané sepi lan suwung manawa lagi nulis.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 156}} Pérez-Álvarez naté kandha manawa Kafka katoné nandhang gangguan [[gangguan kapribadèn skizoid|kapribadèn skizoid]].{{sfn|Pérez-Álvarez|2003|pp = 181–194}} Gaya panulisané, mituruté, ora mung ing "[[Die Verwandlung]]" ("Métamorfosis"), nanging uga ing sawatara tulisan liyané, katoné nudhuhaké ciri-ciri wong kang nandhang gangguan skizoid ing tahap asor nganti tengah. Ciri-ciri iki bisa nrangaké akèh karya panulisané.{{sfn|Miller|1984|pp = 242–306}} Rasa kawedèné bisa dideleng ing èntri buku padinané saka tanggal 21 Juni 1913:{{sfn|McElroy|1985|pp = 217–232}} {{quote|''Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar.''-Donya dahsyat kang ana sajeroning sirahku. Nanging kepriyé carané mbébasaké awakku tanpa mbedhah. Lan luwih becik kaping sèwu mbedhahaké tinimbang nahan utawa mendhem kabèh iku. Mulané aku ana ing kéné, prekara iku cetha kanggoku.{{sfn|Project Gutenberg|2012}}}} lan ing ''Die Zürauer Aphorismen'' nomer 50: {{quote|''Der Mensch kann nicht leben ohne ein dauerndes Vertrauen zu etwas Unzerstörbarem in sich, wobei sowohl das Unzerstörbare als auch das Vertrauen ihm dauernd verborgen bleiben können. Eine der Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten dieses Verborgenbleibens ist der Glaube an einen persönlichen Gott.''-Wong ora bisa urip tanpa kapitayan tetep kanggo saterusé ing sajeroning awaké dhéwé, kamangka apa kang ora bisa dirusak lan kapercayané dhéwé panggah kasingidaké. Salah siji cara ngungkapaké prekara kang kasingidaké iki carané percaya marang Allah kang Pribadi.{{sfn|Gray|1973|p = 196}}}} Sanajan Kafka ora tau omah-omah, dhèwèké ngajèni palakraman. Pacaré akèh.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 139–140}} Mbokmanawa Kafka iku nduwé lelara angèl mangan. Dhoktor Manfred M. Fichter saka klinik psikiatris, [[Universitas München]], mbabar "bukti kanggo hipotésa manawa panulis Franz Kafka nandhang ''gangguan'' [[anorèksia nèrvosa]] kang ora lumrah",{{sfn|Fichter|1988|pp = 231–238}} lan uga manawa Kafka iku ora mung kasepèn lan dèprèsif nanging uga "sakala-kala kepara arep [[nglalu]]".{{sfn|Fichter|1987|pp = 367–377}} Ing buku ''Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient'' (''Franz Kafka, si Pasièn Yahudi'' 1995), [[Sander Gilman]] nglakoni invèstigasi "genéya siji wong Yahudi bisa dikira '[[hipokondria|hipokondris]]' utawa '[[homosèksual]]' lan kepriyé Kafka nrapakaké aspèk-aspèk cara mangertèni Wong Yahudi lanang sajeroning tulisan lan citra awaké dhéwé".{{sfn|Gilman|1995|loc = back cover}} Kafka lau nggagas arep nglalu paling ora pisan, ing pungkasan taun 1912.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 128}} === Pulitik === Sadurungé Perang Donya I,{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 86}} Kafka tau nekani sawatara pasemon Klub Mladých, siji organisasi [[Anarkisme|anarkis]], anti-militèr lan anti-agama Céko.{{sfn|Lib.com|2008}} Hugo Bergmann kang padha sasekolah SD lan SMP/SMA karo Kafka, dadi padu karo Kafka nalika taun kuliah pungkasan(1900–1901) amarga "Paham sosialismené [Kafka] lan paham Zionismeku bédané kakèhan".{{sfn|Bergman|1969|p = 8}}{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} "Franz dadi wong sosialis, aku dadi wong Zionis ing taun 1898.{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} Sintèsis antara Zionisme lan sosialisme durung ana".{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} Bergmann ndhedhes manawa Kafka nganggo kembang anyelir abang menyang sekolah kanggo nuduhaké simpatiné marang sosialisme. Ing siji kaca buku padinané, Kafka ngrujuk sang filsuf anarkis kang mangaribawani awaké, Pangéran Peter Kropotkin: "Aja lali Kropotkin!"{{sfn|Preece|2001|p = 131}} Nalika ing jaman kuminis, warisan karya sastrané Kafka kanggo Blok Wétan sengit didebataké. Panemuné béda-béda, ana kang kandha manawa dhèwèké nggawé satire saka birokrasi Kakaisaran Ostenrik-Honggari kang lagi ambruk, utawa ana kang percaya manawa Kafka iku éjawantahing sosialisme kang lagi ngembang.{{sfn|Hughes|1986|pp = 248–249}} Titik sabanjuré iku téyori aliénasi Karl Marx. Sementara panemuné kang lumrah iku manawa gambarané Kafka kang magepokan karo aliénasi wis ora rélévan manèh kanggo siji masarakat kang wis mbusak aliénasi, siji konferènsi 1963 ing Liblice, Cékoslowakia kanggo mbalèni nuwèni kawigatèné gambarané Kafka ngenani birokrasi.{{sfn|Bathrick|1995|pp = 67–70}} Apa Kafka iku siji panulis pulitik utawa dudu, nganti sapréné isih dadi bahan débat.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} === Agama Yahudi lan Zionisme === Déné klompk kekancané lan déning kiprahé Max Brod marang Zionisme, Kafka kerep diadhepaké marang panemuné lan sikapé marang Yudaisme saha kontrovèrsi ngenani asimilasi Wong Yahudi Wétan. Simpatiné marang Budaya Yahudi wétan iku wis akèh didokumentasi. Minangka siji panulis, dhèwèké mikiraké kabèh aspèk Yahudi... karo siji tabu, tembung iki ora muncul ing kabèh karya sastrané.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 524.</ref> Ing wektu kang padha, Reiner Stach, panulis biografiné nafsiraké Asu-asu Udara ing caritané Kafka ''Forschungen eines Hundes'' ('Panlitèn siji Asu') minangka Bangsa Yahudi ing [[diaspora]].<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 528.</ref> Kafka wis nau mutusaké arep pindhah menyang Palèstina lan wis sinau basa Ibrani kanthi intènsif. Nanging kaséhatan awaké kang sangsaya ala, ngalangi rencanané pindhah ing taun 1923. Reiner Stach ngringkes: "Palèstina mung panggah impèn waé, kang awaké nggawé impèn iki dadi sirna."<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 536.</ref> === Tilar donya === [[File:Grave of Kafka.JPG|thumb|upright|Sawijining watu kijing kang mratélakaké jenengé wong telu: Franz, Hermann, lan Julie Kafka. Saben jeneng ana fragmèn tèks sangisoré ing basa Ibrani, ing Pakuburan Yahudi ing Praha-Žižkov.]] [[TBC]] [[laring|tenggorokan]] Kafka dadi saya parah lan ing sasi Maret 1924, dhèwèké mulih menyang Praha saka [[Berlin]],{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}} ing kana dhèwèké banjur diurusi anggota kulawargané, mligi Ottla adhiné. Banjur dhèwèké lunga menyang [[sanatorium]]é Dr. Hoffmann ing [[Klosterneuburg|Kierling]] cedhak [[Wina]] supaya dirawat, ing tanggal 10 April,{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} lan tilar donya ing kana tanggal 3 Juni 1924. Panyebabé katoné déné kaliren, amarga kondisi tenggorokané Kafka dadi nggawé lara kanggo ngulu panganan, lan ing wektu iku durung ana [[infus]], dadi dhèwèké ora bisa diwèhi nutrisi.{{sfn|Believer|2006}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 209–211}} Kafka nalika tilar donya lagi nyunting "Sawijining Seniman Luwét", olèhé nganggit wis wiwit sadurungé nandhang lara TBC tenggorokan iki lan ora bisa ngulu panganan.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 211}} Kunarpané banjur digawa bali menyang Praha, ing kana banjur dikubur ing tanggal 11 Juni 1924, ing [[Nový židovský hřbitov na Olšanech|Kuburan Yahudi Anyar]] ing [[Žižkov|Praha-Žižkov]].{{sfn|European Graduate School|2012}} Kafka nalika isih urip iku ora kawentar, nanging dhèwèké dhéwé ora nganggep iku wigati. Sawisé tilar donya, dhèwèké bakal kondhang.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 214}} == Karya sastra== Kabèh karyané Kafka kang wis dibabar kabèh ditulis ing [[basa Jerman]], kajaba sawatara layang marang Milena Jesenská kang ditulis mawa [[basa Céko]]. Apa kang dibabar nalika urip namung sithik gunggungé. Kafka ora ngrampungaké novèl lan romané kang dawa sarta ngobong 90% tulisané,{{sfn|''New York Times''|2010}}{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 2}} akèhé nalika dhèwèké manggon ing Berlin karo Diamant, kang mèlu ngréwangi ngobong tulisané.{{sfn|Murray|2004|pp = 367}} Ing taun-taun awal, Kafka dipangaribawani déning Von Kleist, ing siji layang menyang Bauer, karyané dianggep nggegirisi lan Kafka rumangsa luwih raket karo Von Kleist tinimbang karo kulawargané.{{sfn|Furst|1992|p = 84}} === Carita === Karya Kafka kang paling awal dibabar, ya iku wolung carita cekak kang terbit ing taun 1908 ing édisi perdana jurnal ''[[Hyperion (jurnal)|Hyperion]]'' mawa irah-irahan ''[[Betrachtung]]'' (''Kontèmplasi'' utawa ''Renungan''). Dhèwèké uga nulis carita "[[Beschreibung eines Kampfes]]" ("Paparan siji pangudi") ing taun 1904; dhèwèké nuduhaké carita iki marang Brod ing taun 1905. Brod banjur ngandhani Kafka supaya panggah nulis lan bisa ngyakinaké awaké ngirimaké naskahé menyang ''Hyperion''. Kafka mbabar siji fragmèn ing taun 1908{{sfn|Pawel|1985|pp = 160–163}} lan rong pérangan ing mangsa semi taun 1909, kabèh ing München.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} Ing taun 1912 Kafka nulis carita "Das Urteil" ("Kaputusan"), lan carita iki diaturaké marang Felice Bauer. Carita iki dibabar ing Leipzig taun 1912. Isih ing taun 1912, Kafka uga nulis "Die Verwandlung" ("Métamorfosis", utawa "Transformasi"),{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 113}} lan dibabar ing taun 1915 ing Leipzig. Die Verwandlung nyaritakaké siji tukang dagang anduk kang nuju siji dina rumangsa manawa awaké tangi turu lan owah dadi siji ''ungeheuren Ungeziefer'', hama utawa kéwan gegremetan kang nggegirisi. Tembung ''Ungeziefer'' ing basa Jerman iku, sajatiné istilah umum kanggo kéwan reged lan kéwan kang disingkiri. Para kritikus nganggep karya iki minangka salah siji karya inovatif ing abad kaping 20.{{sfn|Sokel|1956|pp = 203–214}}{{sfn|Luke|1951|pp = 232–245}}{{sfn|Dodd|1994|pp = 165–168}} Carita "[[In der Strafkolonie]]" ("Ing Tanah Padendhan"), iku ngandharaké siji piranti panyiksan lan èksékusi kang canggih lan ditulis ing sasi Oktober 1914,{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} banjur dirévisi ing taun 1918, lan dibabar ing Leipzig ing sasi Oktober 1919. Carita "[[Ein Hungerkünstler]]" ("Sawijining Seniman Pasa"), dibabar ing kalawarti ''[[Neue Rundschau|Die neue Rundschau]]'' ing taun 1924, carita iki ngandharaké siji paraga kang dadi kurban lan rumangsa manawa kasenengané sangsaya kurang marang katrampilan: pasa kanthi wektu suwé.{{sfn|Gray|2005|p = 131}} Caritané kang pungkasan, "[[Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse]]" ("Josephine sang Penyanyi, utawa Rakyat Tikus"), uga ngandharaké gegayutan antara siji seniman lan para pamirsané.{{sfn|Horstkotte|2009}} ==== ''Das Urteil'' ==== Ing wayah wengi antara tanggal 22 nganti 23 September 1912, Kafka bisa olèh gawé nulis carita ''Das Urteil'' ing wayah wolung jam, olèhé nulis ora mandheg-mandheg. Ngèlmu kasusastran ing tembé bakal ngwiji upaya Kafka iki manawa dhèwèké nalika iku bisa nemu gaya pribadiné. Kafka lir kesetrum listrik awit sadurungé durung tau dhèwèké bisa nulis nganti intènsif kaya mengkéné iki. Uga dayaning carita marang awaké dhéwé, sawisé bola-bali diwaca, sangsaya mrebawani Kafka lan nggawé awaké sadhar manawa dhèwèké iku panulis sajati. ''Das Urteil'' miwiti siji mangsa kréatif kapisan, mangsa kréatif kapindhoné kira-kira lumaksanan rong taun sawisé. Ing antarané wayah iki, Kafka ora akèh nulis sajeroning karo tengah taun. Ing tembé Kafka ya ora akèh nulis manèh. Carita ''Das Urteil'' dikaturaké marang Felice Bauer. Brod nitèni manawa jeneng paraga baku lan tunangané ana èmperé: Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer.{{sfn|Brod|1966|ps = 114f}} Carita iki kerep dianggep manawa karya trobosan Kafka. Isiné ngandharaké gegayutan seret antara siji anak lanang marang bapakné kang dominan. Banjur ana kaanan anyar manawa anaké lanang arep tunangan.{{sfn|Ernst|2010}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 159, 192}} Kafka ing tembé nulis, yèn dhèwèké nulis iku minangka "jiwa lan raga kang dibukak babar pisan" (''Nur so kann geschrieben werden, nur in einem solchen Zusammenhang, mit solcher vollständigen Öffnung des Leibes und der Seele.''-Aku namung bisa nulis, mawa gegandhèngan mengkéné, mawa jiwa lan raga kang dibukak babar pisan),{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 113}}. Carita iki "ngrembaka kaya déné kalairan sajati, blépotan ayid saha rereged".{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 129}} Carita iki pisanan dibabar ing Leipzig taun 1912 lan diaturaké marang "Nona Felice Bauer", lan ing édisi sabanjuré marang "F."{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} === Roman (novèl) === Roman kapisan Kafka ditulis ing taun 1912;{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 113}} irah-irahané bab kapisané ya iku "Der Heizer" ("Juru Pamanas"). Bukuné kang durung rampung diarani Kafka ''[[Der Verschollene]]'' (''Wong Lanang kang Ilang''), nanging Brod kang mbabar buku iki sawisé Kafka séda, ngarani buku iki ''Amérika''.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 128, 135, 218}} Kafka diilhami pangalamané antarané para pamirsa pagelaran téater Yiddish ing taun sadurungé. Dhèwèké wiwit sadhar ngenani warisan budaya leluhuré lan banjur bisa aprésiasi jinis budaya kaya ngéné. Dhèwèké uga wiwit mikir manawa aprésiasi kanggo warisan budaya iku ana sajeroning kalbuné kabèh wong.{{sfn|Koelb|2010|p = 34}} Buku iki luwih lucu lan réalistis tinimbang akèh-akèhé karya Kafka liyané. Roman iki More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, roman iki nyritakaké [[motif (sastra)|motif]] siji sistim kang oprèsif lan ora bisa dipahami sarta kerep nggiring sang paraga tumeka menyang ing kaanan kang anèh-anèh.{{sfn|Sussman|1979|pp = 72–94}} Bukuné nganggo akèh détail pangalaman para seduluré kang pindhah menyang Amérikah Sarékat{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 79}} lan karya iki siji-sijiné karya Kafka kang ndarbèni pungkasan nyenengaké.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 137}} Ing taun 1914, Kafka nulis roman ''Der Process'' (''Prosès Pangadilan''),{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} caritané prakara siji wong lanang kang dicekel péhak wewenang lan banjur dituntut ing pangadilan. Péhak wewenang iki ora bisa dihubungi lan sang paraga baku utawa para pawaca buku ya ora dikandhani apa salahé utawa luputé. Romané iki ora dirampungaké déning Kafka, nanging bab pungkasané ditulis. Miturut pamenang Pangaji Nobel lan ahli Kafka, [[Elias Canetti]], kang dadi fokus utama roman ''Der Process'' iku Felice. Kafka dhéwé tau ngandharaké manawa iku "caritané Felice".{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 108–115, 147, 139, 232}}{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Mula irah-irahan bukuné Canetti iku ''Kafka's Other Trial'' ('Prosès Kafka Liyané') kanggo mangertèni gegayutané layang-layangé marang Felice lan roman iki.{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Ing sajeroning resènsi kanggo koran ''[[The New York Times]]'', Michiko Kakutani nulis manawa layang-layangé Kafka iku ndarbèni "ciri-ciri karya fiksiné: kawigatènan kang grayasen kanggo nyathet détail-détail kang anèh, kasadaran paranoid kang padha marang traju kakuwasan, swasana émosional kang nekak — lan kang cukup nggumunaké, iku kabèh dicampur karo wanci-wanci semangat taruna saha kabagyan."{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Miturut buku padinané, Kafka wis ngrencanakaké nulis roman ''Das Schloss'' (kastil), ing tanggal 11 Juni 1914; nanging bukuné iki ora ditulis nganti tanggal 27 Januari 1922.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} Paraga mligi iku siji ''Landvermesser'' (pangukur tanah) ajeneng K., kang ngudi tanpa dingertèni alesané kanggo golèk aksès marang péhak kang nyekel siji kastil utawa puri kang mréntah désané. Kekarepané Kafka iku manawa kang nyekel kastil bakal ngandhani K. nalika dhèwèké sekarat yèn "klaim kukumé kanggo manggon ing désa iku ora absah, nanging dhedhasar alesan liyané, dhèwèké diidinaké manggon lan nyambut gawé ing kana".{{sfn|Boyd|2004|p = 139}} Roman iki swasanané surem lan kadhangkala suréalistis, fokusé iku marang aliénasi sosial, birokrasi, frustasi pangudèn wong iki nglawan sistim pamaréntahan kang katoné ora entèk-entèk, lan kekarepan nggayuh siji don kang muspra. Hartmut M. Rastalsky nulis sajeroning tèsisé: ''Like dreams, his texts combine precise "realistic" detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness.'' ("Kayadéné impènan, tèks-tèksé iku nggabung détail "réalistis" persis karo absurditas, obsèrvasi kanthi ngati-ngati lan rasionalisasi para paragané mawa kalalèn lan kasembranan kang ora bisa ditrangaké."){{sfn|Rastalsky|1997|p = 1}} === Sajarah pambabaran === [[File:Kafka Betrachtung 1912.jpg|thumb|upright|Édisi kapisan ''[[Betrachtung]]'' ('Kontèmplasi' utawa 'Méditasi'), 1912]] Carita-carita Kafka awalé dibabar ing kalawarti kasusastran. Wolung caritan kapisané dicithak ing cithakan perdana kalawarti dwi-sasi ''Hyperion'' ing taun 1908.{{sfn|Itk|2008}} [[Franz Blei]] mbabar rong dialog ing taun 1909 kang ing tembé dadi pérangan "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Dèskripsi siji pangudi").{{sfn|Itk|2008}} Cuplikan saka carita "[[Die Aeroplane in Brescia]]" ("Montor mabur ing Brescia"), iku ditulis nalika lagi ngumbara menyang Italia karo Brod, lan dibabar ing koran ''[[Bohemia (koran)|Bohemia]]'' ing tanggal 28 September 1909.{{sfn|Itk|2008}}{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 94}} Ing tanggal 27 Maret 1910, sawatara carita kang ing tembé dadi péranganing buku ''[[Betrachtung]]'' ('Kontemplasi') dibabar ing édisi Paskah ''Bohemia''.{{sfn|Itk|2008}}{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 61}} Ing [[Leipzig]] nalika taun 1913, Brod lan sang panerbit [[Kurt Wolff (panerbit)|Kurt Wolff]] mèlu nglebokaké carita "[[Das Urteil|Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka.]]" ("Putusan. Sawijining carita déning Franz Kafka.") ing buku taunan kanggo seni geguritan ''Arkadia''. Carita "[[Vor dem Gesetz]]}}" ("Ing ngarepé Kukum") dibabar ing édisi Taun Anyar 1915 saka kalawarti minggon Yahudi ''Selbstwehr''; carita iki dicithak bali ing taun 1919 minagka péranganing kompilasi ''[[Ein Landarzt]]'' (''Sawijining Dhokter Désa'') lan dadi pérangan roman ''[[Der Process]]''. Carita-carita liya kang dibabar ing sawatara publikasi kalebu koran ''[[Der Jude (kalawarti)|Der Jude]]'', darbèné Max Brod, koran ''[[Prager Tagblatt]]'', lan kalawarti ''[[Die neue Rundschau]]'', ''[[Genius (kalawarti)|Genius]]'', saha ''[[Prager Presse]]''.{{sfn|Itk|2008}} Buku Kafka kapisan kang dibabar, ''Betrachtung'' (''Kontemplasi'', utawa ''Méditasi''), iku siji kompilasi saka 18 [[cerkak]] kang ditulis antara taun 1904 lan 1912. Nalika mèlu pariwisata mangsa panas menyang [[Weimar]], Brod miwiti patemon antara Kafka lan Kurt Wolff;{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 110}} Wolff banjur mbabar ''Betrachtung'' ing panerbit [[Rowohlt Verlag]] ing pungkasaning taun 1912 (nanging dicithak taun 1913).{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} Kafka ngaturaké buku iki marang Brod, "{{lang|de|Für M.B.}}", lan nambahaké ing siji èksèmplar pribadi kang dicaosaké kancané "So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max&nbsp;— Franz K." ("Amerga wis dicithak kaya ing kéné iki, Max kang budiman").{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 115}} Carita Kafka "Die Verwandlung" ("Métamorfosis") iku kapisan dicithak ing sasi Oktober 1915 ing kalawarti ''[[Die Weißen Blätter]]'', siji kalawarti wulanan lan isiné sastra èksprèsionistis lan panyuntingé [[René Schickele]].{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} Sawijning kompilasi carita liyané, ''Ein Landarzt'' (''Sawijining Dhokter Désa''), iku dibabar déning Kurt Wolff ing taun 1919,{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} lan diaturaké marang Bapakné Kafka.{{sfn|Leiter|1958|pp = 337–347}} Kafka banjur nyiapaké kompilasi pungkasan kanggo dicithak, ''Ein Hungerkünstler'' ''(Sawijining Seniman Pasa)'', kang dibabar ing taun 1924 kanthi anumerta, ing panerbit ''[[Verlag Die Schmiede]]''. Ing tanggal 20 April 1924, panerbit ''[[Berliner Börsen-Courier]]'' mbabar ései Kafka's ngenani [[Adalbert Stifter]].{{sfn|Krolop|1994|p = 103}} ==== Max Brod ==== Kafka ngwarisaké karyané, kang wis dibabar lan durung dibabar, marang kancané Max Brod mawa instruksi cetha, manawa kabèh kudu dibesmi sawisé patiné Kafka. Kafka nulis: "Max kang budiman, panyuwun pungkasanku: kabèh kang taktinggalaké... awujud buku padinan, naskah, layang-layang (duwèkku dhéwé lan saka wong liya), skètsa, lan sapanjuré kudu diobonga tanpa diwaca.{{sfn|Kafka|1988|loc = publisher's notes}}{{sfn|McCarthy|2009}} Brod mutusaké ora nindakaké panjaluké Kafka lan mbabar roman sarta sawatara kompilasi antara taun 1925 lan 1935. Dhèwèké nggawa akèh dokumèn kang panggah durung dibabar ing koperé menyang Palèstina, nalika dhèwèké ngungsi rana taun 1939.{{sfn|Butler|2011|pp = 3–8}} Yang-yangané Kafka kang pungkasan, Dora Diamant (ing tembé Diamant-Lask), uga nglirwakaké panjaluké, dhèwèké ndhelikaké 20 buku sekrip lan 35 layang. Kabèh iku banjur dibeslah déning Gestapo ing taun 1933, nanging para nimpuna isih nggolèki barang-barang iku.{{sfn|Kafka Project SDSU|2012}} Sauntara Brod mbabar akèh-akèhé karyané Kafka kang saiki didarbèni,{{sfn|Contijoch|2000}} karyané Kafka wiwit diwigatèkaké kalangan kang luwih amba lan olèh aprésiasi. Brod rumangsa kangèlan ngatur buku cathetan Kafka srana kronologis. Salah siji masalah iku, Kafka kerep nulis ing pérangan séjé-séjé bukuné, sok-sokan ing tengah, sok-sokan saka mburi menyang ngarep.{{sfn|Kafka|2009|p = xxvii}}{{sfn|Diamant|2003|p = 144}} Brod akèh kang ngrampungaké naskah Kafka sadurungé dibabar. Contoné, Kafka ninggal naskah ''Der Process'' kang ora dinomeri lan sawatara bab ya durung pepak lan naskah ''Das Schloss'' malah sawatara ukara-ukara ora rampung lan isiné isih ambigu;{{sfn|Diamant|2003|p = 144}} Brod banjur nata bali bab-bab, nyunting tèks lan ngowahi titik. ''Der Process'' dibabar ing taun 1925 déning panerbit ''Verlag Die Schmiede''. Kurt Wolff banjur mbabar rong roman liyané, ''Das Schloss'' ing taun 1926 lan ''Amérika'' in taun 1927. Ing taun 1931, Brod nyunting kompilasi prosa lan cerkak minangka ''Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer'' ('Nalika Mbangun Témbok Tiongkok'), kalebu cerkak mawa irah-irahan kang padha. Buku iki dibabar déning panerbit ''Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag''. Kolèksi buku Brod lumrahé diarani Édisi Définitif.{{sfn|Classe|2000|p = 749}} ==== Édisi modhèren ==== Ing taun 1961, [[Malcolm Pasley]] bisa olèh akèh-akèhé naskah asli Kafka kanggo [[Kapustakan Bodleian]], [[Universitas Oxford]].{{sfn|Jewish Heritage|2012}}{{sfn|Kafka|1998|loc = publisher's notes}} Tèks ''Der Process'' ing tembé dituku déning das Deutsche Literaturarchiv (Arsip Sastra Jerman) nalika dilélang lan saiki disinggahaké ing gedhungé ing Kutha [[Marbach am Neckar]], Jerman.{{sfn|Kafka|1998|loc = publisher's notes}}{{sfn|O'Neill|2004|p = 681}} Sawisé iku Pasley dadi kepala siji tim (kalebu [[Gerhard Neumann]], Jost Schillemeit lan Jürgen Born) kang ngrékonstruksi roman-roman ing basa Jerman; {{lang|de|[[S. Fischer Verlag]]}} lan mbabar bali.{{sfn|Adler|1995}} Pasley iku panyuntingé ''Das Schloss'', kang dibabar ing taun 1982, lan ''Der Process'', kang dibabar ing taun 1990. Jost Schillemeit iku panyuntingé ''Der Verschollene'' (''Amérika'') kang dibabar ing taun 1983. Kabèh babaran anyar iki diarani "Suntingan kritis" (''Critical Editions'') utawa "Suntingan Fischer".{{sfn|Oxford Kafka Research Centre|2012}} ==== Naskah-naskah kang durung dibabar ==== [[Gambar:The National Library of Israèl building - Amitay Katz.jpg|thumb|left|Kapustakan Nasional Israèl|pra=Special:FilePath/The_National_Library_of_Israèl_building_-_Amitay_Katz.jpg]] Nalika Brod séda ing taun 1968, dhèwèké ninggal naskah-naskah Kafka kang durung dibabar marang sèkrétarisé [[Esther Hoffe]], kang ditaksir cacahé ana èwon.{{sfn|''Guardian''|2010}} Dhèwèké banjur nglepasaké utawa ngedol sawatara naskah, nanging akèh-akèhé ditinggalaké marang anaké wadon, Eva lan Ruth, kang ora gelem nglepasaké naskah-naskah iki. Prosès pangadilan diwiwiti ing taun 2008 antara anak-anaké iki lan Kapustakan Nasional Israèl, kang nduwé panemu manawa naskah-naskah iki darbèné bangsa Israèl nalika Brod ijrah marang Palèstina Karajan Manunggal ing taun 1939. Esther Hoffe ngedol naskah asli ''Der Process'' marang Arsip Sastra Jerman utawa Musiyum Sastra Modèrn ing Marbach am Neckar.{{sfn|''New York Times''|2010}}{{sfn|Buehrer|2011}} Ing taun 2012 namung Eva kang isih urip.{{sfn|NPR|2012}} Kaputusan pangadilan kulawarga ing Tel Aviv ing taun 2010 manawa naskah-naskah iki kudu dilepas, kalebu sawatara naskah kang durung ditepungi sadurungé. Nanging prang tandhing kukum ing pangadilan panggah lumaksana.{{sfn|Lerman|2010}} Kulawarga Hoffe ngeklaim manawa naskah-naskah iku darbèn kulawargané kamangka Kapustakan Nasional kandha manawa naskah iku "asèt budaya darbèné Bangsa Yahudi".{{sfn|Lerman|2010}} Kapustakan Nasional uga ngusulaké manawa Brod ngwarisaké naskah-naskah iki marang Kapustakan Nasional ing testamèné utawa layang wasiyaté. Pangadilan Kulawarga Tel Aviv mutusaké ing Oktober 2012 manawa naskah-naskah iki darbèné Kapustakan Nasional.{{sfn|Rudoren|Noveck|2012}} Sawisé munggah bandhing, Pangadilan Kulawarga Tel Aviv mutusaké ing 2015 manawa Eva Hoffe kudu nyerahaké kabèh naskahé marang Kapustakan Nasional Israèl, kang arep ndokok kabèh iku sajeroning jaringen ing internèt.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/01/rare-kafka-manuscripts-israels-national-library-court-rules ''[[The Guardian]]'' 1-7-2015, diaksès tanggal 28-10-2015</ref> === Surasa kritis === [[File:Franz Kafka 1917.jpg|thumb|upright|Kafka ing taun 1917]] Sang pujangga [[W. H. Auden]] ngarani Kafka minangka "[[Dante]] saka abad kaping 20";{{sfn|Bloom|2002|p = 206}} sang panulis roman [[Vladimir Nabokov]] ndokok Kafka antara para panulis wigati ing abad kaping 20.{{sfn|Durantaye|2007|pp = 315–317}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]] nyathet nalika maca romané Kafka "Die Verwandlung" manawa Kafka nudhudi "yèn wong bisa nulis mawa cara liya".{{sfn|Kafka-Franz|2012}}{{sfn|Paris Review|2012}} Sawijining téma utama sajeroning karya-karyané Kafka lan kapisan tinemu sajeroning cerkak "Das Urteil",{{sfn|Gale Research Inc.|1979|pp = 288–311}}, ya iku konflik antara bapak lan anak: rasa salah kang dilebokaké marang si anak, pungkasané bisa diilangaké mawa kasangsaran lan tobat.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 15–16}}{{sfn|Gale Research Inc.|1979|pp = 288–311}} Téma-téma utama lan arketipe liyané uga kalebu aliénasi, kakerasan fisik lan psikologis, paraga sajeroning pangumbaran nggegirisi lan transformasi mistik.{{sfn|Bossy|2001|p = 100}} Gaya Kafka wis kerep dipadhakaké marang gayané Kleist, saawal-awalé ing taun 1916, sajeroning resènsi "Die Verwandlung" lan "Der Heizer" déinng Oscar Walzel ing ''Berliner Beiträge''.{{sfn|Furst|1992|p = 83}} Sipaté karyané Kafka bisa marahi surasa kang béda-béda lan para kritikus mérang karyané ing sawatara gaya sekolah kasusastran kang béda-béda.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Kaum [[Marxisme|Marxis]], contoné nduwé panemu kang séjé-séjé manawa nyurasani karya Kafka{{sfn|Lib.com|2008}}{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Ana kang nyalahaké Kafka manawa dhèwèké muter balik réalita, kamangka uga ana kang nduwé panemu yèn Kafka iku ngritik kapitalisme.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Absurditas lan ora anané pangarepan kang kas ana ing karya Kafka iku dideleng minangka simbuling [[èksistènsialisme]].{{sfn|Sokel|2001|pp = 102–109}} Sawetara buku-bukuné dipangaribawani obahan [[èksprèsionisme|èksprèsionis]], kamangka akèh-akèhé kasil karya sastrané digabungaké marang ''genre'' [[modernisme|modernis]] èkspèrimèntal. Kafka uga sithik ndemok téma konflik manungsa nglawan birokrasi. William Burrows ngeklaim manawa karya sastra kaya ngono iku ndarbèni fokus marang pangudi, rasa lara, rasa ijèn lan kabutuhan marang gegayutan karo wong.{{sfn|Burrows|2011}} Wong liya, kaya [[Thomas Mann]], nganggep karya Kafka minangka siji carita pasemon utawa alégor: siji pangumbaran métafisik kanggo nggolèki Allah.{{sfn|Panichas|2004|pp = 83–107}}{{sfn|Gray|1973|p = 3}} Miturut [[Gilles Deleuze]] lan [[Félix Guattari]], téma aliènasi lan panguyan-uyan, sanadyan pancèn ana sajeroning karya Kafka, iku kabèh digedhèk-gedhèkaké déning para kritikus. Wong loro iki nduwé panemu manawa karya Kafka iku luwih ngati-ati lan subvèrsif — lan luwih mbungahaké — tinimbang ing tabet pisan. Wong loro iku uga nandhesaké manawa wong nggatèkaké pangudi para paragané kang muspra, nuduhaké carané Kafka mainaké humor, mbokmanawa dhèwèké ora mutlak ngandharaké masalahé dhéwé, nanging luwih mungkin nggambaraké kepriyé wong iku kepara nggawé masalah dhéwé. Sajeroning karyané, Kafka kerep nggawé donya kang ala lan absurd.{{sfn|Kavanagh|1972|pp = 242–253}}{{sfn|Rahn|2011}} Kafka macakaké draf-draf karyané marang kanca-kancané lan mligi nandhesaké karya gancarané kang humoristis. Sang panulis [[Milan Kundera]] nduwé panemu manawa [[humor suréalis]] Kafka iku mbokmanawa invèrsi saka para paraga ing karyané Dostoyevsky kang padha dikukum amarga salah. Ing karya Kafka, siji paraga kerep dikukum sanadyan dhèwèké ora salah. Kundera percaya manawa ilham Kafka kanggo nulis kaanan kaya mengkéné iki asalé saka kaanan Kafka dhéwé kang lair sajeroning kulawarga patriarkal lan urip sajeroning nagara totalitèr.{{sfn|Kundera|1988|pp = 82–99}} Para nimpuna wis nyoba ngayahi ngidèntifikasi pangaribawa latar wuri kukum Kafka lan peran kukum sajeroning karya fiksiné.{{sfn|Glen|2007}}{{sfn|Banakar|2010}} Akèh surasa kang ngidèntifikasi aspèk-aspèk kukum lan légalitas iku motif wigati,{{sfn|Glen|2011|pp = 47–94}} Kakfka nggambaraké manawa sistim kukum iku nindhes lan wong iku dikuya-kuya.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 216–218}} Lumrahé kukum sajeroning karya Kafka iku disurasani minangka dudu wakiling sistim kukum tartamtu nanging siji kolèksi kakuwatan anonim lan ora bisa dingertèni. Daya-daya kakuwatan iki ora katon déning wong-wong biyasa nanging ngatur kauripané manungsa, kang dadi kurban ora salah sistim iki lan ora bisa mangaribawani olèhé sistim iki tumindak.{{sfn|Glen|2011|pp = 47–94}} Para kritikus kang nyengkuyung surasa absurdis iki, mènèhi sitat saka papan Kafka njlèntrèhaké awaké dhéwé ana ing sajeroning konflik karo siji jagad kang absurd, kaya ta saka siji kaca ing buku padinané: {{quote|Kakurung ing antarané patang témbokku dhéwé, aku nemu awakku dhéwé minangka siji wong neneka kang dikunjara ing nagara ngamanca;... I ndeleng kulawargaku dhéwé tembung wong asing, kang padatné, tradisi lan basané ora takngertèni babar belas;... sanadyan aku ora gelem, kabèh padha meksa aku supaya mèlu ritus-ritus kang anèh;... aku ora bisa nglawan.{{sfn|Preece|2001|pp = 15–31}}}} Nanging James Hawes nduwé panemu yèn akèh gambaran Kafka ngenani prosès kukum ing carita iku ''{{lang|de|Der Process}}''—kaya ngapaa katoné métafisik, absurd, nggumunaké lan nggegirisi, sajatiné dhedhasar dèskripsi informasi akurat ngenani prosès pidana Jerman lan Ostenrik ing jaman iku, kang luwih ''[[sistim inquisitoir|inquisitoir]]'' tinimbang ''[[sistim accusatoir|accusatoir]]''.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 212–214}} Sanajan Kafka nyambut gawé ing sèktor asuransi, minangka siji pangacara, Kafka "sadhar banget lan ngetutaké débat-débat kukum ing jamané".{{sfn|Banakar|2010}}{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2003|p = 224}} Ing siji publikasi awal abad kaping 21 kang nganggo tulisan-tulisan kantor Kafka minangka titik awalé, {{sfn|Corngold et al.|2009|pp = xi, 169, 188, 388}} Pothik Ghosh ngandharaké manawa kanthi Kafka, kukum "ora nduwé jarwa liya saliyané daya kakuwatan kanggo nguwasani lan nentokaké wong liya".{{sfn|Ghosh|2009}} === Pertalan === Karya Franz Kafka durung ana kang dipertal ing Basa Jawa, nanging sawatara wis ana kang dipertal ing [[Basa Indonésia]]. Buku ''Die Verwandlung'' wis dipertal bola-bali. Contoné déning Isao Arief mawa irah-irahan ''The Metamorphosis'' (2010)<ref>''The Metamorphosis'', Isao Arief, Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2010.</ref> lan Herawati Desi mawa irah-irahan ''Metamorfosa'' (2000).<ref>''Metamorfosa'',Herawati Desi, Yogyakarta: Yeyasan Aksara Indonésia, 2000</ref> Banjur Janoary M. Wibowo mertalaké ''Penghakiman'' ing internèt.<ref>http://membacakafka.blogspot.com/</ref> Pertalan paling awal ing basa Inggris diayahi déning [[Edwin Muir|Edwin and Willa Muir]], kang nerjemahaké édisi kapisan Jerman ''Das Schloss'' ing taun 1930. Pertalan iki dibabar mawa irah-irahan ''The Castle'' déning panerbit [[Secker & Warburg]] ing Karajan Manunggal lan [[Alfred A. Knopf]] ing Amérikah Sarékat{{sfn|''Guardian''|1930}} Sawijining édisi taun 1941, mawa pakurmatan déning Thomas Mann, nambahi popularitas Kafka ing AS ing pungkasan dasawarsa 1940-an.{{sfn|Koelb|2010|p = 69}} Ing [[Basa Walanda]], ''Der Prozess'' dibabar minangka ''Het proces'' lan pertalané diayahi déning Alice van Nahuys (1953). Karya jangkep Kafka dipertal kanggo kapisan déning [[Claude Tchou]] ing [[basa Prancis]] (1962). === Masalah manawa mertalaké === Kafka kerep nrapaké siji ciri kas basa Jerman, kang ngidinaké basa iki nganggo ukara-ukara dawa kang kadhangkala dawané bisa sakaca. Ukara-ukara Kafka iki banjur bisa ngirim pesen kang ora dinuga sadurungé titik, iki kang bakal dadi fokus lan intisarining ukara. Perkara iki déné struktur anak ukara ing basa Jerman kang ngwajibaké dunungé tembung kriya siji ukara kudu didokok mburi dhéwé. Konstruksi kaya mengkéné iki angèl bisa digawé ing basa liyané, upamané basa Inggris, basa Indonésia utawa basa Jawa. Dadi sang pangalihbasa kang kudu nyaosi para pamaos èfèk kang padha utawa paling ora èfèk kang mèmper karo tèks asliné.{{sfn|Kafka|1996|p = xi}}<ref>http://membacakafka.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2007-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2008-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=6, diaksès tanggal 31-10-2015</ref> Urutan tetembungan ing basa Jerman kang luwih flèksibel lan prabédan ing tingkat sintaksis, nggawé ukara ing basa Jerman bisa dipertal ing punjul siji ukara padhanan ing basa Inggris utawa basa liyané.{{sfn|Bloom|2003|pp = 23–26}} {{quote|''Als/ Gregor/ Samsa/ eines/ Morgens/ aus/ unruhigen/ Träumen/ erwachte/, fand/ er/ sich/ in /seinem/ Bett/ zu /einem/ ungeheuren/ Ungeziefer/ verwandelt''. (asliné) As /Gregor/ Samsa /one /morning/ from /restless /dreams /awoke/, found/ he /himself /in /his /bed /into /an /enormous/ vermin /transformed. (pertalan tembung siji-siji ing basa Inggris)<ref>Prinsky (2002), pamérangan ditambah dhéwé</ref> Manawa / Gregor / Samsa /siji /ésuk /saka /glébagan/ impèn /tangi/, nemu /dhèwèké/ awaké dhéwé/ ing /darbèné/ ambèn/ tekan/ siji /nggegirisi/ sremet /owah }} Masalah liyané kang mèh ora bisa dipecahaké ya iku kepriyé kudu mertal sawatara tetembungan kang pancèn dipilih Kafka lan ndarbèni teges punjul siji. Dadi pertalan angèl digawé.{{sfn|Lawson|1960|pp = 216–219}}{{sfn|Rhine|1989|pp = 447–458}} Salah siji conto iku ana ing ukara kapisan ''Die Verwandlung''. Tembung Jerman ''Ungeziefer'' kerep dipertal minangka [[kéwan gegremetan]] ing basa Inggris (''insect''), kamangka ing basa Jerman Tengahan, ''Ungeziefer'' tegesé "kéwan kang ora resik dikurbanaké";{{sfn|Corngold|1973|p = 10}} ing basa Jerman modhèren, tegesé ya sremet. Kafka ora nduwé kekarep apa-apa ngecap Gregor, paraga baku carita dadi kéwan apa, nanging Kafka namung kepéngin nggambaraké olèhé Gregor gila marang transformasi awaké dhéwé.{{sfn|Sokel|1956|pp = 203–214}}{{sfn|Luke|1951|pp = 232–245}} == Warisan == === "kafkaesk" === Tulisan Kafka ngilhami tembung ''[[:de:wikt:kafkaesk|kafkaesk]]'' (ing basa Jerman) utawa "Kafkaesque" (ing basa Inggris), kang tegesé absurd lan medèni. Tembung iki ditrapaké kanggo nggambaraké kaanan kang ora bisa digagas mawa nalar, njlimet lan ora logis.{{sfn|Steinhauer|1983|pp = 390–408}}{{sfn|Adams|2002|pp = 140–157}}{{sfn|Aizenberg|1986|pp = 11–19}}{{sfn|Strelka|1984|pp = 434–444}} Akèh filem ing bioskup utawa télévisi kang dicap minangka kafkaesk, lan kerepe filem iki filem fiksi ngèlmiah distopis. Contoné kalebu filem [[Patrick Bokanowski]] ''[[The Angel (filem 1982)|The Angel]]'' (1982), filemé [[Terry Gilliam]] ''[[Brazil (filem 1985)|Brazil]]'' (1985), lan filem fiksi ngèlmiah taun 1998 kang ndarbèni gaya ''filem noir'' ''[[Dark City (filem 1998)|Dark City]]''. Film liya kang uga dianggep kafkaesk ya iku ''[[The Tenant]]'' (1976) lan ''[[Barton Fink]]'' (1991).{{sfn|Palmer|2004|pp = 159–192}} Sérial télévisi ''[[The Prisoner]]'' uga kerep dianggep kafkaesk.{{sfn|O'Connor|1987}}{{sfn|''Los Angeles Times''|2009}} == Kapustakan == === Karya-karyané kang dibabar nalika isih sugeng === * ''Ein Damenbrevier'', [[1909]]. * ''Gespräch mit dem Beter'', [[1909]]. * ''Gespräch mit dem Betrunkenen'', [[1909]]. * ''Die Aeroplane in Brescia'', [[1909]]. * ''Großer Lärm'', [[1912]]. * ''Betrachtung'', [[1913]]. * ''Das Urteil'', [[1913]]. * ''Der Heizer'', [[1913]]. * ''[[Die Verwandlung]]'', [[1915]]. * ''Der Mord'', [[1918]], [[1919]]. * ''In der Strafkolonie'', [[1919]]. * ''Ein Landarzt'', [[1918]]. * ''Der Kübelreiter'', [[1921]]. * ''Ein Hungerkünstler'', [[1922]]. == Gladri == <gallery> Gambar:Kafka-Denkmal.jpg|Patung Franz Kafka saka prunggu gawéyané [[Jaroslav Róna]] ing Praha </gallery> == Rujukan == === Cathetan sikil === {{reflist|2}} === Bibliografi === * {{cite book | last = Alt | first = Peter-André | year = 2005 | language = German | title = Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie | publisher = Verlag C.H. Beck | location = München | isbn = 978-3-406-53441-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Bathrick |first=David |title=The Powers of Speech: The Politics of Culture in the GDR |year=1995 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln }} * {{cite book | last = Bergman | first = Hugo | title = Memories of Franz Kafka in Franz Kafka Exhibition (Catalogue) | year = 1969 | publisher = The Jewish National and University Library | location = Library | url = http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf | format = PDF }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Bloom | title = Franz Kafka | work = Bloom's Major Short Story Writers | year = 2003 | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7910-6822-9 }} * {{cite journal | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Franz Kafka's Zionism |date=Spring 2011 | journal = Midstream | location = 57 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds | year = 2002 | publisher = Warner Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-446-52717-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages | year = 1994 | publisher = Riverhead Books, Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57322-514-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Bossy | first = Michel-André | title = Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World | year = 2001 | publisher = Oryx Press | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-1-57356-154-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Boyd | first = Ian R. | title = Dogmatics Among the Ruins: German Expressionism and the Enlightenment | year = 2004 | publisher = Peter Lang AG | location = Bern | isbn = 978-3-03910-147-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Brod | first = Max | authorlink = Max Brod | title = Franz Kafka: A Biography | year = 1960 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0047-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Brod | first = Max | title = Über Franz Kafka | year = 1966 | publisher = S. Fischer Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German }} * {{cite book | last = Bruce | first = Iris | title = Kafka and Cultural Zionism&nbsp;— Dates in Palestine | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Wisconsin Press | location = Madison, Wisconsin | isbn = 978-0-299-22190-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Classe | first = Olive | title = Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English, Vol. 1 | year = 2000 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-1-884964-36-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Contijoch | first = Francesc Miralles | language = Spanish | title = Franz Kafka | year = 2000 | publisher = Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. | location = Barcelona | isbn = 978-84-494-1811-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Introduction to The Metamorphosis | year = 1972 | publisher = Bantam Classics | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-553-21369-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = The Commentator's Despair | year = 1973 | publisher = Kennikat Press | location = Port Washington, New York | isbn = 978-0-8046-9017-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka | year = 2004 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-11816-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Franz Kafka: The Office Writings | year = 2009 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-12680-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Corngold et al.|2009}} }} * {{cite book | last = Diamant | first = Kathi | title = Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant | year = 2003 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-01551-1 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Drucker | first1 = Peter | title = Managing in the Next Society | year = 2002 | edition = 2007 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-7506-8505-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Auerochs | first2 = Bernd | language = German | title = Kafka-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung | year = 2010 | publisher = Stuttgart, Weimar | location = Metzler | isbn = 978-3-476-02167-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Elsaesser | first = Thomas | title = The Last Great American Picture Show | year = 2004 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 978-90-5356-493-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Furst | first = Lillian R. | year = 1992 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83&lpg=#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Through the Lens of the Reader: Explorations of European Narrative | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-0808-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Gale Research Inc. | authorlink = Gale (publisher) | title = Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, & Other Creative Writers Who Died Between 1900 & 1999 | year = 1979 <!-- see http://www.enotes.com/franz-kafka-judgment-criticism/judgment-franz-kafka --> | publisher = Gale Cengage Learning | location = Farmington Hills, Michigan | isbn = 978-0-8103-0176-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Gilman | first = Sander | authorlink = Sander Gilman | title = Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient | year = 1995 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-415-91391-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Gilman | first = Sander | title = Franz Kafka | year = 2005 | publisher = Reaktion Books | location = London | isbn = 978-1-881872-64-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Richard T. | title = A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia | year = 2005 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-30375-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Ronald | title = Franz Kafka | year = 1973 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-20007-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Hamalian | first = Leo | title = Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism | year = 1974 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-025702-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Hawes | first = James | authorlink = James Hawes (author) | title = Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life | year = 2008 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-37651-2 }}<!-- * {{cite book | last = Janouch | first = Gustav | language = French | title = Conversations avec Kafka | year = 1998 | publisher = Maurice Nadeau | location = Paris | isbn = 978-2-86231-111-1 }} --> * {{cite book | last = Janouch | first = Gustav | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=45d6JsdVFaIC&pg=PA17&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Conversations with Kafka | year = 1971 | edition = 2 | publisher = New Directions Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8112-0071-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces | year = 1948 | edition = 1987 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-3198-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = Dearest Father. Stories and Other Writings | year = 1954 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Castle | year = 1988 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0872-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Metamorphosis and Other Stories | year = 1996 | publisher = Barnes & Noble | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56619-969-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Trial | year = 1998 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0999-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Trial | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-923829-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kahn | first1 = Lothar | last2 = Hook | first2 = Donald D. | title = Between Two Worlds: a cultural history of German-Jewish writers | year = 1993 | publisher = Iowa State University Press | location = Ames, Iowa | isbn = 978-0-8138-1233-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Karl | first = Frederick R. | title = Franz Kafka: Representative Man | year = 1991 | location = Boston | publisher = Ticknor & Fields | isbn = 978-0-395-56143-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Koelb | first = Clayton | title = Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed | year = 2010 | location = Chippenham, Wiltshire | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-9579-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Krolop | first = Kurt | language = German | title = Kafka und Prag | publisher = Goethe-Institut | year = 1994 | location = Prague | isbn = 978-3-11-014062-0 }} <!