Wikipedia kcgwiki https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1tsak_Wat_Wu MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Wat khwo A‌̱lyiat A‌̱tyunta̱m A‌̱lyiat a‌̱tyunta‌̱m Wukipedia A‌̱lyiat Wukipedia Fail A‌̱lyiat fail MediaWiki A‌̱lyiat MediaWiki Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let A‌̱lyiat ta‌̱mpi‌̱let Beang A‌̱lyiat beang Sa A‌̱lyiat nsa TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6717 40938 40936 2026-03-30T11:59:12Z Genesis shan 44 40938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Feminizi̱m khwiki̱risi̱ti''' yet a̱vwuofang A̱nietkhwi ki̱risi̱tt kya ka̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng a̱tyong a̱niet khwiki̱risi̱ty ba̱ ka shyia̱ tyet ma̱ng fi̱k amami a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam, mami swat--swanta hu mi̱ng swat-khwi hu di̱ mi̱ nghap A̱tyok ma̱ng A̱nyiung a̱mami. Fam khwi hu hyia nyia ghwuon anyiuk mami ntam hwui na yet acucuk kyang wa mat ya ason ntam khwi na. Tashikum khwi wu tak nang da Agwaza khai ayin bah mami ntam nggu na, ku asam ku anap wa wa, huhwa si tyia gu mat kuzang atyibishi anapmang asam mat ba ka swan dundung mami swat nyinyang.[2] di kpang ghyiang, a̱ nyian ta̱m ma̱ng sá̱t a̱niet-khwi da̱ a̱niet a̱bya ba̱ khwuop-a̱dying nyia̱ ku myim kuzang jai ji mun a̱ nshyia̱ a̱wot da̱ mba ba̱ cat ba̱ mun a̱pyia̱ mi̱ng a̱cyiet feminizi̱m ka bah. bi̱ri̱m feminizi̱m khwi-ki̱ri̱sti ji mbeang a̱lyiat-a̱gwaza nang a̱ lyuut a̱ni ma̱ng a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱di̱dam a̱niet lyuut khwi a̱cecet a̱niet fang nkyang tyei shuo vam ma̱ng a̱bubuk a̱di̱dam. nkyang a̱di̱dam na mami ninia yet gat a̱nyuk, a̱mgba̱m mami a̱yaacot ba̱ vwuon, ma̱ng tyei acucuk, a̱nyuk byia̱ cet di̱ a̱vwuo naai mbeang myiri̱m nwap ma̱ng ghwughwu A̱gwaza.[3][4][5][6] ma̱nang a̱tyu-feminizi̱m nang a̱ ngyei Mary Daily nkwok a̱ni, "Ka̱ A̱gwaza yet A̱sam wa, ku na fa nang a̱sam ngyet A̱gwaza wa."[7] Concerns also exist over how early Christian religious writings are interpreted to subordinate women today.[8] Through feminist interpretations of biblical texts and Church fathers, Christian feminists advocate for, among other things, equality between men and women. Feminists construct models of theology consistent with women's needs and present the inconsistencies of concepts that emerge between the writings of religious figures and the Bible.[9][1] 7l7zut09qwy5nu8r7s62gv5qk4x5wul 40945 40938 2026-03-30T14:45:26Z Genesis shan 44 40945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Feminizi̱m khwiki̱risi̱ti''' yet a̱vwuofang A̱nietkhwi ki̱risi̱tt kya ka̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng a̱tyong a̱niet khwiki̱risi̱ty ba̱ ka shyia̱ tyet ma̱ng fi̱k amami a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam, mami swat--swanta hu mi̱ng swat-khwi hu di̱ mi̱ nghap A̱tyok ma̱ng A̱nyiung a̱mami. Fam khwi hu hyia nyia ghwuon anyiuk mami ntam hwui na yet acucuk kyang wa mat ya ason ntam khwi na. Tashikum khwi wu tak nang da Agwaza khai ayin bah mami ntam nggu na, ku asam ku anap wa wa, huhwa si tyia gu mat kuzang atyibishi anapmang asam mat ba ka swan dundung mami swat nyinyang.[2] di kpang ghyiang, a̱ nyian ta̱m ma̱ng sá̱t a̱niet-khwi da̱ a̱niet a̱bya ba̱ khwuop-a̱dying nyia̱ ku myim kuzang jai ji mun a̱ nshyia̱ a̱wot da̱ mba ba̱ cat ba̱ mun a̱pyia̱ mi̱ng a̱cyiet feminizi̱m ka bah. bi̱ri̱m feminizi̱m khwi-ki̱ri̱sti ji mbeang a̱lyiat-a̱gwaza nang a̱ lyuut a̱ni ma̱ng a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱di̱dam a̱niet lyuut khwi a̱cecet a̱niet fang nkyang tyei shuo vam ma̱ng a̱bubuk a̱di̱dam. nkyang a̱di̱dam na mami ninia yet gat a̱nyuk, a̱mgba̱m mami a̱yaacot ba̱ vwuon, ma̱ng tyei acucuk, a̱nyuk byia̱ cet di̱ a̱vwuo naai mbeang myiri̱m nwap ma̱ng ghwughwu A̱gwaza.[3][4][5][6] ma̱nang a̱tyu-feminizi̱m nang a̱ ngyei Mary Daily nkwok a̱ni, "Ka̱ A̱gwaza yet A̱sam wa, ku na fa nang a̱sam ngyet A̱gwaza wa."[7] A̱didam si̱ bu nshyia̱ di̱ si̱sak ji nang lyuut khwi-ki̱ri̱sti hu nbyam a̱nyuk mi̱ khwi a̱fwun hu a̱ni.[8] Di̱n vak fang mi̱ng fi̱k a̱lyiat A̱gwaza ma̱ng a̱yaātyia̱-khwi-ki̱risti a̱niet-feminizm hu, Christian feminists advocate for, among other things, equality between men and women. Feminists construct models of theology consistent with women's needs and present the inconsistencies of concepts that emerge between the writings of religious figures and the Bible.[9][1] iricmv8mkawtccqu9sajerb91cdqx8n 40957 40945 2026-03-30T15:21:59Z Genesis shan 44 40957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Feminizi̱m khwiki̱risi̱ti''' yet a̱vwuofang A̱nietkhwi ki̱risi̱tt kya ka̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng a̱tyong a̱niet khwiki̱risi̱ty ba̱ ka shyia̱ tyet ma̱ng fi̱k amami a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam, mami swat--swanta hu mi̱ng swat-khwi hu di̱ mi̱ nghap A̱tyok ma̱ng A̱nyiung a̱mami. Fam khwi hu hyia nyia ghwuon anyiuk mami ntam hwui na yet acucuk kyang wa mat ya ason ntam khwi na. Tashikum khwi wu tak nang da Agwaza khai ayin bah mami ntam nggu na, ku asam ku anap wa wa, huhwa si tyia gu mat kuzang atyibishi anapmang asam mat ba ka swan dundung mami swat nyinyang.[2] di kpang ghyiang, a̱ nyian ta̱m ma̱ng sá̱t a̱niet-khwi da̱ a̱niet a̱bya ba̱ khwuop-a̱dying nyia̱ ku myim kuzang jai ji mun a̱ nshyia̱ a̱wot da̱ mba ba̱ cat ba̱ mun a̱pyia̱ mi̱ng a̱cyiet feminizi̱m ka bah. bi̱ri̱m feminizi̱m khwi-ki̱ri̱sti ji mbeang a̱lyiat-a̱gwaza nang a̱ lyuut a̱ni ma̱ng a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱di̱dam a̱niet lyuut khwi a̱cecet a̱niet fang nkyang tyei shuo vam ma̱ng a̱bubuk a̱di̱dam. nkyang a̱di̱dam na mami ninia yet gat a̱nyuk, a̱mgba̱m mami a̱yaacot ba̱ vwuon, ma̱ng tyei acucuk, a̱nyuk byia̱ cet di̱ a̱vwuo naai mbeang myiri̱m nwap ma̱ng ghwughwu A̱gwaza.[3][4][5][6] ma̱nang a̱tyu-feminizi̱m nang a̱ ngyei Mary Daily nkwok a̱ni, "Ka̱ A̱gwaza yet A̱sam wa, ku na fa nang a̱sam ngyet A̱gwaza wa."[7] A̱didam si̱ bu nshyia̱ di̱ si̱sak ji nang lyuut khwi-ki̱ri̱sti hu nbyam a̱nyuk mi̱ khwi a̱fwun hu a̱ni.[8] Di̱n vak fang mi̱ng fi̱k a̱lyiat A̱gwaza ma̱ng a̱yaātyia̱-khwi-ki̱risti a̱niet-feminizm hu, a̱niet femini̱zm ma̱mi nkyang jhyia̱ng, equality between men and women. Feminists construct models of theology consistent with women's needs and present the inconsistencies of concepts that emerge between the writings of religious figures and the Bible.[9][1] aq0zi5tth5eqa5csr33wi8l4i6njqdy 40958 40957 2026-03-30T15:56:29Z Genesis shan 44 40958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Feminizi̱m khwiki̱risi̱ti''' yet a̱vwuofang A̱nietkhwi ki̱risi̱tt kya ka̱ nyia̱ ta̱m ma̱ng a̱tyong a̱niet khwiki̱risi̱ty ba̱ ka shyia̱ tyet ma̱ng fi̱k amami a̱cucuk a̱di̱dam, mami swat--swanta hu mi̱ng swat-khwi hu di̱ mi̱ nghap A̱tyok ma̱ng A̱nyiung a̱mami. Fam khwi hu hyia nyia ghwuon anyiuk mami ntam hwui na yet acucuk kyang wa mat ya ason ntam khwi na. Tashikum khwi wu tak nang da Agwaza khai ayin bah mami ntam nggu na, ku asam ku anap wa wa, huhwa si tyia gu mat kuzang atyibishi anapmang asam mat ba ka swan dundung mami swat nyinyang.[2] di kpang ghyiang, a̱ nyian ta̱m ma̱ng sá̱t a̱niet-khwi da̱ a̱niet a̱bya ba̱ khwuop-a̱dying nyia̱ ku myim kuzang jai ji mun a̱ nshyia̱ a̱wot da̱ mba ba̱ cat ba̱ mun a̱pyia̱ mi̱ng a̱cyiet feminizi̱m ka bah. bi̱ri̱m feminizi̱m khwi-ki̱ri̱sti ji mbeang a̱lyiat-a̱gwaza nang a̱ lyuut a̱ni ma̱ng a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱di̱dam a̱niet lyuut khwi a̱cecet a̱niet fang nkyang tyei shuo vam ma̱ng a̱bubuk a̱di̱dam. nkyang a̱di̱dam na mami ninia yet gat a̱nyuk, a̱mgba̱m mami a̱yaacot ba̱ vwuon, ma̱ng tyei acucuk, a̱nyuk byia̱ cet di̱ a̱vwuo naai mbeang myiri̱m nwap ma̱ng ghwughwu A̱gwaza.[3][4][5][6] ma̱nang a̱tyu-feminizi̱m nang a̱ ngyei Mary Daily nkwok a̱ni, "Ka̱ A̱gwaza yet A̱sam wa, ku na fa nang a̱sam ngyet A̱gwaza wa."[7] A̱didam si̱ bu nshyia̱ di̱ si̱sak ji nang lyuut khwi-ki̱ri̱sti hu nbyam a̱nyuk mi̱ khwi a̱fwun hu a̱ni.[8] Di̱n vak fang mi̱ng fi̱k a̱lyiat A̱gwaza ma̱ng a̱yaātyia̱-khwi-ki̱risti a̱niet-feminizm hu, a̱niet femini̱zm ma̱mi nkyang jhyia̱ng, equality between men and women. Feminists construct models of theology consistent with women's needs and present the inconsistencies of concepts that emerge between the writings of religious figures and the Bible.[9][1] == Taada == Some Christian feminists believe that the principle of egalitarianism was present in the teachings of [[Jesus]] and the early Christian movements such as [[Marianismo]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Universidade Federal da Bahia: Mariana Cardoso Carvalho {{!}} Gênero {{!}} Etnia, raça e gênero|url=https://pt.scribd.com/document/400489853/9-As-Primeiras-Fronteiras-Fernando-Fernandez-e-Bernardo-Araujo|work=Scribd|access-date=2020-01-10|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227164456/https://pt.scribd.com/document/400489853/9-As-Primeiras-Fronteiras-Fernando-Fernandez-e-Bernardo-Araujo|archive-date=2020-02-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> but this is a highly contested view by many feminist scholars who believe that Christianity itself relies heavily on [[gender role]]s.