Tafsut n Yimaziɣen

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Ass n [[20 ibrir]], d amulli n tefsut amaziɣ, amulli n tefsut n tlelli.
D yiwen wass i deg a nesfugel i tikkelt tis 25 tadyant n imaziɣen.
Anwa-t weqbayli ur nesli neɣ ur nessin tafsut n imaziɣen ? Anwa-t umaziɣ im’ ur yiwiḍ yissel? Wa yecfa wa ala akken it-iccenu [[Abranis]] deg yiwet si tezlatin-is maca, tura, seg weqrur-nni ameẓyan alma d amɣar-nni acaraf, ssnen akk anamek-is uzemz-a*.
Azekka daɣen, a nemyager akk d yiman-neɣ, akk d weḥric-a axatar deg umezruy azi* n Tferka n ugafa.

Mačči d asfugel iɣ-d-yeggran ass-a, ur ɣ-yeţţak wul i waya acku gran-aɣ-n yiswan wuɣur mazal werɛad nessaweḍ, yeggra-ɣ-n webrid i mazal ur ifuk ara, ggrant-aɣ-n ccfayat ur neḥriz akken iwata...teggra-yaɣ-n tutlayt tamaziɣt i yuɣalen amzun d taǧǧalt. Ggrant-aɣ-n terwiḥin n wid yeţwanɣan di tefsut taberkant. Widak-nni i d-yekkren di [[1980]] d widak i d-yekkren di [[2001]] yiwen n yiri nsen. Timesbaniyin-nni i yeḍran di tmurt n leqbayel send iḍelli, iḍelli neɣ ass-a, ţţakent-ed udem n weqbayli i yerɣan af [[tilelli]].
Ayen awk wiɣer id-nessaweḍ ass-a,123 n imeɣrasen i nɣan iserdasen d isultiyen n udabu azzayri aɛrab inselmizri akk d ibuxusen-is, yesban-aɣ-d dakken: ger yiḍelli d wass-a, ulac dacu i ibeddlen fell-aɣ. Imi mazal neqqen arrac nneɣ am yizan, teţwaḥreṣ ugar n yiḍelli. « Aman-nni yeččuren d ḥellejɣar d nutni d nutni, bedlen-asen kan acemmux »
Tafsut n imaziɣen mačči kan akka i ţ-lul-ed ger yiḍ d wass: dayen wiɣer i d-nessaweḍ, dayen awk id-yekkan zdat-es i ţ-id-ismentsen.

Idim mazal tuɣ yeḥma ass mi yeţwakkes usarag n (Dda lmulud) [[Mulud At Mɛammer]] af tmedyazt taqburt n yeqbayliyen(asarag-a tuɣ teţţuhega-n i wass n [[10 meɣres]]), yugi-ţ udabu azzayri, teţwakkes kan akka...d amnukal n ugerzu n [[Tizi-Wezzu]] s yiman-is i s-ţ-yennan i dda Lmulud.
Si tal tama, di yal adrum, bdan medden ţţarran nnehtat si cayaḍ i sen-iserkeb udabu azzayri, bdan ţţiwzagen waman...aseqqi yemmar-ed akken yerɣa. Meḥyaf-nni i isik Bu-iledyen af yeqbayliyen yezzi-d af bab-is, tefɣ-ed tiɣri n wid yugin ddel d uzaglu. Dɣa tetṭerḍeq af tikkelt, temmar-ed af yiwin yidis.
[[kamal Belqasem]] d yiwen seg yiḍan n “El-Moudjahed“ i s-d-itekkan i dda lmulud, s rregmat akk d useglef; ira ad yefk iɣil i wat-is: wid-nni iɣ-d-imedlen tiwwura, wid-nni iţţarrayin af wegdud.
Tamesbanit tamenzut i d-yellan di Tizi-Wezzu d tin n [[11 meɣres]] [[1980]], tsembiwel addad(liḥala) n timiren. D inelmaden d tinelmadin n Taseddawit [[Asif Ɛisi]] d [[Iḥesnawen]] i yetṭfen tuɣḍaṭ-a, ur ẓẓrin ara kan dacu i yellan yegguni-ten …

Aɣaram asdawan n wasif ɛisi, mazal-it ar ass-a i wakken a d-yesmekti wid yeţţun, akken a ten-d-yeḥku af yiḍ-nni n [[19 yebrir]][[1980]] mi d-mkuben iserdasen s yeqjan. D ahmaj i hemjen deg inelmaden d tnelmadin. Acḥal iwin ar lḥebs, acḥal ɛedmen ger-asen...
A nekk seg wayaki mebla ma neţţu awk imeɣnasen i s-yefkan udem azedgan i wayen i d-yeḍran. Ur ntekk ara kan akka ma yella ur d-nudir irgazen am [[Ɛebbuṭ]], Lunawsi, [[Mezdad]], Saɛdi, [[Ferḥat Mhenni]], [[Zituni]]... d yawk arrac imaziɣen i iseblen iman-nsen i wakken tadyant n [[20 Yebrir]] a ţ-aweḍ ar tal taddart di tmurt n Yeqbayliyen.
Aseggas yezzi af waya, si tama n [[Bgayet]] iɣ-d-tekka taɣrit n Imaziɣen tikkelt-a...Tafsut n [[1981]] Ilmeẓyen d telmeẓyin n din ččan aḥlalas n udabu azzayri, awal nsen yiwen: werǧin ad teḥlelli-d tugduţ i yeqbayliyen

Seg wass-nni, Iqbayliyen fkan awal, ggulen dakken tineţţi nsen ur tnegger u s deffir-sen ḍefren-d imaziɣen s umata. Ulayɣer a nesṭuqet awal, d timuggiyin i asenfar nneɣ.
Imal n yeqbayliyen atan di tmurt nsen, iẓuran-nsen ɣzan almi anda yiwen ur yessin…Imal n tutlayt nsen atan ger tarwa-s, atan di tmurt-is, deg urebbi n warraw-is.
Talalit n [[Amussu Adelsan Amaziɣ]] s tumert medden ay ţ-muggren, ass-nni i yebda umennuɣ af yidles d tutlayt nneɣ yeţţali yeţnerni almi ass-a, ulac win ur nessin xas ula cwiyya n umezruy nneɣ. Tafat iɣ-d-isiɣ Umussu d ajgagal s wiyes nerfreẓ abrid deg wi’ nteddu, nerfed aqerru nneɣ ar igenwan mebla akukru.
Ula ma xas ass-a, Amussu yebḍa d icḥricen seg mi kkan ikabaren nnig-es, iswi-s amenzu n win n widak icḥemlen ayla nsen, akal nsen...

Azekka d amulli n wass mi d-tefrari tagut af wid iran seg wul tugduţ d yetṭfen deg iẓuran nsen…amennuɣ simmal irennu, agdud simmal yeţţaki.
Ad rnuɣ af wayaki, amennuɣ n imeɣnasen s yimru , tamedyazt d ccna.

[[Maɛṭub Lwennas]] seg imezwura i sen-yerran tajmilt i tlawin d yergazen n tefsut imaziɣen, tasfift i d-yessufeɣ kra n wayyuren kann s deffir 20 yebrir anda icennu:

[[Eḥzen Lwad Ɛisi]]
Mi yebda imenɣi
Yewweḍ-iten Lɛesker deg Yiḍ
Tuddar slant irkwelli, suwwent ɣer Tizi
Kul abrid a yeţfeggiḍ
Ur telli d tisselbi, nehwaǧ tilleli,
Uqbel aɣ-ḥerren ɣer lhid.
Akken nella zik a nili,
Ma yella imenɣi,
Wi’ mmuten ad yennerni mmi-s.
A wid iḥekmen ayenni, ur nelli d ulli,
Tamurt iban-d lsas-is.
Tamaziɣt ad tennerni
…

[[Ferḥat Mhenni]], yeccna tafsut imaziɣen:

Nnif d lḥerma dayen yeḍran
Di tefsut n [[Tizi Wezzu]]
Llan d ilemẓyen d tlemẓyin
fɣan-d s iberdan.
Nnan-d ala dayen neɛya
Si lbaṭel akk d uzaglu
...

Neɣ ayen yeccna [[Buǧemɛa Agraw]] :

Timest n 54 tensa di 62
Teggra-d tirgit deg iɣed-nni
Tuɣal tecɛel di 80
Tetṭef-iţ-id tideţ n lesnin
Ansi i d-isuḍ ubeḥri
D leqbayel i izuggiren
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
…
Ma ţţuɣ arrac nneɣ yeɣlin,
Nekk mačči d aqbayli

Lwennas d dda Lmulud
Mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
Ur neţr’uz ur nkennu
Ur nqebbel ara azaglu
Mazal-aɣ…mazal-aɣ d imaziɣen
...

== Amezruy n Tefsut n Yimaziɣen : D acu yeḍran ? ==

[Tafsut n 1980 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel d tin ay ikecmen deg umezruy (ttarix) n tmaziɣt d win n Ldzayer akk-n ma tella. Deg wussan-nni, ḍrant aṭas n tɣawsiwin s tghawla, d tid ay yuraren ddurh d ameqqran deg tikli i lmend n wakkaz s tmazight deg tmurt-is. Yelha ma nessawel-d ghef way-n yedhran deg Tefsut-nni akk-n ad nefhem xir tidyanin-a. Adhris-a ay d-nuwey d tukkist (extrait) seg &quot;Weghmis n Tedyanin n Tmurt n Leqbayel&quot; ay yura [[Racid Caker]] deg tallit-nni u yeffeɣ-d deg tesɣunt (revue) n &quot;Les Temps Modernes&quot; (uṭṭunen 432-433, Yunyu-Ɣuct 1982), akk d tesɣunt Tafsut.]

Ass n lḥedd, 9 Meɣres 1980 :
Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu tella tesaa imir-n sin n yiseggasen d wezgen seg wasmi ay tettwaldi yernu yufa-d lḥal yagi tga tlata yisundilen (grèves) imeqranen, aneggaru deg-sen d win ay d-yellan deg gar 17 Tubeṛ d 13 Nwembeṛ 1979. Asunded-nni gan-t ɣef wugur n ugenses idetti (représentation authentique) n yinelmaden sdaxel n tesdawit. Akabar n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) yella la d-yeqqar dakk-n inelmaden ara yesseḥṛasen akk-n ad gen isundilen-a d &quot;imesmaziɣen&quot; (berbéristes) neɣ d imaṛksiyen imaziɣen (u llan qqaren-asen &quot;Bougiots&quot;).

Seg yimir-n, iselmaden ay llan ttwalin-ten d imarksiyen, llan ur ten-ttaznen ara ɣer Tizi Wezzu, wanag ttaznen-ten ɣer tesdawit n [[Sṭif]]. Ma d iselmaden idzayriyen ay yeghran deg Fransa llan ttqaraaen-ten u tikkwal ssagaden-ten. Yagi, deg way-n iaaddan, adtas n tikkal ur jjin ara ad d-ilint tmeskanin tidelsanin (manifestations culturelles) tidelsanin timaziɣin deg Tizi Wezzu. Ur jjin ara [[At Mengellat]] neɣ [[Yidir]] ad cnun, gedlen tamezgunt (pièce de théâtre) n &quot;2000 n yiseggasen n Ṭradh&quot; ay llan tturaren-tt-id s teqbaylit.

Kra n wussan uqbel ma yusa-d Mouloud Mammeri ɣer tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad d-yeg asarag-is, sneṭḍen yinelmaden inazalen (affiches) deg yiɣerban akk-n ad d-xebbren ɣef way-a. Anemhal n tesdawit (recteur), ɣas ma yella ur as-yeɛjib ara lḥal, yeqbel ad d-yili usarag-nni imi d aseqqamu (comité) n uɣaram (cité) n Asif Aɛisi ay d-yelhan s tigin n usarag-a yernu aseqqamu-a testeɛṛef yes-s tedbelt (administration). D acu kan, aṭas n yinazalen ay d-yettwasɣersen. Deg yiḍ n wass n lḥedd d letniyen (ɣef ttnac n yiḍ), yeɣra-as-d yiwen i Mouloud Mammeri, yenna-as dakk-n d netta ay d anemhal n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu u yenna-as dakk-n asarag-nni-ines yebṭel. 

Ass n letniyen 10 Meɣres 1980
Azekka-nni taṣ̣ebḥit, Mouloud Mammeri yesteqsa, u d Mass Arab, anemhal (directeur) n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu s timmad-is ay as-yennan dakk-n maci d netta ay as-d-yeɣran yernu asarag-ines ur yettwamneɛ, ur yettuwexxer. Ɣef tizi n ttnac n wass, Mouloud Mammeri yeqleɛ seg Ldzayer, yedda id-s [[Salem Caker]] d yiwen n unehhaṛ iqeddcen deg CRAPE, la tteddun ɣer Tizi Wezzu. Mi uwḍen ɣer [[Dreɛ Ben Xedda]], ɣef jjuj, yeḥbes-iten yiwen n wuggug (barrage) n yibulisen (uggug niḍen yella yegguni-ten deg [[Buxalfa]]).

Sdeffir ma walan lekwaɣeḍ-is, ibulisen uwyen Mouloud Mammeri ɣer uwali n Tizi Wezzu, u d netta ay as-d-yennan s yimi-s dakk-n asarag-ines (conférence) ɣer &quot;yisefra iqdimen n teqbaylit&quot; yettwamneɛ imi ay-a &quot;yezmer ad d-yawi ccwal&quot;, am wakk-n ay as-yenna ad yeffeɣ seg Tizi Wezzu imir-nni kan. Yuɣ lḥal, awali yekcef-d ula d win ay iwekkel akk-n ad as-d-iɣer i Mammeri deg yiḍ-nni u ad as-yini dakk-n asarag-is yettwamneɛ. Wagi d Mass Merabten, d anemhal (directeur) n COUS. Akk-a, Mammeri yeqqel yeẓra dakk-n anemhal n tesdawit ula ay t-yegren deg way-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, anemhal n tesdawit akk d umaru amatu (secrétaire général) qqlen nnan-as i Mammeri dakk-n ay-nni yekka-d nnig n tezmert-nsen. ɣef ṛṛebɛa d wezgen n tmeddit, llan ugar n 1000 n medden ara yettṛajun melmi ara yebdu usarag-nni. Mi ẓran dakk-n yettwamneɛ, bdan la ten-id-ttalin wurfan, yernu ssefran ad gen timlilit i uzekka-nni, 11 Meɣres, ɣef 9 n tṣ̣ebḥit.