-- * {{cite book | last1 = Mann | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Heller | first2 = E. | title = Thomas Mann: The ironic German | year = 1981 | publisher = Cambridge University Press Archive | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-23546-4 }} uncomment when page ref found --> * {{cite book | last = Miller | first = Alice | title = Thou Shalt Not Be Aware:Society's Betrayal of the Child | year = 1984 | publisher = Farrar, Straus, Giroux | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-9567982-1-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Murray | first = Nicholas | authorlink = Nicholas Murray (historian) | title = Kafka | year = 2004 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-300-10631-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Newmark | first = Peter | title = About Translation | year = 1991 | publisher = Cromwell Press | location = Wiltshire, England | isbn = 978-1-85359-117-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Northey | first = Anthony | title = Mišpoche Franze Kafky | language = Czech | year = 1997 | publisher = Nakladatelství Primus | location = Prague | isbn = 978-80-85625-45-5 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Neill | first = Patrick M. | title = Great World Writers: Twentieth Century | year = 2004 | publisher = Marshal Cavendish | location = Tarrytown, New York | isbn = 978-0-7614-7477-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Pawel | first = Ernst | title = The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka | year = 1985 | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-374-52335-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Preece | first = Julian | title = The Cambridge Companion to Kafka | year = 2001 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-66391-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Rothkirchen | first = Livia | title = The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: facing the Holocaust | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln, Nebraska | isbn = 978-0-8032-3952-4 }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Silverman | editor-first = Al | title = The Book of the Month: Sixty Years of Books in American Life | publisher = Little, Brown | year=1986 | location = Boston | isbn = 0-316-10119-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Singer | first = Isaac Bashevis | authorlink = Isaac Bashevis Singer | title = A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | year=1970 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-374-15880-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Sokel | first = Walter H. | title = The Myth of Power and the Self: Essays on Franz Kafka | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year=2001 | location = Detroit | isbn = 978-0-8143-2608-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Spector | first = Scott | title = Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle | publisher = University of California Press | year=2000 | location = Berkeley | isbn = 978-0-520-23692-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Stach | first = Reiner | authorlink = Reiner Stach | title = Kafka: The Decisive Years | publisher = Harcourt | year=2005 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-15-100752-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Sussman | first = Henry | title = Franz Kafka: Geometrician of Metaphor | year = 1979 | publisher = Coda Press | location = Madison, Wisconsin | isbn = 978-0-930956-02-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Ziolkowski | first = Theodore | authorlink = Theodore Ziolkowski | title = The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis | year = 2003 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-11470-5 }} ''Jurnal'' * {{cite journal | last = Adams | first = Jeffrey | title = Orson Welles's "The Trial:" Film Noir and the Kafkaesque | jstor = 25112662 |date=Summer 2002 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | journal = College Literature, Literature and the Visual Arts | location = West Chester, Pennsylvania }} * {{cite journal | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = Kafkaesque Strategy and Anti-Peronist Ideology Martinez Estrada's Stories as Socially Symbolic Acts | jstor = 20119426 |date=July–December 1986 | volume = 14 | issue = 28 | journal = Latin American Literary Review | location = Chicago }} * {{cite journal | last = Banakar | first = Reza | authorlink = Reza Banakar | title = In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law | ssrn = 1574870 |date=Fall 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | journal = Law and Literature | location = Berkeley, California | doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1574870 }} * {{cite journal | last = Butler | first = Judith | title = Who Owns Kafka | url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka | date = 3 Maret 2011 | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | location = London | journal = London Review of Books | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 }} * {{cite journal | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Kafkas Spätstil/Kafka's Late Style: Introduction | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 103 | issue = 3 |date=Fall 2011 | doi = 10.1353/mon.2011.0069 }} * {{cite journal | last = Dembo | first = Arinn | title = Twilight of the Cockroaches: Bad Mojo Evokes Kafka So Well It'll Turn Your Stomach |date=June 1996 | issue = 143 | location = New York | journal = Computer Gaming World }} * {{cite journal | last = Dodd | first = W. J. | title = Kafka and Dostoyevsky: The Shaping of Influence | year = 1994 | jstor = 40246931 | journal = Comparative Literature Studies | location = State College, Pennsylvania | volume = 31 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Durantaye | first = Leland de la | authorlink = Leland de la Durantaye | title = Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius | journal = Comparative Literature | year = 2007 | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | url = http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1215/-59-4-315 | pages = 315 | access-date = 2015-11-11 | archive-date = 2010-05-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100525025619/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Fichter | first = Manfred M. | title = The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka |date=May 1987 | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = American Psychological Association | journal = International Journal of Eating Disorders | doi = 10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<367::AID-EAT2260060306>3.0.CO;2-W | pages = 367 }} * {{cite journal | last = Fichter | first = Manfred M. | language = German | title = Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa |date=July 1988 | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-1001787 | pmid = 3061914 | location = Munich | publisher = Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität München | journal = Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie | pages = 231–8 }} * {{cite journal | last = Fort | first = Jeff | url = http://www.believermag.com/issues/200603/?read=article_fort | title = The Man Who Could Not Disappear | date = March 2006 | journal = The Believer | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Believer|2006}} | archive-date = 2018-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084711/https://www.believermag.com/issues/200603/?read=article_fort | url-status = dead }} <!--* {{cite journal | last = Gerhardt | first = Christina | title = The Ethics of Animals in Adorno and Kafka | url = http://ngc.dukejournals.org/content/33/1_97.toc | year = 2006 | volume = 97 | pages = 159–178 | location = Durham | publisher = Duke | journal = New German Critique | access-date = 7 Agustus 2014 | doi=10.1215/0094033x-2005-009 }} we have here only books and journals that are used for referencing --> * {{cite journal | last = Glen | first = Patrick J. | title = The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's ''Before the Law'' and ''The Trial'' | url = http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2007 | volume = 17 | issue = 23 | location = Los Angeles | publisher = University of Southern California | journal = Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | archive-date = 2012-09-16 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916114919/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Glen | first = Patrick J. | title = Franz Kafka, Lawrence Joseph, and the Possibilities of Jurisprudential Literature | url = http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/967/ | format = PDF | year = 2011 | volume = 21 | issue = 47 | location = Los Angeles | publisher = University of Southern California | journal = Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal | access-date = 21 Sèptèmber 2012 }} * {{cite journal | last = Horton | first = Scott | url = http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426 | title = In Pursuit of Kafka's Porn Cache: Six questions for James Hawes | date = 19 Agustus 2008 | journal = Harper's Magazine | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Harper's|2008}} | archive-date = 2012-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019170227/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Hughes | first = Kenneth | title = Franz Kafka: An Anthology of Marxist Criticism | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 78 | issue = 2 |date=Summer 1986 | jstor = 30159253 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kavanagh | first = Thomas M. | title = Kafka's "The Trial": The Semiotics of the Absurd | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham, North Carolina | journal = Novèl: A Forum on Fiction |date=Spring 1972 | jstor = 1345282 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.2307/1345282 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kempf | first = Franz R. | title = Franz Kafkas Sprachen: "...&nbsp;in einem Stockwerk des innern babylonischen Turmes..." | journal = Shofar: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |date=Summer 2005 | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | publisher = Purdue University Press | location = West Lafayette, Indiana | doi = 10.1353/sho.2005.0155 | pages = 159 }} * {{cite journal | last = Keren | first = Michael | title = The 'Prague Circle' and the Challenge of Nationalism | publisher = Pergamon Press | location = Oxford | journal = History of European Ideas | year = 1993 | doi = 10.1016/S0191-6599(05)80096-8 | volume = 16 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kundera | first = Milan | title = Kafka's World | publisher = The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars | location = Washington, D.C. | journal = The Wilson Quarterly |date=Winter 1988 | jstor = 40257735 | volume = 12 | issue = 5 }} * {{cite journal | last = Lawson | first = Richard H. | title = Ungeheueres Ungeziefer in Kafka's "Die Verwandlung" | publisher = American Association of Teachers of German | location = Cherry Hill, New Jersey | journal = The German Quarterly |date=May 1960 | jstor= 402242 | volume = 33 | issue = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Leiter | first = Louis H. | title = A Problem in Analysis: Franz Kafka's 'A Country Doctor' | publisher = American Society for Aesthetics | location = Philadelphia | journal = The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism | year = 1958 | doi = 10.2307/427381 | volume = 16 | issue = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Luke | first = F. D. | title = Kafka's "Die Verwandlung" |date=April 1951 | jstor = 3718565 | journal = The Modern Language Review | location = Cambridge | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.2307/3718565 }} * {{cite journal | last = McElroy | first = Bernard | title = The Art of Projective Thinking: Franz Kafka and the Paranoid Vision |date=Summer 1985 | doi = 10.1353/mfs.0.0042 | journal = Modern Fiction Studies | location = Cambridge | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 217 }} * {{cite journal | last = Panichas | first = George A. | title = Kafka's Afflicted Vision: A Literary-Theological Critique |date=Spring–Fall 2004 | publisher = National Humanities Institute | journal = Humanitas | location = Bowie, Maryland | volume = 17 | issue = 1–2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Pérez-Álvarez | first = Marino | title = The Schizoid Personality of Our Time | year = 2003 | journal = International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy | location = Almería, Spain | volume = 3 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Rhine | first = Marjorie E. | title = Untangling Kafka's Knotty Texts: The Translator's Prerogative? | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 81 | issue = 4 |date=Winter 1989 | jstor= 30166262 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sayer | first = Derek | title = The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920&nbsp;– Czech Republic History | year = 1996 | journal = Past and Present | location = Oxford | doi = 10.1093/past/153.1.164 | oclc = 394557 | volume = 153 | issue = 1 | pages = 164 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sandbank | first = Shimon | title = After Kafka: The Influence of Kafka's Fiction | year = 1992 | jstor = 40246852 | journal = Penn State University Press | location = Oxford | volume = 29 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sokel | first = Walter H. | title = Kafka's "Metamorphosis": Rebellion and Punishment |date=April–May 1956 | jstor = 30166165 | journal = Monatshefte | location = Madison, Wisconsin | volume = 48 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Steinhauer | first = Harry | title = Franz Kafka: A World Built on a Lie |date=Autumn 1983 | jstor = 4611280 | journal = The Antioch Review | location = Yellow Springs, Ohio | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.2307/4611280 | pages = 390 }} * {{cite journal | last = Strelka | first = Joseph P. | title = Kafkaesque Elements in Kafka's Novels and in Contemporary Narrative Prose |date=Winter 1984 | jstor = 40246504 | journal = Comparative Literature Studies | location = State College, Pennsylvania | volume = 21 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Updike | first = John | authorlink = John Updike | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/24/050124crbo_books1 | title = Subconscious Tunnels: Haruki Murakami's dreamlike new novèl | newspaper = The New Yorker | date = 24 Januari 2005 | access-date = 22 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Updike|2005}} }} ''Koran'' * {{cite news | last = Adler | first = Jeremy | url = http://www.textkritik.de/rezensionen/kafka/einl_04.htm | date = 13 Oktober 1995 | work = New York Times Literary Supplement | title = Stepping into Kafka's Head | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Adler|1995}} }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite news | last = Apel | first = Friedman | date = 28 Agustus 2012 | language = German | title = Der Weg in die Ewigkeit führt abwärts / Roland Reuß kramt in Kafkas Zürauer Zetteln | newspaper = Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung | ref = {{sfnRef|Apel|2012}} }} * {{cite news | last = Banville | first = John | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading | title = Franz Kafka's other trial / An allegory of the fallen man's predicament, or an expression of guilt at a tormented love affair? | date = 14 Januari 2011 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Banville|2011}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Batuman | first = Elif | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/magazine/26kafka-t.html | date = 22 Sèptèmber 2010 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Kafka's Last Trial | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''New York Times''|2010}} }} * {{cite news | last = Buehrer | first = Jack | url = http://www.praguepost.com/news/7768-battle-for-kafka-legacy-drags-on.html | title = Battle for Kafka legacy drags on | date = 9 Maret 2011 | newspaper = The Prague Post | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Buehrer|2011}} }} * {{cite news | last = Burrows | first = William | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/dec/22/franz-kafka-winter-reads | title = Winter read: The Castle by Franz Kafka | date = 22 Dhésèmber 2011 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 27 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Burrows|2011}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Connolly | first = Kate | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/aug/15/franzkafka.germany | title = Porn claims outrage German Kafka scholars | date = 14 Agustus 2008 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Connolly|2008}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Glass | first = Philip | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/10/arts/theater-adapting-the-horrors-of-a-kafka-story-to-suit-glass-s-music.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm | title = Adapting the Horrors of a Kafka Story To Suit Glass's Music | date = 10 Juni 2001 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Glass|2001}} }} * {{cite news | last = Jeal | first = Erica | url = http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/mar/18/the-commission-cafe-kafka-royal-opera-and-opera-north | title = The Commission/Café Kafka, Royal Opera/Opera North/Aldeburgh Music – review | date = 18 Maret 2014 | newspaper = The Guardian | accessdate = 20 April 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jeal|2014}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Kakutani | first = Michiko | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title = Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters | date = 2 April 1988 | newspaper = The New York Times | access-date = 8 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kakutani|1988}} }} * {{cite news | last = Kenley-Letts | first = Ruth | url = http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/239041/Franz-Kafka-s-It-s-a-Wonderful-Life-/details | year = 1993 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Franz Kafka's "It's a Wonderful Life" (1993) | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''New York Times''|1993}} }} * {{cite news | last = Kirsch | first = Adam | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/books/review/Kirsch-t.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www | date = 2 Januari 2009 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = America, 'Amérika' | access-date = 25 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kirsch|2009}} }} * {{cite news | last = Lerman | first = Antony | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jul/22/kafka-legacy-israel | date = 22 Juli 2010 | newspaper = The Guardian | title = The Kafka legacy: who owns Jewish heritage? | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Lerman|2010}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = McCarthy | first = Rory | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/25/israel-library-franz-kafka-trial | title = Israèl's National Library adds a final twist to Franz Kafka's Trial | date = 24 Oktober 2009 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|McCarthy|2009}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = McLellan | first = Dennis | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-patrick-mcgoohan15-2009jan15,0,3951859.story | title = Patrick McGoohan dies at 80; TV's 'Secret Agent' and 'Prisoner' | date = 15 Januari 2009 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Los Angeles Times''|2009}} }} * {{cite news | last = Metcalfe | first = Anna | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bfaf51ba-e05a-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html#axzz1L3wH1OFW | date = 5 Dhésèmber 2009 | newspaper = Financial Times | title = Small Talk: José Saramago | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Financial Times''|2009}} }} {{Subscription required}} * {{cite news | last = O'Connor | first = John J. | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/04/arts/mcgoohan-a-spy-on-31.html | date = 4 Juni 1987 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = McGoohan a Spy on 31 | access-date = 16 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|O'Connor|1987}} }} * {{cite book | last = Palmer | first = R. Barton | title = Joel and Ethan Coen | year = 2004 | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana, Illinois | isbn = 0-252-07185-9 }} * {{cite news | last = Rizzulo | first1 = Rachel | url = http://bachtrack.com/review-nyc-joyce-theater-royal-ballet-metamorphosis | date = 23 Sèptèmber 2013 | newspaper = bachtrack | title = The Royal Ballet's production of The Metamorphosis with Edward Watson in New York | access-date = 23 Januari 2014 }} * {{cite news | last1 = Rudoren | first1 = Jodi | last2 = Noveck | first2 = Myra | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/world/middleeast/woman-must-relinquish-kafka-papers-judge-says.html | date = 14 Oktober 2012 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Woman Must Relinquish Kafka Papers, Judge Says | access-date = 15 Oktober 2012 }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/19/lawyers-open-unpublished-kafka-manuscripts | date = 19 Juli 2010 | newspaper = The Guardian | title = Lawyers Open Cache of Unpublished Kafka Manuscripts | access-date = 28 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Guardian''|2010}} | location=London | first=Mark | last=Tran }} ''Sumber jroring (online)'' * {{cite news | last = Bury | first = Liz | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2013/jul/03/franz-kafka-metamorphosis-google-doodle | date = 3 Juli 2013 | work = The Guardian | title = Franz Kafka's Metamorphosis becomes Google doodle | access-date = 4 Juli 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Bury|2013}} | location=London }} * {{cite web | last = Coker | first = Rachel | url = http://www.binghamton.edu/inside/index.php/inside/story/kafka-expert-links-teaching-research | date = 4 Januari 2012 | publisher = State University of New York&nbsp;— Binghamton | title = Kafka expert links teaching, research | access-date = 30 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Coker|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Ernst | first = Nathan | url = http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Judgment | year = 2010 | publisher = Yale University | work = The Modernismm Lab | title = The Judgement | access-date = 9 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ernst|2010}} | archive-date = 2013-05-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521162011/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Judgment | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Frenkel | first = Sheera | url = http://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv | date = 30 Mèi 2012 | publisher = NPR | title = Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out in Tel Aviv | access-date = 28 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|NPR|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Ghosh | first = Pothik | title = A Note on Kafka and the Question of Revolutionary Subjectivity | publisher = Hindu College&nbsp;– Delhi University via Radical Notes | date = 13 Maret 2009 | url = http://radicalnotes.com/content/view/92/39/ | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ghosh|2009}} }} * {{cite web | last = Horstkotte | first = Silke | title = Kunst und Künstlerverständnis in Kafkas "Josefine, die Sängering oder Das Volk der Mäuse" | publisher = University of Leipzig | year = 2009 | language = German | url = http://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html | access-date = 31 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Horstkotte|2009}} }} * {{cite web | last = Kafka | first = Franz | url = http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm | archive-date = 2011-07-13 | year = 2012 | publisher = Kafka-Franz | title = Franz Kafka Letter to his Father | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka-Franz, Father|2012}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Keynes | first = Laura | url = http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:kafkas-dick&catid=161:kafkas-dick&Itemid=243 | date = August 2005 | work = Times Literary Supplement | title = Kafka's Dick | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Times Literary Supplement|2005}} | archive-date = 2012-02-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219091140/http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215%3Akafkas-dick&catid=161%3Akafkas-dick&Itemid=243 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Köhler | first = Manfred | language = German | url = http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm | year = 2012 | publisher = Protemion | title = Franz Kafka und Felice Bauer | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Köhler|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Kreis | first = Steven | url = http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html | date = 28 Fèbruari 2006 | work = History Guide | title = Franz Kafka, 1883–1924 | access-date = 5 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|History Guide|2006}} }} * {{cite news | last = Milner | first = Cahterine | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3321254/If-Kafka-made-the-dinner....html | date = 27 Agustus 2005 | newspaper = The Telegraph | title = If Kafka made the dinner... | access-date = 25 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Milner|2005}} }} * {{cite web | last = Miron | first = Dan | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html | date = 24 Novèmber 2008 | work = Haaretz | title = Sadness in Palestine | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Haaretz|2008}} | archive-date = 2008-12-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Ozorio | first = Anne | url = http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/11/gyorgy_kurtag_-.php | date = 18 Novèmber 2010 | work = Opera Today | title = György Kurtág&nbsp;— Kafka Fragments, London | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Opera Today|2010}} }} * {{cite web | last = Prinsky | first = Norman | url = http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm | year = 2002 | publisher = Augusta State University | title = Humn. 2002: World Humanities II. Notes and Questions on Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" / "The Transformation" | access-date = 2 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Prinsky|2002}} | archive-date = 2012-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030606/http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Rahn | first = Josh | url = http://www.online-literature.com/periods/existentialism.php | year=2011 | publisher = Online Literature | title = Existentialism | access-date = 5 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rahn|2011}} }} * {{cite web | last = Rastalsky | first = Hartmut M. | url = http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc | publisher = University of Michigan | title = The Referential Kafka | year = 1997 | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rastalsky|1997}} | archive-date = 2012-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120622022057/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Samuelson | first = Arthur | url = http://www.jhom.com/bookshelf/kafka/intro.html | publisher = Jewish Heritage | title = A Kafka for the 21st Century | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jewish Heritage|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Seubert | first = Harald | url = http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2/ | title = Bauer, Felice | publisher = Kulturportal-west-ost.eu | language = German | quote = Knochiges leeres Gesicht, das seine Leere offen trug. Freier Hals. Überworfene Bluse&nbsp;... Fast zerbrochene Nase. Blondes, etwas steifes, reizloses Haar, starkes Kinn. | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Seubert|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Stone | first = Peter H. | url = http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez | title = Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The Art of Fiction No. 69 | work = The Paris Review | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Paris Review|2012}} }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1930/apr/04/classics.culture | work = The Guardian | title = Allegory | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Guardian''|1930}} | location=London | date=4 April 1930 }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html | year = 2005 | publisher = American Repertory Theatre | title = Disappearing Act | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501080645/http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html | archive-date = 2008-05-01 | ref = {{sfnRef|Repertory|2005}} | url-status = live }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010glpd | year = 2012 | publisher = BBC | title = Drama on BBC Radio 3, ''Kafka the Musical'' | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php | year = 2011 | language = Czech | publisher = The Research Library of South Bohemia in České Budějovice | title = Franz Kafka | access-date = 3 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kohoutikriz|2011}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/ | year = 2012 | publisher = European Graduate School | title = Franz Kafka&nbsp;– Articles | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/ | year = 2012 | publisher = European Graduate School | title = Franz Kafka&nbsp;– Biography | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|European Graduate School|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism | date = 14 Dhésèmber 2008 | publisher = Libertarian-Socialism | title = Franz Kafka and libertarian socialism | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Lib.com|2008}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafkamuseum.cz/ShowPage.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 | year = 2005 | publisher = Franz Kafka Museum | title = Franz Kafka Museum | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Museum|2005}} | archive-date = 2017-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022745/http://www.kafkamuseum.cz/ShowPage.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky/ | year = 2011 | publisher = Franz Kafka Society | title = The Franz Kafka Prize | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Society|2011}} | archive-date = 2017-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113073540/http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/162/5 | publisher = Project Gutenberg&nbsp;— Spiegel Online | title = Franz Kafka: Tagebücher 1910–1923&nbsp;– Kapitel 5 | work = Der Spiegel | date= 21 Juni 1913 | language = German | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | quote = Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar. | ref = {{sfnRef|Project Gutenberg|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032453/http://kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm | archive-date = 2010-12-20 | year = 2011 | publisher = Kafka-Franz | title = Franz Kafka Writing | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka-Franz|2012}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923 | date = 17 Maret 2007 | publisher = Socialist Worker Online | title = Franz Kafka: writing of the system's despair and alienation | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Socialist Worker|2007}} | archive-date = 2015-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003174917/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm | year = 2008 | publisher = ITK Institute für Textkritik | title = Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen) | language = German | access-date = 28 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Itk|2008}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.franzkafka.de/franzkafka/die_frauen/grete_bloch/457277 | publisher = S. Fischer Verlag | title = Grete Bloch | language = German | access-date = 24 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|S. Fischer|2012}} | archive-date = 2017-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170909185617/http://www.franzkafka.de/franzkafka/die_frauen/grete_bloch/457277 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/filmnotes/fnf01n6.html | publisher = State University of New York | work = New York State Writer's Institute | title = Kafka | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Writer's Institute|1992}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm | year = 2002 | publisher = Atlegerhardsen | title = Lothar Hempel | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050924095502/http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm | archive-date = 2005-09-24 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hempel|2002}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010607003313/http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/ | year = 1999 | publisher = LiteraturHaus | language = German | title = Musils 'Mann ohne Eigenschaften' ist "wichtigster Roman des Jahrhunderts" | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | archive-date = 2001-06-07 | ref = {{sfnRef|LiteraturHaus|1999}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm | year = 1962 | publisher = Welles Net | title = Orson Welles on ''The Trial'' (BBC interview) | access-date = 22 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Welles Net|1962}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/ | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Oxford | title = Oxford Kafka Research Centre | access-date = 8 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Oxford Kafka Research Centre|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm | date = June 2005 | publisher = Poul Ruders | title = Poul Ruders Biography&nbsp;– 06/2005 | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ruders|2005}} | archive-date = 2012-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204163258/http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafkaproject.com/ | year = 2012 | publisher = Kafka Project, San Diego State University | title = Solving a Literary Mystery | access-date = 25 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Project SDSU|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059 | year = 2012 | publisher = HAZE Netlabel | title = Sound Interpretations&nbsp;— Dedication To Franz Kafka | access-date = 4 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|HAZE|2012}} | archive-date = 2012-10-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009233821/http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html | date = 25 Oktober 2012 | publisher = Embassy of the Czech Republic in Tel Aviv | title = Who is citizen? Guide to Czech citizenship in 1918 – 1949 | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Czech Embassy|2012}} }} === Wewacan sabanjuré === * {{cite book | last = Begley | first = Louis | authorlink = Louis Begley | title = The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay | year = 2008 | publisher = Atlas & Co. | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-934633-06-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Calasso | first = Roberto | authorlink = Roberto Calasso | title = K. | year = 2005 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-4189-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Citati | first = Pietro | authorlink = Pietro Citati | title = Kafka | year = 1987 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-394-56840-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Coots | first = Steve | title = Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide) | year = 2002 | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-84648-3 }} * {{cite book | author = Corngold, Stanley – Wagner, Benno | title = Franz Kafka: The Ghosts in the Machine | location = Evanston, Illinois | publisher = Northwestern University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8101-2769-2 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Corngold | first1 = Stanley | last2 = Gross | first2 = Ruth V. | title = Kafka for the Twenty-First Century | year = 2011 | publisher = Camden House | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57113-482-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Czech | first = Danuta | title = Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz | language = Polish | year = 1992 | publisher = Wydawn | location = Oświęcim }} * {{cite book | last1 = Deleuze | first1 = Gilles | authorlink1 = Gilles Deleuze | last2 = Guattari | first2 = Félix | authorlink2 = Félix Guattari | title = Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Theory and History of Literature, Vol 30) | year = 1986 | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis | isbn = 978-0-8166-1515-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka und die kleine Prosa der Moderne / Kafka and Short Modernist Prose | work = Oxford Kafka Studies I | year = 2010 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-4029-0 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka, Prag und der Erste Weltkrieg / Kafka, Prague and the First World War | work = Oxford Kafka Studies II | year = 2012 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-4849-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka und die Religion in der Moderne / Kafka, Religion, and Modernity | work = Oxford Kafka Studies III | year = 2014 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-5451-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Glatzer | first = Nahum Norbert | authorlink = Nahum Norbert Glatzer | title = The Loves of Franz Kafka | year = 1986 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-4001-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Ronald | title = Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays | year = 1962 | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ | isbn = 1-199-77830-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Greenberg (poet) | title = The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature | year = 1968 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-08415-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Hayman | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Hayman | title = K, a Biography of Kafka | year = 2001 | publisher = Phoenix Press | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84212-415-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Heller | first = Paul | title = Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik | year = 1989 | language = German | publisher = Stauffenburg | location = Tübingen | isbn = 978-3-923721-40-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kafka | first1 = Franz | last2 = Brod | first2 = Max | title = The Diaries, 1910–1923 | year = 1988 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 0-8052-0906-9 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kopić | first = Mario | authorlink = Mario Kopić | title = Franz Kafka and Nationalism | publisher = EX-YU PEN Amsterdam | location = Amsterdam | journal = Erewhon. An International Quarterly | year = 1995 | jstor = 13813064 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite book | last = Lundberg | first = Phillip | title = Essential Kafka, Rendezvous with Otherness / 9 Stories & 3 novèl excerpts | year = 2011 | publisher = Authorhouse | location = | isbn = 978-1-4389-9021-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Major | first = Michael | title = Kafka&nbsp;... for our time | year = 2011 | publisher = Harcourt Publishing | location = San Diego, CA | isbn = 978-0-9567982-1-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Suchoff | first = David | title = Kafka's Jewish Languages: the Hidden Openness of Tradition | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8122-4371-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Thiher | first = Allen | title = Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction | work = Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction, No. 12 | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8057-8323-0 }} ''Jurnal'' * {{cite journal | last = Danta | first = Chris | title = Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/toc/mod15.2.html |date=April 2008 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | location = Baltimore, MD | journal = [[Modernism/modernity]] | pages = 343–359 | doi = 10.1353/mod.2008.0048 }} {{subscription required}} *{{cite news | last = Guvenc | first = Sibel | url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/84172079/Hindustan_Times_Article | date = 14 Novèmber 2006 | work = Hindustan Times Article | title = About Guilt and Punishment by Satarupa Basu | accessdate = September 7, 2011 }} * {{cite web | last = Kopić | first = Mario | url = http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06 | year = 2004 | publisher = Odjek | title = Kafka and nationalism | access-date = 10 Sèptèmber 2013 | archive-date = 2013-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012015421/http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = McGee | first = Kyle | title = Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony | work = Kafka Project | url = http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0 | access-date = 2015-11-11 | archive-date = 2010-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100628232215/http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Ryan | first = Michael P. | title = Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in ''The Metamorphosis'' | year = 1999 | journal = German Quarterly | location = Durham, NC | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–152 | doi = 10.2307/408369 }} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kafka, Franz}} [[Kategori:Franz Kafka|*]] [[Kategori:Lair 1883]] [[Kategori:Pati 1924]] [[Kategori:Anarkis Céko]] [[Kategori:Panulis Ostenrik]] [[Kategori:Panulis Céko]] [[Kategori:Yahudi-Ostenrik]] [[Kategori:Yahudi-Céko]] edhihsgkmeoddq550c9gooosddfbn2b 0 66318 1748851 1748259 2026-05-12T04:08:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox University |name = Institut Téknologi Bandung |image_name = itb.gif |image_size = 150px |motto = ''In Harmonia Progresio'' ([[basa Latin|Latin]]:"Kemajuan dalam keselarasan") |established = 3 Juli 1920 (Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng)<br>2 Maret 1959 (Institut Téknologi Bandung) |type = Universitas nagari kanthi status Badan Hukum Milik Nagara |rector = Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. |city = [[Bandhung]] |state = [[Jawa Kulon]] |country = [[Indonésia]] |faculty = |students = 19.747 (2014) |undergrad = 14.320 |postgrad = 4.776 |doctoral = 651 |profess = |specialist = |extension = |int'l class = |campus = [[area urban|Urban]] |colors = Biru |nickname = Kampus Ganésha |affiliations = ABET, ASIIN e. V., JABEE, KAAB, RSC, ABEST21, ASAIHL, [[ASEAN University Network|AUN]], EBA Consortium, ASEA UNINET, Global E3, AOTULE, SEATUC |website = {{url|https://www.itb.ac.id/}} |footnotes = |address = |telephone = +62 22 2500935 }} '''Institut Téknologi Bandung''' ('''ITB''') iku [[perguruan tinggi]] nagari sing dumunung ing [[Kutha Bandung]]. ITB diadegaké tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[1959]]. Wektu iki status ITB yaiku BHMN (Badan Hukum Milik Nagara). Kampus utama ITB sapunika ana ing sekolah tinggi tèhnik kapisan [[Indonésia]].Lan duwé institusi [[pandhidhikan]] tinggi ngutamakake ITB duwé karakteristik lan misi.Banjur mènèhi prabawa lan perkembangan kang tumuju ing madegé ITB Rektor ITB sapunika yaiku Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. kanggo periode 2025-2030. == Sajarah == Sajarah ITB asal usulé wiwit abad kalihdasa, kanthi prakarsa masarakat panguasa ing mangsa iku. Gagasan utama madegake kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan tenaga tèhnik kang siyap ing mangsa ngarep antara gayutan Inonésia lan njaba nagari kaya ta gayutan antara nagari [[Walanda]] uga tlatah jajahan ing kawasan Nusantara, kang njalari anané [[Perang Donya Kapisan]]. ''De Techniche Hoogeschool te'' Bandung madeg tanggal 3 Juli 1920. ITB madeg kapisanan ing tanggal [[3 Juli]] [[1920]] kanthi jeneng "Technische Hooge School (THS)" te Bandoeng lan duwé siji fakultas ''de Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap'' sarta duwé siji jurusan yaiku ''de afdeeling der Weg en Waterbouw''. ITB uga dadi tlatah [[Pratélan Présidhèn Indonésia|présidhèn]] [[Indonésia]] kapisanan, [[Soekarno]] nyabet gelar insinyur sajeroning ngangsu ngèlmu ing babagan [[Teknik Sipil]]. == Fakultas == [[Gambar:ITBPlazaWidya.jpg|thumb|Plaza Widya ITB kanthi [[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu]] ing kadohan.]] [[Gambar:ITB library building.JPG|thumb|Wangunan [[pabukon]] pusat ITB]] Wektu iki ITB duwé 12 [[fakultas]] utawa [[sekolah]]. Karolas fakultas/sekolah mau yaiku: # Fakultas Matematika lan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA) ## [[Astronomi]] ## [[Kimia]] ## [[Matematika]] ## [[Fisika]] # Sekolah Ilmu lan Teknologi Hayati (SITH) ## [[Biologi]] ## [[Mikrobiologi]] # Sekolah Farmasi (SF) ## [[Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi]] ## [[Farmasi Klinik lan Komunitas]] # Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan lan Perminyakan (FTTM) ## [[Teknik Metalurgi]] ## [[Teknik Pertambangan]] ## [[Teknik Perminyakan]] ## [[Teknik Geofisika]] # Fakultas Ilmu lan Teknologi Kebumian (FITB) ## [[Teknik Geodesi lan Geomatika]] ## [[Teknik Géologi]] ## [[Meteorologi]] ## [[Oseanografi]] # Fakultas Teknologi Industri (FTI) ## [[Teknik Kimia]] ## [[Teknik Fisika]] ## [[Teknik Industri]] # Fakultas Teknik Mesin lan Dirgantara (FTMD) ## [[Teknik Mesin]] ## [[Aeronotika lan Astronotika]] ## [[Teknik Material]] # [http://stei.itb.ac.id Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika (STEI)] ## [[Teknik Elektro]] ## [[Teknik Tenaga Elektrik]] ## [[Teknik Telekomunikasi]] ## [[Teknik Informatika]] ## [[Sistem lan Teknologi Informasi]] # Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan (FTSL) ## [[Teknik Sipil]] ## [[Teknik Lingkungan]] ## [[Teknik Kelautan]] # Sekolah Arsitektur, Perencanaan lan Pengembangan Kebijakan (SAPPK) ## [[Arsitektur]] ## [[Perencanaan Wewengkon lan Kutha]] # Fakultas Seni Rupa lan [[Desain]] (FSRD) ## [[Seni Rupa Murni]] ## [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]] ## [[Desain Interior]] ## [[Desain Produk]] ## [[Kriya Seni]] # [[Sekolah Bisnis lan Manajemen (SBM)]] ## [[Manajemen]] == Rektor == {{utama|Pratélan rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung}} * Prof. Ir. R. [[Soemono]] (2 Maret 1959-1 November 1959)<ref>Ketua Presidium: Prof. Ir. [[Soemono]]; Anggota: Prof. Ir. [[Goenarso]]; Prof. dr. [[Djoehana Wiradikarta]] (Ketua/Dekan FIPIA UI Bandung); Prof. Ir. [[Soetedjo]] (Ketua/Dekan FT UI Bandung); Panitera: Prof. Dr. Ir. R. M. [[Soemantri Brodjonegoro]] (Ketua Jurusan Teknologi Kimia).</ref> * Prof. Ir. R. [[Otong Kosasih]] (1 November 1959-20 April 1964) * Ir. R. [[Ukar Bratakusumah]] (14 April 1964-22 Fèbruari 1965)<ref>http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119194755/http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 |date=2016-01-19 }} ITB News Portal, 13 Maret 2003, ''Mantan Rektor ITB, Ir. Ukar Bratakusumah Meninggal''</ref> * Letnan Kolonel Ir. [[Koentoadji]] (22 Fèbruari 1965-1969) * Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (1969-7 Dhésèmber 1976) * Prof. Dr. Ing. [[Iskandar Alisjahbana]] (7 Dhésèmber 1976-14 Fèbruari 1978) * Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]] (16 Fèbruari 1978-30 Mèi 1979)<ref>Ketua Rektorium: Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]]; Anggota: Prof. Dr. [[Moedomo Soedigdomarto]]; Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME; Ir. [[Djuanda Suraatmadja]].</ref> * Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (30 Mèi 1979-22 November 1980)<ref name="Pejabat Sementara">Pejabat Sementara.</ref> * Prof. [[Hariadi Paminto Soepangkat]], Ph.D. (22 November 1980-12 Dhésèmber 1988) * Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME (12 Dhésèmber 1988-7 Maret 1997) * Prof. Ir. [[Lilik Hendrajaya]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (7 Maret 1997-10 November 2001) * Ir. [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Ph.D. (10 November 2001-21 Oktober 2004) * Prof. Ir. [[Adang Surahman]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (23 Oktober 2004-29 Januari 2005)<ref name="Pejabat Sementara"/> * Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Djoko Santoso (rektor ITB)|Djoko Santoso]], M.Sc. (29 Januari 2005-29 Januari 2010) * Prof. [[Akhmaloka]], Dipl.Biotech., Ph.D. (29 Januari 2010-sekarang) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == === Umum === * [http://www.itb.ac.id/ Situs resmi] * [http://www.itb.or.id/ Situs komunitas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520064435/http://www.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-05-20 }} * [http://forum.itb.or.id/ Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402004044/http://forum.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-04-02 }} === Fakultas/departemen/sekolah === * [http://www.chem.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Kimia]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Program Studi Teknik Géologi * [http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621112754/http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2016-06-21 }} * [http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Matematika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905184001/http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-05 }} * [http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Astronomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425065440/http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }} * [http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Elektro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425133435/http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }} * [http://www.tf.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Fisika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916064446/http://www2.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-16 }} * [http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Industri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014110030/http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-10-14 }} * [http://www.if.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Informatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517105035/http://www1.if.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-05-17 }} * [http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Penerbangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421225131/http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-21 }} * [http://www.che.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Kimia] * [http://www.sbm.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen (SBM)] * [http://www.fi.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Fisika]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH)] * [http://www.metallurgy.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Teknik Metalurgi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203065850/http://www.metallurgy.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-02-03 }} === Unit kagiyatan mahasiswa === * [http://www.lfm.itb.ac.id/ Liga Film Mahasiswa (LFM) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503091942/http://lfm.itb.ac.id/ |date=2017-05-03 }} * [http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kajian Islam Ideologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029193022/http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-10-29 }} * [http://www.boulevard.or.id/ Situs Boulevard ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422210132/http://www.boulevard.or.