<ref name=":1" /> These interpretations of Christian origins have been criticized by [[Secularity|secular]] feminists for "anachronistically projecting contemporary ideals back into the first century."<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 20487897|title = Christian Origins, Egalitarianism, and Utopia|journal = Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion|volume = 23|issue = 2|pages = 27–49|last1 = Beavis|first1 = Mary Ann|year = 2007|doi = 10.2979/FSR.2007.23.2.27| s2cid=144025040 }}</ref> In the [[Middle Ages]] [[Julian of Norwich]] and [[Hildegard of Bingen]] explored the idea of a divine power with both masculine and feminine characteristics.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bauerschmidt |first=Frederick Christian |title=Seeing Jesus: Julian of Norwich and the Text of Christ's Body |journal=Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies |volume=27 |issue=2 |year=1997 |pages=189–214}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/096673509900002203| title=Hildegard of Bingen: A Woman for our Time| journal=Feminist Theology| volume=8| issue=22| pages=25–41| year=1999| last1=Boyce-Tillman| first1=June| s2cid=144317390}}</ref> Proto-feminist works from the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries addressed objections to women learning, teaching and preaching in a religious context.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=McEwan |first1=Dorothea |year=1999 |title=The Future of Christian Feminist Theologies—As I Sense it: Musings on the Effects of Historiography and Space |journal=Feminist Theology |volume=8 |issue=22 |pages=79–92 |doi=10.1177/096673509900002206 |s2cid=144816076}}</ref> One such proto-feminist was [[Anne Hutchinson]] who was cast out of the [[Puritan]] colony of [[Massachusetts]] for teaching on the dignity and rights of women.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-0824516796|title=All Saints: Daily Reflections on Saints, Prophets, and Witnesses for Our Time|last1=Ellsberg|first1=Robert|year=1997|publisher=Crossroad Publishing Company |url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/allsaintsdailyre00ells}}</ref> The [[First-wave feminism|first wave]] of feminism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries included an increased interest in the place of women in religion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Hassey |first=Janette |date=1989 |title=A Brief History of Christian Feminism |journal=Transformation |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.1177/026537888900600201 |jstor=43052265 |s2cid=150983833}}</ref> Women who were campaigning for their rights began to question their inferiority both within the church and in other spheres, which had previously been justified by church teachings.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/096673500301200107| title=Imagining God in Our Ways: The Journals of Frances E. Willard| journal=Feminist Theology| volume=12| pages=75–88| year=2003| last1=Capitani| first1=Diane| s2cid=144031930}}</ref> Some Christian feminists of this period were [[Marie Maugeret]], [[Katharine Bushnell]], [[Catherine Booth]], [[Frances Willard (suffragist)|Frances Willard]]. During the 1960s and 1970s many evangelical women were influenced by the [[civil rights movement]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gallagher|first=Sally K.|date=2004|title=The Marginalization of Evangelical Feminism|journal=Sociology of Religion|volume=65|issue=3|pages=215–237|doi=10.2307/3712250|issn=1069-4404|jstor=3712250}}</ref> Christian Feminists began writing and publishing articles concerning reproductive rights as well as inequality in marriage and in the religious hierarchy.<ref name=":1" /> In response to these articles, groups such as the EWC or [[Evangelical Women's Caucus]], and the ESA or [[Evangelicals for Societal Action]] were formed in order to create a social movement in the church to address such issues.<ref name=":1" /> 3ce2dl7u3lnxnh2hgyn2lv4wpj0nddq 0 6725 40993 40772 2026-03-31T11:21:13Z Genesis shan 44 40993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[Mami Wata/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[Mami Wata/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Mami Wata/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Feminizi̱m Khwiki̱risi̱ti/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Mami Wata/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Mami Wata/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} [[File:Figure_of_Mammy_Wata_in_Boat,_Nigeria_-_Staatliches_Museum_für_Völkerkunde_München_-_DSC08436.JPG|thumb|Depiction of Mami Wata from [[Naijeriya]] on display at the [[Museum Five Continents]] in Münich, Germany.]] {{Databox}} '''Mami Wata''' (a̱bu ngyei Mammy Water ma̱ Bantu: Mami Muntu, Mamba Muntu[1]) ku a̱ bu ngyei mermaid, water spirit wu di̱ nshong, mbeang/ku ''goddess'' mami folklore asi̱ a̱tak Afirika, A̱ka̱wa̱tya̱ Afirika, A̱tyin Africa, ma̱ng A̱tyin Afirika. Di̱ hyia̱ gbangbang, nyiạ a̱yagwak lyen fang ba khwi nnyia̱ na a̱ si̱ shyia̱ a̱tyin nggu ka neet di̱ ntsa sencuri 15 wu wa nang a̱ ku ntsa myim ma̱ng a̱ng nggu hu, Mami Wata mat nang a̱niet ba ni̱ swup '''mami wata''' nyia̱ A̱ yet a̱gwaza A̱shong wa. A̱wot '''Mami Wata''' shyia̱ a̱ mami a̱ba yaagwaza mbeang tswa nang a̱nyietbishyi a̱ghyiang dyep a̱ni diyong huni di̱ nkap a̱ghyiang ma̱ Afi̱rika. Gbangbang, Á̱ ku lyen '''Mami Wata''' nang gu ngyet a̱gba̱ndang sha̱p kyang dyep ja ma̱ fam a̱byin Yurop ku da̱ a̱ka̱vwuo njyiang di̱ jen jhyiang a̱dyundyubg a̱byii̱k á̱ byia̱ fwuo di̱ kyang ku yet fai da̱ a̱vwuo A̱nietafi̱rika fam jenshyiung a̱ni ba̱ khwi nggu a̱wot ba̱ saai ghwughwu nggu ma̱ atutu bwok mba na. Ma̱ a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ sencuri-19th, ghwughwu Mami wata hu nang a lyen a̱ni nhu hwa ku yet ghwughwu nZwak [[snake charmer]] [[Nala Damajanti]] nang a̱ sat á̱ kai fam Yurop hu a̱ni. A̱gwugwu nani nia nang a̱ byet a̱ kaat Afi̱rika ka. Additionally, [[Hindu]] imagery from Indian merchants has influenced depictions of Mami Wata in some areas. '''Papi Wata''', a male consort or reflection of Mami Wata sometimes depicted as modeled from the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], can be found in some Mami Wata traditions, sometimes under the influence of Hindu imagery. Mami Wata is especially venerated in parts of Africa and in the Atlantic diaspora and has also been demonized in some African Christian and Islamic communities in the region. Mami Wata has appeared in a variety of media depictions and in literary works. ==A̱tyin A̱lyiat== A̱lyoot ''Mami Wata'', ''Mami Wota'', ku ''Mammy Wata'' á̱ shhyia̱ nka neet di̱ swang nshong ji ''mother'' mbeang ''water'' ma̱mi a̱ka̱vwuo a̱di̱di̱t nang a̱ ndyiat shong mi̱ afi̱rika, ba̱ mbeang [[Krio language|Krio]] ma̱ng [[Nigerian Pidgin|Naijá]].<ref name="OED">Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Mammy Water (n.), Etymology,” July 2023, {{doi|10.1093/OED/4033380279}}.</ref> Nggu ''Mami'' nang a̱ ti̱n neet di̱ nShong a̱ni ''mother''. a̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nia, Mami Wata byia̱ nggwown ku a̱tyin a̱li ku di̱ kan bah. konyan ngwuan gu nang a̱tyu nswat a̱nyin nggu wa a̱wot á̱ lak a̱tyu nta gu na swan hyia̱k nggu ani, a̱wot "any African ethnic group or ancestors ku tak kpasai nang sisak ji nang gu nshyia̱ a̱ hyia̱k a̱shong swak a̱niet a̱fi̱rika ba̱ ku a̱yaa̱tyia̱khwop mba ba a̱ni".<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref> ''Mamba Muntu'' ku yet [[Central A̱fi̱rika a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱|A̱fi̱rika a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱]] a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ a̱byin [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] a̱wot mbeang [[Republic of the Congo]]. A̱ wa ka̱ndyen nggu nang gu ngyey a̱yang-a̱sa̱khwot wa, zwo, mbeang zwak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drewal |first=Henry John |year=2008 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://www.academia.edu/4777557/Mami_Wata_Arts_for_Water_Spirits_in_Africa_and_Its_Diasporas |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> ==Tai a̱ghyiang ntswá a̱ma̱nyi== Caribbean and A̱yaa̱gwak-lyen a̱gjyiang ta̱k nyia̱ Mami wata cat ba̱ yet kyang nyung hwa mi̱ng tswa-a̱sa̱khwot ji shyia̱ A̱tak Amerika a̱ni, mbeang Lasirèn, Mae d’Agua, Maman de l’Eau, saint Marta la Dominadora, and Watra-mama (Guyana and Suriname).