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At Yeznasen
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[[Tugna:Paysage des Béni-Snassen.JPG|thumb|250px|At Yeznasen]]
'''At Iznassen''' llan yiwen n teqbilin i yellan deg tama tanegmuḍant n [[Merruk]] tama n tilas n [[Dzayer]] di tama n [[Wejda]]. Xas At Iznassen laṣel-nsen d Amaziɣ, tigti deg-sen ur ittmeslayen ara tamaziɣt ass-a acuk mazal (ursul) llan imdanen i yimelsayen-itt mali imir-a.
=Usunen (lɛerc)=
==At Xaled==
'''At Xaled''' di tama n [[Aḥfir|Weḥfir]] ar Fezwan. Di tmurt n At Xaled, At Mrin bnan leqṣer d ameẓyan, bnan yiwet (tict) "teqṣebt" ɣef ayed ad nezmer ad neẓra igulaz-is acku medden nfan-itt am yella akka.
*
==At Menquc==
'''At Menquc''' llan si Reggada ar Labsara di wenẓul, si Fezwan ar asif n "Caraɛa" i yezgran tamdint n Aberkan. Akalen n At Menquc tella daɣen di temdint n Aberkan.
*
==At Aṭiq ==
'''At Aṭiq''' i d-yezgan gar Iɣzer n Caraɛa ar [[Rislan]] d [[Tafuɣalt]] d [[Zegzel]] (Zeyzel s tmaziɣt-nsen).
*
==At Urimmec==
'''At Urimmec''', wigi d Iznassen i yellan qrib n tamwyaya n [[At Bu Yeḥyi]] d temwaya n [[At Seṭṭut]] n temnaṭ n [[Nnaḍur]]. Tamaneɣt n At Bu Yeḥyi d "[[Lḥasi Berkan]]" daɣ "[[Lɛarwi]]" af webrid gar [[Nnaḍur]] d Tewrirt, tamaneɣt n At Seṭṭut d [[Zayyu]].
*
[[Category:Imaziɣen]]
[[Category:Merruk]]
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Arrif
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'''Arrif''' neɣ '''Arif''' neɣ '''Nakkor''' d-tamnaḍt [[Azrar n idurar|tamsedrart]] tezga-dd di ugafa en [[Murakuc]], tessajja ɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel agrakal]], zeddɣen deg-s 4 imelyan en yimezdaɣ yessawalen Tamaziɣt.
Seg yiɣerman imeqqṛanen iy yellan di temnaḍt n Arrif Ameqqran ɣer-neɣ: [[Nnaḍur|Ennaḍor]], [[Lḥusima|Elḥusima]], [[Miḍar]], [[Targist]], [[Azɣenɣan]], [[Seřwan]], [[Zayyu]], [[Berkan]], [[Aɛarwi]], [[Driwec|Eddriwec]], [[Ayet Buɛeyyac]], [[Kassita|Qasita]], [[Imzuren]] ed [[Ajdir]].
Idurar en Arif udsen ar idurar en ''Ordillera Bética'' en wenẓul en [[Spenya]]. Akken daɣen i yudsen ɣer Yidurar en Waṭlas maca wer qqinen ɣur-sen wer llin d-amur deg-sen. Gar-asen tella [[Taza (Merruk)|Taza]].
Iwdan yessawalen [[Tamaziɣt Tarifant]] di Arif qqaren i yiman-nsen “[[Imaziɣen]]” neɣ “Irifiyen”, maca tutlayt nsen qqaṛen as “Tamaziɣt” mačči "Tarifit". Iwdan en berra i Arif d-nitni iy d-as yeqqaren Tarifit.
==Tiwsatin (tiqbilin) en Arif==
[[Tugna:Chauen.jpg|thumb|250px|Tugna en yidurar en Arif]]
*[[At Weryaɣel|Ayt Weryaɣel]] zdat en [[Ajdir]] ed [[Lḥusima|Elḥusima]], di tama en [[Iɣzer Uɣis]].
* [[Igzennayen]]: di tama en [[Aknul]], seg utaram en [[Ibḍalsen]].
* [[Iqelɛiyen]] (Iqeřɛiyen), ([[Nnaḍur|Ennaḍor]], [[At Nṣar]], [[Mlilt]], ...).
** [[Imaẓoẓen|Ayt Imaẓoẓen]] (Ayt Imazozen).
** [[At Ciker|Ayt Ciker]] (Ayt Cicer).
** [[At Sidal|Ayt Sidal]] (Ayt Sidař).
** [[At Buyefrur|Ayt Buyefrur]] (Ayt Bouifrur).
** [[At Buyafar|Ayt Buyafar]] (Ayt Bou Ghafer).
* [[Ikebdanen]] (Icebdanen).
* [[Ibḍalsen]] (Ibḍařsen / Imḍalsen / Imṭalsen).
* [[At Buyeḥyi|Ayt Buyeḥyi]].
* [[At Sɛid|Ayt Sɛid]], deg utaram seg [[Iɣzer en Kert]].
* [[At Uliccek|Ayt Uliccek]] (Ayt Uřiccek), southwest of [[Temsaman]].
* [[Tafersit]], seg ugafa en [[At Tuzin]].
* [[At Tuzin|Ayt Tuzin]], deg wenẓol en [[Temsaman]].
* [[Temsaman]], di tama en temdint nni.
