C (tutlayt)

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    <title>C (tutlayt)</title>
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      <text bytes="12836" sha1="jgm52bj0xhdpuubjjzo7fz9py655hdr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox programming language
| name = C
| logo = File:C1stEdition.svg
| logo size = 140px
| logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C.
| logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot; /&gt; (often referred to as &quot;K&amp;R&quot;), the seminal book on C
| paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]]
| designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]]
| developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] &amp; [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C)
| latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]]
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}}
| typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]]
| implementations = K&amp;R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}}
| dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]]
| influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ring language and other languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),&lt;ref name=&quot;vinsp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| year = 1972&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot; /&gt;
| turing-complete = Yes
| influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot; /&gt; [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]]
| file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}}
| wikibooks = C Programming
}}

'''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen.

C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen.

== Amezruy n C ==
Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen.

Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella:

'''fessuset i uselmed''',

'''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r,

'''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''',

'''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''',

'''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen.

Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan:

'''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru.

'''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen.

'''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist.

'''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11.

'''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin.

=== Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? ===
Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni.

Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren:

ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig.

Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut.

=== Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) ===
Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B:

yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B).

Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut.

=== Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant ===
Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku:

send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ.

s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan.

C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut.

Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix.

=== Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&amp;R (1978) ===
Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs:

imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: &quot;The C Programming Language&quot;. Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata &quot;K&amp;R&quot; (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d &quot;alugen&quot; amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem &quot;K&amp;R C&quot;.

Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt).

== Aslugen n C ==

=== Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) ===
Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib:

ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C89&quot; neɣ &quot;ANSI C&quot;.

Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C90&quot;. C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen:

* tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions)
* tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h 
* aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur)
* aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast

Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed.

=== C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran ===
Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C99&quot;. C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen:

* iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java);
* tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen;
* isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA);
* tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h;
* tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ;
* stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren;
* initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 };
* tanaṭ &quot;for&quot; s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i &lt; n; i++).

C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad.

=== C11 (2011): C tuɣal ɣer tallit tatrant ===
Deg useggas n 2011, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2011, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C11&quot; (neɣ C1X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C11 yerna-d ttawilat i yeqqnen ɣer uselkim atrar:

aselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (ugut n ikalan ifessasen) s threads.h;

timhalin tibelkamin s stdatomic.h, i yeqqnen ɣer uselkem yettwaqqnen;

_Generic i tefranin s tewsit;

timṣukin d tiddukliwin war isem (anonymous structs/unions);

static_assert i uselken deg wakud n usefsu;

yettwakkes gets() acku yella d aɣbalu n tuccḍiwin n tɣellist (tafuli n tkatut n weḥraz).

C11 tessken-d belli C tezmer ad teddu d tallit n uselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (iskaren yesɛan uget n wulawen) d tɣellist.

=== C17 / C18 (2018): aseggem kan ===
Deg useggas n 2018, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2018, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C17&quot; neɣ &quot;C18&quot;. Alugen-a ur yerni ara tamahilt tamaynut; yeṣeggam kan tuccḍiwin yellan deg C11, yerna yessufeɣ-d kra n usegzi. Ihi C17 yella d lqem n &quot;aṣeggem&quot;, ur yelli ara d lqem n &quot;tmerniyin&quot;.

=== C23 (2024): lqem atrar ===
Deg useggas n 2024, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:2024, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C23&quot; (neɣ C2X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C23 yerna-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yebɣan imessihlen seg zik:

* awalen yettwaṭṭfen bool, true, false (ur yesra ara ad nsekcem stdbool.h)
* nullptr i usewwaṛ ilem (pointeur nul), s wudem iḥersen
* auto i ubuddu n tewsit s wudem awurman
* imḍanen s talɣa tamisint: 0b1010 (binaire)
* isekkilen n uɣawas (attributes) s talɣa... &lt;nowiki&gt;[[...]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* typeof i wakken ad d-nawi tawsit n tengalt
* #embed i wakken ad nsekcem ifuyla imisinen
* yettwakkes ukayad n tewsatin (variable-length arrays) d kra n tɣawsiwin tiqburin.

C23 yesskan-d belli C mazal-itt tettbeddil, tettmerni, yerna tezmer ad teqqim d tutlayt tatrant.

== Tamselyut ==
* [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }}

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14382" sha1="7thtegzgnxqmtin2qibm2puc4dsvq7c" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox programming language
| name = C
| logo = File:C1stEdition.svg
| logo size = 140px
| logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C.
| logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot; /&gt; (often referred to as &quot;K&amp;R&quot;), the seminal book on C
| paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]]
| designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]]
| developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] &amp; [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C)
| latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]]
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}}
| typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]]
| implementations = K&amp;R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}}
| dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]]
| influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ring language and other languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),&lt;ref name=&quot;vinsp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| year = 1972&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot; /&gt;
| turing-complete = Yes
| influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot; /&gt; [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]]
| file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}}
| wikibooks = C Programming
}}

'''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen.