Ass n ttlata 11 Meɣres
Inelmaden gan tameskant-nsen (manifestation) tamezwarut deg yizenqan n Tizi Wezzu. ɣef ttesɛa n tṣ̣ebḥit ay mlalen u gar n 10:15 d 12:15, gar n 500 d 700 n yinelmaden ay yelḥan deg yizenqan n Tizi Wezzu, zzin-d sin iberdan ɣef yizenqan imeqranen n temdint. Tikli teḥbes sdat n Useqqamu Aɣelnaw Aɣerfan (CNP) n FLN, sdat n twilayt u sdat n tesnawit (lycée) n temdint, u llan refden tiḥucay ay deg d-uran &quot;Idles amaziɣ : idles aɣerfan&quot;, &quot;Awali, Aseqqamu aɣelnaw aɣerfan, asarag n Mammeri yettwamneɛ ?&quot;, &quot;Ḥebset aqmaḍ n yedles&quot;. Uran-d daɣen s tefṛensist : &quot;Ad yeɣli weqmaḍ&quot; (répression), &quot;Awali, Aseqqamu aɣelnaw aɣerfan d iqettalen&quot;. Ma s tmaziɣt uran-d &quot;Tamaziɣt d tameslayt-nneɣ&quot;, &quot;Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu&quot;, &quot;Neɛya deg lbaṭel&quot;.

Imeẓla (ssrabes) n weqmaḍ (répression) llan ḥedṛen s waṭas dinna : ibulisen, ijadeṛmiyen d yisexsayen (pompiers), d acu kan, ur d-giren ara iman-nsen. Kullec yeḥbes deg temdint yernu medden llan la d-ttḍillin seg ṭṭwaqi n yexxamen. Medden amzun ddan u fkan-asen lḥeqq i yinelmaden-nni, maca ur d-sbanen ara lebɣi-nsen akk-n ad ttekkin neɣ ad ɛawnen inelmaden. D acu, llant kra n temɣarin nnant-asen d &quot;arrac ijehlen&quot;. Deg tmeddit n wass-nni, mlalen yiselmaden idzayriyen n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu u uran-d aḍris (texte) n yiwet n tsakbabt (pétition), aḍris-nni gan-t d tabṛat yeldin i uneɣlaf (ministre) n usselmed aɛlayan. Deg weḍris-nsen, iselmaden ur qbilen ara imi ay yettwamneɛ usarag (conférence) n umeddakel-nsen deg tesdawit, u sḥeṛsen i wakk-n ad tettuqader lḥeṛma n tesdawit (ur qbilen ara imi ara d-keccmen yibulisen ɣer daxel n tesdawit ...), a m wakk-n ssuttren ad tili tlelli n wawal ladɣa deg way-n yerzan idles d yiles amaziɣ. Tabṛat-nni zemlen-tt (stenyan-tt) ṛebɛin n yiselmaden (ṛebɛa yimuren ɣef xemsa seg yiselmaden idzayriyen yellan qeddcen deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu).

Ass n laṛebɛa 12 Meɣres 1980
Agraw amatu (assemblée générale) n yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu yura-d yiwet n &quot;tebṛat yeldin i Uselway n Tegduda&quot;. Tabṛat-nni ssuffɣen-d seg-s luluf n tsukan (copies) u ferqen-tent deg waṭas n yimukan (Ldzayer, Bumerdas, atg.). Tabṛat-a yettwarun s yiles ur nqesseḥ ara aṭas d tin ay deg d-bedren yinelmaden ay-n d-yeqqar werkawal aɣelnaw (charte nationale). Daɣen, inelmaden bedren-d deg tebṛat-nsen akk ay-n yeḍran deg wussan-nni nnan-d dakk-n iles d yedles imaziɣen ttalasen ad ttusnernin, am wakk-n d-ssuttren dakk-n tamaziɣt ad teqqel d iles aɣelnaw wis sin deg tmurt.

Deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, medden yeslan s way-n ara iḍerrun deg Tizi Wezzu, banen-d amzun ur uminen ara, bitt llan kra kra nnan-d dakk-n ay-a d lekdeb akk yernu ur uminen ara ula s Mouloud Mammeri dakk-n yella. D acu kan, llan kra n medden, qlilit, llan bɣan ad gen tameskant (tamesbanit) deg wezniq !

Ass n lexmis 13 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n Usudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (Institut des Sciences Économiques) n Ldzayer tamaneɣt) asmi ay ẓran s lexbar, gan tasakbabt (pétition) ay fkan i weɣlif (ministère) akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara amnaɛ n usarag-nni (conférence) n Mammeri. Aḍris-a zemlen-t (stenyan-t) ṛebɛin n yiselmaden, meḥsub tlata n yimuren ɣef ṛebɛa seg yiselmaden idzayriyen (gar-asen wid iqeddcen deg PAGS [akabar amesdukli (parti communiste)] d wid iqeddcen deg tedbelt (administration)]. Deg webrid, gar Budwaw d Tizi Wezzu, amur ameqran deg yigalisen (tiplakin) akk d tseddariyin (abribus) uran deg-sent s ssbiɣa : &quot;Tugdut&quot;, &quot;Aït Ahmed deg tmurt !&quot;, &quot;Ḥebset assenger n yedles !&quot;, &quot;FLN amaynut d afaci&quot;, &quot;Akk d inmeglayen&quot; (opposants). Tira-a uran-tent deg yiḍ n 12 d 13 Meɣres. Medden walan daɣen tira am tigi deg Tizi Wezzu akk d yiberdan yettalin ɣer tuddar deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Adabu yeɛreḍ ad yeffer akk tira-nni s tɣawla s ssbiɣa tamellalt neɣ taweṛdit, deg wass n lexmis, 13 Meɣres. Ass-nni daɣen ay d-yeffeɣ umagrad (article) amezwaru deg lbeṛṛani ɣef way-n ara iḍerrun deg Tizi Wezzu. Wa d amagrad awezlan ay d-yeffɣen deg weɣmis afṛensis n Libération, yeḥka-d ay-n yeḍran s tidet deg wass n 11 Meɣres. (Mebla ccek, d ay-n ay yejjan akk lejnas ad d-rren lwelha-nsen ɣer tedyanin-a !).

Ass n ljemɛa 14 Meɣres 1980
Medden bdan la ttmeslayen ɣef tira-nni u mxallafen leṛyuy-nsen fell-asen.

Ass n ssebt 15 Meɣres 1980
Terza yiwet n tfagla (délégation) n yinelmaden i tikkelt tamezwarut ɣer tselwit (présidence) u tejja-n dinna tabṛat yeldin i uselway. D A. Benhabyles ay ten-yemmugren, iban-d yewhem maca ur d-yesban ara taɛdawt-ines. Inelmaden sseknen-as-d amek ay tettwaru tmaziɣt (s tfinaɣ) u yenna-d dakk-n yefka tira-nni i Uselway (?). Deg temlilit-ines tis snat akk d yinelmaden ay d-yesban addud-ines (position).

Ass n lḥedd 16 Meɣres 1980
Deg Ldzayer, medden la ttmeslayen dakk-n tella yiwet n tewriqt n FFS ay yettwaferqen ɣef yinelmaden deg wussan-nni (yuɣ lḥal, d tin ay d tawriqt tis tlata ara yefreq ukabar-a deg setta n wayyuren ineggura). Tawriqt-a tessawal-d ɣef tedyanin-nni n Tizi Wezzu u tenna-d dakk-n 2000 n yinelmaden ay yettekkan deg tmeskant-nni (tamesbanit) n 11 Meɣres (yili ay-a ur iṣ̣eḥḥa).

Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ass n lḥedd 16, letniyen 17 d wass n ttlata 18 Meɣres, medden gan timeskanin (timesbaniyin) deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, deg Yiɛeẓẓugen akk d Ɛin Lḥemmam. Deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, medden qqimen la tteddun deg yizenqan tlata n wussan, wa sdeffir wa. Aṭas seg wid yettekkan deg tmeskanin-a d ilmeẓyen (inelmaden n tesnawiyin [lycéens], atg.), akk d kra n yigerdan d tlawin (amur ameqran deg-sent d timɣarin). Ḍrant tɣawsiwin yessewhamen. Deg [[Larebɛa n At Yiraten]], medden kecmen ɣer lkaziṛna u ḥettmen iserdasen (iɛsekṛiyen) ad d-ffɣen seg-s s yiceṭṭiḍen n waddal (sport) (imi ay llan la ttgen addal) i wakk-n ad ttekkin yid-sen deg tmeskant ɣef yiles amaziɣ. Ula d amɣiwan (lmir) ḥettmen-t ad d-yeffeɣ, u ad yezwir i ṣ̣ṣ̣ef u ad d-yini &quot;Ad ddren Yimaziɣen&quot;.

Deg yal amkan, medden rẓan jjaj d yigalisen (tiplakin) n lbenyanat n ddula u uran fell-asen isekkilen (lḥuṛuf) n tfinaɣ. Deg Yiɛeẓẓugen, yiwen n ubulis yusa-d ad yennaɣ medden imi ay rẓan yiwen n ugalis n FLN, dɣa smaren fell-as acabcaq n ssbiɣa tazewwaɣt. Imsenza (ttejjaṛ) ɣelqen tiḥuna-nsen maca kra nnan-d dakk-n d medden ay ten-iḥettmen ad ɣelqen.

Ass n letniyen 17 Meɣres 1980
Daniel Junqua yellan la iqeddec d anemyaru (correspondant) deg weɣmis n &quot;Le Monde&quot;, yedda ɣer Tizi Wezzu u yebda la yesteqsay inelmaden d yiselmaden. Yeɛreḍ ad yesteqsi daɣen kra n yemḍebbren, maca ur yessaweḍ ara (anemhal n tesdawit [recteur] ulac-it, atg.). Deg wass n 19 Meɣres, yeffeɣ-d umagrad (article) amezwaru deg Le Monde u yeḥka-d ɣef lumuṛ akk-n ḍrant (mebla azeyyed wala assenqes).

Deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, inelmaden d yiselmaden la ssawalen ɣef wakk ay-n yeḍran. Llan kra bɣan ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara ad ad d-gren iman-nsen yikabaren (partis) n tenmegla (opposition) deg temsalt-a u ad ɛerḍen ad sqedcen tidyanin-a deg leṣ̣laḥ-nsen, d acu kan, rran-ten deg rrif yernu jjan ay-n akk-n llan bɣan ad t-gen. Tameddit-nni, Ferhat Mhenni, acennay n terbaɛt Imaziɣen Imula iga abaraz (gala) deg telmessit (foyer) n yinelmaden deg Yiḥesnawen. Ḥedṛen azal n 1000 n yinelmaden, gar-asen anemhal (directeur) n COUS, Merabtene, yellan yeskeṛ yernu llan la smesxiren yes-s yinelmaden. Abaraz-nni yeqqel d timlilit ay yes d-sseknen yinelmaden dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression) n ddula. Timlilit-a teqqel mechuṛet imi ay sqerdcen yinelmaden s lejheṛ ɣef kra n temsal tisertiyin (politiques) am tuqqla n Aït Ahmed d Boudiaf. Arezki About yellan iqeddec deg unegmi (laboratoire) n tesdawit, yessawel-d ɣef yiwet n tewriqt ay n FUAA ay d-sɛeddan s ddaw n tewwurt n texxamt-is.

Ass n ttlata 18 Meɣres 1980
Lexbar n timeskanin (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan deg Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Iɛeẓẓugen d Ɛin Lḥemmam yelfa-d d tidet. Medden qqlen la ttwalin lumuṛ s leḥder (ladɣa irgazen imeqranen), imi ugaden &quot;lemmer ad yekker ṭṭrad aɣarim (guerre civile)&quot;.

Ass n laṛebɛa 19 Meɣres 1980
Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan, Bererhi, yemlal i tikkelt tamezwarut akk d Mammeri, u yessutter seg-s ssmaḥ d ameqran s yiles &quot;aẓidan am tamemt&quot;, maca ur iban ara ɣef wacu. Tikkelt niḍen, yeɣra-as akk-n ad t-yenṣ̣eḥ ur yettekkay ara deg yisaragen (conférences) ay ssefran ad ten-gen yinelmaden deg uɣaram (cité) n tesdawit n teqcicin deg Ben Aknoun, ɣef yedles aɣelnaw. Nnan-asen daɣen akk-a i Mass Labidi akk d Rachid Boudjedra, imi ay ugaden lemmer ad ttekkin deg yisaragen-nni. Mammeri yessutter ssmaḥ s leḥdaqa deg teqcicin ay t-iɛerḍen. Kra n teqcicin n Tdukli Taɣelnawt n Yelmeẓyen Idzayriyen (UNJA) ɛerḍent ad frunt ugur-a, maca ur ssawḍent ara.

Ass n lexmis 20 Meɣres 1980
Aɣmis n El Moudjahid yessuffeɣ-d yiwet n tebṛat n ucemmet d rregmat yettwaxetmen s yisem n K.B. (mebla ccek d Kamel Belkacem, anemhal n tira [rédacteur en chef] n weɣmis-a). Tabṛat-a tetthem Mammeri (mebla ma tebder-d isem-is) belli d axabit ixeddmen akk d temharsa (colonialisme). Tasɣunt n &quot;Révolution Africaine&quot; tessuffeɣ-d daɣen tigejdit (éditorial), ur yettwafhem ara d acu ay d-yeqsed maca, deg tgara, iwet-d deg wid ay d-yessekren ccwal deg Tizi Wezzu. Ma d aɣmis n Algérie Actualité yenna-d dakk-n tirzi ay iga Chadli ɣer Ccerq Alemmas d tin ay yessefra ad tt-yeg aṭas ay-a, yernu ccwal yekkren deg tmurt n Leqbayel ur yeqqin ara ɣer tirzi-a. Nnig way-a, Chadli yessefra ad yerzu ɣef Tizi Wezzu deg wass n 15 neɣ 16 Meɣres. ɣef way-a ay gan kra n lecɣal n ucebbeḥ n temdint s tɣawla deg wussan-nni.