* [[At Weryaɣel|Ayt Weryaɣel]] (Ayt Weryaɣeř) deg wegmoḍ n [[Ibeqquyen]].
* [[At Ɛemmart|Ayt Ɛemmart]], deg wenẓol en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[Targist]], anẓol en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[At Gmil|Ayt Gmil]], ataram en [[At Bufraḥ]].
* [[At Bufraḥ|Ayt Bufraḥ]], deg wegmoḍ en [[At Yeṭṭeft]].
* [[Rouadi|Ibeqquyen]], deg utaram en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[At Yeṭṭeft|Ayt Yeṭṭeft]], deg wegmoḍ en [[Bades]].
* [[Imestasen]], deg wegmoḍ en [[At Bufraḥ]].
* [[Imtiwen]], gar [[Imestasen]] ed wasif en [[Uringa]].
* [[At Buyeḥyi|Ayt Buyeḥyi]], ataram en yiɣẓer en Melwit.
* [[At Iznasen|Ayt Iznassen]], di tama en yiɣṛem en [[Berkan]], Reggada, Ahfir,...
* [[Triffa]]
* ...
[[Category:Arrif]][[Category:Merruk]][[Category:Imaziɣen]]
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Aḥfir
0
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{{Infobox city}}
'''Aḥfir''' (s taɛarabt tarifit : احفير, s tamazight tarifit : ⴰⵃⴼⵉⵔ), d tamdint n ugafa n [[Merruk]], tezga-d deg temnaṭ n [[Tanegmuḍt|Tnegmuḍt]]. Zedɣen-tt 19,482 n yimezdaɣen.<br />
'''Ahfir''' d yiwet temdint ay d-yezgan deg Arrif, tamnaḍt n Imaziɣen Irifanen.
[[image:Des Zouaves travaillant à la carrière de Martimprey-du-Kiss (actuelle Ahfir) à l'époque du protectorat français.jpg]]
[[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Merruk]]
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Afresɣu
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'''Afresɣu''' neɣ '''Ammaz''' ([[Assaɣ usnan]]: ''Prunus persica'') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tafurmast (tawsit)|ufurmas]] yellan deg [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twacult]] [[tanejjikt]]
== Ideggan n wemɣay ==
Asegmar d [[aseklu]] d [[igumma|ugummu]] id yettemɣayen deg tmura id yezgan s iri n [[ilel agrakal]] am [[Surya]], [[Urdun]], [[Israyil]], [[Lezzayer|Ležžayer]], [[Ameṛṛuk]] d [[Spanya]].
== Aglam ==
== Idgan n wemɣay ==
Yettemɣay deg [[amda|wemda]] n [[ilel agrakal|wegrakal]], Deg tmura n [[Surya]], [[Lmerruk|Tagelda Temeṛṛukit]], [[Israel]], [[Turkya]], Akk d kra n tmura n [[Marikan n wadda]] am [[Cili|Čili]]
== Aṭṭanen d wuguren ==
== Timzikkent n tugniwin ==
<gallery>
Tugna:Peach flowers.jpg|Aǧeǧǧig N usegmar
Tugna:Flavorcrest peaches.jpg|asegmar
Tugna:Peach dessert.jpg|Timimt n usegmar
Tugna:PeachesInSyrup.jpg|iẓem n usegmar
</gallery>
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
* [[Adeffu]]
* [[Igumma]]
<references />
[[Taggayt:Imɣan]]
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'''Afresɣu''' neɣ '''Ammaz''' ([[Assaɣ usnan]]: ''Prunus persica'') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tafurmast (tawsit)|ufurmas]] yellan deg [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twacult]] [[tanejjikt]]
== Ideggan n wemɣay ==
Asegmar d [[aseklu]] d [[igumma|ugummu]] id yettemɣayen deg tmura id yezgan s iri n [[ilel agrakal]] am [[Surya]], [[Urdun]], [[Israyil]], [[Lezzayer|Ležžayer]], [[Ameṛṛuk]] d [[Spanya]].
== Aglam ==
== Idgan n wemɣay ==
Yettemɣay deg [[amda|wemda]] n [[ilel agrakal|wegrakal]], Deg tmura n [[Surya]], [[Lmerruk|Tagelda Temeṛṛukit]], [[Israel]], [[Turkya]], Akk d kra n tmura n [[Marikan n wadda]] am [[Cili|Čili]]
== Aṭṭanen d wuguren ==
== Timzikkent n tugniwin ==
<gallery>
Tugna:Peach flowers.jpg|Aǧeǧǧig n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Flavorcrest peaches.jpg|Agummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Peach dessert.jpg|Timimt yemmugen s ugummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:PeachesInSyrup.jpg|iẓem n ufresɣu.
</gallery>
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
* [[Adeffu]]
* [[Igumma]]
<references />
[[Taggayt:Imɣan]]
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'''Afresɣu''' ([[assaɣ usnan]]: '''Prunus persica''') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tafurmast (tawsit)|ufurmas]] yellan deg [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twacult]] [[tanejjikt]].
== Ideggan n wemɣay ==
Asegmar d [[aseklu]] d [[igumma|ugummu]] id yettemɣayen deg tmura id yezgan s iri n [[ilel agrakal]] am [[Surya]], [[Urdun]], [[Israyil]], [[Lezzayer|Ležžayer]], [[Ameṛṛuk]] d [[Spanya]].