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Van Stipriaan |first=Alex |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XxYgE6FXcQC&dq=%22Mami+Wata%22&pg=PA323 |title=A Pepper-pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean |date=2003 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0928-8 |editor-last=Collier |editor-first=Gordon |pages=323–337 |language=en |chapter=Watramama / Mami Wata: Three Centuries of Creolization of a Water Spirit in West Africa, Suriname, and Europe |editor-last2=Fleischmann |editor-first2=Ulrich}}</ref> A̱ ku ki nwuat a̱cucuk nyia̱ nggu Mami wata nang a̱niet A̱fi̱rika ba ba̱ ku fwan di̱ kwhuo mbeang a̱niet nang a̱ tyia̱vkhwuo a̱ si kwak ma̱ng cet a̱bai ndyo mi̱ saa j̄i ni.<ref name=":1">Drewal 2013: 24.</ref> ==Laai== A̱yaa̱gwak lyen ntyian ba̱ si̱ shyia̱ nang kyiak neet da̱ a̱tyin Mami Wata di̱ myim ma̱ng nkyang yet a̱kwonu nggu da̱ a̱kwa li nang nkut yurop nang a̱niet afi̱rka li neet a̱gbangbang ndyia̱ 1400s ma̱ng 1500s mami nkhang nang a̱ shim a̱ si̱ tung nang a̱gwaklyen Henry John Drewal lyuut a̱bi: {{blockquote|A̱di̱dadm tak nang Mami Wata n tak nang a̱tyin ka nang a̱ ni̱ ndyen nggu neet di̱n jen nang a̱niet Yurop ma̱ng a̱niet A̱fi̱rika ni̱ mmyim ma̱ng a̱ng nggu neet mi̱ng senturi swakma̱ngafwuon. Her first representations were probably derived from European images of mermaids and marine sculptures. As an Afro-Portuguese ivory shows, an African sculptor (probably Sapi, on the coast of Sierra Leone) was commissioned to create a mermaid image for his patrons as early as 1490–1530. And an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century ship’s figurehead now in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria, is called Mami Wata by its owners.<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref>}} A̱kwa a̱feang A̱yang a̱sa̱khwot ka mami a̱ghwughwu Yurop ta̱k nang gu mbyia̱ ndi̱m a̱feang ka̱nang a tsup a̱ghyi di̱ [[A̱byin badundung Bini]]. A̱yaa̱gwak-lyen tyian da̱ a̱di̱dam wuni a̱wot ba̱ si̱ ba̱ng gu si̱nat mami a̱didam nfwuo a̱nietpotugal da̱ A̱yang-a̱sa̱khwot.<ref name="DREWAL-2013-31">Drewal 2013: 31.</ref> [[File:Mami_Wata_poster.png|thumb|Chromolithograph of a snake charmer, inspired by the performer Maladamatjaute (Nala Damajanti). A̱ lwi ma̱lyia̱ 1880s nang Adolph Friedlander n dyiat a̱ni, ghwughwu si̱ kai koji a̱wot a̱niet ba si̱ shyia̱ fi̱k na̱ huhwa ngyet si̱ Mami Wata hu.]] Ma̱ a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱-1800s, ghwughwu ku tai zwak si̱ [[Nala Damajanti]] mi̱ Yurop wa ghwughwu Mami Wata hu si̱ nshyia̱ bai kpa̱sai di̱ sisak ji nang a̱niet ba na nshyia̱ fi̱k kyang nhu ghwughwu Mami Wata hu yet a̱ni, likely originating in ku li nang a̱ shyia̱ nhu neet mi̱ Hamburg, Germany.<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref> Mami ndyia̱ 1940s ba̱ng si̱nat 1950s Ghwughwu khwi Hindu neet mi̱ a̱niet kaswo Indiya ma̱ng a̱ghwughwu-a̱guguut began to strongly influence hwa a̱si̱ ntsa taat a̱ghyi a̱niet mbeang kwak mba nfwuo na gi̱ngi̱ng di̱ lyen nghwughwu Mami Wata da̱ a̱niet ma̱ng a̱cyiet Gana-Naijeriya. Lyuut-sak Drewal tak di̱ a̱sam a̱ghwuangkpang a̱ dyep Mami Wata a̱wot a̱si̱ lyai nghwughwu nggu na nang a̱ lyui Hindu a̱ni ma̱ a̱keang [[Togo]] (notations are that of Drewal):<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drewal |first1=Henry John |last2=Houlberg |first2=Marilyn |last3=Jewsiewicki |first3=Bogumil |last4=Nunley |first4=John W. |last5=Salmons |first5=Jill |date=2008-06-22 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA179492429&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~c657d768&aty=open-web-entry |journal=African Arts |language=English |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=60–84|doi=10.1162/afar.2008.41.2.60 }}</ref> {{blockquote|formerly, during the colonial period, we had the pictures [Hindu images], but we didn't know their meaning. People just liked them to put them in their rooms. But then Africans started to study them too – about what is the meaning of these pictures that they are putting lights, candles, and incense there every time. I think they are using the power to collect our money away, or how? So we started to befriend the Indians to know their secret about the pictures. From there the Africans also tried to join some of their societies in India and all over the world to know much about the pictures. Reading some of their books, I could understand what they mean.<ref name="DREWAL-2013-39-37">Drewal 2013: 37.</ref>}} ==A̱niet khwi== Tyian nwuan neet ma̱lyia̱ 1965 ba̱ng si̱nat 1966 mi̱ (Catherine Mills Rehabilitation Center) ma̱ a̱byin Laiberiya, di̱n jen nang a̱si̱bi̱ti a̱yaa̱bwuak-pyipyia̱ nang a̱ byia̱ ma̱byin Laiberiya a̱ni, a̱khukhwop dairecto nang a̱ ngyei Ronald Wintrob a̱ni si̱ shyia̱ tung a̱di̱dam a̱niet ma̱di̱di̱t ba̱ mum khwut Mami Wata ma̱ ka̱p a̱byin hu. Wintrob si̱ ma bu tung a̱fi̱dan nyia̱ "khwi Mami Wata hu shyia mami ̱lyiak a̱niet a̱byin Laiberia bya".<ref name="WINTROB-1970:143">Wintrob 1970: 143.</ref> Wintrob bu tung a̱di̱dam nyia̱ "a̱cucuk a̱lyiat wa yet a̱kpa swak a̱sam ba byia cet ma̱ a̱niet nzwan ba̱ cat coot di̱n zwan bwuaka̱pyia̱ a̱ni, tak kpa̱sai nang ba̱ ngyet a̱niet bya ba̱ tyia̱ mbwak di̱ Mammy Water a̱ni".<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144">Wintrob 1970: 144.</ref> Wintrob tung a̱mgbam a̱lyiat da̱kānyiung di̱ fi̱k Mammy Water hu ma̱byin Laiberiya ka di̱n jen nang si̱ a̱ni a̱ni: {{blockquote|Mammy Water is believed to be a water spirit of extraordinary power, who is generally described as a beautiful light-skinned woman with very long, light-coloured hair. She is usually conceptualized as a white woman. Sometimes the description stipulates that her lower half resembles a fish, mermaid style. Her hair is thought to be her proudest attribute. People believe that she lives in a mansion under the water, from which she some times ventures on to the shore to comb out her long hair with a golden comb. This comb is thought to be her most valued possession.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144">Wintrob 1970: 144.</ref>}} Wintrob tak hu nang a̱nietlaiberiya nkhwi Mammy Water, anyone who has contact with her will become wealthy and gained good luck. One of his informants, a man from the [[Vai people]], provides the following account: {{blockquote|If you ever come across Mammy Water sitting down a rock combing her hair, you should yell at her. If you yell while she is combing her hair, she might drop her golden comb. You pick it up and take the golden comb home with you. Mammy Water will come after you for a bit but you must not give her the comb until you have gotten your wish. Even then you should keep on wishing for something more. When you ask her for money you will get rich.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144-145">Wintrob 1970: 144–145.</ref>}} [[File:Golden Mermaid on Prince Frederick's Barge 1732.JPG|thumb|An English depiction of a European Mermaid by James Richards on ''[[Prince Frederick's Barge]]'', 1732]] Mammy Water was typically believed to visit people in their sleep at night. According to another informant, a man from the [[Kissi people]], she grants wealth in exchange for sexual celibacy:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drewal |first1=Henry John |last2=Houlberg |first2=Marilyn |last3=Jewsiewicki |first3=Bogumil |last4=Nunley |first4=John W. |last5=Salmons |first5=Jill |date=2008-06-22 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA179492429&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~c657d768&aty=open-web-entry |journal=African Arts |language=English |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=60–84|doi=10.1162/afar.2008.41.2.60 }}</ref> {{blockquote|They say Mammy Water sits on top of rocks by the water side. If you see her and she has interest in you, you will see her every now and then. If she has interest to really help you, to give you money, then you will see her in dreams and you and she will have to make a certain compact. If you are a man, you must not marry any woman. If you keep to this promise, she brings money every time she visits you. Sometimes she will enter the room in the form of a snake, then change herself into a beautiful white woman. They say sex must take place between you. Then you will become wealthy. People will say: 'This man used to be a poor man, now he's wealthy. The only thing is he will never marry. He may have women living in his house but none will ever sleep in his bedroom'.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145">Wintrob 1970: 145.</ref>}} Wintrob records that this was not always the case: in some instances folk belief dictated that Mammy Water's contact need not be celibate with her and could in fact have a large family.