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} * [http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131140/http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }} * [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam "GAMAIS" (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }} * [http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Timuran (Loedroek ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310215723/http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB (ARC ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} * [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Unit Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan (PSIK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }} * [http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256601233514116&url=www.geocities.com/akarnaisea Unit Matematika dan Linguistik (Akarna ISEA)] * [http://scout.itb.ac.id/ Pramuka ITB]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://psm-itb.itgo.com/ Paduan Suara Mahasiswa ITB] * [http://www.pmk-itb.com/ Persekuthuan Mahasiswa Kristen (PMK) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420185339/http://www.pmk-itb.com/ |date=2007-04-20 }} * [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Situs resmi PSIK ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }} * [http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Sumatera Utara (UKSU) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312191114/http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }} * Unit Kebudayaan Jepang (UKJ) ITB * [http://genshiken.unit.itb.ac.id/ Kelompok Studi Visual Budaya Modern (Genshiken ITB)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}* Unit Pendidikan ** [http://www.ksep-itb.org/ Kelompok Studi Ekonomi dan Pasar Modal ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002044546/http://www.ksep-itb.org/ |date=2009-10-02 }} ** [http://lfm-itb.com// Liga Film Mahasiswa "LFM" ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128014211/http://lfm-itb.com/ |date=2011-11-28 }} ** [http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kajian Islam Ideologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029193022/http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-10-29 }} ** [http://www.psik-itb.org PSIK - ITB ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }} ** Unit Matematika dan Linguistik-Akarna ISEA ** Pramuka ** [http://e-club.itb.ac.id/ Entrepreneur Club ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125122356/http://e-club.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-01-25 }} ** [http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ Radio Kampus - ITB community radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627190042/http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-06-27 }} ** [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB - ARC ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} ** [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam "GAMAIS" (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }} ** Keluarga Mahasiswa Katulik "KMK" (Catholic Student Society) ** [http://www.pmk-itb.blogspot.com/ Persekuthuan Mahasiswa Kristen "PMK" (Christian Student Fellowship)] ** Keluarga Mahasiswa Hindhu "KMH" (Hindhu Student Society) ** Keluarga Mahasiswa Budhis "Dhammanano" (Buddhist Student Society) ** Kulawarga Donor Darah ITB "KDD" (Blood Donor Society) ** Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan "PSIK" (Societal Study Union) ** [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_English_Forum_ITB Student English Forum "SEF"]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ** Keluarga Mahasiswa Pencinta Alam Ganesha "KMPA" ** Pramuka ITB ** Resimen Mahasiswa Batalyon I/ITB (Student Regiment Battalion I / ITB) ** Unit Pembinaan Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa "UPKM" ** Koperasi Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa "KOKESMA" ** [http://www.boulevard.or.id/ Tabloid Mahasiswa Boulevard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422210132/http://www.boulevard.or.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} ** Salman ITB (Karisma) ** Unit Kelompok Studi Ékonomi dan Pasar Modal (KSEP) ** Kolaborasi Studi Ilmiah Mahasiswa ITB (SICOS: Scientific Collaboration Studies) ** Kelompok Studi Sajarah Ékonomi dan Pulitik (KS-SEP) ** GaneshaTV (GTV) ** Lingkar Studi Gerakan Mahasiswa Madani (LSGMM) ** Korps Sukarela Palang Merah Indonésia (KSR-PMI) ** Lembaga Kajian dan Praksis Dhémokrasi (VERITAS) ** Kelompok Analisa dan Komunikasi Islam Strategis ** Studi Komunikasi Massa ITB ** Cendekia ITB ** Pers Mahasiswa ITB ** ITB Internet Community (COMMUNET-ITB) ** Online Game Research Group (OGRG) ** [http://genshiken.unit.itb.ac.id/ Kelompok Studi Visual Budaya Modern (Genshiken ITB)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ** [http://ugreenitb.multiply.com/ U-green ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722085720/http://ugreenitb.multiply.com/ |date=2011-07-22 }} * Unit Kesenian ** [http://ukj.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kebudayaan Jepang] ** Studi Teater Mahasiswa (STEMA) ** Unit Kebudayaan Acèh ** [http://lss.unit.itb.ac.id/ Lingkung Seni Sunda (LSS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013005052/http://lss.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-10-13 }} ** [http://ukm.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Minangkabau (UKM)] ** [http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Sumatra Utara (UKSU)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312191114/http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }} ** [http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ Maha Gotra Ganesha (MGG) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312190423/http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }} ** [http://pstkjawa.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904072046/http://pstkjawa.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-04 }} ** Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Timur ** Unit Kesenian Sulawesi Selatan (UKSS) ** Kulawarga Paduan Angklung (KPA) ** [http://www.mbwg.net/frontpage/ Marching Band Waditra Ganesha (MBWG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426005812/http://www.mbwg.net/frontpage/ |date=2011-04-26 }} ** [http://psm.unit.itb.ac.id/?page_id=2 Paduan Suara Mahasiswa (PSM-ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804080926/http://psm.unit.itb.ac.id/?page_id=2 |date=2011-08-04 }} ** Unit Apres ITB ** Grup Aspresiasi Sastra ITB "GAS-ITB" ** [http://ubala.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Budaya Lampung (UBALA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912085408/http://ubala.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-12 }} ** Unit Kesenian Borneo (UKB) ** Unit Kebudayaan Betawi ** Kebudayaan Irian Jaya (UKIR) ** [http://musi.itb.ac.id Mahasiswa Bumi Sriwijaya (MUSI)] ** ITB Students Ochestra (ISO) * Unit Ulah raga ** Kendo ITB ** Unit Karate ITB ** Kyokushinkai ** Unit Yudo ITB ** Pencak Silat Tenaga Dasar Indonésia ** Unit Capoeira Quizumba ITB (UCQI) ** Unit Renang dan Polo Air (URPA) ** Unit Catur ** Unit Hoki ** Unit Basket "GANESHA" (UBG-ITB) ** Unit Bridge ** Unit Tenis ITB ** Unit Aktivitas Tenis Meja ITB (UATM ITB) ** Unit Bola Voli (UBV) ** Unit Bulu Tangkis ** Persatuan Beladiri Kempo Indonésia ** Satria Nusantara ** Perisai Diri ** Tae Kwon-Do ** Persatuan Sepak Bola ITB (PS ITB) ** Pendawa Padma ** Unit Soft Ball ** Wanadri ** Sinar Putih ** Panahan ** Tri Eka Dharma Margaluyu "313" ** Tarung Drajat (Boxer) ** Bela Diri Hikmatul Iman ** Bridge (UAB) ** Aikido ** Aerokreasi ** [http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=994627&op=1&o=global&view=global&subj=1451291274&id=1078967531#!/group.php?gid=49321944735&ref=ts Ganesha Bicycler] * Himpunan mahasiswa Program Studi ** HMFT ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Fisika Teknik) *** http://skullers.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904035611/http://skullers.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-04 }} *** http://hmft.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729073358/http://hmft.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-29 }} *** http://avantgarde.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112120951/http://avantgarde.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-12 }} ** HIMAFI ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Fisika) ** [http://hmp.pl.itb.ac.id HMP PANGRIPTA LOKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Planologi Pangripta Loka) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913140102/http://hmp.pl.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-13 }} ** [http://hmif.itb.ac.id HMIF ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817002906/http://hmif.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-08-17 }} ** [http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id HME ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Elektroteknik) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808124704/http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }} ** [http://img.gd.itb.ac.id IMG ITB (Ikatan Mahasiswa Geodesi) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212035741/http://img.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-12-12 }} ** [http://himastron.as.itb.ac.id HIMASTRON ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Astronomi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411022531/http://himastron.as.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-04-11 }} ** [http://hmt.mining.itb.ac.id HMT ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Tambang) ] ** [http://hms.si.itb.ac.id HMS ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sipil)] ** HMTM PATRA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Perminyakan) ** HMME Atmosphaira (Himpunan Mahasiswa Meteorologi) ITB ** HMO TRITON (Himpunan Mahasiswa Oseanografi) ITB ** HMTL ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Lingkungan) ** [http://www.himatekitb.com HIMATEK ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Kimia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825051211/http://www.himatekitb.com/ |date=2011-08-25 }} ** [http://mti.ti.itb.ac.id MTI ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Industri)Avanti MTI ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060712/http://mti.ti.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-02 }} ** [http://web.himatika-itb.or.id HIMATIKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Matematika)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713103359/http://web.himatika-itb.or.id/ |date=2011-07-13 }} ** [http://amisca.chem.itb.ac.id HMK AMISCA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Kimia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143548/http://amisca.chem.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-20 }} ** [http://ima-g.ar.itb.ac.id IMA-G (Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur - Gunadharma) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628150744/http://ima-g.ar.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-06-28 }} ** HMM ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Mesin) ** KMPN ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Penerbangan) ** MTM ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Material) ** [http://hmf.fa.itb.ac.id HMF 'Ars Praeparandi' ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Farmasi)]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ** HIMASITH NYMPHAEA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati, "Nymphaea") ** HIMATG TERRA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Geofisika) ** KMSR ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Seni Rupa) ** [http://gea.itb.ac.id HMTG "GEA" ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Géologi "GEA" ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109202356/http://gea.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-09 }} ** KM-SBM (Keluarga Mahasiswa SBM) ** IMMG ITB (Ikatan Mahasiswa Metalurgi ITB) ** [http://gea.itb.ac.id HMTG "GEA" ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Géologi "GEA" ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109202356/http://gea.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-09 }} ** [http://kmkl.ocean.itb.ac.id KMKL ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa teknik Kelautan ITB)]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} == Alumni == * [[Abdullah Puteh]], Mantan Gubernur Nanggroe Acèh Darrusalam * [[Al Aziz Abbie Roossano]], pengusaha * [[Afrizal ssi.]], pengusaha * [[Aburizal Bakrie]], [[Menko Kesra]], pengusaha terkaya Indonésia 2007 * [[Al Hilal Hamdi]], Mantan Mantri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi * [[Alvin Anderson]], Analis keuangan RI, Direktur Utama Exxon Indonésia * [[Aming]], Komedian Lokal * [[Arifin Panigoro]], Anggota [[DPR]], Pemilik [[Medco Group]] * [[Azwar Anas]], mantan Mantri Koordinator Kesejahteraan Rakyat, mantan Gubernur Sumatera Barat * [[Armein Z R Langi]], Kepala Pusat Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi ITB (PPTIK-ITB) * [[Bambang Harymurti]], Mantan Pemimpin Redaksi TEMPO * [[Bambang Hidayat]], Astronom Dunia * [[Bambang Subianto]], Mantan Mantri Keuangan * [[Betti Alisjahbana]], CEO IBM Indonésia * [http://budi.insan.co.id/ Budi Rahardjo], nimpuna ''IT-Security'' Indonésia, kolumnis Majalah Info Linux * [[BJ Habibie]], [[Présidhèn RI]] ke-3, Ahli Teknik Penerbangan * [[Cacuk Sudarijanto]], Mantan Direktur [[Indosat]], Direktur Utama [[Telkom]] dan mantan Kepala [[BPPN]] * [[Ciputra]], Pengusaha * [[Dian Angreniwati Soerarso]], Direktur Bank Niaga * [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]], Mantan [[Nayakotama|Nayakotama Indonésia]] * [[Dimitri Mahayana]], Dosen ITB, Pengusaha * [[Eddie Widiono]], Mantan Direktur Utama [[PLN]] * [[Erna Witoelar]], Mantan Mantri Pemukiman & Prasarana Wewengkon * [[Enda Nasution]], Penulis * [[Fadel Muhammad]], Mantri Kelautan dan Perikanan * [[Fariz RM]], musisi * [[Ginandjar Kartasasmita]], Ketua DPD * [[Giri Suseno Hadihardjono]], mantan Mantri Perhubungan Indonésia * [[Gito Rollies]], penyanyi dan aktor * [[Hans Wospakrik]], Fisikawan * [[Harijono Djojodihardjo]], Mantan Ketua [[LAPAN]] * [[Harry Roesli]], musisi, politisi, budayawan * [[Hartono Rekso Dharsono]]. Mantan Pangdam Siliwangi, tokoh [[Petisi 50]] * [[Hartarto Sastrosoenarto]], Mantan Mantri Perindustrian * [[Hasnul Suhaimi]], Direktur Utama PT XL Axiata * [[Hatta Rajasa]], [[Mantri Koordinator babagan Perékonomian]] * [[Herman Johannes]], Mantan Mantri Pekerjaan Umum, Mantan Rektor [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]] * [[Hilmi Panigoro]], Pengusaha * [[Hokky Situngkir]], Ilmuwan * [[Indra Herlambang]], Artis * [[Istiqlal]],pengusaha * [[Jero Wacik]], [[Mantri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Républik Indonésia|Mantri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata]] * [[Joko Anwar]], penulis naskah filem * [[Jusman Syafii Djamal]], Mantan Direktur Utama PT DI, Mantri Perhubungan * [[Karlina Leksono]], Astronom * [[Kuntoro Mangkusubroto]], [[Ketua Unit Kerja Présidhèn Babagan Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Pembangunan]] * [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Mantan [[Mantri Nagara Riset dan Teknologi Républik Indonésia|Mantri Nagara Riset dan Teknologi]] * [[Laksamana Sukardi]], Mantan [[Mantri Nagara Badan Usaha Milik Nagara Républik Indonésia|Mantri Nagara BUMN]] * [[Luluk Sumiarso]], Deputi ESDM * [[Muslimin Nasution]], Mantan [[Mantri Kehutanan Républik Indonésia|Mantri Kehutanan]] dan Ketua [[ICMI]] * [[Nabiel Makarim]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Lingkungan Hidup (2 semester di FIKTM ITB) * [[Onno W Purbo]], nimpuna tèknologi informasi dan tokoh [[Sumber terbuka]] Indonésia * [[Pantur Silaban]], Fisikawan * [[Pangeran M. Noor]], Mantan Mantri Pekerjaan Umum, Mantan Gubernur Kalimantan * [[Pater Drost]], Rohaniwan, Pakar pendidikan * [[Pramono Anung]], Mantan Ketua HMT ITB, Pulitikus,Sekjen PDI-P * [[Purnomo Yusgiantoro]], [[Mantri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Républik Indonésia|Mantri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral]] * [[Rachmat Witoelar]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Lingkungan Hidup * [[Raden Pardede]], Komisaris Bank Central Asia * [[Revantino]], Seniman, Budayawan * [[Rinaldi Firmansyah]], Direktur Utama PT Telkom * [[Rizal Ramli]], Mantan Menko Perékonomian * [[Rozik Boedioro Soetjipto]], mantan Mantri Nagara Pekerjaan Umum * [[Said Djauharsjah Jenie]], Ketua [[BPPT]] * [[Salahuddin Wahid]], Rohaniwan, Politisi * [[Samaun Samadikun]], Profesor, Guru Besar di Babagan (Mikro) Elektronika, Mantan Direktur [[PAUME Pusat Mikroelektronika]] * [[Sanyoto Sastrowardoyo]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Investasi, Kepala BKPM * [[Sarwono Kusumaatmadja]], Anggota DPD, Mantan Mantri Nagara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Nagara * [[Sedyatmo]], Penemu Pondasi Cakar Ayam * [[Siswono Yudo Husodo]], Mantan Mantri Perumahan Rakyat * [[Soekarno]], [[Présidhèn RI]] pertama * [[Sri Bintang Pamungkas]], Politisi * [[Sudjiwo Tedjo]], Seniman, Budayawan * [[Suhono Harso Supangkat]] Staf Ahli Menkominfo * [[Syafruddin Arsjad Temenggung]], Mantan Kepala BPPN * [[Taufik Akbar]], Ahli Satelit * [[Tjia May On]], Fisikawan * [[Tjokorda Raka Sukawati]], Ahli Konstruksi * [[Tri Haryo Susilo]], CEO PT Rekayasa Industri * [[Wimar Witoelar]], Pengamat Sosial & Pulitik * [[Winardi Sutantyo]], Astronom * [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], Mantan Mantri Pendidikan & Kebudayaan * [[Wiratman Wangsadinata]], Ahli Konstruksi * [[Wiyoto Wiyono]], Ahli Konstruksi * [[Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya]], rohaniwan, novelis, aktivis HAM * [[Zuhal]], mantan Mantri Riset & Teknologi, mantan Dirut PLN {{PTN ing Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Institut Teknologi Bandung| ]] [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi nagari ing Jawa Kulon|Teknologi Bandung, Institut]] [[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi ing Jawa Kulon]] [[Kategori:Arsitèktur Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Wangunan Walanda ing Indonésia]] {{Indo-perti-stub}} joy3rb2yr911xrl3r6bcnu5oou6f3vg 0 73503 1748805 1734249 2026-05-11T18:14:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gedung Sate Bandung.jpg|thumb|250 px|Gedhung Satè]] [[Gambar:Gedung Sate - backside.jpg|thumb|250 px|Gedhung Satè yèn disawang saka mburi]] '''Gedhung sate''' iku gedhong sing diyasa kanthi karakteristik [[ornamén]] ana kaya [[sunduk]] satè ing dhuwuré [[yasan]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung satè kalebu yasan kang duwé [[sajarah]] ing [[kutha]] [[Bandung]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung satè iki kalebu yasan kang kuna ing kutha Bandung. Sanajan manggon ing Bandung nanging akèh wong saka [[kutha]] liya kang marani gedhong iki sarana kepéngin klenceran.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung satè kabangun ing [[taun]] [[1920]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung satè dadi ciri utawa [[maskot]] kutha Bandung, [[Provinsi]] [[Jawa Barat]].<ref name="internet1">[http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/BANSAT/gedung_sate.php indahnesia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133636/http://indahnesia.com/indonesia/BANSAT/gedung_sate.php |date=2015-04-02 }}(dipununundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2011)</ref> Gedhung Satè dadi idèntitas utawa [[landmark]] kutha Bandung.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.bandung.go.id/?fa=pemerintah.detail&id=344 bandung.go.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422131201/http://bandung.go.id/?fa=pemerintah.detail&id=344 |date=2011-04-22 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2011)</ref> Nalika jaman [[pamaréntahan]] [[kolonial]], Gedhung Satè dikuasai karo [[Gouvernements]] [[Bedrijven]] utawa [[GB]].<ref name="internet1"/> Nalika gedhong satè diyasa kang nyéléhaké watu kang sepisanan ya iku [[Johanna Catherina Coops]],dhèwèké putri pambarep [[Walikota]] Bandung kang jenengé [[B. Coops]].<ref name="internet1"/> Johanna Catherina iku bojoné [[Petronella Roelofsen]]. Gedhung satè diresmekaké [[Governor-General]] ing [[Batavia]], [[J.P. Graaf van Limburg Stirum]] nalika tanggal [[27]] [[Juli]] [[1920]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung satè diyasa tim Ir. [[J. Gerber]], arsitèk kanthi jeneng ''Technische Universiteit Delft in the Netherlands'', Ir. [[Eh. De Roo]] lan Ir. [[G Hendriks]], insinyur saka Bandung.<ref name="internet3">[http://archipeddy.com/biography/gerber.html archipeddy.com]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2011)</ref> Gedung Satè diyasa ing taun [[1920]] – [[1924]] ing [[Wihelmina Boulevard]] kang saiki dirani [[Jalan Diponegoro no.22]] Bandung.<ref name="internet2"/> == Sajarah == Nalika diyasa gedhong satè ngentékaké béya kang cacahé [[enem]] [[yuta]] [[Gulden]].<ref name="internet4"/> Saka angka enem kang nuduhaké entéké béya kanggo yasa iki disimbolaké kanthi enem [[wiji]] [[satè]] kang katusuk kang manggon ing puncak gedhong ing menara sentralé.<ref name="internet4"/> Vèrsi liya nerangaké yèn ornamèn kang mirib satè iku enem wiji [[jambu wer]] utawa [[mlathi]].<ref name="internet4">[http://www.dnaberita.com/Leisure-detail.php?id=36 dnaberita.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914100809/http://dnaberita.com/Leisure-detail.php?id=36 |date=2010-09-14 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2011)</ref> == Konstruksi == Kurang luwih ana [[2000]] wong kang yasa Gedhung Satè.<ref name="internet1"/> 150 wong duwé katrampilan kang apik ing ngèlmu yasan, saliyané iku Gedhung Satè uga diyasa déning [[tukang]] [[kayu]] saka nagara [[China]] ya iku saka [[Konghu]] lan [[Kanton]].<ref name="internet1"/> Gedhung Satè uga diyasa déné tukang kayu lan tukang batu saka Bandung.<ref name="internet1"/> Tukang-tukang iki manggon ing désa saka [[Kampung Sekeloa]], [[Kampung Coblong]] [[Dago]], [[Kampung Gandok]] lan [[Kampung Cibarengkok]].<ref name="internet1"/> Dhèwèké sinau ing yasan [[Gedong Sirap]] ing kampus [[Technische Hoogeschool Bandoeng]] kang saiki diarani [[Institut Teknologi Bandung]], saliyané iku tukang-tukang iki uga sinau saka [[Gedong Papak]], [[city hall]] Bandung.<ref name="internet1"/> Sawisé patang taun diyasa, ing sasi [[September]] taun [[1924]] yasan kanggo [[Gouvernements Bedrijven]] dadi.<ref name="internet1"/> Saliyané iku kantor kanggo PTT (''Post, Telefoon en Telegraaf, Mail, Telephone and Telegraph'') lan [[pabukon]] uga wis dadi.<ref name="internet1"/> Gedung Satè diyasa ing lahan kang ambané [[27.990,859]] m2.<ref name="internet4"/> Ambané yasan [[10.877,734]] m2 ya iku ''Basement'' kanthi amba [[3.039,264]] m2, Lantai I ambané [[4.062,553]] m2, tèras lantai I ambané 212,976 m2, lantai II ambané [[3.023,796]] m2, téras lantai II ambané [[212,976]] m2, menara 121 m2 lan tèras Menara [[205,169]] m2.<ref name="internet4"/> Gedung Satè duwé [[fasade]] (tampak depan) kang pancèn sengaja diyasa madhep ing [[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu]] ing pérangan ''utara''.<ref name="internet4"/> == Arsitektur == Asitéktur Gedhung Satè digarap déning Ir. [[J. Gerber]] lan tim kang ngarancang ''design'' lan disempurnakaké déning arsiték [[Walanda]] kang misuwur ya iku Dr. [[Hendrik Petrus]], dhèwèké nggunakaké arsitéktur tradhisional [[Indonésia]] ing rancangan arsitékturé.<ref name="internet5"/> Gedhung Satè diyasa kanthi arsitéktur lan struktur yasan kang monuméntal lan unik.<ref name="internet5"/> Gedhung Satè kalebu yasan kanthi arsitéktur perpaduan [[Indo-European]].<ref name="internet5">[http://buletin.melsa.net.id/news/44gedungsate.htm buletin.melsa.net.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822233159/http://buletin.melsa.net.id/news/44gedungsate.htm |date=2010-08-22 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2011)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Commons category|Gedung Sate}} [[Kategori:Tempat wisata di Bandung]] [[Kategori:Kutha Bandhung]] [[Kategori:Arsitektur Hindia-Walanda]] [[Kategori:Wewangunan]] [[Kategori:Objek wisata]] 652spsshy4rpztmdt1ly8p43xz9pqyj 0 86214 1748843 1733185 2026-05-12T03:19:24Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Saint | name=Santo Ignatius Loyola | venerated_in=[[Gréja Katulik Roma]]<br />[[Komuni Anglikan]] | image=St Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Founder of the Jesuits.jpg | imagesize=180px | caption=Lukisan karya [[Peter Paul Rubens]]. | birth_date=1491<br />[[Azpeitia|Loyola]], [[Guipúzcoa]], [[Spanyol]] | death_date=31 Juli, {{death year and age|1556|1491}}<br />[[Rome]], [[Papal States]] | feast_day=31 Juli | titles=Confessor | beatified_date=[[27 Juli]] [[1609]] | beatified_by=[[Paus Paulus V]] | canonized_date=[[12 Maret]] [[1622]] | canonized_by=[[Paus Gregorius XV]] | attributes=[[Ekaristi]], ''chasuble'', buku, cross | patronage=Kabiskopan [[San Sebastián]] lan [[Bilbao]], [[Biscay]] & [[Guipúzcoa]], nagari [[Basque]], taruna militèr [[Filipina]], [[Serikat Yésus]], wadya, guru lan pendhidhikan. | issues= | prayer= '''Prayer for Generosity''' ing kothak info ''Lord, teach me to be generous. Teach me to serve you as you deserve, to give and not to count the cost, to fight and not to heed the wounds, to toil and not to seek for rest, to labor and not to ask for any reward, save that of knowing that I do Thy will. Amen.'' | prayer_attrib=St. Ignatius Loyola }} '''Ignatius Loyola''' ([[basa Basque]]: ''Ignazio Loiolakoa'', [[basa Spanyol]]: ''Ignacio de Loyola'') (1491-31 Juli 1556) inggih punika satunggiling mantan ksatria [[Spanyol]] ingkang asalipun saking satunggiling bebrayan ningrat [[Basque]], biarawan, imam Katulik kawit taun 1537, lan téolog, ingkang madegaken [[Serikat Yésus]] lan dados Superior Jèndral ingkang sepindhah.<ref name="Idig">{{cite book | last = Idígoras Tellechea | first = José Ignacio| title = Ignatius of Loyola: The Pilgrim Saint|chapter= When was he born? His nurse's account | publisher = Loyola University Press | location = Chicago | year = 1994 | isbn = 0829407790| pages=45|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mWO8ZeN8D5sC&printsec=frontcover#PPA45,M1 }}</ref> Saderengipun mretobat, piyambakipun gadhah asma Inigo. Lajeng sasampunipun mretobat Inigo gantos asma dados Ignatius. Ignatius mijil minangka satunggiling pamimpin agami salaminipun wekdal [[Kontra-Réformasi]]. Bakti Ignatius dhumateng [[Gréja Katulik Roma]] gadhah ciri kas sikap tangat total dhumateng kakuwaosan lan hiérarki Gréja Katulik.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM | accessdate=2010-03-28 | title=The Counter-Reformation | publisher=Washington State University | archive-date=2010-02-09 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209050616/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/COUNTER.HTM | url-status=dead }}</ref> Sasampunipun kénging tatu sérius salebetipun Perang Pamplona nalika taun 1521, Ignatius ngliwati prosès éwah-éwahan spiritual nalika panjenenganipun nglampahi perawatan. Buku ''De Vita Christi'' kaserat déning Ludolph Saxony maringaken inspirasi dhumateng piyambakipun kanggé nilaraken sadaya kagesangan militèr ing mangsa wingkingipun lan ngasokaken dhirinipun kanggé makarya kanggé Gusti, nuladha para pamimpin rohani kados ta [[Fransiskus saking Assisi]]. Panjenenganipun pikantuk ''penampakan'' saking [[Maria|Ibu Maria]] lan bayi [[Yésus]] nalika panjenenganipun wonten ing papan suci Ratu Montserrat ing wulan Maret 1522. Sasampunipun punika panjenenganipun tindak dhumateng Manresa lan panjenenganipun wiwit sembayang pitung jam sadinten, asring ugi ing salebetipun satunggiling guwa ingkang wonten caket ing mrika, sekaliyan mbentuk dhasar-dhasar ''[[Latihan Rohani]]''. Ing wulan September 1523, Loyola dumugi ing Tanah Suci kanggé manggèn ing mrika, nanging boten dangu salajengipun panjenenganipun dipunkintun wangsul malih dhumateng Éropah déning para imam [[Fransiskan]]. Antawis taun 1524-1537, Ignatius sinau téyologi lan [[basa Latin]] ing [[Spanyol]] lan [[Paris]], [[Prancis]]. Nalika taun 1534, panjenenganipun dumugi ing kitha Paris salaminipun ''bergejolaknya'' sikap anti-Protèstan ingkang meksa [[John Calvin]] kanggé nlaraken Prancis. Igantius lan sapérangan pandhèrèkipun nali dhiriipun dhumateng sumpah kamiskinan, kasucian lan kataatan demi Gusti lan Gréja Katulik. Nalika taun 1539, Ignatius lan pandhèrèkipun madegaken [[Serikat Yésus]], ingkang dipunsarujuki déning [[Paus Paulus III]] nalika taun 1540. ''[[Latihan Rohani]]'' ugi dipunsarujuki déning paus ingkang sami nalika taun 1548. Loyola ugi ngrancang Konstitusi [[Serikat Yésus]]. Ignatius tilar donya ing wulan Juli 1556. Panjenenganipun salajengipun dipunbéatifikasi déning [[Paus Paulus V]] nalika taun 1609, dipunkanonisasi déning [[Paus Gregorius XV]] nalika taun 1622, lan dipunangkat minangka pangreksa sadaya retrèt rohani déning [[Paus Pius XI]] nalika taun 1922. Dinten pèngetan Ignatius Loyola dipunriyayakaken saben tanggal 31 Juli. Ignatius punika santo pangreksa para wadya, [[Serikat Yésus]], wewengkon [[Basque]], lan provinsi-provinsi Guipuzcoa lan Biscay.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.turismoa.euskadi.net/contenidos/informacion/s11_folletos/en_s11/folletos/cultura/cultura_ing_fiestas_verano.pdf | accessdate=2008-07-24 | title=Summer Fiestas | publisher=euskadi.net | archive-date=2008-09-10 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910020735/http://www.turismoa.euskadi.net/contenidos/informacion/s11_folletos/en_s11/folletos/cultura/cultura_ing_fiestas_verano.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Lambang kulawargi Oñaz-Loyola == Lambang kulawargi Oñaz-Loyola inggih punika simbul garis katurunan Oñaz salebetipun kulawargi Ignatius, lan dipun-ginakaken déning kathah insitusi Yésuit ing manéka panjuru donya. [[Gambar:Familie wapen Loyola.JPG|thumb|100px|right|Lambang Kulawargi Oñaz-Loyola]] == Bibliografi == [[Gambar:Inacioloyola.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Patung Ignatius Loyola, ing [[Belo Horizonte]], [[Brasil]].]] '''Primèr''' * {{cite book | last = Loyola|first= (St.) Ignatius |others=Anthony Mottola | title = The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius | publisher = [[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]] | location = Garden City | year = 1964 | isbn = 9780385024365 }} * {{cite book|last=Loyola|first=(St.) Ignatius|title=The Autobiography of St. Ignatius|editor=Joseph O'Conner|publisher=Benziger Brothers|location=New York|year=1900|oclc=1360267|url=http://www.archive.org/details/stignatiusautobi00ignauoft}}<ref>For information on the O'Conner and other translations, see notes in ''A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography of Ignatius of Loyola'' [http://books.google.com/books?id=Mi3EXeX5bgsdKFjdsfaklsadlfkjldsafartsfarstfartsfartsfartsnYC&pg=PA12&lpg=PA12&dq=%22the+autobiography+of+st+ignatius+loyola%22&source=web&ots=atcXnLuAlp&sig=h6Bc-gwCXLH8WvXRrC4Bi4W2aWs#PPA11,M1 Page 11-12]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref> * {{cite book | last = Loyola|first= (St.) Ignatius | editor= John Olin| title = The Autobiography of St. Ignatius Loyola, with Related Documents | publisher = Fordham University Press | location = New York | year = 1992 | isbn = 082321480X }} * {{cite book | last = Foss | first = Michael | title = The Founding of the Jesuits, 1540 | publisher = Hamilton |series=Turning Points in History Series| location = London | year = 1969 | isbn = 0241015138 }} '''Sékundhèr''' * {{cite book| first=Daniello| last=Bartoli| year=1855| title=''History of the Life and Institute of St. Ignatius de Loyola: Founder of the Society of Jesus'' | publisher= Edward Dunigan and Brother| pages= |location=New York|id= |url=http://books.google.com/?id=Y0IQAAAAIAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=ignatius+de+loyola| authorlink=}} * {{cite book | last = Caraman | first = Philip | title = Ignatius Loyola: A Biography of the Founder of the Jesuits' | publisher = Harper & Row | location = San Francisco | year = 1990 | isbn = 0062501305 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Malley | first = John W. | title = The First Jesuits | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge | year = 1993 | isbn = 0674303121 }} * {{cite book | last = Meissner | first = William | title = Ignatius of Loyola: The Psychology of a Saint | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1992 | isbn = 0300060793 }} * {{cite book |title=San Ignacio de Loyola: Nueva biografía |last= García Villoslada |first=Ricardo |year=1986 |publisher=La Editorial Católica |location= |isbn=8422012677|language=Spanish }} == Karya-karya sanèsipun == * ''The Spiritual Exercises of St Ignatius'', [[TAN Books]], 2010. ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5 == Biografi == * ''Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 1997. ISBN 978-0-89555-345-4 * ''St. Ignatius of Loyola'', [[TAN Books]], 2008. ISBN 978-0-89555-624-0 == Rujukan == {{Christian Mysticism}} {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Pranala njawi == {{sisterlinks}} * [http://www.bartleby.com/210/7/311.html "St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints'' * [http://www.catholicrevelations.com/category/saints/the-life-of-st-ignatius-of-loyola-saint-and-confessor-of-the-catholic-church-and-the-spiritual-exercises-of-st-ignatius.html The Life of St. Ignatius of Loyola, Confessor & Founder of the Jesuits] * {{CathEncy|id=07639c|title=St. Ignatius Loyola|short=yes}} * [http://www.luc.edu/jesuit/ignatius.bio.html Biography of Ignatius of Loyola] * [http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619025201/http://www.nwjesuits.org/JesuitSpirituality/SpiritualExercises.html |date=2012-06-19 }} Translation by Elder Mullan, S.J. * [http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letters.htm Letters of St. Ignatius of Loyola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617050330/http://woodstock.georgetown.edu/ignatius/letters.htm |date=2012-06-17 }} * [http://lukeraid.tripod.com/opusdei/id21.html St. Ignatius Loyola and Opus Dei] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110170314/http://lukeraid.tripod.com/opusdei/id21.html |date=2012-11-10 }} * [http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm "Contemplation to Attain Love", by Ignatius of Loyola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730034433/http://www.john-uebersax.com/plato/contempl1.htm |date=2012-07-30 }} * [http://www.goajesuits.in The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus] * [http://www.saintpetersbasilica.org/Statues/Founders/IgnatiusLoyola/Ignatius%20Loyola.htm Founder Statue in St Peter's Basilica] * [http://familiaignaciana.com FamiliaIgnaciana.com - Comunidad de Ignacianos en los Estados Unidos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625004218/http://familiaignaciana.com/ |date=2014-06-25 }} * [http://ignatius.sa.edu.au Saint Ignatius' College] * [http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=442 Finding God In All Things] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213013245/http://www.avemariapress.com/itemdetail.cfm?nItemid=442 |date=2010-12-13 }} [[Kategori:Lair 1491]] [[Kategori:Pati 1556]] [[Kategori:Yesuit|Loyola, Ignatius]] [[Kategori:Santo lan Santa]] [[Kategori:Téolog Spanyol|Loyola, Ignatius]] [[Kategori:Sajarah Gréja]] [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] 12lblycrdvoh84kiv2wpw8qc9n4uo59 0 91892 1748803 1402350 2026-05-11T17:46:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748803 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Gasherbrum&nbsp;III | photo = Gasherbrum III.jpg | photo_caption = | photo_size = 250 | elevation_m = 7952 | elevation_ref = | prominence_m = 355 | prominence_ref = | location = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]]-[[Xinjiang]] ([[People's Republic of China|China]]-[[Pakistan]])<ref name="disputed">This region is also claimed by [[India]]. This massif is under the control of Pakistan; it lies just north of the [[Line of Control]].</ref> | range = [[Karakoram]] | map = Tibetan Plateau | lat_d=35 |lat_m=44 |lat_s= |lat_NS=N| long_d=76 |long_m=38 |long_s= |long_EW=E | coordinates_ref= | first_ascent = 1975 by a [[Poland|Polish]] team | easiest_route = snow/ice climb }} '''Gasherbrum III''' basa Urdu: گاشر برم-3, Cina disederhanakan: 加舒尔布鲁木III峰; tradhisional Cina: 加舒尔布鲁木III峰, pinyin: Jiāshūěrbùlǔmù III fen. Gunung punika minangka pepanggihan antawisipun pucuking [[Gasherbrum massif]] saking [[Baltoro Muztagh]], subrange saking [[karakoram]] wonten ing watesan antawisipun tlatah sisih lèr [[Pakistan]] kaliyan [[Xianjiang]], [[Cina]] wonten ing tlatah [[Baltistan]]. Gasherbrum III papanipun manggèn wonten ing antawisipun [[Gasherbrum II]] kaliyan [[Gasherbrum IV]].<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.saltorosummits.com/GASHERBRUM-III%20%287952%20M%29.php](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 November 2012)</ref> Gasherbrum III saged dipunanggep dados subpeak saking Gasherbrum II. Amargi boten saged nglangkungi saking 500 mèter topografi cutoff gunung independen. Gasherbrum III minangka salah satunggaling pucuk ingkang paling tinggi dipunminggahi kaliyan kaping pisan nalika taun 1975, dipunminggahi déning [[Wanda Rutkiewicz]], Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz, [[Janusz Onyszkiewicz]] kaliyan Krzysztof Zdzitowiecki, anggota èkspèdhisi [[Polen]].<ref name="internet 3">[http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=652]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 12 November 2012)</ref> Gasherbrum IV, trekadang ugi dipunsebat minangka puncak ingkang paling éndah wonten ing [[karakoram]]. Gunung punika inggilipun 26089&nbsp;ft / 7952 m.<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.summitpost.org/gasherbrum-iii/154696](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 November 2012)</ref> == Pendakian == * 1958, pendakian ingkang paling utami déning [[Bonnati]] kaliyan [[Mauri]].<ref name="internet 4">[http://www.goldenpeaktours.com.pk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=426&Itemid=733](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 November 2012)</ref> * 1986, tanggal 22 Juni déning Ridge NW ingkang liwat Sisih leripun [[Gasherbrum IV]].<ref name="internet 5">[http://www.mountain-forecast.com/peaks/Gasherbrum-V](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 November 2012)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gunung]] 8pkf7vlaafqluqif3bejmv41ei6g8cv 0 91974 1748804 1315760 2026-05-11T17:46:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748804 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Gasherbrum&nbsp;IV | photo = Gasherbrum_IV.JPG|250px | photo_caption = Gasherbrum IV from Baltoro Glacier | elevation_m = 7,925 | elevation_ref = <ref name="summitpost">{{cite summitpost|id=154584|title=Gasherbrum IV|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref><br /><small>[[List of highest mountains|Ranked 17th]]</small> | prominence_m = 718 | prominence_ref = <ref name="peakbagger">{{cite peakbagger|pid=10524|name=Gasherbrum IV|accessdate=5 June 2013}}</ref> | location = [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]; [[Gilgit–Baltistan]], Pakistan | range = [[Baltoro Muztagh]], [[Karakoram]] | map = Tibetan Plateau | lat_d=35 |lat_m=45 |lat_s=30 |lat_NS=N| long_d=76 |long_m=37 |long_s=0 |long_EW=E | coordinates_ref= <ref name="peakbagger" /> | first_ascent = August 6, 1958 by [[Walter Bonatti]] and [[Carlo Mauri]] | easiest_route = snow/ice climb }} '''Gasherbrum IV''' trekadang ugi dipunsebat minangka puncak ingkang paling éndah wonten ing [[karakoram]].<ref name="internet 1">[http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=652]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 29 September 2012)</ref> == Pendakian == * 1958, pendakian ingkang paling utami déning [[Bonnati]] kaliyan [[Mauri]] kanthi cara. * 1986, tanggal 22 Juni déning Ridge NW ingkang liwat Sisih leripun Gasherbrum IV. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} 77zbygfx1a8p18ovptwc2w19at6vuu4 0 92479 1748811 1532594 2026-05-11T23:07:38Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Gyachung Kang.jpg|250px|thumb|Gunung Gyachung Kang nalika taun 2008]] '''Gyachung kang''' inggilipun 26.089 kaki utawi 7.952 mèter. Gunung punika minangka pucuk saking gunung [[Xizang]], [[China]]. Miturut data peakery, gunung punika minangka gunung ingkang inggilipun urutan nomer 3 wonten ing [[Xizang]] lan gunung ingkang inggilipun urutan nomer 5 wontening China. Pucuk gunung ingkang paling celak kaliyan gunung Gyachung kang inggih punika [[Ngozumpa Kang II]], [[Ngozumpa Kang I]], [[Cho Oyu]], [[Pumori]],[[Gunung ABI]] kaliyan [[Nirekha]].<ref name="internet 1">[http://peakery.com/gyachung-kang/](dipunundhuh tanggal 09 Oktober 2012)</ref> == Paminggahan == Gunung punika dipunminggahi kaping satunggal kaliyan Y. Kato, K.Sakaizawa, Phasang Phutar saking èkspèdhisi [[jepang]]. Nalika taun 1964. Wulan ingkang saé kanggé minggahi gunung Gyachung Kang inggih punika nalika wulan April kaliyan [[Mèi]].<ref name="internet 2">[http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=103 / Gyachung Kang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418030438/http://www.peakware.com/peaks.html?pk=103 |date=2007-04-18 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 09 Oktober 2012)</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Gunung]] ltffmfh5scumddmpqm25g70rit2pio8 0 94680 1748796 1642407 2026-05-11T13:52:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Infobox Aircraft |logo = Gambar:F-15.jpg |name=F-15 Eagle |type=Pesawat tempur superioritas udara |manufacturer=[[McDonnell Douglas]]{{br}}[[Boeing Integrated Defense Systems|Boeing IDS]] |image=Berkas:DF-ST-92-07383-C.jpg |caption=F-15 Angkatan Udara Arab Saudi. |designer= |first flight=[[27 Juli]] [[1972]] |introduced=[[9 Januari]] [[1976]] |retired= |number built= |status= |unit cost=US$29,9 juta {1998} |variants with their own articles=F-15E Strike Eagle{{br}}F-15S/MTD{{br}}F-15SE Silent Eagle |primary user=[[Amérika Sarékat]] |more users=[[Israèl]]{{br}}[[Jepang]]{{br}} [[Arab Saudi]] }} '''F-15 Eagle''' ya iku [[pesawat tempur]] taktis ing kabèh cuaca kang dirancang kanggo nggawé lan mempertahanaké [[superioritas udara]] sajeroning pertarungan ing langit. Pesawat iki dikembangaké kanggo [[Angkatan Udara Amérika Sarékat]], lan kapisan kali mabur nalika [[Juli]] [[1972]]. [[F-15E Strike Eagle]] ya iku variané kang wujud [[pesawat tempur serang]] kang wiwit dienggo ing taun [[1989]]. Angkatan Udara Amérika Sarékat ngrencanakaké kanggo tetep migunakaké F-15 nganti taun 2025.<ref name="fighter_force">[http://www.afa.org/magazine/march2007/0307force.asp Making the Best of the Fighter Force], ''Air Force magazine'', Maret 2007.</ref> == Sajarah == Nalika [[Perang Koréa]], [[pesawat tempur]] [[Amérika Sarékat]] kang bisa ngalahaké pesawat tempur [[MiG-15]] [[Soviet]] amung [[F-86 Sabre]]. Banjur ing taun [[1965]], komunitas pesawat tempur dikejutké déning remuké pesawat-pesawat modhèren [[F-105 Thunderchief]] déning [[MiG-17]] éra pasca-Perang Koréa, nalika [[Perang Vietnam]]. [[Intelijen]] [[Angkatan Udara Amérika Sarékat]] banjur ngertèni yèn Uni Soviet lagi nganakaké tahap pengembangan pesawat tempur kang luwih gedhé, kang dijenengi [[MiG-25]]. Nalika Perang Vietnam, pesawat kang duwé persenjataan, jarak jangkau, lan kelincahan kang cukup kanggo ngalahaké pesawat tempur gawéan Soviet amung [[F-4 Phantom II]]. Nanging, pesawat iki isih duwé akèh kelemahan. Angkatan Udara AS butuhaké pesawat kang luwih apik saka F-4 Phantom. Sawisé nolak program VFX [[Angkatan Laut AS]] (kang akhiré ngasilaké [[F-14 Tomcat]]), Angkatan Udara AS nggawé program dhèwèké dhéwé, ya iku FX (''Fighter Experimental''), kanti spesifikasi kanggo pesawat tempur superioritas udara kang relatif ènthèng. Telu perusahaan nyerahaké proposal, ya iku [[Fairchild Republic]], [[North American Rockwell]], lan [[McDonnell Douglas]]. Angkatan Udara AS ngumumké yèn dhèwèké wis milih McDonnell Douglas ing tanggal [[23 Dhésèmber]] [[1969]]. Disain kang kapilih migunakaké swiwi buntu dobel meh padha karo F-14, nanging ora migunakaké swiwi lipat. [[Gambar:F-15A first prototype 1.jpg|240px|left|thumb|F-15A prototip kapisan, S/N 71-0280.]] Versi paling kapisan, kang wènèhi jeneng F-15A kanggo varian kursi tunggal lan F-15B kanggo varian kursi dobel, diobahaké déning mesin kang anyar, [[Pratt & Whitney F100]], kang bisa nganti perbandingan surungan karo bobot rasio 1 banding 1. [[Meriam otomatis|Meriam]] tanpa selongsong 25&nbsp;mm [[Ford-Philco GAU-7]] kang awalé dikembangaké kanggo pesawat iki dibatalaké amarga ana masalah pengembangan, lan diganti meriam [[M61 Vulcan]] baku. F-15 juga nerusaké panganggoan papat [[rudal Sparrow]], padha kaya Phantom.<ref name="eagle">[http://putramaja.tripod.com/Pesawat/eagle.htm Pesawat]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, (Kaunduh 24/11/12).</ref> == Spesifikasi (F-15C Eagle) == [[Gambar:McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle 3-view.svg|right|300px|Gambar teknis F-15 Eagle.]] ===Karakteristik umum=== *Kru: 1 *Dawa: 63,8&nbsp;ft *Dawa Swiwi: 42,8&nbsp;ft *Duwur: 18,5&nbsp;ft *Amaba swiwi: 608&nbsp;ft *Bobot kosong: 28.000&nbsp;lb *Bobot terisi: 44.500&nbsp;lb *Bobot maksimum lepas landas: 68.000&nbsp;lb *Mesin: 2 unit Pratt & Whitney F100-100,-220, atau -229 turbofan *Dorongan kering: 17.450&nbsp;lbf masing-masing *Dorongan kanti pembakar lanjut: 25.000&nbsp;lbf untuk -220; 29.000&nbsp;lbf untuk -229 masing-masing ===Kinerja=== *Kecepatan maksimum: Mach 2,5 (3.018&nbsp;km/jam) *Jarak jangkau terjauh: 3.000&nbsp;nm dengan bahan bakar eksternal *Batas ketinggian maksimum penerbangan: 65.000&nbsp;ft *Laju panjat: >50.000&nbsp;ft/min *Beban swiwi: 73,1&nbsp;lb/ft² *Dorongan/berat: 1,12 (-220), 1,30 (-229) ===Persenjataan=== *Cannon: 1 unit cannon M61A1 Vulcan kaliber 20&nbsp;mm, 940 butir peluru *Titik keras: 4 sayap, 4 badan, 2 stasiun swiwi, stasiun tengah kanti kapasitas 7.300&nbsp;kg *Rudal: AIM-7F Sparrow, AIM-120 AMRAAM, AIM-9 Sidewinder == Cayhetan Sikil == {{reflist}} == Uga delengen == [[Gambar:RAF F-15E Strike Eagle Iraq 2004.jpg|thumb|240px|Varian [[F-15E Strike Eagle]].]] {{aircontent| |related= * [[F-15E Strike Eagle|F-15E]] * [[F-15S/MTD]] |similar aircraft= * [[F-14 Tomcat]] * [[Sukhoi Su-27]] * [[Sukhoi Su-30]] * [[Sukhoi Su-35]] * [[Sukhoi Su-37]] * [[F-22 Raptor]] * [[Panavia Tornado]] * [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25]] |sequence= * [[F-11 Tiger|F-11]] - [[Lockheed YF-12|YF-12]] - [[F-14 Tomcat|F-14]] - '''F-15''' - [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] - [[YF-17 Cobra|YF-17]] - [[F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18]] |lists= |see also= }} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|F-15 Eagle}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051021155530/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=101 Berkas fakta F-15 Eagle Angkatan Udara AS] * [http://www.boeing.com/history/mdc/eagle.htm Sejarah F-15 Eagle di situs Boeing.com] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-15.htm F-15 Eagle di situs GlobalSecurity.org] * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/fighter/f15/ F-15 Eagle di situs on Aerospaceweb.org] {{McDonnell Douglas military aircraft}} [[Kategori:Pesawat terbang Boeing|F-15 Eagle]] [[Kategori:Pesawat militèr]] [[Kategori:Pesawat terbang McDonnell Douglas|F-15 Eagle]] [[Kategori:Pesawat tempur]] [[Kategori:Pesawat terbang]] [[Kategori:Artikel kelas awal bertopik militèr]] {{pesawat militèr-stub}} {{pesawat-stub}} nvcxmqo0ogelsk3q5keeyu8ckfau38s 0 98156 1748855 1748319 2026-05-12T05:22:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Jack Kerouac | image = Jack Kerouac.jpg | birth_date = [[12 Maret]] [[1922]] | birth_place = [[Lowell, Massachusetts]] | death_date = [[21 Oktober]] [[1969]] | death_place = [[St. Petersburg, Florida]] | occupation = [[Novelis]], [[penyair]] | nationality = [[Amérikah Sarékat|Amérika]] | genre = | movement = [[Generasi Beat]] | magnum_opus = ''[[On the Road]]'' | influences = [[Thomas Wolfe]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Marcel Proust]] | influenced = [[Tom Robbins]], [[Richard Brautigan]], [[Hunter S. Thompson]], [[Ken Kesey]], [[Tom Waits]], [[Thomas Pynchon]], [[Bob Dylan]] | website = <ref>http://www.jackkerouac.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321010835/http://www.jackkerouac.com/ |date=2017-03-21 }} Situs resmi Jack Kerouac</ref> }} '''Jack Kerouac''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|diwaca]] {{IPA|[dʒæk ˈkɛɹəwæk]}}) ({{lahirmati||12|3|1922||21|10|1969}})<ref>http://www.biography.com/people/jack-kerouac-9363719</ref> iku salah sijining [[novelis]], [[penulis]], [[penyair]], [[seniman]] [[Amérikah Sarékat|Amérika]], lan péranganing [[Generasi Beat]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jackkerouac.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-02-22 |archive-date=2017-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321010835/http://www.jackkerouac.