== Aglam ==
== Idgan n wemɣay ==
Yettemɣay deg [[amda|wemda]] n [[ilel agrakal|wegrakal]], Deg tmura n [[Surya]], [[Lmerruk|Tagelda Temeṛṛukit]], [[Israel]], [[Turkya]], Akk d kra n tmura n [[Marikan n wadda]] am [[Cili|Čili]]
== Aṭṭanen d wuguren ==
== Timzikkent n tugniwin ==
<gallery>
Tugna:Peach flowers.jpg|Aǧeǧǧig n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Flavorcrest peaches.jpg|Agummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Peach dessert.jpg|Timimt yemmugen s ugummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:PeachesInSyrup.jpg|iẓem n ufresɣu.
</gallery>
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
* [[Adeffu]]
* [[Igumma]]
<references />
[[Taggayt:Imɣan]]
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'''Afresɣu''' ([[assaɣ usnan]]: '''Prunus persica''') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[afurmas (tawsit)|ufurmas]] yellan deg [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twacult]] [[tanejjikt]].
== Ideggan n wemɣay ==
Asegmar d [[aseklu]] d [[igumma|ugummu]] id yettemɣayen deg tmura id yezgan s iri n [[ilel agrakal]] am [[Surya]], [[Urdun]], [[Israyil]], [[Lezzayer|Ležžayer]], [[Ameṛṛuk]] d [[Spanya]].
== Aglam ==
== Idgan n wemɣay ==
Yettemɣay deg [[amda|wemda]] n [[ilel agrakal|wegrakal]], Deg tmura n [[Surya]], [[Lmerruk|Tagelda Temeṛṛukit]], [[Israel]], [[Turkya]], Akk d kra n tmura n [[Marikan n wadda]] am [[Cili|Čili]]
== Aṭṭanen d wuguren ==
== Timzikkent n tugniwin ==
<gallery>
Tugna:Peach flowers.jpg|Aǧeǧǧig n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Flavorcrest peaches.jpg|Agummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:Peach dessert.jpg|Timimt yemmugen s ugummu n ufresɣu.
Tugna:PeachesInSyrup.jpg|iẓem n ufresɣu.
</gallery>
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
* [[Adeffu]]
* [[Igumma]]
<references />
[[Taggayt:Imɣan]]
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Tanejjikt
0
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'''Tanejjikt''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Rosaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] [[imɣi|tamɣawt]] n [[Tasnayyawin|tesnayyawin]]. Tawacult-a tegber seg waṭas n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] d [[tamdikt|tmedkin]], azal ameqran deg-sent ttemɣayent-d deg yideggan semmḍen.
Gar n isekla yeṭṭafaren tawacult-a tella: [[tifirest|tifirest]], [[tektuniyya]], [[afarmas]], [[asegmar]], [[isiɣid]], [[Admam]] d [[aredlim|uredlim]]. Ma d [[tamdikt|timedkin]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult-a d [[tizwal uṛumi]], [[tizwal]] s yakk [[talmest|tilmas-is]] am [[inijjel]] d [[inijel azeggaɣ]].
== Aglam ==
'''[[Afriw|Afriwen]]'''
Afriwen n twacult-a ttilin d ifsasen neɣ d uddisen
== [[Adu-twacult|Tidu-waculin]] ==
== Umuɣ n tewsitin ==
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
[[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]]
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'''Tanejjikt''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Rosaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] [[imɣi|tamɣawt]] n [[Tasnayyawin|tesnayyawin]]. Tawacult-a tegber seg wugar n 5000 n [[talmest|telmas]] n [[aseklu|isekla]] d [[tamdikt|tmedkin]] yeṭṭafaren ugar n 100 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]], azal ameqran deg telmas-a ttemɣayent-d deg yideggan semmḍen.
Gar n isekla yeṭṭafaren tawacult-a tella: [[tifirest|tifirest]], [[tektuniyya]], [[afarmas]], [[asegmar]], [[isiɣid]], [[Admam]] d [[aredlim|uredlim]]. Ma d [[tamdikt|timedkin]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult-a d [[tizwal uṛumi]], [[tizwal]] s yakk [[talmest|tilmas-is]] am [[inijjel]] d [[inijel azeggaɣ]].
== Aglam ==
'''[[Afriw|Afriwen]]'''
Afriwen n twacult-a ttilin d ifsasen neɣ d uddisen
== [[Adu-twacult|Tidu-waculin]] ==
== Umuɣ n tewsitin ==
== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
[[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]]
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Bitcoin
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Gurzil90x
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[[Tugna:Bitcoin.svg|vignette|Alugu n Bitcoin(Bitkuyn)]]
'''Bitcoin('''s teqbaylit: '''Bitkuyn)''' d asuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan deg useggas n 2009 sɣur yiwen umdan udrig yewwin isem n '''Satoshi Nakamoto'''. Ur yesɛi ara lbanka talemmast, d anagraw aruslemmes.
== '''1. Ttiknulujit n''' '''Uzrar n Iḥedran''' ==
Iwakken ad yetteddu, Bitcoin yebna ɣef yiwet n ttiknulujit i wumi qqaṛen "Blockchain" neɣ azrar n iḥedran. Ttiknulujit-a d taffa n isefka tawzawazt anda ttusekelsen akk tnigawin yettilin gar yiseqdacen. Taffa-ya tella ɣer yal aseqdac deg uzeṭṭa, d ayen i tt-yettaǧǧan ad tili tesɛa lettkal yerna ur tezmir ara ad tettwasedɣel.