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145"/> According to the findings of Barbara Frank of [[LMU Munich]], Mami Wata’s gifts, wealth and power comes at a cost: the man must never have any sexual contact with another women, thus being unable to have children of any kid. In addition, if they become unfaithful and have such interactions, it is said Mami Wata will strip the man of his wealth, as well as make them fall ill or become insane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Barbara |date=1995 |title=Permitted and Prohibited Wealth: Commodity-Possessing Spirits, Economic Morals, and the Goddess Mami Wata in West Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3773945 |journal=University of Pittsburgh- of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.2307/3773945 |jstor=3773945|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mammy Water may also gift extra-sensory perception, including foresight and the ability to see that which others cannot, or especially swift travels. Some groups believe that Mammy Water does not contact everyone but rather that the ability to contact her is inherited.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145" /> Mirrors are seen as a symbol for Mami Wata, primarily used within shrines dedicated to her as a way to get her attention towards her devotees. It is said her own vanity makes her fond of looking at herself in the mirror, making it a prime offering for her followers seeking her gaze.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drewal |first=Henry John |date=1988 |title=Performing the Other: Mami Wata Worship in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1145857 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=160–185 |doi=10.2307/1145857 |jstor=1145857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Women and symbolism== ==Yafang== rtywb00p219ecyxn7dewz5964ninnpd 40994 40993 2026-03-31T11:36:47Z Genesis shan 44 40994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Mami Wata/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Mami Wata/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Zana/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Mami Wata/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Mami Wata/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[ZanaTyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''Mami Wata''' (a̱bu ngyei Mammy Water ma̱ Bantu: Mami Muntu, Mamba Muntu[1]) ku a̱ bu ngyei mermaid, water spirit wu di̱ nshong, mbeang/ku ''goddess'' mami folklore asi̱ a̱tak Afirika, A̱ka̱wa̱tya̱ Afirika, A̱tyin Africa, ma̱ng A̱tyin Afirika. Di̱ hyia̱ gbangbang, nyiạ a̱yagwak lyen fang ba khwi nnyia̱ na a̱ si̱ shyia̱ a̱tyin nggu ka neet di̱ ntsa sencuri 15 wu wa nang a̱ ku ntsa myim ma̱ng a̱ng nggu hu, Mami Wata mat nang a̱niet ba ni̱ swup '''mami wata''' nyia̱ A̱ yet a̱gwaza A̱shong wa. A̱wot '''Mami Wata''' shyia̱ a̱ mami a̱ba yaagwaza mbeang tswa nang a̱nyietbishyi a̱ghyiang dyep a̱ni diyong huni di̱ nkap a̱ghyiang ma̱ Afi̱rika. Gbangbang, Á̱ ku lyen '''Mami Wata''' nang gu ngyet a̱gba̱ndang sha̱p kyang dyep ja ma̱ fam a̱byin Yurop ku da̱ a̱ka̱vwuo njyiang di̱ jen jhyiang a̱dyundyubg a̱byii̱k á̱ byia̱ fwuo di̱ kyang ku yet fai da̱ a̱vwuo A̱nietafi̱rika fam jenshyiung a̱ni ba̱ khwi nggu a̱wot ba̱ saai ghwughwu nggu ma̱ atutu bwok mba na. Ma̱ a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱ sencuri-19th, ghwughwu Mami wata hu nang a lyen a̱ni nhu hwa ku yet ghwughwu nZwak [[snake charmer]] [[Nala Damajanti]] nang a̱ sat á̱ kai fam Yurop hu a̱ni. A̱gwugwu nani nia nang a̱ byet a̱ kaat Afi̱rika ka. Additionally, [[Hindu]] imagery from Indian merchants has influenced depictions of Mami Wata in some areas. '''Papi Wata''', a male consort or reflection of Mami Wata sometimes depicted as modeled from the Hindu deity [[Hanuman]], can be found in some Mami Wata traditions, sometimes under the influence of Hindu imagery. Mami Wata is especially venerated in parts of Africa and in the Atlantic diaspora and has also been demonized in some African Christian and Islamic communities in the region. Mami Wata has appeared in a variety of media depictions and in literary works. ==A̱tyin A̱lyiat== A̱lyoot ''Mami Wata'', ''Mami Wota'', ku ''Mammy Wata'' á̱ shhyia̱ nka neet di̱ swang nshong ji ''mother'' mbeang ''water'' ma̱mi a̱ka̱vwuo a̱di̱di̱t nang a̱ ndyiat shong mi̱ afi̱rika, ba̱ mbeang [[Krio language|Krio]] ma̱ng [[Nigerian Pidgin|Naijá]].<ref name="OED">Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. “Mammy Water (n.), Etymology,” July 2023, {{doi|10.1093/OED/4033380279}}.</ref> Nggu ''Mami'' nang a̱ ti̱n neet di̱ nShong a̱ni ''mother''. a̱mgba̱m ma̱ng a̱nia, Mami Wata byia̱ nggwown ku a̱tyin a̱li ku di̱ kan bah. konyan ngwuan gu nang a̱tyu nswat a̱nyin nggu wa a̱wot á̱ lak a̱tyu nta gu na swan hyia̱k nggu ani, a̱wot "any African ethnic group or ancestors ku tak kpasai nang sisak ji nang gu nshyia̱ a̱ hyia̱k a̱shong swak a̱niet a̱fi̱rika ba̱ ku a̱yaa̱tyia̱khwop mba ba a̱ni".<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref> ''Mamba Muntu'' ku yet [[Central A̱fi̱rika a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱|A̱fi̱rika a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱]] a̱sa̱khwot ma̱ a̱byin [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] a̱wot mbeang [[Republic of the Congo]]. A̱ wa ka̱ndyen nggu nang gu ngyey a̱yang-a̱sa̱khwot wa, zwo, mbeang zwak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Drewal |first=Henry John |year=2008 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://www.academia.edu/4777557/Mami_Wata_Arts_for_Water_Spirits_in_Africa_and_Its_Diasporas |website=Academia.edu}}</ref> ==Tai a̱ghyiang ntswá a̱ma̱nyi== Caribbean and A̱yaa̱gwak-lyen a̱gjyiang ta̱k nyia̱ Mami wata cat ba̱ yet kyang nyung hwa mi̱ng tswa-a̱sa̱khwot ji shyia̱ A̱tak Amerika a̱ni, mbeang Lasirèn, Mae d’Agua, Maman de l’Eau, saint Marta la Dominadora, and Watra-mama (Guyana and Suriname).<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Van Stipriaan |first=Alex |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1XxYgE6FXcQC&dq=%22Mami+Wata%22&pg=PA323 |title=A Pepper-pot of Cultures: Aspects of Creolization in the Caribbean |date=2003 |publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-0928-8 |editor-last=Collier |editor-first=Gordon |pages=323–337 |language=en |chapter=Watramama / Mami Wata: Three Centuries of Creolization of a Water Spirit in West Africa, Suriname, and Europe |editor-last2=Fleischmann |editor-first2=Ulrich}}</ref> A̱ ku ki nwuat a̱cucuk nyia̱ nggu Mami wata nang a̱niet A̱fi̱rika ba ba̱ ku fwan di̱ kwhuo mbeang a̱niet nang a̱ tyia̱vkhwuo a̱ si kwak ma̱ng cet a̱bai ndyo mi̱ saa j̄i ni.<ref name=":1">Drewal 2013: 24.</ref> ==Laai== A̱yaa̱gwak lyen ntyian ba̱ si̱ shyia̱ nang kyiak neet da̱ a̱tyin Mami Wata di̱ myim ma̱ng nkyang yet a̱kwonu nggu da̱ a̱kwa li nang nkut yurop nang a̱niet afi̱rka li neet a̱gbangbang ndyia̱ 1400s ma̱ng 1500s mami nkhang nang a̱ shim a̱ si̱ tung nang a̱gwaklyen Henry John Drewal lyuut a̱bi: {{blockquote|A̱di̱dadm tak nang Mami Wata n tak nang a̱tyin ka nang a̱ ni̱ ndyen nggu neet di̱n jen nang a̱niet Yurop ma̱ng a̱niet A̱fi̱rika ni̱ mmyim ma̱ng a̱ng nggu neet mi̱ng senturi swakma̱ngafwuon. Her first representations were probably derived from European images of mermaids and marine sculptures. As an Afro-Portuguese ivory shows, an African sculptor (probably Sapi, on the coast of Sierra Leone) was commissioned to create a mermaid image for his patrons as early as 1490–1530. And an eighteenth- or nineteenth-century ship’s figurehead now in Ijebu-Ode, Nigeria, is called Mami Wata by its owners.<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref>}} A̱kwa a̱feang A̱yang a̱sa̱khwot ka mami a̱ghwughwu Yurop ta̱k nang gu mbyia̱ ndi̱m a̱feang ka̱nang a tsup a̱ghyi di̱ [[A̱byin badundung Bini]]. A̱yaa̱gwak-lyen tyian da̱ a̱di̱dam wuni a̱wot ba̱ si̱ ba̱ng gu si̱nat mami a̱didam nfwuo a̱nietpotugal da̱ A̱yang-a̱sa̱khwot.<ref name="DREWAL-2013-31">Drewal 2013: 31.</ref> [[File:Mami_Wata_poster.png|thumb|Chromolithograph of a snake charmer, inspired by the performer Maladamatjaute (Nala Damajanti). A̱ lwi ma̱lyia̱ 1880s nang Adolph Friedlander n dyiat a̱ni, ghwughwu si̱ kai koji a̱wot a̱niet ba si̱ shyia̱ fi̱k na̱ huhwa ngyet si̱ Mami Wata hu.]] Ma̱ a̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱-1800s, ghwughwu ku tai zwak si̱ [[Nala Damajanti]] mi̱ Yurop wa ghwughwu Mami Wata hu si̱ nshyia̱ bai kpa̱sai di̱ sisak ji nang a̱niet ba na nshyia̱ fi̱k kyang nhu ghwughwu Mami Wata hu yet a̱ni, likely originating in ku li nang a̱ shyia̱ nhu neet mi̱ Hamburg, Germany.<ref name="DREWAL-2002-198">Drewal 2002: 198.