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bibliografi == === Prosa === * ''[[Atop an Underwood: Early Stories and Other Writings]]'' (ISBN 0-670-88822-2) * ''[[Visions of Gerard]]'' (ISBN 0-14-014452-8) * ''[[Doctor Sax]]'' (ISBN 0-8021-3049-6) * ''[[The Town and the City]]'' (ISBN 0-15-690790-9) * ''[[Maggie Cassidy]]'' (ISBN 0-14-017906-2) * ''[[Vanity of Duluoz]]'' (ISBN 0-14-023639-2) * ''[[On the Road]]'' (ISBN 0-14-004259-8) * ''[[Visions of Cody]]'' (ISBN 0-14-017907-0) * ''[[The Subterraneans]]'' (ISBN 0-8021-3186-7) * ''[[Tristessa]]'' (ISBN 0-14-016811-7) * ''[[The Dharma Bums]]'' (ISBN 0-14-004252-0) * ''[[Lonesome Traveler]]'' (ISBN 0-8021-3074-7) * ''[[Desolation Angels (novèl)|Desolation Angels]]'' (ISBN 1-57322-505-3) * ''[[Big Sur (Novèl)|Big Sur]]'' (ISBN 0-14-016812-5) * ''[[Satori in Paris]]'' (ISBN 0-394-17437-2) * ''[[Pic (Novèl)|Pic]]'' (ISBN 0-7043-1122-4) * ''[[Old Angel Midnight]]'' (ISBN 0-912516-97-6) * ''[[Book of Dreams]]'' (ISBN 0-87286-027-2) * ''[[Good Blonde & Others]]'' (ISBN 0-912516-22-4) * ''[[Orpheus Emerged]]'' (ISBN 0-7434-7514-3) * ''[[Book of Sketches]]'' (ISBN 0-14-200215-1) * ''[[And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks]]'' (boten dipunterbitaken; kaliyan [[William S. Burroughs]]) === Puisi, surat-surat, rekaman lan karya sanès === * ''[[Mexico City Blues]]'' * ''[[Scattered Poems]]'' * ''[[Heaven and Other Poems]]'' * ''[[Trip Trap: Haiku on the Road from SF to NY]]'' (kaliyan Albert Saijo lan Lew Welch) * ''[[Pomes All Sizes]]'' * ''[[San Francisco Blues]]'' * ''[[Book of Blues]]'' * ''[[Book of Haikus]]'' * ''[[Dear Carolyn: Letters to Carolyn Cassady]]'' ([[1983]]) (dipunsunting déning Arthur lan Kit Knight) ISBN 0-934660-06-9 * ''[[The Scripture of the Golden Eternity]]'' ISBN 0-87286-291-7 * ''[[Wake Up (Kerouac)|Wake Up]]'' * ''[[Some of the Dharma]]'' * ''[[Beat Generation (play)|Beat Generation]]'' (drama ingkang dipunserat taun [[1957]] nanging boten dipunterbitaken saderengipun taun 2005) * ''[[Jack Kerouac: Selected Letters, 1940-1956]]'' * ''[[Jack Kerouac: Selected Letters, 1957-1969]]'' * ''[[Windblown World: The Journals of Jack Kerouac]]'' * ''[[Safe In Heaven Dead]]'' (petikan wawancara) * ''[[Conversations with Jack Kerouac]]'' (kempalan wawancara) * ''[[Empty Phantoms]]'' (Interviews) * ''[[Departed Angels: The Lost Paintings]]'' * ''[[Readings by Jack Kerouac on the Beat Generation]] ([[1959]])'' (LP) * ''[[Poetry For The Beat Generation]] ([[1959]])'' (LP) * ''[[Blues And Haikus]] ([[1960]])'' (LP) * ''The Jack Kerouac Collection'' (1990) [Box] (koleksi CD berisi tiga LP) * ''[[The Jack Kerouac Romnibus]](1995) (proyek CD multimedia kanthi sawijining buku) (Ralph Lombreglia lan Kate Bernhardt) * ''Reads On The Road'' (1999) (CD audio) * ''[[Doctor Sax|Doctor Sax & Great World Snake]]'' (2003) (adhaptasi drama dengan CD) * ''[[Door Wide Open]]'' (2000) (olèh Joyce Johnson. Kalebet surat-surat saking Jack Kerouac)<ref>http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0449616/</ref> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{wikiquote}} {{Commons category|Jack Kerouac}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerouac, Jack}} [[Kategori:Panulis Amérikah Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Lair 1922]] [[Kategori:Wong Amérika Sarékat]] {{Amérika-Serikat-bio-stub}} l3v6tsq23qxg9vg4f1m6327yp6stwkq 0 99524 1748798 1744983 2026-05-11T15:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | name = Francis Bacon | region = Filosofi Barat | era = | color = #B0C4DE | image = Francis Bacon, Viscount St Alban from NPG (2).jpg | caption = Gambar Francis Bacon, déning John Vanderbank (ca. 1731). | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1561|1|22}} | birth_place = [[Strand, London]], Inggris | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1626|4|9|1561|1|22}} | death_place = [[Highgate]], [[London]], Inggris | school_tradition = [[Filosofi Renaisans]], [[Empirisme]] |alma_mater = [[Universitas Cambridge]] | influences = [[Presocratics]] ([[Democritus]], [[Empedocles]], [[Parmenides]]), [[Plato]], [[Aristotle]], [[Cicero]], [[Niccolò Machiavelli]], [[Michel de Montaigne]], [[Vanoccio Biringuccio]], [[Bernard Palissy]], [[Bernardino Telesio]], [[William Gilbert (astronomer)|William Gilbert]], [[Roger Bacon]] | influenced = [[Thomas Hobbes]], [[Isaac Newton]], [[John Locke]], [[Encyclopédistes]], [[Basil Montagu]], [[Thomas Jefferson]] | main_interests = | signature = Francis Bacon Signature.svg }} '''Sir Francis Bacon''', Viscount St Alban kapisan (lair [[22 Januari]] [[1561]], tilar donya [[9 April]] [[1626]]) iku siji [[filsuf]], [[negarawan]] lan [[panulis]] [[Inggris]]. == Pranala njaba == * Jean Overton Fuller, Sir Francis Bacon: A Biography, East-West Publications, 1981. * [http://media.isnet.org/iptek/100/Bacon.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191249/http://media.isnet.org/iptek/100/Bacon.html |date=2016-03-04 }} * [http://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601032351/https://www.luminarium.org/sevenlit/bacon/ |date=2023-06-01 }} * [http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bacon.htm] * [http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Biographies/Philosophy/Bacon.htm] * [http://www.boorberg.de/juristerei/juristen/bacon.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201212217/http://www.boorberg.de/juristerei/juristen/bacon.htm |date=2010-12-01 }} * [http://bacon.thefreelibrary.com/]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic figures/bacon francis.shtml] * [http://oregonstate.edu/instruct/phl302/philosophers/bacon.] {{Commons category|Francis Bacon}} {{wikiquote|Francis Bacon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bacon, Francis}} [[Kategori:Lair 1561]] [[Kategori:Pati 1626]] [[Kategori:Filsuf Inggris]] {{Stub}} d7dnobkgy16kdxfz250bw43ubzdd0zi 0 132464 1748865 1643819 2026-05-12T09:03:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Joesoef Sou’yb |image = |imagesize = |alt = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{Birth date|1916|7|14}} |birth_place = [[Bayua, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Bayua]], [[Tanjung Raya, Agam|Tanjuang Rayo]], [[Kabupatèn Agam|Agam]], [[Hindia Belanda]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|1|7|1916|7|14}} |death_place = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Kota Medan|Medan]], [[Sumatera Utara]] |nationality = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]] |other_names = |known_for = [[Intelektual]] [[Muslim]] |occupation = [[Sejarawan]], [[wartawan]], [[penulis]], [[pengajar]] |religion = [[Islam]] |spouse = |children = |parents = }} '''Joesoef Sou'yb''' ya iku panganggit roman lan juru tulis carita dhetèktip.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}} Dhèwèké lair ana Bayur, Maninjau, Sumatra Kulon, tanggal 14 Juli 1916.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}} Jenengé wiwit kondhang kawit roman dhetèktipé kang irah-irahan ''Elang Emas'' terbit ing 1940.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}} ==Donya Karya== ===Prosa=== Karya prosa anggitné, antarané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}} <br/> 1. ''Bibir Mengandoeng Ratjoen'', taun 1939; <br/> 2. ''Djiwa Bersiram Darah'', taun 1940; <br/> 3. ''Gadis Komidi'', taun 1941. ===Geguritan=== Déné karya geguritané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}}{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=149}} <br/> 1. ''Lusa'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 12, 20 April 1936; <br/> 2. ''Duka'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 13, 27 April 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 225; <br/> 3. ''Terkenang'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 16, 20 Mèi 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 222; <br/> 4. ''Benarkah'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 23, 17 Juli 1936; <br/> 5. ''Di Tandjoeng'', nganggo jeneng Jatim, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 39. 18 November 1936; <br/> 6. ''Ukuran Zaman'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun III no. 10, April 1936; <br/> 7. ''Kartini'', nganggo jeneng Joeddakoesoema, diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun III no. 11, Mèi 1936; <br/> 8. ''Selamat Berpisah'', nganggo jeneng Joenoes, diemot ana [[Pandji Islam]], taun IV no. 35, 15 Dhesember 1937; <br/> 9. ''Alhambra'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 34, 8 Oktober 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 229; <br/> 10. ''Ooo 'rang Dusun'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana Pandji [[Masjarakat]], taun II no. 36, 26 Oktober 1936; <br/> 11. ''Oh, Ombak Serulah'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 37, 31 Oktober 1936; <br/> 12. ''Tidak... Saudara'', diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 40, 25 November 1936; <br/> 13. ''Kuli Beban'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun I no. 12, Juni 1934, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 223; <br/> 14. ''O, Angin'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun II no. 5, November 1934, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 228; <br/> 15. ''O, Bidaku'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun II no. 5, November 1934; <br/> 16. ''Apa Fa'alnya'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun I no. 12, Juni 1934; <br/> 17. ''Dari Relung Keinsafan'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun VIII no. 11, Mèi 1941, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 230. Bebarengan karo [[HAMKA]] lan [[A. Hasymi]], dhèwèké nyusun buku kumpulan geguritan kang irah-irahan ''Soenji Poedja'' (1948). Geguritan kang kaimpun ana ''Soenji Poedja'', antarané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=149}} <br/> 1. ''Soekmakoe Diam''; <br/> 2. ''Zaman Moeda''; <br/> 3. ''Terkenang-kenang''; <br/> 4. ''Angan''; <br/> 5. ''Tersedar''; <br/> 6. ''Ratap Sendoe''; <br/> 7. ''Pelajan Toeboeh''; <br/> 8. ''Berangkat''; <br/> 9. ''Maboek Seorang''; <br/> 10. ''Renoeng Kalboe''; <br/> 11. ''Boedjoekan''. ==Cathetan suku== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliografi== {{refbegin}} *{{cite book |title = Ensiklopedia Sastra Indonésia Modern |first1 = |last1 = |editor = Dendy Sugono |year = 2003 |publisher = Remaja Rosdakarya |location = Bandung | ISBN = 979-692-283-5 }} {{refend}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://islaminindonesia.com/news/ "Indonesian Muslims"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160753/http://islaminindonesia.com/news/ |date=2014-02-22 }} Islam in Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 23 Juli 2016. * [http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Sejarah_Daulat_Khulafaur_Rasyidin.html?hl=id&id=Cxc1NQAACAAJ "Sejarah Daulat Khulafaur-Rasyidin"] Books.google.co.id. Diakses tanggal 23 Juli 2016. *[http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/290/5/BAB%20II.pdf Riwayat Hidup dan Karya-Karya Joesoef Sou'yb ana http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Sastrawan]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]] k38wbkhznu4dhxjdygoz0i8lmhqancc 0 132712 1748816 1575180 2026-05-12T00:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748816 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Cosplay of Harley Quinn at Sutera Cosplay Fest 2021.jpg|thumb|Cosplay Harley Quinn]] '''Harley Quinn''' ('''Harleen Frances Quinzel''') iku durjana fiksi sing njedhul ing buku komik Amérikah sing dibabar karo DC Comics, lumrahé dadi mungsuhé adiwira [[Batman]] lan antèké Joker. Karakter iki digawé déning Paul Dini lan Bruce Timm, lan njedhul kapisan ing ''Batman: The Animated Series'' ing September 1992. Dhèwèké lebar kuwi njedhul ing buku- buku komik Batman, kanthi kapisané ing ''The Batman Adventures'' #12 (Sept. 1993). Harley Quinn iku kèrèp dadi antèk lan gendhakané Joker, uga dadi sekuthuné durjana Poison Ivy lan Harley Quinn dadi nawa upas saka dhèwèké. Asal critané kuwi dhèwèké ketemu Joker nalika makarya minangka psikiater ing Arkham Asylum; ing kana Joker dadi pasièn. Harley Quinn iku digambarakké duwé logat New York sing cetha. Jenengé dhèwèké kajupuk saka drama kajudul "Harlequin", karakter sing angsalé saka commedia dell'arte. Swara karakter kuwi asliné diisèni déning Arleen Sorkin ing instalan DC animated universe sing warna-warna, lan uga diswarakaké déning Hynden Walch lan Tara Strong ing DC Animated Showcases utawa ''video games ''sing warna-warna. Ing acara serial televisi ''Birds of Prey'', dhèwèke didapuk déning Mia Sara. Karakter kuwi bakal tampil dhebut ing filem laga 2016 sing bakal ditayangaké kajudul ''[[Suicide Squad (filem)|Suicide Squad]], ''didapuk déning Margot Robbie. Harley Quinn iku rangking 45 ing Pratélan 100 Durjana Buku Komik Sing Paling Inggil Salawasing Jaman anggoné IGN.<ref>{{Cite web|year=2009|title=Top 100 Comic Book hero|publisher=[[IGN]]|url=http://www.ign.com/top/comic-book-villains/|access-date=2016-08-04|archive-date=2015-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150609035800/http://www.ign.com/top/comic-book-villains/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://comics.ign.com/top-100-villains/45.html|title=Harley Quinn is Number 45|publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> Dhèwèké rangking 16 ing pratélan '"100 Wanodya Sing Paling Sèksi anggoné ''Comics Buyer's Guide ''ing taun 2011.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Frankenhoff|first=Brent|authorlink=Brent Frankenhoff|title=Comics Buyer's Guide Presents: 100 Sexiest Women in Comics|publisher=[[Krause Publications]]|year=2011|page=19|url=|isbn=1-4402-2988-0}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} m0rbobkaz9abkhhl9uirxcll1840adk 0 132930 1748812 1748250 2026-05-11T23:12:22Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748812 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:GePamungkas.jpg|jmpl|Gé Pamungkas]] '''Genrifinadi Pamungkas''' (jeneng misuwur '''Ge Pamungkas''') (lair ing [[Jakarta]]<span>, </span>[[Indonésia|Indonesia]]<span>, </span>[[25 Januari]]<span> </span>[[1989]]) ya iku pelawak lan [[aktor]] [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]. Dhèwèké misuwur sawisé dadi juara siji ing Stand Up Comedy Indonesia [[Kompas TV]] séason loro taun 2012. Ge bareng kancané (Boris Bokir, Gilang Bhaskara, Isman H. Suryaman, lan Randhika Djamil) dadi panyarta, makili kutha [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandung]] ing acara kuwi. Ge misuwur amarga dhèwèké pinter nirukaké warna-warna adegan utawa karakter lan swara apa waé nalika manggung. Dhèwèké alumni saka SMA Al-Izhar Pondok Labu lan Sarjana saka Jurusan Hubungan Internasional Universitas Parahyangan [[Kutha Bandhung|Bandung]] taun [[2006]]<ref>[http://celebrities.lintas.me/article/hegnky.blogspot.com/biodata-lengkap-ge-pamungkas-keyzlicious Biodata Lengkap Ge Pamungkas]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.updatenya.com/2013/07/biodata-si-comic-ge-pamungkas-lengkap.html |title=Biodata si Comic Ge Pamungkas Lengkap |access-date=2016-08-12 |archive-date=2020-06-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604235035/https://www.updatenya.com/2013/07/biodata-si-comic-ge-pamungkas-lengkap.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Acara TV == * Stand Up Comédy Indonésia ([[Kompas TV]]) dadi Juara 1 ing SUCI 2 taun 2012, lan co-host ing taun 2013 * Indonésia Harus Buka ([[Kompas TV]]) * [[Ge Pamungkas#KEPO|#KEPO]] ([[Kompas TV]]) dadi Host (2014) bareng Kemal Palevi, Andovi da Lopez, lan Jovial da Lopez * Bukan Sekedar Wayang (NET.) (2015) ing Jebakan [[Bagong|Cepot]] - épisode 1 * Stand Up Comedy Academy ([[Indosiar]]) dadi Juri Tamu == Filmografi == [[Gambar:3gp.jpg|ka|jmpl|250x250px|3GP Tour : 3 sisih Gé Pamungkas (2013)]] === Film === * ''Comic 8'' (2014) * ''Luntang Lantung'' (2014) * ''Marmut Merah Jambu'' (2014) * ''Comic 8: Casino Kings'' (2015) * ''Youtubers'' (2015) * ''Negeri Van Oranje'' (2015) dadi Daus * ''Ngenest The Movie'' (2015) dadi Willy * ''AISYAH : Biarkan Kami Bersaudara'' (2016) == Sitkom == * Malam Minggu Miko ([[Kompas TV]]) dadi Roy ing épisode ''Wébcam Bareng Disty'' lan épisode ''Wébcam Disty Lagi'' ing séason 2 (2013) * Comic Story ( [[Kompas TV]] ) dadi pemeran ing Géng Ganteng bareng [[Joshua Suherman]] lan Alphi Sugoi * XL 2écond Chance dadi Jimmy (2014) * The East (NET.) dadi Andika (Asistén Produksi) (2015) * Arah Kisah Kita (filem pendék)([[Opera]]) dadi Okta Andrhoméda == Iklan == * XL dadi Si Jon * Yamaha == Tour Stand Up == * 3GP Tour : 3 sisih Gé Pamungkas (2013) == Réferènsi == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * (Indonesia) [http://radityadika.com/tentang-malam-minggu-miko-sebagai-program-televisi/ Tentang Malam Minggu Miko Sebagai Program Televisi]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * {{Twitter|GePamungkas}}ing [[Twitter]] * [http://www.instagram.com/gepamungkas Ge Pamungkas] ing [[Instagram]] [[Kategori:Lair 1989]] [[Kategori:Pelawak Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Paraga Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Wong Jakarta]] caej5a79us61q218n99vt5r0yseaqxz 0 138558 1748815 1732634 2026-05-12T00:17:43Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748815 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hanny Herlina''' ({{lahirmati|[[Jakarta]]|1|12|1976}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[seniman]] saking [[Indonesia]]. Namanipun sampun misuwur lumantar sapérang pakaryanipun awujud pranata beksan ingkang dipunpéntasaken ing panggung pagelaran, wonten Indonesia utawi manca nagari. Awit saking kaprigelanipun, Hanny Herlina kalebet salah satunggalipun seniman ingkang nampi bebungah ardhana hibah seni saking [[Yayasan Kelola]].<ref>[http://www.tamanismailmarzuki.co.id/tokoh/hannyherlina.html Situs resmi Taman Ismail Marzuki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113303/http://www.tamanismailmarzuki.co.id/tokoh/hannyherlina.html |date=2015-09-24 }}, kapundhut 14 Mèi 2015</ref><ref>[http://www.kelola.or.id/database/dance/list/&dd_id=57&p=1&alph=f_j Situs resmi Yayasan Kelola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224032929/http://www.kelola.or.id/database/dance/list/%26dd_id%3D57%26p%3D1%26alph%3Df_j |date=2014-12-24 }}, kapundhut 14 Mèi 2015</ref><ref>Kompas: [https://kompas.id/baca/gaya-hidup/2017/03/26/gemulai-meditatif-tarian-hanny/ Gemulai Meditatif Tarian Hanny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509070134/https://kompas.id/baca/gaya-hidup/2017/03/26/gemulai-meditatif-tarian-hanny/ |date=2017-05-09 }}, kapundhut 14 Mèi 2015</ref> == Latar wingking == Hanny Herlina lair ing Jakarta, [[1 Dhésèmber|1 Désèmber]] [[1976]]. Sinau beksan Sunda awit taksih yuswa 6 taun ing Studio Jogèd Ekayana. Saperlu nambah kaprigelanipun babagan beksan, Hanny ndhèrèk program pertukaran pelajar ing Mount Erin High School, [[Australia]]. Sasampunipun rampung ing taun [[1997]], piyambakipun nerasaken ing pawiyatan luhur [[Institut Kesenian Jakarta]] (IKJ) mundhut Jurusan Seni Jogèd. Sapérang gladhèn naté dipunlampahi antawisipun kaliyan Min Tanaka (Body Weateher), Astad Daboo (Khatak lan Khatali) ingkang ditindakaken déning Yeyasan Kelola ing [[Surakarta]] ([[2003]]), beksan Zapin Melayu déning Tom Ibnur di IKJ, lan Combines Indian Khatak Movement with Fast and Farious Contempory Dance déning Akram Khan ingkang ditindakaken déning Kedutaan Ageng [[Inggris]] lan IKJ. Wondéne èlmu beksan topèng lan beksan [[Jawa|Jawi]] katampi saking Mimi Rasinah (alm), Wangi Indriya (Indramayu), I Made Sidja (Bona, Bali), Kartini (Losari) lan Retno Maruti (Jakarta).<ref>[http://store.tempo.co/foto/detail/P0109200400130/hanny-herlina#.VVQ-g46qqko Tempo: Hanny Herlina], kapundhut 14 Mèi 2015</ref> Wonten adicara Showcase Indonesian Dance Festival 1999, sesarengan Aldri lan Ita Wijayanti, Hanny Herlina méntasaken pakaryan ''Mba-bu'' ing IKJ. Taun [[2000]], piyambakipun ngrawuhi [[Yogya]], [[Jambi]], [[Padang]], lan [[Medan]] saperlu nggelar pakaryanipun [[Deddy Luthan]] sesirah ''Abad''. Tahun punika ugi, piyambakipun ngripta beksan ''Impian'' lan ''Curent''. Taun 2001, piyambakipun ngripta pakaryan ''Niti'' ingkang dipunpéntasaken wonten adicara Pekan Karya Jogèd dan Musik ing Gedung Kesenian Jakarta lan Graha Bhakti Budaya [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]], ambal warsanipun [[Taman Ismail Marzuki]]. Taun [[2002]], pakaryanipun, ''Bangun'' kapéntasaken ing [[Komunitas Salihara|Teater Utan Kayu]], ''Kepak Sayap Putih'' kapéntasaken wonten adicara Temu Pranata Beksa Wanita ing Teater Besar STSI Surakarta. Minangka pranata beksa, Hanny Herlina naté sayuk karya kaliyan Min Tanaka (Jepang), Chen Shi Zhen (USA), [[Retno Maruti]], [[Sardono W. Kusumo]], [[Deddy Luthan]], [[Arcadius Sentot Sudiharto]], [[Mugiyono Kasido]], lan Yudi A. Tadjudin (sutradara [[Teater Garasi]]).<ref>[http://proditasabarini.com/2013/04/11/teater-garasi-embracing-the-in-between/ Prodita Sabarini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529100809/https://proditasabarini.com/2013/04/11/teater-garasi-embracing-the-in-between/ |date=2023-05-29 }}, kapundhut 14 Mèi 2015</ref> == Pakaryan == * Impian (2000) * Curent (2000) * Niti (2001) * Bangun (2002) * Kepak Sayap Putih (2002) * Bangun (2003) * Saat Menutup saat Membuka (2003) * There/Inside (2005) * Saloka (2007) * Sinjang (2008) * Can You Help Me? (2011) == Rujukan == {{reflist}} {{artikel ing krama}} [[Kategori:Seniman Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Penari Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]] puof7lm4k3jzlp7a8qduaub4fsrspoe 0 150188 1748800 1694780 2026-05-11T16:45:15Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Gabriel Paulista | image = Gabriel Paulista 20240803.jpg | caption = Gabriel ing klub [[Beşiktaş JK|Beşiktaş]] taun 2024 | fullname = Gabriel Armando de Abreu<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/article.080815-2015-2016-premier-league-squad-numbers-released.html |title=Player shirt numbers for 20 Barclays Premier League clubs released |publisher=Premier League |date=8 Agustus 2015 |access-date=9 Agustus 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809220849/http://m.premierleague.com/en-gb/news/article.080815-2015-2016-premier-league-squad-numbers-released.html |archive-date=28 Januari 2018|df= }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|11|26|df=y}}<ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/10423/Gabriel/overview |title=Premier League Player Profile Gabriel Paulista |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2016 |publisher=Barclays Premier League |access-date=16 Fèbruari 2017}}</ref> | birth_place = [[São Paulo]], Brazil | height = {{height|m=1.85}}<ref name="Premier League"/> | position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre back]] | currentclub = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | clubnumber = 5 | youthyears1 = 2009 | youthclubs1 = [[Clube Atlético Taboão da Serra|Taboão da Serra]] | youthyears2 = 2009–2010 | youthclubs2 = [[Esporte Clube Vitória|Vitória]] | years1 = 2010–2013 | clubs1 = [[Esporte Clube Vitória|Vitória]] | caps1 = 77 | goals1 = 1 | years2 = 2013–2015 | clubs2 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps2 = 37 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2015–2017 | clubs3 = [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] | caps3 = 46 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2017–saiki | clubs4 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | caps4 = 15 | goals4 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 = | pcupdate =16:44, 17 January 2018 (UTC) | ntupdate = }} '''Gabriel Armando de Abreu''' ({{Lairpati|[[São Paulo]]|26|11|1990}}) yaiku sawijiné pamain [[bal-balan]] saka negara [[Brasil]] sing main ing Liga Utama [[Spanyol]] klub [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] lan main dadi bék. Gabriel main kanggo tim Vitória wiwit taun 2010 nganti 2013.<ref>[http://espn.uol.com.br/noticia/474932_dispensado-pelo-santos-zagueiro-vira-xerife-na-espanha-e-alvo-da-cobica-de-barca-e-arsenal Dispensado pelo Santos, zagueiro vira xerife na Espanha e alvo da cobiça de Barça e Arsenal (Released by Santos, stopper becomes a sheriff in Spain and is a ''Barça'' and Arsenal's target)]; [//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN_Brasil ESPN Brasil], 28 January 2018 (Portugis)</ref> Ing 2013, dhèwèké nggabung kanggo klub Villarreal<ref>[http://www.villarrealcf.es/es/noticias/item/2447-el-villarreal-cf-ficha-al-central-gabriel-paulista El Villarreal CF ficha al central Gabriel Paulista (Villarreal CF signs stopper Gabriel Paulista)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122153923/http://www.villarrealcf.es/es/noticias/item/2447-el-villarreal-cf-ficha-al-central-gabriel-paulista |date=2015-01-22 }}; Villarreal's official website, 28 January 2018 (Spanyol)</ref> lan banjur pindhah menyang klub [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] ing wulan Januari 2015.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/jan/26/gabriel-paulista-granted-work-permit-arsenal-villaarreal-transfer?CMP=EMCFTBEML853 Gabriel Paulista granted work permit ahead of £11.3m Arsenal move]; [//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian The Guardian], 28 January 2018</ref> ==Karir klub== ===Vitória=== Dhèwèké lair ing Kutha [[São Paulo|Sao Paulo]], [[Brasil|Brazil]]. Gabriel nggabung karo pelatihan bal bocah nom-noman [[Esporte Clube Vitória]] ing taun 2009 saka ''Clube Atlético Taboão da Serra'', sawisé iki dhèwèké gagal uji coba ing Grêmio Barueri Futebol lan Santos FC. Dhèwèke miwiti debut senior kanggo tim iki nalika tanggal 7 Maret 2010, lan menang 3-1 nglawan Camaçari ing kajuwaran Campeonato Baiano. Dhèwèké nglakoni debut Série A nalika tanggal 15 Mèi, ngganténi [[Vilson]] lan asilé imbang 1-1 nglawan Flamengo. == Cathetan Suku== {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1990]] [[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Brasil]] [[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan]] c97lr93j9ka92wrcc57ljr47r674163 0 151702 1748813 1684062 2026-05-11T23:25:08Z ~2026-28454-90 72629 Babar 1748813 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Nepa | settlement_type = Désa | subdivision_type = [[Nagara]] | subdivision_name = {{IDN}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinsi]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Jawa Wétan]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Kabupatèn]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Kabupatèn Sampang|Sampang]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Kacamatan]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Banyuates, Sampang|Banyuates]] | coordinates = {{Coord|-6.90037|113.21558|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Indonesia Sampang Regency#Indonesia East Java#Indonesia | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | blank_name = Kodhe laladan<br>administrasi | blank_info = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getRawValue|P2588|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} }}'''[[Pokémon Korea, Inc.]]'''<hiero> Saya </hiero>'''Nepa''' iku [[désa]] ing [[Banyuates, Sampang|Kacamatan Banyuates]], [[Kabupatèn Sampang]], [[Jawa Wétan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|title=Kode dan Data Wilayah Administrasi Pemerintahan (Permendagri No.56-2015)|website=www.kemendagri.go.id|language=Indonésia|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429140519/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/data-wilayah|archive-date=2017-04-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-10-31}}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} {{Banyuates, Sampang}} [[Kategori:Désa ing Kabupatèn Sampang]] [[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Wétan]] [[Kategori:Banyuates, Sampang]] {{Désa-stub}} 6mnc8ure3nrp8kt7xf5l05064qyh5ag 0 162646 1748864 1656648 2026-05-12T08:45:48Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Hartkaese_HardCheeses.jpg|jmpl|300x300px| Macem-macem [[Kèju|keju]] tekstur sing keras. ]] [[Gambar:Weichkaese_SoftCheese.jpg|jmpl|260x260px| Maneka [[Kèju|keju]] empuk sing empuk-empuk. ]] '''Jinis keju''' yaiku maneka werna [[Kèju|keju]] yaiku asil [[susu]] lan maneka [[Baktèri|bakteri]] uga dawa proses pamatengan sing ora padha.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese">{{En icon}} {{Cite book|title=Dumont's Lexicon of Cheese|publisher=Rebo International b.v., Lisse, The Netherlands.|year=2004|id=ISBN 978-90-366-1689-8}} Page 19-21.</ref> Kajaba iku, panganan sing dipangan kéwan kanggo di asilaké susu uga menehi daya pangaribawa keju sing bakal diasilaké. Saiki saiki, luwih saka 400 jinis keju saka macem-macem negara ing saindenging jagad.<ref name="hub">{{En icon}} [http://hubpages.com/hub/cheeses The Wonderful World of Cheese], ''Hub Pages''. Diakses pada 21 April 2010.</ref> == Adhedhasar tekstur == [[Gambar:Camembert.JPG|kiri|jmpl|200x200px| Keju [[Camembert|camémbert]] saka [[Prancis]] yaiku keju alus nganggo kulit putih. ]] === Keju atos === '''Keju atos''' yaiku jinis keju sing duwe kandhutan banyu paling akéh 56 persen, kandhutan banyu sing kurang ing keju bakal luwih atos.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Nanging, ora kabèh jinis keju duwe tekstur sing atos. Contone, [[Kèju édham|keju Edam]] luwih lembut tinimbang [[Parmigiano-Reggiano|keju Parmesan]] lan bisa gampang diiris nalika Parmesan kudu dicakot. Keju keras umumé bosok ing telung wulan. Nanging, proses pambosokan bisa nganti setaun lan nggawé keju ilang banyu luwih akéh lan dadi saya atos. === Keju irisan === Isi banyu paling akéh ing irisan keju antawis 54-63% lan mulane luwih cepet lan luwih gampang diiris tinimbang keju keras.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> === Keju iris semi-atos === Isi banyu ing jinis keju iki antawis 61-69%.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Padatané keju iki diprodhuksi nganggo krim kalori sing kurang. Suwéné masak ing jinis keju iki beda-beda. Tuladha keju irisan semi-atos yaiku Roquefort, Tetilla, lan Weisslacker . === Keju empuk === Keju lembut duwe isi kelembapan luwih saka 67%.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Amarga jumlah banyu ing pad keju iki, isi gajih ing keju iki uga luwih murah tinimbang keju sing luwih angel. == Adhedhasar proses masakan == Keju bisa dipérang dadi limang pepanthan adhedhasar proses pambosokan.<ref name="Professional Cooking">{{En icon}} {{Cite book|title=Professional Cooking|last=Gisslen, Wayne|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc|year=2007|id=ISBN 978-0-471-66376-8}} Page 811.</ref> === Bakteri sing wis diyasa saka njero === Tuladha keju saka pepantha iki yaiku Cheddar, keju Gouda, lan [[Parmigiano-Reggiano|Parmesan]] .<ref name="Professional Cooking"/> Keju ing kategori iki dadi luwih angel nalika masak. Kadewasan bakal kedadeyan kanthi padha ing njaba njaba keju. === Kain keju sing cuci kulit === Tuladha keju saka pepantha iki yaiku Limburger lan Liederkranz .<ref name="Professional Cooking"/> Keju iki dibuwang kanthi reguler kanthi banyu uyah ing tahap kaping pisanan mateng. Keju jinis iki duwe kulit oranye utawa abang. Biasane, keju iki bakal luwih alus nalika masak lan ambune sing enak. === Keju slérét biru === Tuladha keju saka pepantha iki yaiku [[Roquefort]] lan [[Stilton]] .<ref name="Professional Cooking"/> Keju iki ngemot [[Tayum|jamur]] utawa budaya [[jamur]] sing nyebar ing kabèh bagean keju. * Keju sing ditutupi cetakan Tuladha keju saka pepantha iki yaiku [[Brie]], [[Camembert|Camémbert]], lan St. Andre .<ref name="Professional Cooking"/> Keju jinis iki nduweni lapisan kulit sing wulu saka cet. Lapisan kasebut putih nalika keju isih enom nanging bisa dadi luwih peteng utawa ngrokok nalika keju ngalami proses masak. * Keju sing durung masak Tulsdha keju saka pepantha iki yaiku ''keju kotej'', keju krim, lan ''keju bakér'' .<ref name="Professional Cooking"/> Keju jinis iki ora ngalami proses masak. == Adhedhasar kulit == === Keju kulit sing atos === Karakteristik keju iki yaiku sing gedhe, mbutuhaké wektu masak, lan liwat proses supresi kanggo mbusak kelembapan.<ref name="beach">{{En icon}} [http://www.sandandsuccotash.com/cheese-terminology-classifications/ Cheese Classifications: Texture, Covering, Ripening or Cooking Types], ''Sand and Succotash''. Diakses pada 21 April 2010.</ref> Tuladha jinis keju iki yaiku Raclette, [[Gruyère|Gruyere]], lan [[Gouda]] . === Keju ditutupi rambut alus === Keju jinis iki duwe kulit lancar lan wulu.<ref name="beach"/> Conto jinis keju iki yaiku [[Brie]] . === Keju kulit sing alami === Ing jero keju iki nduweni tekstur sing alus lan kulit abu-abu utawa biru sing owah nalika keju wiwit umure.<ref name="beach"/> Conto jinis keju iki yaiku Sainte Maure lan Pouligny St. Pierre . === Keju sing kulit dibuang nganggo banyu asin === Keju kategori iki adus ing banyu asin yen masak.<ref name="beach"/> Tuladha yaiku Muenster lan Feta . === Keju biru === Keju biru nduwe corak biru utawa ijo.<ref name="beach"/> Werna iki dijupuk saka breeding saka bakteri ing keju. Tuladha keju biru yaiku Stilton, Roquefort lan Gorgonzola . === Keju seger === Karakteristik keju seger yaiku yen ora duwe kulit, duwe isi banyu sing dhuwur lan ora ngliwati proses masak.<ref name="beach"/> Conto kalebu sel Demi, Ricotta lan Mascarpone . == Adhedhasar jinis susu sing digunakaké == === Keju susu kambing === akéh wong seneng nggunakaké susu wedhus amarga kandungan lemak lan laktosa sing sithik lan akéh [[Gizi|nutrisi]] .<ref name="class">{{En icon}} [http://www.gourmetfoodstore.com/cheese/classifications-cheese.asp Cheese Classifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102131309/http://www.gourmetfoodstore.com/cheese/classifications-cheese.asp |date=2014-01-02 }}, ''Gourmet Food Store''. Diakses pada 21 April 2010.</ref> === Keju saka susu wedhus utawa wedhus === Amarga wedhus umume ngasilaké susu kurang saka sapi lan wedhus, keju jinis iki uga angel ditemokaké lan luwih larang.<ref name="class"/> === Keju susu campuran === Keju jinis iki digawé saka kombinasi loro utawa luwih jinis susu.<ref name="class"/> === Keju susu mentah === akéh sing mbantah manawa proses pasteurisasi bisa ngilangi rasa keju saengga nggunakaké susu mentah.<ref name="class"/> == Keju liyane == === Proses Keju === Keju pangolahan beda karo kategori keju liyane amarga keju iki ora digawé langsung saka susu seger, nanging digawé saka keju sing wis mateng.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Sisa saka macem-macem jinis keju dicampur dadi banjur lemah, asin lan digawé panas. Keju sing wis diproses kasedhiya ing macem-macem wujud. [[Gambar:Processed_cheese_slices.jpg|jmpl|200x200px| Keju lembar pangolahan sing didol ing pasar.]] === Keju seger === Keju seger ora ngliwati proses masak kaya keju liyane.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Bagean sing padhet keju nganti 20%. === Pasta filata === ''Titik filata'' minangka jeneng pepantha keju sing kari digawé panas karo banyu panas, roso lan digawé dadi senar sawise pickling.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Jenis keju iki asale ing [[Itali]]a lan mengko ditambahaké ing Daftar Keju [[Jerman]] resmi ing taun [[1999]] . pepantha keju iki beda-beda gumantung saka keju seger nganti keju keras.<ref name="filata">{{En icon}} [http://www.wisconsindairyartisan.com/cheese_guide.html Cheese Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107151156/http://www.wisconsindairyartisan.com/cheese_guide.html |date=2015-01-07 }}, ''Wisconsin Dairy Artisan''. Diakses pada 23 April 2010.</ref> Sawetara jinis keju filata pasta yaiku [[Mozzarella]], Provolone, lan [[Scamorza]] . Isi banyu saka keju jinis iki udakara 62-76%. === Sour Cream Cheese === Isi banyu ing keju krim ora nguntungke saka 60-73%.<ref name="Lexicon of Cheese"/> Keju jinis iki diasilaké saka keju asam rendah [[gajih]], mulane keju iki nduweni kalori sing kurang lan [[Protéin|protein sing]] dhuwur. === Keju vegetarian === Umume keju diprodhuksi nggunakaké rennet berasal saka kewan, sing dijupuk saka weteng sapi utawa wedhus.<ref name="vegetarian">{{En icon}} [http://www.artisanalcheese.com/products.asp?dept=1046 Vegetarian Cheese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100416165121/http://www.artisanalcheese.com/products.asp?dept=1046 |date=2010-04-16 }}, ''Artisanal Cheese''. Diakses pada 23 April 2010.</ref> Saiki, ana macem-macem alternatif kanggo ganti jeneng kewan. Sawetara tanduran duwe enzim sing dibutuhaké kanggo nglukis susu.<ref name="vegetarian"/> crops Iki kalebu wit babakan [[Ara|anjir]], mallow lan thistle . Sawetara keju tradisional saka [[Portugal]] lan [[Wétan Tengah|Timur Tengah]] digawé karo tanduran tanduran amarga faktor religius lan budaya. Rennet uga bisa dijupuk saka enzim sing asalé saka jamur utawa bakteri. rennet jinis iki dikembangaké ing pungkasan [[1980|taun 1980-an]] amarga saka kekurangan saka rennet asalé saka kéwan. == Deleng uga == * Emmental * [[Mozzarella]] * Edam * [[Gouda]] * [[Kèju krim|Keju krim]] * [[Kèju Inggris|Keju Inggris]] * [[Kèju Prancis|Keju Prancis]] * [[Kèju walanda|Keju Belanda]] * Keju Italia * [[Kèju spanyol|Keju Spanyol]] == Cathetan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]] [[Kategori:Panganan]] ml0fdsjmn8eeptvf0l0oyggm4t6qhz4 0 162829 1748832 1656404 2026-05-12T02:37:16Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748832 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi Nugraha''', bisa dijuluki pepadhang kanggo wong liyané, Hunggul bisa gawé uwong kang ana ing njero alas ngrasakaké teranging jagad ing wektu wengi. Dhèwéké mbangun ''[https://www.kajianpustaka.com/2016/10/pembangkit-listrik-tenaga-mikro-hidro.html mikrohidro]'' kang saiki diangge masarakat ing Kampung Kayubiranga, Dusun Borongropoa, Bulukumba [[Sulawesi Kidul|Sulawesi selatan]] nguripaké listrik.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kompas.id/baca/tokoh/sosok/2018/05/03/hunggul-pembawa-teran...|title=Humggul, pembawa terang ke desa pinggir hutan|last=Susanto|first=Ichwan|date=2018-05-03|work=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Biografi == April 2018 kepungkur, Hunggul panaliti saka Balai Penelitian saha Pangembangan Lingkungan Hidup saha Kehutanan dipunwastani (BP₂LHK) Makasar—unit kerja— ing sangisoré Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup saha Kehutanan kaliyan Kompas bebarengan napaki dedalanan kang kiwa tengené wit kopi ing Kampung Kayubiranga, Dusun Borongropoa, Bulukumba Sulawesi Selatan kangge bukti panalitené. Hunggul saha kanca-kanca liyané saka BP2LHK Makasar ngewangi anggoné gawé PLTMH saka alirane banyu wonten ing Kampung Kayubiranga. Saka kene mau kasil listrik 15.000 MW, seprana seprene wis ana 47 kulawarga kang bisa ngrasakaké padhang ing wayah wengi. Panalitené Hunggul uga bisa dadi wigatiné kampung Na'an kang duwéni pepinginan bangun PLTMH ing kampung. Ing taun candhake, BP2LHK Makassar nglibatake LSM Balang kanggo garap kelembagaan iki sarta ngrembakakaké manfaat PLTMH kangge ''PUE (productive use of energy)''. Kadadean iki isih lumaku nganti seprene banjur nglibataké LSM Oase ganténi LSM Balangan ing taun 2017. sakliyané kuwi piyambaké uga nyiptakaké Pondok kanggé ngeringaké kopi migunakaké tenaga saka hibrida saha kompor biomassa. Bahané kagawé saka pang-pang kang wis ora kanggo. Iki diciptakaké kanggé ngundhakaké asiling kopi ing désa ngisor gunung Lompobattang kuwi. “Sakwisé mbangun PLTMH, eseming masarakat mbiyené ora tau ngrasakaké listrik dadi ati bungah” kandhané Hunggul. Merga kuwi dadi pengabdiyan Hunggul ing panaliti saha PNS Kehutanan kang kira-kira 10 taun. Taun 2015 Hunggul sakanca saking BP2LHK Makasar ngewangi gawé PLTMH, masang instalasi jaringan, lan pelatihan teknis kanggo masarakat. Saiki PLTMH kuwi uwis 100 persen dikelola lan dirawat karo masarakat kang per wulan bayar Rp10.000. == Kulawarga == Hunggul lair ing Yogyakarta 7 November 1967 duwé garwa Yori Tammu kang yuswané 49 taun. Hunggul duwé anak telu, kang pisanan jenenge Marvel Khyas PY umur anaké kang kapisan 20 taun. Anaké kang nomer loro jenengé Aura Khyas Y isih SMA umuré 19 taun, lan kang nomer telu iseh 13 taun Femme Khyas Y. == Pawiyatan == Hunggul isih cilik cita-citané dadi arsitek. Ananging nalika melu tes ujian ing taun 1985, dhèwéké ketampa ing pilihan ke loro Institut Pertanian Bogor, melbu ing Fakultas Kehutanan. Hunggul S1 kuliah jurusan Konservasi Sumber Daya Hutan ing Fakultas Kehutanan IPB (1985-1992), dhèwéké S2 Pengelolaan DAS, Pascasarjana IPB (1998-2000), S3 Natural Resources Management, Faculty of ITC, University of Twente, The Netherlands (isih ngrampungkaké sekolah). == Pakaryan == Pagawean/kagiatan Peneliti ing Balai Panalitén saha Pangembangan Lingkungan Hidup saha Kehutanan (BP2LHK) Makassar, Badan Litbang saha Inovasi, Kementerian LHK, Ing Makassar. == Prestasi == Hunggul éntuk Penghargaan Inovator ATHUS (Alat Takar Hujan Sederhana), “102 Inovasi Paling Prospektif-2010” dari Menristek (2010), dhèwéké uga entuk penghargaan '"Peneliti Berprestasi" saka Kementerian Kehutanan (2011), ing taun 2012 oleh penghargaan Inovator Lestari Hutanku, Terang Desaku (PLTMH) “104 Inovasi prospektif-2012” saking Menristek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/ir-hunggul-yudono-shn-m-si-penyebar-terang-di-tepi-hutan|title=Hunggul Yudono: Penyebar Terang di Tepi Hutan|last=Suwardi|first=Suwardi|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hunggul boten ngewènéhi patén kanggo temuwané. Pepinginané Hunggul amung supaya karyane bisa diconto karo apa wae kang bisa dienggo ngewangi kauripaning wong-wong sing luwih butuhkake. déné ing wektu longgaré Hunggul sibuk,Hunggul isih nglodhangkaké dianggo nulis buku tentang pembangkit mikrohidrongangge basa sing sederhana lan gampang dipahami karo sapa wae kang maca, supaya kabèh bisa melu gunakaké temuwané kuwi kanthi ora rekasa. == Rujukan == [[Kategori:Winasis]] [[Kategori:Ilmuwan indonesia]] 74bjgv9o2d6zpzckojh5hiccovxcxsi 4 165026 1748795 1748579 2026-05-11T13:50:19Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* This Month in GLAM: April 2026 */ pérangan anyar 1748795 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]] melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi> perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 April 2026 15.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, "Liquid Glass". Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia. * Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]]. * Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Layanan <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * Tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> atau <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 April 2026 14.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 21 April 2026 06.50 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30434643 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 26 April 2026 00.57 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 27 April 2026 16.01 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi "Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta" dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 April 2026 18.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] mengundang para penyunting berpengalaman dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|Wikipedia percontohan]]: Arab, Bengali, Jepang, Portugis, Persia, Turki, Inggris Sederhana, Spanyol, dan Prancis, untuk turut membantu menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance contoh kerangka artikel]. Kerangka ini akan menjadi pedoman bagi para penyunting dalam menyusun artikel yang jelas, terstruktur dengan baik, dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, saat [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle fitur tersebut] resmi diluncurkan pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Petunjuk sederhana]] mengenai cara menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan kerangka tersebut juga telah disediakan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|rancangan rekomendasi]] mengenai model yang dapat diikuti oleh para organisasi afiliasi ketika berkontribusi di ranah teknis. Anggota komunitas diundang untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap rekomendasi ini hingga 8 Mei melalui [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Jumlah pilihan ukuran keluku (''thumbnail'') di MediaWiki kini disederhanakan menjadi tiga opsi baku: Kecil (180 piksel), Sedang (250 piksel), dan Besar (400 piksel), sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan kinerja serta mengurangi beban pada layanan keluku. Akibatnya, preferensi yang sudah ada akan dipetakan ke ukuran baru yang paling mendekati (misalnya, pilihan kecil seperti 120 piksel atau 150 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 180 piksel, sementara pilihan lebih besar seperti 300 piksel atau 360 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 400 piksel). Antarmuka preferensi akan segera diperbarui untuk mencerminkan perubahan ini. Pengguna yang ingin menonaktifkan atau memberikan umpan balik dipersilakan melakukannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * Mulai saat ini, bahkan ketika suatu hak akses berakhir secara otomatis, pengguna tetap akan menerima pemberitahuan melalui Echo yang serupa dengan pemberitahuan standar untuk perubahan hak akses. Hal ini berbeda dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|bot pengingat global]] yang mengingatkan pengguna satu minggu ''sebelum'' hak akses berakhir agar dapat diperpanjang. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada pemilih bahasa ULS di [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] yang sebelumnya dapat bergulir secara vertikal meskipun tidak diperlukan, kini telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, saat pengguna membuka menu tarik-turun "Terjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris" dan mengetikkan masukan tertentu, kotak dialog akan bergeser beberapa piksel ke bawah meskipun ruang tampilan masih mencukupi. Kini, menu tersebut tidak lagi bergeser secara tidak perlu saat menyaring bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh, daftar pantauan untuk situs berbasis Wikibase seperti [[:d:|Wikidata]] kini mendukung elemen [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] untuk pelacakan yang lebih baik. Mode pembaruan langsung kini menyegarkan halaman khusus setiap 60 detik agar selaras dengan pembatasan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|laju API global terbaru]], sehingga meningkatkan respons waktu nyata. Selain itu, kesalahan arah teks yang sebelumnya menampilkan pranala sebagai "perubahan 3" alih-alih "3 perubahan" dalam daftar dengan arah campuran juga telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tahap kedua penerapan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|pembatasan laju API global]] telah diluncurkan untuk mengurangi [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|dampak perayap kecerdasan buatan]] serta memastikan akses yang adil dan berkelanjutan terhadap sumber daya Wikimedia, dengan memprioritaskan lalu lintas manusia dan yang selaras dengan misi. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Batasan]] yang sebelumnya dihitung per jam kini diubah menjadi per menit, sehingga menghasilkan pola lalu lintas yang lebih halus dan beban API yang lebih terprediksi. Pengguna komunitas diperkirakan tidak akan terdampak, dan tidak ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan. Indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebagian peminta berbasis User-Agent mulai menyesuaikan perilakunya, dan sekitar 64% lalu lintas API otomatis telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Pemantauan terus dilakukan, dan layanan Wikimedia Enterprise tetap tersedia untuk dukungan komersial. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Mèi 2026 20.42 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum & an update for WiR NZBSI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May & BHL Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Mèi 2026 13.50 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30513880 --> caiyz7xf8r45s9rc4h263xnbc8yrjpw 1748806 1748795 2026-05-11T19:20:00Z MediaWiki message delivery 19967 /* Berita Teknis: 2026-20 */ pérangan anyar 1748806 wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Pambuka}} <div style="display: none;"> {{Naraguna:LabdajiwaBot/konfig arsip |archive = Wikipédia:Angkringan Warta/Arsip %(year)d |algo = old(30d) |counter = 1 |minthreadsleft = 0 |minthreadstoarchive = 1 }} </div> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Para penyunting berpengalaman diundang untuk [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page menguji] fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]], yang dirancang untuk membantu penyunting dengan pengalaman lebih terbatas dalam membuat artikel Wikipedia yang terstruktur dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan yang berlaku. Petunjuk pengujian telah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|tersedia]] dan dapat diikuti sebagai panduan. Setelah meninjau [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance kerangka artikel] yang disediakan, mohon memberikan umpan balik melalui [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. Masukan tersebut akan digunakan untuk menyempurnakan fitur ini sebelum kemudian diterapkan pada Wikipedia percontohan untuk diterjemahkan dan disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan setiap komunitas. Sebuah [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|video]] penjelasan mengenai fitur ini juga tersedia untuk disimak. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Di sejumlah besar wiki, kini semua pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed users'') dapat menggunakan halaman [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] untuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|membuat halaman baru dengan model konten khusus]], seperti daftar pesan massal, sehingga format halaman tersuai menjadi lebih mudah diakses. Untuk mengetahui statusnya di wiki masing-masing, silakan periksa halaman [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * Tim Pertumbuhan (''Growth'') telah meluncurkan sebuah [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|eksperimen pembuatan akun]] untuk mengevaluasi apakah penambahan tombol pembuatan akun pada bagian kepala halaman versi web seluler dapat meningkatkan jumlah pendaftaran akun baru sekaligus mendorong lebih banyak pengguna seluler untuk berkontribusi di berbagai wiki. Saat ini, eksperimen tersebut sedang berlangsung di Wikipedia bahasa Hindi, Indonesia, Bengali, Thai, dan Ibrani, serta menyasar 10% pengguna web seluler yang belum masuk log. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, kendala yang menyebabkan VisualEditor berhenti pada proses pemuatan di perangkat Windows ketika animasi dinonaktifkan, kini telah berhasil diatasi. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Mulai akhir pekan ini, {{int:group-abusefilter}} yang telah mengaktifkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] sebagai penyunting di halaman [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]], menggantikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. Perubahan ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk menciptakan pengalaman pengguna yang lebih konsisten di berbagai jenis penyunting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Perkakas dan bot yang mengakses [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|API Notifications]] melalui <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi> perlu memperbarui izin OAuth atau BotPassword mereka agar juga mencakup akses ke notifikasi privat. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Karena adanya pembaruan pustaka, urutan daftar pada halaman kategori mungkin akan menjadi tidak berurutan mulai Senin, 20 April. Sebuah skrip migrasi akan dijalankan untuk memperbaikinya, dan proses ini dapat berlangsung dari beberapa jam hingga beberapa hari, tergantung pada ukuran wiki (bahkan hingga sekitar satu minggu untuk Wikipedia bahasa Inggris). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 13 April 2026 15.18 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Setelah dua tahun pengembangan, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], yang juga dikenal sebagai [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], akan diluncurkan dari tahap beta pada Selasa, 21 April. Fitur ini membawa peningkatan keterbacaan kode dan teks wiki, pengurangan kesalahan pengetikan, beserta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|manfaat]] lainnya bagi semua pengguna penyorot sintaks standar. Ucapan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada sukarelawan [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] yang telah mengembangkan banyak fitur baru, termasuk [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|pelipatan kode]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|pelengkapan otomatis]], dan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|pemeriksaan sintaks]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Sebuah pembaruan besar untuk aplikasi Wikipedia di iOS kini sedang diluncurkan, dengan antarmuka yang didesain ulang agar selaras dengan desain visual terbaru Apple, "Liquid Glass". Silakan [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 unduh versi terbaru] dan telusuri pembaruannya. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Daftar bacaan]] merupakan fitur yang memungkinkan para pembaca menyimpan artikel ke dalam daftar untuk dibaca nanti. Fitur ini sedang dalam tahap beta di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Prancis, Indonesia, Vietnam, dan Mandarin, serta secara bawaan untuk semua akun baru di semua Wikipedia. * Percobaan yang mengeksplorasi perluasan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Pratinjau Halaman ke versi seluler]] akan diluncurkan pada pekan tanggal 20 April di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, Polandia, dan Vietnam. Pratinjau Halaman merupakan jendela sembulan yang menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala untuk membuka artikel lengkap dari pranala berwarna biru, sehingga memudahkan pengguna dalam menemukan konten. Fitur ini sudah tersedia di versi desktop dan aplikasi. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Lihat selengkapnya mengenai uji coba ini dan uji coba lainnya]]. * Di beberapa wiki, para penyunting yang sudah masuk log tetapi belum [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|mengonfirmasi alamat surel mereka]] sekarang dapat melihat spanduk yang meminta mereka untuk lakukan hal tersebut. Dengan memiliki alamat surel yang terkonfirmasi, pengguna dapat memulihkan akses ke akunnya jika akun tersebut tidak dapat diakses. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Baca selengkapnya]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:15}} {{PLURAL:15|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan pemuatan lambat, tampilan pratinjau yang lambat, dan guliran yang lambat saat menyunting halaman wiki berukuran sangat besar di editor teks wiki 2017, serta masalah kinerja saat memilih, memotong, atau menempelkan konten, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai bagian dari upaya mempromosikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] dari status fitur beta, seluruh pengguna kini akan menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] alih-alih [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] untuk penyorotan sintaks saat menyunting halaman konten berformat JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue, dan Lua. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Layanan <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> yang selama ini digunakan oleh pengguna Debian dan Ubuntu akan dihentikan dan tidak lagi berfungsi mulai 15 Mei. Sumber daya yang sebelumnya digunakan untuk layanan ini akan dialihkan ke opsi baru yang dinilai lebih baik. Sejumlah pengguna mungkin perlu beralih ke peladen lain yang diperkirakan hanya memerlukan waktu sekitar satu menit. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia untuk dibaca]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * Tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> akan dihapus dari [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. Jika perkakas atau kueri yang digunakan masih mengakses tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> atau <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> secara langsung, disarankan untuk segera memperbaruinya agar menggunakan tabel <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> dan <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> sebelum 28 Mei. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Setelah penerapan terbaru mengenai pembatasan laju global API (''global API rate limits'') pada lalu lintas yang tidak teridentifikasi, Wikimedia Foundation akan melanjutkan upaya untuk memastikan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|penggunaan infrastruktur yang adil]] dengan mulai menerapkan pembatasan global juga pada lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi, dimulai pada pekan terakhir April. Batasan ini sengaja ditetapkan setinggi mungkin guna meminimalkan dampak terhadap komunitas. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang dianjurkan untuk mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut dapat ditemukan pada dokumentasi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] serta bagian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] kini telah tersedia dalam versi [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. API ini berfungsi untuk mengambil informasi yang diperlukan dalam memberikan atribusi (kredit) terhadap artikel dan berkas media Wikimedia di mana pun konten tersebut digunakan. Dokumentasi referensi tersedia melalui halaman spesial REST Sandbox yang dapat diakses di seluruh wiki Wikimedia (misalnya [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris]). Umpan balik dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|halaman pembicaraan proyek]]. * Tidak ada versi MediaWiki baru dalam pekan ini. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20 April 2026 14.59 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == ''The Signpost'': 21 April 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr" style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''</div> <div style="column-count:2;"> * News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/News and notes|Six Serbian Wikipedia editors banned following controversy about political bias]] * In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/In the media|Could Wikipedia be involved in Massachusetts' proposed social media ban for minors?]] * Gallery: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Gallery|March equinox]] * Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Traffic report|Time to change my galaxy in case, we outta space!]] * Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-04-21/Comix|Of skirts and articles]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 21 April 2026 06.50 (UTC) <!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --></div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:JPxG@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&oldid=30434643 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 26 April 2026 00.57 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 27 April 2026 16.01 (UTC)</div> </div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Terdapat perubahan dalam cara pengguna baru memperoleh status terkonfirmasi otomatis (''autoconfirmed'') yang bertujuan meningkatkan perlindungan terhadap vandalisme. Selama ini, pengguna yang telah memiliki akun selama beberapa hari dan melakukan sejumlah suntingan akan otomatis masuk ke dalam kelompok [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]]. Namun, pengaturan ini kerap dimanfaatkan oleh sebagian pelaku vandalisme yang membuat akun lalu baru menggunakannya setelah beberapa waktu. Untuk mengatasinya, aturan tersebut akan diperbarui mulai pekan depan. Dalam penentuan status terkonfirmasi otomatis, usia akun akan dihitung sejak suntingan pertama, bukan sejak tanggal pendaftaran. Nilai ambang usia tetap tidak berubah. Perubahan ini hanya akan diterapkan pada wiki yang menuntut sekurang-kurangnya satu suntingan sebagai bagian dari kriteria terkonfirmasi otomatis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * Kini, seluruh pengguna Wikipedia dengan akun baru, serta mereka yang mengaktifkan opsi "Secara otomatis mengaktifkan sebagian besar fitur beta" dalam preferensi, dapat menggunakan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|daftar bacaan]] (''reading lists''). Fitur ini membantu mengelola minat membaca dalam satu tempat agar mudah diakses. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:30}} {{PLURAL:30|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar pada kotak info (''infobox'') memiliki jarak kosong yang sangat besar di Firefox kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Sebagai pengingat, pembatasan laju global pada API (''rate limits'') akan mulai diterapkan pekan ini terhadap lalu lintas API yang teridentifikasi. Langkah ini bertujuan menjaga [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|penggunaan infrastruktur tetap adil]]. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge/WMCS atau yang memiliki hak pengguna bot di wiki mana pun untuk saat ini tidak akan terdampak. Meski demikian, seluruh pengembang disarankan mengikuti praktik terbaik terbaru. Informasi lebih lanjut, termasuk batasan yang berlaku, dapat dilihat pada dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] dan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Tanya Jawab]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 27 April 2026 18.05 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Tim [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] mengundang para penyunting berpengalaman dari [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|Wikipedia percontohan]]: Arab, Bengali, Jepang, Portugis, Persia, Turki, Inggris Sederhana, Spanyol, dan Prancis, untuk turut membantu menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance contoh kerangka artikel]. Kerangka ini akan menjadi pedoman bagi para penyunting dalam menyusun artikel yang jelas, terstruktur dengan baik, dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, saat [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle fitur tersebut] resmi diluncurkan pada Mei 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Petunjuk sederhana]] mengenai cara menerjemahkan dan menyesuaikan kerangka tersebut juga telah disediakan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Dewan Penasihat Produk dan Teknologi]] telah menerbitkan [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|rancangan rekomendasi]] mengenai model yang dapat diikuti oleh para organisasi afiliasi ketika berkontribusi di ranah teknis. Anggota komunitas diundang untuk memberikan umpan balik terhadap rekomendasi ini hingga 8 Mei melalui [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|halaman pembicaraannya]]. * Jumlah pilihan ukuran keluku (''thumbnail'') di MediaWiki kini disederhanakan menjadi tiga opsi baku: Kecil (180 piksel), Sedang (250 piksel), dan Besar (400 piksel), sebagai bagian dari upaya berkelanjutan untuk meningkatkan kinerja serta mengurangi beban pada layanan keluku. Akibatnya, preferensi yang sudah ada akan dipetakan ke ukuran baru yang paling mendekati (misalnya, pilihan kecil seperti 120 piksel atau 150 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 180 piksel, sementara pilihan lebih besar seperti 300 piksel atau 360 piksel akan ditampilkan sebagai 400 piksel). Antarmuka preferensi akan segera diperbarui untuk mencerminkan perubahan ini. Pengguna yang ingin menonaktifkan atau memberikan umpan balik dipersilakan melakukannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * Mulai saat ini, bahkan ketika suatu hak akses berakhir secara otomatis, pengguna tetap akan menerima pemberitahuan melalui Echo yang serupa dengan pemberitahuan standar untuk perubahan hak akses. Hal ini berbeda dengan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|bot pengingat global]] yang mengingatkan pengguna satu minggu ''sebelum'' hak akses berakhir agar dapat diperpanjang. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada pemilih bahasa ULS di [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] yang sebelumnya dapat bergulir secara vertikal meskipun tidak diperlukan, kini telah diperbaiki. Sebelumnya, saat pengguna membuka menu tarik-turun "Terjemahkan ke bahasa Inggris" dan mengetikkan masukan tertentu, kotak dialog akan bergeser beberapa piksel ke bawah meskipun ruang tampilan masih mencukupi. Kini, menu tersebut tidak lagi bergeser secara tidak perlu saat menyaring bahasa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Daftar Pantauan Global]], yang memungkinkan pengguna melihat daftar pantauan dari berbagai wiki dalam satu halaman, terus mengalami peningkatan. Sebagai contoh, daftar pantauan untuk situs berbasis Wikibase seperti [[:d:|Wikidata]] kini mendukung elemen [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] untuk pelacakan yang lebih baik. Mode pembaruan langsung kini menyegarkan halaman khusus setiap 60 detik agar selaras dengan pembatasan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|laju API global terbaru]], sehingga meningkatkan respons waktu nyata. Selain itu, kesalahan arah teks yang sebelumnya menampilkan pranala sebagai "perubahan 3" alih-alih "3 perubahan" dalam daftar dengan arah campuran juga telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * Tahap kedua penerapan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|pembatasan laju API global]] telah diluncurkan untuk mengurangi [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|dampak perayap kecerdasan buatan]] serta memastikan akses yang adil dan berkelanjutan terhadap sumber daya Wikimedia, dengan memprioritaskan lalu lintas manusia dan yang selaras dengan misi. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Batasan]] yang sebelumnya dihitung per jam kini diubah menjadi per menit, sehingga menghasilkan pola lalu lintas yang lebih halus dan beban API yang lebih terprediksi. Pengguna komunitas diperkirakan tidak akan terdampak, dan tidak ada tindakan yang perlu dilakukan. Indikasi awal menunjukkan bahwa sebagian peminta berbasis User-Agent mulai menyesuaikan perilakunya, dan sekitar 64% lalu lintas API otomatis telah berhasil diidentifikasi. Pemantauan terus dilakukan, dan layanan Wikimedia Enterprise tetap tersedia untuk dukungan komersial. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 4 Mèi 2026 20.42 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum & an update for WiR NZBSI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May & BHL Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11 Mèi 2026 13.50 (UTC)</div> <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30513880 --> == <span lang="id" dir="ltr">Berita Teknis: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="id" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia. '''Sorotan mingguan''' * Komunitas Teknis telah mempublikasikan [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|panduan baru]] yang menjelaskan bagaimana keinginan pada Daftar Harapan Komunitas disaring dan diprioritaskan. Dokumentasi ini bertujuan untuk membantu kontributor baru dalam menulis proposal yang lebih baik dengan menjelaskan faktor yang memengaruhi keputusan prioritas. Selain hitungan suara, panduan ini menyorot pertimbangan seperti potensi dampak pada komunitas ketika menentukan keinginan yang akan diteruskan. '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor''' * Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca sedang meluncurkan pengujian untuk menakar [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|fitur Kartu Berbagi]] yang memungkinkan pembaca untuk membuat kartu yang menarik secara visual dari artikel Wikipedia atau bagian artikel yang dipilih dan membagikannya secara daring. Setiap kartu akan menautkan kembali ke artikel awal untuk meningkatkan pembaca dan penemuan artikel. Pengujian A/B hanya perangkat seluler akan tersedia pada beberapa pembaca di Wikipedia bahasa Arab, Tiongkok, Prancis, Vietnam, dan Inggris untuk memahami lebih lanjut tentang kebiasaan pembaca dan pembagian, dan akan dijadwalkan dimulai pada pekan 18 Mei dan berjalan selama empat minggu. * Aplikasi Wikipedia di Android dan iOS meluncurkan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|tantangan membaca 25 hari]] ke fitur Beta sebagai bagian dari usaha untuk meningkatkan keterlibatan pembaca dengan mendorong pengguna menyelesaikan pencapaian bacaan. Untuk melacak rentetan bacaan mereka selama periode tantangan, pengguna aplikasi dapat menambahkan gawit Baby Globe pada layar utama mereka. Tantangan ini secara resmi dimulai pada 11 Mei. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:17}} {{PLURAL:17|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Misalnya, masalah ketika pengaturan global untuk mengaktifkan penyorotan sintaks pada teks wiki dapat menonaktifkan dirinya sendiri secara tiba-tiba setelah diaktifkan, sekarang sudah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Perihal kelanjutan]] Modul ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, sudah dihentikan sejak [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], akan dihapus pekan ini. Terdapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|panduan untuk memigrasikannya dari UI MediaWiki ke Codex]] untuk perkakas apa pun yang menggunakannya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Terjemahkan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11 Mèi 2026 19.20 (UTC) <!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> rm7q02xj7d2kbkr2vvwirafrymcy6df 0 165268 1748829 1627886 2026-05-12T02:21:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | show_name = Hospital Playlist | image = | caption = | native_name = {{Infobox name module|hangul=슬기로운 의사생활}} | show_name_2 = Wise Doctor Life<br>A Wise Doctor's Life<br>Smart Doctor Living | genre = {{ubl|[[Drama medis|Medis]]|[[Film drama|Drama]]|[[Film percintaan|Romansa]]|[[Film komedi|Komedi]]}} | based_on = | creator = Lee Myung-han | writer = [[Lee Woo-jung]] | director = [[Shin Won-ho (sutradara)|Shin Won-ho]] | starring = {{ubl|[[Jo Jung-suk]]|[[Yoo Yeon-seok]]|[[Jung Kyung-ho (aktor kelahiran 1983)|Jung Kyung-ho]]|[[Kim Dae-myung]]|Jeon Mi-do}} | country = Korea Selatan | language = Korea | num_episodes = 12 | num_seasons = 1 | location = <!-- Should be left blank if same as country of origin above.--> | cinematography = | editor = | camera = [[Single-camera]] | runtime = 72–113 menit | distributor = [[tvN]] lan [[Netflix]] | company = {{ubl|Egg is Coming|[[CJ ENM]]}} | network = tvN | picture_format = [[HDTV]] [[1080i]] | first_run = <!-- The nation in which the series first aired. Should be omitted if the same country as country of origin above. --> | first_aired = {{start date|2020|3|12}} | last_aired = {{end date|2020|5|28}} | preceded_by = <!-- Should not be used to indicate a program that preceded another in a television lineup. --> | followed_by = <!-- Should not be used to indicate a program that followed another in a television lineup. --> | related = <!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --> | website = http://program.tving.com/tvn/doctorlife/ }} '''''Hospital Playlist''''' ([[Hangeul]]: 슬기로운 의사생활; RR: 'Seulgiroun Euisasaenghal'; lit. ''Wise Doctor Life'') ya iku séri tivi utawa drama séri saka [[Koréa Kidul]] taun 2020 kang diprodhuksi déning stasiun tivi tvN lan disiaraké mulai sasi Maret-Méi 2020. Séri tivi iki diprodhuksi déning penulis lan sutradhara saka séri ''Reply,'' kaya ta séri tivi [[Reply 1988]], ya iku ditulis déning [[Lee Woo-jung]] lan disutradharai déning [[Shin Won-ho]]. Dalan crita kang ana ing ''Hospital Playlist'' nyaritakaké kadadéyan operasi lan babagan médis kaya ing kauripan nyata amarga kabèh piranti kang digunakaké kanggo séri tivi iki kaya piranti rumah sakit kang ana ing kauripan nyata. Organ-organ kang ana ing njero awak manungsa uga dituduhaké ing séri tivi iki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/from-kim-eun-sook-to-noh-hee-kyeong-star-writers-are-making-a-comeback-138866.html|title=From Kim Eun-sook to Noh Hee-kyeong, Star Writers Are Making a Comeback @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database|website=www.hancinema.net|language=en|access-date=2020-06-07}}</ref> == Ringkesan == ''Hospital Playlist'' nyaritakaké babagan kauripan para dokter kang wis kekancan kawit kuliyah ing fakultas kedokteran taun 1999. Dokter-dokter kuwi mau ketemu kapisan ing gudhang sempit nalika dhèwèké kabèh metu meneng-meneng saka acara kampus amarga dhèwèké padha ngrasa bosen yèn mèlu acara kuwi mau. Saka ketemu kang ora disengaja ing gudhang kuwi mau, dhèwèké dadi kekancan cedhak tekan tuwa. Ing séri tivi, dicritakaké para dokter kuwi mau umuré wis 40 taun. Kauripan lima dokter ing ''Hospital Playlist'' dicritakaké ana kang wis duwé anak, pegat karo bojoné, lan ana uga kang durung duwé bojo. ''Hospital Playlist'' nyaritakaké kauripan dokter ing omah sakit kaya ing kauripan nyata, ya iku ngurusi wong-wong lara, bisa dolan yèn ana wektu, lan kauripan asmara uga dicritakaké ing séri tivi iki.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/hiburan/20200312185320-220-482975/sinopsis-hospital-playlist-persahabatan-lima-orang-dokter|title=Sinopsis Hospital Playlist, Persahabatan Lima Orang Dokter|website=hiburan|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref> Lima dokter kang wis kekancan cedhak kuwi mau duwé spésialisasi penyakit béda-béda. Chae Song-hwa minangka siji-sijiné wong wadon ing grup kuwi dadi dokter spésialis saraf. Ing drama, dhèwèké dicritakaké dadi wong kang seneng kémah saben minggu lan lila yèn acara kémahé ora sida amarga ana pasièn kang kudu dioperasi utawa dipriksa. Lee Ik-jun dicritakaké minangka dokter bedah umum lan kalebu siji-sijiné wong ing grup kang wis duwé anak dicritakaké pegatan karo bojoné kang wis suwé ora ketemu amarga bojoné nyambut gawé ing nagara liya. Lee Ik-jun dicritakaké duwé anak jenenge U-ju lan adiné kang dadi tentara wadon jenengé Lee Ik-sun. Yang Seok-hyung dicritakaké dadi dokter spésialis ginekologi. Ing ''Hospital Playlist'', Yang Seok-hyung dicritakaké dadi wong kang wis pegat karo bojoné lan seneng déwé. Seok-hyung dadi pewaris tunggal perusahaan kang diwariské déning bapaké kang wis séda. Nanging, dhèwèké ora gelem lan tetep milih nerusaké pagawéyan dadi dokter. Kim Jun-wan dicritakaké minangka dokter spésialis torakoplastik kang galak marang para asistèné. Ing séri tivi, Kim Jun-wan pacaran karo adiné Lee Ik-jun, ya iku Lee Ik-sun lan ing episode kéri dhèwèké kepisah karo Ik-sun amarga Ik-sun sekolah ing [[Inggris]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparank-pop/sinopsis-hospital-playlist-episode-11-1tSqVg8ND5c|title=Sinopsis Hospital Playlist Episode 11|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-08}}</ref> Saliyané kuwi, uga ana Ahn Jeong-won kang dicritakaké dadi dokter spésialis bedah anak lan konglomerat amarga dadi anak Prèsidhèn Dirèktur Yulje Medical Center. Ing drama, Ahn Jeong-won duwé jejuluk dadi "Malaikat Penolong" amarga dhèwèké seneng ngéwangi para pasièn kang ora duwé dana kanggo bayar rumah sakit lan operasi.<ref name=":0" /> == Paraga == === Paraga utama === Paraga utama ing ''Hospital Playlist, y''a iku lima dokter kang wis kekancan wiwit ing sekolah kedokteran 20 taun kepungkur (taun 1999).<ref name=":0" /> * [[Jo Jung-suk]] minangka Lee Ik-jun *[[Yoo Yeon-seok]] minangka Ahn Jeong-won *[[Jung Kyung-ho]] minangka Kim Jun-wan<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.kompas.com/read/2020/03/16/154143066/profil-jung-kyung-ho-pemeran-kim-joon-wan-dalam-drama-hospital|title=Profil Jung Kyung Ho, Pemeran Kim Joon Wan dalam Drama Hospital Playlist|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> *[[Kim Dae-myung]] minangka Yang Seok-hyung *[[Jeon Mi-do]] minangka Chae Song-hwa === Paraga pambiyantu === Paraga pambiyantu ing ''Hospital Playlist'' diparagakaké déning para wong-wong kang ana ing cedhaké para paraga utama.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Kulawarga paraga utama ==== * [[Kim Hae-sook]] minangka Jung Ro-sa, ibuké Ahn Jeong-won * [[Kim Jun]] minangka U-ju, anaké Lee Ik-jun * Kwak Sun-young minangka Lee Ik-sun * Kim Kap-soo minangka Joo Jong-soo, Prèsidhèn Yulje Medical Center * Moon Hee-kyung minangka ibuké Yang Seok-hyung ==== Dokter ==== Aktor lan aktris kang maragakaké dadi dokter ing ''Hospital Playlist,'' ya iku<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://tirto.id/drakor-hospital-playlist-sinopsis-profil-pemain-jadwal-tayang-eDQC|title=Drakor Hospital Playlist: Sinopsis, Profil Pemain & Jadwal Tayang|website=tirto.id|language=id|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> *[[Ahn Eun-jin]] minangka Chu Min-ha, dokter résidhèn ing ginekologi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/ahn-eun-jin-to-star-in-hospital-playlist-136562.html|title=Ahn Eun-jin to Star in "Hospital Playlist" @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database|website=www.hancinema.net|language=en|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> *[[Kim Jun-han]] minangka Ahn Chi-hong, dokter résidhèn ing bedah saraf * Jung Moon-sung minangka Do Jae-hak, dokter résidhèn ing bedah torakoplastik *Shin Hyun-bin minangka Jang Gyeo-ul, dokter résidhèn ing bedah umum *Shin Do-hyun minangka Bae Joon-hee, dokter IGD *Kim Hye-in minangka Myung Eun-won, dokter résidhèn ing ginekologi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/kim-hye-in-to-star-in-hospital-playlist-136680.html|title=Kim Hye-in to Star in "Hospital Playlist" @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database|website=www.hancinema.net|language=en|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> *Jo Yi-hyun minangka Jang Yoon-bok, mahasiswa kedokteran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hancinema.net/jo-yi-hyun-in-hospital-playlist-and-how-to-buy-a-friend-139337.html|title=Jo Yi-hyun in "Hospital Playlist" and "How to Buy a Friend" @ HanCinema :: The Korean Movie and Drama Database|website=www.hancinema.net|language=en|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> == Rating == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="3" |{{abbr|Ep.|Episode}} ! rowspan="3" |Tanggal siar kapisan ! colspan="3" |Rating rata-rata |- ! colspan="2" |AGB Nielsen<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=3_1&area=00&begin_date=20200312|title=Nielsen Korea|last=|first=|date=|work=AGB Nielsen Media Research|language=ko|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|accessdate=2020-03-12}}</ref> !TNmS<ref>TNmS ratings: * {{cite web|url=http://www.idjnews.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=120425|title=Ep. 1|date=13 Maret 2020|website=IDJ News|language=ko|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-08-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831121416/http://www.idjnews.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=120425|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.idjnews.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=120621|title=Ep. 2|date=20 Maret 2020|website=IDJ News|language=ko|access-date=2020-06-07|archive-date=2020-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002214019/http://www.idjnews.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=120621|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.specialtimes.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=14525|title=Ep. 3|date=27 Maret 2020|website=SP News|language=ko}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.veritas-a.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=318563|title=Ep. 4|date=3 April 2020|website=Veritas Alpha|language=ko}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.veritas-a.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=319402|title=Ep. 5|website=Veritas Alpha|date=10 April 2020|language=ko}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.veritas-a.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=320206|title=Ep. 6|website=Veritas Alpha|date=17 April 2020|language=ko}}</ref> |- ! width="90" |Nasional ! width="90" |[[Daerah Ibu Kota Nasional Seoul|Seoul]] ! width="90" |Nasional |- ! 1 | 12 Maret 2020 | {{color|blue|'''6,325%'''}} | {{color|blue|'''7,113%'''}} | {{color|blue|'''6,5%'''}} |- ! 2 | 19 Maret 2020 | 7,750% | 8,507% | 8,4% |- ! 3 | 26 Maret 2020 | 8,556% | 9,313% | 9,5% |- ! 4 | 2 April 2020 | 9,754% | 10,932% | 9,9% |- !5 | 9 April 2020 | 11,321% | 12,655% | 10,5% |- ! 6 | 16 April 2020 | 11,682% | 13,783% | 11,8% |- ! 7 | 23 April 2020 | 12,077% | 13,864% | rowspan="3" {{N/A}} |- ! 8 | 30 April 2020 | 12,008% | 13,489% |- ! 9 | 7 Mei 2020 | 12,134% | 14,479% |- ! 10 | 14 Mei 2020 | 12,701% | 15,729% | {{color|red|'''12,2%'''}} |- ! 11 | 21 Mei 2020 | 13,125% | 15,662% | 11,8% |- ! 12 | 28 Mei 2020 | {{color|red|'''14,142%'''}} | {{color|red|'''16,711%'''}} | |- ! colspan="2" |Rata-rata ! {{color|green|'''10,964%'''}} ! {{color|green|'''12,686%'''}} ! {{color|green|'''%'''}} |} Nalika disiaraké ing episode 12, ''Hospital Playlist'' oleh rating paling dhuwur kang keitung saka tanggal kapisan main ing tivi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soompi.com/article/1405541wpp/hospital-playlist-pd-praises-main-cast-explains-confusion-behind-jo-jung-suk-and-jeon-mi-dos-love-line-and-more|title=“Hospital Playlist” PD Praises Main Cast, Explains Confusion Behind Jo Jung Suk And Jeon Mi Do’s Love Line, And More|last=|first=|date=|website=Soompi|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-06-09}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Koréa Kidul]] [[Kategori:Sérial télévisi]] [[Kategori:Filem]] [[Kategori:Drama]] 9mxc954v11646ysnpxxdwrhllfzp2ov 0 169623 1748817 1747618 2026-05-12T00:42:25Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748817 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film |name = Harry Potter and the<br />Chamber of Secrets |image = |caption = |director = [[Chris Columbus (pembuat film)|Chris Columbus]] |producer = [[David Heyman]] |writer = {{small|'''Skénario:'''}} <br /> [[Steve Kloves]]<br /> {{small|'''Novèl:'''}}<br /> J. K. Rowling |starring = [[Daniel Radcliffe]]<br />[[Rupert Grint]]<br />[[Emma Watson]]<br />[[Richard Harris]]<br />[[Kenneth Branagh]]<br />[[Jason Isaacs]]<br />[[Christian Coulson]]<br />[[Robbie Coltrane]] |music = [[John Williams]]<br />{{small|'''Jinupuk lan kaayahi:'''}}<br /> [[William Ross (komposer)|William Ross]] |cinematography = [[Roger Pratt (sinematografer)|Roger Pratt]] |editing = [[Peter Honess]] |studio = [[Heyday Films]]<br />[[1492 Pictures]] |distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] |released = {{small|'''London premiere:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|3|df=y}}<br />{{small|'''United States:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|14|df=y}}<br /> {{small|'''Worldwide:'''}}<br /> {{Start date|2002|11|15|df=y}} |runtime = 161 menit |country = [[Karajan Manunggal]]<br />[[Amérikah Sarékat]]<!--Do not change this; see http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_%28film%29&oldid=126871681#What_makes_a_film_from_a_certain_country.3F for consensus --> |language = [[Basa Inggris]] |budget = US$100 yuta |gross = $878.643.482 |preceded_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (filem)]]'' |followed_by = ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (filem)]]'' }} '''Harry Potter lan Kamar Resiya''' utawa '''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets''' yaiku sawijining filem ing taun 2002 kang kaarahaké déning [[Chris Columbus]] lan kababar déning Warner Bros. Pictures. Filem iki dijupuk saka novèl fantasi [[Joanne Kathleen Rowling|J. K. Rowling]] kang mawa irah-irahan kang saèmper uga. Punjeraning crita adhedhasar taun kaping pindhoné [[Harry Potter]] ing Sekolah Sihir [[Hogwarts]] lan nalika iku ahli warisé [[Salazar Slytherin]] kasil mbukak Kamar Resiya, banjur ngeculaké [[Montserrat|monster]] kang nggawé sawetara warga sekolah malih kaku saèmper kaya watu. Paraga utama ing filem iki yaiku [[Daniel Radcliffe]] minangka Harry Potter, [[Rupert Grint]] minangka Ron Weasley , lan [[Emma Watson]] minangka Hermione Granger. == Laku carita == Carita diwiwiti nalikané Harry Potter dipréntah supaya cepak-cepak lan reresik [[omah]] awit koléga kerjané Vernon Dursley bakalé rawuh. Sawisé rampung anggoné cepak-cepak [[omah]], banjur Harry dikon lumebu menyang kamaré. Nalika ing [[kamar]], Harry ketemu sawijining peri omah aran Dobby. Dobby meling marang Harry amrih ora bali menyang [[Hogwarts]], nanging Harry kukuh nulak piwelingé [[Dobby]] iku mau. Banjur Dobby ngobrak-abrik omah lan gawé bubrah patemoné Vernon. Vernon banjur ngancingi Harry ing jeron kamaré amrih ora bisa bali menyang Hogwarts. Nanging Ron, Fred, lan George Weasley marani klawan nunggang montor kang bisa mabur kanggo nylametaké Harry saka kulawargané Vernon. Harry banjur digawa menyang omahé kulawarga Weasley aran ''The Burrow''.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0295297/plotsummary|access-date=2020-07-04}}</ref> Nalika ing ''The Burrow'', Harry pethukan karo Ginny, kang ora liya yaiku adhiné Ron. Ginny bakal wiwit sekolah ing Hogwarts uga ing taun iki, lan Harry nandang asmara lawan Ginny. Harry uga pethukan karo bapaké Ron, nama [[Arthur Weasley]]. Banjur Harry lan kulawarga Weasley lunga menyang Diagon Alley mawa bubuk Floo. Nalika blanja, Harry pethukan karo Gilderoy Lockhart, sawijining juru sihir kang kaloka lan uga minangka panganggit buku. Ing papan iku, Harry uga pethukan karo Draco lan [[Lucius Malfoy]] kang karoné iku ngalem [[Voldemort]] lan ngécé Harry, Hermione, lan kulawarga Weasley.<ref name=":0" /> Sasuwéné taun ajaran, Colin Creevey, Justin Finch-Fletchley, Hermione lan uga memedi Gryffindor [[Sir Nicholas]] ditemokaké kaku, lan buku cathetan padinané [[Tom Riddle]] ngilang. Harry lan Ron mutusaké kanggo mara menyang omahé Hagrid, nanging nalika durung rampung Hagrid anggoné njlèntrèhaké babagan sapa sajatiné kang mbuka Kamar Resiya, ujug-ujug [[Mantri Sihir]] [[Cornelius Fudge]] lan Lucius Malfoy teka ing omahé Hagrid. Sawetara iku Ron lan Harry langsung ndhelik mawa Kemul Gaib. [[Mantri]] Sihir ngandharaké manawa Dumbledore ditangguhaké minangka kepala sekolah lan Hagrid dicekel awit diarani minangka wong kang wis mbuka Kamar Resiya. Sadurungé Hagrid digawa menyang penjara Azkaban, dhèwèké ngandhani Harry lan Ron amrih ngetutaké kemangga menyang Alas Larangan kanggo mangertèni kang sajatiné.<ref name=":0" /> Banjur Harry lan Ron nglakoni apa kang wis diweling Hagrid. Ora dinyana karoné padha pethukan karo [[Aragog]], [[kemangga]] raseksa kang diarani minangka kang wis matèni siswa ing sèket taun kepungkur. Aragog mratélakaké manawa dhèwèké iku dudu [[raseksa]] kang wis matèni siswa lan uga Hagrid iku ora salah. Anak-anaké Aragog banjur nyerang Harry lan Ron, nanging begjané [[montor]] maburé kulawarga Weasley teka kanggo nylametaké Harry lan Ron.<ref name=":0" /> Harry lan Ron nemokaké [[dluwang]] [[kertas]] ing tangané Hermione kang ngandharaké manawa raseksa kang ana ing Kamar Resiyaiku [[Basilisk]]. Karoné uga krungu manawa Ginny diculik menyang Kamar Resiya, mula Lockhart diutus para guru amrih bisa nylametaké Ginny. Nanging Lockhart malah wedi lan arep minggat lunga, banjur Harry lan Ron kasil nyekel Lockhart. Saka prastawa iki dimangertèni manawa carita-caritané Lockhart kang nggumunaké lan tinulis ing bukuné iku jebul mung palsu, dhèwèké migunakaké mantra pambusak-mémori para juru sihir, banjur dhèwèké njupuk préstasiné para juru sihir iku mau.<ref name=":0" /> Wong telu iku mau banjur nemokaké dalan kanggo lumebu menyang Kamar Resiya ing kolah Moaning Myrtile, kenya kang mati jaman biyèn nalika kamar iku dibuka. Banjur telu-teluné padha lumebu kamar lan nemokaké [[lungsungan]] [[ula]] gedhé. Sawisé Lockhart éthok-éthok sempaut, banjur dhèwèké ngupaya ngendhegaké Harry lan Ron mawa mantra pambusak-mémori, nanging jalaran kang anggoné ngucap mantra iku mawa sadané Ron kang rusak, banjur mantrané iku mbalik ngenani awaké dhéwé. Lockhart kang ilang mémoriné banjur agawé guwané rubuh kang misahaké antarané Harry lan Ron. Harry nuli kasil bisa nemokaké Ginny, ujug-ujug Tom Riddle teka lan ngandharaké manawa dhèwèké iku sajatiné mémori kang sinimpen ing jeron buku cathetan padinan lan kang mbuka Kamar Resiyaiku sajatiné ya Ginny Weasley kang kena daya hipnotisé, banjur Ginny uga kang ngutus Basilisk amrih nyerang ing para warga sekolah lan uga kang nulis layang ing témbok mawa [[getih]]. Harry sadhar manawa Riddle iku minangka ahli warisé Slytherin lan uga minangka nalika Lord Voldemort nalika rumaja. Riddle banjur ngetokaké lan ngutus Basilisk supaya matèni Harry, nanging begjané manuk [[Phoenix]]é Dumbledore kang aran Fawkes teka kanggo ngéwangi Harry. [[Fawkes]] nyerang matané Basilisk saéngga picak. Banjur Fawkes mènèhi Topi Selèksi marang Harry, lan Harry ndudut pedhang [[Godric Gryffindor]] saka jeroné. Nalika Basilisk mangap, Harry nuli njojoh cangkemé nganti tembus endhasé, nanging racun siyungé Basilisk nancep ing tangané Harry. Harry kasil ngrumpak Riddle klawan njojoh buku cathetan padinan mawa siyung racuné Basilisk. Ginny banjur sadhar lan weruh Harry kang wis ra nduwé daya manèh, nanging Fawkes nambani tatuné Harry mawa ilu matané. Fawkes banjur nggawa metu Harry lan liyané saka Kamar Resiya.<ref name=":0" /> Dumbledore banjur nerusaké jabatané minangka kepala sekolah lan ngirim [[layang]] kanggo mardikakaké Hagrid saka Azkaban. Pungkasané Harry mangertèni manawa Lucius iku kang nyèlèhaké [[buku]] cathetan padinan iku marang Ginny lan [[Dobby]] iku peri omah kulawarga Malfoy. Banjur Harry ngrékadaya Lucius amrih mènèhi kaos sikil marang Dobby, saéngga Dobby mardika saka kulawargané Malfoy. Ing pahargya pésta pungkasaning warsa, kabèh kurban kang kaku jalaran Basilisk wis padha mari, lan Hagrid nampa pangayubagya awit baliné menyang [[Hogwarts]] manèh.<ref name=":0" /> == Paraga == {{col|2}} * [[Daniel Radcliffe]] minangka [[Harry Potter]] * [[Rupert Grint]] minangka [[Ronald Weasley]] * [[Emma Watson]] minangka [[Hermione Granger]] * [[Richard Harris]] minangka [[Albus Dumbledore]] * [[Maggie Smith]] minangka [[Minerva McGonagall]] * [[Alan Rickman]] minangka [[Severus Snape]] * [[Kenneth Branagh]] minangka [[Gilderoy Lockhart]] * [[Robbie Coltrane]] minangka [[Rubeus Hagrid]] * [[Warwick Davis]] minangka [[Filius Flitwick]] * [[David Bradley]] minangka [[Argus Filch]] * [[Christian Coulson]] minangka [[Tom Marvolo Riddle]]/[[Lord Voldemort]] * [[Robert Hardy]] minangka [[Cornelius Fudge]] * [[Jason Isaacs]] minangka [[Lucius Malfoy]] * [[Tom Felton]] minangka [[Draco Malfoy]] * [[Richard Griffiths]] minangka [[Vernon Dursley]] * [[Fiona Shaw]] minangka [[Petunia Dursley]] * [[Harry Melling]] minangka [[Dudley Dursley]] * [[John Cleese]] minangka Nick Kang-Sirahé-Mèh-Thugel * [[Mark Williams]] minangka [[Arthur Weasley]] * [[Julie Walters]] minangka [[Molly Weasley]] * [[Matthew Lewis]] minangka [[Neville Longbottom]] * [[James Phelps]] minangka [[Fred Weasley]] * [[Oliver Phelps]] minangka [[George Weasley]] * [[Chris Rankin]] minangka [[Percy Weasley]] * [[Bonnie Wright]] minangka [[Ginny Weasley]] * [[Devon Murray]] minangka [[Seamus Finnigan]] * [[Joshua Herdman]] minangka [[Gregory Goyle]] * [[James Waylett]] minangka [[Vincent Crabbe]] {{EndDiv}} == Filem kang laris == Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets nggelar world premier ing Odeon Leicester Square rikala 3 Novèmber 2002,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2395387.stm|title=Fans Spellbound at Potter Premiere|last=|first=|date=2002-11-03|work=|access-date=2020-06-13|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|language=en-GB}}</ref> lan resmi karilis ing [[Karajan Manunggal|Inggris Raya]] lan [[Amérikah Sarékat|Amérika Sarékat]] rikala 15 Novèmber 2002.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mugglenet.com/2002/11/harry-potter-and-the-chamber-of-secrets-movie-released-worldwide/|title="Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets" Movie Released Worldwide|date=2002-11-15|website=MuggleNet|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-13}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Filem iki mecahaké rékor rikala dina purwakané. Ing AS lan [[Kanadhah|Kanadha]], filem iki ing purwakané cinathet ngasilaké $ 88,4 yuta ing 3.682 [[biyoskup]], mula uga ginelar minangka asil paling gedhé nomer 3 rikala purwakaning dina, mapan ana sangisoré filem [[Spider-man|Spider-Man]] lan [[Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (filem)|Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/article/ed896795652/|title='Harry Potter' Potent with $88.4 Million Weekend|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref> Filem iki ngasilaké total $ 879 yuta, miturut gunggungé pangasilan pamuteran sajagad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0295297/?ref_=bo_tt_ti|title=Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/news/198290830-Chamber-of-Secrets-sneaks-pasts-Jurassic-Park|title=Chamber of Secrets sneaks pasts Jurassic Park|website=The Numbers|access-date=2020-06-13|archive-date=2018-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119022908/https://www.the-numbers.com/news/198290830-Chamber-of-Secrets-sneaks-pasts-Jurassic-Park|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mula filem iki minangka filem paling laris angka 2 sajagad rikala taun 2002, mapan ana saburiné filem [[The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/year/world/2002/|title=2002 Worldwide Box Office|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref> == Deleng uga == * [[Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (filem)]] * [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (filem)]] * [[Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire (filem)]] * [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (filem)]] * [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 1]] * [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Harry Potter]] [[Kategori:Filem]] [[Kategori:Fantasi]] m6e34ag8cdflw82ufwadjy4dbrseguo 0 170033 1748807 1708816 2026-05-11T19:42:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748807 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dwiaksara}} '''Giri Kedhaton''' ([[aksara Carakan|Carakan]]: {{jav|ꦒꦶꦫꦶ ꦏꦼꦣꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀}}, [[Pegon]]: ڮيري كڎاتون), ya iku kadhaton ing [[Gresik]] kang dilurahi dening raja-pandhita kang turun saka [[Sunan Giri]]. Kadhaton iki madeg ing taun 1408  Saka/1486  M lan ing taun sabanjure Sunan Giri jumeneng nata kanthi jejuluk Prabu Satmata.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Arifin|first=Zaenal|year=2017|title=Perkembangan Maritim Giri Kedaton Tahun 1487-1681 M|url=https://ikipwidyadarmasurabaya.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/150-159-zaenal-fix.pdf|journal=Jurnal Widyaloka IKIP Widya Dharma|volume=4|issue=2|pages=158|doi=|access-date=2020-07-03|archive-date=2021-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418032739/https://ikipwidyadarmasurabaya.ac.id/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/150-159-zaenal-fix.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Para ratu kang jumeneng ing Giri Kadhaton ya iku : {| class="wikitable" !Jeneng !Sesilih !Tahun Menguasai<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hardiwinoto.com/pemberontakan-panembahan-ageng-giri/|title=Pemberontakan Panembahan Ageng Giri|last=Muchtar|first=Hardiwonoto|date=2017-04-12|website=Hardiwinoto|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-05}}{{Pranala mati|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> |- |Susuhunan Giri Gajah Kadhaton, Raden Paku, Prabu Satmata |[[Sunan Giri]] |[[1481]]–[[1506]] |- |Susuhunan Giri Dalêm Kadhaton, Zainal Abidin Maulana |Sunan Giri II |[[1506]]–[[1546]] |- |Sunan Seda ing Margi |Sunan Giri III |[[1546]]–[[1548]] |- |Susuhunan Giri Parapèn, [[Sunan Prapèn]] |[[Sunan Prapen|Sunan Giri IV]] |[[1548]]–[[1605]] |- |Panembahan Kawis Guwa |Sunan Giri V |[[1605]]–[[1616]] |- |Panembahan Ageng Giri | |[[1616]]–[[1636]] |- |Panembahan Mas Witana Sideng Rana | |[[1638]]–[[1660]] |- |Pangeran Puspa Ita | |[[1660]]–[[1680]] |} Sawise Giri kasil teluk marang Mataram, sesebutan nata ing Giri diganti dadi Panembahan. == Rujukan == <references /> oljhyvma3uklgzrdrb5u7crkdwqp52u 0 170640 1748797 1530622 2026-05-11T14:37:08Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748797 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=فتّة / Fatteh / Fetté|image=فتّة باللوز و السّمن.jpg|image_size=270px|caption=A [[Damascus|Damascene]] fetté with grilled almonds and [[clarified butter|clarified sheep butter]]|country=[[Egypt]], [[Iraq]], [[Jordan]], [[Lebanon]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], [[Syria]] and [[Yemen]]|creator=|course=[[Breakfast]]<ref name=Salamandra>Salamandra, 2004, p. 97</ref> or [[Main meal|Main]]|served=Warm|main_ingredient=[[Flatbread]], [[yogurt]], [[chickpea]]s, [[oil]]}} '''Fatteh''' ( {{Lang-ar|فتّة}} tegesipun ''uleg'' utawa dheplok'','' uga tembung romania minangka ''fette,'' ''fetté,'' ''fatta'' utawa ''Fattah)'' <ref name="Patai">Patai, 1998, p. 98.</ref> uga '''Shâmiyât''' ( {{Lang-ar|شاميات}} "Damascene"), <ref name="Wright">Wright, 2003, p. 117.</ref> minangka salah sawijining sajian Levantine <ref>[http://www.gastrosyr.com/pdf/Silk.pdf Académie Syrienne de la Gastronomie, Sept.2005, Aleppo]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>   dumadi saka bagéyan seger, panggang, utawa stale flatbread. == Distribusi geografis == Fetté dikenal dadi sajian banget aneh lan kuna ing [[Mesir]] lan Southern [[Syam|Levant]] area, area kang nyakup [[Damaskus|Damsyik]], [[Beirut]], [[Yordania|Jordan]], lan [[Negara Palèstina|Palestina]] nalika kang biasane dingerteni lan dirungokake saka ing Levant Northern. == Referensi == [[Kategori:Olah-olahan Asia]] [[Kategori:Wetan Tengah]] 3aa0fs6c6ymhiw3w5pqvphn59d33iud 0 173190 1748840 1747797 2026-05-12T03:04:33Z Raihan Arsyad 72359 1748840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Smoked meat|image=O Piornedo, Donís, Cervantes 10.jpg|image_size=300px|caption=Smoked meats|alternate_name=|country=|region=|creator=|course=|type=Meat or fish|served=|main_ingredient=[[red meat]], [[white meat]], [[fish]], [[spices]], smoke|variations=|calories=|other=}} '''Daging asap''' minangka asil saka cara nyiyapake [[Daging abang|daging abang, daging]] [[Daging putih|putih]], lan [[Tetedhan seganten|panganan laut]] sing asale saka [[Palaeolitikum|Era Paleolitik]] . asep nambahi [[Rasa|roso]], mbenakake katon daging liwat reaksi Maillard, lan kombinasi karo ngruwat [[Pangawetan panganan|ngreksa]] daging. <ref></ref> Nalika daging bisa diobati banjur diombe kanthi adhem, asap kasebut nambahake fenol lan bahan kimia liyane sing nduweni efek antimikroba ing daging. <ref></ref> kebul panas ora pati pengaruh ing pengawetan lan umume digunakake kanggo rasa lan kanggo mateng daging kasebut. <ref name=":4"></ref> Minat babagan [[Barbecue|barbekyu]] lan ngrokok wis saya rame ing saindenging jagad. <ref></ref> <ref></ref> Umume daging [[Pangasepan|asap]] nggunakake kayu keras utawa pelet kayu sing digawe saka kayu keras, kayu alus ora disaranake amarga nambah PAH saka resin. <ref name=":7" /> <ref /> Asap kayu nambah [[rasa]], [[Ambu|aroma]], lan mbantu [[Pangawetan panganan|ngreksa]] . <ref name=":4" /> Ana rong werna kebul: asep adhem umume ana ing sangisoré {{Convert|90|F|C|abbr=}} lan nduweni nilai pengawet luwih akeh. Asep panas umume kedadeyan ing ndhuwur {{Convert|160|F|C}} . <ref name=":22" /> Umume kayu diwenehi bumbu lan ora digunakake ijo . <ref /> Ana macem-macem jinis kayu sing digunakake kanggo ngrokok; dhaptar sebagean kalebu: <ref /> [[Barkas:Smoking_Meat.jpg|jmpl| Bakar-bakar Amerika]] [[Barkas:Country_ham.jpg|jmpl| Negara ham]] == Referensi == 1tuhxog49hxu9mhlxqgs3lokx0a9ync 0 173666 1748819 1540670 2026-05-12T01:09:25Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748819 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Hee pan|image=Traditional red Hee Pan.jpg|image_size=220px|caption=Traditional red hee pan|alternate_name=Hee pan|country=China|region=China and Southeast Asia|creator=|course=Snack|type=[[Pastry]]|served=|main_ingredient=[[Glutinous rice]] flour|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Hee pan''' ( Chinese ) minangka jinis kue beras [[Kukus|kukus sing]] asale saka China saka masarakat [[Wong Hakka|Hakka]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wenku.baidu.com/view/07632724cfc789eb172dc877.html?from=search|title=客家粄文化词语研究 - 论文 - 百度文库|website=wenku.baidu.com|access-date=2019-06-11}}</ref> Wajan Hakka tradisional digawe saka susu pari ({{Lang|zh|米浆}}) lan gula abang. Iki menehi pewarna warna khas abang, tekstur kenyal, lan rasa manis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.360doc.com/content/16/1105/22/13888283_604229522.shtml|title=岭南民俗——客家人的粄食习俗|website=www.360doc.com|access-date=2019-06-11}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hee pan tradisional wis disiapake kanggo festival penting kayata Taun Anyar Imlek lan pesta pernikahan. Iki dianggep minangka panganan sing nguntungake lan dipercaya bisa ngasilake kemakmuran, nasib, lan rejeki kanggo masarakat. [[Barkas:Traditional_Red_Hee_Pan_after_rising.jpg|kiri|jmpl| Hee pan dibuktekake sadurunge dikukus]] [[Barkas:Pumpkin_hee_pan.jpg|jmpl|185x185px| Waluh hee pan]] [[Barkas:Brown_sugar_Hee_Pan.jpg|al=|jmpl|178x178px| Wajan gula hee coklat]] == Referensi == [[Kategori:Artikel ngandhut tulisan abasa Cina]] eytg5gs61ay9hnxafp8knvba36avzvo 0 176092 1748859 1676649 2026-05-12T07:47:58Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{kotak info spesies}} {{speciesTitle|utama=jelantir|1=jlantir }} yaiku spesies tanduran suket kembang sing asale saka genus konyza, kalebu kulawarga Asteraceae.