== '''2. Awgelhan d Tɣellist''' ==
Iwakken ad yili umesten d tɣellist, anagraw-a yesseqdac awgelhan. Yal aseqdac yesɛa tayuga n tsura : tasarut tusligt i wuḥraz d wugdal n yedrimen-is d uzmel n tnigawin, akked tsarut tazayezt s wayes i as-d-ttceyyiɛen wiyaḍ idrimen.
== '''3. Aselken d Ufares''' ==
Tinigawin mi ara d-ilint, ttusegrwent deg yiḥedran. Iwakken ad ttwaselknent yerna ad rnunt ɣer uzeṭṭa , iselkimen imzazzalen deg uzeṭṭa ttferrun uguren iwɛeṛen n tusnakt. Aselkim amezwaru ara yafen tifrat ad yernu iḥder ɣer uzrar, yerna ad yawi amur n Bitcoin d arraz. Amahil-a d win i wumi qqaṛen "mining" neɣ afares.
== '''4. Talast n Wammud''' ==
Abaɣur ameqqran n Bitcoin d akken ammud-is yesɛa talast. Ur yezmir ara ad yili ugar n 21 n yimelyunen n Bitcoin deg umaḍal. Aya yettak-as azal, imi ur yezmir ara wadabu ad t-yessufeɣ akken is-yehwa neɣ ad isenqes seg wazal-is.
S umata, Bitcoin ibeddel tamuɣli-nneɣ ɣef teɣwalt tadamsant, imi yefka-d tagnit i wemdan ad yazen asuṛdi umḍin srid i wayeḍ mebla ma yeḥwaǧ lbanka neɣ awanek.
== Amezruy n Bitcoin: Seg Tikti ɣer Tilawt ==
Amezruy n Bitcoin yebda-d s yiwet n tikti icudden ɣer tezɣent tadamsant taweɛrant n useggas 2008. Atah wamek i d-teḍra temsalt seg tazwara, s yisurifen d yiseggasen imeqqranen:
=== '''1. 2008: Tazɣent Tadamsant d Usnulfu n Tikti''' ===
Deg taggara n 2008, amaḍal yedder yiwet n tezɣent tadamsant meqqren, anda lbankat timeqqranin xeṣrent aṭas n yedrimen. Deg 31 Tuber 2008, yiwen umdan neɣ agraw n yimdanen s yisem udrig n '''Satoshi Nakamoto''' yessufeɣ-d yiwen weḍris ussnan (Whitepaper) iwumi yefka azwel: ''"Bitcoin: Anagraw n Usuṛdi Alikṭruni gar Yemdanen (Ayugan ɣer Wayugan)"''. Aḍris-a yessegza-d amek i yezmer ad yili usuṛdi yettwassen s tɣellist war ma tella lbanka talemmast ara t-iḍemnen.
=== 2. 2009: Tlalit n Uzeṭṭa d Yiḥder Amezwaru ===
* '''Iḥder n Tlalit:''' Ass n 3 Yennayer 2009, yebda uzeṭṭa n Bitcoin yetteddu s tidet. Satoshi yefres-d iḥder amezwaru deg uzrar n yiḥedran (Blockchain), i wumi semman "Iḥder n Tlalit" neɣ "''Genesis Block"''. Iḥder-a yella deg-s yiwen yizen yeffren, d taseddart seg uɣmis abriṭani ''The Times'' ("''The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks''"), i d-yemmalen akken lbankat qrib ad ɣlint, d ayen i d-yeskanayen iswi amenzay n Bitcoin: abeddel n unagraw n lbankat aqbur.
* '''Tinigawt Tamezwarut:''' Teḍra-d deg 12 Yennayer 2009, mi d-yuzen Satoshi 10 BTC i Hal Finney, yiwen n umesnulfu ameqqran n tɣellist d uwgelhan.
=== '''3. 2010: Tamesɣiwt Tamezwarut (Timesɣiwt n Pizzatin)''' ===
Azal n Bitcoin deg tazwara yella ur yeswi ara ula d yiwen centime. Ass n 22 Mayyu 2010, teḍra-d tinigawt tamezwarut n tidet s temesɣiwt tilawt. Yiwen umeskar isem-is Laszlo Hanyecz yeseɣ-d snat n tpizzatin s '''10,000 n yibitcoinen''' (ayen yeswan imelyaren n dulaṛen ass-a). Ass-a, asfugel n wass-nni yettwassen s yisem n "Bitcoin Pizza Day", acku d ass i d-yesbanen belli Bitcoin yezmer ad yili d asuṛdi n tidet.
=== '''4. 2011: Tuɣalin n Satoshi ɣer Deffir''' ===
Deg useggas n 2011, Satoshi Nakamoto yefka tisura n usenfar i kra n yineflayen nniḍen, am Gavin Andresen, yerna yeḥbes akk asiwel neɣ taywalt. Seg wass-nni, yiwen ur yeẓri anwa i d amesnulfu n tidet n Bitcoin. Anwa yellan deffir tmagit-is yeqqim d adrug ameqqran ar ass-a.