C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen.

== Amezruy n C ==
Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen.

Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella:

'''fessuset i uselmed''',

'''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r,

'''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''',

'''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''',

'''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen.

Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan:

'''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru.

'''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen.

'''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist.

'''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11.

'''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin.

=== Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? ===
Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni.

Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren:

ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig.

Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut.

=== Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) ===
Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B:

yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B).

Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut.

=== Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant ===
Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku:

send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ.

s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan.

C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut.

Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix.

=== Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&amp;R (1978) ===
Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs:

imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: &quot;The C Programming Language&quot;. Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata &quot;K&amp;R&quot; (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d &quot;alugen&quot; amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem &quot;K&amp;R C&quot;.

Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt).

== Aslugen n C ==

=== Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) ===
Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib:

ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C89&quot; neɣ &quot;ANSI C&quot;.

Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C90&quot;. C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen:

* tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions)
* tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h 
* aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur)
* aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast

Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed.

=== C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran ===
Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C99&quot;. C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen:

* iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java);
* tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen;
* isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA);
* tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h;
* tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ;
* stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren;
* initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 };
* tanaṭ &quot;for&quot; s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i &lt; n; i++).

C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad.

=== C11 (2011): C tuɣal ɣer tallit tatrant ===
Deg useggas n 2011, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2011, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C11&quot; (neɣ C1X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C11 yerna-d ttawilat i yeqqnen ɣer uselkim atrar:

aselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (ugut n ikalan ifessasen) s threads.h;

timhalin tibelkamin s stdatomic.h, i yeqqnen ɣer uselkem yettwaqqnen;

_Generic i tefranin s tewsit;

timṣukin d tiddukliwin war isem (anonymous structs/unions);

static_assert i uselken deg wakud n usefsu;

yettwakkes gets() acku yella d aɣbalu n tuccḍiwin n tɣellist (tafuli n tkatut n weḥraz).

C11 tessken-d belli C tezmer ad teddu d tallit n uselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (iskaren yesɛan uget n wulawen) d tɣellist.

=== C17 / C18 (2018): aseggem kan ===
Deg useggas n 2018, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2018, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C17&quot; neɣ &quot;C18&quot;. Alugen-a ur yerni ara tamahilt tamaynut; yeṣeggam kan tuccḍiwin yellan deg C11, yerna yessufeɣ-d kra n usegzi. Ihi C17 yella d lqem n &quot;aṣeggem&quot;, ur yelli ara d lqem n &quot;tmerniyin&quot;.

=== C23 (2024): lqem atrar ===
Deg useggas n 2024, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:2024, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C23&quot; (neɣ C2X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C23 yerna-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yebɣan imessihlen seg zik:

* awalen yettwaṭṭfen bool, true, false (ur yesra ara ad nsekcem stdbool.h)
* nullptr i usewwaṛ ilem (pointeur nul), s wudem iḥersen
* auto i ubuddu n tewsit s wudem awurman
* imḍanen s talɣa tamisint: 0b1010 (binaire)
* isekkilen n uɣawas (attributes) s talɣa... &lt;nowiki&gt;[[...]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* typeof i wakken ad d-nawi tawsit n tengalt
* #embed i wakken ad nsekcem ifuyla imisinen
* yettwakkes ukayad n tewsatin (variable-length arrays) d kra n tɣawsiwin tiqburin.

C23 yesskan-d belli C mazal-itt tettbeddil, tettmerni, yerna tezmer ad teqqim d tutlayt tatrant.

== Aseqdec n C ass-a ==
Ass-a, C mazal-itt d tutlayt yettwasqedcen aṭas, ladɣa deg yinagrawen ideg arurad d tkatut d lḥaǧa tagejdant:

'''Inagrawen n wammud:''' anagraw Linux yettwaru s C (akked kra n C++ d assembly); iferdisen n Windows d macOS daɣen.

'''Imikṛuselkimen d IoT:''' Arduino, STM32, ESP32, d yimikṛuselkimen n tkeṛṛusin, n tɣawsiwin, d tsenselkimt tadamsant.

'''Taffiwin n isefka''': PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite ttwarun s C.

'''Imsefsayen''': GCC, iferdisen n Clang/LLVM, d waṭas n yimsefsayen nniḍen.