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://docplayer.info/43757722-Prosiding-farmasi-issn.html|title=Prosiding Farmasi ISSN: - PDF|website=docplayer.info|access-date=2019-09-05|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027124710/https://docplayer.info/43757722-Prosiding-farmasi-issn.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=Nugraha|year=2016|title=karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id|url=http://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/farmasi/article/view/4664|journal=PENGUJIAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN PADA FRAKSI BERBEDA DAN PENENTUAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL DARI DAUN JALANTIR (ERIGERON SUMATRENSIS RETZ.) YANG BERASAL DARI JAWA BARAT INDONESIA|volume=|issue=|pages=|doi=|access-date=2021-02-16|archive-date=2022-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027123618/http://karyailmiah.unisba.ac.id/index.php/farmasi/article/view/4664|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mariani|first=Ria|date=2015|title=Studi Etnofarmakognosi- Etnofarmakologi Tumbuhan Sebagai Obat Di Kampung Naga Kecamatan Salawu Kabupaten Tasikmalaya|url=http://www.jfg.stfb.ac.id/index.php/jfg/article/view/27|journal=JURNAL FARMASI GALENIKA|language=id|volume=2|issue=01|issn=2579-4469|access-date=2021-02-16|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905062657/http://www.jfg.stfb.ac.id/index.php/jfg/article/view/27|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Susiarti|first=Siti|last2=Purwanto|first2=Y.|last3=Windadri|first3=F. I.|date=2009|year=|title=PENGETAHUAN MASYARAKAT PEKUREHUA DI SEKITAR TAMAN NASIONAL LORE LINDU, SULAWESI TENGAH TENTANG TUMBUHAN OBAT DAN PEMANFAATANNYA|url=http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/MPK/article/view/772|journal=Media Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan|language=id|volume=19|issue=4 Des|pages=|doi=10.22435/mpk.v19i4|issn=2338-3445|access-date=2021-02-16|archive-date=2019-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819213951/http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.php/MPK/article/view/772|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tanduran iki uga diarani lokal minangka jalantir, dan situduh langit.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lubis|first=Lestiani|date=2017|title=Karakterisasi dan Isolasi Senyawa Saponin dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Situduh Langit (Erigeron Sumatrensis Retz.)|url=http://repositori.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/1460|language=id}}</ref> Tanduran iki tuwuh liar ing pekarangan utawa kebon lan sawah minangka [[gulma]], nanging bisa digunakake kanggo ngobati sakit sirah lan pegel linu,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|year=|title=Seminar Nasional Sains, Matematika, Informatika dan Aplikasinya|url=http://repository.lppm.unila.ac.id/1869/1/02.%20SMIAPIV_ProsidingBiologi_SC.pdf#page=55|journal=Potensi Tumbuhan Herba yang Berkhasiat Obat di Area Kampus Universitas Lampung|volume=|issue=|pages=55|doi=}}</ref> nanging bisa digunakake kanggo ngobati sakit sirah lan ruam amarga diserang serangga.<ref name=":0" /> == Mupangat == Tuwuhan iki biasane digunakake kangge tamba [[sakit kepala|lara sirah]], nyeri pegel linu, pengobatan lara tenggorokan, gangguan weteng, [[cacar]], nambani[[jerawat|kukul]] lan gangguan kulit seliyane. Senyawa [[saponin]] minangka salah siji kandungan kimia saking tuwuhan iki kang saged diaplikasikake minangka antimikroba, antijamur, obat hiperkolesterol, antitumor, antikanker lan antidiabetes.<ref name=":1" /> == Galeri == <gallery mode="packed" heights=""> file:Arya - conyza sumatrensis - jelantir pilangsari 2019 0.jpg| Conyza sumatrensis, foto dijupuk ning [[Pilangsari, Kedawung, Cirebon]] file:Arya - conyza sumatrensis - jelantir pilangsari 2019 1.jpg| Conyza sumatrensis, ning iringan tuwuhan [[kucing galak]] file:Arya - conyza sumatrensis - jelantir pilangsari 2019 2.jpg| Godhong (luwih caket) conyza sumatrensis, foto dijupuk ning[[Pilangsari, Kedawung, Cirebon]] file:Arya - conyza sumatrensis - jelantir pilangsari 2019 3.jpg| Conyza sumatrensis, mode bokeh </gallery> == Referensi == {{Commons category }} {{reflist|2}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3276123}} [[Kategori:Conyza]] [[Kategori:Tumbuhan obat]] fg4g4pbyuz4rgpk3q37xhj214vabl6x 0 176707 1748842 1735008 2026-05-12T03:11:19Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Mother-in-law|image=Mother-in-law-sandwich-02.jpg|country=[[Chicago]]|main_ingredient=[[Tamale]], [[chili con carne|chili]], [[hot dog bun]]}}'''Ibu mara tuwa''' yaiku panganan panganan [[Panganan cepet saji|cepat saji ing]] [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]], kalebu [[Tamalé|tamale sing]] paling [[Chili con carne|ndhuwur karo saos]], disuguhake ing [[Bun hot dog|roti asu panas]] . <ref>[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=10279183 "Making a Mother-in-Law Sandwich"], ''NPR'', May 19, 2007. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</ref> <ref>Kindelsperger, Nick (November 9, 2012). [http://chicago.seriouseats.com/2012/11/standing-room-only-fat-johnnies-famous-red-hots-deserves-a-visit.html "Fat Johnnie's Mother-In-Law Deserves Fame"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129055825/http://chicago.seriouseats.com/2012/11/standing-room-only-fat-johnnies-famous-red-hots-deserves-a-visit.html |date=2016-01-29 }}, ''Serious Eats''. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</ref> <ref>[https://www.southernfoodways.org/interview/chicago-connection/ "Delta Tamales in Chicago: The Mother-in-Law Sandwich"], Southern Foodways Alliance. Retrieved January 28, 2016.</ref> Ibu mertua digawe kanthi gaya tamale unik ing Chicago, [[Séreal jagung|gulungan tepung jagung sing]] diekstrusi mesin dibungkus kertas lan ora ana kulit jagung, sing biasane dimasak ing kukusan asu panas. <ref name="zeldes">Zeldes, Leah (December 18, 2009). [http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2009/12/18/the-unique-chicago-tamale-a-tuneful-mystery/ "The Unique Chicago Tamale, a Tuneful Mystery"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064702/http://www.diningchicago.com/blog/2009/12/18/the-unique-chicago-tamale-a-tuneful-mystery/ |date=2018-01-18 }}, ''Dining Chicago''. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</ref> <ref>[http://www.lthforum.com/bb/viewtopic.php?t=3932 "'Mother in Law' = 'Tamale with Chili'"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216190327/https://lthforum.com/bb/viewtopic.php?t=3932 |date=2023-02-16 }}, LTHForum.com, May 31, 2005. Retrieved January 28, 2016.</ref> Meksiko-Amerika nggawa tamale menyang Chicago, lan Afrika-Amerika saka wilayah [[Delta Mississippi]] nggawa tamale panas menyang kutha kasebut. <ref>Sula, Mike (September 16, 2013). [https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/yoland-cannon-mississippi-delta-hot-tamales/Content?oid=10951550 "The Great Tamale Migration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226152122/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/yoland-cannon-mississippi-delta-hot-tamales/Content?oid=10951550 |date=2021-02-26 }}. ''Chicago Reader''. Retrieved November 12, 2017.</ref> <ref>Sula, Mike (May 15, 2008). [http://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/on-the-trail-of-the-delta-tamale/Content?oid=1109785 "On the Trail of the Delta Tamale"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411014916/https://www.chicagoreader.com/chicago/on-the-trail-of-the-delta-tamale/Content?oid=1109785 |date=2021-04-11 }}, ''Chicago Reader''. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</ref> Nanging ora ana sing ngerti kepiye sandwich ibu mertua dikembangake. <ref>Katz, Jamie (April 19, 2009). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/searching-for-a-mother-in-law-sandwich-127781117/ "Searching for a Mother-in-Law Sandwich"], ''Smithsonian'' magazine. Retrieved January 23, 2016.</ref> Sawetara spekulasi bisa uga wis diwiwiti ing ''[[Guajolota|torta de tamal]] ing Kutha Meksiko,'' sawijining tamale ing [[bolillo]] . Asal-usul tamale gaya Chicago uga ora jelas. <ref name="zeldes"/> == Referensi == saedc54ckjv7rpyvh7lnhfx8q6qqpto 0 176737 1748802 1630450 2026-05-11T17:16:35Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748802 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Waxberry - Scheinbeeren (8237111313).jpg|jmpl]] '''Gandapura''' (kanthi [[Basa Latin|jeneng Latin]] ''Gaultheria leucocarpa'' ) minangka salah sawijining jinis tanduran jamu sing godhonge digunakake minangka campuran obat / liniment.<ref name="a">{{Id icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://kbbi.web.id/gandapura|title=Gandapura}}</ref><ref name="c">{{Id icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.academia.edu/5268129/Deskripsi_gaultheria_PRINT1|title=Deskripsi Gaultheria}}</ref> Tanduran iki biasane urip ing dataran tinggi antara 1500 meter nganti 2700 meter ing sadhuwure sagara. Tanduran iki duwe godhong- godhongan sing Violet lan biru tuwa . Werna iki nggawe macem-macem jinis [[Kéwan gegremetan|serangga]] nyedhaki tanduran. Godhong iki banjur digunakake kanggo obat, paling asring digunakake minangka minyak uwos. Lenga rubbing iki minangka obat penting kanggo relieving [[Sendhi|peserta]] pain, [[otot]] kejang, sprains, rheumatism, inflamasi, lan tatu marasake awakmu.<ref name="b2">{{En icon}} {{Cite web|url=http://ayurvedicoils.com/tag/heath-benefits-of-gandapura-oil|title=Gultharia Oil|access-date=2021-03-11|archive-date=2023-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529122646/https://ayurvedicoils.com/tag/heath-benefits-of-gandapura-oil|url-status=dead}}</ref> Panggunaan gandapura minangka obat utawa minyak rubbing diwiwiti dening wong [[Wong india|India]] ing daratan [[Amérikah|Amerika]] lan nggawe godhong iki minangka salah sawijining sistem penyembuhan penyakit paling tuwa ing [[Jagad|donya]] .<ref name="b2"/> Dening wong India, rwaning iki digunakake kanggo obat rheumatism, nyeri sendi, sakit untu, sakit sirah, lan sawetara penyakit liyane. Beda karo wong [[Prancis|Prancis sing]] nggawe rwaning iki minangka bahan dhasar kanggo nggawe [[Tèh|teh]] sing uga efektif kanggo ngobati sawetara jinis penyakit kayata inhalasi, masalah tutuk, ngobati [[Geger|nyeri punggung]] lan nyeri sendi. Ing riset sing ditindakake ing taun [[1800]] -an, sifat-sifat obat saka godhong disebabake amarga akeh [[aspirin]] . == Referensi == e2orvzxs1gm5hpusjnfsov00j0oxbwg 0 185560 1748793 1704727 2026-05-11T12:47:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Eparki | name = Santo Vladimir-Le-Grand de Paris | latin = Eparchia Sancti Vladimiri Magni in urbe Parisiensi pro Ucrainis ritus Byzantini | local = Diocèse de Saint-Vladimir-le-Grand de Paris | image = P1090214 Paris VI cathédrale St-Vladimir-le-Grand rwk.JPG | image_size = 230px | image_alt = | caption = [[Katedral St. Vladimir, Paris|Katedral St. Vladimir]] | coat = <!-- Coat of arms file name (excluding File: prefix) --> | coat_size = | coat_alt = | flag = <!-- Flag file name (excluding File: prefix) --> | flag_size = | flag_alt = <!---- Locations ----> | country = {{flag|Prancis}} | territory = | province = <!-- Ecclesiastical province --> | metropolitan = Gumantung marang Tahta Suci | archdeaconries = | deaneries = | subdivisions = | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_km2 = <!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --> | area_sqmi = <!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --> | area_footnotes = | population = | population_as_of = 2013 | catholics = 25,400 | catholics_percent = | parishes = 16 | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Greja Katulik Grikenlan Ukraina]] | sui_iuris_church = [[Greja Katulik Grikenlan Ukraina]] | rite = [[Ritus Bizantium]] | established = 22 Juli 1960 | cathedral = [[Katedral St. Vladimir, Paris|Katedral St. Vladimir ing Paris]] | cocathedral = | patron = <!-- Patron saint(s) of the diocese (or archdiocese) --> | patron_title = <!-- Use to override the default label "Patron saint" --> | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | patriarch = | major_archbishop = [[Sviatoslav Shevchuk]] | bishop = [[Borys Gudziak]] | bishop_title = <!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --> | metro_archbishop = <!-- Name of the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ecclesiastical Province --> | coadjutor = | suffragans = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --> | auxiliary_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --> | apostolic_admin = | vicar_general = | episcopal_vicar = | archdeacons = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--> | emeritus_bishops = <!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --> <!---- Map ----> | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = | footnotes = }} '''Eparki Katulik Ukraina Santo Vladimir Agung Paris''' ({{lang-fr|Éparchie Saint Vladimir le Grand de Paris des Ukrainiens}}) yaiku [[eparki]] (kabiskopan) kanggo [[Greja Katulik Grikenlan Ukraina|umat Katulik Grikenlan Ukraina]], sing nerapke [[Ritus Bizantium]] ber[[basa Ukraina]] ing [[Prancis]], [[Belgia]], [[Luksemburg]], [[Walanda]] lan [[Switserlan]]. Tahta katedrale menika [[Cathédrale Saint-Volodymyr-le-Grand]] ing [[Paris]]. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.ugcc.fr Official website of the Eparchy]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/fran2.htm GCatholic.org information] {{coord|48|51|17|N|2|19|51|E|region:FR_type:landmark_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}} [[Kategori:Eparki Katulik Grikenlan Ukraina|Paris]] n89rx5023gpnebld7gfqbde4obx5u30 0 187502 1748873 1704688 2026-05-12T11:23:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan Agung<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --> | name = Bamberg | latin = Archidioecesis Bambergensis | local = Erzbistum Bamberg <!-- Name in the native language --> | image = Wappen Bistum Bamberg.png | image_size = 125px | image_alt = | caption = <!---- Locations ----> | country = {{flag|Jerman}} | metropolitan = | territory = | province = Bamberg | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_km2 = 10,290<!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --> | population = 2,163,801 | population_as_of = 2012 | catholics = 713,781<!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --> | catholics_percent = 33 | parishes = 310 <!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Katulik Roma]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = 1 November 1007 | cathedral = [[Katedral Bamberg]] | cocathedral = | patron = [[Cunegundes|St. Cunegundes]]<br>[[Otto saka Bamberg|St. Otto saka Bamberg]]<br>[[Henry II, Kaisar Romawi Suci|St. Henry II]] | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | bishop = [[Ludwig Schick]] | bishop_title = Biskop Agung | coadjutor = | auxiliary_bishops = | vicar_general = | emeritus_bishops = [[Karl Heinrich Braun]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/09/09/news/31652.html |title=Salinan arsip |access-date=2019-02-23 |archive-date=2013-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912115441/http://attualita.vatican.va/sala-stampa/bollettino/2013/09/09/news/31652.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!---- Map ----> | map = Karte Erzbistum Bamberg.png | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.eo-bamberg.de/ eo-bamberg.de]<!-- [http://example.com example.com] --> | footnotes = }} '''Kabiskopan Agung Bamberg''' (lat. ''Archidioecesis Bambergensis'') yaiku [[kabiskopan]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] ing [[Bayern]] lan salah sijining saka 27 kabiskopan [[Katulik Roma]] ing Jerman. Kira-kira siji katelu<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/2006_kirchenprovinzen.pdf |title=2006_Kirchenprovinzen.xls<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2019-02-23 |archive-date=2008-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218234747/http://dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/2006_kirchenprovinzen.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (sabenere 38.1% ing 2006) populasi menika panganut Katulik. == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{Schaff-Herzog|title=Bamberg, Bishopric of|url=https://archive.org/stream/newschaffherzog00unkngoog#page/n465/mode/1up|volume= I|pages=433}} * [http://dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/2006_kirchenprovinzen.pdf Official German Catholic Church Statistics website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218234747/http://dbk.de/imperia/md/content/kirchlichestatistik/2006_kirchenprovinzen.pdf |date=2008-12-18 }} * [http://www.eo-bamberg.de/ Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030611005919/http://www.eo-bamberg.de/ |date=2003-06-11 }} {{kabiskopan ing Jerman|state=collapsed}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bamberg, Kabiskopan Agung}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Jerman]] 4fkefkc1gisrgrjmru0m8tlbr9d8zfb 0 193665 1748809 1748243 2026-05-11T20:47:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748809 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Grebeg Besar Demak''' inggih punika perayaan ingkang dipun lampahaken sawarsa sapisan ing sasi [[Dzulhijjah]] déning masarakat [[Muslim|Islam]] ing [[Masjid Agung Demak]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pariwisata.demakkab.go.id/13311-2/|title=Tradisi Grebeg Besar|last=Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Demak|date=2022-05-31|website=Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Demak|access-date=2023-02-03|archive-date=2023-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135328/https://pariwisata.demakkab.go.id/13311-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bentuk kagiyatan wonten Grebeg Besar inggih punika [[Ziarah Kubur|ziarah]] dhateng [[Kuburan|pesaréyan]] para [[sultan]] ing [[Kasultanan Demak]] kaliyan pesaréyan [[Sunan Kalijaga]]. Ing dalu sadèrèngipun tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, dipun wontenaken acara Tumpeng Sanga, kaliyan ing [[Kadilangu, Demak, Demak|Kadilangu]] dipun wontenaken Slametan Ancakan. Énjing ing tanggal 10 Dzulhijjah, masarakat nindakaken [[Salat|shalat]] [[Idul Adha]] ing Masjid Agung Demak. Sasampunipun punika, dipun lampahaken ritual utami saking rangkéan kagiyatan Grebeg Besar Demak arupi jamasan pusaka ingkang dipun sebat kaliyan "ubarampé". Grebeg Besar Demak berfungsi dados upacara adat, hiburan, média komunikasi, panyawijen [[nilai sosial]], kaliyan obyèk [[Pariwisata|wisata]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Setiyarini|first=|date=2011|title=Ritual Grebek Besar di Demak Kajian Makna, Fungsi dan Nilai|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jpppasca/article/download/1541/1717|journal=Jurnal PP|volume=1|issue=2|pages=168|doi=|access-date=2023-02-02|archive-date=2018-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504020626/https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jpppasca/article/download/1541/1717|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kejawi kagiyatan ingkang dipun sebataken saderengipun, ing Grebeg Besar kadhang-kadhang dipun wontenaken rangkéan arak-arakan utawi iring-iringan saking [[pendhapa]] [[Kabupatèn Demak]]. Nanging, saleresipun arak-arakan punika sanès pérangan saking [[tradhisi]] kaliyan dipun lampahaken namung kangge ngramekaken utawi kawigatosan wisata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radarsemarang.jawapos.com/berita/jateng/demak/2022/07/14/arak-arakan-grebeg-besar-hanya-kreasi/|title=Arak-Arakan Grebeg Besar Hanya Kreasi|last=Pribadi|first=Wahib|date=2022-07-14|website=Radar Semarang|language=|access-date=2023-02-02}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Asalipun Grebeg Besar == Grebeg Besar asalipun saking kalih tembung [[basa Jawa|basa Jawi]] inggih punika Grebeg kaliyan Besar. Grebeg gadhah artos suwanten angin ingkang sumilir. Grebeg ugi angsal dipun artosaken dados pengiring utawi pakempalan. Déné tembung Besar inggih punika namaning sasi Dzulhijjah lebeting basa Jawi. Mila Grebeg Besar gadhah makna inggih punika pakempalan masarakat Islam ing sasi Dzulhijjah. Pakempalan punika dipun lampahaken ing Masjid Agung Demak.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ahmad|first=Nur|date=2013|title=Perayaan Grebeg Besar Demak sebagai Sarana Religi dalam Komunikasi Dakwah|url=https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/komunikasi/article/download/437/462|journal=At-Tabsyir|volume=1|issue=2|pages=8|doi=|access-date=2023-02-02|archive-date=2023-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809015117/https://journal.iainkudus.ac.id/index.php/komunikasi/article/download/437/462|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Lampahan == [[Grebeg Besar]] dipun wiwiti kanthi nglebeti plataran Mesjid Agung Demak, dipun ajengaken tumuju pasaréyan para sultan ing Kasultanan Demak kaliyan pasaréyanipun Sunan Kalijaga ing Demak. Para paziarah lajeng dipun sukakaken [[informasi]] bab tata cara ziarah dening juru panuntun kaliyan dipun suwun supados reresik utawi [[Wudu|bersuci]] langkung rumiyin sadèrèngipun ziarah. Kagiyatan ziarah dipun wiwiti ing tanggal 1 Dzulhijjah sasampunipun salat Asar. Wonten ing dalu sadèrèngipun perayaan Idul Adha dipun wontenaken [[Pasar wengi|peken dalu]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marwoto, Soetomo, S., Setioko, B., dan Musaddun|first=|date=Oktober 2018|title=‘Ngalab Berkah’ pada Ruang Ritual Tradisi dan Religi Masjid Agung Demak|url=https://ejournal.upi.edu/index.php/jaz/article/download/12394/8015|journal=Jurnal Arsitektur Zonasi|volume=1|issue=2|pages=92|doi=10.17509/jaz.v1i2.12394}}</ref> == Rujukan == <references /> [[Kategori:Islam]] [[Kategori:Antropologi]] [[Kategori:Upacara Agama]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya]] [[Kategori:WikiPusaka]] ohk8vjwhhyj0x6bo6iq8kuuizc978mf 0 193762 1748814 1712600 2026-05-11T23:46:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{artikel ing krama}} '''Hak-hakan''' inggih punika kagunan ingkang asalipun saking [[Kabupatèn Wanasaba|Wanasaba]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]]. Kagunan punika tinepang kawit warsa 1921 ingkang gegayutan kaliyan prakawis tetanèn wonten ing Dhusun Kaliyasa, Désa Tegalamba, Kacamatan Kalijajar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Budaya Masyarakat Suku Bangsa Jawa di Kabupaten Wonosobo Jawa Tengah|last=Salamun|first=dkk|publisher=Balai Kajian Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Yogyakarta|year=2002|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=91}}</ref> Tradhisi hak-hakan asalipun saking satunggiling dhusun ingkang dipun dunungi sawetawis [[kulawarga]]. Dhusun punika gadhah masalah bab kawontenaning [[banyu|toya]] nalika ajeng [[tandur|tanem]]. Mila bebrayan dhusun punika sami ngawontenaken pirembagan kaliyan madosi sumber toya dumugi laladan Muncar. Sumber toya ingkang kapanggih ing Muncar dipun paringi nami sumber ''buda''. Lajeng dipun damel pangilèning toya saking sumber buda tumuju dhusun punika. Pandamelan pangilènipun boten gampil kados ingkang dipun bayangaken. Para warga makarya peng-pengan ngratakaken [[gunung|redi]] kaliyan tanah miring, nyingkrihaken watu ageng kaliyan ngresiki wit ingkang ngalangi dalaning toya. Ing wekasanipun, toyanipun saged dipun ilèkaken dhumateng dhusun. Pangilèn punika dipun arani “Kaliyasa” ingkang ateges lepèn ingkang dipun damel sesarengan. Tanah [[sawah|sabin]] dados subur tur sangsaya dangu laladanipun dumados dhusun ingkang reja. Dhusun punika wekasanipun ugi karan “Kaliyasa” sami kados pangilèn toya ingkang dipun damel.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2018|last=Penyusun|first=Tim|publisher=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|year=2018|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=213-214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Handayani|first=Setyati Dyah|last2=Jazuli|first2=Muhammad|last3=Utomo|first3=Udi|date=Novèmber 2018|title=The Symbolical Interaction of Inter Dance Performers in Hak-Hakan performance in The Ritual Ceremony in Kaliyoso, Tegalombo, Kalikajar, Wonosobo|url=https://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/catharsis/article/view/16958|journal=Catharsis|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=338–347|doi=|issn=}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/detailwisata.php?9fe8593a8a330607d76796b35c64c600-678-Tari%20Hak%20-%20Hakan|title=Tari Hak - Hakan Wonosobo {{!}} DINAS PEMUDA OLAHRAGA DAN PARIWISATA PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=2023-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207130111/https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/detailwisata.php?9fe8593a8a330607d76796b35c64c600-678-Tari%20Hak%20-%20Hakan|url-status=dead}}</ref> Minangka wujud sukur, bebrayan ing Kaliyasa mèngeti kabingahanipun mawi tradhisi hak-hakan ingkang dipun leksanakaken saben taun, nanging boten wonten titikanipun wanci kapan paleksananipun. Senajan ta boten wonten, tradhisi punika limrahipun dipun leksanakaken sasampunipun panèn.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Sujarno|first=|date=Dhésèmber 2013|title=Tradisi Hak-Hakan di Wonosobo (Salah Satu Sarana Pendidikan Karakter di Masyarakat Pedesaan)|url=http://slims.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php?p=show_detail&id=19532&keywords=|journal=Jantra (Jurnal Sejarah dan Budaya)|volume=Vol. 8, No. 2|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=}}, p. 171</ref> == Tata cara == Tata cara hak-hakan dumados saking: === Sujarah === Tradhisi hak-hakan dipun wiwiti kanthi nindakaken [[sujarah]] dhumateng patilasan kaliyan makam para leluhur. Bab punika nggadhahi ancas kagem pangèling lelabuhaning para leluhur ingkang sampun berjuang nentremaken pagesangan bebrayan ing Kaliyasa.<ref name=":0" /> === Pagelaran seni tayub === Seni tayub wonten salebeting tradhisi hak-hakan inggih punika satunggaling beksan kagem pakurmatan dhumateng arwahipun para leluhur, pramila kedah tansah dipun wontenaken. Sadangunipun paméntasan seni tayub, wonten ingkang ingaran ''nyawanggati'' (para warga ingkang ngajak bayinipun). Nyawanggati punika tiyang ingkang sampun nindakaken ''nazar'', upaminipun “sésuk yèn merti dhusun anak iki arep dak gawa menyang tayuban”. Ing ngriki piyambakipun ajeng nyuwun tulung tlèdhèk (juru nembang tayub) nembang kaliyan mbeksa tumrap bayinipun ingkang ancasipun kagem ngéndhani sawan kaliyan salajengipun dipun paringi sawéran.<ref name=":0" /> === Pagelaran beksan ageng-agengan === Pagelaran beksan dipun wiwiti mawi upacara prasaja kanthi nyawisaken sajèn ingkang dipun arak saking griya kepala dhusun dumugi papan pagelaran. Ugi wonten beksan arupi ébah-ébahan mbabad alas, ndamel dam, ndamel kalèn, kaliyan ngresiki kalèn. Saben tata cara wonten ing salebeting beksan punika tinengeran kaliyan senggakan ''alok-alok husé''.<ref name=":0" /> === Pagelaran wayang kulit === Ing pagelaran [[wayang kulit]], wonten cariyos utawi [[Sandiwara|lakon]] ingkang dipun péntasaken aran “Rama Tambak”. Ing [[Sandiwara|lakon]] punika dhalang kedah nyumerepi kekarepaning bebrayan Kaliyasa, inggih punika mungsuh-mungsuh Sri Rama kedah dipun kalahaken utawi dipun surudaken. Ing ngriki wonten raos sumelang saking kapitadosanipun bebrayan Kaliyasa, inggih punika bilih [[prajurit]] saking [[Alengka|Ngalengka]] boten saged dipun kalahaken mila dam kaliyan kalèn gadhahipun para warga bakal ngalami karusakan. Pagelaran [[wayang]] dipun wiwiti tabuh 22.00-05.00 WIB. Rerangkèn tradhisi hak-hakan tinutup kaliyan pangajian ingkang manggèn ing Masjid Dhusun Kaliyasa.<ref name=":0" /> == Piguna == Tradhisi hak-hakan gadhah sawetawis piguna: # Palestantunan lingkungan #: Tradhisi hak-hakan minangka pralambang nglestantunaken alam, yèku wujud sukur dhumateng kawontenaning toya ing lumahing bumi. # Palestantunan budaya #: Kanthi kaleksananipun tradhisi hak-hakan saben taun, wonten pangajab amrih tradhisi punika saged dados warisan budaya tumrap kadang kanèman. Bab punika amergi tradhisi hak-hakan kaumpamikaken minangka gambaran lelampahaning pagesangan jalma ingkang sedayanipun minangka kanugrahan saking Gusti kagem dipun lestantunaken.<ref name=":0" /> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Kagunan Jawa]] [[Kategori:Budaya Jawa]] [[Kategori:Warisan budaya dudu barang Indhonésia]] [[Kategori:Kabupatèn Wanasaba]] [[Kategori:WikiPusaka]] 6149ab0fp5qraz0inhse8l9bngsejuc 0 196693 1748826 1689751 2026-05-12T01:59:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748826 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Hisnulmuslimindo.jpg|ka|jmpl|271x271px| Buku Hisnul Muslim ing macem-macem media lan basa. Buku panjelasan (ndhuwur), basa Indonesia (kiwa lan tengah), basa Arab (tengen), lan versi aplikasi Android (ngisor).]] '''''Hisnul Muslim''''' ( {{Lang-ar|حصن المسلم}}) utawa kanthi jangkep " ''Hishnul Muslim min Adzkaril Kitabi Was Sunnah'' " ya iku kitab sing disusun déning Sa'id bin 'Ali bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiph.com.sa/iiph-Sa%E2%80%98eed_%E2%80%98Ali_Wahf_al_Qahtani-m14.html|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803184536/http://www.iiph.com.sa/iiph-Sa%E2%80%98eed_%E2%80%98Ali_Wahf_al_Qahtani-m14.html|archive-date=2013-08-03|dead-url=yes|access-date=2013-08-11}}</ref> Buku saku (kutaib) kang misuwur lan wis diterjemahake ing maneka basa ing saindenging jagad iki isine kumpulan [[donga]], waosan lan wirid sing dianggep penting kanggo diapalake lan diamalake dening umat Islam. == Katrangan == Buku saku iki dijenengi Perisai/Benteng amarga kanthi nindakake isine wong Islam bisa kajaga sadina-dina, kayata nalika ana wong ngungsi ing beteng utawa ing mburi tameng. Dunga-dunga sing ana ing njerone kalebu kabeh kegiatane manungsa wiwit tangi turu nganti turu maneh. Sumber donga lan dzikir ing kitab iki mung asale saka hadits-hadits Nabi saka Kitab Ibu Hadits kanthi riwayat sahih tanpa kalebu donga sing ditulis dening ulama tartamtu. Iki kalebu wirid-wirid sing misuwur kayata: Zikir-dzikir nalika tangi turu, maca donga, dzikir sawise sholat, dzikir esuk sore, donga mlebu jamban, donga kanggo ngubur jasad lan donga liyane sing gunggunge sekitar 130 shalat, dzikir lan wirid. Buku saku iki wis diomentari ing buku penjelasan lan elaborasi (Syarh) kanthi irah-irahan ''Syarah Hisnul Muslim'' dening Majdi bin 'Abdil Wahhab Ahmad.<ref>Syarah Hishnul Muslim min Adzkari Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah, Majdi bin Abdil Wahhab Ahmad, Pustaka Ar-Rayyan ISBN 979-1309-15-8</ref> == Aplikasi kanggo piranti seluler == {{Infobox software|name=Hisnul Muslim|logo=|screenshot=[[Berkas:Hisnulmuslimapp.jpg|210px|Hisnul Muslim di Android]]|caption=Salah siji contoh aplikasi Hisnul Muslim|developer=|released=|programming language=|platform=Lintas ''platform''|language=[[Bahasa Arab]], [[Bahasa Inggris]], [[Bahasa Indonesia]], [[Bahasa Melayu]]|genre=|license=Beragam|website=}} Saliyane awujud buku fisik lan buku elektronik, buku iki uga wis diadaptasi dadi aplikasi portabel sing luwih praktis. Aplikasi gratis lan berbayar babagan shalat saben dina iki umume diarani padha karo buku asline, yaiku ''Hisnul Muslim'', utawa Adzkar (dzikir), utawa diterjemahake menyang basa lokal, sawetara aplikasi basa Inggris nyebutake Benteng / Benteng Muslim. Aplikasi iki mlaku ing piranti seluler ing macem-macem ''platform'' kayata ''telpon'' lan ''tablet'' Android, iPhone lan iPad, uga Jawa. Aplikasi Hisnul Muslim umume nduweni fungsi minangka piranti kanggo maca, ngapalake, nglacak lan nggoleki donga saben dina ing basa lan teks asli, yaiku basa Arab, uga diiringi terjemahan ing basa liya kayata Inggris lan Indonesia.<ref>Salah satu sebabnya adalah karena besarnya jumlah pemeluk agama Islam di Indonesia sehingga kebanyakan aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut juga menyediakan terjemahannya</ref> Sawetara aplikasi kasebut uga nyedhiyakake bacaan audio wacan donga kanggo nggampangake pangguna sing ora bisa maca teks, kayata mualaf, bocah, wong tuwa, lan wong sing duwe kabutuhan khusus. == Referensi == <references responsive="1"></references> {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{Id icon}} [http://hisnulmuslimorg.ipage.com/books/indonesian/index.html Hisnul Muslim versi online multi bahasa, tersedia dalam bahasa Indonesia] * [http://www.hisnulmuslim.com/index-page-liste-lang-en.html Hisnul Muslim versi online multi bahasa] Diarsipkan 2013-08-08 di Wayback Machine. * {{En icon}} [http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Hisnul-Muslim.pdf Buku elektronik Hisnul Muslim berbahasa Inggris] * {{En icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3B07DB0259C5ED25 Video bacaan doa-doa dalam Hisnul Muslim] * {{Id icon}} [http://www.kajian.net/kajian-audio/Doa/Sa'ad%20Al%20Ghomidi/Doa%20Hisnul%20Muslim Audio bacaan doa-doa dalam Hisnul Muslim] * {{En icon}} [http://play.google.com/store/search?q=hisnul%20muslim&c=apps Pilihan Aplikasi Android pada Google Play] * {{Id icon}} [http://www.binwahaf.com/portal/books/download/897/zip.html Hisnul Muslim terjemahan bahasa Indonesia dari situs resmi Sa'id bin Wahf al-Qahthani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220515/https://www.binwahaf.com/portal/books/download/897/zip.html |date=2021-11-30 }} {{Doa, Zikir, dan Wirid}}{{Doa, Zikir, dan Wirid}}{{Perangkat lunak Islami}}{{Perangkat lunak Islami}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hisnul Muslim}} [[Kategori:Ucapan Islami]] [[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]] [[Kategori:Dunga]] 9ac9p91mn6f9xputb98krz3txv95x8v 0 197765 1748872 1734221 2026-05-12T11:04:05Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1748872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Barkas:Kabinet Indonesia Maju 2.jpg|jmpl|Pimpinan & Angguta Kabinèt Indonésia Munggah (2019)]] '''Kabinèt Indonésia Munggah''' (Indonesia: ''Kabinet Indonesia Maju'') iku kabinèt papréntahan Indonésia pimpinan Présidhèn [[Joko Widodo]] lan Wakil Présidhèn [[Ma'ruf Amin]]. Susunan kabinèt iki asal saka usulan parté pulitik pengusul pasangan Jokowi-Ma'ruf ing Pilpres 2019 sing ngéntukaké kursi ing DPR ([[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan|PDIP]], [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]], [[Parté Nasional Demokrat|NasDem]], [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]], lan [[Parté Persatuan Pembangunan|PPP]]) ditambah parté non-DPR [[Partai Solidaritas Indonésia|PSI]] lan [[Perindo]], kemudian ditambah [[Parté Gerakan Indonesia Raya|Gerindra]] kursi ing DPR sing gabung sawisé iku, tim sukses pasangan Jokowi-Ma'ruf pada Pilpres 2019, sarta kalangan profésional. == Anggota == === Menteri === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !width=25|No. !width=280|Jabatan !width=150|Foto !width=250|Jeneng !width=200|Wiwit !width=200|Nganti !width=150 colspan="2"|Parté |- ! colspan="8" |Mantri koordinator |- | rowspan=3|1 | rowspan=3|[[Barkas:Seal of the Coordinating Ministry for Political, Legal, and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Nagaratata lan Keamanan Indonésia|Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Nagaratata, Ukum, lan Keamanan Indonésia]] | [[Gambar:KIM Mahfud MD.jpg|75px]] | [[Mahfud MD]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/02/01/17365351/resmi-mundur-mahfud-sampaikan-permintaan-maaf-ke-jokowi |title=Resmi Mundur, Mahfud Sampaikan Permintaan Maaf ke Jokowi |author=Dian Erika Nugraheny |website=Kompas.com |date=1 Fèbruari 2024 |access-date=2 Fèbruari 2024 |editor=Achmad Nasrudin Yahya }}</ref> | 23 Oktober 2019 | 1 Fèbruari 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Tito Karnavian.jpg|75px]] | [[Tito Karnavian]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2024/02/02/15021841/jokowi-tunjuk-tito-karnavian-jadi-plt-menko-polhukam-gantikan-mahfud |title=Jokowi Tunjuk Tito Karnavian Jadi Plt Menko Polhukam Gantikan Mahfud |author=Dian Erika Nugraheny |website=Kompas.com |date=2 Fèbruari 2024 |access-date=2 Fèbruari 2024 |editor=Ihsanuddin }}</ref> | 2 Fèbruari 2024 | 21 Fèbruari 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[File:Hadi Tjahjanto, Menkopolhukam (2024) (cropped).jpg|75px]] | [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] | 21 Fèbruari 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 2 | [[Barkas:National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Artatata Indonésia|Larasgawé Babagan Artatata]] | [[Gambar:KIM Airlangga Hartarto.jpg|75px]] | [[Airlangga Hartarto]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | 3 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investment Affairs.png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Sagarakarya lan Tandurdhuwit Indonésia|Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Sagarakarya lan Tandurdhuwit]] | [[Gambar:KIM Luhut B. Pandjaitan.jpg|75px]] | [[Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | 4 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Coordinating Ministry of Human Developments and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Pimanguning Manungsa lan Budaya Indonésia|Mantri Larasgawé Babagan Pimanguning Manungsa lan Budaya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Muhadjir Effendy.jpg|75px]] | [[Muhadjir Effendy]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- ! colspan="8" |Mantri |- | 5 | [[Barkas:Logo Setneg RI.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Sekretaris Nagara Indonésia|Mantri Sekretaris Nagara]] | [[Gambar:KIM Pratikno.jpg|75px]] | [[Pratikno]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 6 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2020 version).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Jero Praja Indonésia|Mantri Jero Praja]] | [[Gambar:KIM Tito Karnavian.jpg|75px]] | [[Tito Karnavian]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 7 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia (2023 rev).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Jaba Praja Indonésia|Mantri Jaba Praja]] | [[Gambar:KIM Retno Marsudi.jpg|75px]] | [[Retno Marsudi]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 8 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Indonesia (2022).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Prayom Indonésia|Mantri Prayom]] | [[Gambar:KIM Prabowo Subianto.jpg|75px]] | [[Prabowo Subianto]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#B79164| | [[Parté Gerakan Indonésia Raya|Gerindra]] |- | align="center" rowspan=2|9 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Barkas:Logo of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Ukum Indonésia|Mantri Ukum lan Prawenanging Manungsa]] | [[Gambar:KIM Yasonna Laoly.jpg|75px]] | [[Yasonna Laoly]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 19 Agustus 2024 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | [[Gambar:Supratman A. Agtas Jumpa Pers Usai Dilantik Presiden Jokowi di Istana Negara (2024) (cropped).jpg|75px]] | [[Supratman Andi Agtas]] | 19 Agustus 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#B79164| | [[Parté Gerakan Indonésia Raya|Gerindra]] |- | 10 | [[Barkas:Seal of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Artakarya Indonésia|Mantri Artakarya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Sri Mulyani.jpg|75px]] | [[Sri Mulyani]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | align="center" rowspan=2|11 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Barkas:Logo Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia (2000).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Paridaya lan Parisumbering Seladatu Indonésia|Mantri Paridaya lan Parisumbering Seladatu]] | [[Gambar:KIM Arifin Tasrif.jpg|75px]] | [[Arifin Tasrif]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 19 Agustus 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIm Bahlil Lahadalia.jpg|75px]] | [[Bahlil Lahadalia]] | 19 Agustus 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | 12 | [[Gambar:Logo of the Ministry of Industry of the Republic of Indonesia.png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Udyoga Indonésia|Mantri Udyoga]] | [[Gambar:KIM Agus Gumiwang Kartasasmita.jpg|75px]] | [[Agus Gumiwang Kartasasmita]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | align="center" rowspan=3|13 | align="center" rowspan=3|[[Barkas:Logo of the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia (2021) (cropped).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Dagang Indonésia|Mantri Dagang]] | [[Gambar:KIM Agus Suparmanto.jpg|75px]] | [[Agus Suparmanto]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#008000| | [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] |- | [[Gambar:Muhammad Lutfi, Menteri Perdagangan RI (2020).jpg|75px]] | [[Muhammad Lutfi]] | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 | 15 Juni 2022 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Zulkifli Hasan, Menteri Perdagangan (2022).jpg|75px]] | [[Zulkifli Hasan]] | 15 Juni 2022 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#0033FF| | [[Parté Amanat Nasional|PAN]] |- | align="center" rowspan=3|14 | align="center" rowspan=3|[[Gambar:Logo Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Taniwidya Indonésia|Mantri Taniwidya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Syahrul Yasin Limpo.jpg|75px]] | [[Syahrul Yasin Limpo]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 6 Oktober 2023 |bgcolor=#193282| | [[Parté Nasional Demokrat|NasDem]] |- | [[Gambar:Arief Prasetyo Adi, Kepala Badan Pangan Nasional (2023) (cropped).jpg|75px]] | [[Arief Prasetyo Adi]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{Cite news|title=Ditunjuk Jadi Plt Mentan, Ini Profil Kepala Badan Pangan Arief Prasetyo |author=Shafira Cendra Arini |url=https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/d-6968426/ditunjuk-jadi-plt-mentan-ini-profil-kepala-badan-pangan-arief-prasetyo|date=6 Oktober 2023|work=Detik.com|language=id|access-date=6 Oktober 2023}}</ref> | 6 Oktober 2023 | 25 Oktober 2023 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Amran Sulaiman.jpg|75px]] | [[Amran Sulaiman]]<ref name="Amran Sulaiman">{{cite web|url=https://setkab.go.id/presiden-jokowi-lantik-andi-amran-sulaiman-sebagai-mentan/|title=Presiden Jokowi Lantik Andi Amran Sulaiman Sebagai Mentan|publisher=Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonésia|date=25 Oktober 2023|access-date=25 Oktober 2023}}</ref> | 25 Oktober 2023 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 15 | [[Gambar:Logo of the Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Parikubeng Indonésia|Mantri Parikubeng lan Wanawidya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Siti Nurbaya Bakar.jpg|75px]] | [[Siti Nurbaya Bakar]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#193282| | [[Parté Nasional Demokrat|NasDem]] |- | 16 | [[Barkas:Logo of the Ministry of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Angkudan Indonésia|Mantri Angkudan]] | [[Gambar:KIM Budi Karya Sumadi.jpg|75px]] | [[Budi Karya Sumadi]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | align="center" rowspan=4|17 | align="center" rowspan=4|[[Barkas:Logo of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia (cropped).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Sagara lan Minakarya Indonésia|Mantri Sagara lan Minakarya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Edhy Prabowo.jpg|75px]] | [[Edhy Prabowo]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 25 Novèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#B79164| | [[Parté Gerakan Indonésia Raya|Gerindra]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Luhut B. Pandjaitan.jpg|75px]] | [[Luhut Binsar Pandjaitan]]<br /><small>(''ad-interim'')</small> | 25 Novèmber 2020 | 2 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Syahrul Yasin Limpo.jpg|75px]] | [[Syahrul Yasin Limpo]]<br /><small>(''ad-interim'')</small> | 2 Dhésèmber 2020 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#193282| | [[Parté Nasional Demokrat|NasDem]] |- | [[Gambar:Foto Resmi Sakti Wahyu Trenggono, Menteri Kelautan & Perikanan (2022) (white background).jpg|75px]] | [[Sakti Wahyu Trenggono]] | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | rowspan=2 align="center" |18 | rowspan=2 align="center" |[[Barkas:Logo of the Ministry of Manpower of the Republic of Indonesia (cropped).png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Naradaya Indonésia|Mantri Naradaya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Ida Fauziyah.jpg|75px]] | [[Ida Fauziyah]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 30 Sèptèmber 2024 |bgcolor=#008000| | [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Airlangga Hartarto.jpg|75px]] | [[Airlangga Hartarto]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref name="menteriPKB">{{cite news |url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-7565461/jokowi-teken-surat-pengunduran-diri-2-menteri-pkb-abdul-halim-ida-fauziah |title=Jokowi Teken Surat Pengunduran Diri 2 Menteri PKB: Abdul Halim-Ida Fauziah |author=Eva Safitri |work=Detik.com |date=30 Sèptèmber 2024 |accessdate=30 Sèptèmber 2024 }}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | 30 Sèptèmber 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | rowspan=2 align="center" |19 | rowspan=2 align="center" |[[Barkas:Kemendes Logo (2015).png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Désa, Pimanguning Laladan Kaorapralawa, lan Lihdunung Indonésia|Mantri Désa, Pimanguning Laladan Kaorapralawa, lan Lihdunung]] | [[Gambar:KIM A. Halim Iskandar.jpg|75px]] | [[Abdul Halim Iskandar]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 30 Sèptèmber 2024 |bgcolor=#008000| | [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Muhadjir Effendy.jpg|75px]] | [[Muhadjir Effendy]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref name="menteriPKB"/> | 30 Sèptèmber 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- |20 |[[Gambar:Logo Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum Republik Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Pisambutgawé lan Pingomah Brayajati Indonésia|Mantri Pisambutgawé lan Pingomah Brayajati]] | [[Gambar:KIM Basuki Hadimuljono.jpg|75px]] |[[Basuki Hadimuljono]] |23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDIP]] |- | align="center" rowspan=2|21 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Logo of the Ministry of Health of the Republic Indonesia (2016).