=== '''5. 2012 ar Ass-a: Tamhazt d Usefti''' ===
* Seg 2012 d asawen, Bitcoin yebda yettwassen ugar. Deg tazwara, ettwaseqdac sɣur waṭas deg uzeṭṭa uffir (Dark Web) am deg wulzuz n ''Silk Road'', acku yella yettak tagnit i yimdanen ad xedmen tinigawin war isem.
* D acu kan, s wakud, bdan yimdanen, tikebbaniyin timeqqranin, sseftayen deg-s.
* Ass-a, Bitcoin yeqqel d asuṛdi umḍin amezwaru deg umaḍal. Kra n tmura, am ''El Salvador'', rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib deg tmurt-nsent, yerna yewweḍ wazal-is ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen aṭas.
S umata, amezruy n Bitcoin d amedya ɣef wamek yiwet n tikti n unagraw aruslemmes tezmer ad tbeddel tamuɣli n wamaḍal ɣef tedrimt, idrimen, d tbankiwin deg lqern wis 21.
== Tadamsa d Tiẓraf ==
* '''Asefti d Wamal:''' Ass-a, aṭas n yimdanen i yesseqdacen Bitcoin am allal n usefti. Ur t-ssexdamen ara aṭas iwakken ad aɣen tiɣawsiwin n yal ass, maca ḥerzen-t iwakken ad yali wazal-is.
* '''Abeddel n Wazal:''' Azal n Bitcoin yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yebdu s zzerb deg yiwen n wass. Aya yettarra-t d asuṛdi yesɛan aṭas n umihi i wid ur nessin ara ad ssiḍnen akken iwata.
* '''Ureɣ Umḍin:''' Aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa i iḥesben Bitcoin d "ureɣ amaynut", acku ammud-is yesɛa talast (21 imelyunen). Aya yettaǧǧa-t ad yili d amesten mgal anfal n yedrimen n lbanka.
cg0iyw1q0n9t0l3256rycbvd330e1zn
116112
116108
2026-04-24T10:52:45Z
Gurzil90x
14292
Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen
116112
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:Bitcoin.svg|vignette|Alugu n Bitcoin(Bitkuyn)]]
'''Bitcoin('''s teqbaylit: '''Bitkuyn)''' d asuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan deg useggas n 2009 sɣur yiwen umdan udrig yewwin isem n '''Satoshi Nakamoto'''. Ur yesɛi ara lbanka talemmast, d anagraw aruslemmes.
== '''1. Ttiknulujit n''' '''Uzrar n Iḥedran''' ==
Iwakken ad yetteddu, Bitcoin yebna ɣef yiwet n ttiknulujit i wumi qqaṛen "Blockchain" neɣ azrar n iḥedran. Ttiknulujit-a d taffa n isefka tawzawazt anda ttusekelsen akk tnigawin yettilin gar yiseqdacen. Taffa-ya tella ɣer yal aseqdac deg uzeṭṭa, d ayen i tt-yettaǧǧan ad tili tesɛa lettkal yerna ur tezmir ara ad tettwasedɣel.
== '''2. Awgelhan d Tɣellist''' ==
Iwakken ad yili umesten d tɣellist, anagraw-a yesseqdac awgelhan. Yal aseqdac yesɛa tayuga n tsura : tasarut tusligt i wuḥraz d wugdal n yedrimen-is d uzmel n tnigawin, akked tsarut tazayezt s wayes i as-d-ttceyyiɛen wiyaḍ idrimen.
== '''3. Aselken d Ufares''' ==
Tinigawin mi ara d-ilint, ttusegrwent deg yiḥedran. Iwakken ad ttwaselknent yerna ad rnunt ɣer uzeṭṭa , iselkimen imzazzalen deg uzeṭṭa ttferrun uguren iwɛeṛen n tusnakt. Aselkim amezwaru ara yafen tifrat ad yernu iḥder ɣer uzrar, yerna ad yawi amur n Bitcoin d arraz. Amahil-a d win i wumi qqaṛen "mining" neɣ afares.
== '''4. Talast n Wammud''' ==
Abaɣur ameqqran n Bitcoin d akken ammud-is yesɛa talast. Ur yezmir ara ad yili ugar n 21 n yimelyunen n Bitcoin deg umaḍal. Aya yettak-as azal, imi ur yezmir ara wadabu ad t-yessufeɣ akken is-yehwa neɣ ad isenqes seg wazal-is.
S umata, Bitcoin ibeddel tamuɣli-nneɣ ɣef teɣwalt tadamsant, imi yefka-d tagnit i wemdan ad yazen asuṛdi umḍin srid i wayeḍ mebla ma yeḥwaǧ lbanka neɣ awanek.
== Amezruy n Bitcoin: Seg Tikti ɣer Tilawt ==
Amezruy n Bitcoin yebda-d s yiwet n tikti icudden ɣer tezɣent tadamsant taweɛrant n useggas 2008. Atah wamek i d-teḍra temsalt seg tazwara, s yisurifen d yiseggasen imeqqranen:
=== '''1. 2008: Tazɣent Tadamsant d Usnulfu n Tikti''' ===
Deg taggara n 2008, amaḍal yedder yiwet n tezɣent tadamsant meqqren, anda lbankat timeqqranin xeṣrent aṭas n yedrimen. Deg 31 Tuber 2008, yiwen umdan neɣ agraw n yimdanen s yisem udrig n '''Satoshi Nakamoto''' yessufeɣ-d yiwen weḍris ussnan (Whitepaper) iwumi yefka azwel: ''"Bitcoin: Anagraw n Usuṛdi Alikṭruni gar Yemdanen (Ayugan ɣer Wayugan)"''. Aḍris-a yessegza-d amek i yezmer ad yili usuṛdi yettwassen s tɣellist war ma tella lbanka talemmast ara t-iḍemnen.
