Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 1670 115678 99265 2026-04-02T22:24:29Z Abillardoo 16203 115678 wikitext text/x-wiki ilugan n tira n tmaziɣt d zrar n yilugan yemseḍfaren - wa deffir-wa-; d ilugan i ilaq ad ten-yissin win yebɣn ad tt-yaru akken iwulem, war tuccḍiwin. Tarrayt : deg tutlayt, menwala-tt, llan krad n yiswiren n tesleḍt, iswiren n tɣssa. 1. Aswar n temsielt-tasniselt: aswir-a deg tira tumrist yettqabal anagraw n tira (neɣ agemmay). Tuttra iwulmen... da ihi ; d ta: anwi imesla n tutlayt i wimi ilaq ad nerr azal, deg tira-aya ? swanwi isekkilen ara ten-naru ? 2. Aswir n wawal d unamek: s yimesla n tutlayt, nezmer ad d-neg awalen (d yinumak-nsen) 3. Aswir n tseddast: s wawalen da ɣen i d-skaran medden tifyar; s tefyar ttmeslayen medden tutlayt. ilugan n tira, d tidet, rzan merre iswiren, wa cwiṭ , wa nezzeh. Mca, ur neṭṭafar ara abrid-a ussnan, da. Deg udlisfus-a , ad liln kra d n yisxwiren: [[agemmay]], aswirn wawalen, aswir n tezrarin ( n tefyar). I. Aswir n ugemmay: Asekkil_______isem-is_______lmenṭeq-ines__________amedya A, a___________ a, aɣra__________[ae] [a]_____________ Aman, Aḍar B,b_____________ba_____________[b] [v]______________ Rebbi, itbir C,c_____________ca_______________[ch]_______________uccen, aclim Č,č_____________yeč______________[tch]_______________učči D,d_____________da_______________[d]________________Tddart, Adrar Ḍ,ḍ_____________ḍa_______________[ḍ]________________Ablaḍ. Aḍar E, e_____ilem, tiɣri n yilem______[e]ur tettwanaṭaq ara______Ečč. Azrem F,f______________fa_______________[f]________________Aferfar. Afus G, g____________ ga______________[g] [ǥ]______________lgerra, agelzim Ǧ,ǧ____________ veǧ______________[dj]________________Taǧǧalt, taǧǧewt H, h_____________ha______________[h]________________ahat, ih Ḥ,ḥ_____________ḥim______________[ḥ]________________aḥlalas, aḥllum I, i____________i, iɣri______________[ i ]_________________itri, imi J, j______________ja______________[ j ]_________________inijel, itij K, k_____________ ka_____________[k] [ ḵ ]______________akal. elkaɣḍ L, l______________la_______________[ l ]________________tulawin, alim M, m____________ma_______________[m]_______________udem, aman N,n_____________na_______________[n]________________nnif, annar P,p_____________pa_______________[p]________________lpinsa, Ɣ, ɣ_____________ɣar______________[gh]_______________iɣil, aɣrum Q,q_____________qil_______________[q]________________aqerruy, aberwaq R,r____________ra, rar____________[r] [ṛ]_______________amrar, urar S,s____________sa, sar____________[s] [ṣ]______________tasa, aslaḍ T,t______________ta______________[t] [ṯ]______________taqdaylit, aserwet Ṭ,ṭ______________ṭar______________[ṭ]________________aṭas, iṭij U,u____________u, uɣru____________[u]________________asurḍi, ul W,w_____________wa______________[w]_______________awal, acwir X,x______________xa_____________[x ][kh]_____________axxam, taxlalt Y,y______________ya_______________[y]_______________ayyur, aylaw Z,z______________za______________[z]_________________zrura, izem Ẓ,ẓ______________ẓar______________[ẓ]________________aẓar, laẓ Ɛ, ɛ______________ɛil_____________[ɛ] [aâ]______________lɛli, aɛu G. M . 1: isekkilen n ugemmay swayes nettaru tamaziɣt d wid n tlatinit,anagar sin-a Ɣ d Ɛ , i d-yekkan seg tegriget. isekkilen yettawin akafu nnig-sen, nettaru yes-sen izegnaggaɣen imezgiyen n [c] d [j] . isekkilen [o] , [p] , [v] nettaru yes-sen imesla yezgan deg wawalen imnekcamen n umalu, imesla ur nelli deg unagraw asnislan n tmaziɣt. asekil U, azal-is d win n tuget n tutlayin n umalu (OU deg tefransist).Anadi amassan di tutlayt. == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tussniwin]] ooqsd4jf9zxz32ve0s9y0blabvvhd71 0 5692 115691 97782 2026-04-02T22:44:04Z Abillardoo 16203 115691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasnimant''' d [[tussna]] izerrwen ɣef wamek ay tetteddu tkellit n wemdan d wuguren izemren ad t-yaɣen. Umusnaw neɣ amessuji n tesnimant isem-is amesniman. == Imniren == [[category:Tussna]] [[category:Tussniwin]] 652ejcssibsgnp2myjtcowgl2a44bhf 115692 115691 2026-04-02T22:44:39Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tasnafsit]] ar [[Tasnimant]] 115691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasnimant''' d [[tussna]] izerrwen ɣef wamek ay tetteddu tkellit n wemdan d wuguren izemren ad t-yaɣen. Umusnaw neɣ amessuji n tesnimant isem-is amesniman. == Imniren == [[category:Tussna]] [[category:Tussniwin]] 652ejcssibsgnp2myjtcowgl2a44bhf 0 7130 115695 115665 2026-04-03T08:51:11Z Abillardoo 16203 115695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Uzzal''' d [[aferdis akruran|uferdis akruran]], [[azamul akruran|uzamul-is]] (Fe). [[Uṭṭun abelkim|Uṭṭun-is abelkam]] 26. Yeṭṭafar [[Amegganu n tfelwit tawalant|amegganu awalan D]], akken i d-izga ɣef yixef [[iferdisen n tegrawt tis 8]] di [[tafelwit tawalant |tfelwit tawalant]]. Uzzal d [[amɣuz]] iy ttilin s tuget deg ugama, imi iga d yiwen seg yimɣuzen yettwasnen seg zik yerna issxedm-id [[Afgan|ufgan]]. Maca, ur yettili ara deg yakk ideggan n umaḍal. [[Tugna:Iron electrolytic and 1cm3 cube.jpg|150px|thumbnail|right|Uzzal (Fe) , utton atomik 26]] == Imniren == [[Taggayt:imɣuzen]] [[Taggayt:aferdis akruran]] i2apx3v5ggj04v5pncpn80mnlzr5a31 0 9312 115687 108186 2026-04-02T22:38:15Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yesiweḍ asebtar seg [[Tasnilest tamatut]] ar [[Tasnilest]] nnig anegzum 108186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} == Amata ɣef umeslay d tutlayin  <ref>ARNAUD, Antoine et LANCELOT, 1810, Grammaire générale et raisonnée [Deuxième édition], Bossange et Masson, Paris. AUSSANT, Emile, 2008, « La grammaire de Pāṇini: quand la conscience linguistique d'un grammairien devient celle de toute une communauté », Revue roumaine de linguistique, 4, vol. 53, pp. 377-387. BENVENISTE, Emile, 1966, Problèmes de linguistique générale, t. 1, Gallimard, Paris. BENVENISTE, Emile, 1974, Problèmes de linguistique générale, t. 2, Gallimard, Paris. BERKAÏ, Abdelaziz, 2009, Lexique de la linguistique français-anglais-tamazight, précédé d’un essai de typologie des procédés néologiques, Editions Achab, Tizi-Ouzou. BLOOMFIELD, Leonard, 1970, Le langage, Payot, Paris. BOUMALK, Abdallah ; NAÏT-ZERRAD Kamal (cord.), 2009. Amawal n tjerrumt. Vocabulaire grammatical, Ircam/Inalco. CHOMSKY, Noam, 1969, Structures syntaxiques, Le Seuil, Paris. CHOMSKY, Noam, 1971, Aspects de la théorie syntaxique, Le Seuil, Paris. DUBOIS, Jean ; GIACOMO, Mathée ; GUESPIN, Louis, [et all.], 1994, Dictionnaire de linguistique et des sciences du langage, Larousse, Paris. DUCROT, Oswald ; SCHAEFFER, Jean-Marie, 1995, Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, Editions du Seuil, Paris. FISHMAN, Joshua Aaron, 1971, Sociolinguistics. A brief introduction, Newbury House Publishers, Rowley, Massachusets. FUCHS Catherine et Le GOFFIC, Pierre, 1992, Les linguistiques contemporaines, repères théoriques, Hachette, Paris.  </ref> == === Ameslay, Tutlayt, Timetti   === Iwakken ad negzu amkan n [[tutlayt]] d wazal-is deg tudert n umdan, ilaq ad nwali assaɣen yellan gar tinikti-ya (tutlayt) akked snat n tniktiwin-nniḍen : ameslay d [[Timetti|tmetti]]. ==== Ameslay ==== Ameslay, yemgarad ɣef tutlayt. Imesnilsen (Ferdinand de Saussure, Noam Chomsky), ttwalin ameslay am wakken d tazmert tabyulujit i d-yettawi yal amdan deg wallaɣ-is mi ara d-ilal. Tazmert-a, terza anagar amdan, ur tt-nettaf ara ɣer yimuduren-nniḍen. Talɣiwin n teywalt ara naf ɣer kra n yimuduren, am tzizwa neɣ ibkan, mgaradent aṭas ɣef tulmisin n umeslay n umdan. Daɣ, ameslay d tagrumma n yilugan imadwanen s wacu i yezmer umdan ad yelmed tutlayin, ama d tin n tyemmat neɣ tid-nniḍen.   ==== Tutlayt ==== Am wakken i nwala, d tazmert n umeslay (ilugan imadwanen) i d-yettaken tutlayt neɣ tutlayin (ilugan ikmamen). Ihi, ameslay yezdi akk imdanen yerna yiwen i yellan. Ma d tultayin, gtent, mgaradent akken mgaradent tmettiyin d yimdanen i tent-yessawalen deg umaḍal. Tutlayt d allal n teywalt gar yimdanen n yiwet n temɣiwent tutlayant.   ==== Timetti ==== Amdan ɣas yettawi-d yid-s tazmert n umeslay mi ara d-ilal, ur issawaḍ ara ad yelmed tutlayt ma ur d-yekkir ara gar yemdanen. Ɣef wakka ur tezmir ad tili tutlayt war ma tella tmetti. Am wakken daɣ tudert tanmettit teqqen ɣer tutlayt acku s tutlayt i ttmsefhamen medden, s yes-s i d-senfalayen assaɣen yettilin gar-asen. Yal aɣref, meẓẓi neɣ meqqer, ila tutlayt i yessemras d allal n teywalt.   ==== Tutlayin deg umaḍal/tutlayin n umaḍal ==== Gtent tutlayin deg umaḍal akken gten yiɣerfan d temɣiwanin i tent-yessawalen. Ɣas azal-nsent yiwen, ur telli tin i d-yekkan nnig tayeḍ. Tutlayin-a mgaradent deg waṭas n tulmisin, gar-asent : amḍan n yimsiwal, tugnatin n usemres d twuriwin ay sɛant, aẓayer-nsent, atg. ===== Amḍan n tutlayin deg umaḍal ===== Seg uɣbalu ɣer wayeḍ, amḍan i d-ttaken yimnadiyen ɣef umḍan n tutlayin yellan deg umaḍal yettemgirid. Llan gar-asen wid i d-yefkan amḍan n 5.000 n tutlayin, wiyyaḍ ssulin-t armi 7.000. Tamgard-ya tekka-d seg wugur i d-nettmagar mi ara nebɣu ad neg tilisa gar tutlayin neɣ gar tentaliwin. Deg wanida kra n yimesnilsen ttwalin snat neɣ tlata n tentaliwin icudden ɣer yiwet n tutlayt, wiyyaḍ zemren ad walin snat neɣ tlata n tutlayin yemgaraden. ===== Amḍan n yimsiwlen ===== Nezmer ad nebḍu tutlayin n umaḍal ilmend n umḍan n yimsiwlen-nsent. Llant tid i ssawalen nnig n mya n yimelyan n yimdanen : tamandarint, taglizit, taspenyulit, tahendit, atg. Akken llant tid i ssawalen kra n 1000 neɣ ddaw n 1000 (kra seg tutlayin n Wamaẓun d Tefriqt). Gar sin n yixfawen-a, ad naf tutlayin-nniḍen : talmanit (95.000.000), taṭelyanit (80. 000.000), takatalunit (10. 000. 000), tabaskit (800.000), atg. Ma d tutlayin ur nli wid i tent-yessawalen, ttusemmant d tutlayin yemmuten. ===== Tutlayin yuran/tutlayin timawin ===== Deg tadra-nsent, tutlayin akk d timawin. Almend n yinmezrayen, tira d tamaynut deg umezruy n talsa; tennulfa-d i tikkelt tamezwarut deg Sumer (Asamer Alelmmas) azal n 5.000 n yiseggasen aya. ɣas akken tira tettak afud i tutlayt, d allal n tneflit n yidles d tɣerma, drus n yiɣerfan i tt-yessemrasen. Dɣa amur ameqqran n tutlayin qqiment ar assa d timawin. Gar yigduden yessemrasen tira, llan wid i tt-isekcmen deg yal taɣult (tasekla, tasreḍt, tussna, taywalt, atg.). ɣur wiyaḍ, ad tt-naf anagar deg kra n taɣulin kan. == Iḥricen d taɣulin tigejdanin n Tesnilest == *[[Tamsislit]] : D tussna, tzerrew [[imesla]] i d-yettefɣen seg [[taɣect]] n umdan ; *[[Tasnimeslit]] : Tzerrew tawuri i lan [[yimesla]] d yimeslicen n yiwet n tutlayt ; *[[Tasnalɣa]] : D tussna , tzerrew talɣiwin n wawalen [[Alɣac]]/[[Awalec]] ; *[[Taseddast]] : Tzerrew amek i ddsent tefyar akked d wawalen i yellan deg-sent ; *[[Tasnamka]] : Tzerrew [[anamek]] n wawal ; == Umuɣ n yidlisen == [[category:Tussna]] [[category:Tussniwin]] <references group="ARNAUD, Antoine et LANCELOT, 1810, Grammaire générale et raisonnée [Deuxième édition], Bossange et Masson, Paris. AUSSANT, Emile, 2008, « La grammaire de Pāṇini: quand la conscience linguistique d'un grammairien devient celle de toute une communauté », Revue roumaine de linguistique, 4, vol. 53, pp. 377-387. BENVENISTE, Emile, 1966, Problèmes de linguistique générale, t. 1, Gallimard, Paris. BENVENISTE, Emile, 1974, Problèmes de linguistique générale, t. 2, Gallimard, Paris. BERKAÏ, Abdelaziz, 2009, Lexique de la linguistique français-anglais-tamazight, précédé d’un essai de typologie des procédés néologiques, Editions Achab, Tizi-Ouzou. BLOOMFIELD, Leonard, 1970, Le langage, Payot, Paris. BOUMALK, Abdallah ; NAÏT-ZERRAD Kamal (cord.), 2009. Amawal n tjerrumt. Vocabulaire grammatical, Ircam/Inalco. CHOMSKY, Noam, 1969, Structures syntaxiques, Le Seuil, Paris. CHOMSKY, Noam, 1971, Aspects de la théorie syntaxique, Le Seuil, Paris. DUBOIS, Jean ; GIACOMO, Mathée ; GUESPIN, Louis, [et all.], 1994, Dictionnaire de linguistique et des sciences du langage, Larousse, Paris. DUCROT, Oswald ; SCHAEFFER, Jean-Marie, 1995, Nouveau dictionnaire encyclopédique des sciences du langage, Editions du Seuil, Paris. FISHMAN, Joshua Aaron, 1971, Sociolinguistics. A brief introduction, Newbury House Publishers, Rowley, Massachusets. FUCHS Catherine et Le GOFFIC, Pierre, 1992, Les linguistiques contemporaines, repères théoriques, Hachette, Paris." responsive="" /> 22lnu6i2pa12cnns8te5qs7pb4urbzh 0 12345 115694 97780 2026-04-02T22:44:54Z Abillardoo 16203 115694 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Crab Nebula.jpg|thumb|[[Asignew n tkurẓma]] id [[Aseknew|yesseknew]] [[asanay n Habel|usanay n Habel]] di 2005]] '''Tasnallunt''' d [[tussna]] n wanay n wayen akk itezzin neɣ yettilin deg [[tallunt]] neɣ ayen yeffɣen yakk i [[tignewt titriklant]] n [[tagnit|tegnit]] , ama d [[itri|itran]] d [[itrikli|imtiwgen]], d [[Aseffud|iseffuden]], neɣ d [[Asmil (tasnallunt)|ismilen]] Tasnallunt d tussna tamzikt s waṭas i d-yennulfan si tallit n [[taglest|teglest]], mi bdan imesnallunen imezwura ttmuqulen s webrid azrawan s igenni, dɣa gzan deg-s aṭas n tlufa i ten-iɛawnen ula deg tudert n yal ass am yinig deg de yillel, maca tezga texleḍ d wayen iwumi qqaren aneǧǧem i icudden ugar ɣer ukerrer. Yerna yelfa-d usufeɣ n [[utiliskup]] d ayen ilaqen, dɣa segmi d-yella i tṣadd tesnallunt tartart s tidet. Tura yiwen seg yiswiyen-is, d afham n tlalit umeɣrad. == Imniren == [[category:Tussna]] [[category:Tussniwin]] o9qzltr9yqkzebj4qg5oxw32r37fisi 0 12349 115668 92194 2026-04-02T17:56:53Z Abillardoo 16203 115668 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Archaefructus liaoningensis.jpg|thumb|Archaefructus liaoningensis, later aqbur maḍi n urelluc]] '''Tamhazt''' Di [[Tasnudert|tesnudert]], d ayen yelfan di tulsa (yeḍran deg ineddel) i d-yettilin deg telmas d [[Tafekka|tfekkiwin]] n [[Amuddir|imuddiren]] ɣef teɣzi n w[[akud]], d yiwen umazrar id yeṭṭfen seg talɣiwin timezwura maḍi armi d imuddar n tura. Amezruy n temhazt n tudert yezmer ad yettwiglem s yiwen waddag meqqren neɣ aṭas n waddagen n tgetjinit (poygénie). <br> Tamhazt tqqen ɣer usnulfu n [[talmest|telmas]], maca seg-s daɣen i d-itekk [[angar|ungar-nsent]]. Dɣa d turda n [[afran agaman|wefran agaman]] id yessumer [[Charles Darwin]] i yettilin deffir inbeddalen-a, ulamma aṭas ineḍruyen i itekkin Send n tuffɣa ɣer tsemlilt taneggarut i d-ijemmlen [[tiẓri n temhazt]]. D acu tura aṭas [[asnudran|isnudranen]] i yettagin ula d awal-a n « tiẓri » imi ɣur-sen d ayen yessurfen amecwar-nni s wayen i d-tufa tussna tineggura-ya s wallalen atraren, ladɣa s igmaḍ n [[tesnudert talayant]] (biologique moléculaire) i d-yufan s tseddi, d amedya, amek yecrek w ADN n wemdan d yibki. Maca si tama nniḍen, d udem-a n lqerban gar umdan d uɣersiw i yeǧǧan aṭas n leṣwat ad ilin mgal tikti n temhazt ; llan gar-asen ula d imusnawen i iɛerḍen ad gen tizrawin-nsen s webrid-iḍen iɣef teɣleb tezrirt n teflest d tektiwin timasɣannin (n ddin). Amedya, qqaren belli d tidet, amdan yezmer ad yili iɛedda-d ɣef waṭas n tsurifin uqbel ad yaweḍ akka d amdan, maca yella kan w’i iwellhen inbeddalen i d-yeḍran si tazwara, meḥsub d Rebbi-nni iss i ttamnen ; aya d ayen iwumi semman « [[asɣiwes amegzu]] » ( le dessein intelligent). == Adasil n Charles Darwin == [[Tugna:Darwin's finches.jpeg|thumb|Imenferrawen n Darwin (1882)]] Akken i d-yesnulfa tussana ayi tamaynut ara yuɣalen d taxatart maḍi syinna d tasawent, [[Darwin]] yella d amnadi meẓẓiyen ifukken taɣuri-ines deg uɣiwen n [[tasnujya|tesnujjya]] n [[tasedaqit n Edambourg|tesdawit n Edambourg]]. Ihi, yedda deg [[aɣerrabu Beagle|uɣarrabu Beagle]] i yeffɣen deg tuɣḍaṭ unadi i tikelt tis snat, ɣer tnila n [[Tamrikt n Unẓul|Temrikt n Wenẓul]]. Idda s yisem-is d amesnakal kan imi d wayen i d-yelha imir-nni. Maca, ayen i t-iwellhen tikelt tamezwarut, d ayen iɣer yerra tamawt deg [[tigzirin n Galápagos]] ɣef kra n [[talmest|telmas]] n yiwen n wefrux. Afrux-a d [[amenferriw (tawsit)|Abuferriw]], llant kra seg tlemas-is di Uṛuppa. Ihi mi imuqel yaf sin ispisimanen i d-yekkan si snat tegzirin yemmudsen (yemqaraben), ttemcabin deg kra yellan, anagar deg [[aqamum|uqamum]], yiwen zur, wayeḍ rqiq. Syin iwala yal afrux ggtent telmas-is deg yiwet n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsit]]. Dɣa, yesteqsa iman-is: «ma d win iwumi qqaren Axellaq i igan akka annect-a, amek ara s-yini wayi ad s-geɣ aqamum akka, wayeḍ akken nniḍen, neɣ ad ten-ssemgardeɣ kan deg yinan-nsen n yiferr?». Yerna mačči kan ɣur yefrax i tella tenfust-a, ula si tama n iɣersiwen imeqqranen, amek yiwen [[timestuga|itett tuga]], wayeḍ [[tagemra|igemmer]] iɣersiwen?. Tuɣ tegnit tamella ur telli deg teẓgi neɣ s agensu n yillel, ayen izemren i kra-iḍen yečč-it ! <br> Akka, Darwin mi yekfa tazrawt-is deg imenfarriwen i d-igemmer, yufa d akken ayen i ten-yessemgarden d abrid kan i d-wwin deg tudert-nsen d twennaṭ anda ttidirent. Dɣa win i d-yekkren deg tegzrit anda yugten igumma d yifsan, issemɣur aqamum zuren s wayes ara yerẓ tuččit-is, ma d win nniḍen yettidiren anda akken i yexuṣen igumma d [[ifes|yifessan]] itett kan [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yerna yedda s teɣzi, yemmug i tseddi amek ara d-yeṭṭef ayen meẓẓiyen. Wa meẓẓiyen . Darwin sya i iṣadd armi yessegrawel [[tasnudert|tussna n imuddiren ]] s timmad-is. Yufa ziɣ d agama i d-yelhan s kra din, yella wanda i d-ttilint tegnatin d ineḍruyen s usamma kan d wamek i d-yewwi tifrat. Maca, kuyas d talmest yuddsen (iǧehden) deg iɣersiwen, meḥsub tin iḥerzen tigemmi tajinit (patrimoine gnétique) yelhan i d-igerrin tettidir. Daymi aṭas i inegren segmi d-tebda tudert ar assa. Ma d tigemmi-a tajinit i yeṭṭfen amkan deg tsilunin n wudus , neɣ amek tettɛeddi gar tsitiwin, Darwin netta ur tt-yefhim ara di tallit-is, d taɣnwt-is (instinct) kan tamassnant d termit-is deg uḥekker d ufraẓ n lumuṛ i t-yeǧǧan ad yaru fell-as ; d acu ur ssawḍen ad tt-fehmen armi d talemmast n lqern wis XX, ad d-nuɣal ɣur-s. == Imenzayen imuta == Di tilawt, ur d-yeḍḥa yewɛer i waṭas n medden akken ad gren tikti n temhazt di lbal-nsen, armi d-tettbin tumelt -is akka sufella d ayen ur iqqebbel wallaɣ, ladɣa ɣer wid i d-yekkren s tikti tamensayt n wexlaq imudar. Imi deg tidet-is, tamhazt tettarra laṣel n wemdan d wayen akk yeddren ɣef akal, ama d aɣersiw neɣ d imɣi, akken yebɣu yili meqqer neɣ mecṭuḥ, alamma d yiwet kan n tsilunt si ṣṣenf abaktiri ideg i d-tebda tudert deg waman ahat ma drus 3,5 imelyaren iseggasen. Ayen i d-yettxebbiren ɣef waya d imikrudusen (microrganismes) i ttafen ar tura deg ifuṣilen, yerna tikwal irennu yettibɛid later-nsen deg wakud. Lḥaṣun ɣef akken d-teqqar tussna tatrart, d tabaktirit-a tamikruskupit i yebdan tettimɣur mi d-tufa iman-is deg waman ur nmelleḥ armi tuɣal s talɣa n twekka tusbiṭ yettbinen ; syin mi tkemmel deg unegmu teṭṭef ṣṣifa n yislem. Ifuṣilen n « iselman-a » ttafen-ten dɣa s waṭas ɣer tamiwin igarawen (océans) ; ihi d kra seg-sen i d-yeffɣen, seg wid yesɛan tiferrawin tičaranin, zgan tteḥnunufen-d armi d-gran deg wakal aquran, dɣa d tifarriwen-nni i yuɣalen d iḍarren syin d afella. Yiwen uspisiman seg iqburen i ufan deg usammar n Groenland ahat wwḍen 460 imelyan iseggasen segmi iɛac. <br> D widak i d-yeǧǧan igḍad, iḥraraden , ikalmanen yecban imqerqar, akked isaṭṭaḍen ; syin akk i d-kkan. Deg tallit-nni tamezwarut d idinusuṛen i igman s tɣawla, yerna tuɣ llan am yegḍad kan, ma d wiyaḍ merra wwin-d acḥal di ṣṣifa n uɣersiw-nni i iṛebban tiḍartin yuɣal ileḥḥu ɣef rebɛa, yella d ameɣẓaz icuban s aɣerda, d netta i d ajaddi n isaṭṭaḍen merra ideg nella nekni. Ur yebda gemmu-s d inbeddalen-is ɣer waṭas n telmas armi negren idinusuṛen si 66 imelyan iseggasen-aya. Dɣa ɣef teɣzi n imelyan n lesnin, yebḍa ɣef waṭas n twaculin tiɣersanin, gar tid yettseyyiḍen d tid itetten leḥcic, d wiyaḍ ukud llan iprimaten, asellun yesdukklen amdan d waṭas n yibkan. Maca iprimaten mgaraden, llan imecṭaḥ, llan imeqqranen, ihi seg imeqqranen-nni i d-yeqqers umdan. ==Tamhazt n wemdan== [[Tugna:Ape skeletons.png|400px|thumb|Amdan gar iprimaṭen nniḍen]] Yella da lɣilaḍ mucaɛen ideg ilaq ad d-nebdu. Tuget n medden seg wid ur nwala tussna si lqerb, deg tmettiyin akk n ddunit, qqaren ma seg yibki i d-nekka s tidet, amek armi ibkan n wassa ur ttuɣalen ara d imdanen ? Netta da llant snat n tlufa i ilaqen ad ttusegzint. Tazwara, anbeddal-a mačči d ayen i d-yettilin deg teswiɛt kan akka, d inig ameqqran deg imyaten n luluf n lesnin, ur iẓerr yiwen s wallen-is ma ur inuda ara deg ifuṣilen, imi yettili-d s leɛqel maḍi. Tin ɣer-s, mačči seg ibki-a n tura s yiman-is i d-iruḥ umdan. Ma d tura akka aɣersiw i ittemcabin maḍi ɣer umdan si tama tansudrant, d acampanzi (chimpanzé) i yettidiren deg Tefriqt, acku send ayen ara yilin gar 6 d 8 imelyan n lesnin, yella ujaddi-nneɣ yiwen. Meḥsub kra seg telmest-a i ɣ-icerkan yella wayen i d-yeḍran deg udus-nsen ; ladɣa taḍermist (mutation) i yerzan allaɣ, d tin i yellan deffir n tilin n wemdan, ulamma amdan-nni amezwaru yettemcabi ugar ɣer yibki. D acu, mi d-yeffeɣ si twacult tasnudrant iwumi qqaren homonidae, amdan yebda yettenkar ɣef sin iḍarren, yessemras allaɣ-is, ikemmel tamhazt-is deg waṭas imecwaren, segmi yuɣal d tawsit (genre) iwumi qqaren homo : dɣa yella : homo-habilis, uqbel azal n 2 imelyan n lesnin deg Tefriqt usammar d wenẓul (i isqedcen yakan times, yenjer ablaḍ d amrig yerna yeffeɣ si Tefriqt) ; homo-eretcus uqebel 1,8 imelyan, d netta i ikecmen Turuft ; ma ɣer tagara d homo-sapiens i d-yellan si 300 000 iseggasen, i yuɣalen yettxemmim s tidet, d nekni dɣa akken nella tura ; yella neanderthal ɣer tama-nneɣ deg tewsit homo, iɛac ula deg Turuft, maca winna yenger. ==Tisura n tesnudert talayant deg tussna n temhazt== [[Tugna:DNA animation.gif|thumb|Asider n w ADN (2009)]] Iban, akken ad ɛeddint ṣṣifat si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ gar imudar, ilaq kan ad tili tanga ara tt-yawin. Aya ifhem-it Darwin, maca win i d-yeldin tifrat ɣer tmukrist-a i tikelt tamezwarut, d Uṭrici Mendel (1822 - 1884) i yellan d aqessis (prêtre), d acu yelha-d daɣen d inadiyen-a i iḥemmel, imi tuɣ yeɣra deg tfellaḥt . Dɣa d netta i igan llsas i tussna tamynut ara d-ilalen syin d asawen, iwumi neqqar tajinitit, ulamma imahilen-is ruḥen ttwattun acḥal iseggasen d wamek ɛawden gan-asen ccan. Lḥaṣun, d netta i d-yufan isuḍaf iwumi qqaren ara assa Isuḍaf n mendel, d ayen yerzan abrid n umcabi gar umudar d baba-s, neɣ jeddi-s, neɣ gma-s (deg yiwet n tsuta) atg. (ad d-nawi fell-as deg umagrad-iḍen). Yerna netta ɣef yimɣan i iga tirmitin-is, meḥsub d ajilban i yebda iteẓẓu-t ɣef waṭas n tikwal armi d-yessufeɣ igmaḍ ineggura. Maca wid i d-yesfehmen tajitinit s tidet, d Watson akked Crick deg useggas n 1953, asmi d-ufan amek yemmug w ADN s tseddi. ADN d alay asnudran aɣezfan, n uɣurmi (nayau) n tsilunin akked kra ivirusen, deg-s i yettwaxan yisalli ajini s wudem akimyan. Ihi ma zik imusnwen tuɣ zerrfen s tmuɣli kan d ufraẓ n termitin, seg yimir uɣalen sɛan tanga yettwallasen iɣer tcudd kra yellan d ṣṣifa yesɛa umudar, izemren ad ssrewsen seg telmest ɣer tayeḍ ; dɣa tura mačči kan d iusḍaf n Mendel i yuɣalen ttwazrawen s wudem ufrin, ssawḍen yimnuda fehmen yess ula d anda zedɣen kra n waṭṭanen yettɛeddin si tsuta ɣer tayeḍ, ayen ara iɛiwnen i uɛqal-nsen ɣas qbel talalit ; dɣa kka i ssulin ijinumen (génomes) n kra imudar. Ajinum d ayen i d-ijemmlen isallen ijiniyen icudden ɣer kra n telmest, win n wemdan fkan-t-id di 2003. Asmi t-srewsen ɣer win n yibki acampanzi ufan ttamcabin alamma d 99%, ayen yesswehmen lɛamma tamassnant, imi tilawt n temhazt tuɣal tban-d s wanzaten ufrinen, ur d-teqqim ara tettwaḍfar s ifuṣilen kan d tɣessiwin tiqburin, ladaɣa ma neẓra belli widak yettili lexṣas deg-sen ɣas akken ttaken-d isalli iqumen m’ara ilin. Yerna am akken yenna Richard Dawkins , win yebɣan kan ad s-d-yessukes kra i tidet-a, ad iruḥ ad d-inadi taɣessa n wemdan ara yesɛun ugar n 8 imelyan di leɛmer ; d lmuḥal, imi amdan tuɣ ur yewwiḍ ara talɣa i nesɛa tura. Kifkif ula i iɣersiwen akk i nessen, aqjun neɣ awtul, ur ttafen iɣsan-nsen ala seg tilla-nni kan mi qqlen s tumelt-nsen n tura. == Taɣbalut== Ablug n Samir Tighzert [http://samirtighzertsteqbaylit.unblog.fr/2017/09/09/tasnudert-anekcum-%C9%A3er-temhazt-n-telmas-d-imahilen-n-darwin/ Timuɣliwin] hrdan4wffm9l2pcdksl4lmriwff79if 0 14292 115683 73599 2026-04-02T22:31:05Z Abillardoo 16203 115683 wikitext text/x-wiki D [[irem]] n [[taɣult]] n [[Tasnilest|tesnilest]]. == Tasnalɣa == Deg talɣa, d awal uddis (seg ''ged + awal'') D isem n tɣawsa, unti, asuf. == Tasnamka == Deg [[Tasnamka|tesnamka]], tamegdawalt d taluft i d-yemmalen sin n wawalen i yezdi yiwen [[unamek]]. '''Amedya''': {| class="wikitable" |+ |'''Awal''' |'''Amegdawal-is''' |- |Ayis |Agmar |- |Tiskert |Ticcert |- |Icc |Isek |} r7p12ojlt9amjflx3rr1mb37cy563kr 115684 115683 2026-04-02T22:33:29Z Abillardoo 16203 115684 wikitext text/x-wiki D [[irem]] n [[taɣult]] n [[Tasnilest|tesnilest]]. == Tasnalɣa == Deg talɣa, d awal uddis (seg ''ged + awal'') D isem n tɣawsa, unti, asuf. mxhxihlz1i7ljbmul8boi87hqwhsck1 0 14293 115679 105715 2026-04-02T22:27:54Z Abillardoo 16203 115679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasnamekt''' d [[taɣult]] gar tɣulin n [[Tasnilest|tesnilest]] i d-yelhan s [[tezrawt]] n [[anamek|yinumak]] n wawalen d wassaɣ ilan gar-asen ama deg talɣa neɣ deg unamek. 