Deg Dreɛ Lmizan, inelmaden n tesnawiyin (lycées) ɛerḍen ad gen tamsekant (tamesbanit) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg wussan-nni n yimuras (vacances). Ttekkan azal n 200 n yinelmaden deg tmeskant-nni. Deg Tizi Wezzu, inelmaden gan timlilit iweɛṛen ay deg kra ur qbilen ara imi ay d-gren iman-nsen yikabaren n tenmegla (partis d'opposition) am FFS, FUAA d PRS. Kra bedren-d ula d PAGS (akabar amesdukli [parti communiste]) yellan la yesseqdac ma ulac sin wid yellan &quot;la d-ssenkaren&quot; inelmaden). Deg temlilit-a, inelmaden n Tizi Wezzu fran-tt-id ad ddun ɣer Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Iɛeẓẓugen d tmura niḍen u ad ɛerḍen ad ten-qennɛen ur d-ttadren ara ɣer Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad msegrawen dinna. Tameskant-nni ay ɣef llan la ssawalen medden aṭas ay-a (ula deg Ldzayer) yewɛeṛ akk-n ad tt-ḥebsen. Iɣallen n laman llan swejden iman-nsen akk-n ad wten.

Ass n ssebt 22 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n Tizi Wezzu la ssawalen ɣef tririt ara gen i umagrad-nni (article) n ucemmet d rregmat ay d-yeffɣen deg El Moudjahid. Yuɣ lḥal, amagrad-a iḥuza ula d iselmaden n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Deg Ldzayer, kra n yiselmaden n tesdawit ɛerḍen ad d-gen tasakbabt (pétition) ara fken i El Moudjahid akk-n ad as-yeḍmen i Mammeri lḥeqq n uwajeb deg weɣmis-a. Ciṭṭaḥ kan ay iqeblen ad zemlen (ad stenyin) tasakbabt-a. Ula d wid iqeddcen deg CRAPE (anda ay yella Mammeri iqeddec d anemhal [directeur]), maci aṭas ay tt-izemlen.

Ass n letniyen 24 Meɣres 1980
Iselmaden n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu ur msefhamen ara ɣef lecɣal ara gen. Tabṛat yeldin ay uran i uneɣlaf (lewzir) werɛad ur tt-uzinen ara. Deg Usudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (Institut des Sciences Economiques) deg Tizi Wezzu, anemhal Arab yessebded-d taseqqamut taslemdant (commission pédagogique). Iselmaden ssuttren deg tedbelt (administration) ad asen-tefru ugur n ussuffeɣ n tsukan (polycopies) uqbel n 29 Meɣres. Ma ur yefri ara wugur-a, ad gen asunded (grève).

Ass n ttlata 25 Meɣres 1980
Asudu n Tussniwin Tudmisin (Institut des Sciences Economiques) n Ldzayer yebda-d asunded (grève) n tlata n wussan imi aseqqamu (comité) n usudu-nsen ur testeɛṛef ara yes-s tesdawit.

Aneɣlaf (ministre) n Usselɣu (information), Mehri, yemlal d Mammeri u yessutter seg-s ssmaḥ s leḥdaqa imi ur yezmir ara ad t-yejj ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt-ines deg weɣmis n El Moudjahed. Mammeri ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel asseḥṛes-ines ɣef El Moudjahed, dɣa yeɛred ad yessutter ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt-ines deg Algérie-Actualité. Gar way-a d way-n niḍen, anemhal n Unadi ussnan (rechercher scientifique) n weɣlif (ministère), Mass Benbouzid, akk d kra n medden n ONRS, nnan-d dakk-n ad qeblen lemmer ad d-gen amkan i usselmed n tmaziɣt deg tesdawit u ad d-gen afurk (branche) n unadi deg wenrar-a. Aṭas n tsakbabin (pétitions) n wurfan n medden ara d-yettawḍen ɣer udabu.

26 Meɣres 1980
Gan tameskant (tamesbanit) niḍen deg Tizi Wezzu, ay deg ttekkan azal n 1000 n yinelmaden. Ibulisen ur d-giren ara iman-nsen.

30 Meɣres 1980
Deg Fṛansa, Aït Menguellet yeɣra-d kra n yisefra deg tewwurt n Pantin. Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan (droits) idelsanen iger-d tiɣri akk-n ad msegrawen medden deg tsusmi sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa.

6 Yebrir 1980
Inelmaden gan timlilit deg Yiḥesnawen (Tizi Wezzu) u fran-tt-id ad ṭṭfen u ad qqimen deg tzeqqa (salle) n assukken (reprographie) n tesdawit u gren-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen tameskant (tamesbanit) deg wass n 7 Yebrir deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt.

7 Yebrir 1980
Lɛecṛa n tṣ̣ebḥit. Ldzayer tamaneɣt, deg Tsenbert (place) n Umezwaru n Mayyu. 500 n yinelmaden d yiselmaden ay yemsegrawen akk-n ad d-ssuttren dakk-n idles amaziɣ yettalas ad yili. Tiḥucay ay refden yura-d deg-sent &quot;Idles aɣerfan (culture populaire)&quot;, &quot;Tilelli n wawal&quot;, &quot;tamaziɣt ur telli ara d iles adzayri ?&quot;, &quot;tugdut tadelsant (démocratie culturelle)&quot;. Wid yettekkan deg tmeskant-a (tamesbanit) bdan la d-cennun imseɣret (nnacid) n yemjuhad &quot;Min jibalina&quot; (Seg yidurar-nneɣ ay d-tuli taɣect n tlelli). Ibulisen bdan la kkaten medden akk-n kan d-tebda tikli. Wten wid yettekkan u qemḍen-ten mebla ṛṛeḥma. Azal n 200 ay ssulin deg yifurguten s tiyta n tdebbuzin. Gar wid yettekkan, llan aṭas ay yettwajerḥen, gar-asen xemsa ɣlin deg lkuma. Yiwen seg wid yettekkan wten-t s tdebbuzin alama ay yemmut. Deg tesdawit n Ldzayer, inelmaden deɣren (bbuṭin) akk-n ad gen asunded (grève). Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu tga asunded daɣen yernu ṭṭfen-tt yinelmaden, deg-s ara ttɣimin, deg-s ara gganen.

ɣef leḥdac d wezgen n tṣ̣ebḥit, deg tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer, inelmaden gan timlilit akk-n ad mciwṛen ɣef tikliwin niḍen ara gen sdat n teɣsart talemmast n yibulisen (commissariat central) akk-n ad sbegnen dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression).

ɣef tlata n tmeddit, Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen (Comité de défense des droits culturels) yessegrew-d azal n 1000 n yemdanen deg tsusmi sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa. Wid igan amsegraw-a llan bɣan ad as-fken yiwen n ussumer (motion) i wenmahal (ambassadeur). D acu kan , aneggaru-a yegguma ad ten-yemmager u yenna-d dakk-n wigi ur llin d Idzayriyen. Aseqqamu yura-d yiwet n tebṛat yeldin i uselway (ṛṛayes) u iga-d tasakbabt (pétition) ara sseddun d tebṛat-nni.

Tameddit : Inelmaden n Tizi Wezzu gan timlilit ay deg ay tt-id-fran ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) mebla tilisa, u ad qqimen ṭṭfen tasdawit.

Ass n 8 Yebrir 1980
Deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, ugar n 1000 n yinelmaden ay d-yeffɣen ad ttekkin deg tmeskant (tamesbanit) u la ttberriḥen &quot;Ad yeɣli weqmaḍ (répression)&quot;, &quot;Ibulisen d iqettalen&quot;, &quot;Brum-asen-d i wid yettwaṭṭfen&quot;, &quot;Idles aɣerfan (culture populaire) adzayri&quot;. Llan daɣen la d-cennun imesɣerten (nnacidat) n tmurt. Ibulisen dehhmen-ten s ljehd ɣer daxel n tesdawit. Tameskant-a teqqim ugar n snat n tsaɛtin. Amur ameqran deg wid yettwaṭṭfen bran-asen-d.

Deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, d luluf n yifellaḥen seg Ɛin Lḥemmam d Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten ay iɛerḍen ad ttekkin deg yiwet n tikli ay gan deg Tizi Wezzu. Igen (armée) yergel-asen iberdan u iḥettem-iten ad qqlen ɣer tuddar-nsen. Amur ameqran deg wid yettwaṭṭfen iḍelli-nni bran-asen-d. Inelmaden n Bumerdas gan asunded (grève). Inelmaden d yiqeddacen n tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer gan-d assumer (motion) n uɛiwen n yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu. Nnig way-a, gan-d daɣen anaru (bureau) ara yesseddun lecɣal n tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt.

9 Yebrir 1980
Amussu (mouvement) yebda la yettimɣur deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ilmeẓyen n Yiwaḍiyen, Ayt Yanni, Ljemɛa n Ssarij, Delles, Buṛj Mnayel, Sidi Ɛic, atg. gan timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk-n ad d-ssuttren ad as-yettunefk lḥeqq i yedles amaziɣ ad yili. Ass-nni deg Sidi Ɛic, yettwamneɛ ubaraz (gala) n Ferhat n Imaziɣen Imula. Ibulisen ṭṭfen Ferhat.

Seg 9 ar 15 Yebrir 1980
Deg tuddar n Tmurt n Leqbayel, gan-d iseqquma n uqareɛ d uɛiwen n yinelmaden igan asunded (grève).

10 Yebrir 1980
Akabar n Terni Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN) iga tameskant (tamesbanit) mgal n tin ay gan yinelmaden deg Tizi Wezzu.

11 Yebrir 1980
Mouloud Mammeri yuzen tiririt-ines i weɣmis n El Moudjahid ay d-yessuffɣen amagrad-nni (article) n ucemmet &quot;Wid yettafken timsirin&quot; (dduṛus). El Moudjahid yegguma ad d-yessuffeɣ tiririt n Mammeri. D aɣmis n Le Matin ay tt-id-yessuffɣen. Inelmaden gan-as-d tisukan (copies) s Roneo u ferqen-tt ɣef medden ama deg Ldzayer, ama deg Fṛansa.

13 Yebrir 1980
Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan yemlal d yiwet n terbaɛt n yiselmaden n Tizi Wezzu. Inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée) n Amirouche, deg Tizi Wezzu, bdan-d asunded (grève) u ṭṭfen tasnawit-nni. Iqeddacen n sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu uznen assumer (motion) n uɛiwen i yinelmaden igan asunded akk d tebṛat yeldin i uselway (ṛṛayes) Chadli ay deg ay as-ssuttren ad yeḥbes weqmaḍ (répression). Yiwet n tewriqt yettwaferqen ɣef medden (u nnan-d dakk-n n FFS) tger-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen medden asunded amatu (grève générale) deg wass n 16 Yebrir. 

15 Yebrir 1980
Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer (Comité de la défense des droits culturels en Algérie) iger-d tiɣri akk-n ad gen tikli deg wass n 26 Yebrir sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa u deg wass n Umezwaru n Mayyu seg wezniq n &quot;Filles du Clavaire&quot; alama d Bastille. Sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu ṭṭfen-t yiqeddacen.

16 Yebrir 1980
Medden gan asunded (grève) ikemlen deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Acennay Ferhat Mhenni n terbaɛt n Imaziɣen Imula yettwaker deg Dar El Beida [deg ccerq n Ldzayer tamaneɣt] ɣef tizi n jjuj d wezgen n tmeddit. Aneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan iɛeyyen-asen i yinelmaden n Tizi Wezzu akk-n ad qqlen ɣer tɣuri deg wass 19 Yebrir. Tameddit-nni, mlalen yiqeddacen n Sonelec, Sonelgaz, Sonitex, Casoral, sbiṭar n Tizi Wezzu akk d yiselmaden n yinelmaden akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression) n ddula u sbedden-d aseqqamu aɣerfan (comité populaire) i usseddu n lecɣal.

18 Yebrir 1980
Iminigen msegrawen sdat n tmahelt (ambassade) n Ldzayer deg Ottawa yernu gan tikli tazamalt (symbolique) sdat n wemni (parlement) akanadi.

20 Yebrir 1980
ɣef lweḥda n tṣ̣ebḥit : tebda-d temhelt (opération) n Mizrana. Iɣallen n weqmaḍ (répression) kecmen ɣer wakk imukan ay ṭṭfen yinelmaden d yiqeddacen (tasdawit, sbiṭar, lluzinat). Inelmaden yellan ṭṭsen bdan-ten s tiyta nitni mazal-iten deg wusu. Wid ara irewwlen bran-d fell-asen iḍan. Inelmaden la d-ttneggizen seg lbaṭimat n uɣaram (cité) n tesdawit mebla ma lsan iceṭṭiḍen-nsen. Iselmaden ttwarefden seg yexxamen-nsen. Akk iqeddacen n sbiṭar ttwaṭṭfen, u uwyen-d deg wemkan-nsen imejjayen (iṭbiben) n lɛeskeṛ. La ittezzi wawal dakk-n mmuten 32 n medden u d timeyyatin ay ijerḥen. Imezdaɣen n Tizi Wezzu gan asunded amatu (grève générale). Medden ur d-jjin ula d yiwen n ugalis (taplakt) yuran s taɛṛabt deg yizenqan. Tamurt n Leqbayel tegzem ɣef ddunit. Yettwamneɛ unekcum ɣer-s ladɣa ɣef yineɣmasen (imesjeṛnanen).

