Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 39 116267 116250 2026-05-01T17:30:36Z Naslechat 12951 116267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Kabylie.svg | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = Azwaw, Tazwawt (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit) Agawaw, Tagawawt | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. }} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet|Vgayet]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>, [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]], [[Mila]], d [[Skikda]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, At Wasif) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, At Bu Yusef, At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad Salem Chaker yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] 8yvm3guzh72wwqkpnt9zw6llvawpq4m 116268 116267 2026-05-01T17:41:54Z Naslechat 12951 116268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Kabylie.svg | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. }} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet|Vgayet]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>, [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]], [[Mila]], d [[Skikda]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, At Wasif) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, At Bu Yusef, At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad Salem Chaker yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] k4pqy8bry64dysj9r0ke17dlsnuk9q3 0 88 116284 106407 2026-05-02T06:41:10Z Sifpo 16215 /* */ 116284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox biography | caption = Axxam n Ṭawes Ɛemruc di Saint-Michel-l'Observatoire, Fransa}} '''Mari-Lwiz Ṭawes Ɛemruc''' d tamyarut tamezwarut gar tlawin tizzayriyin daɣen d tacennayt, tecna s [[Taqbaylit|taqbaylit]].<br/> Tawes tlul di Tunes ass n [[4 meɣres]] [[1913]], temmut ass n [[2 yebrir]] [[1976]] di Paris. Tawes d yelli-s n Belqasem akk d [[Faḍma At Menṣur]] taddart-is d [[Iɣil Ɛli]] ([[Tawilayt n Bgayet|Bgayet]]).<ref name="Gikandi 2003">{{cite book | last = Gikandi | first = Simon | authorlink = Simon Gikandi | title = Encyclopedia of African Literature | publisher = [[Taylor & Francis]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-134-58223-5 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hKmCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 | access-date = 2018-11-28 | pages = 31–32 }}</ref> Gar imyura n zik llan atas n yirgazen maca tilawin am wakken ulac; tella yiwet kan : [[Faḍma At Menṣur]], yemma-s n tawes Marie Louise akked [[Jean-lmuhub Ɛemruc]]. [[Faḍma At Menṣur|Faḍma At Menṣur Ɛemruc]] d tamettut tamezwarut i d-yuran tudert-is, i d-yennan tarmit-is, ayen tbub d wayen tengez seg wass mi i tlul di [[Tizi Hibel]] deg useggas 1883 almi d aseggas 1967 ass mi temmut deg [[Fransa]]. Imi baba-s yennker-itt, tudert-is tebda s unegzum ameqqran, tudert n yiberdan d lehmum. Bac akken ur tt-iḥeqqeṛ yiwen, yemma-s tceyyeɛ-itt ɣer ixxamen n igujilen (orphelinats) ɣur yiṛumiyen, ar Yiwaḍiyen dɣa ar Larbɛa n at Yiraten uqbel sbiṭar n At Mengelet anida i telmed tafransist terna tessuden taflest n Mas nneɣ Ɛisa. Dina yakan i tezwej d Belqasem amruc id tt-yewwin ɣer taddart-is, [[Iɣil Ɛli]], uqbel tamurt n [[Tunes]]. Tudert-is akk d umennuɣ, deg tazwara d amennuɣ n tgujilt mgal tasɣart-is tamcumt, zdat umennuɣ n Teqbaylit deg tallit n tesehrest akk d umennuɣ n tmasit di tmurt n yimselmen…Tufa ddwa i tudert deg tira akked yisefra s Teqbaylit maca tella yiwet n tɣawsa ur tt-teǧǧi ara : taqbaylit-is. == Gar wayen tura == * ''Jacinthe noire'' ungal 1947. * ''Rues des tambourins'', ungal 1969. * ''L'amant imaginaire'', ungal f imanis 1975. * ''Le grain magique'', timucuha d poemes 1966. == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Ɛemruc]] [[Taggayt:Amaru|Ɛemruc]] [[Taggayt:Talalit deg 1913|Ɛemruc]] [[Taggayt:Lmut deg 1976|Ɛemruc]] jiu10lqebxk1di47w4dj6ag34tbpl2k 0 13857 116291 99780 2026-05-02T08:29:45Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tasliɣwa''' neɣ '''Axerrub''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ceratonia siliqua''') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|yisekla]] [[Ameɣlal n tizzegzut|imeɣlalen n tizzegzut]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tasliɣwa (tawsit)|tesliɣwa]] deg [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tibiwin|tbawin]]. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg wemda n [[ilel agrakal|yilel agrakal]]. == Tilmas d tdefrin == == [[Anezwu]] imezgu == == Akal imezgu i wuẓu == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg wučči == == Aṭṭanen == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg tdamsa == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:imɣan]] [[Taggayt:isekla]] == Ismawen == *Isem-is s latinit: Ceratonia siliqua *Isem-is s tefransist: Caroubier *Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taxerrubt<ref>'Plantes médicinales de Kabylie' - Mohand Aïd Youssef - Ibis Press -Paris 2006</ref> *Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: == Isseqdac == == Tiwelhiwin == [[Taggayt:Imɣan]] 7gllt5p1byutd7sjomqbr3cxdlu4i6w 116292 116291 2026-05-02T08:30:07Z Abillardoo 16203 116292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tasliɣwa''' neɣ '''Axerrub''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ceratonia siliqua''') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|yisekla]] [[Ameɣlal n tizzegzut|imeɣlalen n tizzegzut]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tasliɣwa (tawsit)|tesliɣwa]] deg [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tibiwin|tbawin]]. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg wemda n [[ilel agrakal|yilel agrakal]]. == Tilmas d tdefrin == == [[Anezwu]] imezgu == == Akal imezgu i wuẓu == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg wučči == == Aṭṭanen == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg tdamsa == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:imɣan]] [[Taggayt:isekla]] == Ismawen == *Isem-is s latinit: Ceratonia siliqua *Isem-is s tefransist: Caroubier *Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taxerrubt<ref>'Plantes médicinales de Kabylie' - Mohand Aïd Youssef - Ibis Press -Paris 2006</ref> *Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: == Isseqdac == == Tiwelhiwin == [[Taggayt:Imɣan]] [[Taggayt:tibawin]] ps1wf00jc7wnz7l86ovq4mcfb4f7qlu 116293 116292 2026-05-02T08:30:32Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yesiweḍ asebtar seg [[Axerrub]] ar [[Tasliɣwa]] nnig anegzum 116292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tasliɣwa''' neɣ '''Axerrub''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ceratonia siliqua''') d [[talmest]] n [[aseklu|yisekla]] [[Ameɣlal n tizzegzut|imeɣlalen n tizzegzut]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[Tasliɣwa (tawsit)|tesliɣwa]] deg [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tibiwin|tbawin]]. Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg wemda n [[ilel agrakal|yilel agrakal]]. == Tilmas d tdefrin == == [[Anezwu]] imezgu == == Akal imezgu i wuẓu == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg wučči == == Aṭṭanen == == Azal n tesliɣwa deg tdamsa == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:imɣan]] [[Taggayt:isekla]] == Ismawen == *Isem-is s latinit: Ceratonia siliqua *Isem-is s tefransist: Caroubier *Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: Taxerrubt<ref>'Plantes médicinales de Kabylie' - Mohand Aïd Youssef - Ibis Press -Paris 2006</ref> *Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: == Isseqdac == == Tiwelhiwin == [[Taggayt:Imɣan]] [[Taggayt:tibawin]] ps1wf00jc7wnz7l86ovq4mcfb4f7qlu 0 14475 116295 93875 2026-05-02T08:33:03Z Abillardoo 16203 116295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Datastub}} == Tilmas == [[Tugna:Ikeffis Trifolium repens.jpg|thumb|Ikeffis<ref>'Imɣan n Tensawt - Plantes de Kabylie ' - Saïd Zidat - Editions Innexsys, Luxembourg, Avril 2016 <nowiki>ISBN 978-99959-0-205-6</nowiki> www.imghantensawt.lu</ref> - Trifolium repens]] [[Tugna:Ikeffis Medicago .jpg|thumb|Ikeffis - Medicago]] [[Tugna:Ikeffis -Trifolium campestre - trèfle jaune .jpg|thumb|Ikeffis -Trifolium campestre - trèfle jaune]] [[Tugna:Trifolium dubium kz1.jpg|thumb|Tikfist - Tifolium dubium<ref>'Amawal n Yemɣan - Lexique de plantes ' - Chabane Mohand u Remdane - Mémoire d'études en Agronomie - Université de Tizi ouzou (non daté ~années 80)</ref>]] == Ismawen == *Isem-is s latinit: Medicago sp, Trifolium sp *Isem-is s tefransist:Luzernes, Trèfles *Ismawen-is nniḍen s teqbaylit: ikfis, Tikfist, Iffis<ref>‘Petite botanique kabyle’ - Jean Marie Dallet - Fichier de documentation berbère - Fort National, réédition 1963</ref> *Ismawen-is nniḍen s tmaziɣt: == Isseqdac == <references /> [[Taggayt:Imɣan]] [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n yimɣan]] [[Taggayt:tibawin]] ik8p8kfgdby9729g38fb38qb7u6m613 0 14936 116263 76373 2026-05-01T14:59:34Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatix taxobox}} '''Tiffest''' neɣ '''Azeɣbub''' d [[imɣan|imɣi]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult]] n [[Tizeɣbubin|tzeɣbubin]] == Aglam == [[Tugna:Cannabis 01 bgiu.jpg|thumb|250px|Iferran n tiffest]] == Imniren == r5dyl2i8kfr7w39qr2x0o8f6afj19fg 116264 116263 2026-05-01T14:59:43Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tiffest''' neɣ '''Azeɣbub''' d [[imɣan|imɣi]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult]] n [[Tizeɣbubin|tzeɣbubin]] == Aglam == [[Tugna:Cannabis 01 bgiu.jpg|thumb|250px|Iferran n tiffest]] == Imniren == 7853j8ethv11h02y2jbd2qlyq6ca2fr 116265 116264 2026-05-01T15:26:52Z Abillardoo 16203 116265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tiffest''' neɣ '''Azeɣbub''' d [[imɣan|imɣi]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult]] n [[Tizeɣbubin|tzeɣbubin]] == Aglam == [[Tugna:Cannabis 01 bgiu.jpg|thumb|250px|Iferran n tiffest]] == Imniren == [[Taggayt:imɣan]] 27nrobsucrqpb2o228s6qjizqn442x0 0 16406 116279 92397 2026-05-01T20:52:13Z Abillardoo 16203 116279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tadlafriwin''' ('''[[assaɣ ussnan]]''': ''Hymenoptera'') d yiwet gar [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesniwin]] timeqranin n [[aburɣas|iburɣas]], tebṭa ar sin n ifurken: '''[[tinammasin]]''' d '''[[tizimerzin]]''', Dges aṭas n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] am: * [[Tizizwatin]] * [[Tiweṭfin]] * [[Tiberzeggatin]] Deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] ayyi llan-t ugar n 130.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg twennadṭin yemgaraden, Amur ameqran deg-sent ttilin-t deg [[imɣan|yimɣan]] d ijeǧǧigen == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Arẓaẓ]] [[Category:Iburɣas]] [[Category:Iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] rvgcvj8alrcmbyjfwvn1lk8sabkujmg 116283 116279 2026-05-01T20:57:47Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tadlafriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Hymenoptera''') d yiwet gar [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesniwin]] timeqranin n [[aburɣas|iburɣas]], tebḍa ɣef sin n ifurken: '''[[tinammasin]]''' d '''[[tizimerzin]]''', akken i tegber seg waṭas n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] am [[Tizizwiyin|tzizwiyin]], [[Tiweḍfin]] d [[tiberzeggatin]]. Deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]] ayi, llan-t ugar n 130.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg twennadḍin yemgaraden, amur ameqran deg-sent ttilin-t deg [[imɣan|yimɣan]] d ijeǧǧigen. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Arẓaẓ]] [[Category:Iburɣas]] [[Category:Iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] sjr0t98i6om7dj1tehsm3kwxh4pv33t 0 17746 116266 88448 2026-05-01T17:23:04Z EmausBot 1720 تصليح تحويلة مزدوجة إلى [[Tisuḍaḍ]] 116266 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tisuḍaḍ]] fzk3piuzs0gemi8n5pb9lf1gbvz0yjn 0 19054 116287 116138 2026-05-02T08:04:08Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Titrawin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Asteraceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣan]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Titrawiyin|tetrawiyin]] deg [[Asmil (tasnudert)|wesmil]] n [[tasnayyawin]]. Tawacult-a d tin ilan (yesɛan) amḍan meqqren yakk n yimɣan, anda tla (tesɛa) ugar n 23,000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yebṭan ɣef wazal n 1620 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]], ayen i d-tt-yettaǧǧan d tawacult tamɣawt tameqrant yakk, send n [[turɣisin]] d [[tibiwin|tibiwin]]. [[mager Iṭij|Magriṭṭij]] d [[tamafart|tmafart]] d imɣan yettwassnen yakk di twacult-a. == Asesmel == == Tiwsitin-is == * [[Timerẓuga (tawsit)|Timerẓuga]] – ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Cichorium'''). * [[Tawelman]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Scorzonera'''). * [[Arɣim]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Picris'''). * [[Addad (imɣi)|Addad]] neɣ [[Addad (imɣi)|Akicaw]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Carlina'''). * [[Acikaw (tawsit)|Acikaw]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Galactites'''). * [[Wamlal]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Glebionis'''). * [[Tamafart (tawsit)|Tamafart]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Lactuca'''). * [[Arjagnu]] neɣ [[Aqlilu]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Centaurea'''). * [[Ilidu]] neɣ [[Ilidu|Acbartu]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Erigeron'''). * [[Tasdella]] neɣ [[Tasdella|Amsekli]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Echinacea'''). * [[Taɣeddiwt]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Cirsium'''). * [[Aderyun]] neɣ [[Aderyun|Taysa]] neɣ [[Aderyun|Buzduz]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Chrysanthemum'''). * [[Tizifut]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Scolymus'''). * [[Timejt n tili]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Arctium'''). * [[Tifaf]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Cichorium'''). * [[Ilezɣi]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Cichorium'''). * [[Tuga wezrem]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Gutierrezia'''). * [[Mager Iṭij]] — ([[Assaɣ ussnan|a.u]]: '''Helianthus annuus'''). * [[Tuɣmest n temɣart]] – ([[isem ussnan|a.u]]: '''Taraxacum'''). == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:Tasnayyawin]] [[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]] [[Taggayt:Titriyyin]] j3phyuxuku8loolwe2q2xkf292xdn69 