'''Taɣellist tasenselkamt''' (cybersécurité): aṭas n yifecka n tɣellist ttwarun s C, acku zemren ad kecmen ɣer tkatut s wudem uslig.

'''Tigzi taragmawant''': aṭas n temkarḍiyin n AI am TensorFlow d PyTorch sɛant llsas n C/C++ ddaw n Python.

== Ayɣer C teqqim armi d ass-a? ==
Aṭas n tutlayin i d-yeffɣen seg 1972, maca C teqqim. Ayagi yella s kra n ssebbat:

'''Tussda d ururad''': tangalt C tettwasfsu ɣer tengalt n usekkar s wudem i yeffɣen, war aselkem n waṭas n yiferdisen nnig-s.

'''Azgay''': C tezmer ad tettwaseqdec ɣef qrib yal aselkim.

'''Asefrek n tkatut''': C yettak-d afus i umessihel ad yesenker takatut s wudem uslig, ayen ilaqen deg yinagrawen d imikṛuselkimen.

'''Alugen iḥersen''': seg C89 armi d C23, C tesɛa alugen yettwassnen, yettwaḥerzen.

'''Tamkarḍit d yimsefsayen''': llan aṭas n yimsefsayen (GCC, Clang, MSVC...) d temkarḍiyin i C.

'''Taseddast fessusen''': C ur tesɛi ara aṭas n wawalen yettwaṭṭfen, dɣa fessus i uselmed d usnulfu.

== Tamselyut ==
* [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }}

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]</text>
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      <text bytes="14643" sha1="2inbdeceqdiyhc64a3tswwsnwubg00h" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox programming language
| name = C
| logo = File:C1stEdition.svg
| logo size = 140px
| logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C.
| logo caption = ''[[The C Programming Language]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot; /&gt; (often referred to as &quot;K&amp;R&quot;), the seminal book on C
| paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]]
| designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]]
| developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] &amp; [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C)
| latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]]
| latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}}
| typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]]
| implementations = K&amp;R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}}
| dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]]
| influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Ring language and other languages&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),&lt;ref name=&quot;vinsp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]]
| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]
| year = 1972&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot; /&gt;
| turing-complete = Yes
| influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot; /&gt; [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]]
| file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}}
| wikibooks = C Programming
}}

'''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen.

C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen.

== Amezruy n C ==
Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen.

Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella:

'''fessuset i uselmed''',

'''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r,

'''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''',

'''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''',

'''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen.

Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan:

'''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru.

'''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen.

'''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist.

'''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11.

'''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin.

=== Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? ===
Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni.

Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren:

ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig.

Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut.

=== Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) ===
Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B:

yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B).

Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut.

=== Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant ===
Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku:

send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ.

s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan.

C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut.

Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix.

=== Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&amp;R (1978) ===
Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs:

imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen.

Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: &quot;The C Programming Language&quot;. Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata &quot;K&amp;R&quot; (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d &quot;alugen&quot; amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem &quot;K&amp;R C&quot;.

Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt).

== Aslugen n C ==

=== Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) ===
Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib:

ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C89&quot; neɣ &quot;ANSI C&quot;.

Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C90&quot;. C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen:

* tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions)
* tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h 
* aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur)
* aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast

Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed.

=== C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran ===
Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C99&quot;. C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen:

* iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java);
* tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen;
* isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA);
* tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h;
* tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ;
* stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren;
* initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 };
* tanaṭ &quot;for&quot; s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i &lt; n; i++).

C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad.

=== C11 (2011): C tuɣal ɣer tallit tatrant ===
Deg useggas n 2011, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2011, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C11&quot; (neɣ C1X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C11 yerna-d ttawilat i yeqqnen ɣer uselkim atrar:

aselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (ugut n ikalan ifessasen) s threads.h;

timhalin tibelkamin s stdatomic.h, i yeqqnen ɣer uselkem yettwaqqnen;

_Generic i tefranin s tewsit;

timṣukin d tiddukliwin war isem (anonymous structs/unions);

static_assert i uselken deg wakud n usefsu;

yettwakkes gets() acku yella d aɣbalu n tuccḍiwin n tɣellist (tafuli n tkatut n weḥraz).

C11 tessken-d belli C tezmer ad teddu d tallit n uselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (iskaren yesɛan uget n wulawen) d tɣellist.

=== C17 / C18 (2018): aseggem kan ===
Deg useggas n 2018, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2018, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C17&quot; neɣ &quot;C18&quot;. Alugen-a ur yerni ara tamahilt tamaynut; yeṣeggam kan tuccḍiwin yellan deg C11, yerna yessufeɣ-d kra n usegzi. Ihi C17 yella d lqem n &quot;aṣeggem&quot;, ur yelli ara d lqem n &quot;tmerniyin&quot;.