6j5tmittx229hlp9f2w3xtgyymarh84 115680 115679 2026-04-02T22:28:28Z Abillardoo 16203 115680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasnamekt''' d [[taɣult]] gar tɣulin n [[Tasnilest|tesnilest]] i d-yelhan s [[tezrawt]] n [[anamek|yinumak]] n wawalen d wassaɣ ilan gar-asen ama deg talɣa neɣ deg unamek. == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tussniwin]] q61z1ivfd6tl4x5zd5o0f1rnkhkm3ks 115681 115680 2026-04-02T22:29:04Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tasnamka]] ar [[Tasnamekt]] 115680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasnamekt''' d [[taɣult]] gar tɣulin n [[Tasnilest|tesnilest]] i d-yelhan s [[tezrawt]] n [[anamek|yinumak]] n wawalen d wassaɣ ilan gar-asen ama deg talɣa neɣ deg unamek. == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tussniwin]] q61z1ivfd6tl4x5zd5o0f1rnkhkm3ks 0 14959 115689 102845 2026-04-02T22:39:39Z Abillardoo 16203 115689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Physical world.jpg|thumb|250px|Tagertilt n tegnit]] '''Tarakalt''' neɣ '''taseknakalt''' d tussna yeɣɣaren [[tagnit]] d [[tumant|tumanin]] [[agama|tigamanin]] d [[afgan|tifganin]]. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Adrar]] * [[Akal]] * [[Asif]] * [[Azaɣar]] lqu6k9vnh0l7ufek8eesk25oy958f7c 115690 115689 2026-04-02T22:40:03Z Abillardoo 16203 115690 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Physical world.jpg|thumb|250px|Tagertilt n tegnit]] '''Tarakalt''' neɣ '''taseknakalt''' d tussna yeɣɣaren [[tagnit]] d [[tumant|tumanin]] [[agama|tigamanin]] d [[afgan|tifganin]]. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Adrar]] * [[Akal]] * [[Asif]] * [[Azaɣar]] [[Taggayt:tussniwin]] 6hwqh2q31rfi12fwc6u2lal58f9t3d6 0 15445 115666 103501 2026-04-02T17:15:09Z Abillardoo 16203 115666 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Adaras_Amessarti.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Tasartut d [[tagluma yettwasemman]] tbedd ɣef waṭas n [[Amuddir|imuddiren]] ay d-teskken [[tasensartut]] akka: 1-[[Tagelda (tasnudert)|Tagelda]] 2-[[Astirf (tasnudert)|Astirf]] 3-[[Asmil (tasnudert)|Asmil]] 4-[[Tafesna (tasnudert)|Tafesna]] 5-[[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] 6-[[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tawsit]] 7-[[Talmest]]]] '''Tasartut''' deg [[tasnudert]] d tiget tasuddist ilan (yesɛan) aṭas n [[Amuddir|imuddiren]], yal tamsartut tla isem d agla-s, Akken daɣen yessefk ad tili s ddaw n [[isem usnan|yisem-is ussnan]], dɣa ismawen-a d wid id yettwakksen ya seg [[Talatint|tlatint]] neɣ seg [[Tagrikt|tegrikt]]. Amedya, isem ussnan n [[ikerri]] d ''Ovis aries'' ma d [[Yuzaṭ|ayaziḍ]] isem-is ussnan ''Gallus gallus domesticus'', yerna yal tasartut tla [[adras amessarti]] d agla-s. Akken i d-yettili usesmel n imuddiren d tasartut ma yella mgaraden gugar-asen s yigelman [[Tasensileɣt|isensilɣen]] d [[iri (tasnudert)|yiritanen]] s weswir ara ad yeǧǧen imsesmilen i wakken ad tmeggzen d [[tinnagrawt]]. == Tasartut d [[tasensartut|tsensartut]] == == Adras amessarti == == Tasartut d umsedfeṛ amsessarti == == Aɣmis ussnan == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Tasensartut (tasnudert)]] [[Taggayt:Asismel ussnan]] [[Category:Tasnudert]] [[Taggayt:Azzuzwel amɣaw]] [[Taggayt:Azzuzwel aɣersaw]] [[Taggayt:Tasartut]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] 6nyrdbtlzeilas2ficmlp1rjmxq5aez 0 15512 115696 79256 2026-04-03T09:08:23Z Abillardoo 16203 115696 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Hot_metalwork.jpg|thumb|250px|Asin deg waddaden-a n usezɣel]] '''Azara''' neɣ '''Asin''' (s Teglizit: metal) deg [[takrura]] d [[aferdis akruran]] izellin (yesseɛraqen) tiliktrunin i wakken ad yeg [[a-ion|t-ion-in]] [[ilaw|tilawin]] akken daɣentella [[turza tasinayt]] gar n [[abelkim|ibelkimen-is]]. == Iylan isengamen == == igeṭman == 3a9hnc3bfs9ovayw4o1u0y70o58e556 115697 115696 2026-04-03T09:08:52Z Abillardoo 16203 115697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Hot_metalwork.jpg|thumb|250px|Asin deg waddaden-a n usezɣel]] '''Azara''' neɣ '''Asin''' (s Teglizit: metal) deg [[takrura]] d [[aferdis akruran]] izellin (yesseɛraqen) tiliktrunin i wakken ad yeg [[a-ion|t-ion-in]] [[ilaw|tilawin]] akken daɣentella [[turza tasinayt]] gar n [[abelkim|ibelkimen-is]]. == Iylan isengamen == == igeṭman == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tasengama]] 98ko4dlcsjtlkoupy2lf0nd9rrdv0f3 115698 115697 2026-04-03T09:09:30Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Asin]] ar [[Azara (tafizikt)]] 115697 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Hot_metalwork.jpg|thumb|250px|Asin deg waddaden-a n usezɣel]] '''Azara''' neɣ '''Asin''' (s Teglizit: metal) deg [[takrura]] d [[aferdis akruran]] izellin (yesseɛraqen) tiliktrunin i wakken ad yeg [[a-ion|t-ion-in]] [[ilaw|tilawin]] akken daɣentella [[turza tasinayt]] gar n [[abelkim|ibelkimen-is]]. == Iylan isengamen == == igeṭman == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tasengama]] 98ko4dlcsjtlkoupy2lf0nd9rrdv0f3 0 16614 115685 90928 2026-04-02T22:35:43Z Abillardoo 16203 115685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agdawal''' n wawal d [[awal]] id yettaken yiwen n [[anamek|unamek]] neɣ [[tugdut|tegda]] deg unamak. == Aẓaṛ n wawal == Agdawal d awal yebnan ɣef sin n wawalen iqbayliyen (''yegda''; yemsawa, ''azamul =''. D ''awal''). == Agdawal deg tutlayt Tamaziɣt == [[Category: Tutlayt]] 8mxz154ynxdseky23vjtuitz5tqyvn3 115686 115685 2026-04-02T22:36:59Z Abillardoo 16203 115686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Agdawal''' n wawal d [[awal]] id yettaken yiwen n [[anamek|unamek]] neɣ [[tugdut|tegda]] deg unamak. == Aẓaṛ n wawal == Agdawal d awal yebnan ɣef sin n wawalen iqbayliyen (''yegda''; yemsawa, ''azamul =''. D ''awal''). == Agdawal deg tutlayt Taqbaylit/Tamaziɣt == === Tasnamket === Deg [[Tasnamka|tesnamka]], tamegdawalt d taluft i d-yemmalen sin n wawalen i yezdi yiwen [[unamek]]. '''Amedya''': {| class="wikitable" |+ |'''Awal''' |'''Amegdawal-is''' |- |Ayis |Agmar |- |Tiskert |Ticcert |- |Icc |Isek |} == Imniren == [[Category:Tutlayt]] mqoucny9g7iaxi3lrefcgght2m1x1bx 0 23991 115669 110664 2026-04-02T18:12:32Z Abillardoo 16203 115669 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Epikouros BM 1843.jpg|vignette|Epikur]] '''Epikur''' (s tegrikkit Ἐπίκουρος / Epíkouros) d yiwen n [[afelsuf|ufelsuf]] agrigi ilulen deg taggara n useggas n [[342]] [[send n tlalit|st]]. neɣ tazwara n [[341]] [[send n tlalit|st]]. yemmut deg useggas n [[270]] st. D netta i d amsbeddi, deg useggas n [[306]] st, n <u>tbikuri</u>t, yiwen seg yiɣerbazen n tfelsafit igerrzen akk n tallit taqburt.<ref>Marcel Conche, ''Sur Epicure'', Encre marine, 2014, p.41.</ref> Aɣerbaz n Epicurus qqaren-as tikwal Tibḥirt ɣef ljal n wemkan-nnes, berra i leṣwar n Atina, anda yezdeɣ d twacult-is d yemdukal-is n yinelmaden, llant deg-sent, qlilet aṭas deg tallit-nni, tilawin d yiqeddacen(aklan), seg yiseggasen n 306-307 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tafelsuft n Epikur(Epicurus) tebna di tazwara ɣef tiẓri n tfizikt, s waṭas i d-yekkan seg tfizikt n Democritus :ayen akk yellan deg-s d ibelkimen yettembiwilen deg yilem s yimussuyen igacuranen. Yettalas kullec ad d-yemlil d yibelkimen, ula d illuten ur nettmettat, ur d-cliεen deg lumuṛ n umdan. Tarwiḥt d aḥric kan seg tfekka, llan deg-s ula d ibelkimen i yettemsefraqen ar lmut n tfekka n umdan. Ulac tudert deffir lmut, ulac tawenza, ulac iswi. tbikurit d tangawt taradikalit. “Tadfi,” i d-yenna Epikur, “d amenzay d taggara n tudert yesɛan tumert (I Menoeceus, 129).” Maca akken ad tesɛuḍ kra n tidfiwin s talwit, ilaq-ak di tazwara talwit n wallaɣ, ataraxia (ur yelli ara ccwal). Ur ilaq ara ad nugad irebbiten : llan berra n ddunit yerna ur ɣ-ḥemmlen ara, ur sɛin la ayen ara ten-nẓall neɣ ad ten-neggad. Ur ilaq ara ad nugad lmut imi ur telli d kra : ulac i wid yeddren imi ddren, ulac i wid yemmuten imi ur ten-mazal ara ddren neɣ sɛan iḥulfan. Ilaq imir-nni ad neḥbes lḥif n tfekka yerna akken ad nexdem aya, ad nefren gar tidfiwin yellan : kra seg-sen lebɣi n tmanegt, tazmert, tabaɣurt, leḥmala) zemren ad d-awin aqraḥ ugar wayen yelhan. Axiṛ ihi ad teǧǧeḍ tadfiwin ur nesεi lmeεna u ad textireḍ tadfiwin tigamanin iwumi yeshel ad tqennεeḍ (I Menoeceus, 130) yerna anda ur ten-tețțagad ara aṭas lemḥayen d lqeṛḥ. Tabikurit tessawel ar uswir amctuh akk deg tadfi tasnaktayt. Lemḥadra temmug i ufran, i yiman, ma tuzzma ɣef wayen yeɛnan wiyaḍ. Tadukli d azal agejdan n tbikurit. Tawacult daɣen tesɛa azal meqqren.Tadfi am akken tesla Epicure, d tadfi i yebḍan. "Tudert tamerbuḥt" tesεa tadukli, d tin i d lfayda tameqqrant i tzemni.<ref>Sénèque, ''De vita beata'' (''De la vie heureuse''), XIII, §4</ref> Tafelsuft n Tpikurit tella, ɣer yidis n Stoicism, d tafelsuft ay ḥemmlen yimezdaɣen yeɣran n Rrum n Tegduda ed Tgelda armi d lqern wis 3. Ciceron yettcetki deg Tusculanes (IV,3) belli “Ipikuriyen ṭṭfen akk Ṭṭalyan”. Deg lqern wis 3, Diogenes Laertius, ur yeffer ara lḥir-nnes, yefka-as yiwen n yixef s lekmal-nnes deg wedlis-nnes yettwassnen n Tudert, Tasreḍt d Tefyar n Yifelsafen Imeqranen. Ixef-a yebda-d s tudert n Epicurus, d wagi i d tanagit kann insɛa n tmeddurt-is s wazal-is, d asefhem agejdan n tmusni-ines, umuɣ n leqdicat-is igejdanen (ugar n rebɛin n yizwal) yerna nnig waya, 4 n yiḍrisen inaṣliyen n Epikur i d-yura Diogenes s lekmal-nsen i lmend n tfelsafit-is : tabṛaț i Hiṛudutus (tafizikt), tabrat n Pythocles (tiɣawsiwin n yigenni), tabrat i Menoeceus (temlilɣi) d 40 n "tmaneɣt Maxims". Seg leqdic-nnes ameqran n Epicurus, ulac d acu ay d-yeqqimen anagar 81 n Tefyar n Vatican ay d-yettwafernen deg yiwen n wedlis n Vatican ay d-yeffɣen deg lqern wis 14 yerna war ccek ur llint akk d tid-nnes. tapikurit, d imasiḥiyen i tt-yettwalin d azamul n ukkelax d usenger yuklal ad t-hudden, i d-yessebganen kraḍ n tewtilin:<ref>Aurélien Robert, ''Epicure aux enfers, Hérésie, athéisme et hédonisme au Moyen Age'', Fayard, 2021, p.66.</ref> ur d-yecliɛ deg illuten (yuɣal deg lqern Ve d arnaflas yeffren), tangawt d tmettant n terwiḥt. Dante yessers akk ifelsafen iyunaniyen deg Limbo, ala Epikur yellan deg twinest tis 6 n ǧahennama yettwaḥerzen i yihertiyen. Inelmaden-is atnan deg ugenses aɣerfan <nowiki><I yilfen n epikur>(tameslayt tekka-d seg yefyar mucaεen n Ifasus n Horace), d irgazen ay d-yeɣlin kan deg lfeṛḥ n tfekka (ass-a mazal-it d apikuri s unamek , d win yeddren akken yelha).</nowiki> Yerna s lsas, s lmendad n unelmad-nnes, amedyaz Lucretius (94 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ? - 54 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ?), ameskar n De rerum natura (Ɣef ugama n tɣawsiwin), ay d-ufan yiwen n udlis-nnes deg Lalman deg 1417 deg tafejrit n Tleslalit(Renaissance), ay nessin tafelsuft n Epikur. Azal n 150-170 seld talalit n Ɛisa, yekcem-d apikuri Diogene n Oenoanda, yexdem yiwen usagen agigan n 80 m deg teɣzi d 4 m εlayen ɣef Agora n temdint n Oinoanda, iḍrisen n Epikur d yipikuryen-iḍen (am netta) i d aɣbalu amuqran n yisallen ɣef tsiḍent deg Asya tamctuḥt deg lqern wis 2. Azal n 1750, di Herculanum, deg uxxam n Papyrus, tufa-d yiwet n temkarḍit n tfelsafit yesɛan azal, deg yiwet n tama d tin i d-yesfaydin seg lkarbun, seg tama nniḍen d tin i d-yettwaḥerzen s tasuffut n uburkan Vesuvius deg useggas n 79, ideg yella uxeddim agejdan n Epicurus, Agama, deg 37 n yidlisen, yal wa yesεa teɣzi n upirus i d-yemmalen azal n εecra n yisunaḍ deg teẓrigt tatrart. Aɛiwed n lebni-a n yidlisen a, ay yellan d yuɛar aṭas yerna yessefk aṭas n leqdic, mazal-it la yettkemmil.<ref>André Comte-Sponville, ''Dictionnaire philosophique'', PUF, 2013, articles ''Epicure''.