0 19756 116289 103293 2026-05-02T08:10:50Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tumedt''' neɣ '''Tumdin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Poaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣan|yimɣan]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tumdiwin]] igan d tafesna n [[taynayyawin]],<ref> tansa n taxonomicon [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=9790 tawacult n tumdin ] azemz n unekcum 3 yennayer 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304124101/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=96}}</ref> Tawacult n tumdin d yiwet seg twaculin n [[Timesdurifsan|yimɣan yeǧuǧugen]] tegber seg wazal n 600 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]] yeẓẓunin ɣef wazal n 10,000 n [[talmest|telmas]] gar n telmas-a llan imendiyen am [[Timẓin|temẓin]], [[Aṛuz]], [[irden]], [[ukbal]], [[Aẓekkun]] d [[inelli|yinelli]] akken daɣen i tegber seg waṭas n [[asaɣur|isaɣuren]] d yimɣan n walma am [[tafsut wegṭiṭ]] d [[umel n yigran|wumel yigran]]. == Asedger == Tawacult-a n yimɣan tga d yiwet gar twaculin yenfufden s waṭas deg umadal yakk. Anda anda id tettemɣay deg yal adeg,<ref>{{cite journal|aneggar=Sarandón|amezwar=Ramiro|azwel=Biología poblacional del gramon (''Cynodon'' spp., Gramineae)|azemz=1988|tasniwin=189|akala= http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/4709|azemz n tuwwṭa=22 April 2014|akala n ufaylu= https://web.archive.org/web/20191206144205/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/4709|azemz n ufaylu=2019-12-06}}</ref> anagar [[Antraktika]].<ref name="Missouri Botanical Garden">{{Tanagit s web|akala=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/welcome.html#Famlarge|azwel=Angiosperm phylogeny website|azemz n tuwwṭa=2007-10-07| akala n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20180919192659/http://www.mobot.org:80/mobot/research/apweb/welcome.html | azemz n ufaylu = 19 ctember 2018 }}</ref> == [[Adu-twacult|Tidu-twaculin]] == Tegber seg 7 n tdu twaculin: * [[Aɣanim uṛumi]] — (''Bambusoideae'') * [[Tigzemrawin]] — (''Chloridoideae'') * [[Tumdiwin]] — (''Pooideae'') == [[Tawsit (tudersent)|Tiwsitin]] == * [[Aṛuz (tawsit)|Aṛuz]] — (''Oryza''). * [[Inelli (tawsit)|inelli]] — (''Sorghum''). * [[Affar]] — (''Elymus'') * [[Timẓin (tawsit)|Timẓin]] — (''Hordeum''). * [[Ccer n yilef|Tisallafin]] — (''Bromus'') * [[Agezmir]] — (''Cynodon''). * [[Tafsus yigḍad]] — (''Panicum''). * [[Affar awraɣ]] — (''Miscanthus''). == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tumdin]] [[Taggayt:Tumedt]] [[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n taynayyawin]] [[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]] gtwe5uf0k7g941yg17vlqy95e3lq0lp 0 20094 116280 115919 2026-05-01T20:53:00Z Abillardoo 16203 116280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tasnafriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Diptera''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yeṭṭafaren [[astirf (tasnudert)|adur]] n [[tiswermin|teswermin]].<br/> Tafesna ayi d tin igebren seg waṭas n [[talmest|telmas]] n ibureɣsen ilan (isɛan) sin n [[afriw|wafriwen]] deg yidmaren-nsen ilemmasen, yakk d sin n wadfaren n tamneknit i d-izgan deg taggara n yidmaren. Dɣa, tilin n tyuga n wafriwen d ayen i d-ittizellmen (i d-tittmeyyizen) ɣef yibureɣsen niḍen, yerna kra n telmas n tesnafriwin yuɣal wafriw ɣur-sent d asennaw, aladɣa ɣer kra n telmas n [[izi|yizan]] iherrsen imecdalen (ixxamen) n yibureɣsen niḍen.<br/> Tasnafriwin d tafesna meqqren s waṭas, anda tegber seg wazal 240.000 n telmas yemgaraden n [[tadast|tadasin]] d [[tizit]] d [[Izi|yizan]] d telmas niḍen. Ɣas akken tasnafriwin d tid ilan azal meqqren i wemdan d twennaṭ, maca anagar azgen neɣ ddaw n wezgen Kan n telmas-is i d-ittusnemlen sɣur n imusnawen ar tura (ayen yegdan 120.000 n telmas). == Tamuski [[asemmili|tasemmilayt]] d tsnudrant == == Amyaraw d gemmu == == Asesmel == S umata, llant snat n [[adu-tfesna|tdu-tfesniwin]] yettwassnen deg tesnefriwin: * '''[[Tiɣraskiwin]]''' — (''Nematocera''): ttwassnent seg [[tafekka|tfekkiwin-nsen]] ɣezzifen d [[Timejjiwin|tmejjiwin-nsent]] tinafriwin. Tegber seg 77 n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] gar-asent 35 n twaculin [[angar|negrent]]. * '''[[Tigezlacciwin]]''' — (''Brachycera''): tga d adu-tfesna ilan tifekkiwin tizamalin d [[Timejjiwin|tmejjiwin]] meẓẓiyen. Tegber seg 141 n [[tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]], gar-asent 8 negrent. == Amezruy anamhaz == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tisenfriwin]] [[Taggayt:Ibureɣsen deg yidles]] [[Taggayt:Tifesniwin n ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] 3d2szr08edzx4sv1rqzkjgg6do4r5ny 0 20102 116269 116005 2026-05-01T19:45:23Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Izinzer''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Coleoptera''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yeṭṭafaren [[afelfesna]] n [[tigensefriwin|tgensefriwin]] deg [[Adu-smil|wader-smil]] n [[timsefriwin|temsefriwin]]<ref>Anagraw n isalan imsesmiliyen ummid ITIS [http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109216 Tafesna n izenzer ] Azemz n unekcum 01 ɣuct 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610155852/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=109216 |date=10 yunyu 2017}}</ref><ref>Ammas aɣelnaw i yisalan n teknudert (s Teglizit) NCBI [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=7041&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Tafesna n izenzer ] Azemz n unekcum 01 ɣuct 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200122203110/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=7041&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |date=22 yennayer 2020}}</ref><ref>Tanda n taxonomicon (s Teglizit) Taxonomicon [http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=19668 Tafesna n izenzer ] Azemz n unekcum 01 ɣuct 2013 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101023/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=19668 |date=04 meɣres 2016}}</ref>.[[Talmest|Tilmas-is]] yettwassnen ugtent s waṭas, anda ttawṭent ɣer 400.000 n telmas neɣ ayen yegdan 40% n yiburɣas i d-ittwasnemlen, ayen i d-immalen d akken iznezren i d ibureɣsen yakk ɣef wacu i d-yella usenmel d uglam ugar n ibureɣsen niḍen, anda i d-ssiliɣen azal n 30% n tudert yettwassnen, acku llant wazal n 5 alamma d 8 n imelyan n telmas yettwassnen d tid ur nettwassen. Dɣa. ar tura, mazal yettili-d usnirem d tifin n telmas timaynutin war tamuɣli ɣer telmas [[angar|inegren]] neɣ tid yuɣalen d [[tamɣuzt|temɣuzin]][http://www.coleoptera.org/p1869.htm]. Izinezren ttidiren deg wamur ameqran n twennaḍin, ama deg yigran, deg tẓegwa neɣ deg [[taneẓruft|tneẓrufin]], maca ur ttidiren ara deg yideggan anda yettili usemmiḍ am [[Antraktika]]. Tilmas n izinezren s umgarad-nsent, d tid iy tetten [[imɣan]] d [[tiraɣlalin|traɣlalin]] d [[Adal|wadalen]], akken i tteɣẓaẓent [[aseklu|isekla]] imidduren d wid yeɣlin s agensu n [[tadra|tadriwin-nsent]], akken i llant kra seg telmas-is d [[tagemra|tigemrawin]], anda i tettent ibureɣsen niḍen, neɣ deg tikwal niḍen tettent ula d yifrax n [[agṭiṭ|yigḍaḍ]]. == Tamhazt == [[Tugna:Deporaus betulae björkrullvivel3.JPG|thumb|Isurrifen n tudert n izinzer]] Izinezren [[amyaraw|ttemyarawen]] s [[Tamhazt tummidt|temhazt tummidt]]*[http://www.coleoptera.org/p1058.