=== C23 (2024): lqem atrar ===
Deg useggas n 2024, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:2024, i yettwassnen s yisem &quot;C23&quot; (neɣ C2X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C23 yerna-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yebɣan imessihlen seg zik:

* awalen yettwaṭṭfen bool, true, false (ur yesra ara ad nsekcem stdbool.h)
* nullptr i usewwaṛ ilem (pointeur nul), s wudem iḥersen
* auto i ubuddu n tewsit s wudem awurman
* imḍanen s talɣa tamisint: 0b1010 (binaire)
* isekkilen n uɣawas (attributes) s talɣa... &lt;nowiki&gt;[[...]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* typeof i wakken ad d-nawi tawsit n tengalt
* #embed i wakken ad nsekcem ifuyla imisinen
* yettwakkes ukayad n tewsatin (variable-length arrays) d kra n tɣawsiwin tiqburin.

C23 yesskan-d belli C mazal-itt tettbeddil, tettmerni, yerna tezmer ad teqqim d tutlayt tatrant.

== Aseqdec n C ass-a ==
Ass-a, C mazal-itt d tutlayt yettwasqedcen aṭas, ladɣa deg yinagrawen ideg arurad d tkatut d lḥaǧa tagejdant:

'''Inagrawen n wammud:''' anagraw Linux yettwaru s C (akked kra n C++ d assembly); iferdisen n Windows d macOS daɣen.

'''Imikṛuselkimen d IoT:''' Arduino, STM32, ESP32, d yimikṛuselkimen n tkeṛṛusin, n tɣawsiwin, d tsenselkimt tadamsant.

'''Taffiwin n isefka''': PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite ttwarun s C.

'''Imsefsayen''': GCC, iferdisen n Clang/LLVM, d waṭas n yimsefsayen nniḍen.

'''Taɣellist tasenselkamt''' (cybersécurité): aṭas n yifecka n tɣellist ttwarun s C, acku zemren ad kecmen ɣer tkatut s wudem uslig.

'''Tigzi taragmawant''': aṭas n temkarḍiyin n AI am TensorFlow d PyTorch sɛant llsas n C/C++ ddaw n Python.

== Ayɣer C teqqim armi d ass-a? ==
Aṭas n tutlayin i d-yeffɣen seg 1972, maca C teqqim. Ayagi yella s kra n ssebbat:

'''Tussda d ururad''': tangalt C tettwasfsu ɣer tengalt n usekkar s wudem i yeffɣen, war aselkem n waṭas n yiferdisen nnig-s.

'''Azgay''': C tezmer ad tettwaseqdec ɣef qrib yal aselkim.

'''Asefrek n tkatut''': C yettak-d afus i umessihel ad yesenker takatut s wudem uslig, ayen ilaqen deg yinagrawen d imikṛuselkimen.

'''Alugen iḥersen''': seg C89 armi d C23, C tesɛa alugen yettwassnen, yettwaḥerzen.

'''Tamkarḍit d yimsefsayen''': llan aṭas n yimsefsayen (GCC, Clang, MSVC...) d temkarḍiyin i C.

'''Taseddast fessusen''': C ur tesɛi ara aṭas n wawalen yettwaṭṭfen, dɣa fessus i uselmed d usnulfu.

== Aḥric 4: Taseddast n C ==
Taseddast n C d taseddast yesɛan ilugan iḥersen. Kra n yiferdisen agejdanen:

=== 4.1. Tanaṭ ===
Yal tanaṭ deg C ttfaṛu s usekkil n unegzum: ;

Amedya:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c&quot;&gt;
int x = 5;

x = x + 1;
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Tamselyut ==
* [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }}

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;k&amp;r1e&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} &lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl_2&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;dottcl&quot;&gt;{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: &quot;The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


[[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]]</text>
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'''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. 

==1. Tudert-is==
Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. 

== 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti ==
Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

== 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is ==
Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: &quot;Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa.&quot;

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

== 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam ==
Deg udlis-is &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;, Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

== 5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay ==
Deg udlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

== 6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti ==
Marks yumen belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is, acku teǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.
[[Category:Tameddurt]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4416" sha1="7sed1pb6h9lsf9q909znw3eickt8hex" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|vignette|Karl Marks deg useggas 1857.]]
'''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. 

==1. Tudert-is==
Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. 

== 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti ==
Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

== 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is ==
Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: &quot;Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa.&quot;

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

== 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam ==
[[Tugna:Communist-manifesto.png|vignette|Ulɣu n ukabar n tzdukla s tutlayt talalmanit.]]
Deg udlis-is &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;, Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

== 5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay ==
Deg udlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

== 6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti ==
Marks yumen belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is, acku teǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.
[[Category:Tameddurt]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5210" sha1="1o3kggo6sl9y2g39djhy4zcpziachve" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|vignette|Karl Marks deg useggas 1857.]]
'''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. 