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Kawarasan Indonésia|Mantri Kawarasan]] | [[Gambar:KIM Terawan Agus Putranto.jpg|75px]] | [[Terawan Agus Putranto]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Budi Gunadi Sadikin, Menteri Kesehatan (white background).jpg|75px]] | [[Budi Gunadi Sadikin]] | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 22 | [[Gambar:Logo of Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Panggulawenthah Dhasar lan Madya Indonésia|Mantri Panggulawenthah, Budaya, Parigolèk, lan Pariundhagi]]<br><small>(sebelum 28 April 2021 bernama Menteri Panggulawenthah lan Budaya</small>) | [[Gambar:KIM Nadiem Anwar Makarim.jpg|75px]] | [[Nadiem Makarim]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | 23 | [[Gambar:Logo Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi-Badan Riset Inovasi Nasional.png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Panlitèn lan Pariundhagi Indonésia|Mantri Parigolèk lan Pariundhagi]]/ Kepala Badan Panlitèn lan Inovasi Praja<br><small>(dileburkan ke Kanayakan Wiyata lan Budaya pada 28 April 2021) | [[Gambar:KIM Bambang Brodjonegoro.jpg|75px]] | [[Bambang Brodjonegoro]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 28 April 2021 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | align="center" rowspan=5|24 | align="center" rowspan=5|[[Gambar:Logo of the Ministry of Social Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Sabajati Indonésia|Mantri Sabajati]] | [[Gambar:KIM Juliari Batubara.jpg|75px]] | [[Juliari Batubara]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 6 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Muhadjir Effendy.jpg|75px]] | [[Muhadjir Effendy]]<br /><small>(''ad-interim'')</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20201206122557-20-578587/jokowi-tunjuk-menko-pmk-muhadjir-effendy-jadi-plt-mensos |title=Jokowi Tunjuk Menko PMK Muhadjir Effendy jadi Plt Mensos |work=CNN Indonésia|date=6 Dhésèmber 2020 |accessdate=6 Dhésèmber 2020 }}</ref> | 6 Dhésèmber 2020 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Tri Rismaharini, Menteri Sosial RI (2023).jpg|75px]] | [[Tri Rismaharini]] | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 | 6 Sèptèmber 2024 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Muhadjir Effendy.jpg|75px]] | [[Muhadjir Effendy]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20240906140802-32-1141758/risma-resmi-mundur-menteri-pdip-di-kabinet-jokowi-sisa-lima |title=Risma Resmi Mundur, Menteri PDIP di Kabinet Jokowi Sisa Lima |work=CNN Indonésia|date=6 Sèptèmber 2024 |accessdate=6 Sèptèmber 2024 }}</ref> | 6 Sèptèmber 2024 | 11 Sèptèmber 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Saifullah Yusuf.jpg|75px]] | [[Saifullah Yusuf]] | 11 Sèptèmber 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#008000| | [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] |- | align="center" rowspan=2|25 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Seal of the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Agama Indonésia|Mantri Agama]] | [[Gambar:KIM Fachrul Razi.jpg|75px]] | [[Fachrul Razi (militer)|Fachrul Razi]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Yaqut Cholil Qoumas, Menteri Agama (cropped).png|75px]] | [[Yaqut Cholil Qoumas]] | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#008000| | [[Parté Kebangkitan Bangsa|PKB]] |- | align="center" rowspan=3|26 | align="center" rowspan=3|[[Gambar:Seal of the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of the Republic of Indonesia (2020 Indonesian version).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Wisata Indonésia|Mantri Wisata lan Artatata Macitakarya]]/<br>Kepala Badan Wisata lan Artatata Macitakarya | [[Gambar:KIM Wishnutama.jpg|75px]] | [[Wishnutama]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- |rowspan=2| [[Gambar:Sandiaga Uno, Menteri Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif (cropped).png|75px]] |rowspan=2| [[Sandiaga Uno]] |rowspan=2| 23 Dhésèmber 2020 |rowspan=2| 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor="#B79164"| | [[Parté Gerakan Indonésia Raya|Gerindra]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/04/25/06140651/jejak-politik-sandiaga-uno-dua-kali-hengkang-dari-gerindra-jelang-pilpres|title=Jejak Politik Sandiaga Uno: Dua Kali Hengkang dari Gerindra Jelang Pilpres|author=Tatang Guritno|editor=Fabian Januarius Kuwado |website=Kompas.com|date=25 April 2023|access-date=1 Mèi 2023}}</ref> |- |bgcolor=#00B300| |[[Parté Persatuan Pembangunan|PPP]] |- | rowspan=3|27 | rowspan=3|[[Gambar:Logo of Ministry of Communication and Information Technology of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Parikandha lan Pariundhagi Kandhawara Indonésia|Mantri Parikandha lan Pariundhagi Kandhawara]] | [[Gambar:KIM Johnny G. Plate.jpg|75px]] | [[Johnny G. Plate|Johnny Gerard Plate]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 19 Mèi 2023 |bgcolor=#193282| | [[Parté Nasional Demokrat|NasDem]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Mahfud MD.jpg|75px]] | [[Mahfud MD]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/05/19/09173241/jokowi-tunjuk-mahfud-md-jadi-plt-menkominfo|title=Jokowi Tunjuk Mahfud MD Jadi Plt Menkominfo|author=Dian Erika Nugraheny |website=Kompas.com|date=19 Mèi 2023|access-date=19 Mèi 2023|editor=Dani Prabowo}}</ref> | 19 Mèi 2023 | 17 Juli 2023 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Budi Arie Setiadi, Menteri Komunikasi dan Informatika (2023) (cropped).jpg|75px]] | [[Budi Arie Setiadi]]<ref name="Rombak 2023">{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6826467/daftar-menteri-dan-wamen-kabinet-jokowi-terkini-usai-reshuffle-juli-2023|title=Pratélan Mantri dan Wamen Kabinet Jokowi Terkini Usai Reshuffle Juli 2023|author=Zunita Putri|website=Detik.com|date=17 Juli 2023|access-date=17 Juli 2023|archive-date=2023-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724195319/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-6826467/daftar-menteri-dan-wamen-kabinet-jokowi-terkini-usai-reshuffle-juli-2023|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 17 Juli 2023 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- |rowspan=2| 28 |rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Logo Kementerian Koperasi & UKM (2021).svg|60px]]<br> [[Pratélan Mantri Samasaharya Indonésia|Mantri Samasaharya lan Saharya Acilik lan Atengahan]] |rowspan=2| [[Gambar:KIM Teten Masduki.jpg|75px]] |rowspan=2| [[Teten Masduki]] |rowspan=2| 23 Oktober 2019 |rowspan=2| 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | 29 |[[Gambar:Logo of the Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br> [[Pratélan Mantri Pindayaning Wanita lan Pingayoming Bocah Indonésia|Mantri Pindayaning Wanita lan Pingayoming Bocah]] | [[Gambar:KIM Gusti Ayu Bintang Darmawati.jpg|75px]] | [[I Gusti Ayu Bintang Darmawati]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | align="center" rowspan=5|30 | align="center" rowspan=5|[[Barkas:Logo Ministry of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform of The Republic of Indonesia (2021).svg|100px]]<br> [[Pratélan Mantri Pingguna Rantikaraning Praja lan Pimbaliwujud Indonésia|Mantri Pingguna Rantikaraning Praja lan Pimbaliwujud]] | [[Gambar:KIM Tjahjo Kumolo.jpg|75px]] | [[Tjahjo Kumolo]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Juni 2022 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Mahfud MD.jpg|75px]] | [[Mahfud MD]]<br/><small>(''ad-interim'')</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/1605265/tjahjo-kumolo-masuk-rumah-sakit-mahfud-md-jadi-menpan-rb-ad-interim|title=Tjahjo Kumolo Masuk Rumah Sakit, Mahfud MD Jadi Menpan RB Ad Interim|website=[[Tempo.co]]|date=24 Juni 2022|accessdate=24 Juni 2022|editor-first=Eko|editor-last=Ari Wibowo}}</ref> | 20 Juni 2022 | 4 Juli 2022 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Tito Karnavian.jpg|75px]] | [[Tito Karnavian]]<br /><small>(''ad-interim'')</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2022/07/05/09010391/tjahjo-kumolo-wafat-jokowi-tunjuk-tito-karnavian-jadi-menpan-rb-ad-interim|title=Tjahjo Kumolo Wafat, Jokowi Tunjuk Tito Karnavian Jadi Menpan-RB Ad Interim|work=[[Kompas.com]]|date=4 Juli 2022|accessdate=5 Juli 2022|author=Vitorio Mantalean|editor=Dani Prabowo}}</ref> | 4 Juli 2022 | 16 Juli 2022 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Mahfud MD.jpg|75px]] | [[Mahfud MD]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/mahfud-md-ditunjuk-menjadi-plt-menteri-panrb|title=Mahfud Md Ditunjuk Menjadi Plt. Menteri PANRB|publisher=Kementerian Pendayagunaan Aparatur Negara dan Reformasi Birokrasi|date=16 Juli 2022|accessdate=16 Juli 2022|editor-first=|editor-last=|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404005309/https://www.menpan.go.id/site/berita-terkini/mahfud-md-ditunjuk-menjadi-plt-menteri-panrb|url-status=dead}}</ref> | 16 Juli 2022 | 7 Sèptèmber 2022 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Abdullah Azwar Anas.png|75px]] | [[Abdullah Azwar Anas]] | 7 Sèptèmber 2022 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#DB2016| | [[Parté Dhémokrasi Indonésia Perjuangan|PDI-P]] |- | 31 |[[Barkas:Logo Kementerian PPN-Bappenas (2023).png|60px]]<br> [[Pratélan Mantri Rantamwangun Praja Indonésia|Mantri Rantamwangun Prajal]]/<br>[[Kepala Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional]] | [[Gambar:KIM Suharso Monoarfa.jpg|75px]] | [[Suharso Monoarfa]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#00B300| | [[Parté Persatuan Pembangunan|PPP]] |- | align="center" rowspan=3|32 | align="center" rowspan=3|[[Barkas:The Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning (Indonesia).svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Bumiguna lan Rantamlowah Indonésia|Bumiguna lan Rantamlowah]]/<br>[[Badan Tanah Praja|Kepala Badan Tanah Praja]] | [[Gambar:KIM Sofyan Djalil.jpg|75px]] | [[Sofyan Djalil]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 15 Juni 2022 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[File:KIM Hadi Tjahjanto, Menteri ATR.jpg|75px]] | [[Hadi Tjahjanto]] | 15 Juni 2022 | 21 Fèbruari 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono.png|75px]] | [[Agus Harimurti Yudhoyono]] | 21 Fèbruari 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor= #2643A3| | [[Partai Demokrat|Demokrat]] |- | 33 |[[Barkas:Emblem of Indonesia and Logo of Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian version 2020).svg|60px]]<br> [[Pratélan Mantri Prajasaharya Indonésia|Mantri Prajasaharya]] | [[Gambar:KIM Erick Thohir.jpg|75px]] | [[Erick Thohir]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | align="center" rowspan=3| 34 | align="center" rowspan=3| [[Barkas:Kementerian Pemuda dan Olahraga.svg|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Pinianom lan Ulahraga Indonésia|Mantri Pinianom lan Ulahraga]] | [[Gambar:KIM Zainuddin Amali.jpg|75px]] | [[Zainudin Amali]] | 23 Oktober 2019 | 13 Maret 2023 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | [[Gambar:KIM Muhadjir Effendy.jpg|75px]] | [[Muhadjir Effendy]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/03/13/16463121/zainudin-amali-mundur-jokowi-tunjuk-menko-pmk-jadi-plt-menpora |title=Zainudin Amali Mundur, Jokowi Tunjuk Menko PMK Jadi Plt Menpora |website=[[Kompas.com]]|date=13 Maret 2023 |accessdate=13 Maret 2023 |author=Dian Erika Nugraheny |editor-first=Sabrina |editor-last=Asril }}</ref> | 13 Maret 2023 | 3 April 2023 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| | Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:Dito Ariotedjo sesaat setelah dilantik menjadi Menpora (2023) (cropped).jpg|75px]] | [[Dito Ariotedjo]]<ref name="Reshuffle030423">{{cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2023/04/03/16201641/dito-ariotedjo-menpora-baru-berusia-32-tahun-termuda-di-kabinet-jokowi |title=Dito Ariotedjo, Menpora Baru Berusia 32 Tahun, Termuda di Kabinet Jokowi |website=[[Kompas.com]]|date=3 April 2023 |accessdate=3 April 2023 |author=Fitria Chusna Farisa |editor-first=Fitria Chusna |editor-last=Farisa }}</ref> | 3 April 2023 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#ffff00| | [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]] |- | align="center" rowspan=2|35 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Logo Kementerian Investasi - BKPM (2021) (cropped).png|60px]]<br>[[Pratélan Mantri Tandurdhuwit Indonésia|Mantri Tandurdhuwit]]/ [[Kepala Badan Koordinasi Penanaman Modal]] | [[Gambar:KIm Bahlil Lahadalia.jpg|75px]] | [[Bahlil Lahadalia]] | 28 April 2021 | 19 Agustus 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| |Indepènden |- | [[Gambar:KIM Rosan Roeslani.jpg|75px]] | [[Rosan Roeslani]] | 19 Agustus 2024 | 20 Oktober 2024 |bgcolor=#d3d3d3| |Indepènden |} === Pejabat setingkat mantri === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- !width=25|No. !width=300|Jabatan !width=150|Foto !width=250|Jeneng !width=200|Wiwit !width=200|Nganti |- | align="center" rowspan=2|1 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Insignia of the Attorney Office of the Republic of Indonesia.svg|60px]]<br>[[Daftar Jaksa Agung Indonesia|Jaksa Agung]] | align="center" width=75|[[Gambar:Arminsyah.jpg|75px]] | align="center" width=250|[[Arminsyah]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small> | align="center" |21 Oktober 2019 | align="center" |23 Oktober 2019 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:JAKSAAGUNG,Sanitiar Burhanuddin.jpg|101x101px]] | align="center" |[[ST Burhanuddin]] | align="center" |23 Oktober 2019 | align="center" |''Saiki'' |- | rowspan="4" align="center" |2 | rowspan="4" align="center" |[[Gambar:Insignia of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.svg|60px]]<br>[[Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonésia]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:Panglima TNI Hadi Tjahjanto.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Hadi Tjahjanto]] | align="center" |8 Dhésèmber 2017 | align="center" |17 Novèmber 2021 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:Jenderal TNI Andika Perkasa, Panglima TNI.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Andika Perkasa]] | align="center" |17 Novèmber 2021 | align="center" |19 Dhésèmber 2022 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:PANGLIMA TNI,Laksamana TNI Yudo Margono.jpg|94x94px]] | align="center" |[[Yudo Margono]] | align="center" |19 Dhésèmber 2022 | align="center" |22 Novèmber 2023 |- |[[Gambar:Panglima TNI Jenderal TNI Agus Subiyanto.jpg|94x94px]] |[[Agus Subiyanto]] |22 Novèmber 2023 |''Saiki'' |- | align="center" rowspan=3|3 | align="center" rowspan=3|[[Gambar:Insignia of the Indonesian National Police.svg|60px]]<br>[[Kepala Kapulisèn Negara Republik Indonesia]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:Komjen Pol Ari Dono Sukmanto.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Ari Dono Sukmanto]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small> | align="center" |22 Oktober 2019 | align="center" |1 Novèmber 2019 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:Idham Azis, Chief of the Indonesian National Police.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Idham Azis]] | align="center" |1 Novèmber 2019 | align="center" |27 Januari 2021 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:Kapolri Jenderal Polisi Listyo Sigit Prabowo.jpg|89x89px]] | align="center" |[[Listyo Sigit Prabowo]] | align="center" |27 Januari 2021 | align="center" |''Saiki'' |- | align="center" rowspan=2|4 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia (2024).svg|60px]]<br>[[Sekretaris Kabinet Republik Indonesia|Sekretaris Kabinet]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:KIM Pramono Anung Wibowo.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Pramono Anung]] | align="center" |22 Oktober 2019 | align="center" |22 Sèptèmber 2024 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:KIM Pratikno.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Pratikno]]<br><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small> | align="center" |22 Sèptèmber 2024 | align="center" |20 Oktober 2024 |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |[[Gambar:The National Intelligence Agency (Indonesia).svg|60px]]<br>[[Badan Intèlijen Negara|Kepala Badan Intelijen Negara]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:Budi Gunawan.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Budi Gunawan]] | align="center" |9 Sèptèmber 2016 | align="center" |21 Oktober 2024 |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |[[Gambar:Kantor Staf Presiden.png|60px]]<br>[[Daftar Kepala Staf Kepresidenan Indonesia|Kepala Staf Kepresidenan]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:KIM Moeldoko (2019).jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Moeldoko]] | align="center" |22 Oktober 2019 | align="center" |20 Oktober 2024 |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |[[Gambar:Logo of Presidential Communication Office (Indonesia) (2024).svg|60px]]<br>[[Kantor Komunikasi Kepresidenan|Kepala Kantor Komunikasi Kepresidenan]] | align="center" |[[File:Kepala Kantor Komunikasi Kepresidenan Hasan Nasbi.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Hasan Nasbi]] | align="center" |19 Agustus 2024 | align="center" |''Saiki'' |- | align="center" rowspan=2|8 | align="center" rowspan=2|[[Gambar:Logo Nusantara.svg|60px]]<br>[[Nusantara (kutha)|Kepala Otorita Ibu Kota Nusantara]] | align="center" |[[Gambar:Bambang Susantono official portrait.png|75px]] | align="center" |[[Bambang Susantono]] | align="center" |10 Maret 2022 | align="center" |3 Juni 2024 |- | align="center" |[[Gambar:KIM Basuki Hadimuljono.jpg|75px]] | align="center" |[[Basuki Hadimuljono]]<br/><small>(Pelaksana Tugas)</small> | align="center" |3 Juni 2024 | align="center" |''Saiki'' |- |} ==Referensi== {{reflist}} {{Kabinèt Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Kabinèt Indonésia|Indonésia Munggah]] goquq05ah43j9wsy244w8lz0uy1cz4a 0 199334 1748875 1738480 2026-05-12T11:48:12Z ~2026-28660-76 72635 1748875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republik Federal Indokistan <br> <small>2010-2016</small> | motto = Bersatu, Berjaya, Berdaulat | anthem = [[Berjayalah Indokistan]] | official_languages = [[Basa Indonesia]], [[Basa Jawa]], [[Sunda]] | leader_title1 = [[Presiden]] | leader_name1 = [[Farhan Abbas]] | time_zone = [[WIB]] | time_zone_DST = | micronation = yes | p1 = Pamrentahan Samentara Indokistan }} '''Indokistan''', resmine Negara Federal Indokistan iku [[alpawangsa]] ing tahun 2010-2016 ing [[Indonesia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://micronations.wiki/wiki/Federal_State_of_Indokistan|title=Federal State of Indokistan - MicroWiki|website=micronations.wiki|language=en|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> == Sajarah == == Referensi == o6ivy040aay8r6ww1omyk1tlkbt2l8c 0 200296 1748862 1748488 2026-05-12T08:24:28Z Bramantya Gunawan 72508 Bramantya Gunawan ngalih kaca [[Kolak telur desa sarwodadi]] menyang [[Kolak Telur Desa Sarwodadi]]: Judul salah eja: Meresiki aksara kapital nama tempat. 1748488 wikitext text/x-wiki Kolak telur yaiku salah sawijining panganan khas saka Désa Sarwodadi, Kecamatan Comal, Kabupaten Pemalang, Jawa Tengah. Panganan iki misuwur amarga nduwèni rasa legi lan gurih kang khas. Kolak telur biasané disuguhaké minangka dhaharan istiméwa kanggo tamu kinurmatan utawa nalika ana acara mligi. Kolak telur digawé saka kuning endhog bebek kang dimasak nganggo kuah santen, gula jawa, jaé, lan godhong pandan. Campuran bahan kasebut ngasilaké rasa kang énak lan ambu kang wangi. Panganan iki uga nduwèni ciri khas amarga kuning endhog tetep bunder lan ora pecah nalika dimasak. Wiwitané, kolak telur digawé déning warga lan Kelompok Tani Ternak Sarwosari amarga asil endhog bebek ing Désa Sarwodadi akèh banget. Biasané, endhog mung diolah dadi endhog asin utawa digorèng. Nanging, warga banjur gawé inovasi panganan anyar supaya nduwèni nilai luwih lan bisa dadi panganan khas désa. Nalika proses masak, kuah santen digodhog nganti umob. Sawisé kuwi, kuning endhog dilebokaké siji-siji kanthi ati-ati supaya tetep utuh. Sawisé mateng, tekstur kuning endhog dadi luwih kenyal lan gurih. Kaunikan iki ndadèkaké kolak telur béda karo kolak liya. Saiki kolak telur saya dikenal déning masyarakat lan dadi salah sawijining kuliner khas saka Kabupaten Pemalang. Panganan iki uga dianggep minangka warisan kuliner tradhisional kang kudu dijaga lan dilestarèkaké. [[Kategori:Olah-olahan Jawa]] fiv4ouj485knu76vdu6opbzk2f1s9ii 0 200339 1748820 1748792 2026-05-12T01:10:37Z Bedulli 72465 1748820 wikitext text/x-wiki Jamu Coro menika ombenan khas ana ing kabupaten Demak. Ombenan tradisional jamu coro sampun wonten wiwit jaman kasultanan Bintoro. Jamu coro menika dados sajen wonten acara keraton Demak Bintoro. Wedang jamu coro nganti samenika taksih dipunlestarikaken dening masyarakat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demakkab.go.id/news/jamu-coro-minuman-khas-demak-warisan-tradisi-masuk-nominasi-api|title=Portal Demak - Berita|website=demakkab.go.id|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Wonten ing pungkasan abad 15, Ki Ageng Kakibalar ingkang abdi dalem Sultan Trenggono ngracik lan nemokake jamu coro ana ing umur 125 taun. Nanging sawisipun Sultan Trenggono seda lan wonten perang sedulur ing Kerajaan Demak, Ki Ageng Kakibalar pinarak saking Kerajaan Demak ing Desa Rejosari lan ngabdiaken dhiri kangge masyarakat kanthi resep wedang jamu coro ingkang nduweni manpaat kang kathah. Sawisipun netep wonten ing Desa Rejosari, Dukuh Tegalsari, Ki Ageng Kakibalar lajeng mbiyantu masyarakat kanthi wedang jamu coro, lan sawisipun Ki Ageng Kakibalar seda, dipunlanjutaken dening keturunanipun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/diahnm24/68569875ed64154ab10bbe82/jamu-coro-warisan-rasa-di-tengah-arus-modernisasi|title=Jamu Coro Warisan Rasa di Tengah Arus Modernisasi|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2025-06-21|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Wedang jamu coro ingkang bahan dhasaripun tepung beras dipuncampur kados jahe, kayu manis, serai, santen kelapa, gulabang. Saengga rasanipun rada pedes, legi lan nyegerake badan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/kuliner/jamu-coro|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Kuliner {{!}} JAMU CORO|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> Wedang jamu coro menika kathah dipundagangaken wonten ing kampung-kampung nalika esuk. Wedang jamju coro mebika nduweni ciri ingkang khas inggih menika dipundagangaken keliling ginakaken wadhah khas awujud kendil ingkang saking lemah lan dipuntutup kanthi sagumpel kain ingkang dipunbungkus plastik. Kangge mendhet saking lebet kendil ngginakaken tugelan pring alit ingkang gagangipun kayu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id/id/kuliner/jamu-coro|title=Pariwisata Provinsi Jawa Tengah {{!}} Kuliner {{!}} JAMU CORO|last=digsa.id|website=visitjawatengah.jatengprov.go.id|language=en|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> evykw1r11ekazxymk4hadjxeztm0bro 0 200340 1748801 2026-05-11T17:10:19Z RosepointResearch 72624 Kaca anyar: {{Infobox company | name = JGCMGS | logo = | logo_caption = | image = | image_caption = | type = Private | industry = Financial technology, Digital Assets | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|01|13}} | founder = | location_country = [[United States]] | key_people = Kaelen Valerius (CEO)<br>Dr. Silas Krieger (CTO)<br>Genevieve Monroe (CCLO)<br>Javier Reyes (COO) | services = Digital asset trading, Cross-chain interoperability, Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization,... 1748801 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = JGCMGS | logo = | logo_caption = | image = | image_caption = | type = Private | industry = Financial technology, Digital Assets | foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|01|13}} | founder = | location_country = [[United States]] | key_people = Kaelen Valerius (CEO)<br>Dr. Silas Krieger (CTO)<br>Genevieve Monroe (CCLO)<br>Javier Reyes (COO) | services = Digital asset trading, Cross-chain interoperability, Real-World Assets (RWA) tokenization, Quantitative trading | website = {{URL|https://www.jgcmgsa.com/}} }} '''JGCMGS''' (legally registered as '''JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd.''') is a global financial technology company and digital asset trading platform headquartered in United States. Founded in early 2026, the company specializes in digital asset management, cross-chain capital allocation, and the integration of traditional financial instruments with decentralized ecosystems (such as Real-World Assets and DePIN tokens).<ref name="openpr">{{cite web |title=JGCMGS Launches Real-Time Proof of Reserves System |url=https://www.openpr.com/news/archive/276299/King-Newswire.html |work=OpenPR |date=2026-03-24 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> == History and Overview == JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd. was formally incorporated in Kentucky on January 13, 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd. - Kentucky Company Registry |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_ky/1531907 |work=OpenCorporates |date=2026-01-13 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> The platform was developed to address institutional concerns regarding central limit order book latency, fragmented blockchain liquidity, and the lack of mathematical transparency in centralized finance (CeFi). The firm is structured to provide an "Adaptive Financial Nexus," serving both retail traders and institutional clients by offering spot, margin, and derivatives trading capabilities alongside proprietary artificial intelligence (AI) risk management tools. == Platform Architecture == The JGCMGS ecosystem is built upon a proprietary "Tri-Core Architecture" designed for high-frequency trading and multi-chain interoperability: * '''Helios Engine''': An ultra-low-latency matching and risk engine capable of sub-50-microsecond execution speeds and processing over 3 million orders per second. * '''Nexus Protocol''': An interoperability value layer that abstracts multiple blockchain states into a single internal ledger, allowing for cross-chain liquidity and atomic swap executions without the need for traditional token wrapping. * '''Athena Intelligence Layer''': An AI-powered central nervous system that provides predictive market analytics, dynamic risk scoring, and real-time behavioral threat detection to prevent anomalous network activities.<ref name="aijourn">{{cite web |title=JGCMGS Launches Aegis Citadel to Enable Real-Time Verification for Global Institutional Investors |url=https://aijourn.com/jgcmgs-launches-aegis-citadel-to-enable-real-time-verification-for-global-institutional-investors/ |work=The AI Journal |date=2026-01-29 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> In addition to its trading infrastructure, the platform features a native utility token (JGMS) used for tiered access to AI analytics, governance voting, and ecosystem participation. == Security and Proof of Reserves == To address counterparty risk in the digital asset market, JGCMGS deployed the "Aegis Citadel" security framework. The system replaces traditional cold-storage models with distributed Multi-Party Computation (MPC) infrastructure, splitting private key shards across geographically air-gapped nodes to eliminate single points of failure.<ref name="vocal_deepdive">{{cite web |title=Tech Deep Dive: Is the JGCMGS Exchange a Fake Platform? |url=https://vocal.media/trader/tech-deep-dive-is-the-jgcmgs-exchange-a-fake-platform |work=Vocal Media |date=2026-03-18 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> Furthermore, JGCMGS utilizes a verifiable Proof of Reserves (PoR) system. By combining Merkle tree cryptography with zero-knowledge proofs (zk-SNARKs), the platform allows institutional and retail users to cryptographically verify that their assets are backed 1:1 in real-time, preserving individual account privacy while guaranteeing platform-wide solvency.<ref name="openpr"/> == Compliance and Regulation == JGCMGS operates under strict regulatory frameworks within the United States. The company is registered as a Money Services Business (MSB) with the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) under the registration number 31000320157509.<ref>{{cite web |title=MSB Registration Status Information: JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd. |url=https://www.fincen.gov/ |publisher=Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) |date=2026-02-09 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> Additionally, JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd. has filed a Form D (Notice of Exempt Offering of Securities) with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), holding the Central Index Key (CIK) number 0002108263.<ref>{{cite web |title=SEC Form D: JGCMGS GROUP US Ltd. |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2108263/000210826326000001/xslFormDX01/primary_doc.xml |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=2026-02-09 |access-date=2026-04-10}}</ref> The platform enforces institutional-grade KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) protocols compliant with global standards. == Leadership == The executive team comprises professionals with backgrounds in traditional finance, regulatory compliance, and distributed systems engineering: * '''Kaelen Valerius''' (Chief Executive Officer): Former Global Head of Digital Asset Strategy at Goldman Sachs and portfolio manager at Renaissance Technologies. * '''Dr. Silas Krieger''' (Chief Technology Officer): Holds a Ph.D. from MIT in AI & Distributed Systems, formerly a core research scientist at Google DeepMind. * '''Genevieve Monroe''' (Chief Compliance & Legal Officer): Former Senior Counsel at the SEC's Division of Enforcement and legal counsel for BlackRock's digital assets division. * '''Javier Reyes''' (Chief Operating Officer): Early executive at Stripe, specializing in global market expansion and operational scaling. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Perusahaan]] [[Kategori:Bisnis]] [[Kategori:Internet]] ixbd6i8og8sf8j1iii3owzkp5gi0hcr 0 200341 1748818 2026-05-12T00:47:01Z Nannati 72383 Muséum Glagah Wangi inggih punika salah satunggaling musium wontên kabupatèn Dêmak. Papanipun wontên ing sêbêlahipun dhinês pariwisata kabupatèn Dêmak wontên ing margi Sultan Fatah No. 53 Dêmak. Arsitèktur Muséum Glagah Wangi taksih ginakakên bahan saking kayu jati, ingkang kacathèt dados satunggaling cagar budaya. Bênda-bênda ingkang wontên ing muséum inggih punika bênda bêrsêjarah tilaran masa Hindu-Budha ngantos Kasultanan Bintoro Dêmak. Jinis koléksi barang wontên Muséum antawisipun wontên 1748818 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muséum Glagah Wangi''' inggih punika salah satunggaling musium wontên kabupatèn Dêmak. Papanipun wontên ing sêbêlahipun dhinês pariwisata kabupatèn Dêmak wontên ing margi Sultan Fatah No. 53 Dêmak. Arsitèktur Muséum Glagah Wangi taksih ginakakên bahan saking kayu jati, ingkang kacathèt dados satunggaling cagar budaya. Bênda-bênda wontên ing muséum inggih punika bênda bêrsêjarah tilaran masa Hindu-Budha ngantos Kasultanan Bintoro Dêmak. Jinis koléksi barang wontên Muséum antawisipun wontên historical lan arkéologika. Kolési artéfak wontên Muséum Glagah Wangi dugi 104 ingkang dipunpanggihakên wontên antawis Kabupaten Dêmak, mila Muséum Glagah Wangi dados tuntunan palêstantunan sêjarah lokal wontên Dêmak. Muséum Glagah Wangi dipunbikak sabên dintên sênén ngantos jêmuah, wiwit tabuh 08:00 énjing ngantos 15:30 sontén. Déné ing dintên sêtu lan minggu, Muséum Glagah Wangi tutup. Pêngunjung ingkang rawuh dhatêng Muséum Glagah Wangi, mbotên dipunagêm biaya sapêsêrpun, utawi gratis. acfaquaeay6iqjfysj5r9ysxf1ipab8 1748870 1748818 2026-05-12T09:53:01Z Nannati 72383 1748870 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muséum Glagah Wangi''' inggih punika salah satunggaling musium wontên kabupatèn Dêmak. Papanipun wontên ing sêbêlahipun dhinês pariwisata kabupatèn Dêmak wontên ing margi Sultan Fatah No. 53 Dêmak. Arsitèktur Muséum Glagah Wangi taksih ginakakên bahan saking kayu jati, ingkang kacathèt dados satunggaling cagar budaya. Bênda-bênda wontên ing muséum inggih punika bênda bêrsêjarah tilaran masa Hindu-Budha ngantos Kasultanan Bintoro Dêmak. Jinis koléksi barang wontên Muséum antawisipun wontên historical lan arkéologika. Kolési artéfak wontên Muséum Glagah Wangi dugi 104 ingkang dipunpanggihakên wontên antawis Kabupaten Dêmak, mila Muséum Glagah Wangi dados tuntunan palêstantunan sêjarah lokal wontên Dêmak. Muséum Glagah Wangi dipunbikak sabên dintên sênén ngantos jêmuah, wiwit tabuh 08:00 énjing ngantos 15:30 sontén. Déné ing dintên sêtu lan minggu, Muséum Glagah Wangi tutup. Pêngunjung ingkang rawuh dhatêng Muséum Glagah Wangi, mbotên dipunagêm biaya sapêsêrpun, utawi gratis. [https://demakkab.go.id/news/mengenal-museum-glagahwangi-demak https://matapadma.com/2025/10/10/museum-glagah-wangi-wadah-edukasi-budaya-dan-sejarah-di-kabupaten-demak/]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matapadma.com/2025/10/10/museum-glagah-wangi-wadah-edukasi-budaya-dan-sejarah-di-kabupaten-demak/|title=Museum Glagah Wangi, Wadah Edukasi Budaya dan Sejarah di Kabupaten Demak|last=Redaktur|date=2025-10-10|website=Matapadma|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> https://demakkab.go.id/news/mengenal-museum-glagahwangi-demak<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demakkab.go.id/news/mengenal-museum-glagahwangi-demak|title=Portal Demak - Berita|website=demakkab.go.id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> k9pd89lsq3gq84biivgl1t5k00lk5aw 1748871 1748870 2026-05-12T09:53:59Z Nannati 72383 1748871 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muséum Glagah Wangi''' inggih punika salah satunggaling musium wontên kabupatèn Dêmak. Papanipun wontên ing sêbêlahipun dhinês pariwisata kabupatèn Dêmak wontên ing margi Sultan Fatah No. 53 Dêmak. Arsitèktur Muséum Glagah Wangi taksih ginakakên bahan saking kayu jati, ingkang kacathèt dados satunggaling cagar budaya. Bênda-bênda wontên ing muséum inggih punika bênda bêrsêjarah tilaran masa Hindu-Budha ngantos Kasultanan Bintoro Dêmak. Jinis koléksi barang wontên Muséum antawisipun wontên historical lan arkéologika. Kolési artéfak wontên Muséum Glagah Wangi dugi 104 ingkang dipunpanggihakên wontên antawis Kabupaten Dêmak, mila Muséum Glagah Wangi dados tuntunan palêstantunan sêjarah lokal wontên Dêmak. Muséum Glagah Wangi dipunbikak sabên dintên sênén ngantos jêmuah, wiwit tabuh 08:00 énjing ngantos 15:30 sontén. Déné ing dintên sêtu lan minggu, Muséum Glagah Wangi tutup. Pêngunjung ingkang rawuh dhatêng Muséum Glagah Wangi, mbotên dipunagêm biaya sapêsêrpun, utawi gratis. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matapadma.com/2025/10/10/museum-glagah-wangi-wadah-edukasi-budaya-dan-sejarah-di-kabupaten-demak/|title=Museum Glagah Wangi, Wadah Edukasi Budaya dan Sejarah di Kabupaten Demak|last=Redaktur|date=2025-10-10|website=Matapadma|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://demakkab.go.id/news/mengenal-museum-glagahwangi-demak|title=Portal Demak - Berita|website=demakkab.go.id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> nfyzqlxr49c86mjzys67ldu43eqm9eq 0 200342 1748821 2026-05-12T01:21:49Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748821 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1748822 1748821 2026-05-12T01:30:47Z Jambul12 72364 1748822 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten salatiga menika dipunsebat gethuk kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika gethuk kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten salatiga. dhaharan kas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika. Sanadyan mekaten , produksi gethuk kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten sa keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin , lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan getuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit . lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit , lan dipunsade rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot salatiga, pemilik getuk kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. amargi gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok. rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin , ” tembung pemilik gethuk kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken , kesan tradisional gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun , ron gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan gethuk kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma gethuk kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados getuk kethek, mundhut saking tembung “kethek” ingkang gadhah artos monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun gethuk kethek dados penanda papan . Dene papan produksi gethuk kethek menika wonten ing jl. agrotunggal no. 9, kampung ledok, salatiga. celak/caket kaliyan hotel laras asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan abc utawi wonten seberang bakso abc. oh9jbkgmtbvogxlhztkwen4f2qd6di6 1748823 1748822 2026-05-12T01:34:16Z Jambul12 72364 1748823 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten salatiga menika dipunsebat gethuk kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika gethuk kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten salatiga. dhaharan kas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika. Sanadyan mekaten , produksi gethuk kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten sa keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan getuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit , lan dipunsade rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot salatiga, pemilik getuk kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. amargi gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok. rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik gethuk kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken , kesan tradisional gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun , ron gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan gethuk kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma gethuk kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados getuk kethek, mundhut saking tembung “kethek” ingkang gadhah artos monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun gethuk kethek dados penanda papan . Dene papan produksi gethuk kethek menika wonten ing jl. agrotunggal no. 9, kampung ledok, salatiga. celak/caket kaliyan hotel laras asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan abc utawi wonten seberang bakso abc. bb3iujhkg7evnk3u3rv19iyeyitae1y 1748824 1748823 2026-05-12T01:39:43Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748824 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten salatiga menika dipunsebat gethuk kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika gethuk kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten salatiga. dhaharan kas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika.Sanadyan mekaten, produksi Gethuk Kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten sa keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan getuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit, lan dipunsade rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot salatiga, pemilik getuk kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. Amargi gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok. rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik gethuk kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken, kesan tradisional gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun, ron gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan gethuk kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma gethuk kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados getuk kethek, mundhut saking tembung “kethek” ingkang gadhah artos monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun gethuk kethek dados penanda papan . Dene papan produksi gethuk kethek menika wonten ing Jl. Agrotunggal no. 9, Kampung Ledok, Salatiga. celak/caket kaliyan hotel Laras Asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan abc utawi wonten seberang bakso abc. qhj9esg6rklwmwz4sm42328vdjwzf5t 1748825 1748824 2026-05-12T01:40:26Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748825 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten salatiga menika dipunsebat gethuk kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika gethuk kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten salatiga. dhaharan kas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika.Sanadyan mekaten, produksi Gethuk Kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten sa keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan getuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit, lan dipunsade rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot salatiga, pemilik getuk kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. Amargi gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok. rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik gethuk kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken, kesan tradisional gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun, ron gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan gethuk kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma gethuk kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados getuk kethek, mundhut saking tembung “kethek” ingkang gadhah artos monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun gethuk kethek dados penanda papan . Dene papan produksi gethuk kethek menika wonten ing Jl. Agrotunggal no. 9, Kampung Ledok, Salatiga. celak/caket kaliyan hotel Laras Asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan ABC utawi wonten seberang bakso ABC. 0ww92gkli73r8af3xn1v9qkd7lxnapk 1748856 1748825 2026-05-12T05:24:57Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748856 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten salatiga menika dipunsebat gethuk kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika gethuk kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten salatiga. dhaharan kas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika.Sanadyan mekaten, produksi Gethuk Kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten sa keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan getuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. Lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit,lan dipunsade Rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot salatiga, pemilik getuk kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. Amargi gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok, rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik gethuk kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken, kesan tradisional gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun,ron gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan gethuk kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma gethuk kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados getuk kethek, mundhut saking tembung “kethek” ingkang gadhah artos monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun gethuk kethek dados penanda papan . Dene papan produksi gethuk kethek menika wonten ing Jl. Agrotunggal no.9, Kampung Ledok, Salatiga.caket kaliyan hotel Laras Asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan ABC utawi wonten seberang bakso ABC. 8qj75uxop3l5mnvrzvyq3euqhpxc2h3 1748860 1748856 2026-05-12T08:05:32Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748860 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten Salatiga menika dipunsebat Gethuk Kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika Gethuk Kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten Salatiga. dhaharan khas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika.Sanadyan mekaten, produksi Gethuk Kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten satunggal keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan Gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan Gethuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. Lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit,lan dipunsade Rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot Salatiga, pemilik Gethuk Kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. Amargi Gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok, rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik Gethuk Kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken, kesan tradisional Gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun,ron Gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan Gethuk Kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma Gethuk Kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal Monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados Gethuk Kethek, mundhut saking tembung “Kethek” ingkang gadhah artos Monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun Gethuk Kethek dados penanda papan. Dene papan produksi Gethuk Kethek menika wonten ing Jl. Agrotunggal no.9, Kampung Ledok, Salatiga.caket kaliyan hotel Laras Asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan ABC utawi wonten seberang bakso ABC. sqeaze3ncogwq6ljlx3tmryb28dsd8y 1748861 1748860 2026-05-12T08:08:51Z Jambul12 72364 Gethuk Kethek 1748861 wikitext text/x-wiki Panganan melegenda wonten Salatiga menika dipunsebat Gethuk Kethek, konon awal mula paringan asmanipun kados menika Gethuk Kethek disebutipun inggih menika salah setunggal panganan ingkang kados menika melegenda wonten Salatiga. dhaharan khas menika diproduksi kaliyan tradisional wiwiting warsa 1980-an, lan taksih populer ngantos samenika.Sanadyan mekaten, produksi Gethuk Kethek saking warsa dhateng warsa mboten ngalami peningkatan ingkang signifikan. Naming wonten satunggal keluwargi ingkang taksih bertahan ngantos wekdal menika lebeting memproduksi dhaharan saking bodin menika. Kados limrahipun, bodin inggih menika bahan utami lebeting pandamelan Gethuk lan proses pandamelanipun cekap gampil. Dipunwiwiti kaliyan mbethak bodin, lajeng menumbukipun sareng parudan klapa lan gendhis pasir ngantos merata. Kagem nambah cita raos lan mambet, dipuntambahaken sakedhik sarem lan vanili. Adonan Gethuk lajeng dipuncithak lebeting bentuk irisan balok-balok alit. Lajeng dipunlebetaken dhateng lebet setunggal kardus alit,lan dipunsade Rp 14.000. Lebet setunggal kardus gadhah isi 20 balok, dene setunggal balokipun ukuran saageng ibu racikan tiyang sampun yuswa. Midherek laman pemkot Salatiga, pemilik Gethuk Kethek samenika sampun dipunkelola dening generasi kaping kalih ingkang nglajengaken usaha tiyang sepuhipun. Pemilik gethuk kethek menika mboten saged memproduksi ageng saben dintenipun. Amargi Gethuk menika mboten tahan dangu, maksimal enem tabuh. “jadi kita mboten ndamel stok, rata-rata saben dintenipun nelasaken setunggal kuintal bodin,” tembung pemilik Gethuk Kethek kaliyan merek setunggal raos. Panjenenganipun nambahaken, kesan tradisional Gethukipun tansah dipunpertahanaken sanadyan kemasanipun terus ebah sareng perkembangan jaman. Ing awalipun,ron Gedhang dipunagem dados pembungkus panganan Gethuk Kethek menika. Nanging, samenika dipunagem dlancang koran, dlancang lisah, ngantos kardus kaliyan merek tercetak. Sawentawis menika, paringan asma Gethuk Kethek lantaran pemilik ingkang ndamelipun ngagungani kewan ingah-ingah setunggal Monyet wonten ngajenging dalem. Mila dados ciri kas lan dipunwastani dados Gethuk Kethek, mundhut saking tembung “Kethek” ingkang gadhah artos Monyet. Monyet kasebat sampun dipuningah sadangu sawentawis 30 warsa, mila tiyang-tiyang nyebatipun Gethuk Kethek dados penanda papan. Dene papan produksi Gethuk Kethek menika wonten ing Jl. Agrotunggal no.9, Kampung Ledok, Salatiga.caket kaliyan hotel Laras Asri. Aksesipun gampil dipuncawel medal {margi, mlampah} alit sasampunipun dilah abrit pertigaan ABC utawi wonten seberang bakso ABC. [[Kategori:Wong Jawa]] f6j70rgj69qniu8coqz4upaoex5bu2b 0 200343 1748827 2026-05-12T02:05:39Z Machaalattee 72387 Kaca anyar: Tradhisi Tolak Bala ing Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora Lamporan minangka salah sawijining warisan budaya leluhur sing nganti saiki isih dijaga lan dilestarekake dening masyarakat Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora. Tradhisi iki lumrahe dianakake saben sasi Suro minangka wujud panyuwunan lan donga supaya masyarakat tansah diparingi kaslametan lan dijauhake saka bebaya, pageblug, lan sakabehe balak. Lamporan dikenal minangka tradhisi arak-araka... 