</ref> == Tameddurt == === Tudert d usegmi n Ipikur === Ipikur ilul-d di Samus. Baba-s, Neoklis, d ''akliruk'' di Samus, d win yesɛan tamurt tamecṭuḥt deg tmurt-a. Ipikur d aɣerman n Atena. Ixdem axeddim n ''yifiben(ilemẓiyen)'' asmi yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen, send ad iruḥ ad imlil baba-s di Kolofun, di ugafa n Samus, deg useggas 323 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yeqqim din armi d aseggas 321 send talalit n Ɛisa, anda yeɣra ɣer Nusifan. Yeḍfer abrid ɣer Mitilin anda i yebda aselmed. Tafelsuft-is tegla-d s ccwal (maca yemlal anelmad-is d unekcum-is Ermak) daɣen yeffeɣ s tɣawla ɣer Lampsak anda i yedder seg 310 armi d 306 send talalit n Ɛisa. Din i yemlal Kolotis, Mitrodor d Idomini n Lampsak i t-yeḍfaren ɣer Atena. Deg useggas 306 send talalit n Ɛisa, mi yesɛa 35 n yiseggasen, yusa-d ad yezdeɣ di Atena i d-yefkan Dimitrius Poliyurkitis, daɣen yuɣ tibḥirt s 80 n lmin; aɣerbaz n Tibḥirt yuɣal d ammas n tezrawin n yipikuriyen. Yeqqim din armi d tamettant-is. Deg tallit-a taneggarut i yura aṭas n yidlisen-is d tebṛatin-is. D yiwen seg wid yuran aṭas deg tallit taqburt (azal n 300 n yidlisen) akked Krisip (ugar n 700). Inelmaden-is d: Hirodot (yesɛa isem am umezruy), Piṭuklis, Ermak n Mitilin, Mitrodor n Kyu, Poliyin n Lampsak, Liyunti n Lampsak, Ṭimista, Liyunṭiyun, Kolotis d Apolonidis. Ipikur yemmut deg useggas 270 send talalit n Ɛisa mi yesɛa 72 n yiseggasen. Tamacahut n tmettant-is yefka-tt-id Diyujin. Tudert i yedder deg tibḥirt-ines tella d tamecṭuḥt daɣen d tafessast; d amečč-imɣanaɣen kan(itett ɣas akken deg ufermaj). Ɣef leḥsab n Diyuklis, i d-yedder Diyujin Layiris, "yiwen n lkas n ccṛab yekfa-t, daɣen isew aman axiṛ". Maca tibḥirt-ines tuɣal d amkan n yir axeddim, maca tikta am tigi d tid n lekdeb, ladɣa mi ara nẓer tamyekkant n yifelsafen deg usexser n wiyaḍ. Tugna n Ipikur tuɣal d tin n win ur yettamnen ara di Ṛebbi, Horas yessexdem-as isem n "ilef". Iḥemmel tafelsuft zik, asmi yesɛa 14 n yiseggasen ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, asmi di tnagit n Hisyud, yesteqsa aselmad-is ansi i d-yekka uhetwir(chaos) amezwaru seg wacu i d-ffɣen yakk tiɣawsiwin i d-yura umaru deg wedlis-is "Tiyuguni". Tiririyin n uselmad-is ur t-qenɛent ara, daɣen yebɣa ad yexdem tafelsuft s timmad-is war amwali - ɣef waya i t-rgmen syin. Maca yeɣra ɣer waṭas n yiselmaden n Iɣerbazen yemgaraden: * taplaṭunit: Praksifan d Pamfil, n aɣerbaz taperipatitikt n Tiyufrast; * Nusifan d Nusisid, n yibelkimen. Tafelsuft-is tettak azal i uqenneɛ (s wayen tesɛiḍ, s wamek i tḥulfuḍ, s wamḍiq-ik deg tmetti) daɣen tudert akked yimeddukal deg tumert ur nettbeddil ara. Tettekka s jjhed mgal taplaṭunit daɣen s lmizan mgal tiẓri n Arisṭu (kra n yiḥricen skanent-aɣ-d Ipikur d Ameɣri s tnefsit n uneggaru-a). Ma d tafelsuft taṭumit n Ipikur mačči d anɣal kan n tin n Dimukrit: Ipikur ibeddel kra n tektiwin n Dimukrit daɣen yerna tikti meqqren n "klinamin" (wali ddaw-a ixef ɣef tfizikt n Ipikur). Ipikur yewwi s lbaṭel adlis n Dimukrit ɣef "waṭumizm". Ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, yefka-yas i Dimukrit isem n "Lirokrit" (win yettnuzun tilwit neɣ win yettemyekkaten ɣef tuccḍiwin). === Awadem d tazrirt n uxemmem n Epicurus === Ipikur (Épicure) yerna-d tafelsuft-is deg akud ideg llan wuguren, anda ijeneralen n Leksander ttnaɣen ɣef tgelda-s. Zdat n wussan ur nerkid ara, ur nuklal ara, ur yeṭṭif ara tiririyin ɣer leqraya n wakud-nni, yerna-d anagraw i yeǧǧan imdanen ur ttidiren ara s tuggdi, ladɣa tuggdi n irebbi d tmettant. Yella fell-as ad yennaɣ mgal kra n yinelmaden-is, wid yeṭṭfen taɣuri n Ipikur d asumer n tadfi(plaisir) war talast. Maca, imi akk ayen yelhan d tadfi akk d lferḥ, ayagi ur d-yesskan ara d akken ilaq ad neddem ayen nebɣa neɣ ad nḍefṛer lferḥ kan: mačči akk tadfi neɣ lferḥ d ayen yelhan, daɣen ilaq ad nesɛu talast akken ur nettuɣal ara d isemgan n kra n yiswiren, ayen ara d-yeglu s waṭṭanen d wuguren. Ayagi i d-yeǧǧan abrid i thegga d usḥissef n iɣarbazen-nniḍen, ladɣa tin n Uxxam n Tewwurt. Am win i yeẓran tafelsuft-agi kan s tmuɣli n tadfi d lferḥ. Ipikur qqaren-t d ameddakel n laman, yeḥnin, yesɛa taɣara n tayri: "Taɣara-s tban-d s yismawen meqqren, s usersi d liman i yesɛa i imawlan-is, d leḥnana s wacu i yettɛamal akken iklan-is". D Sinik, yiwen seg Isṭwiyen, i d-yennan ɣef useqdec-is: "I nekkini, ttwaliɣ, daɣen zemmreɣ ad t-iniɣ mgal tikti n wid-nneɣ (Isṭwiyen), d akken leɛqel n Ipikur d aḥeqqani, d aɣezfan, daɣen d afessas i win t-yeɣran akken ilaq... Qqareɣ-d d akken ḥeqren-t war ma yuklal". Taɣuri n Ipikur tesɛa tazmert meqqren, ama s waṭas n yinelmaden-is, ama s tayri d yiḥulfan iǧehden i tesɛa: "Ccbaḥa n tɣuri-agi am tin n tserrayin". Tewweḍ ar Ṛuma d Ṭṭalyan akk, ladɣa s Lukris, win i tt-yuɣen aṭas armi i d-yura fell-as adlis n tmedyazt. Ipikur ur d-yessutur ara deg tɣuri-s taɣuri n tbratin, tin qqaren-as taklasikt (n wakud-nni), imi ur tt-yufi ara yelha i ubrid-is. Ur yeṭṭif ara zzux n tmusni i yettaǧǧan aleqqem d tuggin n uɛiwen. Ayen yebɣa ad t-id-yessken d tilist n tmusni tazeddagt d tudmawant, d uxeddim seg iḥulfan. Tikwal ssemcaben Ipikur d Ɛisa, qqaren d akken sin-agi d imsellken n wegdud. Daɣen, tiririyin i d-yefka Ipikur ttwaɣennunt sɣur Lukris am tisemɣiwin n yirebbi, zemrent ad d-rrent(neɣ ad t-id-tesnefli) argaz yettwaṭṭfen s yiḥulfan, tikrura, tuggdi n yirebbi, atg. Ɣef waya kra n Ifelsafen, am Niṭca( Nietzsche), ur ḥbisen ara ad walin deg tikti-agi yiwet n talɣa n tdiyant n ṣṣenf n tmasiḥit war rrebi, tikti n umhis(rédemptrice) maca war ma tesɛa tikti n ddnub yellan deg tdiyant-agi taneggarut. Ipikur yura aṭas maca tira-s d tin n yipikuriyen am tuget n tira tagrigit truḥ. Tira n Dyujin n Unuwanda ar taggara n lqern wis-2 d taneggarut n tikti tipikurit deg tallit taqburt, ɣef wayen i d-yenna ugellid Julyan d Sant-Ugsṭin, d akken tira n Epicurus qrib negrent deg lqern wis-4. Qqimen-d kraḍ tebratin d-yessegzin s lebɣi-s (''Tabrat i Irudut'', ''Tabrat i Piṭuklis'' d ''Tabrat i Minisi''), d kra n yinzan, 40 ''Yinzan igejdanen'' i d-yuran Dyujin Layirs d 81 ''Tinfaliyin tivaṭikaniyin'', ffɣent-d ar taggara n lqern wis-19 deg yiwen n wamud n temkarḍit n Vaṭikan, ɣas akken ahat d tiɣuriwin n uɣerbaz. Kra n yiḥricen n ''Ɣef Tgama'' (''Piri fusis'') ffɣen-d daɣen deg Irkulanum deg 1752. === Tamettant === Ipikur yemmut s tuqqna n yibeccan, i d-yekkan seg wayen qqaren zik d aẓru, ahat d iẓra n yibeccan. Aṭṭan-agi, akken i d-yenna Irmark, yeṭṭef 14 n wussan. Irmip yenna-d belli yekcem ɣer yiwet n tbanyut(Tamcuceft.) n nnḥas yeḥman s waman yeḥman, yessuter ccrab ur nxelleḍ ara (am waṭas n yimasnegalzen akken i d-yenna Dyujin, tidet ur tt-nezmir ara ad tt-nesleb), yeswa-t. Seld mi yewweṣṣa imeddukkal-is ad smektayen tiktiwin-is, yemmut. Yeǧǧa-d lewṣaya d tebrat i ''Ldumini n Lampsak''. == Tasreḍt == Tasreḍt-is tella tettwaru deg udlis-is Tagama. Ipikur yessexdem-itt s yiman-is deg yiwen n wudem awezlan i d-yeqqimen deg Tebrat i Irudut . Adlis agejdan tura yellan deg uleqqem (d aḥric) sɣur Imnadiyen n tgemmi d imusnawen n tutlayt, ttɛawanen s tetiknulujit, leqqmen-t-id seg yiwaraqen n papirus yellan yeḥreq deg Irkulanum, d yiḥricen d tira yellan da d dihin. Yebda tasreḍt-is s KULLEC, sakin yegza-d ɣer wemdan d tasnafsit-is akken ad d-yessuffeɣ tiktiwin timatanin d yisemtaren ifiluzufiyen ara neḍfer. === Asafar n ukṛad(rebɛa): === Tasreḍt n Ipikur nezmer ad tt-nexdem d agzul s wayen qqaren yipikuriyen ''tetrapharmakon'' (ddwa n rebɛa, neɣ "ssem n rebɛa": axaṭer kullec yekka-d seg useqdec), i yura Dyujin n Unuwanda ɣef weɣrab n yiwen n uxxam, yenna-t-id akka: # Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad irebbi; # Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad tamettant; # Nezmer ad naweḍ ɣer tumert; # Nezmer ad nqabel urfan. Ipikur yenna-t-id s yiman-is akka: "Tura anwa i tettarraḍ nnig umussnaw? Iga-d deg illuten timuɣliwin yerkan; ur yesɛi ara tuggdi zdat n tmettant; yefhem d acu-t yiswi n tgama; ifaq belli lxir-a anayan yeshel ad yaweḍ yiwen u ad yaweḍ ɣer tezdeg-s, Ma yella ayen n dir maḍi, d ayen ur d-nettawi maḍi deg wakud neɣ deg wayen yerzan lǧehd d tezmert; Ur d-yecliɛ deg lmektub, kra deg-sen d bab n lumuṛ i ten-yerran d ayla-nsen." Ad nger tamawt dakken sin n wagazen ay yettwafernen: tmusni n tgama (yeɛnan ihi aḥric afiziki n tasreḍt n Ipikur) d talwit zdat n twanza(lmektub). Isem n "ddwa" yesskan-d iswi n tikti tipikurit: ilaq ad nsellek imdanen seg waṭṭanen i ten-iṭṭfen. Ma yella tullya n tipikurit deg umagrad-a tetbeɛ tbeṭṭit taklasikt n tfelsuft, iswi-ines aneggaru ilaq ad yeqqim deg wallaɣ. Nezmer ad d-nini d akken awal agrig ''pharmakos'' yemmal-d daɣen "ssem". Tifrat tusligt-agi n wawal tezmer ad tili am snat n tmuɣliwin n Niṭca(Nietzsche) ɣef tipikurit, yiwet d taɣuri teṣfa i yettnaɣen mgal tikrura, tayeḍ d tusmert mgal tudert i d-yesskanen aṭṭaf n urfan deg tdiyant tamasiḥit. === Tiẓri n tmussni === ==== Amnaḍ afelsafi ==== Ipikur yesnulfa-d tiẓri n tmusni yebnan ɣef yiḥulfan d tidet-nsen i d-yemmalen tilawt. Yerna daɣen tiẓri n yizwiren anida i d-nettarra tikta seg wayen i nettaɛraḍ yal ass. Izwiren-agi fernen abrid i uxemmem n wemdan war ma uɣalen ɣer turda n Platun ɣef Tikta timussnin. Asteqsi n laman n yiḥulfan yettwasqerdec aṭas sɣur ifiluzufen ihillinistiyen. Llan kraḍ n tsentaliyin: ma d lekdeb i llan akk, ma llan wid n tidet d wid n lekdeb, neɣ ma d tidet i llan akk. Ipikur yeḥseb tasentalant taskeptikt (akk d lekdeb) tettnakaḍ iman-is acku tebɣa(ilaq) ayen yugaren iḥulfan; maca taɣẓint tettabaɛ iḥulfan imi igzuyen-nneɣ kkan-d seg termit tamḥulfut. Tasentalant tis snat daɣen ur telhi ara acku ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar uḥulfu n lekdeb d uḥulfu n tidet. Ɣer Ipikur, iḥulfan ur zmiren ara ad mnakaḍen axaṭer akken ma llan mgaraden. Ihi teqqim-d kan tasentalant i d-yeqqaren akk iḥulfan d tidet. Asteqsi-agi ad yettwasegzi deg tegnit tamezwarut n tfelsuft-is, isem-is akanun, yeqqaren ɣef yiseɣzanen n tidet, llan deg-s kuẓ n leṣnaf n ttbut. ==== Kuẓ(rebɛa) n yimeskanen: ==== '''Aramsu''' neɣ '''aḥulfu''' (''pathos''): tbayent n tadfi d urfan. Tadfi tessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n tadfi, urfan yessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n urfan. Ayen yelhan d wayen n dir d iseɣzanen n tidet mačči kan deg waddad aḥulfi, maca ula deg ssebba-s. '''Aḥulfu''' neɣ '''tigzi n uḥulfu''': d addad aḥulfi n uḥulfu i d-yekkan seg unali n tɣawsiwin, yesseknay-aɣ-d s lqenɛa ssebba tamassaɣt d tameskart. Addad-a, s tidet, ulac abrid ad yexdem s yiman-is neɣ ad ibeddel ayen i aɣ-ineqḍen seg berra; aḥulfu yettnerni kan ma yella ayen i t-yesnekkaren seg berra, ihi tilawt-agi ilaq ad tili. Ɣef waya, tiɣawsiwin akken i aɣ-d-ttbanen ttilin acku akk iḥulfan, ɣef useɣzan-agi, d tidet: "Ma nenna-d d akken aḥulfu d lekdeb am akken nenna-d d akken ulac ayen ara yettwalin." Tuccḍa tettili-d s uzaraf n tɣẓint: ayen i aɣ-yesxerriqen deg yiḥulfan ur yelli ara deg wulliyen-nneɣ, maca deg wayen i sen-nernu s yizarafen-nneɣ, d usekni-nneɣ, d usmekti-nneɣ, atg. Maca, ulac abrid iwumi ara d-nessegzi lekdeb n uḥulfu war ma nella d inekcamen deg yiman-nneɣ neɣ deg tuccḍa n tegrumma. Izarafen-nneɣ ttɛeddin ɣef sin n wanawen n tɣawsiwin, tid i nezmer ad nẓer s tirmit (aselken n uzaraf yezmer ad yili), d tid ur nelli ara deg tirmit, am yilel, tin yeṭṭfen tilawt s usekni. '''Azwir''' (''prolepse''): d igzuten imatuten zdaxel n yiman, ttwarnan-d s tuɣalin n tigzi n tɣawsa n uḥulfu, ttilint-d uqbel tigzi n uḥulfu deg tirmit i nezmer ad nexdem, ttwasnamken-d deg ufham i nesɛa deg wawalen i nseqdac i usuqel n yisteqsiyen. Azwir ihi yesɛa isem, talaɣt n yisem-a tgellu-d s tɣawsa i yemmalen deg wallaɣ-nneɣ. Abrid-a yettarra tabadut ur telhi ara, acku agzu yetban-d s wudem iban. Azwir ihi d tugna n tɣawsa n tidet seg wacu i d-yekka, yessadaf azaraf n tilawt. Izwiren-agi ttaǧǧan-aɣ ad nɛeddi tirmit-nneɣ tamirant axaṭer kkan-d seg tirmit-nneɣ iɛeddan; ɣef waya, ttarran izarafen-nneɣ d wayen i nettamen. '''Asugen n umeyyez''' (''phantastikè epibolè tes dianoias''), neɣ "tagnit" n uxemmem: asugen-a yessafham-d ''amḍal'' s lekmal-is, iɛedda asugen n uḥulfu; d ulluy n tɣawsa n berra s uṭṭaf n tugna-s. Tbayent-a taneggarut ahat rnan-tt-id yipikuriyen ɣef tlata n tbayanin timezwura n Ipikur. === Tiẓri n tutlayt === Isem yemmalar-d azwir, ihi i Ipikur yella wassaɣ gar tiẓri n tmusni d tiẓri n tutlayt. I Ipikur, ilaq ad nuɣal ɣer unamek amezwaru n wawal, yeqqnen ɣer uzwir seg wacu i d-yekka unamek-is. Tiẓri-agi tettawi-d ad d-nessegzi talalit n tutlayt akken ad nefhem akken ilaq tamusni tamadant:<ref>''Maximes capitales'', XXVII.