21 Yebrir 1980
21 seg wid yettwaṭṭfen ttucaṛɛen deg Leqṣ̣er [Bgayet] u yeḥkem-d fell-asen wexxam n ccṛeɛ ad kecmen ɣer lḥebs. Medden bdan la regglen iberdan deg temdint akk d teɣsart n tmacint (gare). Iɣallen n weqmaḍ (répression) bdan la tteddun deg yizenqan s yibeckiḍen yesɛan tiferyin yernu sxerben igniren (galeries) imaynuten (ahat gan ay-a akk-n ad smentsen [provoquer] medden ?). Medden sxerben ammas n tinḍi (centre d'artisanat), taɣsart (station) n lkiṛan akk d tedwirt n Kharroubi. Imezdaɣen n tuddar ay d-iqerben ɣer Tizi Wezzu udren-d akk-n u gan tikli deg temdint-a akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara aqmaḍ (répression) d tmenɣiwt n medden.

22 Yebrir 1980
Asunded amatu (grève générale) yuweḍ ɣer wass-ines wis tlata. Mazal la regglen iberdan deg Tizi Wezzu. Imeskanen (manifestants) la tteddun deg temdint s tḥucay akk-n ad d-ssuttren ad asen-d-brun i wid yettwaṭṭfen u ad ḥebsen aqmaḍ (répression). Imeskanen refden daɣen tiḥucay ay deg d-uran &quot;Imaziɣen&quot;. Ibulisen (tamunin tiɣelnawin n tɣellist, CNS) mmɣen ɣef yiselmaden seg sdeffir. Llan-d yimenɣin imeqranen deg wakk imukan n Tizi Wezzu gar yibulisen d yimeskanen. Imesdurar qqlen-d ɣer temdint yernu ula d nitni bdan la regglen iberdan. Sxerben inura (lbiruwat) n APS, SAA, axxam n tinḍi, anaru (lbiru) n ukabar n FLN, asensu (hôtel) n Balwa akk d tzeqqa n ssinima Mondial. Iqeddacen n sbiṭar n Mustapha Bacha, deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt, bdan-d ula d nitni asunded akk-n ad msegman d Tmurt n Leqbayel.

23 Yebrir 1980
Ass wis ṛebɛa n ussunded amatu (grève générale). Ibulisen la ttaṭṭafen medden s waṭas u deg yal amkan. Imeskanen (manifestants) ay d-yusan seg Tegzirt nnuɣen akk d yiɣallen n weqmaḍ (répression) deg unekcum n temdint n Tizi Wezzu. Yella-d daɣen yimenɣi d ameqran deg Dreɛ Ben Xedda.

24 Yebrir 1980
Tebda la d-tteqqel &quot;lehna&quot; cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Tiḥuna n tuccit bdant la leddint tameddit n wass-nni. Llan-d yimenɣiyen d imeqranen gar yimeskanen (manifestants) (deg Yiwaḍiyen, Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten d Ɛin Lḥemmam) d yiɣallen n weqmaḍ. Igniren (galeries) imaynuten hudden seg lketṛa n sselɛa.

25 Yebrir 1980
Iɣallen n weqmaḍ ṭṭfen akk tamdint n Tizi Wezzu. Tilibizyu n Ldzayer tṣ̣ewwer-d imukan yettwasxerben. ɣef lxemsa n tmeddit, anmahal (ambassadeur) n Ldzayer deg Fṛansa yemlal d weɣlif (ministère) n tɣawsiwin n beṛṛa deg Quai d'Orsay. ɣef lxemsa u xemsin n ddqayeq, anebdad (préfet) n yibulisen n Paris yenna-as i Useqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer dakk-n tikli-nni ay ssefran ad tt-gen i uzekka-nni tettwamneɛ.

26 Yebrir 1980
Anebdad (préfet) yemneɛ tikli-nni, d acu kan, ɣas ma yella Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer llan zemren ad t-ttehmen, yessɣer aqerru u iger-d tiɣri deg weɣmis (ajeṛnan) d ṛṛadyu akk-n ad d-asen ttekkin medden deg tikli-nni. 500 n yemdanen ay yettekkan. 400 seg-sen ṭṭfen-ten yibulisen u uwyen-ten ɣer Vincennes anda ay ten-qellben, weṣ̣ṣ̣fen-ten yernu gan-asen tisenta (fiches). Tadukli (Amicale) n Yidzayriyen deg Fṛansa tessegrew-d 200 n yemdanen akk-n ad smentsen (provoquer) wid ara yettekkin deg tikli-nni, usan-d deg lkiṛan ɣer Paris yernu llan ttuxellaṣ̣en s wass. 

29 Yebrir 1980
Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer yessefra ad yeg tikli tasusamt deg wass n 1 Mayyu, d acu kan, anebdad n Paris yemneɛ tikli-nni imi &quot;ay tezmer ad d-teglu s ccwal&quot;.

10 Mayyu 1980
Matoub Lounes iga abaraz (gala) deg Olympia (deg Paris). Medden gan ddqiqa n tsusmi akk-n ad msegman d umussu aɣerfan (mouvement populaire) deg Ldzayer.

12 Mayyu 1980
Tasdawit n Ldzayer tga asunded (grève).

16 Mayyu 1980
El Moudjahid yessuffeɣ-d umuɣ (liste) n 24 n yimeḥbas u yenna-d dakk-n wigi ad ɛeddin deg ccṛeɛ n laman n ddula deg Lemdeyya.

18 Mayyu 1980
Deg Tizi Wezzu gan asunded amatu (grève générale), medden akk ttekkan deg-s (ala igniren [galeries] imaynuten n Ldzayer. 

19 Mayyu 1980
Deg Ldzayer gan tameskant (manifestation) mgal n weqmaḍ (répression).

24 Mayyu 1980
Inelmaden gan timlilit deg tesdawit talemmast n Ldzayer, maca mmɣen fell-asen wid ay yessexdam udabu.

25 Mayyu 1980
Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer yessuffeɣ-d &quot;Tabṛat yeldin i Chadli&quot; sdeffir ma yessegrew-d 3522 n tekbabin (signatures).

3 Yunyu 1980
Aseqqamu agraɣlan n uɛiwen n teɣtas n weqmaḍ deg Ldzayer (Comité international de soutien aux victimes de la répression en Algérie) yessuffeɣ-d tasakbabt-ines (pétition). Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer sbedden-t-id s tidet u yessegrew-d 140 n tekbabin (signatures) sɣur yemdanen yettwassnen deg tesdawiyin d tẓuri (art).

21 Yunyu 1980
ɣef jjuj n tmeddit, Aseqqamu n uḥuddu n yizerfan idelsanen deg Ldzayer (CDDCA) akk d Useqqamu agraɣlan mgal aqmaḍ (répression) gan timlilit sdat n Taggazt n Leqdic (Bourse de travail) deg Paris. Gar yiberriḥen (slogans) ay d-nnan medden : &quot;Ḥebsem aqmaḍ&quot;, &quot;Brum-asen-d i yimeḥbas akk mebla ccuruṭ&quot;, &quot;ilsawen iɣerfanen (populaires) (taɛṛabt n Ldzayer d tmaziɣt d ilsawen iɣelnawen&quot;. Akk tuddsiwin (organisations) d yemdanen idzayriyen d yefṛensisen yettwassnen ttwaɛerḍen-d ɣer temlilit-a. Ttekkan deg-s akk wid ay yesteɛṛfen s yimenzayen-a (principes). CDDCA, ASEP, UNEF, LCR, FEN, FO, OCI, FFS. Ma Djamel Allam akk d terbaɛt n Djurdjura gguman ad ttekkin deg temlilit-a. Ferhat d Aït Menguellet llan ttwaṭṭfen deg Ldzayer.

25 Yunyu 1980
Deg Tizi Wezzu, medden gan ass n webdad i lmend n yimeḥbas. ɣef tmanya n tmeddit, Tanegga n Tɣamsa Tadzayrit (APS) tenna-d dakk-n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia ad asen-fken tilelli takudant (liberté provisoire) i uzekka-nni.

26 Yunyu 1980
Teqleɛ yiwet n terbaɛt, deg-s aṭas n tkeṛwas, seg Tizi Wezzu, akk-n ad d-awyen imeḥbas-nni umi d-bran. Wigi, mi ten-id-ssawḍen ɣer Tizi Wezzu, gan-asen tameɣra.

Umuɣ n 24-nni n yimeḥbas n Berrouaghia :

# ABBUT Arezki
# CEMIM Meqqran
# AGGUN Aḥmed
# ḤALET Racid
# AḤMED ZAYED Yidir
# XELLIL Saɛid
# At Wakli Racid
# LAMARI Idriss
# AIT LARBI Arezki
# LUNAWSI Mulud
# ALI CCIX Ubraham
# NAYET ABDELLAH Muḥemmed
# BACA Mustafa
# RACIDI Muḥemmed
# BEN AMUN Kamal
# SAADI Mulud
# BELƔEZLI Acur
# [[Saɛid Saɛdi|SAƐDI Saɛid]] 
# BERDUS Mammar
# STIET Muḥamed
# BURRIF Salaḥ
# TARI Laziz
# BRAHIMI Ali
# ZENATI ǧamal

[[Racid Caker]] yemmut deg wass n [[5 Ɣuct]] 1980 deg yiwet n twaɣit n webrid ay deg mmuten ula d tameṭṭut-is, memmi-s d yemma-s. Yella d aselmad amalal (assistant) n tdamsa (économie) deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Yettekka deg umussu (mouvement) n Tefsut n 1980 deg umazday (collectif) &quot;mgal n weqmaḍ&quot; (anti-répression) deg tesdawit.

Tiɣbula: [http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html] 

Tasuqilt sɣur [[Omar MOUFFOK]]

== 1980 : Abeddel ameqran ==

&quot;Tafsut n Yimaziɣen&quot; n 1980 d yiwet seg tedyanin tisertiyin (politiques) timeqranin akk deg Ldzayer timziregt (indépendante).

Uqbel, tamsalt n tmaziɣt tella tenkeṛ-itt ddula yernu imassanen (savants) llan qqnen fell-as allen, neɣ ur ttwalin-tt d tamsalt ur nesɛi azal meɣɣren, d tin yeqqnen s afulkluṛ. D acu kan, asmi ay d-ḍrant tedyanin n 1980, tamsalt-a deg yiwen webrid kan tban-d u yegget fell-as wawal.
 
Timeskanin (timesbaniyin) akk d yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan gar medden d yiɣallen n ddula deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt gar Meɣres n 1980 d Mayyu n 1981 sseknen-d dakk-n wid yessutturen tamaziɣt ur llin d aggagen (intellectuels) imeɛzulen, wanag d ay-n yerzan u bɣan-tt akk wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg Ldzayer.
 
&quot;Tafsut n Yimaziɣen&quot; d tin ay d-yemlan dakk-n medden ukin-d u bdan la ttxemmimen ad d-neṭqen, ad d-ssiwlen i yiman-nsen ɣef way-n bɣan deg yiwet n tmurt anda ddula tella tebɣa ad d-tessken dakk-n kullec deg-s yeddukkel. Uqbel, tasertit (politique), tasnakta (idéologie) d yedles llan s ddaw n umunupul n ddula yernu d tamenḍawt (consitution) ay as-iḍemnen ay-a. U deg way-n yerzan iles, ulac kra n tlelli deg tmurt imi seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), akk timenḍawin n tmurt qqarent-d dakk-n d &quot;taɛṛabt ay d iles aɣelnaw unṣ̣ib (national et officiel) n tmurt&quot;.
 
Iḍrisen n llsas (textes fondamentaux) n tmurt d nitni sskanayen-d s lejheṛ dakk-n d ddula kan ay yettalasen ad teṭṭef asselɣu (information) u ad t-tesseddu s yiles ay as-yehwan. Tiɣawsiwin banent ugar mi ara nɣer tizzwariyin (préambules) ay d-uran i tmenḍawin (constitutions), d tid-nni umi qqaren &quot;irkawalen iɣelnawen&quot; (chartes nationales).
 
D acu kan, seg wasmi ay tɛedda Tefsut n 1980, lejyal n yelmeẓyen bdan la d-sskanayen dakk-n ugin ineḍfaren-nni (dogmes) ay yettwaḥettmen fell-asen.

D ljil s lekmal-is n yelmeẓyen, d imezdaɣen akk n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay d-yekkren u ssuttren &quot;asteɛṛef s yiles amaziɣ&quot; d u ad asen-tettunefk &quot;tlelli n wawal&quot;.

D tadyant yesɛan iẓuran lqayit

Assutter n tmaziɣt yesɛa iẓuran ijehden deg wegdud, d ay-n ara idumen yernu ur yezmir ad yettussusem. Amnaɛ n usarag (conférence) n Mouloud Mammeri deg wass n 10 Meɣres 1980 d ifeṭṭiwej ay d-yessaɣen urfan yellan ffren seg zik-nni. Yagi, deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden llan wwan u rran urfan-nsen ɣer daxel seg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970. 

Tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu, yettwaldin deg 1979, tejbed-d aṭas n waggagen, teqqel d amkan anda ay ttemlilin akk wid yeɣran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yurar dduṛ deg ussenker n tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin). Maca ɣas ma yella d tasdawit n Tizi Wezzu ay yeqqimen acḥal n ledwaṛ la tessedday deg tmeskanin-nni, ay-n ay d-yesnekren medden ur yeqqin ara kan ɣer temsal taggagin (intellectuelles). Amur ameqran deg yimezdaɣen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥulfan dakk-n terza-ten temsalt n ussutter n tmaziɣt yernu ttekkan deg tedyanin-nni. Yuɣ lḥal, seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-is (indépendance), ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin am tid ay d-yellan deg wussan-nni n tefsut. Ama deg Tizi Wezzu, ama deg Bgayet, d ledwaṛ ay qqimen medden la ttgen timeskanin (timesbaniyin). Ula deg temdinin timecṭuḥin, ffɣen-d medden akk-n ad d-sseknen dakk-n ur qbilen ara tikli n ddula (Ɛin Lḥemmam, Laṛebɛa n Ayt Yiraten, Dreɛ Lmizan, Buɣni, Iɛeẓẓugen, Amiẓur, Sidi Ɛic, Aqbu, atg.), ula deg tuddar.