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328121151/http://www.coleoptera.org/p1058.htm |date=2022-03-28 }} anda [[tawtemt]] tessrusay seg kra n imṛawen, n twinas alama d igimen n tmellalin deg teɣzi n tudert-is, deg yal tikkelt tessrusay timellalin-is deg wadeg imezgi anda yettili wučči i [[tawekka|tkeččawin-is]] mi ara ad frurxent. Yerna tikeččawin n izinzer mgaradent ɣef tkeččawin n ibureɣsen niden deg tmeẓrit-is taqurant d yixef-is amsulles akken i llan yiriwen deg yimi i twaffẓa d yimrujen n [[asgunef|wesgunef]] deg tɣzi n tfekka-ines. == [[Amyaraw]] d tikeli == [[Tugna:Mating bugs 016.jpg|thumb|250px|Sin n [[Izinzer n iferran|izinezren n yiferran]] [[Amercel|ttemsiknen]]]] Deg talit n usiken, izinezren sskanayen-d tikeli tukrist, anda tikdi (rriḥa) tga d amur axatar deg temhelt n usiken. Ma yella ɣer kra n [[talmest|telmas]] n twacult n [[nicrophorus]] yettili-d umennuɣ gar n twetmin anda tid-ak yettwarnan (yettwaɣlaben) tteffɣent seg wannar n usiken s umṭafar anda i d-ttegrayen anagar izinezren ussisen (ijehden) i usegger n usiken yakk d izenzer ussis. Deg tuget n tegnatin tettili-d tallit n usiken d tin meẓẓiyen anda tettawi kra b [[tasint|tsinin]] neɣ [[tusdidt|tesdatin]]. Maca ɣer kra n telmas tettkemmil temhalt n [[uggi|wuggi]] aṭas n [[tasragt|tesragin]] anda i d-tettili tuddit n uẓẓel seg iwetmen ɣdr twetmin sin akin tteylullusent tmellalin i wakken ad ttwasersent, dɣa asrusu n tmellalin yemgarad seg telmest ɣer telmest niden, acku kra n telmas ssrusayent timellalin-nsent deg yiferran n y[[imɣan]] ma d tilmas niden zeṭṭen-tt-d tadliwin n weɣris deg yiferran n yimɣan sin akin ad ssersent deg-sent timellalin i wakken ad ttwaggẓent akken iy ssefk. Akken daɣen i llant telmas yeɣɣazen igedfen deg [[amezzur|umezzur]] neɣ zdat am [[aẓerri|uẓerri]] iggaren timellalin-is s agensu (daxel) n yiẓẓan sin akin ad ten-yerr d tuzza (tamdurant) w ad tizzuɣer s yiṭarren-is n deffir ɣer wangu-ibes [http://tolweb.org/movies/Coleoptera/8221] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114002859/http://tolweb.org/movies/Coleoptera/8221 |date=2021-11-14 }}. == Tiwaculin == * [[Tinafagin]] – (''Lucaninae''). * [[Tizimanin]] – (''Dytiscidae''). * [[Tanureɣt]] – (''Dytiscidae''). * [[Tizeglella]] – (''Cerambycidae''). == Imniren == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Tazeglellut]] * [[Tanafagt (aburɣes)]] * [[Akcic]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] [[Taggayt:Ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tifesniwin n ibureɣsen]] 09aprd1fzh8fxvqtwgsgwfrv0aviyz9 0 20116 116276 97235 2026-05-01T20:50:50Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Ifaylellisen''' ([[Assaɣ ussnan]]: '''Heterocera''') d [[afelfesna ]] meqqren n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yudsen ɣer [[aferṭeṭṭu|yiferṭeṭṭa]], akken i gan gar n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yellan yakk s tuget deg umaḍal, anda i ttidiren deg twennaḍin d [[anezwu|yinezwa]] yemgaraden ula ma deg wanda yettili wedfel d ugris. Dɣa. amur meqqren seg [[talmest|telmas]] iy ṭṭafaren sin n ifelfesniwen-a ttwassnent s tilin n tyuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]], afriw n zdat i meqqren ɣef wefriw n deffir. [[Tugna:Moth on Sunflower.jpg|thumb|right|Yiwet n telmest n ufaylellis]] == Imgaraden igejdanen gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen == Ɣas akken ṭṭafaren yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]], maca mgaraden deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin <ref name="Anatomy">[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html Imgaraden gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen d usemmili-nsen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111439/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html |date=30 tuber 2009}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Ifaylellisen ! Iferṭeṭṭa |- | Ifaylellisen ttumeggzen d imuddiren n [[iṭ|yiṭ]] acku tteffɣen-d deg wakuden n tallast kan | Iferṭeṭṭa xeddmen irmuden-nsen isnadranen deg wass |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Amyaqqan n tyuga n wafriwen n ifaylellisen s ukacbar neɣ s tegrawt n yikacbaren | Iferṭeṭṭa ur lin ara (ur sɛin ara) ikacbaren-a |- | [[Timejjiwin]]-is meẓẓiy-it, ma d [[tafekka]] teččur d azzar | Timejjiwin ɣezzif-it yerna ttfakkan-tt s tuffet, ma d tafekka ur teččur ara d azzar |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Mi ara ad irken (ad iḥbes) seg uferfer, tadɣert n wafriwen ttilin ldin neɣ ẓeyyren ɣef tfekka | Afriwen-is igerrew-iten ɣer deffir |} == [[Asemmili]] uffiɣ == Am wazal ameqran n ibureɣsen, Tafekka n ufaylellis igber seg 3 n wamuren igejdanen, yal amur yettaddam tagrawt n yigmanen<ref name="Anatomy"/><ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html Tiskanin n ifaylellisen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507002039/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html |date=7 mayyu 2009}}</ref>. * '''Ixef''': yettili ɣervzdat n tfekka, igber seg wallen deg wadisen d [[timejjiwin]] i d-izgan gar n wallen, Timejjiwin-a ttusmersent s talɣa tagejdant i ugerrew tekdiwin d usekdu (alqaḍ n rrwayeḥ d wesfuḥu) acku gant d tinafrayin i [[tanga|tnegwa]] [[takrura|tikruranin]] deg igenni. Akken i yella yimi yakk d yiles yecban tasummut ɣezzifen, ɣef wanecta i tegguni deg wučči ɣef [[amɣus|wemɣus]] n yijeǧǧigen d tnegwa [[amazzal|timazzalin]]. * '''Idmaren''': D tama i d-izgan gar n yixef d wadis, itedden sin n wafriwen, maca llant kra n [[tawtemt|twetmin]] ur lint ara aya. * '''Adis''': D amur n deffir i d-izgan deffir n yidmaren, itedden azal meqqren n yigmanen d yinagrawen ixataren deg tfekka n ufaylellis, gar-asen [[anagraw amaẓẓad]] d unazzuf yakk d yildiyen n usnezwi ixeddmen am [[anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]]. == Allus n tudert == Allus n tudert n ifaylellisen igber seg 4 n teɣsar tigejdanin: {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Taɣsert ! Timaskanin |- | Tamellalt | Tawtemt n ufaylellis tessrusay ugar n 10.000 n tmellalin deg yiferran n kra n telmas n yimɣan. Talɣa-nsent d taglayant neɣ d tamezzayt. Ma d ini-nsent d amellal |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Tawekka neɣ [[taẓelft]] | Mi ara ad teffeɣ seg tmellalt, ad tečč ayen i d-igran degs yakk d yiferr deg Wanda tersa tmellalt. tegber seg 14 n wamuren. D ayen yettwassnen d akken tiwekkiwin n ifaylellisen tettent iferran n yimɣan s tuget. Ayen i d-ten-tittaǧǧan d tillicin. Akken Ur lint ara iles yettsummun. |- | [[Tawlekt]] | Tawekka tbennu-d i yiman-is [[tagemmut]] n [[taẓawt]] s [[aɣris|yiɣrisen]] n taẓawt i d-tessufuɣ seg yiwen n ugman meẓẓiyen yellan deg yixef-is, iɣrisen-a zemren ad ddun i kra n imitren neɣ ikilumitren sin akin ad tjellel iman-is alamma tuɣal d tawlekt w ad tessenṭeṭ yiwen neɣ sin n ijufaṛ n teẓelft s tfekka yeqquren. |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Aburɣes amawaṭ | Yemgarad wakud usfik i ufukku n temhelt n umutti, mi ara ad yuff uburɣes seg teẓelft-is ad ticerreg w ad ldin wafriwen-is mi ara ad kken fell-asen yidammen, tallit n tudert-is ur tettaṭṭaf ara aṭas n wakud, maca llant kra n telmas yettidiren i kra n wayyuren. |} == Iɣunab n tɣensi d westan == == Tiwlafin == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Aferṭeṭṭu]] == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Ibureɣsen]] onfi3gxv8e1k2rmpfk24kudisa6tzia 116277 116276 2026-05-01T20:51:01Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Ifaylellisen''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Heterocera''') d [[afelfesna ]] meqqren n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yudsen ɣer [[aferṭeṭṭu|yiferṭeṭṭa]], akken i gan gar n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yellan yakk s tuget deg umaḍal, anda i ttidiren deg twennaḍin d [[anezwu|yinezwa]] yemgaraden ula ma deg wanda yettili wedfel d ugris. Dɣa. amur meqqren seg [[talmest|telmas]] iy ṭṭafaren sin n ifelfesniwen-a ttwassnent s tilin n tyuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]], afriw n zdat i meqqren ɣef wefriw n deffir. [[Tugna:Moth on Sunflower.jpg|thumb|right|Yiwet n telmest n ufaylellis]] == Imgaraden igejdanen gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen == Ɣas akken ṭṭafaren yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]], maca mgaraden deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin <ref name="Anatomy">[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html Imgaraden gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen d usemmili-nsen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111439/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html |date=30 tuber 2009}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Ifaylellisen ! Iferṭeṭṭa |- | Ifaylellisen ttumeggzen d imuddiren n [[iṭ|yiṭ]] acku tteffɣen-d deg wakuden n tallast kan | Iferṭeṭṭa xeddmen irmuden-nsen isnadranen deg wass |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Amyaqqan n tyuga n wafriwen n ifaylellisen s ukacbar neɣ s tegrawt n yikacbaren | Iferṭeṭṭa ur lin ara (ur sɛin ara) ikacbaren-a |- | [[Timejjiwin]]-is meẓẓiy-it, ma d [[tafekka]] teččur d azzar | Timejjiwin ɣezzif-it yerna ttfakkan-tt s tuffet, ma d tafekka ur teččur ara d azzar |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Mi ara ad irken (ad iḥbes) seg uferfer, tadɣert n wafriwen ttilin ldin neɣ ẓeyyren ɣef tfekka | Afriwen-is igerrew-iten ɣer deffir |} == [[Asemmili]] uffiɣ == Am wazal ameqran n ibureɣsen, Tafekka n ufaylellis igber seg 3 n wamuren igejdanen, yal amur yettaddam tagrawt n yigmanen<ref name="Anatomy"/><ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html Tiskanin n ifaylellisen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507002039/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html |date=7 mayyu 2009}}</ref>. * '''Ixef''': yettili ɣervzdat n tfekka, igber seg wallen deg wadisen d [[timejjiwin]] i d-izgan gar n wallen, Timejjiwin-a ttusmersent s talɣa tagejdant i ugerrew tekdiwin d usekdu (alqaḍ n rrwayeḥ d wesfuḥu) acku gant d tinafrayin i [[tanga|tnegwa]] [[takrura|tikruranin]] deg igenni. Akken i yella yimi yakk d yiles yecban tasummut ɣezzifen, ɣef wanecta i tegguni deg wučči ɣef [[amɣus|wemɣus]] n yijeǧǧigen d tnegwa [[amazzal|timazzalin]]. * '''Idmaren''': D tama i d-izgan gar n yixef d wadis, itedden sin n wafriwen, maca llant kra n [[tawtemt|twetmin]] ur lint ara aya. * '''Adis''': D amur n deffir i d-izgan deffir n yidmaren, itedden azal meqqren n yigmanen d yinagrawen ixataren deg tfekka n ufaylellis, gar-asen [[anagraw amaẓẓad]] d unazzuf yakk d yildiyen n usnezwi ixeddmen am [[anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]]. == Allus n tudert == Allus n tudert n ifaylellisen igber seg 4 n teɣsar tigejdanin: {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Taɣsert ! Timaskanin |- | Tamellalt | Tawtemt n ufaylellis tessrusay ugar n 10.000 n tmellalin deg yiferran n kra n telmas n yimɣan. Talɣa-nsent d taglayant neɣ d tamezzayt. Ma d ini-nsent d amellal |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Tawekka neɣ [[taẓelft]] | Mi ara ad teffeɣ seg tmellalt, ad tečč ayen i d-igran degs yakk d yiferr deg Wanda tersa tmellalt. tegber seg 14 n wamuren. D ayen yettwassnen d akken tiwekkiwin n ifaylellisen tettent iferran n yimɣan s tuget. Ayen i d-ten-tittaǧǧan d tillicin. Akken Ur lint ara iles yettsummun. |- | [[Tawlekt]] | Tawekka tbennu-d i yiman-is [[tagemmut]] n [[taẓawt]] s [[aɣris|yiɣrisen]] n taẓawt i d-tessufuɣ seg yiwen n ugman meẓẓiyen yellan deg yixef-is, iɣrisen-a zemren ad ddun i kra n imitren neɣ ikilumitren sin akin ad tjellel iman-is alamma tuɣal d tawlekt w ad tessenṭeṭ yiwen neɣ sin n ijufaṛ n teẓelft s tfekka yeqquren. |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Aburɣes amawaṭ | Yemgarad wakud usfik i ufukku n temhelt n umutti, mi ara ad yuff uburɣes seg teẓelft-is ad ticerreg w ad ldin wafriwen-is mi ara ad kken fell-asen yidammen, tallit n tudert-is ur tettaṭṭaf ara aṭas n wakud, maca llant kra n telmas yettidiren i kra n wayyuren. |} == Iɣunab n tɣensi d westan == == Tiwlafin == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Aferṭeṭṭu]] == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Ibureɣsen]] fa97mpgsx7xnabs4npq8ow2h247c7a5 116278 116277 2026-05-01T20:51:31Z Abillardoo 16203 116278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Ifaylellisen''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Heterocera''') d [[afelfesna ]] meqqren n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] yudsen ɣer [[aferṭeṭṭu|yiferṭeṭṭa]], akken i gan gar n [[amuddir|yimuddiren]] yellan yakk s tuget deg umaḍal, anda i ttidiren deg twennaḍin d [[anezwu|yinezwa]] yemgaraden ula ma deg wanda yettili wedfel d ugris. Dɣa. amur meqqren seg [[talmest|telmas]] iy ṭṭafaren sin n ifelfesniwen-a ttwassnent s tilin n tyuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]], afriw n zdat i meqqren ɣef wefriw n deffir. [[Tugna:Moth on Sunflower.jpg|thumb|right|Yiwet n telmest n ufaylellis]] == Imgaraden igejdanen gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen == Ɣas akken ṭṭafaren yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]], maca mgaraden deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin <ref name="Anatomy">[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html Imgaraden gar n iferṭeṭṭa d yifaylellisen d usemmili-nsen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091030111439/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543434/Butterfly_and_Moth_Anatomy.html |date=30 tuber 2009}}</ref>. {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Ifaylellisen ! Iferṭeṭṭa |- | Ifaylellisen ttumeggzen d imuddiren n [[iṭ|yiṭ]] acku tteffɣen-d deg wakuden n tallast kan | Iferṭeṭṭa xeddmen irmuden-nsen isnadranen deg wass |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Amyaqqan n tyuga n wafriwen n ifaylellisen s ukacbar neɣ s tegrawt n yikacbaren | Iferṭeṭṭa ur lin ara (ur sɛin ara) ikacbaren-a |- | [[Timejjiwin]]-is meẓẓiy-it, ma d [[tafekka]] teččur d azzar | Timejjiwin ɣezzif-it yerna ttfakkan-tt s tuffet, ma d tafekka ur teččur ara d azzar |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Mi ara ad irken (ad iḥbes) seg uferfer, tadɣert n wafriwen ttilin ldin neɣ ẓeyyren ɣef tfekka | Afriwen-is igerrew-iten ɣer deffir |} == [[Asemmili]] uffiɣ == Am wazal ameqran n ibureɣsen, Tafekka n ufaylellis igber seg 3 n wamuren igejdanen, yal amur yettaddam tagrawt n yigmanen<ref name="Anatomy"/><ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html Tiskanin n