</ref> * Tuffɣa n yimesla s unṭad n yiḥulfan; d asuki agaman d umaddan; * Tutlayt tettimɣur sakin s tnemmirt gar yimdanen i yemyerḍan ɣef wawalen yessishilen tudert n tmetti; ismawen ttbeyinen-d iḥulfan d wulliyen n yiḥulfan. * Ɣer taggara, imdanen snulfuyen-d awalen imaynuten i tmusniwin timaynutin. Tigrawin tijerrumin d yinamken imaynuten ttwaseqdacen i useqdec n tutlayt s wudem unnig d umsengel. Tutlayt mačči d asnulfu n wemdan: d tawennaḍt n wemdan d tmeddurt-is tafizikt yemgaraden i d taɣbalut n yiḥulfan, n wulliyen d yimesla i d-yetteffɣen seg-sen. Anamek amezwaru n wawal d anamek agaman, maca anamek-a ittwadel sakin s useqdec n yimdanen. Tuɣalin ɣer unamek amezwaru d tuɣalin ɣer yizwiren s timmad-nsen, ihi d tuɣalin ɣer tala n tmusni tamadant (mgal tamlilit). Ipikur yettaggi akken i llan tisenfaliyin d tiẓri taplitunit n yismawen igamanen. === Tazrawt n ugama === ==== Amnaḍ(tagnit) n tfizikt d tfelsafit ==== Epicur yura ɣef tussna n tfizikt(imenzayen, tarrayt, talɣa n umaḍal) deg tebrat i Herodot, ma d tabrat i Pythocles tettmeslay-d ugar ɣef tezrawt n twaɣiyin n tegnawt(tajeǧǧigt, ssaɛqa...). Netta d afilusuf, maca am yal ifilsufen n zik, yella daɣen d amussnak d umektan n yitran. Ɣur-s, tigzi igerrzen n umaɣrad tettakk abrid ɣer tudert n tumert. Yenna-d dakken "Ma yella ayen akk i nettmuqqul deg yirebbi am timkerriwin(miracles) ur aɣ-ssaggadent ara, ma nezmer ad nxemmem akken ur nettaggad ara tamettant axaṭer ur aɣ-teɛni ara; ma yella tmusni-nneɣ tewweḍ armi neẓra d acu-t yiswi aḥeqqani n wayen n dir d wayen yelhan, tazrawt n tfizikt ur aɣ-tlaq ara aṭas.". Ipikur yettawi-aɣ-d ad nessen agama akken ur nettaf ara ssebba n usḥer neɣ n timkerriwin anda i yellan kan anagraw aderɣal ur nesɛi ara taɣara. Urfan n wallaɣ yekka-d seg wayen i nettarra i ugama lebɣi neɣ aḥulfu ilelli: mi ara ad nẓer tigawt-is d lebɣi, ad nɣil agama "yexdem-aɣ" neɣ "yebɣa-yaɣ". D aserwes n ugama d wemdan (armas n yiḥulfan d yiẓuran imaɣdalen i tgama) i Ipikur yettennaɣ. Ma yella tgama d taderɣalt ur nesɛi aḥulfu, ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk neɣ ad as-nkkes azal i tigawin-is. Ipikur yesneflay tiẓri n turdiwin timgettin ɣef ssebba n tmeẓri tagamant. Talast n tmusni-nneɣ tettarra-aɣ ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar turdiwin yemgaraden i yessegzayen tameẓri-agi Ɣas akken tban d talast, tafizikt-is tefra akken ara tettwaxdem weḥd-s, ur tettekki ara deg yiḥricen-nniḍen n tikti-s, ahat axaṭer ur tebni ara ɣef tikti n "wemdan deg tlemmast", daɣen tezmer ad teddu war irebbi (maca Ipikur mačči d arnaflas s tidet). Cicéron yenna-d ɣef uḥric afiziki n tikti n Ipikur: "D acu i yellan deg tfizikt n Ipikur ur d-nekki ara seg Dimukrit? Axaṭer, ɣas yebeddel kra n tɣawsiwin, am wakken i t-nniɣ sdat ɣef waggay n yibelkimen, deg wayen-nniḍen yenna-d kif-kif." Aḥkem-agi yekka-d seg leqrun. Maca, akken yella, d lekdeb. Tafizikt tipikurit tettqerrib ugar ɣer tikti n Yunya i yeqqaren ɣef wayen yellan d tumert d wayen iccuden ɣer tadfi, wala ɣer Taɣeznaẓrit(rationalisme) i yeɛmer imir-nni, s umedya s Usṭiyin(stoisisme). ''Tugget n yimaḍalen, war talast, aggi n wayen yettamen ugdud, d twanza(mektub), atg''. ur seḍfaren ara aṭas tasnallunt n tɣuri-agi. Tafizikt tipikurit mgal tafizikt tusṭwit. Rnu ɣer waya, Dimukrit d amsekniwal mi ara d-yessegzi tiẓri n ubelkim, ur yettamen ara deg wayen i d-mmalen yiḥulfan. Ma d Ipikur, yella ɣef termit d Tanagit n tidet n yiḥulfan. Sin-agi ttmeslayen s yiwen n wudem, maca mačči ɣef yiwet n ssebba. ==== Tizrawin tigejdanin n tfizikt n Epikur ==== Ipikur yedda deg ubrid n ubelkimemt n Dimukrit, maca yemgarad deg kra n yigemmaḍ. Yerna-d tikti n ''clinamen'', akken ad yeḥrez tilelli n lebɣi n wemdan i yettwagin deg tɣuri tabelkimt. ''Clinamen'' d tazmert n yibelkimen i wakken ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, mi ara ɣlin deg yilem. S waya i ttmyugaren yibelkimen, ttarran-d tamaddut. ''Clinamen'' d amenzuy n tuffɣa tagensant n yibelkimen. Tikti-agi tesɛa sin yiswiyen: asegzi n ubnu n tfekwin, asekcem n tikti n ugacur(hasard) akken ad tefk llsas i tlelli n wemdan ===== Imenzayen ===== Tafelsuft tagamant n Ipikur tebna ɣef drus n aksiyumen(axiomes), anda i yeshel ad yeɛqel yiwen amenzuy n uḥraz n tesnallunt n Yunya: * Ulac ayen i d-ilullen seg wulac * Ur yezmir ara kullec ad d-ilal seg kullec * Ulac ayen ara yuɣalen d ulac. Akk tella-d s yibelkimen war talast deg yilem war talast. Deg tlisa-agi, amaḍal d agraw i yettɛeddin, ur yelli ara d yiwen, ur yelli ara d amedlal(Mdel ɣef yiman-is). Llan waṭas n yimaḍalen yemgaraden wa f wayeḍ, sɛan deg-sen imuddiren yemgaraden. Tikta-agi n Yunya mačči d tibelkimiyin kan; nezmer ad d-nessuffeɣ tilawt n ubelkim seg umenzuy n uḥraz. Tilawt s lekmal-is i Ipikur tebna ɣef sin n yiferdisen: ibelkimen d yilem. Ibelkimen d iḥricen ur nberru ara n tmaddut. Turda n ubelkim tekka-d s wudem ilaqen seg unagmay wis-3. Ma yezmer kullec ad yuɣal d ulac, amḍal ad yeffeɣ. Ihi abelkim d tilawt ur nettruḥu ara n umḍal. ===== Abelkim(Atome) ===== * D tilawt ur nettban ara, n lebda, ur yettbeddil ara, ur yettwaxrab ara; * D tameqqrant ur nberru ara maca nezmer ad tt-nebḍu (timeqqranin ttwabeṭṭant ɣer waddaden imecṭaḥ, abelkim yebna seg-sen). * Yesɛa talɣa * Yesɛa taẓayt * Yesɛa tameqqrant Ibelkimen mgaraden gar-asen: i wakken ad d-yebnu wemdan neɣ arebbi, ilaqen yibelkimen yemgaraden. Ibelkimen d izerriren n tɣawsiwin, mačči d iferdisen-nsent kan. Ipikur yettqabal ilem; ibelkimen teddun deg yilem; abeddu-agi d ayen ur nettruḥu ara, axaṭer ilem d ayen ur nesɛi ugur n zbu. Agama n ubelkim d amussu-agi agensay n lebda, yetteddu i yibelkimen akk seg yiwen n ubrid, s yiwet n tɣawla, ɣef teẓẓayt, seg ufella ar wadda. Ibelkimen zemren daɣen ad nheznuzen deg umkan-nsen, ad mmugren. Ad beddlen ihi ifekwan ugar n ukud. Maca ilaq ad d-nessegzi amek ibelkimen zemren ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, axaṭer abrid-agi d yiwen i akk ibelkimen, ur zmiren ara ad mḥerken. Dagi i d-yerna Ipikur ''clinamen'' (parenklisis), d afraɣ s tuffɣa tagensant, ur nesɛi ara amkan neɣ akud, i yeǧǧan ibelkimen ad mḥerken. ===== Tugget n yimaḍalen ===== Mi yettwaqbel wayen-a, ibelkimen zemren ad dduklen: "Iferdisen-agi aṭas, seg wakud war talast, ddaw n unṭad n yimḥizan i ṭṭfen d teẓẓayt-nsen, dduklen s wugten n tarrayin yemgaraden, ttaɛraḍen akk timliliyin i zemren ad xedmen gar-asen, armi id-grupen s tegnit deg yigrawen i d-yesskaren talalit n tneqqiḍin timeqqranin, akal, ilel, igenni, d yimuddiren." Llan ihi imaḍalen war talast, tteddun d tugget n teddukliwin tibelkimiyin: Ipikur yetteḥrab ɣef tsentalant n tugget n yimaḍalen, mgal wid yeqqaren yella kan yiwen n umaḍal tura (ur yelli d acu ara yexdem ma ssarmen neɣ ala imaḍalen izemren ad ilin, am Laybnic): "Mačči d amḍan n yibelkimen kan, d win n yimaḍalen i yellan war talast deg umḍal. Yella umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen am win-nneɣ d umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen yemgaraden. Imi ibelkimen llan s umḍan war talast, am wakken i t-nenna sdat, llan yal amkan, amussu-nsen yettawi-ten armi d imukan ibeɛden. Seg tama-nniḍen, ɣef ssebba n wemḍan war talast, amḍan n yibelkimen ilaqen i wakken ad ilin d iferdisen, neɣ d ssebba, n umaḍal, ur yezmir ara ad yeffeɣ s ubnu n yiwen n umaḍal, neɣ s win n wemḍan ifaren n yimaḍalen, ama d imaḍalen am win-nneɣ neɣ d imaḍalen yemgaraden. Ihi ulac ayen i yessewḥalen tilawt n yimaḍalen war talast." ===== tasnafsit(psychologie) ===== Taɣuri n yiman tekka-d seg tfizikt. Iman d tafekka yebnan s yibelkimen, yesɛa tiɣara i d-yekkren seg tfekwin yedduklen. D unfuf (nnefs)yeḥman yesɛan lmeɛna anda i yella wallaɣ d yiḥulfan. Assaɣ-is d tfekka yettaǧǧa aḥulfu; mi ara yettwaxreb uddukel-agi, iman ur yettḥulfu ara, yettruḥu. Maca dagi daɣen tiẓri n Ipikur tufa uguren; tiɣara n tudert ur zmirent ara ad ilint seg unfuf yeḥman. Iman ad yili d tiddukla n yibelkimen imaẓlayen: abelkim n unfuf, abelkim n wagu, abelkim n teḥmi, d wabelkim wis-4 war isem, i d-yessegzayen amussu n uxemmem. Iman, imi d tafekka, yezmer ad yemmet. Afham-agi n yiman, am tfizikt meṛṛa, yexdem i tumert: yebɣa ad yekkes tiḥkayin i d-yettasen ttxebbilent axemmem-nneɣ ɣef wayen i aɣ-yeṭṭafaren seld tmettant. I tudert n lebda, yettembaddal d tamettant ur nettmettay ara, akud war talast anda ur nella ara. Deg umaḍal aruman, Lukris yerna deg tfelsuft n Ipikur deg tangawt(matérialisme) s tarrayt taqburt. ==== Timlilɣi d tsertit ==== ===== Uguren igejdanen n timlilɣi: ===== Timlilɣi n Ipikur tban-d ladɣa deg Tebrat i Minisi d Yinzan igejdanen. Tamuɣli tipikurit d tin yeqqaren d akken tadfi d ayen yelhan, d ssebba n tuẓult, urfan d ayen n dir (lexṣaṣ n wayen yelhan). Tamuɣli-a tettwexdem ɣef unadi n wayen yugaren lxir, d uweḍḍu ɣer urkad. Kant yewwet-d deg tmuɣli tipikurit (d tusṭwit) axaṭer tuẓult tezmer ad tili mgal tumert n yiwen.<ref>''Lettre à Hérodote'', tabratt i herurut</ref> ===== Tiẓri n tmusni, tadfi d tumert: ===== Ur telli ara d tafelsuft n "win yeddren akken iwata" i yettnadin tadfi s waṭas. S tidet, d tafelsuft n umnekni(équilibre), yebnan ɣef tikti d akken yal tigawt tettawi-d igemmaḍ n tadfi (igerrzen) d yigemmaḍ n wurfan (n dir). I upikuri ilaq ad ixdem s temḥaddit, ad inadi tigawin i d-yettawin ulac n wurfan, seg wacu ara d-yekk lxir agazan n waddad-a n usteɛfu (arataksi), anda tmusni tettawi-d tadfi tuglidt. Tasarut n tumert d tamusni n tlisa n yiman; ɣef waya, ilaq ad nḥerreb ayen yeɛeddan talast acku yettawi-d urfan. === Taɣerma n wemdan: === Deg tiẓri n tmusni, Epicurus yeḥseb laṣel n tutlayt. Laṣel-a d aɣelnaw yerna d aqbur. Tettwali-d sdat-s tisuda (institutions) timdanin, ay d-yeffɣen kra seg umezruy n wemdan : « D tiɣawsiwin s timmad-nsent ay d-yesselmad yerna ttḥettiment amur ameqran seg wakud ɣef ugama n wemdan, yerna d aya ay d-yesfehmen kan sdeffir-s s taɣẓint(raison) ». Am wakken daɣen, taɣdemt d tasudut (institution) n umdan : « Ger yiɣersiwen ur nessaweḍ ara ad xedmen imtawayen akken ur ttḍurrun ara gar-asen, ulac taɣdemt wala lbaṭel ; yerna d aya ay d-yeḍran d yiɣerfan ur nezmir neɣ ur bɣin ara ad gen imtawayen (conventions) i yiwen n yiswi" ==== Tameddukelt d tayri: ==== Ipikur yessuter asteqsi n tidet n tmeddukelt. D acu-t umeddakel n tidet? Amek ara nsegzu tameddukelt n tidet? Ma yella tadfi d iswi n wemdan kan, lebɣi n yiman d amenzuy n tikli, daɣen anadi n umeddakel ur yezmir ad yili ḥaca s lebɣi. Lebɣi-agi iban: tella tallalt i aɣ-yettak tikwal. I Ipikur, ameddakel n tidet d win yeẓran ayen i yeḥwaǧ wayeḍ, iḥerrez-it seg wuguren n yiman, yettaǧǧa-t ad yaweḍ ɣer urkad. ==== irebbiten ==== "Ur ilaq ara ad nettaggad irebbiten." S tidet, i Ipikur, irebbiten d imuddiren i yellan deg waddad n tumert n lebda. Agama-nsen tettarra-ten ur ttekcamen ara iman-nsen deg tudert n yimdanen. Ipikur yettennaɣ mgal yal ansay aqbur i yeqqaren d akken irebbiten sɛan tismin neɣ ttṭṭafaren-d deg umaḍal n yimdanen. Ihi, imi irebbiten ttnadin kan tumert-nsen, ur ilaq ara ad ten-nettaggad am akken zemren ad d-ssersen fell-aneɣ urfan-nsen neɣ aɛetteb-nsen, ilaq kan ad ten-nexdem d amedya n tumert. ==== Tamettant d tfelsuft: ==== Ɣef leḥsab n Epikur, war tuggdi lmut, d azmul n tmusni. Tuggdi n lmut tezga teqqen ɣer wayen nettamen, i tettnadi tesnafsit n rpikurit ad tekkes. Lmut ttwalin-t d angar s lekmal-is, dɣa ur ilaq ara ad tḥaz tudert-nneɣ. Ssebba tagejdant, d lmut ur ɣ-tceɣɣeb ara : ma nedder, lmut ur tettili ara, ma tella lmut dayen. Aṭas n ifukal i d-yemmalen tikti-ya : win yemmuten ur diri-t ara ugar n win ur d-nlul, tudert tudmawant d awezɣi, ǧahennama d asenfar n walleɣ n tugdi-nneɣ n ddunit, ma d tudert-nneɣ tedder akken ilaq, d aheyyi i lmut. Teɣzi n tudert-nneɣ ur tesεi ara azal, ma d tudert yettwaḍemnen ur d-tettlal ara akken ilaq. Lebɣi n tudert ur yelli d ṣṣwab ma yella tudert-nneɣ d taneblalt yakan. Ayen yesεan azal, d taɣara n tudert d lehna, mačči d lqewwa. Deg tegrayt, tafelsuft d armud yettawin ɣer tudert ihennan. <references /> 24oerqa5e2iy150p3gz6pl00rvdyugs 115670 115669 2026-04-02T18:13:21Z Abillardoo 16203 115670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Epikouros BM 1843.jpg|vignette|Epikur]] '''Epikur''' (s tegrikkit Ἐπίκουρος / Epíkouros) d yiwen n [[afelsuf|ufelsuf]] agrigi ilulen deg taggara n useggas n [[342]] [[send n tlalit|st]]. neɣ tazwara n [[341]] [[send n tlalit|st]]. yemmut deg useggas n [[270]] st. D netta i d amsbeddi, deg useggas n [[306]] st, n <u>tbikuri</u>t, yiwen seg yiɣerbazen n tfelsafit igerrzen akk n tallit taqburt.<ref>Marcel Conche, ''Sur Epicure'', Encre marine, 2014, p.41.</ref> Aɣerbaz n Epicurus qqaren-as tikwal Tibḥirt ɣef ljal n wemkan-nnes, berra i leṣwar n Atina, anda yezdeɣ d twacult-is d yemdukal-is n yinelmaden, llant deg-sent, qlilet aṭas deg tallit-nni, tilawin d yiqeddacen(aklan), seg yiseggasen n 306-307 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tafelsuft n Epikur(Epicurus) tebna di tazwara ɣef tiẓri n tfizikt, s waṭas i d-yekkan seg tfizikt n Democritus :ayen akk yellan deg-s d ibelkimen yettembiwilen deg yilem s yimussuyen igacuranen. Yettalas kullec ad d-yemlil d yibelkimen, ula d illuten ur nettmettat, ur d-cliεen deg lumuṛ n umdan. Tarwiḥt d aḥric kan seg tfekka, llan deg-s ula d ibelkimen i yettemsefraqen ar lmut n tfekka n umdan. Ulac tudert deffir lmut, ulac tawenza, ulac iswi. tbikurit d tangawt taradikalit. “Tadfi,” i d-yenna Epikur, “d amenzay d taggara n tudert yesɛan tumert (I Menoeceus, 129).” Maca akken ad tesɛuḍ kra n tidfiwin s talwit, ilaq-ak di tazwara talwit n wallaɣ, ataraxia (ur yelli ara ccwal). Ur ilaq ara ad nugad irebbiten : llan berra n ddunit yerna ur ɣ-ḥemmlen ara, ur sɛin la ayen ara ten-nẓall neɣ ad ten-neggad. Ur ilaq ara ad nugad lmut imi ur telli d kra : ulac i wid yeddren imi ddren, ulac i wid yemmuten imi ur ten-mazal ara ddren neɣ sɛan iḥulfan. Ilaq imir-nni ad neḥbes lḥif n tfekka yerna akken ad nexdem aya, ad nefren gar tidfiwin yellan : kra seg-sen lebɣi n tmanegt, tazmert, tabaɣurt, leḥmala) zemren ad d-awin aqraḥ ugar wayen yelhan. Axiṛ ihi ad teǧǧeḍ tadfiwin ur nesεi lmeεna u ad textireḍ tadfiwin tigamanin iwumi yeshel ad tqennεeḍ (I Menoeceus, 130) yerna anda ur ten-tețțagad ara aṭas lemḥayen d lqeṛḥ. Tabikurit tessawel ar uswir amctuh akk deg tadfi tasnaktayt. Lemḥadra temmug i ufran, i yiman, ma tuzzma ɣef wayen yeɛnan wiyaḍ. Tadukli d azal agejdan n tbikurit. Tawacult daɣen tesɛa azal meqqren.Tadfi am akken tesla Epicure, d tadfi i yebḍan. "Tudert tamerbuḥt" tesεa tadukli, d tin i d lfayda tameqqrant i tzemni.