==1. Tudert-is==
Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. 

== 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti ==
Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

== 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is ==
Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: &quot;Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa.&quot;

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

=== Tangeẓṛi Tamezrayt (Le Matérialisme Historique) ===
Lsas amenzu n tfelsafit n Marks d tangeẓṛi tamezrayt. Ɣer-s, maççi d tikta, asɣan, neɣ d iziɣren i d-yessuddusen amezruy n talsa, maca d tignatin n waddad adamsan d wamek i d-tettili tfarest. Timetti tebna ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen. Aḥric amezwaru d &quot;adda&quot; i d-immalen allalen n ufares akked wassaɣen n ufares (tadamsa, lxedma, tawuri). Aḥric wis sin d &quot;taɣessa&quot; (la superstructure) i d-ijemɛen tasnakta, izerfan, d tsertit. Adda adamsan d netta i d-isbaduyen taɣessa n tmetti. Ihi, yal tuttya neɣ abeddel lqayen deg umezruy yettas-d mi ara yili umennuɣ gar wallalen n ufares d wassaɣen n ufares n tallit-nni. Amezruy ur iteddu ara s tẓeṛiyin timadwanin, maca s tmentilin yellan s wudem n tengeẓri.

== 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam ==
[[Tugna:Communist-manifesto.png|vignette|Ulɣu n ukabar n tzdukla s tutlayt talalmanit.]]
Deg udlis-is &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;, Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

== 5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay ==
Deg udlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

== 6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti ==
Marks yumen belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is, acku teǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.
[[Category:Tameddurt]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5180" sha1="alzu1oktbg8xb3j38zue14tkegfc71l" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Karl Marx by John Jabez Edwin Mayall 1875 - Restored.png|vignette|Karl Marks deg useggas 1857.]]
'''Karl Heinrich Marks''', ilul deg 5 si [[Mayyu]] deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n [[Trier]] yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n [[Lalman]] yemmut di 14 di [[Meɣres]] 1883 di teɣremt n [[London]]. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar [[Tazdukla]], i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Fridrik Angils, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam. 

==1. Tudert-is==
Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 [[Yulyu]] 1788-30 [[Wamber]] 1863), d tudayt n [[Timura n Wadda|tmura n wadda]]. 

== 2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti ==
Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Tamsihrit tebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

== 3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is ==
Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: &quot;Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa.&quot;

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

=== Tangeẓṛi Tamezrayt ===
Lsas amenzu n tfelsafit n Marks d tangeẓṛi tamezrayt. Ɣer-s, maççi d tikta, asɣan, neɣ d iziɣren i d-yessuddusen amezruy n talsa, maca d tignatin n waddad adamsan d wamek i d-tettili tfarest. Timetti tebna ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen. Aḥric amezwaru d &quot;adda&quot; i d-immalen allalen n ufares akked wassaɣen n ufares (tadamsa, lxedma, tawuri). Aḥric wis sin d &quot;taɣessa&quot; (la superstructure) i d-ijemɛen tasnakta, izerfan, d tsertit. Adda adamsan d netta i d-isbaduyen taɣessa n tmetti. Ihi, yal tuttya neɣ abeddel lqayen deg umezruy yettas-d mi ara yili umennuɣ gar wallalen n ufares d wassaɣen n ufares n tallit-nni. Amezruy ur iteddu ara s tẓeṛiyin timadwanin, maca s tmentilin yellan s wudem n tengeẓri.

== 4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam ==
[[Tugna:Communist-manifesto.png|vignette|Ulɣu n ukabar n tzdukla s tutlayt talalmanit.]]
Deg udlis-is &quot;Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan&quot;, Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n temsihrit, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n tamsihrit yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

== 5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay ==
Deg udlis-is ameqran &quot;Ihri&quot;, Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli tamsihrit mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

== 6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti ==
Marks yumen belli tamsihrit ad temmet s yiman-is, acku teǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.
[[Category:Tameddurt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arrif</title>
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      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Les_tribus_rifaines_—_Carte_des_tribus_du_Rif_(Version_berbèrophone).png|Les_tribus_rifaines_—_Carte_des_tribus_du_Rif_(Version_berbèrophone).png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Cons</comment>
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      <text bytes="2739" sha1="j1g8o9bbyaikaq7zl7z4xwb7o5on2g7" xml:space="preserve">'''D Arrif''' neɣ '''D Arif''' neɣ '''DnAftas''' aḍt [[Azrar n idurar|tamsedrart]] tezga-dd di ugafa en [[Murakuc]], tessajja ɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel agrakal]], zeddɣen deg-s 4 imelyan en yimezdaɣ yessawalen Tamaziɣt.