=== 2. 2009: Tlalit n Uzeṭṭa d Yiḥder Amezwaru ===
* '''Iḥder n Tlalit:''' Ass n 3 Yennayer 2009, yebda uzeṭṭa n Bitcoin yetteddu s tidet. Satoshi yefres-d iḥder amezwaru deg uzrar n yiḥedran (Blockchain), i wumi semman "Iḥder n Tlalit" neɣ "''Genesis Block"''. Iḥder-a yella deg-s yiwen yizen yeffren, d taseddart seg uɣmis abriṭani ''The Times'' ("''The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks''"), i d-yemmalen akken lbankat qrib ad ɣlint, d ayen i d-yeskanayen iswi amenzay n Bitcoin: abeddel n unagraw n lbankat aqbur.
* '''Tinigawt Tamezwarut:''' Teḍra-d deg 12 Yennayer 2009, mi d-yuzen Satoshi 10 BTC i Hal Finney, yiwen n umesnulfu ameqqran n tɣellist d uwgelhan.
=== '''3. 2010: Tamesɣiwt Tamezwarut (Timesɣiwt n Pizzatin)''' ===
Azal n Bitcoin deg tazwara yella ur yeswi ara ula d yiwen centime. Ass n 22 Mayyu 2010, teḍra-d tinigawt tamezwarut n tidet s temesɣiwt tilawt. Yiwen umeskar isem-is Laszlo Hanyecz yeseɣ-d snat n tpizzatin s '''10,000 n yibitcoinen''' (ayen yeswan imelyaren n dulaṛen ass-a). Ass-a, asfugel n wass-nni yettwassen s yisem n "Bitcoin Pizza Day", acku d ass i d-yesbanen belli Bitcoin yezmer ad yili d asuṛdi n tidet.
=== '''4. 2011: Tuɣalin n Satoshi ɣer Deffir''' ===
Deg useggas n 2011, Satoshi Nakamoto yefka tisura n usenfar i kra n yineflayen nniḍen, am Gavin Andresen, yerna yeḥbes akk asiwel neɣ taywalt. Seg wass-nni, yiwen ur yeẓri anwa i d amesnulfu n tidet n Bitcoin. Anwa yellan deffir tmagit-is yeqqim d adrug ameqqran ar ass-a.
=== '''5. 2012 ar Ass-a: Tamhazt d Usefti''' ===
* Seg 2012 d asawen, Bitcoin yebda yettwassen ugar. Deg tazwara, ettwaseqdac sɣur waṭas deg uzeṭṭa uffir (Dark Web) am deg wulzuz n ''Silk Road'', acku yella yettak tagnit i yimdanen ad xedmen tinigawin war isem.
* D acu kan, s wakud, bdan yimdanen, tikebbaniyin timeqqranin, sseftayen deg-s.
* Ass-a, Bitcoin yeqqel d asuṛdi umḍin amezwaru deg umaḍal. Kra n tmura, am ''El Salvador'', rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib deg tmurt-nsent, yerna yewweḍ wazal-is ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen aṭas.
S umata, amezruy n Bitcoin d amedya ɣef wamek yiwet n tikti n unagraw aruslemmes tezmer ad tbeddel tamuɣli n wamaḍal ɣef tedrimt, idrimen, d tbankiwin deg lqern wis 21.
== Tadamsa d Tiẓraf ==
* '''Asefti d Wamal:''' Ass-a, aṭas n yimdanen i yesseqdacen Bitcoin am allal n usefti. Ur t-ssexdamen ara aṭas iwakken ad aɣen tiɣawsiwin n yal ass, maca ḥerzen-t iwakken ad yali wazal-is.
* '''Abeddel n Wazal:''' Azal n Bitcoin yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yebdu s zzerb deg yiwen n wass. Aya yettarra-t d asuṛdi yesɛan aṭas n umihi i wid ur nessin ara ad ssiḍnen akken iwata.
* '''Ureɣ Umḍin:''' Aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa i iḥesben Bitcoin d "ureɣ amaynut", acku ammud-is yesɛa talast (21 imelyunen). Aya yettaǧǧa-t ad yili d amesten mgal anfal n yedrimen n lbanka.
== Tatiknulujit d Uzeṭṭa ==
* '''Tixriḍin Timḍinin:''' Iwakken ad tḥerzeḍ Ibitkuyn-inek·inem, teḥwaǧeḍ taxriḍt. Tella texriḍt yeqqnen ɣer Internet, d texriḍt i yettilin deg warrum i yettwaḥesben d tin iḍemnen taɣellist tasenselkamt s lǧehd mgal tukerḍa.
* '''Azeṭṭa n Ujeǧǧig (Lightning Network):''' Azeṭṭa agejdan n Bitcoin d aẓayan yerna yettaṭṭafen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad iselken tinigawin. Iwakken ad fukkent tlufa-ya, snulfan-d "Lightning Network", d yiwet n tissi tis snat (Layer 2) i yettaǧǧan asiwel d usiweḍ n yedrimen ad yili d arurad yerna s rrxes.