<ref>Sénèque, ''De vita beata'' (''De la vie heureuse''), XIII, §4</ref> Tafelsuft n Tpikurit tella, ɣer yidis n Stoicism, d tafelsuft ay ḥemmlen yimezdaɣen yeɣran n Rrum n Tegduda ed Tgelda armi d lqern wis 3. Ciceron yettcetki deg Tusculanes (IV,3) belli “Ipikuriyen ṭṭfen akk Ṭṭalyan”. Deg lqern wis 3, Diogenes Laertius, ur yeffer ara lḥir-nnes, yefka-as yiwen n yixef s lekmal-nnes deg wedlis-nnes yettwassnen n Tudert, Tasreḍt d Tefyar n Yifelsafen Imeqranen. Ixef-a yebda-d s tudert n Epicurus, d wagi i d tanagit kann insɛa n tmeddurt-is s wazal-is, d asefhem agejdan n tmusni-ines, umuɣ n leqdicat-is igejdanen (ugar n rebɛin n yizwal) yerna nnig waya, 4 n yiḍrisen inaṣliyen n Epikur i d-yura Diogenes s lekmal-nsen i lmend n tfelsafit-is : tabṛaț i Hiṛudutus (tafizikt), tabrat n Pythocles (tiɣawsiwin n yigenni), tabrat i Menoeceus (temlilɣi) d 40 n "tmaneɣt Maxims". Seg leqdic-nnes ameqran n Epicurus, ulac d acu ay d-yeqqimen anagar 81 n Tefyar n Vatican ay d-yettwafernen deg yiwen n wedlis n Vatican ay d-yeffɣen deg lqern wis 14 yerna war ccek ur llint akk d tid-nnes. tapikurit, d imasiḥiyen i tt-yettwalin d azamul n ukkelax d usenger yuklal ad t-hudden, i d-yessebganen kraḍ n tewtilin:<ref>Aurélien Robert, ''Epicure aux enfers, Hérésie, athéisme et hédonisme au Moyen Age'', Fayard, 2021, p.66.</ref> ur d-yecliɛ deg illuten (yuɣal deg lqern Ve d arnaflas yeffren), tangawt d tmettant n terwiḥt. Dante yessers akk ifelsafen iyunaniyen deg Limbo, ala Epikur yellan deg twinest tis 6 n ǧahennama yettwaḥerzen i yihertiyen. Inelmaden-is atnan deg ugenses aɣerfan <nowiki><I yilfen n epikur>(tameslayt tekka-d seg yefyar mucaεen n Ifasus n Horace), d irgazen ay d-yeɣlin kan deg lfeṛḥ n tfekka (ass-a mazal-it d apikuri s unamek , d win yeddren akken yelha).</nowiki> Yerna s lsas, s lmendad n unelmad-nnes, amedyaz Lucretius (94 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ? - 54 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ?), ameskar n De rerum natura (Ɣef ugama n tɣawsiwin), ay d-ufan yiwen n udlis-nnes deg Lalman deg 1417 deg tafejrit n Tleslalit(Renaissance), ay nessin tafelsuft n Epikur. Azal n 150-170 seld talalit n Ɛisa, yekcem-d apikuri Diogene n Oenoanda, yexdem yiwen usagen agigan n 80 m deg teɣzi d 4 m εlayen ɣef Agora n temdint n Oinoanda, iḍrisen n Epikur d yipikuryen-iḍen (am netta) i d aɣbalu amuqran n yisallen ɣef tsiḍent deg Asya tamctuḥt deg lqern wis 2. Azal n 1750, di Herculanum, deg uxxam n Papyrus, tufa-d yiwet n temkarḍit n tfelsafit yesɛan azal, deg yiwet n tama d tin i d-yesfaydin seg lkarbun, seg tama nniḍen d tin i d-yettwaḥerzen s tasuffut n uburkan Vesuvius deg useggas n 79, ideg yella uxeddim agejdan n Epicurus, Agama, deg 37 n yidlisen, yal wa yesεa teɣzi n upirus i d-yemmalen azal n εecra n yisunaḍ deg teẓrigt tatrart. Aɛiwed n lebni-a n yidlisen a, ay yellan d yuɛar aṭas yerna yessefk aṭas n leqdic, mazal-it la yettkemmil.<ref>André Comte-Sponville, ''Dictionnaire philosophique'', PUF, 2013, articles ''Epicure''.</ref> == Tameddurt == === Tudert d usegmi n Ipikur === Ipikur ilul-d di Samus. Baba-s, Neoklis, d ''akliruk'' di Samus, d win yesɛan tamurt tamecṭuḥt deg tmurt-a. Ipikur d aɣerman n Atena. Ixdem axeddim n ''yifiben(ilemẓiyen)'' asmi yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen, send ad iruḥ ad imlil baba-s di Kolofun, di ugafa n Samus, deg useggas 323 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yeqqim din armi d aseggas 321 send talalit n Ɛisa, anda yeɣra ɣer Nusifan. Yeḍfer abrid ɣer Mitilin anda i yebda aselmed. Tafelsuft-is tegla-d s ccwal (maca yemlal anelmad-is d unekcum-is Ermak) daɣen yeffeɣ s tɣawla ɣer Lampsak anda i yedder seg 310 armi d 306 send talalit n Ɛisa. Din i yemlal Kolotis, Mitrodor d Idomini n Lampsak i t-yeḍfaren ɣer Atena. Deg useggas 306 send talalit n Ɛisa, mi yesɛa 35 n yiseggasen, yusa-d ad yezdeɣ di Atena i d-yefkan Dimitrius Poliyurkitis, daɣen yuɣ tibḥirt s 80 n lmin; aɣerbaz n Tibḥirt yuɣal d ammas n tezrawin n yipikuriyen. Yeqqim din armi d tamettant-is. Deg tallit-a taneggarut i yura aṭas n yidlisen-is d tebṛatin-is. D yiwen seg wid yuran aṭas deg tallit taqburt (azal n 300 n yidlisen) akked Krisip (ugar n 700). Inelmaden-is d: Hirodot (yesɛa isem am umezruy), Piṭuklis, Ermak n Mitilin, Mitrodor n Kyu, Poliyin n Lampsak, Liyunti n Lampsak, Ṭimista, Liyunṭiyun, Kolotis d Apolonidis. Ipikur yemmut deg useggas 270 send talalit n Ɛisa mi yesɛa 72 n yiseggasen. Tamacahut n tmettant-is yefka-tt-id Diyujin. Tudert i yedder deg tibḥirt-ines tella d tamecṭuḥt daɣen d tafessast; d amečč-imɣanaɣen kan(itett ɣas akken deg ufermaj). Ɣef leḥsab n Diyuklis, i d-yedder Diyujin Layiris, "yiwen n lkas n ccṛab yekfa-t, daɣen isew aman axiṛ". Maca tibḥirt-ines tuɣal d amkan n yir axeddim, maca tikta am tigi d tid n lekdeb, ladɣa mi ara nẓer tamyekkant n yifelsafen deg usexser n wiyaḍ. Tugna n Ipikur tuɣal d tin n win ur yettamnen ara di Ṛebbi, Horas yessexdem-as isem n "ilef". Iḥemmel tafelsuft zik, asmi yesɛa 14 n yiseggasen ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, asmi di tnagit n Hisyud, yesteqsa aselmad-is ansi i d-yekka uhetwir(chaos) amezwaru seg wacu i d-ffɣen yakk tiɣawsiwin i d-yura umaru deg wedlis-is "Tiyuguni". Tiririyin n uselmad-is ur t-qenɛent ara, daɣen yebɣa ad yexdem tafelsuft s timmad-is war amwali - ɣef waya i t-rgmen syin. Maca yeɣra ɣer waṭas n yiselmaden n Iɣerbazen yemgaraden: * taplaṭunit: Praksifan d Pamfil, n aɣerbaz taperipatitikt n Tiyufrast; * Nusifan d Nusisid, n yibelkimen. Tafelsuft-is tettak azal i uqenneɛ (s wayen tesɛiḍ, s wamek i tḥulfuḍ, s wamḍiq-ik deg tmetti) daɣen tudert akked yimeddukal deg tumert ur nettbeddil ara. Tettekka s jjhed mgal taplaṭunit daɣen s lmizan mgal tiẓri n Arisṭu (kra n yiḥricen skanent-aɣ-d Ipikur d Ameɣri s tnefsit n uneggaru-a). Ma d tafelsuft taṭumit n Ipikur mačči d anɣal kan n tin n Dimukrit: Ipikur ibeddel kra n tektiwin n Dimukrit daɣen yerna tikti meqqren n "klinamin" (wali ddaw-a ixef ɣef tfizikt n Ipikur). Ipikur yewwi s lbaṭel adlis n Dimukrit ɣef "waṭumizm". Ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, yefka-yas i Dimukrit isem n "Lirokrit" (win yettnuzun tilwit neɣ win yettemyekkaten ɣef tuccḍiwin). === Awadem d tazrirt n uxemmem n Epicurus === Ipikur (Épicure) yerna-d tafelsuft-is deg akud ideg llan wuguren, anda ijeneralen n Leksander ttnaɣen ɣef tgelda-s. Zdat n wussan ur nerkid ara, ur nuklal ara, ur yeṭṭif ara tiririyin ɣer leqraya n wakud-nni, yerna-d anagraw i yeǧǧan imdanen ur ttidiren ara s tuggdi, ladɣa tuggdi n irebbi d tmettant. Yella fell-as ad yennaɣ mgal kra n yinelmaden-is, wid yeṭṭfen taɣuri n Ipikur d asumer n tadfi(plaisir) war talast. Maca, imi akk ayen yelhan d tadfi akk d lferḥ, ayagi ur d-yesskan ara d akken ilaq ad neddem ayen nebɣa neɣ ad nḍefṛer lferḥ kan: mačči akk tadfi neɣ lferḥ d ayen yelhan, daɣen ilaq ad nesɛu talast akken ur nettuɣal ara d isemgan n kra n yiswiren, ayen ara d-yeglu s waṭṭanen d wuguren. Ayagi i d-yeǧǧan abrid i thegga d usḥissef n iɣarbazen-nniḍen, ladɣa tin n Uxxam n Tewwurt. Am win i yeẓran tafelsuft-agi kan s tmuɣli n tadfi d lferḥ. Ipikur qqaren-t d ameddakel n laman, yeḥnin, yesɛa taɣara n tayri: "Taɣara-s tban-d s yismawen meqqren, s usersi d liman i yesɛa i imawlan-is, d leḥnana s wacu i yettɛamal akken iklan-is". D Sinik, yiwen seg Isṭwiyen, i d-yennan ɣef useqdec-is: "I nekkini, ttwaliɣ, daɣen zemmreɣ ad t-iniɣ mgal tikti n wid-nneɣ (Isṭwiyen), d akken leɛqel n Ipikur d aḥeqqani, d aɣezfan, daɣen d afessas i win t-yeɣran akken ilaq... Qqareɣ-d d akken ḥeqren-t war ma yuklal". Taɣuri n Ipikur tesɛa tazmert meqqren, ama s waṭas n yinelmaden-is, ama s tayri d yiḥulfan iǧehden i tesɛa: "Ccbaḥa n tɣuri-agi am tin n tserrayin". Tewweḍ ar Ṛuma d Ṭṭalyan akk, ladɣa s Lukris, win i tt-yuɣen aṭas armi i d-yura fell-as adlis n tmedyazt. Ipikur ur d-yessutur ara deg tɣuri-s taɣuri n tbratin, tin qqaren-as taklasikt (n wakud-nni), imi ur tt-yufi ara yelha i ubrid-is. Ur yeṭṭif ara zzux n tmusni i yettaǧǧan aleqqem d tuggin n uɛiwen. Ayen yebɣa ad t-id-yessken d tilist n tmusni tazeddagt d tudmawant, d uxeddim seg iḥulfan. Tikwal ssemcaben Ipikur d Ɛisa, qqaren d akken sin-agi d imsellken n wegdud. Daɣen, tiririyin i d-yefka Ipikur ttwaɣennunt sɣur Lukris am tisemɣiwin n yirebbi, zemrent ad d-rrent(neɣ ad t-id-tesnefli) argaz yettwaṭṭfen s yiḥulfan, tikrura, tuggdi n yirebbi, atg. Ɣef waya kra n Ifelsafen, am Niṭca( Nietzsche), ur ḥbisen ara ad walin deg tikti-agi yiwet n talɣa n tdiyant n ṣṣenf n tmasiḥit war rrebi, tikti n umhis(rédemptrice) maca war ma tesɛa tikti n ddnub yellan deg tdiyant-agi taneggarut. Ipikur yura aṭas maca tira-s d tin n yipikuriyen am tuget n tira tagrigit truḥ. Tira n Dyujin n Unuwanda ar taggara n lqern wis-2 d taneggarut n tikti tipikurit deg tallit taqburt, ɣef wayen i d-yenna ugellid Julyan d Sant-Ugsṭin, d akken tira n Epicurus qrib negrent deg lqern wis-4. Qqimen-d kraḍ tebratin d-yessegzin s lebɣi-s (''Tabrat i Irudut'', ''Tabrat i Piṭuklis'' d ''Tabrat i Minisi''), d kra n yinzan, 40 ''Yinzan igejdanen'' i d-yuran Dyujin Layirs d 81 ''Tinfaliyin tivaṭikaniyin'', ffɣent-d ar taggara n lqern wis-19 deg yiwen n wamud n temkarḍit n Vaṭikan, ɣas akken ahat d tiɣuriwin n uɣerbaz. Kra n yiḥricen n ''Ɣef Tgama'' (''Piri fusis'') ffɣen-d daɣen deg Irkulanum deg 1752. === Tamettant === Ipikur yemmut s tuqqna n yibeccan, i d-yekkan seg wayen qqaren zik d aẓru, ahat d iẓra n yibeccan. Aṭṭan-agi, akken i d-yenna Irmark, yeṭṭef 14 n wussan. Irmip yenna-d belli yekcem ɣer yiwet n tbanyut(Tamcuceft.) n nnḥas yeḥman s waman yeḥman, yessuter ccrab ur nxelleḍ ara (am waṭas n yimasnegalzen akken i d-yenna Dyujin, tidet ur tt-nezmir ara ad tt-nesleb), yeswa-t. Seld mi yewweṣṣa imeddukkal-is ad smektayen tiktiwin-is, yemmut. Yeǧǧa-d lewṣaya d tebrat i ''Ldumini n Lampsak''. == Tasreḍt == Tasreḍt-is tella tettwaru deg udlis-is Tagama. Ipikur yessexdem-itt s yiman-is deg yiwen n wudem awezlan i d-yeqqimen deg Tebrat i Irudut . Adlis agejdan tura yellan deg uleqqem (d aḥric) sɣur Imnadiyen n tgemmi d imusnawen n tutlayt, ttɛawanen s tetiknulujit, leqqmen-t-id seg yiwaraqen n papirus yellan yeḥreq deg Irkulanum, d yiḥricen d tira yellan da d dihin. Yebda tasreḍt-is s KULLEC, sakin yegza-d ɣer wemdan d tasnafsit-is akken ad d-yessuffeɣ tiktiwin timatanin d yisemtaren ifiluzufiyen ara neḍfer. === Asafar n ukṛad(rebɛa): === Tasreḍt n Ipikur nezmer ad tt-nexdem d agzul s wayen qqaren yipikuriyen ''tetrapharmakon'' (ddwa n rebɛa, neɣ "ssem n rebɛa": axaṭer kullec yekka-d seg useqdec), i yura Dyujin n Unuwanda ɣef weɣrab n yiwen n uxxam, yenna-t-id akka: # Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad irebbi; # Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad tamettant; # Nezmer ad naweḍ ɣer tumert; # Nezmer ad nqabel urfan. Ipikur yenna-t-id s yiman-is akka: "Tura anwa i tettarraḍ nnig umussnaw? Iga-d deg illuten timuɣliwin yerkan; ur yesɛi ara tuggdi zdat n tmettant; yefhem d acu-t yiswi n tgama; ifaq belli lxir-a anayan yeshel ad yaweḍ yiwen u ad yaweḍ ɣer tezdeg-s, Ma yella ayen n dir maḍi, d ayen ur d-nettawi maḍi deg wakud neɣ deg wayen yerzan lǧehd d tezmert; Ur d-yecliɛ deg lmektub, kra deg-sen d bab n lumuṛ i ten-yerran d ayla-nsen." Ad nger tamawt dakken sin n wagazen ay yettwafernen: tmusni n tgama (yeɛnan ihi aḥric afiziki n tasreḍt n Ipikur) d talwit zdat n twanza(lmektub). Isem n "ddwa" yesskan-d iswi n tikti tipikurit: ilaq ad nsellek imdanen seg waṭṭanen i ten-iṭṭfen. Ma yella tullya n tipikurit deg umagrad-a tetbeɛ tbeṭṭit taklasikt n tfelsuft, iswi-ines aneggaru ilaq ad yeqqim deg wallaɣ. Nezmer ad d-nini d akken awal agrig ''pharmakos'' yemmal-d daɣen "ssem". Tifrat tusligt-agi n wawal tezmer ad tili am snat n tmuɣliwin n Niṭca(Nietzsche) ɣef tipikurit, yiwet d taɣuri teṣfa i yettnaɣen mgal tikrura, tayeḍ d tusmert mgal tudert i d-yesskanen aṭṭaf n urfan deg tdiyant tamasiḥit. === Tiẓri n tmussni === ==== Amnaḍ afelsafi ==== Ipikur yesnulfa-d tiẓri n tmusni yebnan ɣef yiḥulfan d tidet-nsen i d-yemmalen tilawt. Yerna daɣen tiẓri n yizwiren anida i d-nettarra tikta seg wayen i nettaɛraḍ yal ass. Izwiren-agi fernen abrid i uxemmem n