Seg yiɣerman imeqqṛanen iy yellan di temnaḍt n Arrif Ameqqran ɣer-neɣ: [[Nnaḍur|Ennaḍor]], [[Lḥusima|Elḥusima]], [[Miḍar]], [[Targist]], [[Azɣenɣan]], [[Seřwan]], [[Zayyu]], [[Berkan]], [[Aɛarwi]], [[Driwec|Eddriwec]], [[Ayet Buɛeyyac]], [[Kassita|Qasita]], [[Imzuren]] ed [[Ajdir]]. 

Idurar en Arif udsen ar idurar en ''Ordillera Bética'' en wenẓul en [[Spenya]]. Akken daɣen  i yudsen  ɣer Yidurar en Waṭlas maca wer qqinen ɣur-sen wer llin d-amur deg-sen. Gar-asen tella [[Taza (Merruk)|Taza]].
Iwdan yessawalen [[Tamaziɣt Tarifant]] di Arif qqaren i yiman-nsen “[[Imaziɣen]]” neɣ “Irifiyen”, maca tutlayt nsen qqaṛen as “Tamaziɣt” mačči &quot;Tarifit&quot;. Iwdan en berra i Arif d-nitni iy d-as yeqqaren Tarifit.

==Tiwsatin (tiqbilin) en Arif==

[[Tugna:Chauen.jpg|thumb|250px|Tugna en yidurar en Arif]]
*[[At Weryaɣel|Ayt Weryaɣel]] zdat en [[Ajdir]] ed [[Lḥusima|Elḥusima]], di tama en [[Iɣzer Uɣis]]. 
* [[Igzennayen]]: di tama en [[Aknul]], seg utaram en [[Ibḍalsen]].
* [[Iqelɛiyen]] (Iqeřɛiyen), ([[Nnaḍur|Ennaḍor]], [[At Nṣar]], [[Mlilt]], ...).
** [[Imaẓoẓen|Ayt Imaẓoẓen]] (Ayt Imazozen).
** [[At Ciker|Ayt Ciker]] (Ayt Cicer).
** [[At Sidal|Ayt Sidal]] (Ayt Sidař).
** [[At Buyefrur|Ayt Buyefrur]] (Ayt Bouifrur).
** [[At Buyafar|Ayt Buyafar]] (Ayt Bou Ghafer).
* [[Ikebdanen]] (Icebdanen).
* [[Ibḍalsen]] (Ibḍařsen / Imḍalsen / Imṭalsen).
* [[At Buyeḥyi|Ayt Buyeḥyi]].
* [[At Sɛid|Ayt Sɛid]], deg utaram seg [[Iɣzer en Kert]].
* [[At Uliccek|Ayt Uliccek]] (Ayt Uřiccek), southwest of [[Temsaman]].
* [[Tafersit]], seg ugafa en [[At Tuzin]]. 
* [[At Tuzin|Ayt Tuzin]], deg wenẓol en [[Temsaman]].
* [[Temsaman]], di tama en temdint nni. 
* [[At Weryaɣel|Ayt Weryaɣel]] (Ayt Weryaɣeř) deg wegmoḍ n [[Ibeqquyen]]. 
* [[At Ɛemmart|Ayt Ɛemmart]], deg wenẓol en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[Targist]], anẓol en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[At Gmil|Ayt Gmil]], ataram en [[At Bufraḥ]].
* [[At Bufraḥ|Ayt Bufraḥ]], deg wegmoḍ en [[At Yeṭṭeft]].
* [[Rouadi|Ibeqquyen]], deg utaram en [[At Weryaɣel]].
* [[At Yeṭṭeft|Ayt Yeṭṭeft]], deg wegmoḍ en [[Bades]].
* [[Imestasen]], deg wegmoḍ en [[At Bufraḥ]].
* [[Imtiwen]], gar [[Imestasen]] ed wasif en [[Uringa]].
* [[At Buyeḥyi|Ayt Buyeḥyi]], ataram en yiɣẓer en Melwit. 
* [[At Iznasen|Ayt Iznassen]], di tama en yiɣṛem en [[Berkan]], Reggada, Ahfir,...
* [[Triffa]]
* ...