</ref> Mami ndyia̱ 1940s ba̱ng si̱nat 1950s Ghwughwu khwi Hindu neet mi̱ a̱niet kaswo Indiya ma̱ng a̱ghwughwu-a̱guguut began to strongly influence hwa a̱si̱ ntsa taat a̱ghyi a̱niet mbeang kwak mba nfwuo na gi̱ngi̱ng di̱ lyen nghwughwu Mami Wata da̱ a̱niet ma̱ng a̱cyiet Gana-Naijeriya. Lyuut-sak Drewal tak di̱ a̱sam a̱ghwuangkpang a̱ dyep Mami Wata a̱wot a̱si̱ lyai nghwughwu nggu na nang a̱ lyui Hindu a̱ni ma̱ a̱keang [[Togo]] (notations are that of Drewal):<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drewal |first1=Henry John |last2=Houlberg |first2=Marilyn |last3=Jewsiewicki |first3=Bogumil |last4=Nunley |first4=John W. |last5=Salmons |first5=Jill |date=2008-06-22 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA179492429&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~c657d768&aty=open-web-entry |journal=African Arts |language=English |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=60–84|doi=10.1162/afar.2008.41.2.60 }}</ref> {{blockquote|formerly, during the colonial period, we had the pictures [Hindu images], but we didn't know their meaning. People just liked them to put them in their rooms. But then Africans started to study them too – about what is the meaning of these pictures that they are putting lights, candles, and incense there every time. I think they are using the power to collect our money away, or how? So we started to befriend the Indians to know their secret about the pictures. From there the Africans also tried to join some of their societies in India and all over the world to know much about the pictures. Reading some of their books, I could understand what they mean.<ref name="DREWAL-2013-39-37">Drewal 2013: 37.</ref>}} ==A̱niet khwi== Tyian nwuan neet ma̱lyia̱ 1965 ba̱ng si̱nat 1966 mi̱ (Catherine Mills Rehabilitation Center) ma̱ a̱byin Laiberiya, di̱n jen nang a̱si̱bi̱ti a̱yaa̱bwuak-pyipyia̱ nang a̱ byia̱ ma̱byin Laiberiya a̱ni, a̱khukhwop dairecto nang a̱ ngyei Ronald Wintrob a̱ni si̱ shyia̱ tung a̱di̱dam a̱niet ma̱di̱di̱t ba̱ mum khwut Mami Wata ma̱ ka̱p a̱byin hu. Wintrob si̱ ma bu tung a̱fi̱dan nyia̱ "khwi Mami Wata hu shyia mami ̱lyiak a̱niet a̱byin Laiberia bya".<ref name="WINTROB-1970:143">Wintrob 1970: 143.</ref> Wintrob bu tung a̱di̱dam nyia̱ "a̱cucuk a̱lyiat wa yet a̱kpa swak a̱sam ba byia cet ma̱ a̱niet nzwan ba̱ cat coot di̱n zwan bwuaka̱pyia̱ a̱ni, tak kpa̱sai nang ba̱ ngyet a̱niet bya ba̱ tyia̱ mbwak di̱ Mammy Water a̱ni".<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144">Wintrob 1970: 144.</ref> Wintrob tung a̱mgbam a̱lyiat da̱kānyiung di̱ fi̱k Mammy Water hu ma̱byin Laiberiya ka di̱n jen nang si̱ a̱ni a̱ni: {{blockquote|Mammy Water is believed to be a water spirit of extraordinary power, who is generally described as a beautiful light-skinned woman with very long, light-coloured hair. She is usually conceptualized as a white woman. Sometimes the description stipulates that her lower half resembles a fish, mermaid style. Her hair is thought to be her proudest attribute. People believe that she lives in a mansion under the water, from which she some times ventures on to the shore to comb out her long hair with a golden comb. This comb is thought to be her most valued possession.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144">Wintrob 1970: 144.</ref>}} Wintrob tak hu nang a̱nietlaiberiya nkhwi Mammy Water, anyone who has contact with her will become wealthy and gained good luck. One of his informants, a man from the [[Vai people]], provides the following account: {{blockquote|If you ever come across Mammy Water sitting down a rock combing her hair, you should yell at her. If you yell while she is combing her hair, she might drop her golden comb. You pick it up and take the golden comb home with you. Mammy Water will come after you for a bit but you must not give her the comb until you have gotten your wish. Even then you should keep on wishing for something more. When you ask her for money you will get rich.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-144-145">Wintrob 1970: 144–145.</ref>}} [[File:Golden Mermaid on Prince Frederick's Barge 1732.JPG|thumb|An English depiction of a European Mermaid by James Richards on ''[[Prince Frederick's Barge]]'', 1732]] Mammy Water was typically believed to visit people in their sleep at night. According to another informant, a man from the [[Kissi people]], she grants wealth in exchange for sexual celibacy:<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Drewal |first1=Henry John |last2=Houlberg |first2=Marilyn |last3=Jewsiewicki |first3=Bogumil |last4=Nunley |first4=John W. |last5=Salmons |first5=Jill |date=2008-06-22 |title=Mami Wata: Arts for Water Spirits in Africa and Its Diasporas |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA179492429&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00019933&p=LitRC&sw=w&userGroupName=anon~c657d768&aty=open-web-entry |journal=African Arts |language=English |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=60–84|doi=10.1162/afar.2008.41.2.60 }}</ref> {{blockquote|They say Mammy Water sits on top of rocks by the water side. If you see her and she has interest in you, you will see her every now and then. If she has interest to really help you, to give you money, then you will see her in dreams and you and she will have to make a certain compact. If you are a man, you must not marry any woman. If you keep to this promise, she brings money every time she visits you. Sometimes she will enter the room in the form of a snake, then change herself into a beautiful white woman. They say sex must take place between you. Then you will become wealthy. People will say: 'This man used to be a poor man, now he's wealthy. The only thing is he will never marry. He may have women living in his house but none will ever sleep in his bedroom'.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145">Wintrob 1970: 145.</ref>}} Wintrob records that this was not always the case: in some instances folk belief dictated that Mammy Water's contact need not be celibate with her and could in fact have a large family.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145"/> According to the findings of Barbara Frank of [[LMU Munich]], Mami Wata’s gifts, wealth and power comes at a cost: the man must never have any sexual contact with another women, thus being unable to have children of any kid. In addition, if they become unfaithful and have such interactions, it is said Mami Wata will strip the man of his wealth, as well as make them fall ill or become insane.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Barbara |date=1995 |title=Permitted and Prohibited Wealth: Commodity-Possessing Spirits, Economic Morals, and the Goddess Mami Wata in West Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/3773945 |journal=University of Pittsburgh- of the Commonwealth System of Higher Education |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=331–346 |doi=10.2307/3773945 |jstor=3773945|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref> Mammy Water may also gift extra-sensory perception, including foresight and the ability to see that which others cannot, or especially swift travels. Some groups believe that Mammy Water does not contact everyone but rather that the ability to contact her is inherited.<ref name="WINTROB-1970-145" /> Mirrors are seen as a symbol for Mami Wata, primarily used within shrines dedicated to her as a way to get her attention towards her devotees. It is said her own vanity makes her fond of looking at herself in the mirror, making it a prime offering for her followers seeking her gaze.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drewal |first=Henry John |date=1988 |title=Performing the Other: Mami Wata Worship in Africa |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1145857 |journal=Cambridge University Press |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=160–185 |doi=10.2307/1145857 |jstor=1145857|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Women and symbolism== ==Yafang== 49gnnpzy2jydmpsd6u8bgb8by3ppv72 0 6967 40980 40922 2026-03-30T22:03:26Z Danjuma Anthony 411 /* nggu ma̱ng a̱bra̱ham */a̱di̱da̱i jhyuk 40980 wikitext text/x-wiki Ketura(Hiburu: קְטוּרָה, Qəṭūrā, nyia̱ slyoot ka yet "swam a̱yiyang";[1] Arabic: قنطوراء، قنطورة، قطورة) a̱ ku yet a̱byii̱k [2] ma̱ng a̱nap[3] si̱ nggu a̱bandang a̱tyia̱ si kpambwuak alyiat a̱gwaza na a̱bra̱ham. din nkhang na shyia̱ ntsaa nkhang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na a̱ni, A̱bra̱ham neayang ketura din jen nang a̱byiik nggu hu, Sa̱ratu. A̱bra̱ham mang Ketura si byin mman zam a̱taa.[2]di taada yahuda wu, a̱ neet ma̱li nggu nu̱hu wa di yet nggon japet.[4] a̱niet fang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na di a̱lyem hiburu nyea nggu ketura " yet a̱tyia̱ a̱ngyuing a̱byia̱ shyii̱ a̱ni ba̱t mu tora̱".[5] nggu a̱tyo fang a̱niet yahuda nang a̱ng gei Rashi, mang a̱gyang a̱niet, si̱ doot nyia̱ ketura shiyak ma̱ng nggu khwuo sa̱ratu an ngei Hagar, a̱nia hu ba̱t kpam bwuak a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na hyia̱ kyang nang a̱ni ba.[5] nggu, Hagar ws ku yet khwui nggu sa̱ratu a̱niet iji̱p a̱ni.[6] == nggu ma̱ng a̱bra̱ham == Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham<ref name=gen_25_1_4 /> ({{langx|he|[[Wiktionary:אִשָּׁה|<ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]],'' Hebrew word #376.</ref>). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's "concubine"<ref name=chron1_1_32_33 /> <ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]]'', Hebrew word #6370.</ref>). According to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling.<ref name=br>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bereishit_Rabbah.61.4?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Genesis Rabbah 61:4]</ref> This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar [[Rashi]].<ref name=Friedman_85 /><ref>{{Alhatorah|Genesis|25:1|Rashi}}</ref> Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to {{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|1:32|HE}} as Abraham's concubine (in the singular),<ref name=je_keturah>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Keturah |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051342/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |url-status= live }}</ref> and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:18-20|HE}} refers to "Hagrites" (descendants of Hagar?) who later lived in the same region that was known to be inhabited by the descendants of Keturah. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|37|HE}} the "Medanites" (apparently descended from Keturah) and "Ishmaelites" (descended from Hagar) appear to be interchangeable. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Judges|8:22-24|HE}} the "Midianites" (descended from Keturah") and "Ishmaelites" appear to be interchangeable. See [[Yaakov Medan]], ''Ki Karov Elecha: Breishit'', p.195</ref> However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah,<ref name="br" /> as well as by traditional commentators such as [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]], [[Nahmanides]], and [[Rashbam]].<ref name="Friedman_85" /> The [[Book of Jubilees]] also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Sarah's death before marrying Keturah.<ref>Jubilees 19:11. {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Jubilees, Book of |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |access-date= 2014-12-28 |archive-date= 2014-12-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223070306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |url-status= live }}</ref> According to modern scholar [[Richard Elliott Friedman]], the identification of Keturah with Hagar has "no basis ... in the text".<ref name="Friedman_85" /> Genesis Rabbah interprets the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic ''ketur'' (knot) to imply that she was "bound" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return.<ref name="je_hagar">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Hagar |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052056/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis: A New American Translation |last= Neusner |first= Jacob |publisher= Scholars Press |location= Atlanta, Georgia |volume=2 |pages= 334–335 (section 61:4) |year=1985 |isbn=0-89130-933-0 |quote='Abraham took another wife' ... R. Judah said, 'This refers to Hagar.'}}</ref> The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the ''ketoret'' (meaning "incense" in Hebrew). bgaebbxizuo1cxqsch1s273baeinmf3 40981 40980 2026-03-30T22:05:00Z Danjuma Anthony 411 40981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[A̱yang-a̱gwam Moore/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} Ketura(Hiburu: קְטוּרָה, Qəṭūrā, nyia̱ slyoot ka yet "swam a̱yiyang";[1] Arabic: قنطوراء، قنطورة، قطورة) a̱ ku yet a̱byii̱k [2] ma̱ng a̱nap[3] si̱ nggu a̱bandang a̱tyia̱ si kpambwuak alyiat a̱gwaza na a̱bra̱ham. din nkhang na shyia̱ ntsaa nkhang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na a̱ni, A̱bra̱ham neayang ketura din jen nang a̱byiik nggu hu, Sa̱ratu. A̱bra̱ham mang Ketura si byin mman zam a̱taa.[2]di taada yahuda wu, a̱ neet ma̱li nggu nu̱hu wa di yet nggon japet.[4] a̱niet fang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na di a̱lyem hiburu nyea nggu ketura " yet a̱tyia̱ a̱ngyuing a̱byia̱ shyii̱ a̱ni ba̱t mu tora̱".[5] nggu a̱tyo fang a̱niet yahuda nang a̱ng gei Rashi, mang a̱gyang a̱niet, si̱ doot nyia̱ ketura shiyak ma̱ng nggu khwuo sa̱ratu an ngei Hagar, a̱nia hu ba̱t kpam bwuak a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na hyia̱ kyang nang a̱ni ba.[5] nggu, Hagar ws ku yet khwui nggu sa̱ratu a̱niet iji̱p a̱ni.[6] == nggu ma̱ng a̱bra̱ham == Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham<ref name=gen_25_1_4 /> ({{langx|he|[[Wiktionary:אִשָּׁה|<ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]],'' Hebrew word #376.</ref>). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's "concubine"<ref name=chron1_1_32_33 /> <ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]]'', Hebrew word #6370.</ref>). According to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling.<ref name=br>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bereishit_Rabbah.61.4?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Genesis Rabbah 61:4]</ref> This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar [[Rashi]].<ref name=Friedman_85 /><ref>{{Alhatorah|Genesis|25:1|Rashi}}</ref> Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to {{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|1:32|HE}} as Abraham's concubine (in the singular),<ref name=je_keturah>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Keturah |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051342/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |url-status= live }}</ref> and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:18-20|HE}} refers to "Hagrites" (descendants of Hagar?) who later lived in the same region that was known to be inhabited by the descendants of Keturah. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|37|HE}} the "Medanites" (apparently descended from Keturah) and "Ishmaelites" (descended from Hagar) appear to be interchangeable. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Judges|8:22-24|HE}} the "Midianites" (descended from Keturah") and "Ishmaelites" appear to be interchangeable. See [[Yaakov Medan]], ''Ki Karov Elecha: Breishit'', p.195</ref> However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah,<ref name="br" /> as well as by traditional commentators such as [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]], [[Nahmanides]], and [[Rashbam]].<ref name="Friedman_85" /> The [[Book of Jubilees]] also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Sarah's death before marrying Keturah.<ref>Jubilees 19:11. {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Jubilees, Book of |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |access-date= 2014-12-28 |archive-date= 2014-12-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223070306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |url-status= live }}</ref> According to modern scholar [[Richard Elliott Friedman]], the identification of Keturah with Hagar has "no basis ... in the text".<ref name="Friedman_85" /> Genesis Rabbah interprets the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic ''ketur'' (knot) to imply that she was "bound" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return.<ref name="je_hagar">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Hagar |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052056/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis: A New American Translation |last= Neusner |first= Jacob |publisher= Scholars Press |location= Atlanta, Georgia |volume=2 |pages= 334–335 (section 61:4) |year=1985 |isbn=0-89130-933-0 |quote='Abraham took another wife' ... R. Judah said, 'This refers to Hagar.'}}</ref> The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the ''ketoret'' (meaning "incense" in Hebrew). tr3watzgb1sgkjjtmzmyvzugilp9ncw 40982 40981 2026-03-30T22:06:43Z Danjuma Anthony 411 40982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Ketura/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Ketura/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Ketura/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Ketura/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Ketura/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Ketura/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} Ketura(Hiburu: קְטוּרָה, Qəṭūrā, nyia̱ slyoot ka yet "swam a̱yiyang";[1] Arabic: قنطوراء، قنطورة، قطورة) a̱ ku yet a̱byii̱k [2] ma̱ng a̱nap[3] si̱ nggu a̱bandang a̱tyia̱ si kpambwuak alyiat a̱gwaza na a̱bra̱ham. din nkhang na shyia̱ ntsaa nkhang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na a̱ni, A̱bra̱ham neayang ketura din jen nang a̱byiik nggu hu, Sa̱ratu. A̱bra̱ham mang Ketura si byin mman zam a̱taa.[2]di taada yahuda wu, a̱ neet ma̱li nggu nu̱hu wa di yet nggon japet.[4] a̱niet fang a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na di a̱lyem hiburu nyea nggu ketura " yet a̱tyia̱ a̱ngyuing a̱byia̱ shyii̱ a̱ni ba̱t mu tora̱".