ifaylellisen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090507002039/http://encarta.msn.com/media_461543522/Characteristics_of_a_Moth.html |date=7 mayyu 2009}}</ref>. * '''Ixef''': yettili ɣervzdat n tfekka, igber seg wallen deg wadisen d [[timejjiwin]] i d-izgan gar n wallen, Timejjiwin-a ttusmersent s talɣa tagejdant i ugerrew tekdiwin d usekdu (alqaḍ n rrwayeḥ d wesfuḥu) acku gant d tinafrayin i [[tanga|tnegwa]] [[takrura|tikruranin]] deg igenni. Akken i yella yimi yakk d yiles yecban tasummut ɣezzifen, ɣef wanecta i tegguni deg wučči ɣef [[amɣus|wemɣus]] n yijeǧǧigen d tnegwa [[amazzal|timazzalin]]. * '''Idmaren''': D tama i d-izgan gar n yixef d wadis, itedden sin n wafriwen, maca llant kra n [[tawtemt|twetmin]] ur lint ara aya. * '''Adis''': D amur n deffir i d-izgan deffir n yidmaren, itedden azal meqqren n yigmanen d yinagrawen ixataren deg tfekka n ufaylellis, gar-asen [[anagraw amaẓẓad]] d unazzuf yakk d yildiyen n usnezwi ixeddmen am [[anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]]. == Allus n tudert == Allus n tudert n ifaylellisen igber seg 4 n teɣsar tigejdanin: {| class="wikitable" border="1" ! Taɣsert ! Timaskanin |- | Tamellalt | Tawtemt n ufaylellis tessrusay ugar n 10.000 n tmellalin deg yiferran n kra n telmas n yimɣan. Talɣa-nsent d taglayant neɣ d tamezzayt. Ma d ini-nsent d amellal |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Tawekka neɣ [[taẓelft]] | Mi ara ad teffeɣ seg tmellalt, ad tečč ayen i d-igran degs yakk d yiferr deg Wanda tersa tmellalt. tegber seg 14 n wamuren. D ayen yettwassnen d akken tiwekkiwin n ifaylellisen tettent iferran n yimɣan s tuget. Ayen i d-ten-tittaǧǧan d tillicin. Akken Ur lint ara iles yettsummun. |- | [[Tawlekt]] | Tawekka tbennu-d i yiman-is [[tagemmut]] n [[taẓawt]] s [[aɣris|yiɣrisen]] n taẓawt i d-tessufuɣ seg yiwen n ugman meẓẓiyen yellan deg yixef-is, iɣrisen-a zemren ad ddun i kra n imitren neɣ ikilumitren sin akin ad tjellel iman-is alamma tuɣal d tawlekt w ad tessenṭeṭ yiwen neɣ sin n ijufaṛ n teẓelft s tfekka yeqquren. |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Aburɣes amawaṭ | Yemgarad wakud usfik i ufukku n temhelt n umutti, mi ara ad yuff uburɣes seg teẓelft-is ad ticerreg w ad ldin wafriwen-is mi ara ad kken fell-asen yidammen, tallit n tudert-is ur tettaṭṭaf ara aṭas n wakud, maca llant kra n telmas yettidiren i kra n wayyuren. |} == Iɣunab n tɣensi d westan == == Tiwlafin == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Aferṭeṭṭu]] == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] 2qyjm9whi1bnz0kuvg8f06n0gkp8bgp 0 20137 116272 97370 2026-05-01T20:35:49Z Abillardoo 16203 116272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Izi bu tmecrag''' ([[Assaɣ ussnan]]: '''Trichoptera''') d [[aburɣes]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tazzarfriwin|Trichoptera]]. Izi bu tmecrag iga d aburɣes meẓẓiyen yettemcabin [[Afaylellis|ifaylellisen]] tegber seg wazal n 12000 n [[talmest|telmas]] akken i tla (tesɛa) tayuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]] ifrarayen yeččuren d azzar. Tafesna ayi d tin i d-ittilin neɣ ilan assaɣ ɣer [[tikebrafriwin|tkebrafriwin]] ([[aferṭeṭṭu|iferṭeṭṭa]] d [[Afaylellis|ifaylellisen]]).<br/> Izi bu tmecrag iggar-d [[tawekka]] n waman yettilin deg twennaṭin yemgaraden s timmad am yisafen d iɣeẓran d igelmimen. Dɣa tiwekkiwin n waṭas n [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] ttgent-d tissiwin n taggaẓt s [[taẓawt]] yeddlen s wedɣaɣ neɣ s [[ijdi|yijdi]]. == Tamhazt == Aṭas n telmas n tawekkiwin n yizi bu tmecrag keččment deg tegnit n welmay. Tallit-a tettwasemma s '''wencek anmettay''', tettaṭṭaf kra n imalas neɣ n wayyuren seld n tuwwit-is maca send ma ad teffeɣ. Sin akin ad tili temhelt n tuffɣa-ines s usismeṭ n teẓɣelt n waman deg [[amwan|umwan]] anda i d-tettemlal temhelt-a yakk d urmud n ibureɣsen imawaṭen i wakken ad tefrar (ad tishil) temhelt n [[amyaraw|umyaraw]]. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tifesniwin n ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] goo7bil27rzrea8p6356q4q2xrttmur 116274 116272 2026-05-01T20:44:18Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Izi bu tmecrag''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Trichoptera''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] yeṭṭafaren [[afelfesna|afelfesna]] n [[Tigensefriwin|tgensefriwin]]. Tagrawt-a tegber seg 12000 n [[talmest|telmas ]] meẓẓiyen, yettemcabin i [[tikebrafriwin|tkebrafriwin]] am [[Afaylellis|ifaylellisen]] d [[aferṭeṭṭu|iferṭeṭṭa]] acku [[timmarewt|ttakent assaɣ]] ɣer-sent, akken i lant (sɛant) tayuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]] ifrarayen yeččuren d azzar.<br/> Izi bu tmecrag iggar-d [[tawekka]] n waman yettilin deg twennaḍin yemgaraden s timmad am yisafen d iɣeẓran d igelmimen. Dɣa, tiwekkiwin n waṭas n [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] ttgent-d tissiwin n taggaẓt s [[taẓawt]] yeddlen s wedɣaɣ neɣ s [[ijdi|yijdi]]. == Tamhazt == Aṭas n telmas n tawekkiwin n yizi bu tmecrag keččment deg tegnit n welmay. Tallit-a tettwasemma s '''wencek anmettay''', tettaṭṭaf kra n imalas neɣ n wayyuren seld n tuwwit-is maca send ma ad teffeɣ. Sin akin ad tili temhelt n tuffɣa-ines s usismeṭ n teẓɣelt n waman deg [[amwan|umwan]] anda i d-tettemlal temhelt-a yakk d urmud n ibureɣsen imawaṭen i wakken ad tefrar (ad tishil) temhelt n [[amyaraw|umyaraw]]. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tifesniwin n ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] 1wqhgnjve7cmvz1ch6pm0infoxdrk48 116275 116274 2026-05-01T20:45:01Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Izi bu tmecrag''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Trichoptera''') d [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] yeṭṭafaren [[afelfesna|afelfesna]] n [[Tigensefriwin|tgensefriwin]]. Tagrawt-a tegber seg 12000 n [[talmest|telmas ]] meẓẓiyen, yettemcabin i [[tikebrafriwin|tkebrafriwin]] am [[Afaylellis|ifaylellisen]] d [[aferṭeṭṭu|iferṭeṭṭa]], acku [[timmarewt|ttakent assaɣ]] ɣer-sent, akken i lant (sɛant) tayuga n [[afriw|wafriwen]] ifrarayen yeččuren d azzar.<br/> Izi bu tmecrag iggar-d [[tawekka]] n waman yettilin deg twennaḍin yemgaraden s timmad am yisafen d iɣeẓran d igelmimen. Dɣa, tiwekkiwin n waṭas n [[Tawacult (tasnudert)|twaculin]] ttgent-d tissiwin n taggaẓt s [[taẓawt]] yeddlen s wedɣaɣ neɣ s [[ijdi|yijdi]]. == Tamhazt == Aṭas n telmas n tawekkiwin n yizi bu tmecrag keččment deg tegnit n welmay. Tallit-a tettwasemma s '''wencek anmettay''', tettaṭṭaf kra n imalas neɣ n wayyuren seld n tuwwit-is maca send ma ad teffeɣ. Sin akin ad tili temhelt n tuffɣa-ines s usismeṭ n teẓɣelt n waman deg [[amwan|umwan]] anda i d-tettemlal temhelt-a yakk d urmud n ibureɣsen imawaṭen i wakken ad tefrar (ad tishil) temhelt n [[amyaraw|umyaraw]]. == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tifesniwin n ibureɣsen]] [[Taggayt:Tigensefriwin]] ozwlcepw72jlym0x7lpw6nhjg3zn9aj 0 22417 116286 103721 2026-05-02T07:56:25Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aṭerṭaq''' neɣ '''Aḍerḍaq''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Spartium junceum''') d yiwet n [[talmest|telmest]] n [[Tamdikt|tsekluyin]] [[Imɣi imezgi|timezgiyin]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tibiwin|tbiwin]]. Talmest-a i d agman amyiwen deg [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsit]]-is ''Spartium''. == Aglam == == Ideggan n wemɣay == Talmest-a tettemɣay-d deg yideggan n wemda n [[ilel agrakal|yilel agrakal]], deg [[Tafriqt n Ugafa|Tferka n Ugafa]] d [[anẓul n Uruppa|unẓul n Uruppa]] d [[ataram n Asya|utaram n Asya]]. == Tiwlafin == == Asemres == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:Imɣan]] [[Taggayt:tibiwin]] qoprqbho9kq1caeccsklyvryb840bse 0 23869 116299 110369 2026-05-02T09:09:39Z Gribruit 16575 116299 wikitext text/x-wiki <big>'''Ziṛi U Mnad''' (yemmut deg 971) d win i d-yesnulfan adabu n Iziriden deg Tmazɣa. Yella d aqerru n wadrum n Takalata n tdukla n Ṣenhaǧa, anda llan Ikutamen deg Tmazɣa Talemmast deg wayen yellan d Lezzayer tura. Yella d amdakkel n Ifaṭimiyen, yefka-yasen afus deg uɣelluy n Abu Yazid gar 943 d 947. Ɣef waya, yuɣal d anbaḍ n twilayat n utaram, tamnaḍt i d-yezdin d Lezzayer n tura, nnig n Ṣeḥra.