== 3. Izerfan d Uslugen ==
* '''Aslugen n Yiduba:''' Yal adabu neɣ awanek yesɛa tamuɣli-s ɣef Bitcoin. Kra n tmura rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib (am El Salvador), tiyaḍ gdlent-t s lekmal (am Ccinwa). Aṭas n tmura i yettnadin ad xedment aslugen iwakken ad sekrent idrimen-nsent d tebzert (impôts).
* '''Tukerḍa:''' Imi Bitcoin d udrig kra, ssexdamen-t kra n yimdanen i yir ccɣel (am uzenzi n yisufar igedlen deg Dark Web). Lbankat d yimsulta ttnadin tikwal ttawilat n tatiknulujit iwakken ad ḍefren imakaren.
tme8six2bvngxates3vpzaahxf12dje
116113
116112
2026-04-24T11:55:01Z
Gurzil90x
14292
seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin
116113
wikitext
text/x-wiki
[[Tugna:Bitcoin.svg|vignette|Alugu n Bitcoin(Bitkuyn)]]
'''Bitcoin('''s teqbaylit: '''Bitkuyn)''' d asuṛdi umḍin i d-yennulfan deg useggas n 2009 sɣur yiwen umdan udrig yewwin isem n '''Satoshi Nakamoto'''. Ur yesɛi ara lbanka talemmast, d anagraw aruslemmes.
== '''1. Ttiknulujit n''' '''Uzrar n Iḥedran''' ==
Iwakken ad yetteddu, Bitcoin yebna ɣef yiwet n ttiknulujit i wumi qqaṛen "Blockchain" neɣ azrar n iḥedran. Ttiknulujit-a d taffa n isefka tazayezt anda ttusekelsen akk tnigawin yettilin gar yiseqdacen. Taffa-ya tella ɣer yal aseqdac deg uzeṭṭa, d ayen i tt-yettaǧǧan ad tili tesɛa lettkal yerna ur tezmir ara ad tettwasedɣel.
== '''2. Awgelhan d Tɣellist''' ==
Iwakken ad yili umesten d tɣellist, anagraw-a yesseqdac awgelhan. Yal aseqdac yesɛa tayuga n tsura : tasarut tusligt i wuḥraz d wugdal n yedrimen-is d uzmel n tnigawin, akked tsarut tazayezt s wayes i as-d-ttceyyiɛen wiyaḍ idrimen.
== '''3. Aselken d Ufares''' ==
Tinigawin mi ara d-ilint, ttusegrwent deg yiḥedran. Iwakken ad ttwaselknent yerna ad rnunt ɣer uzeṭṭa , iselkimen imzazzalen deg uzeṭṭa ttferrun uguren iwɛeṛen n tusnakt. Aselkim amezwaru ara yafen tifrat ad yernu iḥder ɣer uzrar, yerna ad yawi amur n Bitcoin d arraz. Amahil-a d win i wumi qqaṛen "mining" neɣ afares.
== '''4. Talast n Wammud''' ==
Abaɣur ameqqran n Bitcoin d akken ammud-is yesɛa talast. Ur yezmir ara ad yili ugar n 21 n yimelyunen n Bitcoin deg umaḍal. Aya yettak-as azal, imi ur yezmir ara wadabu ad t-yessufeɣ akken is-yehwa neɣ ad isenqes seg wazal-is.
S umata, Bitcoin ibeddel tamuɣli-nneɣ ɣef teɣwalt tadamsant, imi yefka-d tagnit i wemdan ad yazen asuṛdi umḍin srid i wayeḍ mebla ma yeḥwaǧ lbanka neɣ awanek.
== Amezruy n Bitcoin: Seg Tikti ɣer Tilawt ==
Amezruy n Bitcoin yebda-d s yiwet n tikti icudden ɣer tezɣent tadamsant taweɛrant n useggas 2008. Atah wamek i d-teḍra temsalt seg tazwara, s yisurifen d yiseggasen imeqqranen:
=== '''1. 2008: Tazɣent Tadamsant d Usnulfu n Tikti''' ===
Deg taggara n 2008, amaḍal yedder yiwet n tezɣent tadamsant meqqren, anda lbankat timeqqranin xeṣrent aṭas n yedrimen. Deg 31 Tuber 2008, yiwen umdan neɣ agraw n yimdanen s yisem udrig n '''Satoshi Nakamoto''' yessufeɣ-d yiwen weḍris ussnan (Whitepaper) iwumi yefka azwel: ''"Bitcoin: Anagraw n Usuṛdi Alikṭruni gar Yemdanen (Ayugan ɣer Wayugan)"''. Aḍris-a yessegza-d amek i yezmer ad yili usuṛdi yettwassen s tɣellist war ma tella lbanka talemmast ara t-iḍemnen.
=== 2. 2009: Tlalit n Uzeṭṭa d Yiḥder Amezwaru ===
* '''Iḥder n Tlalit:''' Ass n 3 Yennayer 2009, yebda uzeṭṭa n Bitcoin yetteddu s tidet. Satoshi yefres-d iḥder amezwaru deg uzrar n yiḥedran (Blockchain), i wumi semman "Iḥder n Tlalit" neɣ "''Genesis Block"''. Iḥder-a yella deg-s yiwen yizen yeffren, d taseddart seg uɣmis abriṭani ''The Times'' ("''The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks''"), i d-yemmalen akken lbankat qrib ad ɣlint, d ayen i d-yeskanayen iswi amenzay n Bitcoin: abeddel n unagraw n lbankat aqbur.