[5] nggu a̱tyo fang a̱niet yahuda nang a̱ng gei Rashi, mang a̱gyang a̱niet, si̱ doot nyia̱ ketura shiyak ma̱ng nggu khwuo sa̱ratu an ngei Hagar, a̱nia hu ba̱t kpam bwuak a̱lyiat a̱gwaza na hyia̱ kyang nang a̱ni ba.[5] nggu, Hagar ws ku yet khwui nggu sa̱ratu a̱niet iji̱p a̱ni.[6] == nggu ma̱ng a̱bra̱ham == Keturah is referred to in Genesis as "another wife" of Abraham<ref name=gen_25_1_4 /> ({{langx|he|[[Wiktionary:אִשָּׁה|<ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]],'' Hebrew word #376.</ref>). In First Chronicles, she is called Abraham's "concubine"<ref name=chron1_1_32_33 /> <ref>''[[Strong's Concordance]]'', Hebrew word #6370.</ref>). According to one opinion in the midrashic work Genesis Rabbah, Keturah and Hagar are names for the same person, whom Abraham remarried after initially expelling.<ref name=br>[https://www.sefaria.org.il/Bereishit_Rabbah.61.4?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en Genesis Rabbah 61:4]</ref> This opinion was adopted and popularized by 11th-century scholar [[Rashi]].<ref name=Friedman_85 /><ref>{{Alhatorah|Genesis|25:1|Rashi}}</ref> Possible justifications for this opinion include the fact that Keturah is referred to {{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|1:32|HE}} as Abraham's concubine (in the singular),<ref name=je_keturah>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Keturah |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123051342/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9293-keturah |url-status= live }}</ref> and several other verses which suggest that the descendants of Hagar and Keturah lived in the same territory or formed a single ethnic group.<ref>{{Bibleverse|1 Chronicles|5:18-20|HE}} refers to "Hagrites" (descendants of Hagar?) who later lived in the same region that was known to be inhabited by the descendants of Keturah. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Genesis|37|HE}} the "Medanites" (apparently descended from Keturah) and "Ishmaelites" (descended from Hagar) appear to be interchangeable. Also, in {{Bibleverse|Judges|8:22-24|HE}} the "Midianites" (descended from Keturah") and "Ishmaelites" appear to be interchangeable. See [[Yaakov Medan]], ''Ki Karov Elecha: Breishit'', p.195</ref> However, this idea was rejected by another rabbi in Genesis Rabbah,<ref name="br" /> as well as by traditional commentators such as [[Abraham ibn Ezra|Ibn Ezra]], [[Nahmanides]], and [[Rashbam]].<ref name="Friedman_85" /> The [[Book of Jubilees]] also supports the conclusion that Keturah and Hagar were two different people, by stating that Abraham waited until after Sarah's death before marrying Keturah.<ref>Jubilees 19:11. {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Jubilees, Book of |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |access-date= 2014-12-28 |archive-date= 2014-12-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141223070306/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8944-jubilees-book-of |url-status= live }}</ref> According to modern scholar [[Richard Elliott Friedman]], the identification of Keturah with Hagar has "no basis ... in the text".<ref name="Friedman_85" /> Genesis Rabbah interprets the name Keturah in accordance with the opinion that she was identical to Hagar: the name was said to be related to the Aramaic ''ketur'' (knot) to imply that she was "bound" and did not have sexual relations with anyone else from the time she left Abraham until her return.<ref name="je_hagar">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia= [[The Jewish Encyclopedia]] |editor1-last= Singer |editor1-first= Isidore |editor2-last= Adler |editor2-first= Cyrus |publisher= Funk & Wagnalls |date= 1907 |location= New York, New York |title= Hagar |url= http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |access-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-date= 2015-01-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150123052056/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7021-hagar |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title= Genesis Rabbah: The Judaic Commentary to the Book of Genesis: A New American Translation |last= Neusner |first= Jacob |publisher= Scholars Press |location= Atlanta, Georgia |volume=2 |pages= 334–335 (section 61:4) |year=1985 |isbn=0-89130-933-0 |quote='Abraham took another wife' ... R. Judah said, 'This refers to Hagar.'}}</ref> The name Keturah was alternatively said to be derived from the ''ketoret'' (meaning "incense" in Hebrew). 4vsgrtaeeafivjeq9hznnbm01rykyd3 0 6968 40939 40937 2026-03-30T13:59:58Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus was born in [[Grenada]] in 1935. She studied in [[St. Lucia]] at St. Joseph's Convent and later at the St. Vincent Girl's High School. She did her bachelor's in [[economics]] at [[Bristol University]] in 1954, and went on to receive a professional certificate in [[social work]] at the [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. She completed her doctorate in [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] in 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yafang== 34q37b0cxpxdinypa3d59hssphj82j7 40940 40939 2026-03-30T14:02:58Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40940 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent and later at the St. Vincent Girl's High School. She did her bachelor's in [[economics]] at [[Bristol University]] in 1954, and went on to receive a professional certificate in [[social work]] at the [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. She completed her doctorate in [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] in 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yafang== qsjxl3mp39n7s26s15g39dl4yefwyfl 40941 40940 2026-03-30T14:06:43Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, and went on to receive a professional certificate in [[social work]] at the [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. She completed her doctorate in [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] in 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yafang== 13b4xu7ewb5neixuu2584095arracjm 40942 40941 2026-03-30T14:10:45Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40942 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. She completed her doctorate in [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] in 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yafang== m42q8fjsh6ewwsm9edwpnuwpz0quk9b 40943 40942 2026-03-30T14:14:31Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40943 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yafang== eqrg25kpzkveze34hvd37fvjia7u8px 40944 40943 2026-03-30T14:33:01Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Childhood and education */ 40944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus was appointed the advisor on Women's Affairs to the government of Jamaica in 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, associate professor of [[women's studies]] at the [[University of Maryland]], this was the beginning of Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> In 1987, she set up the Women and Development Unit (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== jdh9y2lhofs3v9eyz3d2d2ui13uefpu 40946 40944 2026-03-30T14:53:52Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40946 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] at the [[University of Maryland]], this was the beginning of Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> In 1987, she set up the Women and Development Unit (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== sihkkvx8zt6nd7vs1ocx665s79ppdwq 40947 40946 2026-03-30T14:58:33Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Career */ 40947 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> In 1987, she set up the Women and Development Unit (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== 3fy9lca80ttmg30nzz9q407n1irrlwf 40948 40947 2026-03-30T14:59:04Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Career */ 40948 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> In 1987, she set up the Women and Development Unit (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== f8dwb2hg7698yx1tg7mm70n1bfplzmu 40949 40948 2026-03-30T14:59:59Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40949 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, she set up the Women and Development Unit (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== 5l5pkbyovyd7i1mk8b5ey2rp4m0m8ya 40950 40949 2026-03-30T15:02:38Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40950 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, asi hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) at the [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) and was its head until she retired in 