wemdan war ma uɣalen ɣer turda n Platun ɣef Tikta timussnin. Asteqsi n laman n yiḥulfan yettwasqerdec aṭas sɣur ifiluzufen ihillinistiyen. Llan kraḍ n tsentaliyin: ma d lekdeb i llan akk, ma llan wid n tidet d wid n lekdeb, neɣ ma d tidet i llan akk. Ipikur yeḥseb tasentalant taskeptikt (akk d lekdeb) tettnakaḍ iman-is acku tebɣa(ilaq) ayen yugaren iḥulfan; maca taɣẓint tettabaɛ iḥulfan imi igzuyen-nneɣ kkan-d seg termit tamḥulfut. Tasentalant tis snat daɣen ur telhi ara acku ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar uḥulfu n lekdeb d uḥulfu n tidet. Ɣer Ipikur, iḥulfan ur zmiren ara ad mnakaḍen axaṭer akken ma llan mgaraden. Ihi teqqim-d kan tasentalant i d-yeqqaren akk iḥulfan d tidet. Asteqsi-agi ad yettwasegzi deg tegnit tamezwarut n tfelsuft-is, isem-is akanun, yeqqaren ɣef yiseɣzanen n tidet, llan deg-s kuẓ n leṣnaf n ttbut. ==== Kuẓ(rebɛa) n yimeskanen: ==== '''Aramsu''' neɣ '''aḥulfu''' (''pathos''): tbayent n tadfi d urfan. Tadfi tessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n tadfi, urfan yessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n urfan. Ayen yelhan d wayen n dir d iseɣzanen n tidet mačči kan deg waddad aḥulfi, maca ula deg ssebba-s. '''Aḥulfu''' neɣ '''tigzi n uḥulfu''': d addad aḥulfi n uḥulfu i d-yekkan seg unali n tɣawsiwin, yesseknay-aɣ-d s lqenɛa ssebba tamassaɣt d tameskart. Addad-a, s tidet, ulac abrid ad yexdem s yiman-is neɣ ad ibeddel ayen i aɣ-ineqḍen seg berra; aḥulfu yettnerni kan ma yella ayen i t-yesnekkaren seg berra, ihi tilawt-agi ilaq ad tili. Ɣef waya, tiɣawsiwin akken i aɣ-d-ttbanen ttilin acku akk iḥulfan, ɣef useɣzan-agi, d tidet: "Ma nenna-d d akken aḥulfu d lekdeb am akken nenna-d d akken ulac ayen ara yettwalin." Tuccḍa tettili-d s uzaraf n tɣẓint: ayen i aɣ-yesxerriqen deg yiḥulfan ur yelli ara deg wulliyen-nneɣ, maca deg wayen i sen-nernu s yizarafen-nneɣ, d usekni-nneɣ, d usmekti-nneɣ, atg. Maca, ulac abrid iwumi ara d-nessegzi lekdeb n uḥulfu war ma nella d inekcamen deg yiman-nneɣ neɣ deg tuccḍa n tegrumma. Izarafen-nneɣ ttɛeddin ɣef sin n wanawen n tɣawsiwin, tid i nezmer ad nẓer s tirmit (aselken n uzaraf yezmer ad yili), d tid ur nelli ara deg tirmit, am yilel, tin yeṭṭfen tilawt s usekni. '''Azwir''' (''prolepse''): d igzuten imatuten zdaxel n yiman, ttwarnan-d s tuɣalin n tigzi n tɣawsa n uḥulfu, ttilint-d uqbel tigzi n uḥulfu deg tirmit i nezmer ad nexdem, ttwasnamken-d deg ufham i nesɛa deg wawalen i nseqdac i usuqel n yisteqsiyen. Azwir ihi yesɛa isem, talaɣt n yisem-a tgellu-d s tɣawsa i yemmalen deg wallaɣ-nneɣ. Abrid-a yettarra tabadut ur telhi ara, acku agzu yetban-d s wudem iban. Azwir ihi d tugna n tɣawsa n tidet seg wacu i d-yekka, yessadaf azaraf n tilawt. Izwiren-agi ttaǧǧan-aɣ ad nɛeddi tirmit-nneɣ tamirant axaṭer kkan-d seg tirmit-nneɣ iɛeddan; ɣef waya, ttarran izarafen-nneɣ d wayen i nettamen. '''Asugen n umeyyez''' (''phantastikè epibolè tes dianoias''), neɣ "tagnit" n uxemmem: asugen-a yessafham-d ''amḍal'' s lekmal-is, iɛedda asugen n uḥulfu; d ulluy n tɣawsa n berra s uṭṭaf n tugna-s. Tbayent-a taneggarut ahat rnan-tt-id yipikuriyen ɣef tlata n tbayanin timezwura n Ipikur. === Tiẓri n tutlayt === Isem yemmalar-d azwir, ihi i Ipikur yella wassaɣ gar tiẓri n tmusni d tiẓri n tutlayt. I Ipikur, ilaq ad nuɣal ɣer unamek amezwaru n wawal, yeqqnen ɣer uzwir seg wacu i d-yekka unamek-is. Tiẓri-agi tettawi-d ad d-nessegzi talalit n tutlayt akken ad nefhem akken ilaq tamusni tamadant:<ref>''Maximes capitales'', XXVII.</ref> * Tuffɣa n yimesla s unṭad n yiḥulfan; d asuki agaman d umaddan; * Tutlayt tettimɣur sakin s tnemmirt gar yimdanen i yemyerḍan ɣef wawalen yessishilen tudert n tmetti; ismawen ttbeyinen-d iḥulfan d wulliyen n yiḥulfan. * Ɣer taggara, imdanen snulfuyen-d awalen imaynuten i tmusniwin timaynutin. Tigrawin tijerrumin d yinamken imaynuten ttwaseqdacen i useqdec n tutlayt s wudem unnig d umsengel. Tutlayt mačči d asnulfu n wemdan: d tawennaḍt n wemdan d tmeddurt-is tafizikt yemgaraden i d taɣbalut n yiḥulfan, n wulliyen d yimesla i d-yetteffɣen seg-sen. Anamek amezwaru n wawal d anamek agaman, maca anamek-a ittwadel sakin s useqdec n yimdanen. Tuɣalin ɣer unamek amezwaru d tuɣalin ɣer yizwiren s timmad-nsen, ihi d tuɣalin ɣer tala n tmusni tamadant (mgal tamlilit). Ipikur yettaggi akken i llan tisenfaliyin d tiẓri taplitunit n yismawen igamanen. === Tazrawt n ugama === ==== Amnaḍ(tagnit) n tfizikt d tfelsafit ==== Epicur yura ɣef tussna n tfizikt(imenzayen, tarrayt, talɣa n umaḍal) deg tebrat i Herodot, ma d tabrat i Pythocles tettmeslay-d ugar ɣef tezrawt n twaɣiyin n tegnawt(tajeǧǧigt, ssaɛqa...). Netta d afilusuf, maca am yal ifilsufen n zik, yella daɣen d amussnak d umektan n yitran. Ɣur-s, tigzi igerrzen n umaɣrad tettakk abrid ɣer tudert n tumert. Yenna-d dakken "Ma yella ayen akk i nettmuqqul deg yirebbi am timkerriwin(miracles) ur aɣ-ssaggadent ara, ma nezmer ad nxemmem akken ur nettaggad ara tamettant axaṭer ur aɣ-teɛni ara; ma yella tmusni-nneɣ tewweḍ armi neẓra d acu-t yiswi aḥeqqani n wayen n dir d wayen yelhan, tazrawt n tfizikt ur aɣ-tlaq ara aṭas.". Ipikur yettawi-aɣ-d ad nessen agama akken ur nettaf ara ssebba n usḥer neɣ n timkerriwin anda i yellan kan anagraw aderɣal ur nesɛi ara taɣara. Urfan n wallaɣ yekka-d seg wayen i nettarra i ugama lebɣi neɣ aḥulfu ilelli: mi ara ad nẓer tigawt-is d lebɣi, ad nɣil agama "yexdem-aɣ" neɣ "yebɣa-yaɣ". D aserwes n ugama d wemdan (armas n yiḥulfan d yiẓuran imaɣdalen i tgama) i Ipikur yettennaɣ. Ma yella tgama d taderɣalt ur nesɛi aḥulfu, ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk neɣ ad as-nkkes azal i tigawin-is. Ipikur yesneflay tiẓri n turdiwin timgettin ɣef ssebba n tmeẓri tagamant. Talast n tmusni-nneɣ tettarra-aɣ ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar turdiwin yemgaraden i yessegzayen tameẓri-agi Ɣas akken tban d talast, tafizikt-is tefra akken ara tettwaxdem weḥd-s, ur tettekki ara deg yiḥricen-nniḍen n tikti-s, ahat axaṭer ur tebni ara ɣef tikti n "wemdan deg tlemmast", daɣen tezmer ad teddu war irebbi (maca Ipikur mačči d arnaflas s tidet). Cicéron yenna-d ɣef uḥric afiziki n tikti n Ipikur: "D acu i yellan deg tfizikt n Ipikur ur d-nekki ara seg Dimukrit? Axaṭer, ɣas yebeddel kra n tɣawsiwin, am wakken i t-nniɣ sdat ɣef waggay n yibelkimen, deg wayen-nniḍen yenna-d kif-kif." Aḥkem-agi yekka-d seg leqrun. Maca, akken yella, d lekdeb. Tafizikt tipikurit tettqerrib ugar ɣer tikti n Yunya i yeqqaren ɣef wayen yellan d tumert d wayen iccuden ɣer tadfi, wala ɣer Taɣeznaẓrit(rationalisme) i yeɛmer imir-nni, s umedya s Usṭiyin(stoisisme). ''Tugget n yimaḍalen, war talast, aggi n wayen yettamen ugdud, d twanza(mektub), atg''. ur seḍfaren ara aṭas tasnallunt n tɣuri-agi. Tafizikt tipikurit mgal tafizikt tusṭwit. Rnu ɣer waya, Dimukrit d amsekniwal mi ara d-yessegzi tiẓri n ubelkim, ur yettamen ara deg wayen i d-mmalen yiḥulfan. Ma d Ipikur, yella ɣef termit d Tanagit n tidet n yiḥulfan. Sin-agi ttmeslayen s yiwen n wudem, maca mačči ɣef yiwet n ssebba. ==== Tizrawin tigejdanin n tfizikt n Epikur ==== Ipikur yedda deg ubrid n ubelkimemt n Dimukrit, maca yemgarad deg kra n yigemmaḍ. Yerna-d tikti n ''clinamen'', akken ad yeḥrez tilelli n lebɣi n wemdan i yettwagin deg tɣuri tabelkimt. ''Clinamen'' d tazmert n yibelkimen i wakken ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, mi ara ɣlin deg yilem. S waya i ttmyugaren yibelkimen, ttarran-d tamaddut. ''Clinamen'' d amenzuy n tuffɣa tagensant n yibelkimen. Tikti-agi tesɛa sin yiswiyen: asegzi n ubnu n tfekwin, asekcem n tikti n ugacur(hasard) akken ad tefk llsas i tlelli n wemdan ===== Imenzayen ===== Tafelsuft tagamant n Ipikur tebna ɣef drus n aksiyumen(axiomes), anda i yeshel ad yeɛqel yiwen amenzuy n uḥraz n tesnallunt n Yunya: * Ulac ayen i d-ilullen seg wulac * Ur yezmir ara kullec ad d-ilal seg kullec * Ulac ayen ara yuɣalen d ulac. Akk tella-d s yibelkimen war talast deg yilem war talast. Deg tlisa-agi, amaḍal d agraw i yettɛeddin, ur yelli ara d yiwen, ur yelli ara d amedlal(Mdel ɣef yiman-is). Llan waṭas n yimaḍalen yemgaraden wa f wayeḍ, sɛan deg-sen imuddiren yemgaraden. Tikta-agi n Yunya mačči d tibelkimiyin kan; nezmer ad d-nessuffeɣ tilawt n ubelkim seg umenzuy n uḥraz. Tilawt s lekmal-is i Ipikur tebna ɣef sin n yiferdisen: ibelkimen d yilem. Ibelkimen d iḥricen ur nberru ara n tmaddut. Turda n ubelkim tekka-d s wudem ilaqen seg unagmay wis-3. Ma yezmer kullec ad yuɣal d ulac, amḍal ad yeffeɣ. Ihi abelkim d tilawt ur nettruḥu ara n umḍal. ===== Abelkim(Atome) ===== * D tilawt ur nettban ara, n lebda, ur yettbeddil ara, ur yettwaxrab ara; * D tameqqrant ur nberru ara maca nezmer ad tt-nebḍu (timeqqranin ttwabeṭṭant ɣer waddaden imecṭaḥ, abelkim yebna seg-sen). * Yesɛa talɣa * Yesɛa taẓayt * Yesɛa tameqqrant Ibelkimen mgaraden gar-asen: i wakken ad d-yebnu wemdan neɣ arebbi, ilaqen yibelkimen yemgaraden. Ibelkimen d izerriren n tɣawsiwin, mačči d iferdisen-nsent kan. Ipikur yettqabal ilem; ibelkimen teddun deg yilem; abeddu-agi d ayen ur nettruḥu ara, axaṭer ilem d ayen ur nesɛi ugur n zbu. Agama n ubelkim d amussu-agi agensay n lebda, yetteddu i yibelkimen akk seg yiwen n ubrid, s yiwet n tɣawla, ɣef teẓẓayt, seg ufella ar wadda. Ibelkimen zemren daɣen ad nheznuzen deg umkan-nsen, ad mmugren. Ad beddlen ihi ifekwan ugar n ukud. Maca ilaq ad d-nessegzi amek ibelkimen zemren ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, axaṭer abrid-agi d yiwen i akk ibelkimen, ur zmiren ara ad mḥerken. Dagi i d-yerna Ipikur ''clinamen'' (parenklisis), d afraɣ s tuffɣa tagensant, ur nesɛi ara amkan neɣ akud, i yeǧǧan ibelkimen ad mḥerken. ===== Tugget n yimaḍalen ===== Mi yettwaqbel wayen-a, ibelkimen zemren ad dduklen: "Iferdisen-agi aṭas, seg wakud war talast, ddaw n unṭad n yimḥizan i ṭṭfen d teẓẓayt-nsen, dduklen s wugten n tarrayin yemgaraden, ttaɛraḍen akk timliliyin i zemren ad xedmen gar-asen, armi id-grupen s tegnit deg yigrawen i d-yesskaren talalit n tneqqiḍin timeqqranin, akal, ilel, igenni, d yimuddiren." Llan ihi imaḍalen war talast, tteddun d tugget n teddukliwin tibelkimiyin: Ipikur yetteḥrab ɣef tsentalant n tugget n yimaḍalen, mgal wid yeqqaren yella kan yiwen n umaḍal tura (ur yelli d acu ara yexdem ma ssarmen neɣ ala imaḍalen izemren ad ilin, am Laybnic): "Mačči d amḍan n yibelkimen kan, d win n yimaḍalen i yellan war talast deg umḍal. Yella umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen am win-nneɣ d umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen yemgaraden. Imi ibelkimen llan s umḍan war talast, am wakken i t-nenna sdat, llan yal amkan, amussu-nsen yettawi-ten armi d imukan ibeɛden. Seg tama-nniḍen, ɣef ssebba n wemḍan war talast, amḍan n yibelkimen ilaqen i wakken ad ilin d iferdisen, neɣ d ssebba, n umaḍal, ur yezmir ara ad yeffeɣ s ubnu n yiwen n umaḍal, neɣ s win n wemḍan ifaren n yimaḍalen, ama d imaḍalen am win-nneɣ neɣ d imaḍalen yemgaraden. Ihi ulac ayen i yessewḥalen tilawt n yimaḍalen war talast." ===== tasnafsit(psychologie) ===== Taɣuri n yiman tekka-d seg tfizikt. Iman d tafekka yebnan s yibelkimen, yesɛa tiɣara i d-yekkren seg tfekwin yedduklen. D unfuf (nnefs)yeḥman yesɛan lmeɛna anda i yella wallaɣ d yiḥulfan. Assaɣ-is d tfekka yettaǧǧa aḥulfu; mi ara yettwaxreb uddukel-agi, iman ur yettḥulfu ara, yettruḥu. Maca dagi daɣen tiẓri n Ipikur tufa uguren; tiɣara n tudert ur zmirent ara ad ilint seg unfuf yeḥman. Iman ad yili d tiddukla n yibelkimen imaẓlayen: abelkim n unfuf, abelkim n wagu, abelkim n teḥmi, d wabelkim wis-4 war isem, i d-yessegzayen amussu n uxemmem. Iman, imi d tafekka, yezmer ad yemmet. Afham-agi n yiman, am tfizikt meṛṛa, yexdem i tumert: yebɣa ad yekkes tiḥkayin i d-yettasen ttxebbilent axemmem-nneɣ ɣef wayen i aɣ-yeṭṭafaren seld tmettant. I tudert n lebda, yettembaddal d tamettant ur nettmettay ara, akud war talast anda ur nella ara. Deg umaḍal aruman, Lukris yerna deg tfelsuft n Ipikur deg tangawt(matérialisme) s tarrayt taqburt. ==== Timlilɣi d tsertit ==== ===== Uguren igejdanen n timlilɣi: ===== Timlilɣi n Ipikur tban-d ladɣa deg Tebrat i Minisi d Yinzan igejdanen. Tamuɣli tipikurit d tin yeqqaren d akken tadfi d ayen yelhan, d ssebba n tuẓult, urfan d ayen n dir (lexṣaṣ n wayen yelhan). Tamuɣli-a tettwexdem ɣef unadi n wayen yugaren lxir, d uweḍḍu ɣer urkad. Kant yewwet-d deg tmuɣli tipikurit (d tusṭwit) axaṭer tuẓult tezmer ad tili mgal tumert n yiwen.