* '''Tinigawt Tamezwarut:''' Teḍra-d deg 12 Yennayer 2009, mi d-yuzen Satoshi 10 BTC i Hal Finney, yiwen n umesnulfu ameqqran n tɣellist d uwgelhan.
=== '''3. 2010: Tamesɣiwt Tamezwarut (Timesɣiwt n Pizzatin)''' ===
Azal n Bitcoin deg tazwara yella ur yeswi ara ula d yiwen centime. Ass n 22 Mayyu 2010, teḍra-d tinigawt tamezwarut n tidet s temesɣiwt tilawt. Yiwen umeskar isem-is Laszlo Hanyecz yeseɣ-d snat n tpizzatin s '''10,000 n yibitcoinen''' (ayen yeswan imelyaren n dulaṛen ass-a). Ass-a, asfugel n wass-nni yettwassen s yisem n "Bitcoin Pizza Day", acku d ass i d-yesbanen belli Bitcoin yezmer ad yili d asuṛdi n tidet.
=== '''4. 2011: Tuɣalin n Satoshi ɣer Deffir''' ===
Deg useggas n 2011, Satoshi Nakamoto yefka tisura n usenfar i kra n yineflayen nniḍen, am Gavin Andresen, yerna yeḥbes akk asiwel neɣ taywalt. Seg wass-nni, yiwen ur yeẓri anwa i d amesnulfu n tidet n Bitcoin. Anwa yellan deffir tmagit-is yeqqim d adrug ameqqran ar ass-a.
=== '''5. 2012 ar Ass-a: Tamhazt d Usefti''' ===
* Seg 2012 d asawen, Bitcoin yebda yettwassen ugar. Deg tazwara, ettwaseqdac sɣur waṭas deg uzeṭṭa uffir (Dark Web) am deg wulzuz n ''Silk Road'', acku yella yettak tagnit i yimdanen ad xedmen tinigawin war isem.
* D acu kan, s wakud, bdan yimdanen, tikebbaniyin timeqqranin, sseftayen deg-s.
* Ass-a, Bitcoin yeqqel d asuṛdi umḍin amezwaru deg umaḍal. Kra n tmura, am ''El Salvador'', rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib deg tmurt-nsent, yerna yewweḍ wazal-is ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen aṭas.
S umata, amezruy n Bitcoin d amedya ɣef wamek yiwet n tikti n unagraw aruslemmes tezmer ad tbeddel tamuɣli n wamaḍal ɣef tedrimt, idrimen, d tbankiwin deg lqern wis 21.
== Tadamsa d Tiẓraf ==
* '''Asefti d Wamal:''' Ass-a, aṭas n yimdanen i yesseqdacen Bitcoin am allal n usefti. Ur t-ssexdamen ara aṭas iwakken ad aɣen tiɣawsiwin n yal ass, maca ḥerzen-t iwakken ad yali wazal-is.
* '''Abeddel n Wazal:''' Azal n Bitcoin yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yebdu s zzerb deg yiwen n wass. Aya yettarra-t d asuṛdi yesɛan aṭas n umihi i wid ur nessin ara ad ssiḍnen akken iwata.
* '''Ureɣ Umḍin:''' Aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa i iḥesben Bitcoin d "ureɣ amaynut", acku ammud-is yesɛa talast (21 imelyunen). Aya yettaǧǧa-t ad yili d amesten mgal anfal n yedrimen n lbanka.
== Tatiknulujit d Uzeṭṭa ==
* '''Tixriḍin Timḍinin:''' Iwakken ad tḥerzeḍ Ibitkuyn-inek·inem, teḥwaǧeḍ taxriḍt. Tella texriḍt yeqqnen ɣer Internet, d texriḍt i yettilin deg warrum i yettwaḥesben d tin iḍemnen taɣellist tasenselkamt s lǧehd mgal tukerḍa.
* '''Azeṭṭa n Ujeǧǧig (Lightning Network):''' Azeṭṭa agejdan n Bitcoin d aẓayan yerna yettaṭṭafen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad iselken tinigawin. Iwakken ad fukkent tlufa-ya, snulfan-d "Lightning Network", d yiwet n tissi tis snat (Layer 2) i yettaǧǧan asiwel d usiweḍ n yedrimen ad yili d arurad yerna s rrxes.
== 3. Izerfan d Uslugen ==
* '''Aslugen n Yiduba:''' Yal adabu neɣ awanek yesɛa tamuɣli-s ɣef Bitcoin. Kra n tmura rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib (am El Salvador), tiyaḍ gdlent-t s lekmal (am Ccinwa). Aṭas n tmura i yettnadin ad xedment aslugen iwakken ad sekrent idrimen-nsent d tebzert (impôts).
* '''Tukerḍa:''' Imi Bitcoin d udrig kra, ssexdamen-t kra n yimdanen i yir ccɣel (am uzenzi n yisufar igedlen deg Dark Web). Lbankat d yimsulta ttnadin tikwal ttawilat n tatiknulujit iwakken ad ḍefren imakaren.
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