</big> == <big> Lebni n temdint n Acir</big> == <big>Deg useggas 935, yebna tamdint n Acir deg unẓul n wanda ara tili temdint n Lezzayer. Yessawel i yibennayen d yineccaben. Yeččur tamdint s yimusnawen, s yimzenzen d yimastanen. Yebda asuffeɣ n yidrimen d lexlaṣ n yiserdasen-is s yidrimen.</big> <big><br /> Mmi-s Buluɣin ibn Ziri yebna timdinin n Lezzayer, Mlyana d Lemdeyya. Yerna yebna-d tikelt nniḍen tudrin i yettwahudden.</big> == <big> Tuṭṭfa n Fas</big> == <big>Deg 959, Ziri yeṭṭef-d tamdint n Fas deg Merruk. Mi d-yuɣal seg umennuɣ, yewwi-d amir n Fas d "Lxalifa" Ibn Wasul n Sijilmasa d imeḥbas. Yessekna-ten i medden akken ad ten-yesseḥqer.</big> == <big>Lmut-is d wayen yeḍran seld-s</big> == <big>Ziri ibn Mennad yemmut deg umennuɣ mgal umḍebber n M'sila deg yunyu neɣ yulyu 971. Mmi-s Buluggin ibn Ziri ikemmel deg umkan-is am unbaḍ. Deg useggas 972, Buluɣin yuɣal d Anbaḍ n Ifriqya armi d aseggas 984, asmi Ifaṭimiyen wwin tanbaḍt-nsen ɣer Miṣra.</big> [[Taggayt:Iznasen]] [[Taggayt:Amaziɣ]] [[Taggayt:Lezzayer]] [[Taggayt:Ifaṭimiyen]] [[Taggayt:Tallit tis 10]] [[Taggayt:Iziriden]] [[Taggayt:Tallit n yiziriden]] hupbfp7h79abqm0figr8lpidd6r7h65 0 25427 116262 116179 2026-05-01T13:47:38Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116262 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Christoph Bernhard Francke - Bildnis des Philosophen Leibniz (ca. 1695).jpg|vignette|Leibniz, aseggas<abbr>.</abbr> 1695]] '''Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz''' (1646–1716) d yiwen gar yimusnawen d yifelsafiyen imeqqranen maḍi deg umezruy n talsa. Yella d amassan uzzig i yeqedcen deg waṭas n taɣulin am tfelsafit, tusnakt , tameẓla, akked tfizikt. Tiẓri-ines d tin yebnan ɣef usdukkel gar tɣessa n tmeẓla d tussna d yiswan n tmetafizikit d wasɣan. Hatan usbadu s telqayt ɣef tfelsafit-is deg yal aḥric: == 1. Tameṭafizikt d Tfelsafit == * '''Tiẓri n Tmunadin:''' Ɣer Leibniz, ameɣraḍ ur yebni ara ɣef tenga tamagnut, maca yebna ɣef yiferdisen imenza, i d-yemmalen ur d-nettban ara s tiṭ, ur nettubḍu ara, iwumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt d tayunt tasnimant yerna d lemri n umaḍal s timmad-is. * '''Amtawa yezwaren yakan:''' Ɣer Leibniz, timunadin ur sɛint ara assaɣ gar-asent, ur ttemyagant ara. Maca, d Rebbi i tent-id-yessuddsen yakan seg tazwara akken ad ddunt ɣef yiwen n wasurif. D anect-a i d-yettgen amtawa ummid, am sin n temrilin i yettuseggmen ɣef yiwen n wakud. * '''Ameɣraḍ yufraren:''' Deg tẓri n "Theodicée", Leibniz yettwali d akken Rebbi yeffer ameɣraḍ yufraren gar yimeɣraḍen akk i yezmer ad yexleq. Ameɣraḍ-a d win yesɛan ugar n tneflit, cbaḥa d uslugen, ɣas akken yella wayen n dir deg-s. Ayen dir-nni yella kan iwakken ad d-yili wayen yelhan d ameqqran. == 2. Tameẓla d Tmussni == Leibniz yefka-d aṭas n yisudaf i yettheyyin abrid i tmeẓla tatrart: * '''Asaḍuf n tmentelt tummidt:''' Ayen akk yellan neɣ iḍerrun yesɛa tamentilt(ssebba) i t-yeǧǧan ad yili akken yella, mačči s wudem nniḍen. Ulac ayen i d-yettilin s tugacurt. * '''Tidet n wallaɣ d tidet n tilawt:''' * * ''Tidet n wallaɣ:'' D wid ur nezmir ara ad beddlen (am tusnakt: 1+1=2). Mgal-nsent d awezɣi. * ''*'' ''Tidet n tilawt:'' D wid yeqqnen ɣef wayen iḍerrun deg lqaɛa. Mgal-nsent yezmer ad yili. == 3. Tusnakt d Tfizikt == Leibniz mačči d afelsafi kan, d amusnaw n tusnakt ameqqran: * '''Asiḍen anezlay d uɣrid:''' Leibniz yesnulfa-d asiḍen anezlay akked usiḍen uɣrid di tgara n tasut tis 17, weḥd-s (mebla ma yezra ayen yexdem Isaac Newton). D netta i d-yesnulfan izamulen i nessemras ar ass-a deg tusnakt, am uzamul n weɣrid ∫f(x)dx akked uzellum dx/dy​. * '''Anagraw imisin:''' D netta i d-yesnulfan anagraw imisin , i d-yebnan ɣef yizwilen 0 d 1. Tikti-yagi ines d llsas i ɣef tebna tsenselkimt d tmacinin tatrarin n wass-a. * '''Tafizikt:''' Yesnulfa-d tikti n "Tazmert tiddert" (Vis viva), i d-yemmalen ayen i neqqar ass-a tazmert tamussayt (Ek​=1​/2mv2), anda i d-yebges d akken tanga tettwaḥraẓ s unect neɣ s lmend n wakud d urured. Leibniz yella mgal n Descartes deg tekti-yagi. Descartes yella yeqqar d akken "amussu" d amesɣer n tkura d urured (m×v). Maca Leibniz, s ufus n tusnakt, yufa-d d akken tella yiwet n "tezmert" nniḍen i yellan d llsas n tilawt. '''Hatan wamek i nezmer ad d-nessegzi annect-a s telqayt:''' # '''Tazmert tiddert :''' Leibniz ur yeqbil ara d akken amussu d urured kan. Yesken-d d akken tazmert n tidet yellan deg tenga d tin i d-yettilin s usnerni n urured ɣer sin (v2). D ayen iwumi isemma s tlatinit ''Vis Viva''. # '''Aselḥu n tenga''' '''(tadinamikt n tanga) :''' Ɣer Leibniz, tanga mačči d taɣawsa s wudem attwaɣ kan i d-yezgan deg wadeg. Tanga d "tazmert". Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini d akken amḍal n tfizikt yebna ɣef ddinamik, mačči ɣef tanzeggit kan. # '''Asaduf n uḥraz :''' Leibniz d yiwen seg wid imezwura i d-yerran tamawt d akken deg unagraw imedlen, tazmert ur tkeffu ara, ur tettruḥu ara baṭel. Tettbeddil kan talɣa (seg umussu ɣer lḥamu, neɣ seg tɣawsa ɣer tayeḍ), maca lqis-is amatu yettmaḥraẓ. == '''Taggrayt:''' == Leibniz d amdan yesdukklen gar tmussni, ddin, d tmeẓla. Iswi-ines agejdan d asneɣri d usdukkel n tmuɣliwin yemxallafen akken ad d-yefk tugna tummidt ɣef umaḍal. 2ykiamjpq734eyp1nnb2ezvciuajfrn 0 25449 116270 2026-05-01T20:27:45Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[Afelfesna|tafel-fesniwt]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen a... 116270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[Afelfesna|tafel-fesniwt]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen am tzizwa, iferṭeṭṭa, izan, izinezren... atg. Ma d tifesniwin iy gebren yakk seg waṭas n telmas gant d: [[izinzer|tizinezrin]], [[tasnafriwin ]], [[tadlafriwin]], [[tiɣzefriwin]], [[timeɣrafriwin]], [[tiddafriwin]] 1febjwwo81lk8edxgmfaq7uu8dw1woy 116271 116270 2026-05-01T20:34:43Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[Afelfesna|tafel-fesniwt]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen am tzizwa, iferṭeṭṭa, izan, izinezren... atg. Ma d tifesniwin iy gebren yakk seg waṭas n telmas gant d: [[izinzer|tizinezrin]], [[tasnafriwin ]], [[tadlafriwin]], [[tiɣzefriwin]], [[timeɣrafriwin]], [[tiddafriwin]], [[tizfiɣriwin]], [[akured|tikurdiwin]], [[tislemgergisin]] yakk d [[Izi bu tmecrag|tizmecragin]]. == Asismel == == Imniren == nbfqhfykq7jtdoh4e1soeukwlab9ebc 116273 116271 2026-05-01T20:36:51Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[Afelfesna|tafel-fesniwt]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen am tzizwa, iferṭeṭṭa, izan, izinezren... atg. Ma d tifesniwin iy gebren yakk seg waṭas n telmas gant d: [[izinzer|tizinezrin]], [[tasnafriwin ]], [[tadlafriwin]], [[tiɣzefriwin]], [[timeɣrafriwin]], [[tiddafriwin]], [[tizfiɣriwin]], [[akured|tikurdiwin]], [[tislemgergisin]] yakk d [[Izi bu tmecrag|tizimcergin]]. == Asismel == == Imniren == 2cgiy0anj5u8wyhqkaafbwo2i3zwrce 116281 116273 2026-05-01T20:53:21Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[Afelfesna]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen am tzizwa, iferṭeṭṭa, izan, izinezren... atg. Ma d tifesniwin iy gebren yakk seg waṭas n telmas gant d: [[izinzer|tizinezrin]], [[tasnafriwin ]], [[tadlafriwin]], [[tiɣzefriwin]], [[timeɣrafriwin]], [[tiddafriwin]], [[tizfiɣriwin]], [[akured|tikurdiwin]], [[tislemgergisin]] yakk d [[Izi bu tmecrag|tizimcergin]]. == Asismel == == Imniren == pdkbpp6i8rtvs1aalsx7gos7r5rf2dq 116282 116281 2026-05-01T20:53:33Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tigensefriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Endopterygota''') d [[afelfesna]] n [[aburɣes|ibureɣsen]] [[tanfelɣa|infelɣiwen]], wid i d-ittekken ɣef kṛad n iserrifen yemgaraden n tneflit, seg [[tawekka|twekkiwt]] ɣer [[Tawlekt|tewlekt]] ɣer tmawaḍt. Tagrawt-a tegber seg ugar n 850.000 n [[talmest|telmas]] ɣef wacu i d-yella uglam d usenmel, tilmas-a yakk ttusgerwent deg yiwet n [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tfesna]]. Amedya, kra seg yibureɣsen yettwassnen am tzizwa, iferṭeṭṭa, izan, izinezren... atg. Ma d tifesniwin iy gebren yakk seg waṭas n telmas gant d: [[izinzer|tizinezrin]], [[tasnafriwin ]], [[tadlafriwin]], [[tiɣzefriwin]], [[timeɣrafriwin]], [[tiddafriwin]], [[tizfiɣriwin]], [[akured|tikurdiwin]], [[tislemgergisin]] yakk d [[Izi bu tmecrag|tizimcergin]]. == Asismel == == Imniren == cgqya4nq5hieyspbbpfoexzzruh6nhv 0 25450 116285 2026-05-02T07:51:39Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tagerja''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Eryx''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[azrem|izerman]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tigerjiwin|tgerjiwin]]. Tawsit-a tegber seg 14 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg Unẓul n Usamar n [[Turuft|Uṛuppa]], [[Tafriqt n Ugafa]] yakk d Unẓul n [[Asya]]. == Umuɣ n telmas== * [[Tagerja n yijdi n Kenya]] – (''Eryx colubrinus''). * [[Tagerja|Tifiɣra taderɣalt]] – (''Eryx jaculus'')... 116285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tagerja''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Eryx''') d [[tawsit (tudersent)|tawsit]] n [[azrem|izerman]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[tigerjiwin|tgerjiwin]]. Tawsit-a tegber seg 14 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg Unẓul n Usamar n [[Turuft|Uṛuppa]], [[Tafriqt n Ugafa]] yakk d Unẓul n [[Asya]]. == Umuɣ n telmas== * [[Tagerja n yijdi n Kenya]] – (''Eryx colubrinus''). * [[Tagerja|Tifiɣra taderɣalt]] – (''Eryx jaculus''). * [[Tagerja n Ṣumal]] – (''Eryx somalicus''). == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n izerman]] [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n temraradin]] [[Taggayt:Tiwsitin n iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Izerman]] [[Taggayt:Timraradin]] [[Taggayt:Tigerjiwin]] mn8xkp99odxprh9kwsjsmb1yhv91g0f 0 25451 116288 2026-05-02T08:08:19Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg ugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n t... 116288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg ugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]]. 29r71ls2f1iarhl4943z0o65xgx0vqr 116290 116288 2026-05-02T08:26:23Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg ugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]]. Ma yella deg tama tadamsant, tawacult n tbiwin d nettat iy ṭṭfen amkan wis sin seld n tawacult n [[Tumedt|tumdiwin]], acku tilmas-is, d aɣbalu agejdan i upṛutin amɣaw, ama i usadur n yimdanen neɣ n yiɣersiwen, imi aṭas n telmas n twacult-a d tid iy tett wemdan am (d iɣersiwen imegruden) am [[tazant (tawsit)|tazant]], [[tinift]], [[ikiker]], [[tiniltit]], [[ibawen]], [[ibiw n wuccen]], [[taccawt]], [[taẓuya]], [[tibawcin]] 95zb5a8fiq20py3vaeqv7cfj9pojxgj 116296 116290 2026-05-02T08:34:59Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg ugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]]. Ma yella deg tama tadamsant, tawacult n tbiwin d nettat iy ṭṭfen amkan wis sin seld n tawacult n [[Tumedt|tumdiwin]], acku tilmas-is, d aɣbalu agejdan i upṛutin amɣaw, ama i usadur n yimdanen neɣ n yiɣersiwen, imi aṭas n telmas n twacult-a d tid iy tett wemdan am (d iɣersiwen imegruden) am [[tazant (tawsit)|tazant]], [[tinift]], [[ikiker]], [[tiniltit]], [[ibawen]], [[ibiw n wuccen]], [[taccawt]], [[taẓuya]], [[tibawcin]], [[tammayt]], [[tasliɣwa]], [[tifiḍas]], [[ikeffis]], [[tamat]]... i3s9k74vkvd71ufdtwlv45spccmuegg 116297 116296 2026-05-02T08:37:43Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg ugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]]. Ma yella deg tama tadamsant, tawacult n tbiwin d nettat iy ṭṭfen amkan wis sin seld n tawacult n [[Tumedt|tumdiwin]], acku tilmas-is, d aɣbalu agejdan i upṛutin amɣaw, ama i usadur n yimdanen neɣ n yiɣersiwen, imi aṭas n telmas n twacult-a d tid iy tett wemdan am (d iɣersiwen imegruden) am [[tazant (tawsit)|tazant]], [[tinift]], [[ikiker]], [[tiniltit]], [[ibawen]], [[ibiw n wuccen]], [[taccawt]], [[taẓuya]], [[tibawcin]], [[tammayt]], [[tasliɣwa]], [[tifiḍas]], [[ikeffis]], [[tamat]]... == Aglam == == Tiskanin == == Taẓrawsit == == Umuɣ n tewsitin == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tasnayyawin]] [[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]] dzhrax2sv2cihdeoml9xdomo7vz130o 116298 116297 2026-05-02T08:42:00Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tibiwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Fabaceae''') d [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[imɣi|yimɣan]] imjuǧǧeganen [[tasnayyawin|isnayyawen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tibiwiyin|tbiwiyin]]. Tawacult d yiwet seg twaculin timɣawin timeqranin yakk deg umaḍal, d nettat i d tis kṛad deg umḍan n [[talmest|telmas]] (seld n [[titrawin|tetrawin]] d [[turɣisin]]), anda i tegber seg wugar n 22900 n telmas yebḍan ɣef wazal n 797 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]]. Ma yella deg tama tadamsant, tawacult n tbiwin d nettat iy ṭṭfen amkan wis sin seld n tawacult n [[Tumedt|tumdiwin]], acku tilmas-is d aɣbalu agejdan i upṛutin amɣaw, ama i usadur n yimdanen neɣ n yiɣersiwen, imi aṭas n telmas n twacult-a d tid iy tett wemdan (d iɣersiwen imegruden) am [[tazant (tawsit)|tazant]], [[tinift]], [[ikiker]], [[tiniltit]], [[ibawen]], [[ibiw n wuccen]], [[taccawt]], [[taẓuya]], [[tibawcin]], [[tammayt]], [[tasliɣwa]], [[tifiḍas]], [[ikeffis]], [[tamat]]... == Aglam == == Tiskanin == == Taẓrawsit == == Umuɣ n tewsitin == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Tasnayyawin]] [[Taggayt:Tiwaculin n imɣan]] ditq7f5x5md886l3vf8zhkckt9n39z5 0 25452 116294 2026-05-02T08:30:32Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yesiweḍ asebtar seg [[Axerrub]] ar [[Tasliɣwa]] nnig anegzum 116294 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tasliɣwa]] g3j33bb1b9vcqlv5esrtx22c46pbgom