<ref>''Lettre à Hérodote'', tabratt i herurut</ref> ===== Tiẓri n tmusni, tadfi d tumert: ===== Ur telli ara d tafelsuft n "win yeddren akken iwata" i yettnadin tadfi s waṭas. S tidet, d tafelsuft n umnekni(équilibre), yebnan ɣef tikti d akken yal tigawt tettawi-d igemmaḍ n tadfi (igerrzen) d yigemmaḍ n wurfan (n dir). I upikuri ilaq ad ixdem s temḥaddit, ad inadi tigawin i d-yettawin ulac n wurfan, seg wacu ara d-yekk lxir agazan n waddad-a n usteɛfu (arataksi), anda tmusni tettawi-d tadfi tuglidt. Tasarut n tumert d tamusni n tlisa n yiman; ɣef waya, ilaq ad nḥerreb ayen yeɛeddan talast acku yettawi-d urfan. === Taɣerma n wemdan: === Deg tiẓri n tmusni, Epicurus yeḥseb laṣel n tutlayt. Laṣel-a d aɣelnaw yerna d aqbur. Tettwali-d sdat-s tisuda (institutions) timdanin, ay d-yeffɣen kra seg umezruy n wemdan : « D tiɣawsiwin s timmad-nsent ay d-yesselmad yerna ttḥettiment amur ameqran seg wakud ɣef ugama n wemdan, yerna d aya ay d-yesfehmen kan sdeffir-s s taɣẓint(raison) ». Am wakken daɣen, taɣdemt d tasudut (institution) n umdan : « Ger yiɣersiwen ur nessaweḍ ara ad xedmen imtawayen akken ur ttḍurrun ara gar-asen, ulac taɣdemt wala lbaṭel ; yerna d aya ay d-yeḍran d yiɣerfan ur nezmir neɣ ur bɣin ara ad gen imtawayen (conventions) i yiwen n yiswi" ==== Tameddukelt d tayri: ==== Ipikur yessuter asteqsi n tidet n tmeddukelt. D acu-t umeddakel n tidet? Amek ara nsegzu tameddukelt n tidet? Ma yella tadfi d iswi n wemdan kan, lebɣi n yiman d amenzuy n tikli, daɣen anadi n umeddakel ur yezmir ad yili ḥaca s lebɣi. Lebɣi-agi iban: tella tallalt i aɣ-yettak tikwal. I Ipikur, ameddakel n tidet d win yeẓran ayen i yeḥwaǧ wayeḍ, iḥerrez-it seg wuguren n yiman, yettaǧǧa-t ad yaweḍ ɣer urkad. ==== irebbiten ==== "Ur ilaq ara ad nettaggad irebbiten." S tidet, i Ipikur, irebbiten d imuddiren i yellan deg waddad n tumert n lebda. Agama-nsen tettarra-ten ur ttekcamen ara iman-nsen deg tudert n yimdanen. Ipikur yettennaɣ mgal yal ansay aqbur i yeqqaren d akken irebbiten sɛan tismin neɣ ttṭṭafaren-d deg umaḍal n yimdanen. Ihi, imi irebbiten ttnadin kan tumert-nsen, ur ilaq ara ad ten-nettaggad am akken zemren ad d-ssersen fell-aneɣ urfan-nsen neɣ aɛetteb-nsen, ilaq kan ad ten-nexdem d amedya n tumert. ==== Tamettant d tfelsuft: ==== Ɣef leḥsab n Epikur, war tuggdi lmut, d azmul n tmusni. Tuggdi n lmut tezga teqqen ɣer wayen nettamen, i tettnadi tesnafsit n rpikurit ad tekkes. Lmut ttwalin-t d angar s lekmal-is, dɣa ur ilaq ara ad tḥaz tudert-nneɣ. Ssebba tagejdant, d lmut ur ɣ-tceɣɣeb ara : ma nedder, lmut ur tettili ara, ma tella lmut dayen. Aṭas n ifukal i d-yemmalen tikti-ya : win yemmuten ur diri-t ara ugar n win ur d-nlul, tudert tudmawant d awezɣi, ǧahennama d asenfar n walleɣ n tugdi-nneɣ n ddunit, ma d tudert-nneɣ tedder akken ilaq, d aheyyi i lmut. Teɣzi n tudert-nneɣ ur tesεi ara azal, ma d tudert yettwaḍemnen ur d-tettlal ara akken ilaq. Lebɣi n tudert ur yelli d ṣṣwab ma yella tudert-nneɣ d taneblalt yakan. Ayen yesεan azal, d taɣara n tudert d lehna, mačči d lqewwa. Deg tegrayt, tafelsuft d armud yettawin ɣer tudert ihennan. <references /> lb7jg4h192uygztbo73sqgb8j6hgsqo 0 25349 115676 115579 2026-04-02T20:18:20Z Abillardoo 16203 115676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taẓrawsit''' neɣ '''Tussna n temhazt n tdefrin''' d tussna yettunagen ɣef usileɣ n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] d [[timmarewt|wassaɣen]] yettilin gar-asen. Dɣa , yettili-d usnirem n wassaɣen-a s teslaḍin [[Taxeclawt|tixeclawanin]] d tezrawt n [[Tasensileɣt|usileɣ]] n imuddiren yemgaraden. Taẓrawsit tal (tesɛa) azal meqqren deg [[tasnudert|tesnudert]], acku aṭas seg tɣulin-is ggunint fellas deg waṭas n tegnatin. Amedya, izaduren n [[Tasensartut (tasnudert)|usismel ussnan]] d [[isem ussnan|usemmi n yimuddiren]] d usenmel-nsent d tukza-nsent gar n telmas niḍen. Akken i tmikcament tiẓrawsin d usismel ussnan deg "tussna n inagrawen n teẓrawsit", tusna-ayi tga d [[tasnarrayt]] yessexdamen tiskanin timezdiyin n imuddiren yeddan seg [[imru imezdi aneggar|yimru imezdi aneggar]] i usileɣ n isekla yeṭṭafaren agenses n tdefrin seg yimru ɣer tarwa (neɣ ayen ittusemman s tfelwit n yifurken), akken i d-tessenmal tilisa n [[talmest|telmas]] d yifurken. S umata, taẓrawsit tuɣal d tin ilan tawla tagejdant deg inagrawen [[tasnudert|isnudranen]] i ussuneɣ d ugenses n useklu amehzan n [[tudert]]. == Tiski n useklu isgensisen tiwsitin == == Amezruy == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tasnudert]] [[Taggayt:tasenɣrsiwt]] [[Taggayt:Tasnimɣit]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:asismel ussnan]] dk1vnf0z4lkq1y6abdqgy62hs1bhmos 115677 115676 2026-04-02T22:21:29Z Abillardoo 16203 115677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taẓrawsit''' neɣ '''Tussna n temhazt n tdefrin''' d tussna yettunagen ɣef usileɣ n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] d [[timmarewt|wassaɣen]] yettilin gar-asen. Dɣa , yettili-d usnirem n wassaɣen-a s teslaḍin [[Taxeclawt|tixeclawanin]] d tezrawt n [[Tasensileɣt|usileɣ]] n imuddiren yemgaraden. Taẓrawsit tal (tesɛa) azal meqqren deg [[tasnudert|tesnudert]], acku aṭas seg tɣulin-is ggunint fellas deg waṭas n tegnatin. Amedya, izaduren n [[Tasensartut (tasnudert)|usismel ussnan]] d [[isem ussnan|usemmi n yimuddiren]] d usenmel-nsent d tukza-nsent gar n telmas niḍen. Akken i tmikcament tiẓrawsin d usismel ussnan deg "tussna n inagrawen n teẓrawsit", tusna-ayi tga d [[tasnarrayt]] yessexdamen tiskanin timezdiyin n imuddiren yeddan seg [[imru imezdi aneggar|yimru imezdi aneggar]] i usileɣ n isekla yeṭṭafaren agenses n tdefrin seg yimru ɣer tarwa (neɣ ayen ittusemman s tfelwit n yifurken), akken i d-tessenmal tilisa n [[talmest|telmas]] d yifurken. S umata, taẓrawsit tuɣal d tin ilan tawla tagejdant deg inagrawen [[tasnudert|isnudranen]] i ussuneɣ d ugenses n useklu amehzan n [[tudert]]. == Tiski n useklu isgensisen tiwsitin == == Amezruy == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tasnudert]] [[Taggayt:tasenɣrsiwt]] [[Taggayt:Tasnimɣit]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:asismel ussnan]] [[Taggayt:tussniwin]] 26kov5loixuj7zcumj647lkd11jlze8 0 25358 115671 115647 2026-04-02T19:14:17Z Abillardoo 16203 115671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasenzikdert''' neɣ '''Asismel afurkan''' (s Teglizit: Cladistics) d asudes (aseqṛeb) i [[asismel n tesnudert|usismel asnudran]], anda ittusemlen [[amuddir|imuddiren]] deg tegrawin ([[azuniri|ifurkan isnudranen]]) u unect n [[aẓaṛ imezdi|umru imezdi]] i yudsen. Assaɣen uhlisen ttwabnan ɣef yinumaẓ isuddimen yezdin, tid i yella wamek ad uɣalent ɣer uẓar imezdi aneggar neɣ yudsen, yerna ur llint ara ɣer tegrawin d imerawen yaggugen. Seg teskanin yellan deg ufurek asnudran, [[aẓaṛ imezdi|ameru imezdi]] d warraw-is yakk gan d amur seg ufurek asnudran. == Amezruy == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:asismel ussnan]] at1gspdwiuc2hrblna9n50ndiclr7ra 115672 115671 2026-04-02T19:15:15Z Abillardoo 16203 115672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasenzikdert''' neɣ '''Asismel afurkan''' (s Teglizit: Cladistics) d asudes (aseqṛeb) i [[asismel n tesnudert|usismel asnudran]], anda ittusemlen [[amuddir|imuddiren]] deg tegrawin ([[azuniri|ifurkan isnudranen]]) u unect n [[aẓaṛ imezdi|umru imezdi]] i yudsen. Assaɣen uhlisen ttwabnan ɣef yinumaẓ isuddimen yezdin, tid i yella wamek ad uɣalent ɣer [[Aẓar imezdi aneggar|uẓar imezdi aneggar]] neɣ yudsen, yerna ur llint ara ɣer tegrawin d imerawen yaggugen. Seg teskanin yellan deg ufurek asnudran, [[aẓaṛ imezdi|ameru imezdi]] d warraw-is yakk gan d amur seg ufurek asnudran. == Amezruy == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:asismel ussnan]] 0yk5wdk1rvxneacynyhb21p38rcdz6v 115673 115672 2026-04-02T19:16:32Z Abillardoo 16203 115673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tasenzikdert''' neɣ '''Asismel afurkan''' (s Teglizit: Cladistics) d asudes (aseqṛeb) i [[asismel n tesnudert|usismel asnudran]], anda ittusemlen [[amuddir|imuddiren]] deg tegrawin ([[azuniri|ifurkan isnudranen]]) u unect n [[aẓaṛ imezdi|umru imezdi]] i yudsen. Assaɣen uhlisen ttwabnan ɣef yinumaẓ isuddimen yezdin, tid i yella wamek ad uɣalent ɣer [[imru imezdi aneggar|uẓar imezdi aneggar]] neɣ yudsen, yerna ur llint ara ɣer tegrawin d imerawen yaggugen. Seg teskanin yellan deg ufurek asnudran, [[aẓaṛ imezdi|ameru imezdi]] d warraw-is yakk gan d amur seg ufurek asnudran. == Amezruy == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:asismel ussnan]] gw48w2kdv1fj4jdd3owzbnntfw8x35m 0 25361 115667 2026-04-02T17:21:28Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: {{Databox}} '''Tagrawt tagmat''' deg [[taẓrawsit|teẓrawsit]], d irem i d-immalen [[timmarewt|alagen]] yudsen yakk s waṭas i kra n tigget deg [[aseklu aẓrawsan|useklu n temhazt]]. Irem-a ittbin-d akken yessefk deg [[tinnagrawt taẓrawsant]], anda yal tigget deg ''A'' d ''B'' d ''C'' temmal-d [[tasartut]]. Tagrawt tagmat n ''A'' d ''B''. Ɣef aya, snat n tegrawin A d B d tarwa akk i d-ikkan deg-sent ssiliɣent-d [[taskadrant|afurek asnudran]] ''AB''. Ma d tagmat n uf... 115667 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tagrawt tagmat''' deg [[taẓrawsit|teẓrawsit]], d irem i d-immalen [[timmarewt|alagen]] yudsen yakk s waṭas i kra n tigget deg [[aseklu aẓrawsan|useklu n temhazt]]. Irem-a ittbin-d akken yessefk deg [[tinnagrawt taẓrawsant]], anda yal tigget deg ''A'' d ''B'' d ''C'' temmal-d [[tasartut]]. Tagrawt tagmat n ''A'' d ''B''. Ɣef aya, snat n tegrawin A d B d tarwa akk i d-ikkan deg-sent ssiliɣent-d [[taskadrant|afurek asnudran]] ''AB''. Ma d tagmat n ufurek asnudran ''AB'' iga d ''C'' == Tagrawt tagmat d imru == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:Asismel ussnan]] clmjaopfb08jbwejdvz848tkdqtcwcb 0 25362 115674 2026-04-02T20:15:42Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: '''Aseklu aẓrawsan''' neɣ '''Aseklu n temhazt''' d asuneɣ n useklu [[tamhazt|amehzan]] n [[talmest|telmas tisnudranin]] n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yemgaraden ilan (yesɛan) yiwen n [[aẓar imezdi|uẓar imezdi]]. Yal takerrist neɣ tiyersi yakked ufurk-is deg useklu aẓrawsan mmalen-d [[imru imezdi aneggar |aẓar imezdi aneggar]] n wayen i d-ikkan seg-s. Ma d ifurken ɣezzifen mmalen-d asazlen ikudanen. Yal tiyersi isem-is tigget [[tasartut|tamsartut]]. Dɣa, tiyesiyin... 115674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aseklu aẓrawsan''' neɣ '''Aseklu n temhazt''' d asuneɣ n useklu [[tamhazt|amehzan]] n [[talmest|telmas tisnudranin]] n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yemgaraden ilan (yesɛan) yiwen n [[aẓar imezdi|uẓar imezdi]]. Yal takerrist neɣ tiyersi yakked ufurk-is deg useklu aẓrawsan mmalen-d [[imru imezdi aneggar |aẓar imezdi aneggar]] n wayen i d-ikkan seg-s. Ma d ifurken ɣezzifen mmalen-d asazlen ikudanen. Yal tiyersi isem-is tigget [[tasartut|tamsartut]]. Dɣa, tiyesiyin tigensanin isem-it-sent tiyesiyin timsartiyin tuhlisin (''HTUs''), acku ulamek ara ad tili fell-asent tmuɣli tusridt. == Amezruy == == Tiski n useklu aẓrawsan == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:Asismel ussnan]] 8lx57ubcehff1yrj52p0whb6040dy76 115675 115674 2026-04-02T20:16:49Z Abillardoo 16203 115675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aseklu aẓrawsan''' neɣ '''Aseklu n temhazt''' d asuneɣ n useklu [[tamhazt|amehzan]] n [[talmest|telmas tisnudranin]] n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yemgaraden ilan (yesɛan) yiwen n [[aẓaṛ imezdi|uẓar imezdi]]. Yal takerrist neɣ tiyersi yakked ufurk-is deg useklu aẓrawsan mmalen-d [[imru imezdi aneggar |aẓar imezdi aneggar]] n wayen i d-ikkan seg-s. Ma d ifurken ɣezzifen mmalen-d asazlen ikudanen. Yal tiyersi isem-is tigget [[tasartut|tamsartut]]. Dɣa, tiyesiyin tigensanin isem-it-sent tiyesiyin timsartiyin tuhlisin (''HTUs''), acku ulamek ara ad tili fell-asent tmuɣli tusridt. == Amezruy == == Tiski n useklu aẓrawsan == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Taẓrawsit]] [[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]] [[Taggayt:Asismel ussnan]] i9b0xe4onqt3ozvhg5bqhqmk88ygx0z 0 25363 115682 2026-04-02T22:29:04Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tasnamka]] ar [[Tasnamekt]] 115682 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tasnamekt]] ngndb90uu4cgk61cz6dmqjxi2hu0t5y 0 25364 115688 2026-04-02T22:38:15Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yesiweḍ asebtar seg [[Tasnilest tamatut]] ar [[Tasnilest]] nnig anegzum 115688 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tasnilest]] 6fp7gowlk2vtnvdudnlj3275g7enike 0 25365 115693 2026-04-02T22:44:39Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tasnafsit]] ar [[Tasnimant]] 115693 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tasnimant]] fdn4o2iw95c36w7ioihgd18z86aze3y 0 25366 115699 2026-04-03T09:09:30Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Asin]] ar [[Azara (tafizikt)]] 115699 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Azara (tafizikt)]] huwgj9h4qwdmqppm5ayizfgnl7r9hx6