ɣas ma yella kra n yimanayen (observateurs) ifṛensisen nnan dakk-n ala deg Tizi Wezzu d tama-ines ay d-llant tedyanin, Tamurt n Leqbayel akk tewlawel, s &quot;tmeqrant&quot;, s &quot;tmecṭuḥt&quot;. Bitt, tikkwal, kra seg yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan deg &quot;tmecṭuḥt&quot; (Bgayet d yeɣzer n Ṣṣ̣umam) ugaren wid ay d-yellan deg Tizi Wezzu. Aqmaḍ (répression) ur yezgil ula d yiwet n tama. Tubiret d Bgayet, ɣas ma llan kra ay yettwalin dakk-n txuṣ̣ṣ̣ timmuzɣa-nsent, uɣent tiytiwin ijehden ugar n tid ay tuɣ Tizi Wezzu. Akk-n yebɣu yili, ɣas ma yella kulci yebda-d seg Tizi Wezzu, ddula ur twit ara medden deg-s akk-n ay ten-twet anda niḍen yernu seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tettḥadar tamdint-a d tmura ay d-iqerben ɣer-s. 

Tamsalt n tmaziɣt dindin kan tefreq u tennul aṭas n tmiwa n tmurt n Ldzayer. Yernu d ilmeẓyen s umata ay tt-yettnaɣen fell-as, dɣa d ay-n ay aɣ-yejjan ad d-nini dakk-n amussu-a (mouvement) d win ara idumen u ad yesɛu azal meɣɣren deg uzekka n tmurt. Ddula teɛreḍ ad tesseddu awal dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren tamsalt n tmaziɣt d kra n yemdanen ur nemɛin, ur nesɛi azal yernu &quot;jjmen tallit n Fṛansa&quot;, maca ay-a ur yelli d tidet, wanag wid yennuɣen ɣef temsalt n tmaziɣt ggten u meẓẓiyit.

Amur ameqran deg wid irefden tamsalt-a dima llan sɛan s ddaw n 25 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-nsen. Wid yerɣan fell-as aṭas, amur meɣɣren deg-sen d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée), yernu ur ttɛeddin ara i ɛecrin n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ. Akk-a ay yella lḥal ama deg tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ama deg wakk tid ay tent-id-iḍefren. Akk-a daɣen ay yella lḥal deg tmeskanin-nni ay d-yellan deg Nwembeṛ n 1985 : ixxamen n ccṛeɛ n Tmurt n Leqbayel ḥekmen s lḥebs ɣef wazal n meyya n yelmeẓyen ɣef ljal n &quot;ccwal&quot; ay snekren deg yiberdan, akk-n ma llan d inelmaden n tesnawit (lycée). Ljil-a n yelmeẓyen d Ldzayer ay ten-yesseɣren akk yernu ur ssinen ara Fṛansa ... ɣas ma yella nga-as dakk-n wid ay d-yesnekren timeskanin-a (timesbaniyin) d imdanen yeɣran s tefṛensist yernu ahat jjmen kra n zzman iɛeddan, amek ara d-nessefhem dakk-n ilmeẓyen n Tmurt n Leqbayel ay tessɣer ddula n Ldzayer ad ddun d wid yebɣan ad rren Ldzayer ɣer deffir ?

Yuɣ lḥal, tasertit-nni (politique) n usseɛṛeb ur tessaweḍ ara ad d-teqleɛ &quot;ay-n ay d-yeqqimen&quot; seg temsalt n tmaziɣt seg Tmurt n Leqbayel wanag d assejhed ay tt-tessejhed. Takti (lfekra) n tmaziɣt tuɣ akk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel deg lweqt ay deg ddula tella tugi-tt u la tt-tettḥaṛab seg lqaɛa. D ti ay d tiɣawsiwin ay wuɣur yessefk ad d-rren lwelha-nsen wid yesseddayen lumuṛ n ddula.

Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt ur yelli ara daɣen yezmer ad yettwarnu, imi ay d-yenker deg yiwet n tallit ay t-iɛawnen ɣef way-nni, d tallit ay deg ikabaren (partis) uffiren (gar-asen FFS n Aït Ahmed d kra n trebbaɛ timecṭuḥin n uzelmaḍ) gren-d iman-nsen, d acu kan, medden maci d ikabaren-nni ay ḍefren wanag ay-n ay ten-yessewlawlen yugar ay-a.
Yuɣ lḥal, ikabaren n tenmegla (opposition) deg Ldzayer qqimen d uffiren alama ay d tagara n 1988, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur ssawḍen ad rṣ̣un iman-nsen deg wegdud u ad yaɣ uẓar-nsen deg-s u ad idum, yernu ula d yiwen wass ur gin kra n tigawt (action) ara idumen akk-n ad qablen tasertit (politique) n ddula.

Akk iɣallen isertiyen (politiques) ay temneɛ ddula llan d uffiren, ur zmiren ara ad gen kra ara d-yawin lfayda ibanen, ur llin ara sɛan isenfaren (projects) ibanen, llan ttwaqemḍen (réprimer) dima neɣ sya ɣer da, dɣa ula d yiwet seg trebbaɛ-a ur tessaweḍ ad d-tban, ad tif tiyaḍ neɣ ad temneɛ seg uqareɛ d weqmaḍ (répression) n yibulisen.

Amussu (mouvement) adelsan amaziɣ yefhem seg tazwara dakk-n ur yessefk ara ad d-yeɣli deg snat n tfexxtin : tamezwaurt, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqel d uffir, tis snat, ur yessefk ara ad yeqqim s ddaw tecḍaḍt n yikabaren (partis). Dɣa, wid ay t-id-yesnekren deg yiseggasen n 1980, ssawlen-d s lejheṛ, ẓran-ten medden. Yuɣ lḥal, mi ara nwali ɣer ussirem-nsen, ɣer tmuɣliwin d uxemmem-nsen, ad nẓer dakk-n wid yennuɣen ɣef tmaziɣt glan-d s ubeddel ameqran deg tmurt n Ldzayer, snekren-d tagrawla (révolution) n tidet : medden qqlen zemren ad ssiwlen s lejheṛ, deg webrid, yernu yettwakcef-d weqmaḍ-nni (répression) ay tqemmeḍ ddula n Ldzayer s kra n win ara d-yessiwlen. D ay-a ay yejjan ad d-yekker yiwen n ljil n yimeɣnasen (militants) ur nettagad, d wid iwejden ad nnaɣen akk d weqmaḍ n ddula u ad bedden ɣef wawal-nsen alama d ṭṭerf. Zik, akk-n ad tessens urfan n medden, ddula tella tettaṭṭaf wid ay d-yessenkaren timeskanin (timesbaniyin) neɣ tḥebbes medden yettekkan deg trebbaɛ ur nelli, neɣ deg trebbaɛ, seg wasmi ay tent-id-sbedden llan yagi deg-sent yemdanen iqeddcen d yiɣallen n laman, maca, asmi ay d-yekker ljil-a amaynut n yelmeẓyen, tiɣawsiwin qqlent ur la tteddunt ara am wakk-a. Tiɛeqqayin n tmaziɣt ɣlint u mɣint-d deg yal tama, d ay-n ay d-yesnekren aṭas n medden, mi tensa tmes da, ad d-tekker anda niḍen. Yeqqel yimenɣi iban, yettili-d s lejheṛ, d imenɣi s ljehd n yiɣil ay yekksen tugdi akk d tsusmi seg wulawen n medden. Yekkes lweḥc-nni izedɣen medden zik-nni, deg tallit n Boumediene, asmi ay llan ttxemmimen dakk-n iɣallen n ddula llan deg yal amkan. 

D acu kan, yessefk daɣen ad nẓer dakk-n deg 1980, ddula n Ldzayer tella la tettbeddil : tamettant (lmut) n Boumediene tessewlawel akk ddula d werkad ay tella terked-it zik-nni, yernu adabu (autorité) n Chadli Bendjedid ur yejhid ara akk. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula amzun temmehmeh, ur teẓri ara d acu n tikli ara d-tawi akk d tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) n 1980, ladɣa imi ula d yiwen wass ur d-llint tedyanin timeqranin am tid-nni yernu tella ddula ur tebni ara fell-asent ad d-ilint. Tlata n wayyuren ay teqqim ddula ɛerqent-as, tikkelt ad tesseqdec iɣil (dɣa tiyita ijehden akk d tin n 20 Yebrir, asmi ay mmɣen yibulisen ɣef tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu), tikkelt, tɛerreḍ ad tessens times, am wasmi ay d-bran i 24-nni n warrac &quot;ay d-yesnekren ccwal&quot; sdeffir ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ n laman n ddula). Taggara, ddula tefren ad teqbel tamsalt n tmaziɣt, ad tt-teddem u ad d-telhu id-s akk-n ad tezmer ad tt-teḥkem, yili uqbel tella teffeɣ-as akk afus. D acu kan, deg tallit-nni n ukukru n ddula, wid ay d-yesnekren amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ssawḍen ad d-sseknen dakk-n tamsalt n tmaziɣt tesɛa iẓuran lqayen deg wegdud : medden gan sin n yisudiden imuta (grèves générales), llant-d aṭas n tmeskanin, llan-d aṭas n yimenɣiyen u qqlen yimenɣiyen-nni weɛṛen u meɣɣrit ugar sdeffir n 20 Yebrir. Seg wasmi ay tuwey Ldzayer azarug-ines (indépendance), d tikkelt tamezwarut ay deg ara d-kkren yimezdaɣen n yiwet n tama s lekmal-is u ssawḍen ad bedden acḥal n ledwaṛ deg wudem n ddula.

S way-a, d imeɣnasen (militants) n yedles, amur ameqran deg-sen meẓẓiyit, yernu deg tallit-nni tella texḍa-ten tsertit (politique) neɣ akk-n kan ay bdan keccmen deg-s, ssawḍen ad gen ay-n ur igi ula d yiwen n ukabar aserti (parti politique) n menwala ar imir-n : bedden s lejheṛ deg wudem n ddula yernu idum webdad-nsen alama ay ḥettmen ddula ad testeɛṛef s temsalt-nsen yernu ad tessenqes seg teqseḥ n weqmaḍ-ines (répression).

1980 : Tadukli n waggagen* d wegdud

*intellectuels

&quot;Tafsut n Yimaziɣen&quot; n 1980 tella-d deg yiwet n tallit ay tt-iɛawnen akk-n ad d-tili : imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt qqimen la qeddcen azal xmesṭac n yiseggasen deg yedles, ɣas s tuffra, imeɣnasen yerɣan aṭas ɣef temsal-a bdan la keccmen tasertit (politique) yernu tebda la tettwabnay cwiṭ, cwiṭ yiwen n uẓeḍḍa (réseau) n &quot;yimeɣnasen imesmaziɣen&quot; (amazighistes). Gar way-a d way-n niḍen, Tizi Wezzu tella la tettnerni s tɣawla, dɣa, sdeffir ma tella d tamdint yeqquren, teqqel d tamdint meɣɣren deg tama-nni. Deg 1979, tettwaldi tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu, dɣa d nettat ay d ssebba ay yejjan Tafsut n 1980 ad d-taɣ. ɣas ma yella timeskanin (timesbaniyin) n 1980 maci d aggagen (intellectuels) d yesdawanen (universitaires) kan i yiman-nsen ay tent-igan, maca tildin n tesdawit deg Tizi Wezzu d ay-n yuraren dduṛ meɣɣren deg tmeskanin-a yernu d nettat ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) ad yimɣur.

Amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ, asmi ay d-yeṭṭerḍeq, yelfa-d d ameqran, xelḍen deg-s akk medden yernu ur iṣ̣eggem ara aṣ̣eggem ay ijehden, dɣa d tasdawit ay yuraren dduṛ deg usseqɛed d usseddu n lecɣal n umussu-nni.

ɣef way-a, maci deg lbaṭel ara tɛerreḍ ddula n Ldzayer ad tessenqes seg ljehd n tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu (imi ur tezmir ara ad tt-tekkes) : akk isenfaren (projets) n wesnerni n tesdawit-a llan ttuwexxaren, sneqsen seg-s inelmaden alama ay d ay-n kan, ttwakksen seg-s yinurar n usselmed s lekmal-nsen yernu iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa ad terr tasdawit-a d tarbaɛt kan n yiɣerbazen (llakulat) n yisuda (instituts) n usselmed aɛlayan, ay deg ur ttilin ara waṭas n yinelmaden u ad ifsusen i weḥkam.

Tafsut n 1980 tessken-d daɣen dakk-n tella-d tdukli gar waggagen imeɣnasen (intellectuels militants) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Ay-a yesskanay-d ay-n gant trebbaɛ deg lɣerba seg 1965 alama ay d imir-n d ay-n yeddan d way-n yebɣa wegdud, yernu leqdic-nsen yegla-d s lateṛ d ameqran deg tmetti (société) n Tmurt n Leqbayel.

Werjin yewlawel wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u deg Ldzayer akk akk-n yewlawel asmi ay sdukklen waggagen (intellectuels) iɣallen-nsen akk d wegdud, u d ay-a ay yejjan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ad d-iban s lejheṛ u ad yimɣur akk-n ad yaɣ akk Tamurt n Leqbayel akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt u ad yeqqim akk-n ugar n useggas (seg 10 Meɣres 1980 ar 19 Meɣres 1981).

1980 : d tiyita ay d-yejjan lateṛ 

Deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, nezmer ad nger tamawt dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yekka ɣef snat n talliyin yemgerraden (yemxallafen). Talliyin-a mgerradent ama deg tegnit ay deg d-llant, ama deg tsudist-nsent (stratégie).