[[Category:Arrif]][[Category:Merruk]][[Category:Imaziɣen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tavietnamit</title>
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      <text bytes="648" sha1="t7g7qtczpl691611riqqg0ugphqlkwm" xml:space="preserve">'''Tavietnamit''' (tiếng Việt ) d tutlayt tunṣibt n [[Vietnam]], yerna d nettat ay d [[tutlayt tayemmat]] n weɣref avietnami ay d-yettgensisen 86% seg yimezdaɣen-nnes. Tutlayt-a ttmeslayen-tt daɣen deg [[Yiwunak Yeddukklen]], di [[Kambud'ya]], di [[Fṛansa]], di [[Ustṛalya]], di [[Ccinwa]], akk d tmura nniḍen anda llant tmezdaɣin (communautés) n laṣel avietnami. Ttmeslayen-tt gar 70 d 73 n yimelyunen n yimsiwlen am tutlayt tayemmat. Aṭas n wawalen n tutlayt-a ay d-yettwaḍḍfen seg [[tutlayt tacinwat]]. Ass-a, tutlayt-a tesseqdac [[agemmay alatini]] s tmerniwin n tmesliwt (marques fonétiques) n tmerna i kra n wawalen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ludwig Feuerbach</title>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin, syin arniɣ aḍris amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="14972" sha1="4hq7fi9fd7dgtesdb8r8qyf3zhfe8q8" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]]
'''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc(Rebbi) ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfer) n wemdan(neɣ d asenẓar n wayen ixuṣṣen amdan s wudem imitti) i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti.

== I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach ==

=== 1.1. Talalit d twacult ===
Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass.

=== 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen ===
Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen.

=== 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi ===
Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''.

== II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel ==

=== 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan ===
Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ».

=== 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) ===
Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan:

« Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. »

Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem.

=== 2.3. Abddel n uselmed ===
Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit:

Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein).

Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan.

Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. »

== III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » ==

=== 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » ===
Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan.

Feuerbach yenna:

« Yakuc(Ṛebbi) d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ».

Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma &quot;Tumast n Tmasiḥit&quot;, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is.

=== 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan ===
Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan:

'''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart.

'''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast.

'''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan.

'''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan.

Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. »

=== 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa ===
Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? ===
Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is.

== IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant ==

=== 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach ===
Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach:

'''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as.

'''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz.

'''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa ===
Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is.

« Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. »

=== 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks ===
[[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

== V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan ==

=== 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » ===
Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti ===
Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna:

« Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. »

Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet.

=== 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » ===
Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna:

« Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ».

== VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt ==

=== 6.1. Tanga d tumast ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ.

« Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ».

Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n &quot;Iziɣer amagdaz&quot; i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a.

=== 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna:

« Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. »

Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan.

=== 6.3. Agama d tumast ===
Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen.

== VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach ==

=== 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura:

« Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. »

=== 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit ===
Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ».

=== 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart ===
Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart:

'''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti.

'''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu.

'''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim.

'''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra.

== VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels ==

=== 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach ===
[[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa:

Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan.

Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as.

=== 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach ===
Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan.

=== 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach ===
Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna:

« Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ».

== XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart ==

=== 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan ===
Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek.

=== 10.2. Deg tassnalsa ===
Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt.

=== 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti ===
Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana.

=== 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart.</text>
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      <text bytes="14974" sha1="d7jn0m2ny6x0ruh1lpsjv3wu81szwgi" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]]
'''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc(Ṛebbi) ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfer) n wemdan(neɣ d asenẓar n wayen ixuṣṣen amdan s wudem imitti) i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti.

== I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach ==

=== 1.1. Talalit d twacult ===
Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass.

=== 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen ===
Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen.

=== 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi ===
Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''.

== II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel ==

=== 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan ===
Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ».

=== 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) ===
Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan:

« Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. »

Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem.

=== 2.3. Abddel n uselmed ===
Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit:

Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein).

Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan.

Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. »

== III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » ==

=== 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » ===
Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan.

Feuerbach yenna:

« Yakuc(Ṛebbi) d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ».

Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma &quot;Tumast n Tmasiḥit&quot;, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is.

=== 3.2. Asenfar n tumast n wemdan ===
Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan:

'''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefrenr-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart.

'''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast.

'''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan.

'''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan.

Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. »

=== 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa ===
Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? ===
Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is.

== IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant ==

=== 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach ===
Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach:

'''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as.

'''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz.

'''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa ===
Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfar n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is.

« Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. »

=== 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks ===
[[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

== V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan ==

=== 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » ===
Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti ===
Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna:

« Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. »

Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet.

=== 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » ===
Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna:

« Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ».

== VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt ==

=== 6.1. Tanga d tumast ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ.

« Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ».

Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n &quot;Iziɣer amagdaz&quot; i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a.

=== 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna:

« Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. »

Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan.

=== 6.3. Agama d tumast ===
Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen.

== VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach ==

=== 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura:

« Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. »

=== 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit ===
Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ».

=== 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart ===
Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart:

'''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti.