1748827 wikitext text/x-wiki Tradhisi Tolak Bala ing Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora Lamporan minangka salah sawijining warisan budaya leluhur sing nganti saiki isih dijaga lan dilestarekake dening masyarakat Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora. Tradhisi iki lumrahe dianakake saben sasi Suro minangka wujud panyuwunan lan donga supaya masyarakat tansah diparingi kaslametan lan dijauhake saka bebaya, pageblug, lan sakabehe balak. Lamporan dikenal minangka tradhisi arak-arakan ing wayah wengi kanthi nggawa obor utawa oncor. Cahya obor kasebut dadi pralambang pepadhang urip lan pangarep-arep supaya warga tansah pinaringan katentreman lan karaharjan. Suasana tradhisi iki katon luwih sakral lan mistis amarga dilaksanakake ing wayah wengi kanthi iringan tetabuhan tradhisional lan donga adat. Salah sawijining paugeran sing isih dijaga nganti saiki yaiku kabeh lampu ing desa kudu dipateni nalika prosesi Lamporan lumaku. Tujuwane supaya cahya obor bisa sumunar kanthi cetha lan nambah rasa khidmat sajrone acara. Nalika kahanan desa peteng lan mung katerangan cahya obor, swasana Lamporan katon luwih magis lan nduweni makna kang jero. Cahya obor dipercaya minangka pralambang pepadhang kang bisa ngusir energi ala lan mara bebaya saka desa. Miturut crita masyarakat setempat, tradhisi Lamporan Suran biyen tau suwé ora dianakake nganti meh ilang lan punah. Nanging amarga anane kepedulian para pegiat seni budaya lan para sesepuh desa, tradhisi iki bisa diuripake maneh kanthi tata cara sing luwih tertib tanpa ngilangake nilai sakral lan ciri khas tradhisine. Prosesi Lamporan biasane diawali kanthi donga bebarengan. Sawisé kuwi, para peserta miwiti nyunyuk lampor, yaiku mlaku ngubengi desa kanthi nggawa obor nganti tekan tengah wengi. Sajrone ngubengi desa, rombongan bakal mampir menyang omah-omah warga kanggo njupuk sesaji utawa persembahan sing wis disiapake, kayata jajanan tradhisional lan asil bumi. Ing jaman biyen, tradhisi iki uga dimeriahake kanthi anane tokoh Kemamang, yaiku wong sing awake dibuntel nganggo pelepah gedhang lan dipasangi mancung kang banjur disulut nganti metu bara geni. Tokoh Kemamang dipercaya nduweni makna minangka simbol tolak bala. Nanging kanggo dadi Kemamang ora kena sembarangan amarga wong sing nindakake kudu nglakoni pasa nganti patang puluh dina. Sajrone prosesi, Kemamang biasane dioyak bocah angon minangka pralambang ngusir bebaya saka desa. Saliyane minangka tradhisi spiritual, Lamporan uga dadi sarana ngukuhake kerukunan masyarakat. Tradhisi iki melu nglibatake kabeh lapisan masyarakat, wiwit bocah-bocah nganti wong tuwa. Kanthi lestarine tradhisi Lamporan, masyarakat Desa Karangjong ngarep-arep supaya warisan budaya leluhur iki bisa terus dijaga lan dikenal dening generasi mudha supaya ora ilang katelan perkembangan jaman. ajzaujr0zsxbwfgzxg1103zsfckrnpu 1748828 1748827 2026-05-12T02:15:12Z Machaalattee 72387 1748828 wikitext text/x-wiki Tradhisi Tolak Bala ing Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora Lamporan minangka salah sawijining warisan budaya leluhur sing nganti saiki isih dijaga lan dilestarekake dening masyarakat Desa Karangjong, Kecamatan Ngawen, Kabupaten Blora. Tradhisi iki lumrahe dianakake saben sasi Suro minangka wujud panyuwunan lan donga supaya masyarakat tansah diparingi kaslametan lan dijauhake saka bebaya, pageblug, lan sakabehe balak. Lamporan dikenal minangka tradhisi arak-arakan ing wayah wengi kanthi nggawa obor utawa oncor. Cahya obor kasebut dadi pralambang pepadhang urip lan pangarep-arep supaya warga tansah pinaringan katentreman lan karaharjan. Suasana tradhisi iki katon luwih sakral lan mistis amarga dilaksanakake ing wayah wengi kanthi iringan tetabuhan tradhisional lan donga adat. Salah sawijining paugeran sing isih dijaga nganti saiki yaiku kabeh lampu ing desa kudu dipateni nalika prosesi Lamporan lumaku. Tujuwane supaya cahya obor bisa sumunar kanthi cetha lan nambah rasa khidmat sajrone acara. Nalika kahanan desa peteng lan mung katerangan cahya obor, swasana Lamporan katon luwih magis lan nduweni makna kang jero. Cahya obor dipercaya minangka pralambang pepadhang kang bisa ngusir energi ala lan mara bebaya saka desa. Miturut crita masyarakat setempat, tradhisi Lamporan Suran biyen tau suwé ora dianakake nganti meh ilang lan punah. Nanging amarga anane kepedulian para pegiat seni budaya lan para sesepuh desa, tradhisi iki bisa diuripake maneh kanthi tata cara sing luwih tertib tanpa ngilangake nilai sakral lan ciri khas tradhisine. Prosesi Lamporan biasane diawali kanthi donga bebarengan. Sawisé kuwi, para peserta miwiti nyunyuk lampor, yaiku mlaku ngubengi desa kanthi nggawa obor nganti tekan tengah wengi. Sajrone ngubengi desa, rombongan bakal mampir menyang omah-omah warga kanggo njupuk sesaji utawa persembahan sing wis disiapake, kayata jajanan tradhisional lan asil bumi. Ing jaman biyen, tradhisi iki uga dimeriahake kanthi anane tokoh Kemamang, yaiku wong sing awake dibuntel nganggo pelepah gedhang lan dipasangi mancung kang banjur disulut nganti metu bara geni. Tokoh Kemamang dipercaya nduweni makna minangka simbol tolak bala. Nanging kanggo dadi Kemamang ora kena sembarangan amarga wong sing nindakake kudu nglakoni pasa nganti patang puluh dina. Sajrone prosesi, Kemamang biasane dioyak bocah angon minangka pralambang ngusir bebaya saka desa. Saliyane minangka tradhisi spiritual, Lamporan uga dadi sarana ngukuhake kerukunan masyarakat. Tradhisi iki melu nglibatake kabeh lapisan masyarakat, wiwit bocah-bocah nganti wong tuwa. Kanthi lestarine tradhisi Lamporan, masyarakat Desa Karangjong ngarep-arep supaya warisan budaya leluhur iki bisa terus dijaga lan dikenal dening generasi mudha supaya ora ilang katelan perkembangan jaman. 3y51tgwpnbdu1zqp6vzp5olb4c5fbzu 0 200344 1748830 2026-05-12T02:28:00Z Beleguk 72488 Kaca anyar: Boyolali misuwur minangka dhaerah pangasil susu sapi kanthi manéka olahan khas, salah satunggalipun inggih menika tahu susu. Benten kaliyan tahu limrahipun ingkang kadamel saking kedelai, tahu susu dipundamel saking susu sapi kapisan sasampunipun induk sapi nglairaken. Susu punika gadhah warna kekuningan lan ambu amis saéngga kirang dipunremeni kanggé dipunjual, ananging kandhutan gizining susu punika inggil. Déné déning masyarakat Boyolali, susu punika dipunolah dados tah... 1748830 wikitext text/x-wiki Boyolali misuwur minangka dhaerah pangasil susu sapi kanthi manéka olahan khas, salah satunggalipun inggih menika tahu susu. Benten kaliyan tahu limrahipun ingkang kadamel saking kedelai, tahu susu dipundamel saking susu sapi kapisan sasampunipun induk sapi nglairaken. Susu punika gadhah warna kekuningan lan ambu amis saéngga kirang dipunremeni kanggé dipunjual, ananging kandhutan gizining susu punika inggil. Déné déning masyarakat Boyolali, susu punika dipunolah dados tahu kanthi campuran bumbu tradisional kados bawang putih, ketumbar, lan uyah. Adonanipun lajeng dipunkukus dumugi atos kados tahu limrahipun lan limrahipun dipungoreng sadèrèngipun dipunsajèkaken. Tahu susu gadhah tekstur langkung empuk saha rasa gurih khas susu, saéngga dados salah satunggaling kuliner khas Boyolali. Kajawi punika, tahu susu ugi dados bukti kreativitas masyarakat Boyolali anggenipun ngolah asil peternakan supados langkung migunani lan gadhah nilai ekonomi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mijil.id/t/tahu-susu-olahan-susu-khas-boyolali/4005|title=Tahu susu, olahan susu khas boyolali|date=2021-12-12|website=mijil.id|language=en|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> glh8iy3jjzhbuukw9mpspxt7jt9oz45 1748833 1748830 2026-05-12T02:37:21Z Beleguk 72488 1748833 wikitext text/x-wiki Boyolali misuwur minangka dhaerah pangasil susu sapi kanthi maneka olahan khas, salah satunggalipun inggih menika tahu susu. Benten kaliyan tahu limrahipun ingkang kadamel saking kedelai, tahu susu dipundamel saking susu sapi kapisan sasampunipun induk sapi nglairaken. Susu punika gadhah warna kekuningan lan ambu amis saengga kirang dipunremeni kangge dipunjual, ananging kandhutan gizining susu punika inggil. Dene dening masyarakat Boyolali, susu punika dipunolah dados tahu kanthi campuran bumbu tradisional kados bawang putih, ketumbar, lan uyah. Adonanipun lajeng dipunkukus dumugi atos kados tahu limrahipun lan limrahipun dipungoreng saderengipun dipunsajekaken. Tahu susu gadhah tekstur langkung empuk saha rasa gurih khas susu, saengga dados salah satunggaling kuliner khas Boyolali. Kajawi punika, tahu susu ugi dados bukti kreativitas masyarakat Boyolali anggenipun ngolah asil peternakan supados langkung migunani lan gadhah nilai ekonomi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mijil.id/t/tahu-susu-olahan-susu-khas-boyolali/4005|title=Tahu susu, olahan susu khas boyolali|date=2021-12-12|website=mijil.id|language=en|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> s6kfdg06xmg99r39w9pt5m696lp1mix 3 200345 1748831 2026-05-12T02:36:03Z D.ozaasoo 72438 Kaca anyar: '''TRADISI BOYONG GROBOG''' Ing Jawa Tengah, Kabupatén Grobogan Nalika mangsa panèn wis rampung lan pari wis mlêbu lumbung, warga ing tlatah Grobogan biyasa nganakaké tradhisi Boyong Grobog. Tradhisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman mbiyèn lan dadi simbol rasa syukur marang Gusti Allah amarga wis diparingi rêjeki lan kasil panèn sing apik. Ing désa-désa, warga padha nyiapaké grobog utawa pédhati sing dihias nggunakaké janur, kembang, lan asil bumi kaya pari, jagung, kacang,... 1748831 wikitext text/x-wiki '''TRADISI BOYONG GROBOG''' Ing Jawa Tengah, Kabupatén Grobogan Nalika mangsa panèn wis rampung lan pari wis mlêbu lumbung, warga ing tlatah Grobogan biyasa nganakaké tradhisi Boyong Grobog. Tradhisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman mbiyèn lan dadi simbol rasa syukur marang Gusti Allah amarga wis diparingi rêjeki lan kasil panèn sing apik. Ing désa-désa, warga padha nyiapaké grobog utawa pédhati sing dihias nggunakaké janur, kembang, lan asil bumi kaya pari, jagung, kacang, woh-wohan, lan sayuran. Èsuk-èsuk, swasana désa katon ramé. Para bapak padha ngresiki dalan lan nyiapaké grobog, déné ibu-ibu masak panganan tradhisional kaya sega golong, ingkung ayam, apêm, lan jênang abang putih. Bocah-bocah uga katon bungah amarga bakal mèlu arak-arakan. Swara gamêlan lan kênthongan muni nggugah sêmangat warga. Sawisé kabèh siap, arak-arakan Boyong Grobog diwiwiti saka balé désa tumuju lapangan utawa pundén désa. Ing ngarêp ana sêsêpuh désa sing nggawa tumpêng minangka lambang kabecikan lan pangajab supaya warga tansah tentrem lan makmur. Ing buri ana grobog-grobog sing kebak asil bumi. Warga padha nganggo klambi adat Jawa, ana sing nganggo lurik lan jarit supaya katon luwih khas. Sajroning pêrjalanan, warga padha nêmbang lagu dolanan lan têmbang Jawa. Ana uga pagêlaran kêsênian kaya reog, tayub, lan barongan sing nambah ramé suasana. Bocah-bocah padha mlayu sênêng ndêlêng hiasan grobog sing warna-warni. Para tamu saka njaba désa uga padha têka kanggo nyêkséni tradhisi kasêbut. Nalika têkan lapangan désa, kepala désa menehi sambutan. Panjênêngané ngaturaké panuwun marang warga sing isih nguri-uri budaya lêluhur. Sawisé kuwi dianakaké doa bêbarêngan supaya désa tansah diparingi kêamanan, kêsêhatan, lan rêjêki kang akéh. Warga padha khusyuk ndêdonga kanthi ati têntrêm. Acara ditêrusaké kanthi rêbutan gunungan asil bumi. Warga pêrcaya manawa asil bumi saka Boyong Grobog nggawa bêrkah. Mula akéh warga sing sêmangat njupuk pari, woh, utawa sayuran saka gunungan kuwi. Sanajan rêbutan, naanging têtêp rukun lan ora ana sing padudon amarga kabéh wis ngêrti maknané yaiku kêbêrsamaan lan rasa syukur. Saka tradhisi Boyong Grobog, warga bisa sinau babagan gotong royong, kêrukunan, lan pêntingé nglêtarékaké budaya daérah. Tradhisi iki ora mung dadi tontonan, nanging uga dadi warisan budaya sing kudu dijaga supaya ora ilang kagêrus pêrkêmbangan jaman. Warga Grobogan pêrcaya mênawa budaya lokal minangka idêntitas lan kêkayaan sing nduwèni nilai luhur kanggo gênêrasi sabanjuré. 6wg46afbvn1iy8kkwik0gikh9uzgmos 0 200346 1748834 2026-05-12T02:37:36Z Rara Nirwala 72367 Kupat glabêd inggih menika dhaharan kas kabupatén Têgal Jawa Têngah. Ingkang damêl  kas inggih mênika kêtupat kaliyan kuah kentêl ingkang warni kuning. Nama glabêd dipundamêl amargi kuahipun kentêl, kuah kentêl punika saking santên klapa. Kupat glabêd sagêt tahan wontên ing têngah-têngahipun éwah-éwahaning jaman. Kupat glabêd Têgal têtêp dados pilihan ingkang remên kanggé para wargi lokal utawi para pêndhatang. Kanggé bahan kupat glabêd inggih mênika kêtupat saking bêras ingkang dipunmasak won 1748834 wikitext text/x-wiki Kupat glabêd inggih menika dhaharan kas kabupatén Têgal Jawa Têngah. Ingkang damêl  kas inggih mênika kêtupat kaliyan kuah kentêl ingkang warni kuning. Nama glabêd dipundamêl amargi kuahipun kentêl, kuah kentêl punika saking santên klapa. Kupat glabêd sagêt tahan wontên ing têngah-têngahipun éwah-éwahaning jaman. Kupat glabêd Têgal têtêp dados pilihan ingkang remên kanggé para wargi lokal utawi para pêndhatang. Kanggé bahan kupat glabêd inggih mênika kêtupat saking bêras ingkang dipunmasak wontên ing janur. Kuah kupat glabêd saking santên, kunyit, bawang putih, brambang kaliyan rêmpah-rêmpah sanés-sanésipun. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radartegal.disway.id/lokal/read/703201/kupat-glabed-tegal-kuliner-legendaris-yang-tetap-eksis-di-tengah-modernisasi|title=Kupat Glabed Tegal, Kuliner Legendaris yang Tetap Eksis di Tengah Modernisasi|last=radartegal.com|website=radartegal.com|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Langkah-langkah ingkang sêpisan kêtupat dipunmasak ngantos matêng. Salajêngipun kuah glabêd dipunmasak kanthi nggongso bumbu kanthi arum. Lajêng dipuntambahakên santên lan dipunmasak kanthi kentêl. Kêtupat ingkang sampun matêng lajeng dipun iris-iris lan disajiakên kaliyan kuah glabêd ingkang kathah. Wonten ing tegal panjênêngan sagêd ingkang gampil kêpanggih sadèan kuah glabêd Têgal ing pundi kêmawon, wiwit saking pêkên utawi papan dhahar ing sisihipun margi. Kupat glabêd botên namung dhaharan kêmawon nanging ugi simbol budaya lan sejarah Têgal. Kaunikan saha kêraosipun ingkang ndadosakên dipunrêmêni dèning pundi-pundi kalangan, sêpuh utawi êném. t7gf4v5kusafx0mch18i35d0e93xjge 0 200347 1748835 2026-05-12T02:42:11Z Wowoks 72487 Kaca anyar: Pindang Serani inggih menika salah satunggaling dhaharan kas saking Jepara ingkang berbahan dhasar ulam. Hidangan menika nggadhahi tampilan sarupi sop ulam kaliyan kuah bening kanthi warni jene keemasan saking kunyit. Perpaduan raos asam, pedhes, gurih, lan seger ndamel pindang serani nikmat sanget disantap. Raos asamipun asalipun saking belimbing wuluh utawi toya jeram nipis, dene raos gurih dipunangsal saking rempah-rempah kados brambet abrit, brambet pethak, lan serai. ulam i... 1748835 wikitext text/x-wiki Pindang Serani inggih menika salah satunggaling dhaharan kas saking Jepara ingkang berbahan dhasar ulam. Hidangan menika nggadhahi tampilan sarupi sop ulam kaliyan kuah bening kanthi warni jene keemasan saking kunyit. Perpaduan raos asam, pedhes, gurih, lan seger ndamel pindang serani nikmat sanget disantap. Raos asamipun asalipun saking belimbing wuluh utawi toya jeram nipis, dene raos gurih dipunangsal saking rempah-rempah kados brambet abrit, brambet pethak, lan serai. ulam ingkang limrah dipunagem antawis sanes bandeng, kakap, utawi tongkol amargi nggadhahi tekstur alus lan cocok dipunadukakenn kaliyan bumbu pindang serani.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kompasiana.com/muhammadkhamdan3083/6783ce5d34777c3972601ea2/pindang-serani-jepara-warisan-laut-yang-menggugah-selera-dunia|title=Pindang Serani Jepara, Warisan Laut yang Menggugah Selera Dunia|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2025-01-12|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Hidangan menika lair saking kreativitas para nelayan Jepara lebet ngolah kasil tangkapan piyambakipun sedaya kaliyan bumbu prasaja , nanging tetep sugih raos. Awalipun , pindang serani namung dipunmasak dening para nelayan nalika miyos utawi wekdal nindakaken aktivitas miyang. Nanging, amargi cita raosipun ingkang eca lan seger, dhaharan menika lajeng ugi dipunmasak wonten griya lan saya dipuntepang dening masyarakat wiyar. Pindang serani cocok dipunsantap ing siyang utawi dalu dinten pramila popularitasipun terus berkembang, mboten namung wonten Jepara, nanging ugi wonten pinten-pinten laladan sanesipun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tempo.co/info-tempo/pindang-serani-menu-para-nelayan-yang-menjadi-pusaka-kuliner-jepara-1170681|title=Pindang Serani Menu Para Nelayan yang Menjadi Pusaka Kuliner Jepara|date=2024-11-19|website=Tempo|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Nama “serani” piyambak dipunpitados sesambetan kaliyan perpaduan identitas kalih agami, inggih menika islam lan nasrani. Lebeting pengucapan masyarakat pesisir, tembung islam asring dipunsanjangaken dados “iselam”, lajengipun berkembang dados wastanan “serani”. Pagesanganipun masyarakat pesisir ingkang rukun lan damai angsal dipuntingal wonten kawasan Mlonggo ngantos tlatah Jepara ler ingkang batesan kaliyan Kabupaten Pati. Samenika, pindang serani dados salah setunggal menu kas ingkang kathah dipunsajikaken wonten griya dhahar tradisional wonten Jepara. Wonten kawasan wisata Pasisir Kartini upaminipun , hidangan menika dados menu favorit para wisatawan amargi cita raosipun ingkang kas lan nyegeraken. nlejcueuhrx63xveqh8kitwjhvowghr 0 200348 1748836 2026-05-12T02:48:24Z Raihan Arsyad 72359 Nggawé kaca barès 1748836 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 0 200349 1748837 2026-05-12T02:55:15Z Syududu 72500 Nggawé kaca barès 1748837 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1748838 1748837 2026-05-12T02:58:51Z Syududu 72500 1748838 wikitext text/x-wiki Kerkhof Boyolali yaiku situs pemakaman peninggalan jaman kolonial Belanda sing ana ing wilayah Kabupaten Boyolali. Tembung kerkhof asalé saka basa Belanda, yaiku kerk kang ateges “gereja” lan hof kang ateges “halaman” utawa “pelataran”. Ing jaman Hindia Belanda, tembung iki digunakaké kanggo nyebut komplek pemakaman wong Eropa, utamané warga Belanda lan umat Kristen. Salah siji kerkhof kang paling dikenal ing Boyolali yaiku Kerkhof Dezentje kang dumunung ing Desa Candi, Kecamatan Ampel. Komplek makam iki gegandhèngan karo kulawarga Dezentje, sawijining kulawarga tuan tanah lan pengusaha perkebunan kopi ing lereng Gunung Merapi lan Gunung Merbabu nalika abad kaping-19. Kerkhof ing Ampel diprakirakaké dibangun watara taun 1839. Makam iki dadi papan panguburan anggota kulawarga Dezentje lan warga Eropa liyane kang manggon ing kawasan perkebunan Ampel. Nalika semana, Ampel dadi salah siji pusat perkebunan kopi penting ing wilayah Vorstenlanden. Tokoh kang misuwur gegandhèngan karo kerkhof iki yaiku Johannes Augustinus Dezentje utawa Tinus Dezentje. Dheweke dikenal minangka pelopor usaha perkebunan kopi ing Ampel lan nduwé lahan perkebunan kang amba ing sekitar Merapi-Merbabu. Komplek Kerkhof Boyolali nduwé gaya arsitèktur khas makam Eropa abad kaping-19. Ing njero komplek ana makam berbentuk monumen, nisan marmer, lan ornamen khas Belanda. Sawetara nisan nggunakaké tulisan basa Belanda lan aksara Latin lawas. Amarga wis tuwa, akèh bagéan makam kang rusak lan ora kabaca kanthi cetha. Nanging, struktur utama komplek isih bisa dideleng lan dadi salah siji bukti sejarah kolonial ing Boyolali. Kerkhof Dezentje saiki kalebu salah siji situs sejarah lan wis mlebu inventaris cagar budaya ing Jawa Tengah. Situs iki kerep dadi papan panaliten sejarah kolonial, budaya, lan arsitèktur pemakaman Eropa ing Indonesia. if69u3ltsldmhbhq47w4yv2tdra7kp1 1748866 1748838 2026-05-12T09:11:33Z Syududu 72500 1748866 wikitext text/x-wiki Kerkhof Boyolali yaiku situs pemakaman peninggalan jaman kolonial Belanda sing ana ing wilayah Kabupaten Boyolali. Tembung kerkhof asalé saka basa Belanda, yaiku kerk kang ateges “gereja” lan hof kang ateges “halaman” utawa “pelataran”. Ing jaman Hindia Belanda, tembung iki digunakaké kanggo nyebut komplek pemakaman wong Eropa, utamané warga Belanda lan umat Kristen. Salah siji kerkhof kang paling dikenal ing Boyolali yaiku Kerkhof Dezentje kang dumunung ing Desa Candi, Kecamatan Ampel. Komplek makam iki gegandhèngan karo kulawarga Dezentje, sawijining kulawarga tuan tanah lan pengusaha perkebunan kopi ing lereng Gunung Merapi lan Gunung Merbabu nalika abad kaping-19. Kerkhof ing Ampel diprakirakaké dibangun watara taun 1839. Makam iki dadi papan panguburan anggota kulawarga Dezentje lan warga Eropa liyane kang manggon ing kawasan perkebunan Ampel. Nalika semana, Ampel dadi salah siji pusat perkebunan kopi penting ing wilayah Vorstenlanden. Tokoh kang misuwur gegandhèngan karo kerkhof iki yaiku Johannes Augustinus Dezentje utawa Tinus Dezentje. Dheweke dikenal minangka pelopor usaha perkebunan kopi ing Ampel lan nduwé lahan perkebunan kang amba ing sekitar Merapi-Merbabu. Komplek Kerkhof Boyolali nduwé gaya arsitèktur khas makam Eropa abad kaping-19. Ing njero komplek ana makam berbentuk monumen, nisan marmer, lan ornamen khas Belanda. Sawetara nisan nggunakaké tulisan basa Belanda lan aksara Latin lawas. Amarga wis tuwa, akèh bagéan makam kang rusak lan ora kabaca kanthi cetha. Nanging, struktur utama komplek isih bisa dideleng lan dadi salah siji bukti sejarah kolonial ing Boyolali. Kerkhof Dezentje saiki kalebu salah siji situs sejarah lan wis mlebu inventaris cagar budaya ing Jawa Tengah. Situs iki kerep dadi papan panaliten sejarah kolonial, budaya, lan arsitèktur pemakaman Eropa ing Indonesia.https://radarsolo.jawapos.com/boyolali/841693825/menilik-kerkhof-makam-belanda-yang-masih-terawat-di-ampel#google_vignette pw9gqzw8tnkzxlgjv2auryc7kxmcj6z 1748867 1748866 2026-05-12T09:19:52Z Syududu 72500 1748867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kerkop|Kerkhof]] Boyolali yaiku situs pemakaman peninggalan jaman kolonial Belanda sing ana ing wilayah Kabupaten Boyolali. Tembung kerkhof asalé saka basa Belanda, yaiku kerk kang ateges “gereja” lan hof kang ateges “halaman” utawa “pelataran”. Ing jaman Hindia Belanda, tembung iki digunakaké kanggo nyebut komplek pemakaman wong Eropa, utamané warga Belanda lan umat Kristen. Salah siji kerkhof kang paling dikenal ing Boyolali yaiku [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZN7vHxhgbpvcFprZuM4S4MJgfS3UUIpj/view?usp=drivesdk Kerkhof] Dezentje kang dumunung ing Desa Candi, Kecamatan Ampel. Komplek makam iki gegandhèngan karo kulawarga Dezentje, sawijining kulawarga tuan tanah lan pengusaha perkebunan kopi ing lereng Gunung Merapi lan Gunung Merbabu nalika abad kaping-19. Kerkhof ing Ampel diprakirakaké dibangun watara taun 1839. Makam iki dadi papan panguburan anggota kulawarga Dezentje lan warga Eropa liyane kang manggon ing kawasan perkebunan Ampel. Nalika semana, Ampel dadi salah siji pusat perkebunan kopi penting ing wilayah Vorstenlanden. Tokoh kang misuwur gegandhèngan karo kerkhof iki yaiku Johannes Augustinus Dezentje utawa Tinus Dezentje. Dheweke dikenal minangka pelopor usaha perkebunan kopi ing Ampel lan nduwé lahan perkebunan kang amba ing sekitar Merapi-Merbabu. Komplek Kerkhof Boyolali nduwé gaya arsitèktur khas makam Eropa abad kaping-19. Ing njero komplek ana makam berbentuk monumen, nisan marmer, lan ornamen khas Belanda. Sawetara nisan nggunakaké tulisan basa Belanda lan aksara Latin lawas. Amarga wis tuwa, akèh bagéan makam kang rusak lan ora kabaca kanthi cetha. Nanging, struktur utama komplek isih bisa dideleng lan dadi salah siji bukti sejarah kolonial ing Boyolali. Kerkhof Dezentje saiki kalebu salah siji situs sejarah lan wis mlebu inventaris cagar budaya ing Jawa Tengah. Situs iki kerep dadi papan panaliten sejarah kolonial, budaya, lan arsitèktur pemakaman Eropa ing Indonesia.https://radarsolo.jawapos.com/boyolali/841693825/menilik-kerkhof-makam-belanda-yang-masih-terawat-di-ampel#google_vignette nnbylofp71rposqcga3y7zo3d3r4o5s 1748868 1748867 2026-05-12T09:24:24Z Syududu 72500 1748868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kerkop|Kerkhof]] Boyolali yaiku situs pemakaman peninggalan jaman kolonial Belanda sing ana ing wilayah Kabupaten Boyolali. Tembung kerkhof asalé saka basa Belanda, yaiku kerk kang ateges “gereja” lan hof kang ateges “halaman” utawa “pelataran”. Ing jaman Hindia Belanda, tembung iki digunakaké kanggo nyebut komplek pemakaman wong Eropa, utamané warga Belanda lan umat Kristen. Salah siji kerkhof kang paling dikenal ing Boyolali yaiku [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZN7vHxhgbpvcFprZuM4S4MJgfS3UUIpj/view?usp=drivesdk Kerkhof] Dezentje kang dumunung ing Desa Candi, Kecamatan Ampel. Komplek makam iki gegandhèngan karo kulawarga Dezentje, sawijining kulawarga tuan tanah lan pengusaha perkebunan kopi ing lereng Gunung Merapi lan Gunung Merbabu nalika abad kaping-19. Kerkhof ing Ampel diprakirakaké dibangun watara taun 1839. Makam iki dadi papan panguburan anggota kulawarga Dezentje lan warga Eropa liyane kang manggon ing kawasan perkebunan Ampel. Nalika semana, Ampel dadi salah siji pusat perkebunan kopi penting ing wilayah Vorstenlanden. Tokoh kang misuwur gegandhèngan karo kerkhof iki yaiku Johannes Augustinus Dezentje utawa Tinus Dezentje. Dheweke dikenal minangka pelopor usaha perkebunan kopi ing Ampel lan nduwé lahan perkebunan kang amba ing sekitar Merapi-Merbabu. Komplek Kerkhof Boyolali nduwé gaya arsitèktur khas makam Eropa abad kaping-19. Ing njero komplek ana makam berbentuk monumen, nisan marmer, lan ornamen khas Belanda. Sawetara nisan nggunakaké tulisan basa Belanda lan aksara Latin lawas. Amarga wis tuwa, akèh bagéan makam kang rusak lan ora kabaca kanthi cetha. Nanging, struktur utama komplek isih bisa dideleng lan dadi salah siji bukti sejarah kolonial ing Boyolali. Kerkhof Dezentje saiki kalebu salah siji situs sejarah lan wis mlebu inventaris cagar budaya ing Jawa Tengah. Situs iki kerep dadi papan panaliten sejarah kolonial, budaya, lan arsitèktur pemakaman Eropa ing Indonesia.[https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZN7vHxhgbpvcFprZuM4S4MJgfS3UUIpj/view?usp=drivesdk] eibuf74vyrkqs7yl2w4z2javm0raojp 0 200350 1748839 2026-05-12T03:00:07Z D.ozaasoo 72438 Nggawé kaca barès 1748839 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 1748845 1748839 2026-05-12T03:24:44Z D.ozaasoo 72438 1748845 wikitext text/x-wiki Ing Jawa Tengah, Kabupatén Grobogan Nalika mangsa panèn wis rampung lan pari wis mlêbu lumbung, warga ing tlatah Grobogan biyasa nganakaké tradhisi Boyong Grobog. Tradhisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman mbiyèn lan dadi simbol rasa syukur marang Gusti Allah amarga wis diparingi rêjeki lan kasil panèn sing apik. Ing désa-désa, warga padha nyiapaké grobog utawa pédhati sing dihias nggunakaké janur, kembang, lan asil bumi kaya pari, jagung, kacang, woh-wohan, lan sayuran. Èsuk-èsuk, swasana désa katon ramé. Para bapak padha ngresiki dalan lan nyiapaké grobog, déné ibu-ibu masak panganan tradhisional kaya sega golong, ingkung ayam, apêm, lan jênang abang putih. Bocah-bocah uga katon bungah amarga bakal mèlu arak-arakan. Swara gamêlan lan kênthongan muni nggugah sêmangat warga. Sawisé kabèh siap, arak-arakan Boyong Grobog diwiwiti saka balé désa tumuju lapangan utawa pundén désa. Ing ngarêp ana sêsêpuh désa sing nggawa tumpêng minangka lambang kabecikan lan pangajab supaya warga tansah tentrem lan makmur. Ing buri ana grobog-grobog sing kebak asil bumi. Warga padha nganggo klambi adat Jawa, ana sing nganggo lurik lan jarit supaya katon luwih khas. Sajroning pêrjalanan, warga padha nêmbang lagu dolanan lan têmbang Jawa. Ana uga pagêlaran kêsênian kaya reog, tayub, lan barongan sing nambah ramé suasana. Bocah-bocah padha mlayu sênêng ndêlêng hiasan grobog sing warna-warni. Para tamu saka njaba désa uga padha têka kanggo nyêkséni tradhisi kasêbut. Nalika têkan lapangan désa, kepala désa menehi sambutan. Panjênêngané ngaturaké panuwun marang warga sing isih nguri-uri budaya lêluhur. Sawisé kuwi dianakaké doa bêbarêngan supaya désa tansah diparingi kêamanan, kêsêhatan, lan rêjêki kang akéh. Warga padha khusyuk ndêdonga kanthi ati têntrêm. Acara ditêrusaké kanthi rêbutan gunungan asil bumi. Warga pêrcaya manawa asil bumi saka Boyong Grobog nggawa bêrkah. Mula akéh warga sing sêmangat njupuk pari, woh, utawa sayuran saka gunungan kuwi. Sanajan rêbutan, naanging têtêp rukun lan ora ana sing padudon amarga kabéh wis ngêrti maknané yaiku kêbêrsamaan lan rasa syukur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madosijateng.com/new/artikel/V22h|website=madosijateng.com|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Saka tradhisi Boyong Grobog, warga bisa sinau babagan gotong royong, kêrukunan, lan pêntingé nglêtarékaké budaya daérah. Tradhisi iki ora mung dadi tontonan, nanging uga dadi warisan budaya sing kudu dijaga supaya ora ilang kagêrus pêrkêmbangan jaman. Warga Grobogan pêrcaya mênawa budaya lokal minangka idêntitas lan kêkayaan sing nduwèni nilai luhur kanggo gênêrasi sabanjuré.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madosijateng.com/new/artikel/V22h|website=madosijateng.com|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> sv4pwgua5i38enjzuw9a9uxpaldndrh 1748846 1748845 2026-05-12T03:28:45Z D.ozaasoo 72438 1748846 wikitext text/x-wiki Ing Jawa Tengah, Kabupatén Grobogan Nalika mangsa panèn wis rampung lan pari wis mlêbu lumbung, warga ing tlatah Grobogan biyasa nganakaké tradhisi Boyong Grobog. Tradhisi iki wis ana wiwit jaman mbiyèn lan dadi simbol rasa syukur marang Gusti Allah amarga wis diparingi rêjeki lan kasil panèn sing apik. Ing désa-désa, warga padha nyiapaké grobog utawa pédhati sing dihias nggunakaké janur, kembang, lan asil bumi kaya pari, jagung, kacang, woh-wohan, lan sayuran. Èsuk-èsuk, swasana désa katon ramé. Para bapak padha ngresiki dalan lan nyiapaké grobog, déné ibu-ibu masak panganan tradhisional kaya sega golong, ingkung ayam, apêm, lan jênang abang putih. Bocah-bocah uga katon bungah amarga bakal mèlu arak-arakan. Swara gamêlan lan kênthongan muni nggugah sêmangat warga. Sawisé kabèh siap, arak-arakan Boyong Grobog diwiwiti saka balé désa tumuju lapangan utawa pundén désa. Ing ngarêp ana sêsêpuh désa sing nggawa tumpêng minangka lambang kabecikan lan pangajab supaya warga tansah tentrem lan makmur. Ing buri ana grobog-grobog sing kebak asil bumi. Warga padha nganggo klambi adat Jawa, ana sing nganggo lurik lan jarit supaya katon luwih khas. Sajroning pêrjalanan, warga padha nêmbang lagu dolanan lan têmbang Jawa. Ana uga pagêlaran kêsênian kaya reog, tayub, lan barongan sing nambah ramé suasana. Bocah-bocah padha mlayu sênêng ndêlêng hiasan grobog sing warna-warni. Para tamu saka njaba désa uga padha têka kanggo nyêkséni tradhisi kasêbut. Nalika têkan lapangan désa, kepala désa menehi sambutan. Panjênêngané ngaturaké panuwun marang warga sing isih nguri-uri budaya lêluhur. Sawisé kuwi dianakaké doa bêbarêngan supaya désa tansah diparingi kêamanan, kêsêhatan, lan rêjêki kang akéh. Warga padha khusyuk ndêdonga kanthi ati têntrêm. Acara ditêrusaké kanthi rêbutan gunungan asil bumi. Warga pêrcaya manawa asil bumi saka Boyong Grobog nggawa bêrkah. Mula akéh warga sing sêmangat njupuk pari, woh, utawa sayuran saka gunungan kuwi. Sanajan rêbutan, naanging têtêp rukun lan ora ana sing padudon amarga kabéh wis ngêrti maknané yaiku kêbêrsamaan lan rasa syukur.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://madosijateng.com/new/artikel/V22h|website=madosijateng.com|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Saka tradhisi Boyong Grobog, warga bisa sinau babagan gotong royong, kêrukunan, lan pêntingé nglêtarékaké budaya daérah. Tradhisi iki ora mung dadi tontonan, nanging uga dadi warisan budaya sing kudu dijaga supaya ora ilang kagêrus pêrkêmbangan jaman. Warga Grobogan pêrcaya mênawa budaya lokal minangka idêntitas lan kêkayaan sing nduwèni nilai luhur kanggo gênêrasi sabanjuré.<ref>{{Cite web|url=|website=madosijateng.com|access-date=2026-05-12|title=}}</ref> iuld0tsckwajag4j7qw5tp7icu5h4xj 0 200351 1748841 2026-05-12T03:05:39Z D.ozaasoo 72438 Nggawé kaca barès 1748841 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 2 200352 1748844 2026-05-12T03:24:11Z Priya Solo 72360 nama kula 1748844 wikitext text/x-wiki Hallo jénéngku Sultan, omahku ning Yogyakarta, matur nuwun <nowiki>[[Kategori:Wong Jawa]]</nowiki> {{User jv}} te340z07jk221hrsh3wb9r6cdh98391 0 200353 1748847 2026-05-12T03:40:02Z Ucrit27 72363 Kaca anyar: Gêmblong cotot punika salah siji panganan tradisional khas saking kutha Salatiga, Jawa Tengah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramadan.kompasiana.com/suharyantopusbiola/661bb7ed147093624b6be0d2/gemblong-cotot-yang-viral-oleh-oleh-lebaran-dari-salatiga|title=Gemblong Cotot yang Viral Oleh-oleh Lebaran dari Salatiga|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2024-04-14|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Panganan punika dipun damêl saking téla kaspo (singkong) ingkang dipun... 1748847 wikitext text/x-wiki Gêmblong cotot punika salah siji panganan tradisional khas saking kutha Salatiga, Jawa Tengah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramadan.kompasiana.com/suharyantopusbiola/661bb7ed147093624b6be0d2/gemblong-cotot-yang-viral-oleh-oleh-lebaran-dari-salatiga|title=Gemblong Cotot yang Viral Oleh-oleh Lebaran dari Salatiga|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2024-04-14|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Panganan punika dipun damêl saking téla kaspo (singkong) ingkang dipun-alusakên banjur dipun-goreng. Ciri khasipun wontên ing isen-isenanipun ingkang sagêd uluh utawi "nyotot" metu nalika dipun dhahar. Sejarahipun gemblong cotot boten sagêd ucul saking kahanan geografis tlatah Salatiga lan Bawen ingkang gadah tela kaspo (singkong). Jênêng "Cotot" dipunjupuk saking têmbung basa Jawa ingkang têgêsipun "mêtu kanthi dadakan". Jênêng punika nggambarakên sènsasi nalika tiyang dhahar panganan punika, banjur isèn-isènipun (gula jawa) muncrat mêtu amarga taksih luluh. <references /> nm9xi3cssdt5fpx63gugvpn8dfg8cma 1748848 1748847 2026-05-12T03:44:47Z Ucrit27 72363 1748848 wikitext text/x-wiki Gêmblong cotot punika salah siji panganan tradisional khas saking kutha Salatiga, Jawa Tengah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramadan.kompasiana.com/suharyantopusbiola/661bb7ed147093624b6be0d2/gemblong-cotot-yang-viral-oleh-oleh-lebaran-dari-salatiga|title=Gemblong Cotot yang Viral Oleh-oleh Lebaran dari Salatiga|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2024-04-14|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Panganan punika dipun damêl saking téla kaspo (singkong) ingkang dipun-alusakên banjur dipun-goreng. Ciri khasipun wontên ing isen-isenanipun ingkang sagêd uluh utawi "nyotot" metu nalika dipun dhahar. Sejarahipun gemblong cotot boten sagêd ucul saking kahanan geografis tlatah Salatiga lan Bawen ingkang gadah tela kaspo (singkong). Jênêng "Cotot" dipunjupuk saking têmbung basa Jawa ingkang têgêsipun "mêtu kanthi dadakan". Jênêng punika nggambarakên sènsasi nalika tiyang dhahar panganan punika, banjur isèn-isènipun (gula jawa) muncrat mêtu amarga taksih luluh. <references /> rf45qhq6y5x7vmbo9vz169dtqnvdydq 1748850 1748848 2026-05-12T04:05:03Z Ucrit27 72363 1748850 wikitext text/x-wiki Gêmblong Cotot (aksara Jawa: ꦓꦼꦝꦼꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦭꦺꦵꦁꦕꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦠ꧀) yaiku salah siji panganan tradisional khas saka kutha Salatiga, Jawa Têngah. Panganan iki digawe saka téla kaspo (singkong) sing dialuské banjur digorèng. Titikané panganan iki ana ing isèn-isènné sing bisa luluh utawa "nyotot" mêtu nalika dipangan. 761ngdg3e7t3nf2p6p1fxml5hdzrwn2 1748858 1748850 2026-05-12T07:29:03Z Ucrit27 72363 1748858 wikitext text/x-wiki Gêmblong Cotot (aksara Jawa: ꦓꦼꦝꦼꦩ꧀ꦧ꧀ꦭꦺꦵꦁꦕꦺꦴꦠꦺꦴꦠ꧀) yaiku salah siji panganan tradisional khas saka kutha Salatiga, Jawa Têngah. Panganan iki digawe saka téla kaspo (singkong) sing dialuské banjur digorèng. Titikané panganan iki ana ing isèn-isènné sing bisa luluh utawa "nyotot" mêtu nalika dipangan. Sajarah lan Filosofi Sujarahé gêmblong cotot ora bisa ucul saka kahanan géografis tlatah Salatiga lan Ambarawa sing pancèn akèhasil téla kasponé. Jaman dhisik, téla dadi panganan pokok nggantèni sêga nalika jaman susah utawa paceklik. Supaya ora bosen, masarakat nggawé kréasi kanthi nambahaké gula jawa ing njêroné. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ramadan.kompasiana.com/suharyantopusbiola/661bb7ed147093624b6be0d2/gemblong-cotot-yang-viral-oleh-oleh-lebaran-dari-salatiga|title=Gemblong Cotot yang Viral Oleh-oleh Lebaran dari Salatiga|last=Kompasiana.com|date=2024-04-14|website=KOMPASIANA|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Jênêng "Cotot" dijupuk saka têmbung basa Jawa sing têgêsé "mêtu kanthi dadakan". Jênêng iki nggambaraké sènsasi nalika wong mangan panganan iki, banjur isèn-isènné (gula jawa) muncrat mêtu amarga isih luluh utawa cair. Bahan lan Cara Nggawé Bahan utama kanggo nggawé gêmblong cotot yaiku: Téla Kaspo: Dipilih sing apik lan mêmêl, banjur didang (dikukus) nganti êmpuk. Uyah lan Klapa Parut: Dicampur ing adonan téla supaya ana rasa gurihé. Isèn-isèn: Gula jawa utawa gula pasir. Cara nggawéné: Téla sing wis matêng ditumbuk nganti alus nalika isih panas (bèntèr). Sawisé alus, adonan dibêntuk lonjong lan diisi gula ing têngahé. Sing pungkasan, adonan digorèng ing lênga panas nganti wèrnané kuning sêmu soklat. Pêrkêmbangan lan Inovasi Saiki, Gêmblong Cotot disêbut minangka jajanan sing wis "naik kelas". Yèn dhisik mung dianggep panganan ndésa sing didol ing pasar nganggo pincuk, saiki gêmblong cotot wis dadi ikon wisata kulinèr sing èksis ing jagat pêrkulinèran modèrn. Panganan khas siji iki rasané legi, êmpuk, lan lumèr ing tutuk. Owah-owahan sing paling kétok yaiku ing variasi isèn-isènné. Wiwitané isiné mung gula jawa utawa gula pasir, nanging sairing pêrkêmbangané, isèn-isèn panganan iki wiwit warna-warna, kayata: Cokèlat,Manéka warna sèlai (stroberi, nanas, lsp.), Kèju Amarga tèksturé sing êmpuk lan rasané sing saya variatif, gêmblong cotot saya èksis lan ora mung disenengi déning wong lokal, nanging uga dadi olèh-olèh favorit para wisatawan sing dolan mênyang Salatiga. m5mxnpxy95tnlslhsiimqhjl731czg5 0 200354 1748849 2026-05-12T03:56:53Z Dhinoraurusss 72362 Kaca anyar: Saté Krêmbis mujudakên salah satunggaling dhaharan khas saking Kampung Alam Malon. Saté Krêmbis punika dhaharan ingkang dipun damêl saking gêmblong, témpé, lan gêmbus ingkang dipun kethok kothak (dadu), lajêng dipun sunduki mawi sunduk pring. Dhaharan punika dipun bakar saha dipun sajiakên mawi sambêl kacang kados déné sate ayam limrahipun. Saté Krêmbis dipun sajiakên mawi pincuk ron pisang, saéngga sagêd nambahi raos tradhisional dhumatêng dhaharan kasêba... 1748849 wikitext text/x-wiki Saté Krêmbis mujudakên salah satunggaling dhaharan khas saking Kampung Alam Malon. Saté Krêmbis punika dhaharan ingkang dipun damêl saking gêmblong, témpé, lan gêmbus ingkang dipun kethok kothak (dadu), lajêng dipun sunduki mawi sunduk pring. Dhaharan punika dipun bakar saha dipun sajiakên mawi sambêl kacang kados déné sate ayam limrahipun. Saté Krêmbis dipun sajiakên mawi pincuk ron pisang, saéngga sagêd nambahi raos tradhisional dhumatêng dhaharan kasêbat.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gunungpati.semarangkota.go.id/kampungtematik|title=Kampung Tematik|website=gunungpati.semarangkota.go.id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Wontên Bapak Jajang, sosok ingkang pungkasanipun lênggah saha paring cariyos dhumatêng kula ngênani Saté Krêmbis. Piyambakipun mujudakên salah satunggaling warga ingkang naté nyliraakên dhaharan prasaja punika. Bapak Jajang ugi warga asli saking Kampung Malon. Miturut ngêndikanipun, saté punika asalipun saking jaman rêribet (jaman susah) ing wêkdal rumiyin. “Ing jaman kula, dhaharan punika botên kados sakpunika. Eco, manéka warni, saha gampil sangêt dipun padosi bahan-bahanipun,” ngêndikanipun Bapak Jajang. Krêmbis wontên ing basa Jawi nggadhahi têgês dèrèng adus, malês adus, utawi awrang adus. Kêdadosanipun punika amargi tiyang sêpuhipun Bapak Jajang, nalika sampun rampung nggarap saha nyawisakên dhaharan kasêbat, olahanipun langsung têlas dipun dhahar. Kados pundi mbotên, nembé kemawon tangi tilêm saha dèrèng adus, putra-putranipun langsung ngrubung masakan ramanipun punika. Amargi punika, dhaharan kasêbat dipun paringi nama Saté Krêmbis. Amargi ingkang dhahar, sêdaya dèrèng sami adus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ejiebelula.wordpress.com/2018/05/22/hangatnya-wedang-malon-dan-kuliner-sate-krembis-si-pemalas-mandi-dari-kampung-malon/|title=Hangatnya Wedang Malon dan Kuliner Sate Krembis si Pemalas Mandi dari Kampung Malon|date=2018-05-22|website=ejiebelula|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> obbmbycg348vwrqcgvrbdineg2edk1i 0 200355 1748852 2026-05-12T04:26:23Z Nanopecel 72380 Kaca anyar: Pipis inggih menika salah satunggaling jajanan pasar tradisional saged dipun panggihi wonten ing Pasar Segamas, Karangpoh Kulon, Kalikabong, Kec. Kalimanah, Kabupaten Purbalingga saking tlatah Jawi ingkang nggadhahi raos manis saha gurih. Jajanan menika limrahipun kadamel saking campuran glepung uwos (tepung beras), santen, saha gendhis ingkang dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang (daun pisang) lajeng dipungodhog utawi dipunkukus. Ciri Khas saha Warni-warninipun Pipis: Warni-warninipun:... 1748852 wikitext text/x-wiki Pipis inggih menika salah satunggaling jajanan pasar tradisional saged dipun panggihi wonten ing Pasar Segamas, Karangpoh Kulon, Kalikabong, Kec. Kalimanah, Kabupaten Purbalingga saking tlatah Jawi ingkang nggadhahi raos manis saha gurih. Jajanan menika limrahipun kadamel saking campuran glepung uwos (tepung beras), santen, saha gendhis ingkang dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang (daun pisang) lajeng dipungodhog utawi dipunkukus. Ciri Khas saha Warni-warninipun Pipis: Warni-warninipun: Ingkang kathah dipunpanggihaken inggih menika Pipis Pisang (isi pisang) saha Pipis Kopyor (ngginakaken klapa mudha). Wonten ugi ingkang dipuncampur mawi waluh. Bahan Baku: Glepung uwos, glepung kanji, santen, saha gendhis (gendhis pasir utawi gendhis jawi). Tekstur saha Raos: Teksturipun empuk, kenyal, saha raosipun legit amargi ngginakaken santen ingkang kental. Penyajian: Dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang saengga gandanipun wangi saha khas sanget. Caranipun Damel kanthi Ringkes:Santen, gendhis, sarem, saha ron pandan dipungodhog ngantos umob.Glepung uwos saha kanji dipunlebetaken, dipunudhak terus ngantos adonanipun kental saha kalis.Adonan dipunpendhet sakedhik, dipunisi pisang utawi klapa, lajeng dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang.Ingkang pungkasan, adonan dipunkukus kirang langkung 20 ngantos 30 menit ngantos mateng.Pipis menika sae sanget dipundhahari nalika taksih anget, utawi dipuntunggu sawetawis wekdal supados teksturipun langkung kempel. 6aaq38zdv4ht10csexjsmtq1blgfius 1748853 1748852 2026-05-12T04:30:23Z Nanopecel 72380 Pipis inggih menika salah satunggaling jajanan pasar tradisional saged dipun panggihi wonten ing Pasar Segamas, Karangpoh Kulon, Kalikabong, Kec. Kalimanah, Kabupaten Purbalingga saking tlatah Jawi ingkang nggadhahi raos manis saha gurih. Jajanan menika limrahipun kadamel saking campuran glepung uwos (tepung beras), santen, saha gendhis ingkang dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang (daun pisang) lajeng dipungodhog utawi dipunkukus. Ciri Khas saha Warni-warninipun Pipis: Warni-warninipun: Ingkang kathah d 1748853 wikitext text/x-wiki Pipis inggih menika salah satunggaling jajanan pasar tradisional saged dipun panggihi wonten ing Pasar Segamas, Karangpoh Kulon, Kalikabong, Kec. Kalimanah, Kabupaten Purbalingga saking tlatah Jawi ingkang nggadhahi raos manis saha gurih. Jajanan menika limrahipun kadamel saking campuran glepung uwos (tepung beras), santen, saha gendhis ingkang dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang (daun pisang) lajeng dipungodhog utawi dipunkukus. Ciri Khas saha Warni-warninipun Pipis: Warni-warninipun : Ingkang kathah dipunpanggihaken inggih menika Pipis Pisang (isi pisang) saha Pipis Kopyor (ngginakaken klapa mudha). Wonten ugi ingkang dipuncampur mawi waluh. Bahan Baku : Glepung uwos, glepung kanji, santen, saha gendhis (gendhis pasir utawi gendhis jawi). Tekstur saha Raos : Teksturipun empuk, kenyal, saha raosipun legit amargi ngginakaken santen ingkang kental. Penyajian : Dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang saengga gandanipun wangi saha khas sanget. Caranipun Damel kanthi Ringkes : Santen, gendhis, sarem, saha ron pandan dipungodhog ngantos umob.Glepung uwos saha kanji dipunlebetaken, dipunudhak terus ngantos adonanipun kental saha kalis. Adonan dipunpendhet sakedhik, dipunisi pisang utawi klapa, lajeng dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang.Ingkang pungkasan, adonan dipunkukus kirang langkung 20 ngantos 30 menit ngantos mateng. Pipis menika sae sanget dipundhahari nalika taksih anget, utawi dipuntunggu sawetawis wekdal supados teksturipun langkung kempel. mlgbmgbqtv4bstjgdnhkeicvtoe0jd7 1748854 1748853 2026-05-12T04:33:42Z Nanopecel 72380 1748854 wikitext text/x-wiki Pipis inggih menika salah satunggaling jajanan pasar tradisional saged dipun panggihi wonten ing Pasar Segamas, Karangpoh Kulon, Kalikabong, Kec. Kalimanah, Kabupaten Purbalingga saking tlatah Jawi ingkang nggadhahi raos manis saha gurih. Jajanan menika limrahipun kadamel saking campuran glepung uwos (tepung beras), santen, saha gendhis ingkang dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang (daun pisang) lajeng dipungodhog utawi dipunkukus. Ciri Khas saha Warni-warninipun Pipis: Warni-warninipun : Ingkang kathah dipunpanggihaken inggih menika Pipis Pisang (isi pisang) saha Pipis Kopyor (ngginakaken klapa mudha). Wonten ugi ingkang dipuncampur mawi waluh. Bahan Baku : Glepung uwos, glepung kanji, santen, saha gendhis (gendhis pasir utawi gendhis jawi). Tekstur saha Raos : Teksturipun empuk, kenyal, saha raosipun legit amargi ngginakaken santen ingkang kental. Penyajian : Dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang saengga gandanipun wangi saha khas sanget. Caranipun Damel kanthi Ringkes : Santen, gendhis, sarem, saha ron pandan dipungodhog ngantos umob.Glepung uwos saha kanji dipunlebetaken, dipunudhak terus ngantos adonanipun kental saha kalis. Adonan dipunpendhet sakedhik, dipunisi pisang utawi klapa, lajeng dipunbungkus mawi ron pisang.Ingkang pungkasan, adonan dipunkukus kirang langkung 20 ngantos 30 menit ngantos mateng. Pipis menika sae sanget dipundhahari nalika taksih anget, utawi dipuntunggu sawetawis wekdal supados teksturipun langkung kempel. [[Kategori:Wong Jawa]] {{User jv}} f5l7qrg6nl5fnethlgjgm1dllmmmmxa 0 200356 1748857 2026-05-12T07:16:40Z Dudulkucingku 72386 Tolpit khas Bantul 1748857 wikitext text/x-wiki Tolpit utawa sing uga dikênal kanthi jênêng adrèm yaiku panganan khas saka dhaérah Bantul, Dhaérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta. Jajanan tradisional tolpit nduwèni bêntuk sing unik amarga nalika digorèng, adonan dijêpit nganggo sumpit utawa bambu sing dibilah supaya bêntukané kuwi mau dadi cêkungan sing khas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanfood/asal-usul-kue-tolpit-atau-adrem-kuliner-unik-khas-bantul-260kHPQy9i0|title=Asal-usul Kue Tolpit atau Adrem, Kuliner Unik Khas Bantul|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Bahan lan cara-cara nggawé tolpit sêdêrhana lan tradisional bangêt, yaiku: • Têpung bêras • Gula jawa • Parutan klapa • Santên • Uyah Kabèh bahan kuwi mau dicampur supaya dadi adonan, banjur digorèng nganggo minyak sing panas nganti matêng lan warnané coklat, ora lali sinambi dijêpit nalika digorèng. Rasa saka tolpit kuwi lêgi, gurih, lan nduwèni mambu khas sing saka gula jawa lan klapané kuwi mau. Sênajan jênêngé lucu lan nyèlènèh, tolpit kuwi dadi salah sijiné warisan kulinèr tradisional sing isih ana nganti saiki. Biasané didol ning pasar-pasar tradisional lan pusat olèh-olèh khas Yogyakarta amarga nduwé cita rasa sing khas lan budaya sing kuwat bangêt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanfood/asal-usul-kue-tolpit-atau-adrem-kuliner-unik-khas-bantul-260kHPQy9i0|title=Asal-usul Kue Tolpit atau Adrem, Kuliner Unik Khas Bantul|website=kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> autp2tdgf5kryaw9ibrexsvpy1puowi 0 200357 1748863 2026-05-12T08:24:28Z Bramantya Gunawan 72508 Bramantya Gunawan ngalih kaca [[Kolak telur desa sarwodadi]] menyang [[Kolak Telur Desa Sarwodadi]]: Judul salah eja: Meresiki aksara kapital nama tempat. 1748863 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIH [[Kolak Telur Desa Sarwodadi]] 3ebc8eezn7qnmedloroizrefzrecqyd 0 200358 1748874 2026-05-12T11:34:07Z Priya Solo 72360 Kaca anyar: Bubur bléndrang inggih punika salah satunggaling panganan khas saking Désa Gungngpring. Panganan punika sampun wontên wiwit jaman pêrjuangan Pangéran Diponêgoro nalika pênjajahan Walanda. Miturut cariyos masyarakat sêtêmpat, bubur bléndrang biyasanipun dipun dhahar déning para abdi lan pengikutipun Pangéran Diponêgoro minangka panganan kanggé ngangetakên awak nalika buka pasa. Carios babagan bubur bléndrang ugi boten sagêd kapisahakên saking wontênipun pondok... 1748874 wikitext text/x-wiki Bubur bléndrang inggih punika salah satunggaling panganan khas saking Désa Gungngpring. Panganan punika sampun wontên wiwit jaman pêrjuangan Pangéran Diponêgoro nalika pênjajahan Walanda. Miturut cariyos masyarakat sêtêmpat, bubur bléndrang biyasanipun dipun dhahar déning para abdi lan pengikutipun Pangéran Diponêgoro minangka panganan kanggé ngangetakên awak nalika buka pasa. Carios babagan bubur bléndrang ugi boten sagêd kapisahakên saking wontênipun pondok pêsantren ing Gunungpring, inggih punika Pêsantren Watu Congol. Pêsantren salaf punika dipun madêgakên déning Kyai Narowi Dalhar, utawi ingkang langkung misuwur kanthi asma Mbah Dalhar. Panjênênganipun dikênal minangka mursyid Tarékat Syadziliyah saha dados tuladha tumrap masyarakat awit gêsangipun ingkang kêbak kêsêdêrhanaan lan katakwaan. Ing wiwitanipun, bubur bléndrang namung dipun sajikakên nalika bebuka pasa. Nanging samênika panganan punika sampun kathah dipun sadéaken botên namung nalika Ramadhan, nanging ugi wontên ing dintên-dintên biyasa. Bubur bléndrang dados panganan ingkang dipun rêmêni masyarakat amargi gadhah rasa gurih, pêdhês, angêt, lan teksturipun lêmbut.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://magelangekspres.disway.id/kuliner/read/657238/resep-bubur-blendrang-makanan-khas-gunungpring-muntilan-yang-jadi-makanan-buka-puasa-para-pasukan-diponegoro|title=Resep Bubur Blendrang: Makanan Khas Gunungpring Muntilan yang Jadi Makanan Buka Puasa Para Pasukan Diponegoro|last=magelangekspres.id|website=magelangekspres.id|language=id|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> Bahan baku utama bubur bléndrang inggih punika glêpung gandum saha balung ayam, wêdhus, utawa sapi. Awit migunakakên glêpung gandum, teksturipun dados lêmbut kados bubur sumsum, nanging bubur bléndrang gadhah rasa gurih lan pêdhês, botên manis kados bubur sumsum. Gabungan rasa pêdhês lan gurih punika dados daya tarik piyambak kanggé para konsumèn. Cara damêlipun ugi prasaja. Rumiyin bawang abrit, bawang pêthak, lombok, jahé, kêncur, saha uyah dipun alusakên. Sasampunipun punika, bumbu dipun lebokakên dhateng toya ingkang sampun umub, lajêng dipun udêg alon-alon. Salajêngipun balung ayam, wêdhus, utawi sapi dipun lebokaké, lajêng dipun campur kaliyan adonan glêpung gandum ingkang sampun dipun udêg dumugi matêng. Mênawi sampun matêng, bubur bléndrang sagêd dipun dhahar wontên ing mangkok lan langkung saé menawi dipun tambah kêrupuk. Reginipun ugi cêkap mirah, namung kirang langkung Rp 5.000 sabên porsi. Kathah para bakul langkung rêmên migunakakên balung ayam amargi rêginipun langkung ékonomis saha gampil dipun padosi. Pramila botên nggumunakên mênawi bubur bléndrang dados panganan karêmênan lan misuwur botên namung ing kalangan masyarakat Gunungpring, nanging ugi masyarakat saking dhaérah sanèsipun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://budaya-indonesia.org/Blendrang|title=Blendrang » Budaya Indonesia|website=budaya-indonesia.org|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> juh08d2a0souw36ftq0ft7c6mcsqjgl