Tallit n Meɣres 1980 ar Ctembeṛ 1981, nezmer ad as-nsemmi &quot;tallit yeḥman&quot;, d tin ay deg yella waṭas n leqdic akk d tmeskanin (timesbaniyin) timeqranin deg webrid (ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel neɣ deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt), timliliyin, inejmuyaɛ yemgerraden, timsirin (dduṛus) n tmaziɣt (ama deg Ldzayer neɣ deg Tmurt). Yuɣ lḥal, imir-n, wid ay d-yesnekren u sseddan amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ dindin kan ukin dakk-n timsal n tmagit (identité) tamaziɣt d tid wuɣur d-rran medden lwelha-nsen yernu aṭas n medden ay yewlawlen fell-asent. Akukru n ddula akk d beddu n weskasi (débat) ɣef yedles deg tmurt n Ldzayer d ay-n ay yejjan imeɣnasen (militants) ad faṛsen tagnit u ad sdumen lḥeṛs ɣef ddula. Yuɣ lḥal, imeɣnasen ssarmen ad teg ddula kra n tɣawsa ibanen i tmaziɣt, ad teldi tiwwura u lxerṣ̣um ad teqbel ad tettusselmed tmaziɣt u ad yili unadi fell-as deg tesdawiyin n Tizi Wezzu akk d Ldzayer tamaneɣt. D ay-a ay yes d-yewɛed uneɣlaf (lewzir) n usselmed aɛlayan n tallit-nni, A. Bererhi.

D acu kan, dindin kan teqqel ddula ɣer weqmaḍ-ines. Tebda la tferren wid ara teṭṭef u ad ten-tawey ɣer lḥebs (maci d imeɣnasen n menwala) i wakk-n ad tesseɛreq tikli i umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ.

Asmi ay ifuk useqqamu alemmas n FLN askasi-ines (débat) ɣef yedles aɣelnaw ay d-yellan gar Yunyu d Yunyuz n 1981, iga-d timeɣtusin (résolutions) ɣef yedles, dɣa tebda tikli n ddula la d-tettban. Ddula tɛawed yefren ad tkemmel deg timuɣliwin-ines tiquranin imi askasi-a yefra-tt-id dakk-n tamagit (identité) tadzayrit d taɛṛabt-tineslemt. Llan kra n yemdanen seg wid yettekkan deg weskasi-nni, nnan-d dakk-n mazal zemrent ad ilint lemcawṛat ɣef temsalt-a (ɣas ma yella timuɣliwin n yemdanen-a llant beɛdent s waṭas ɣef tid n yimeɣnasen [militants] imaziɣen), d acu kan, d wid yettnaɣen ɣef tesnakta (idéologie) taɛṛabt ay yernan deg weskasi-a. Yagi, aṭas n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay bdan yemsaɛṛaben (arabistes) d yemsaɛṛaben-isenselmen (arabo-islamistes) la keccmen u la ttaṭṭafen akk tisuda (institutions) n tesnakta n ddula, ladɣa deg yedles, deg usselmed u deg ukabar (parti) n FLN.

Imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛerḍen tikkelt taneggarut &quot;ad ḥeṛsen ddula swadda&quot;, dɣa gren-d tiɣri i medden, deg wass n 26 Ctembeṛ, akk-n ad gen asunded amatu (grève générale) u ad ɣanzun (boycotter) aɣerbaz (llakul), d acu kan, tikkelt-nni, medden ur ten-ḍfiren ara akk-n yessefk acku, mebla ccek, ur yeffiɣ ara fell-asen way-nni deg tegnit-nni. Dɣa, iban-asen-d i yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt dakk-n ulac d acu ara asen-d-tefk ddula, wanag taneggarut-a la tqeddec akk-n ad yeqqim kullec akk-n yella zik, bitt, tebda la tqeddec akk-n ad tessejhed asseɛṛeb. Ay-a iban-d deg tuqqla (rentrée) ɣer tesdawit deg 1981, imi ay teɛzem ddula ad tesseɛṛeb akk ifurkawen (branches) n tussniwin talsanin (sciences humaines) deg tesdawit. Dɣa iban dakk-n ddula tebɣa d nettat kan ara iḥekmen tasnakta (idéologie) sdaxel n tesdawit.

Seg yimir-nni, imeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt ɛawden ṣ̣eggmen iman-nsen akk-n ad d-awin tikli ara idumen, yernu d ay-n kan ara yeffɣen fell-asen. Dɣa bdan la d-ssuffuɣen tisufaɣ (publications), ɣas sɛint ara ttesriḥ, maca ddula ur tgi acemma akk-n ad teḥbes afraq-nsent, yernu tisufaɣ-a llant d ttawil ay yes sseddan yimeɣnasen isalan (lexbarat) ilelliyen akk d weskasi-nsen (débat) ɣef tekta (lfekrat) deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Daɣen, sbedden-d yimeɣnasen tirebbaɛ n leqdic ɣef yinurar yerzan iles d yedles : dɣa bdant trebbaɛ-a la qeddcent ɣef usseqɛed n yiles amaziɣ (la d-bennun awalen itekniyen [techniques]), u ssawḍen ad d-ssuffɣen iqeddicen yemmuzzgen (spécialisés), werjin ttwagan-d uqbel deg tmaziɣt, am &quot;Tmawalt n Tusnakt&quot; (Léxique de mathématiques). Daɣen, bdan yimeɣnasen la ttgen timsirin (dduṛus) i usselmed n (tira) tmaziɣt s tuffra. S way-a, qqlen yimeɣnasen ur la ttnadin ara ad asen-d-tefk ddula kra, wanag llan la qeddcen yal ass akk-n ad d-bnun amussu (mouvement) ijehden ugar yernu d win ur nezmir ad yens : d idles amaziɣ ay izemren i yiman-is yernu yettuwehha ɣer yimal (avenir). D ay-a ay yejjan imeɣnasen ad d-sbedden tasɣunt (revue) Tafsut, ay yettwagan i lmend n tezrawin d weskasi (études et débats). Tafsut teqqel d ttawil ay deg aggagen (intellectuels) imaziɣen qqlen la d-ttarun ay-n ttxemmimen ɣef temsal n yedles.

Daɣen, yella mazal la d-yettili wembaddel gar waggagen (intellectuels) d wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel; llant aṭas n tegnatin ay deg ttemlilin am yibarazen (galas) d leqdicat ay d-yettilin ladɣa deg tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Yuɣ lḥal, deg yiseggasen ay d-iḍefren tafsut n 1980, tkemmel teddert tdukli-nni yellan gar waggagen d yegdud, u ay-a yettban-d s tmeskanin-nni (timesbaniyin) ay d-yellan deg yiseggasen n 1980, u ay deg tikkwal llan-d yimenɣiyen meɣɣren gar yelmeẓyen d yibulisen deg wakk timiwa n Tmurt n Leqbayel. ɣef umedya (lemtel), asmi ay ttwaṭṭfen sebɛa n yimeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt deg Fuṛaṛ n 1985, dindin kan kkren-d akk medden n Tmurt n Leqbayel (llant-d tmeskanin deg Tizi Wezzu, deg Bgayet, deg Yiɛeẓẓugen, ...). Deg umezwaru n Nwembeṛ, ttwaṭṭfen medden deg temsalt-nni n Temɣunt tadzayrit n yizerfan n wemdan (Ligue algérienne des droits de l'homme), yili tamɣunt-a llan la ttekkan deg-s yimeɣnasen n tmaziɣt s waṭas. D ay-n ay yessekren ccwal d ameqran u deg tgara, ixxamen n ccṛeɛ n tmiwa ay deg tekker ḥekmen-d lḥebs i wazal n meyya n medden ɣef ljal n ccwal.

Seg 1980 [ɣer 1990], nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n azal n 300 n medden ay yettucaṛɛen yernu yettwaḥkem fell-asen lḥebs ɣef ljal n yimenɣi ɣef tmaziɣt ama deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ama deg Ldzayer tamaneɣt (attekki deg tmeskanin [timesbaniyin], afraq n tewriqin, attekki deg leqdicat d lecɣal yeqqnen ɣer ussutter n tmaziɣt). Ma d wid ay yettwaṭṭfen sakk-in bran-asen-d mebla ma ɛeddan deg ccṛeɛ, wid yettwaṭṭfen deg yexxamen n yibulisen, wid yettwaḥebsen tallit ɣezzifen mebla ssebba, wid ay d-ɣerrqen seg yiɣerbazen (llakulat), wid umi kksen ipaspuṛen-nsen u menɛen-ten ad ffɣen seg tmurt, wigi akk ur nezmir ad ten-id-neḥseb : tiɣawsiwin-a llant ḍerrunt-d yal ass, qqlent d tarutint ay nnummen akk yimeɣnasen (militants) n tmaziɣt. Dɣa, ay-a akk yessnakay-aɣ-d amek ay tefka temsalt n tmaziɣt iẓuran deg wegdud deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, medden qqlen sskanayen-d s lejheṛ tamagit-nsen (identité) tamaziɣt deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. ɣas ma tessukk ddula acḥal n yiseggasen n lḥeṛs d weqmaḍ ɣef wegdud, maca ay-a ur yessaweḍ ara ad yeqḍeɛ ay-n izedɣen deg wulawen n medden. Ccwal yekkren deg 1985-1986 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel yella d win iweɛṛen ugar n win n 1980, u yessken-d dakk-n medden ukin-d deg tama-a, yernu amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ yessaweḍ ad d-yessuffeɣ urfan n medden ɣer lejheṛ u qqlen medden, ama deg tmurt n Ldzayer, ama deg umaḍal (ddunit) slan s temsalt-a n tmaziɣt u ttḍafaren-tt.

Lejnas steɛṛfen s ljehd n umussu* amaziɣ

*mouvement

D ay-n ibanen dakk-n amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ɛawnen-t-id s waṭas yiminigen (iɣriben) imaziɣen. Iminigen-a yekkan acḥal n yiseggasen deg lbeṛṛani yernu sɛan ttejṛiba deg temsal n tsertit, d nitni ay iɛawnen amussu ay yekkren deg tmurt n Leqbayel akk-n ad yemmager u ad yeṣ̣ber i weqmaḍ (répression) n ddula. Amussu amaziɣ yeqqel yesɛa ineṭṭaqen (porte-paroles) deg lɣerba, d wid ay yellan la ttxebbiren lejnas ɣef way-n la iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : seg 1980 d asawen, teqqel tɣamsa (presse) la d-tessawaḍ isalan (lexbarat) n way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel ugar n zik. D ay-a ay yejjan ddula ur tesseqdac ara aqmaḍ (répression) ameqran deg Tmurt n Leqbayel u tuwey-d tikli ay deg tḥuder imezdaɣen n tama-a. D ay-a daɣen ay yejjan medden ad qqlen ad ttarun neɣ ad ssawalen mebla akukru, mebla ma sneqsen ay-n ay ugaden ur as-iɛejjeb ara i ddula, u d ay-a ay d-ikecfen aqmaḍ n ddula, u teqqel tneggarut-a ur tezmir ara ad teqmeḍ medden s tsusmi, ur isell yiwen, am zik-nni. Azal n ɛecrin n yiseggasen ay teqqim ddula, yinabaḍen-ines (lḥukumat) yemxallafen, la tqemmeḍ, la tettakel ɣef yizerfan (lḥuquq) d tellyin, u tuweḍ alama ay d asseqdec n uɛetteb d tmenɣiwt ! Akk-n ad tefk lḥeqq i yiman-is u ad teg lecɣal-a akk, ddula tettḥaṛab akk wid ay d-yekkren ɣer-s s yisem n Tegrawla (Révolution) yessuffɣen Fṛansa u s yisem n yimenɣi mgal (contre) n temnukda (impérialisme). Deg tallit-nni, llan medden yettwakren, ttwaṭṭfen mebla lqanun, ttuɛettben mebla ma yewlawel yiwen u mebla ma faqent trebbaɛ tibeṛṛaniyin yettnaɣen ɣef yizerfan (lḥuquq) n wemdan u ad d-lhunt s temsal-a.

Seg 1980 d asawen, ttuwehhant akk teftilin ɣef Ldzayer, ladɣa ɣef Tmurt n Leqbayel : ay-n yebɣu teg-it ddula akk-n ad teḥbes tikli n yisalan (lexbarat), ur tessaweḍ ara, medden akk ẓran. Seg yimir-n, ddula teqqel teẓra dakk-n ur tezmir ara ad tkemmel aqmaḍ (répression) s tuffra.

Deg lweqt ay deg llant la d-ḍerrunt tedyanin deg tmurt, deg lɣerba, imeɣnasen bdan-d leqdic n wesḥulfu (sensibilisation) d ussaki n medden, alama ay yeqqel umussu (mouvement) amaziɣ la d-ijebbed u la yettqenniɛ Idzayriyen yellan deg lɣerba ugar n Tdukli n Yidzayriyen deg Tuṛuft (Amicale des Algériens en Europe), yellan, deg tidet, d tarbaɛt itebɛen ɣer FLN deg lbeṛṛani.

Daɣen, deg tallit-nni, bdan wid yessawalen tamaziɣt deg lɣerba s timmad-nsen la d-ttarun idlisen ussnanen (scientifiques) ɣef tmaziɣt, dɣa d ay-a ay yekkan ibeṛṛaniyen ad d-rren ugar lwelha-nsen ɣer way-n iḍerrun deg Tmurt n Leqbayel. Asmi ay bdan Yimazɣanen (Maghrébins) la d-lehhun nitni s timmad-nsen s tezrawin (études) ɣef tmaziɣt, tebda la tettebɛad takti-nni (lfekra) dakk-n d timura « listiɛmeṛ » ara ijebbden lexyuḍ. Ay-n d-ttinin neɣ ttarun-t-id yimassanen-a (savants) imazɣanen d ay-n zemren ad t-amnen medden, d nitni ara d-yessawalen ɣef yiman-nsen, maci d wiyaḍ ara d-ineṭṭqen deg umur-nsen. Imi ay d-lhan id-s yimazɣanen (maghrébins) n tmura yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebda « tmesmaziɣt » (berbérisme) la tetteqqel d amussu (mouvement) n uxemmem iḥuzan akk tama-a, ur yeqqim ara kan deg yiwet n tmurt.