'''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu.

'''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim.

'''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra.

== VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels ==

=== 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach ===
[[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa:

Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan.

Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as.

=== 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach ===
Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan.

=== 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach ===
Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna:

« Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ».

== XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart ==

=== 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan ===
Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek.

=== 10.2. Deg tassnalsa ===
Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt.

=== 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti ===
Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana.

=== 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart.</text>
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      <text bytes="14984" sha1="muvwx1z090gs6feygcquhsvgvai820w" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]]
'''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc(Ṛebbi) ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfer) n wemdan(neɣ d asenẓer n wayen ixuṣṣen amdan s wudem imitti) i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti.

== I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach ==

=== 1.1. Talalit d twacult ===
Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass.

=== 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen ===
Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen.

=== 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi ===
Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''.

== II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel ==

=== 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan ===
Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ».

=== 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) ===
Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan:

« Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. »

Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem.

=== 2.3. Abddel n uselmed ===
Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit:

Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein).

Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan.

Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. »

== III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » ==

=== 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » ===
Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan.

Feuerbach yenna:

« Yakuc(Ṛebbi) d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen. ».

Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma &quot;Tumast n Tmasiḥit&quot;, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is.

=== 3.2. Asenfer(asenẓer) n tumast n wemdan ===
Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan:

'''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefren-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart.

'''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast.

'''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan.

'''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan.

Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. »

=== 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa ===
Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? ===
Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is.

== IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant ==

=== 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach ===
Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach:

'''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as.

'''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz.

'''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa ===
Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfer n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is.

« Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. »

=== 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks ===
[[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

== V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan ==

=== 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » ===
Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti ===
Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna:

« Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. »

Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet.

=== 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » ===
Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna:

« Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ».

== VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt ==

=== 6.1. Tanga d tumast ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ.

« Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ».

Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n &quot;Iziɣer amagdaz&quot; i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a.

=== 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna:

« Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. »

Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan.

=== 6.3. Agama d tumast ===
Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen.

== VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach ==

=== 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura:

« Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. »

=== 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit ===
Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ».

=== 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart ===
Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart:

'''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti.

'''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu.

'''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim.

'''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra.

== VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels ==

=== 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach ===
[[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa:

Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan.

Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as.

=== 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach ===
Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan.

=== 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach ===
Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna:

« Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ».

== XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart ==

=== 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan ===
Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek.

=== 10.2. Deg tassnalsa ===
Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt.

=== 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti ===
Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana.

=== 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart.</text>
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      <text bytes="15095" sha1="l2eu32nxj9cq9na9h9b04pdw3ud2pl9" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]]
'''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc(Ṛebbi) ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(asenfer) n wemdan(neɣ d asenẓer n wayen ixuṣṣen amdan s wudem imitti) i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti.

== I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach ==

=== 1.1. Talalit d twacult ===
Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass.

=== 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen ===
Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen.

=== 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi ===
Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''.

== II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel ==

=== 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan ===
Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ».

=== 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) ===
Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan:

« Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. »

Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem.

=== 2.3. Abddel n uselmed ===
Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit:

Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein).

Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan.

Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. »

== III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » ==

=== 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » ===
[[Tugna:Nuremberg L.A.Feuerbach Memoria Monument f ne.jpg|vignette|Asmektay n Feuerbach deg Nuremberg.]]
Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan.

Feuerbach yenna:

« '''Yakuc(Ṛebbi) d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen.''' ».

Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma &quot;Tumast n Tmasiḥit&quot;, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is.

=== 3.2. Asenfer(asenẓer) n tumast n wemdan ===
Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan:

'''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefren-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart.

'''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast.

'''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan.

'''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan.

Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. »

=== 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa ===
Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? ===
Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is.

== IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant ==

=== 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach ===
Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach:

'''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as.

'''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz.

'''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa ===
Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Yakuc d asenfer n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is.

« Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. »

=== 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks ===
[[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

== V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan ==

=== 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » ===
Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti ===
Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna:

« Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. »

Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet.

=== 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » ===
Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna:

« Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ».

== VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt ==

=== 6.1. Tanga d tumast ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ.

« Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ».

Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n &quot;Iziɣer amagdaz&quot; i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a.

=== 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna:

« Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. »

Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan.

=== 6.3. Agama d tumast ===
Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen.

== VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach ==

=== 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura:

« Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. »

=== 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit ===
Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ».

=== 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart ===
Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart:

'''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti.

'''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu.

'''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim.

'''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra.

== VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels ==

=== 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach ===
[[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa:

Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan.

Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as.

=== 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach ===
Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan.

=== 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach ===
Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna:

« Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ».

== XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart ==

=== 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan ===
Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek.

=== 10.2. Deg tassnalsa ===
Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt.

=== 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti ===
Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana.

=== 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart.</text>
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