 
Timmuzɣa* akk d tugdut

*amazighité

ɣas ma yella imussa isnaktanen (mouvement idéologiques) deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) mgerraden, maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ay ten-yesdukklen : Tamazɣa d taɛṛabt yernu s kra n leqdic ara yettwagan ɣef yedles, yessefk ad yeqqim kan deg tlisa-a. Ma d timmuzɣa (amazighité), ya tettwankeṛ maḍi, ya tettwaḥqer alama ay d ay-n kan. Win yessawalen tamaziɣt, imi ay yettwankeṛ am wakk-a, ur yessefk ara ad newhem mi ara t-nwali yettsuɣu-d : « Ala ! Lliɣ yernu mazal bɣiɣ ad iliɣ azekka ! ». D ay-n ibanen ad d-yini ay-a, d lḥeqq-is.

D ay-n ibanen dakk-n ankaṛ akk d tririt-agi deg rrif d ay-n ara iḍurren Amaziɣ s timmad-is, maca ay-a yezmer ad yili daɣen d amihi (danger) i tmetti (société) s lekmal-is, imi, mi ara tessers ddula tilisa am tigi i yedles, ad teqqel tmuɣli n yedles d tamuɣli tuḥṛist, d tin ur nettaẓ ɣer sdat, d tin ur nqebbel wiyaḍ, d tin wesdukkel n bessif n wakk medden s ddaw n yiwet n tecḍaḍt, d tin ay deg ay-n ur tebɣi ara ddula ad t-tekkes, ɣas yella deg yedles, u d tin ay deg ttin ledwaṛ gar ddula d wegdud : deg lweqt ay deg idles d agdud ay t-id-yettgen, ad teqqel d ddula d nettat ara t-id-yettgen i wegdud. Skud ur werɛad ur steɛṛfen ara yimezdaɣen n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) s wakk ay-n yellan deg tgemmi-nsen (patrimoine), werjin ad d-ffɣen seg ḍḍeɛfan d tiggunẓit tadelsant (sous-développement culturel). Ur yezmir ad d-yili wesnulfu wala tudert tadelsant n tidet mi ara tqeddec ddula akk-n ad ttun medden amezruy (ttarix) d yedles-nsen, mi ara d-tḥettem fell-asen (u ɣef yiman-is) lḥeqq d umezruy n tkellax, mi ara tbennu azekka n tmetti (société) ɣef tmucuha werjin nelli deg lweqt ay deg tejja ay-n yellan.

Ḍḍeɛfan ay yeḍɛef yedles deg tmura n Tmazɣa (Maghreb) u ladɣa deg Ldzayer d ay-n ay d-yurew wemnaɛ ay ttwamenɛent waṭas n tɣawsiwin seg seg wasmi ay uwyent tmura-a izurag-nsent (indépendances) : tamaziɣt teqqel deg rrif, maca daɣen, tettuḥaṛeb tefṛensist yellan, ama nebɣa neɣ negguma, d ttawil yuɣen aẓar deg Tmazɣa u d yiwen seg yilsawen igan leqran i yedles d ccfawat-nneɣ. Ay-a yerra idles n tmura n Tmazɣa d igellil, yernu qrib ulac akk tudert taggagt (intellectuelle) deg yimukan ay teṭṭef ddula. Axemmem yeddren, idles yeqqnen ɣer tidet ttafen kan iman-nsen beṛṛa i tsuda (institutions) n ddula, ttilin-d kan deg yimukan idergen i wallen n ddula, ladɣa deg lbeṛṛani. Yagi, maci deg lbaṭel ara naf dakk-n amur ameqran deg way-n d-itteffɣen deg yedles d tudert taggagt (intellectuelle), itteffeɣ-d s tmaziɣt neɣ s tefṛensist. Ay-a ur yebɣi ara ad d-yini dakk-n taɛṛabt ur tezmir ara ad tesseddu idles amuddir, wanag ssebba nettat iles-a, deg tegnit ay deg nella, ata-n gar yifassen n d wid yeṭṭfen tasertit (politique) d tesnakta (idéologie) n ddula.

Akk Imazɣanen (Maghrébins), ama d wid yessawalen s tmaziɣt neɣ d wid yessawalen s taɛṛabt, ala d rrbeḥ kan ara rebḥen lemmer ad ḥesben timmuzɣa d aḥric seg wayla-nsen. Asmi ara mṣ̣alaḥen Yimazɣanen wagar-asen u ad qeblen tikkersit (complexité) d tenḍa (diversité) n tmagit (identité) d yedles-nsen, ass-nni, tezmer ad teqqel Tmazɣa d tamurt n wesnulfu d unnerni. Tukci n wazal i tmaziɣt d ay-n ara yesqeɛden assaɣen (relations) gar uɣerman (citoyen) d ddula ay t-iḥekmen. Amussu (mouvement) n tmaziɣt d win ay d-yeglan yid-s s ussutter n tuggta (pluralisme), n weqbal n wiyaḍ, n tenḍa (diversité) akk d tlelli (liberté), ama d tin n wemdan, ama d tin n terbaɛt. Amussu-a yugi ad ttuḥettmen medden ad ddren s ddaw n yiwet kan n tecḍaḍt, tin ara tḥettem fell-asen ddula u d tin ay izemren ad tɣurr kra akk-n ad sbedden leḥkem amesbaṭli. Tabṛat n umussu-a tban, ladɣa deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : maci d ddula ara d-yesnulfun neɣ ara d-yebnun « idles » i wegdud, yernu ay-nni ur yelli d idles wanag d timucuha tunṣ̣ibin (officielles) ara qebleɣ mebla ma nniɣ-d acemma. S yisem-iw d aɣerman ilelli, ttalaseɣ ad d-iniɣ d acu ay lliɣ, d acu ay bɣiɣ ad qqleɣ u ad bnuɣ ay-a. Tamagit-inu (identité), idles-inu ur llin ara, akk-n ay d-yenna Kateb Yacine, d akaram (dossier) n lekwaɣeḍ ay d-tga ddula, d win ay tettbeddil akk-n ay as-yehwa, ma d nekk ad qebleɣ ay-n s tsusmi. Idles d ay-n ay d-tesnulfuy yal ass tmetti (société) tilellit.

ɣef way-a, amussu (mouvement) amaziɣ ur yelli d win ay yes bɣan Yimaziɣen ad ɣelqen ɣef yiman-nsen, d amussu uḥṛis yerzan kan kra n wegdud, neɣ d taɣelnaẓri (nationalisme) tamaynut am tid-n akk yekkan : wanag, assutter amaziɣ d win ay d-yuwyen taɣawsa tamaynut, d tin ay yugaren iɛeddan i tlisa n tmaziɣt-nni s timmad-is, d assirem i lebni n tmetti (société) ay deg tella tenḍa (diversité), ay deg medden mṣ̣alaḥen wagar-asen yernu maci d amnaɛ, aḥqar d wenkaṛ ara yesseddayen tiɣawsiwin n tmurt. Ad tili tlelli tadelsant (culturelle) d tlelli i yiles amaziɣ, maca daɣen ad tili tlelli i wakk medden, acku wid yessawalen tamaziɣt fehmen dakk-n ur zmiren ara ad ttwaḍemnen yizerfan-nsen (lḥuquq) s tidet u ad dumen deg yiwet tmetti (société) ala ma yella d aɣerman (citoyen) ara yeṭṭfen leḥkem yernu amdan ur itteqqel ara ittedder u itteddu akk-n ay as-yehwa i ddula neɣ i kra n terbaɛt yerran leḥkem d ayla-s.

Yettwakkes-d seg « Imazighen ass-a », n Salem Chaker (tiẓrigin Bouchène, Ldzayer, 1990).

Tasuqilt sɣur Omar MOUFFOK

tamesluyt

Sɣur Amnay
[http://www.imyura.net http://www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}

Amezruy n Tefsut n Yimaziɣen yessuqqel-it-id [[OMAR MOUFFOK]] - Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen, [http://imedyazen1.tripod.com]

[http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html http://membres.lycos.fr/cicbgayet/ch20avril80.html]

* '''Imazighen ass-a''', n Salem Caker (tiẓrigin Bouchène, Lezzayer, 1990).

[[Taggayt:Amezruy]]
[[Taggayt:Tifaskiwin]]
[[Taggayt:Tifaskiwin tidelsanin]]
[[Taggayt:Tilemmiẓin n yebrir]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Friedrich Nietzsche</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5140" sha1="bsd99kka74d4ifhnwetnvuygzgvdxch" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nietzsche187a.jpg|vignette|Friedrich Nietzsche, circa 1875.]]
'''Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche''' d afelsaf almani, yellan daɣen d amedyaz, d afilulug. Ilul ass n 15 tuber 1844 di Röcken, yemmut di  [[Prusya]] ass n 25 ɣuct 1900 (tamurt n [[Lalman]]).

Yettneḥsab seg ifelsafen imeqqranen i qqaren medden s tudget ar assa d wussan ; imahilen-is bnan s umata ɣef usenqed n yidles n Utaram atrar d wayen akk i yejmel d azalen n lmeɛna i d-yekkan seg ufesser n wesɣan amasiḥi, i yettnadi netta ad ibeddel s wiyaḍ i d-yewwi d imaynuten, am akken i d-iwet deg tanga d wassɣ-is d umdan. Si tama nniḍen yura daɣen ɣef trumanṣit talmanit, acku yella yelha-d d tesnilest d wayen akk yerzan tutlayin d warraten iqburen.

* '''Tudert-is:'''

Ilul Friedrich Nietzsche ass n 15 Tuber 1844 di Röcken, di Lalman. Yella d anelmad ifazen, yuɣal d aselmad n tfilulujit di tesdawit n Basel di Swis yerna mazal-it meẓẓi, yesɛa kan 24 n yiseggasen di leɛmer-is. Maca, tudert-is teččur d lehlakat n lxaṭer d waṭṭanen, ladɣa aṭan n uqerruy, i t-yeǧǧan ad yeḥbes aselmed deg useggas n 1879.

Seg yimir-nni, yuɣal yettidir am umesgilew, yettdeggir gar Swis, Franṣa d Ṭṭelyan, yettnadi anezwu  ara as-iserḥen. Di lweqt-agi n tussaft  d umussu i yura adlisen-is imeqranen am &quot;Akka i d-yenna Zarathustra&quot;, &quot;Uffir n Lxiṛ d Ccer&quot; d &quot;Tajinialujit n Tmilɣi&quot;.

Deg useggas n 1889, di temdint n Turin di Ṭṭelyan, Mi yella ileḥḥu deg Piazza Carlo Alberto (ar Via Carlo Alberto, anda yeqqim), Nietzsche yeḥdeṛ deg yiwen n usayes anda yella yiwen n usleɣmay la yettḍurru s leqseḥ aεudiw-nni-ines, yugin ad yeddu ɣer sdat s taẓayt n usali-ines, Mi iwala akka Nietzsche, yuzzel ɣer uɣersiw-nni, iḥmec-it ɣer temgerḍt la yettsuɣu am &quot;Mutter, icuff-it yiɣisi!&quot; « A yemma, fehmeɣ-k-id ! » neɣ « Ich verstehe dich ». &quot;Fehmeɣ-k!&quot;, amzun yeɛqel s leɛtab n wayis.

Yeɣli ɣer lqaεa, yexsef, dɣa wwin-t-id imsebriden s axxam. Iεessasen ṭṭfen-t kra n lweqt, ɣilen yeskeṛ neɣ icewwel. yenṭer wallaɣ-is  yerna yiwen ur d-yecliɛ ara seg-s. Mraw n yiseggasen ineggura n tudert-is isɛedda-ten d amehbul, ddaw leɛnaya n yemma-s d weltma-s Elisabeth. Yemmut ass n 25 ɣuct 1900. D weltma-s ayi i d-ijemɛen ikaramen-is d wayen yura, maca tessexṣer aṭas seg yidlisen-is imi i ten-tessemṣadaɣ d tsenakta  tanazit, ayen i s-d-yeglan s yir isem i Nietzsche i kra n wakud.
* '''Tifelsafit-is:'''
Tifelsafit n Nietzsche d tebna s wudem aɣeznaẓri yerna d taẓarant. Atent kra seg tmiḍranin-is  timeqranin:

&lt;u&gt;'''Lmut n Yillu(Ṛebbi):'''&lt;/u&gt; Mi d-yenna Nietzsche &quot;Ṛebbi yemmut&quot;, ur yebɣi ara ad yini belli ur yelli ara Ṛebbi s tidet, maca yebɣa ad d-immeslay ɣef tɣerma  tutrimt (taɣerbit) iɣef ur yesɛi ara ddin azal am zik. Lmut n Ṛebbi yeǧǧa-d illem d tallunt meqqren di tudert n umdan, imi i ɣer-s dayen ulac lsas iɣef ara tebnu tmilɣi (l'éthique) d yizalen (les valeurs). Ayagi yettawi ɣer yiwet n tezɣent meqqren.

&lt;u&gt;'''Amdan ufellay(Übermensch):'''&lt;/u&gt; Mbeɛd tallunt i d-teǧǧa tmut n Ṛebbi, Nietzsche yettwali belli amdan ilaq ad yaf aɣan amaynut i tudert-is. Aɣan-agi d &quot;Amdan ufellay&quot;. Mačči d bab n tezmert n tfekka neɣ d aɣref nnig wiyaḍ, am akken i t-sfehmen kra, maca d amdan i yzemren ad d-yesnulfu izalen-is, ad iḥkem deg yiman-is, ad yerr tudert-is d yiwet n tmaḍlant n tẓuri, war ma yeqqim ddaw leḥkem n yisɣanen iqdimen.

'''&lt;u&gt;Lebɣi n tezmert (Wille zur Macht):&lt;/u&gt;''' Ɣur Nietzsche, yal amuddir, seg welkin alamma d amdan, yettnadi ad yesnerni tanezmart-is. Tazmert-agi mačči d tin n udabu  ɣef wiyaḍ kan, maca d lebɣi n usnerni, n uɛeddi n yiman, n usnulfu d leḥkem ɣef yiman. D nettat i d imennaṛ n tudert.

'''&lt;u&gt;Tuɣalin Tameɣlalt (Ewige Wiederkunft):&lt;/u&gt;''' D yiwet n tamiḍrant i yessexdem Nietzsche am akken d akayad. Xayel kan ad tɛawdeḍ tudert-ik si tazwara ar taggara, s yakk ttfaṣil-is, s lferḥ-is d leɣben-is, acḥal d tikelt war tilisa. Amdan i yzemren ad yeqbel tirmit-agi  yerna ad as-yini &quot;ih&quot; s wul-is meṛṛa, d win i yeselḥan tudert-is s tidet, d win yewwḍen ɣer tliwa n Umdan Ufellay.

'''&lt;u&gt;Timlilɣi n Ukerwa(A&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;mɛallem&lt;/u&gt;&lt;u&gt;)&lt;/u&gt; &lt;u&gt;d Wakli:&lt;/u&gt;''' Di tuzzma-ines i tmilɣi, Nietzsche yefreq gar sin n wansayen:

* '''Timlilɣi n Ukerwa (neɣ n yimeqqranen):''' D tin i d-yekkan seg yemdanen izemren, ilelliyen. Izalen-nsen d tanezmart, lhiba, tissas, d wayen akk yesnernayen tudert. Lxiṛ ɣur-sen d ayen i d-yettbegginen tazmert.
* '''Timlilɣi n Wakli (neɣ n yigellilen):''' D tin i d-yekkan seg wid ur nezmir ara, seg wid ittwaḥqren. Imi ur zmiren ara ad rren, snulfuyen-d izalen am leḥnana, nnif, asuref d wannuẓ. Ɣur-sen, lxiṛ d ayen i d-yettbegginen iɣeblan. I yiman-is, tidmi-a n yiklan i yeɣelben di tɣerma  tutrimt s ddin n Lmasiḥ.

Ihi, s umata, Friedrich Nietzsche d afelsaf i d-yewwin tuzzma taẓarant i lsas n tɣerma  taɣerbit. Yedɛa ɣer usnulfu n yizalen imaynuten, ɣer tudert yebnan ɣef tnezmart  n usnulfu d uɛeddi n yiman, akken ad yezmer umdan ad yidir di ddunit war lsas n ddin.

[[Category:afelsuf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tamɣuzt</title>
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        <username>R. Henrik Nilsson</username>
        <id>15053</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tugna : 114 million year old Cretaceous Dastilbe crandalli fossil from the Crato formation Ceara Brazil view 1.jpg | thumb | 200px | Tamɣuzt n yiɣersi n 114 milyon n yiseggasen</comment>
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      <text bytes="870" sha1="4dlmtrdmwt7p0fgbzpjo7qkyo0nlhj8" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:114 million year old Cretaceous Dastilbe crandalli fossil from the Crato formation Ceara Brazil view 1.jpg|thumb|200px|Tamɣuzt n yiɣersi n 114 milyon n yiseggasen]]
'''Tamɣuzt''' (asget: '''timɣuzin''') d iderzan d wayen yeqqimen seg [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] (amad [[aɣersiw|iɣersiwen]] neɣ d [[imɣi|imɣan]]) ittwaggeẓ (ittwaḥrez) deg yiẓra n [[Tiferkit tamtiwgant|tferkit n tegnit]] seld n [[afsay (tasnudert)|ufsay]]-nsent deg talliyin n wakud yezrin. Tussna i ɣɣaren tamɣuzt d [[tasenzikdert]], maca tussna ayi temgarad ɣef [[tasenzikt|tussna yeɣɣaren iderzan n wemdan]]. 
Timɣuzin sskanayen-tt-d talɣiwin n [[tudert]] deg talliyin yezrin seg waddur n tegnit, yakk d tweltin n tmeddurt deg-s deg deg yal tallit. 

== Amezruy ==

== Insayen == 

== Tiweltin tusfikin i tuggẓa n temɣuzin ==

== Imniren == 
[[Taggayt:Irmawen isnudranen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bitcoin</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-24T18:42:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>aseɣti</comment>
      <origin>116116</origin>
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      <text bytes="6567" sha1="hp47ckv7718qj7a7t22vthg37rqlmwt" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Bitcoin.svg|vignette|Alugu n Bitcoin(Bitkuyn)]]
'''Bitcoin('''s teqbaylit: '''Bitkuyn)''' d asuṛdi umḍin  i d-yennulfan deg useggas n 2009 sɣur yiwen umdan udrig yewwin isem n '''Satoshi Nakamoto'''. Ur yesɛi ara lbanka talemmast, d anagraw aruslemmes.

== '''1. Tatiknulujit n''' '''Uzrar n Iḥedran''' ==
Iwakken ad yetteddu, Bitcoin yebna ɣef yiwet n ttiknulujit i wumi qqaṛen &quot;Blockchain&quot; neɣ azrar n iḥedran. Ttiknulujit-a d taffa n isefka tazayezt anda ttusekelsen akk tnigawin yettilin gar yiseqdacen. Taffa-ya tella ɣer yal aseqdac deg uzeṭṭa, d ayen i tt-yettaǧǧan ad tili tesɛa lettkal yerna ur tezmir ara ad tettwasedɣel.

== '''2. Awgelhan d Tɣellist''' ==
Iwakken ad yili umesten d tɣellist, anagraw-a yesseqdac awgelhan. Yal aseqdac yesɛa tayuga n tsura : tasarut tusligt i wuḥraz d wugdal n yedrimen-is d uzmel n tnigawin, akked tsarut tazayezt s wayes i as-d-ttceyyiɛen wiyaḍ idrimen.

== '''3. Aselken d Ufares''' ==
Tinigawin mi ara d-ilint, ttusegrwent deg yiḥedran. Iwakken ad ttwaselknent yerna ad rnunt ɣer uzeṭṭa , iselkimen imzazzalen deg uzeṭṭa ttferrun uguren iwɛeṛen n tusnakt. Aselkim amezwaru ara yafen tifrat ad yernu iḥder ɣer uzrar, yerna ad yawi amur n Bitcoin d arraz. Amahil-a d win i wumi qqaṛen &quot;mining&quot; neɣ afares.

== '''4. Talast n Wammud''' ==
Abaɣur ameqqran n Bitcoin d akken ammud-is yesɛa talast. Ur yezmir ara ad yili ugar n 21 n yimelyunen n Bitcoin deg umaḍal. Aya yettak-as azal, imi ur yezmir ara wadabu ad t-yessufeɣ akken is-yehwa neɣ ad isenqes seg wazal-is.

S umata, Bitcoin ibeddel tamuɣli-nneɣ ɣef teɣwalt tadamsant, imi yefka-d tagnit i wemdan ad yazen asuṛdi umḍin srid i wayeḍ mebla ma yeḥwaǧ lbanka neɣ awanek.

== Amezruy n Bitcoin: Seg Tikti ɣer Tilawt ==
Amezruy n Bitcoin yebda-d s yiwet n tikti icudden ɣer tezɣent tadamsant taweɛrant n useggas 2008. Atah wamek i d-teḍra temsalt seg tazwara, s yisurifen d yiseggasen imeqqranen:

=== '''1. 2008: Tazɣent Tadamsant d Usnulfu n Tikti''' ===
Deg taggara n 2008, amaḍal yedder yiwet n tezɣent tadamsant meqqren, anda lbankat timeqqranin xeṣrent aṭas n yedrimen. Deg 31 Tuber 2008, yiwen umdan neɣ agraw n yimdanen s yisem udrig n '''Satoshi Nakamoto''' yessufeɣ-d yiwen weḍris ussnan (Whitepaper) iwumi yefka azwel: ''&quot;Bitcoin: Anagraw n Usuṛdi Alikṭruni gar Yemdanen (Ayugan ɣer Wayugan)&quot;''. Aḍris-a yessegza-d amek i yezmer ad yili usuṛdi yettwassen s tɣellist war ma tella lbanka talemmast ara t-iḍemnen.

=== 2. 2009: Tlalit n Uzeṭṭa d Yiḥder Amezwaru ===

* '''Iḥder n Tlalit:''' Ass n 3 Yennayer 2009, yebda uzeṭṭa n Bitcoin yetteddu s tidet. Satoshi yefres-d iḥder amezwaru deg uzrar n yiḥedran (Blockchain), i wumi semman &quot;Iḥder n Tlalit&quot; neɣ &quot;''Genesis Block&quot;''. Iḥder-a yella deg-s yiwen yizen yeffren, d taseddart seg uɣmis abriṭani ''The Times'' (&quot;''The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks''&quot;), i d-yemmalen akken lbankat qrib ad ɣlint, d ayen i d-yeskanayen iswi amenzay n Bitcoin: abeddel n unagraw n lbankat aqbur.
* '''Tinigawt Tamezwarut:''' Teḍra-d deg 12 Yennayer 2009, mi d-yuzen Satoshi 10 BTC i Hal Finney, yiwen n umesnulfu ameqqran n tɣellist d uwgelhan.

=== '''3. 2010: Tamesɣiwt Tamezwarut (Timesɣiwt n Pizzatin)''' ===
Azal n Bitcoin deg tazwara yella ur yeswi ara ula d yiwen centime. Ass n 22 Mayyu 2010, teḍra-d tinigawt tamezwarut n tidet s temesɣiwt tilawt. Yiwen umeskar isem-is Laszlo Hanyecz yeseɣ-d snat n tpizzatin s '''10,000 n yibitcoinen''' (ayen yeswan imelyaren n dulaṛen ass-a). Ass-a, asfugel n wass-nni yettwassen s yisem n &quot;Bitcoin Pizza Day&quot;, acku d ass i d-yesbanen belli Bitcoin yezmer ad yili d asuṛdi n tidet.

=== '''4. 2011: Tuɣalin n Satoshi ɣer Deffir''' ===
Deg useggas n 2011, Satoshi Nakamoto yefka tisura n usenfar i kra n yineflayen nniḍen, am Gavin Andresen, yerna yeḥbes akk asiwel neɣ taywalt. Seg wass-nni, yiwen ur yeẓri anwa i d amesnulfu n tidet n Bitcoin. Anwa yellan deffir tmagit-is yeqqim d adrug ameqqran ar ass-a.

=== '''5. 2012 ar Ass-a: Tamhazt d Usefti''' ===

* Seg 2012 d asawen, Bitcoin yebda yettwassen ugar. Deg tazwara, ettwaseqdac sɣur waṭas deg uzeṭṭa uffir (Dark Web) am deg wulzuz n ''Silk Road'', acku yella yettak tagnit i yimdanen ad xedmen tinigawin war isem.
* D acu kan, s wakud, bdan yimdanen, tikebbaniyin timeqqranin, sseftayen deg-s.
* Ass-a, Bitcoin yeqqel d asuṛdi umḍin amezwaru deg umaḍal. Kra n tmura, am ''El Salvador'', rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib deg tmurt-nsent, yerna yewweḍ wazal-is ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen aṭas.

S umata, amezruy n Bitcoin d amedya ɣef wamek yiwet n tikti n unagraw aruslemmes tezmer ad tbeddel tamuɣli n wamaḍal ɣef tedrimt, idrimen, d tbankiwin deg lqern wis 21.

== Tadamsa d Tiẓraf ==

* '''Asefti d Wamal:''' Ass-a, aṭas n yimdanen i yesseqdacen Bitcoin am allal n usefti. Ur t-ssexdamen ara aṭas iwakken ad aɣen tiɣawsiwin n yal ass, maca ḥerzen-t iwakken ad yali wazal-is.
* '''Abeddel n Wazal:''' Azal n Bitcoin yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yebdu s zzerb deg yiwen n wass. Aya yettarra-t d asuṛdi yesɛan aṭas n umihi i wid ur nessin ara ad ssiḍnen akken iwata.
* '''Ureɣ Umḍin:''' Aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa i iḥesben Bitcoin d &quot;ureɣ amaynut&quot;, acku ammud-is yesɛa talast (21 imelyunen). Aya yettaǧǧa-t ad yili d amesten mgal anfal n yedrimen n lbanka.

== Tatiknulujit d Uzeṭṭa ==

* '''Tixriḍin Timḍinin:''' Iwakken ad tḥerzeḍ Ibitkuyn-inek·inem, teḥwaǧeḍ taxriḍt. Tella texriḍt yeqqnen ɣer Internet, d texriḍt i yettilin deg warrum i yettwaḥesben d tin iḍemnen taɣellist tasenselkamt s lǧehd mgal tukerḍa.
* '''Azeṭṭa n Ujeǧǧig (Lightning Network):''' Azeṭṭa agejdan n Bitcoin d aẓayan yerna yettaṭṭafen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad iselken tinigawin. Iwakken ad fukkent tlufa-ya, snulfan-d &quot;Lightning Network&quot;, d yiwet n tissi tis snat (Layer 2) i yettaǧǧan asiwel d usiweḍ n yedrimen ad yili d arurad yerna s rrxes.

== 3. Izerfan d Uslugen ==

* '''Aslugen n Yiduba:''' Yal adabu  neɣ awanek yesɛa tamuɣli-s ɣef Bitcoin. Kra n tmura rrant-t d asuṛdi unṣib (am El Salvador), tiyaḍ gdlent-t s lekmal (am Ccinwa). Aṭas n tmura i yettnadin ad xedment aslugen  iwakken ad sekrent idrimen-nsent d tebzert (impôts).
* '''Tukerḍa:''' Imi Bitcoin d udrig kra, ssexdamen-t kra n yimdanen i yir ccɣel (am uzenzi n yisufar igedlen deg Dark Web). Lbankat d yimsulta ttnadin tikwal ttawilat n tatiknulujit iwakken ad ḍefren imakaren.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-24T17:45:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-25167-12</username>
        <id>16580</id>
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      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: taddart taqbaylit</comment>
      <origin>116114</origin>
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      <text bytes="17" sha1="6cvye1hpud4dy1uhlbl9vocf8u28w4p" xml:space="preserve">taddart taqbaylit</text>
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      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: amaru aqbayli ameqran ihureb ghef tmazgha</comment>
      <origin>116115</origin>
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      <text bytes="41" sha1="bvf35dzjjb7bps2xj5weatfc85njkhm" xml:space="preserve">amaru aqbayli ameqran ihureb ghef tmazgha</text>
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