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== e3z6eu9jhyap56fzm22agfa3p1qcnok 40951 40950 2026-03-30T15:04:57Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, asi hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== 5kx2abnd70ltyrosj6q0jtojszjml05 40952 40951 2026-03-30T15:07:41Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40952 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor asi [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, a si hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== th1zvbg4qnganembfg3snsz498copp0 40953 40952 2026-03-30T15:08:45Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Career */ 40953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Childhood and education== Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor si [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, a si hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== 4o0uu8xa0cyniidqmnk6zj3uiqwty8u 40954 40953 2026-03-30T15:15:04Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Yet nggwon ma̱ng fang tat a̱pyia̱ */ 40954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Yet nggwon ma̱ng fang tat a̱pyia̱ == Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor si [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, a si hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== qhcnlke965rxb88xy6n6gm9cpdacgq9 40955 40954 2026-03-30T15:16:09Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Yet nggwon ma̱ng fang tat a̱pyia */ 40955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Yet nggwon ma̱ng fang tat a̱pyia == Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Career== Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor si [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, a si hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== 9hsxuodqiknwzbc8kmdqx59d5wk6qv3 40956 40955 2026-03-30T15:19:53Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 /* Yet nggwon ma̱ng tam fang */ 40956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Peggy Anturobut''' (byin 1935) yet [[feminism|tashikum]] atio kwok hoto, atio lyuut, mang nggwon makaranta ma [[Caribbean]] wu.<ref name="WLP ">{{cite web | url=http://www.learningpartnership.org/node/1768 | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Women's Learning Partnership | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125213118/http://www.learningpartnership.org/no de/1768 | archive-date=25 January 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref> A nyis tam di yong atio kau adidam da ntam anyiuk ma avwuo agomnati [[Jamaica]], awor mang manang [[United Nations]] atio kau adidam davvuo [[Barbados]] Ministry of Social Transformation.<ref name="Fernwood">{{cite web | url=https://fernwoodpublishing.ca/authors/view/peggy-antrobus | title=Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Fernwood Publishing | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Alliance">{{cite web | url=http://www.alliancemagazine.org/interview/interview-peggy-antrobus/ | title=Interview - Peggy Antrobus | publisher=Alliance Magazine | date=1 September 2005 | access-date=30 May 2016}}</ref> A yet a shyiat nok akavwuo nfwuo anyiuk madidit, duk mang [[Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action]] (CAFRA),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafra-regional.org|title=Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action – Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action|website=www.cafra-regional.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-03-09|archive-url=h ttps://web.archive.org/web/20180310200748/http://www.cafra-regional.org/|archive-date=2018-0 3-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> abandang global aniet nfwuo anyiuk netwok atak na [[Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era]] (DAWN), mang [[International Gender and Trade Network]] (IGTN).<ref name="DandC">{{cite journal | title=Reflections: Peggy Antrobus | author=Reddock, Rhoda | journal=Development and Change | year=2006 | volume=37 | issue=6 | pages=1365–1377| doi=10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00532.x | doi-access= }}</ref> A yet atio lyuut asi ''swanta aciyet anyiuk: atseli, matseloli mang damuwa'' ([[Zed Books]], 2004).<ref name="OCLC">{{cite book | title=The Global Women's Movement : Origins, Issues and Strategies |oclc = 57201794}}</ref><ref name="BGD">{{cite web | url=http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.org/node/1789 | title=The Global Women's Movement: Origins, Issues and Strategies | publisher=Building Global Democracy | access-date=30 May 2016 | archive-date=20 August 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820141037/http://www.buildingglobaldemocracy.o rg/node/1789 | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Yet nggwon ma̱ng fang tat a̱pyia == Antrobus aku byin ngu hu ma [[Grenada]] ma lyia 1935. Asi nyia meayam ngu mang [[St. Lucia]] Mang St. Joseph's Convent asi bu shai asi nat mang St. Vincent Girl's High School. Asi nyia meayam hu mang bachelor's mang [[economics]] ma [[Bristol University]] ma lyia 1954, asi nat gu li nang gu shia yet abandang satificat mang [[social work]] mang [[University of Birmingham]], United Kingdom. Asi tiak doctorate ngu hu mang [[education]] at the [[University of Massachusetts]], [[Amherst, Massachusetts|Amherst]] ma lyia 1998.<ref name="FemStud">{{cite journal | url=https://michellevrowley.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/rowley_feministstudiesantrobus1.pdf | title=Feminist Visions for Women in a New Era: An Interview with Peggy Antrobus |author1=Rowley, Michelle |author2=Antrobus, Peggy | journal=Feminist Studies | year=2007| volume=33 | issue=1 | pages=64–87}}</ref> ==Yet nggwon ma̱ng tam fang == Antrobus aku khai gu atyu tyiat anyiuk asi Affairs asi gomnati mang Jamaica ma lyia 1974. According to Michelle Rowley, asi nyia mun apyia si professor si [[women's studies]] mang [[University of Maryland]], si hu ni wa yet farko si Antrobus' feminist consciousness.<ref name="FemStud" /> Ma lyia 1987, a si hada anyiuk ba asi byeang nba ba si doot mang cet mang Unit nba hu (WAND) mang [[University of the West Indies]] (UWI) ngu wa ku yet apyia ka had si nat njen nang a jong gu fyung ani ma lyia 1995.<ref name="Fernwood" /> ==Yafang== qjc8c2j5yqfr2pqjnrniswzvldh2syh 0 6969 40959 2026-03-30T15:59:24Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 Created page with "[[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G." 40959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ovyl9wjepnkqe2ejera8ro6bsled1km 40960 40959 2026-03-30T16:04:30Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40960 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 okkvdge58qzy0nsj2galkgln4vue13u 40961 40960 2026-03-30T16:06:31Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40961 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 ==Yafang== e821siots28sae8xa7h4n17zmz0e123 40962 40961 2026-03-30T16:14:44Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] ==Yafang== d4vodc9709scd75hjuxm9ze9qoosx8x 40963 40962 2026-03-30T16:17:44Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40963 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] {{Feminism sidebar}} {{Feminist philosophy sidebar}} '''Feminizi̱m''' yet tak ha si aciyet siyasa mang [[ideology|ideologies]] ku nshyia danian tiyai mang nok siyasa, nkyayak, kyang apyia, mang awat [[gender equality|li cacaat mang ce]].<ref>Laura Brunell and [[Elinor Burkett]] (''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 2019): "'''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes."</ref><ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |author2-link=Elinor Burkett |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia ==Yafang== hoem33jaz3f7ifhmtc149gmdw3w59na 40964 40963 2026-03-30T16:20:52Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40964 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] {{Feminism sidebar}} {{Feminist philosophy sidebar}} '''Feminizi̱m''' yet tak ha si aciyet siyasa mang [[ideology|ideologies]] ku nshyia danian tiyai mang nok siyasa, nkyayak, kyang apyia, mang awat [[gender equality|li cacaat mang ce]].<ref>Laura Brunell and [[Elinor Burkett]] (''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 2019): "'''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes."</ref><ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |author2-link=Elinor Burkett |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/femi nism |archive-date=7 March 2024 |url-status=live|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 ==Yafang== 2qokzuw49zusxsfiqrdmky5m8zd4ate 40965 40964 2026-03-30T16:34:03Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] {{Feminism sidebar}} {{Feminist philosophy sidebar}} '''Feminizi̱m''' yet tak ha si aciyet siyasa mang [[ideology|ideologies]] ku nshyia danian tiyai mang nok siyasa, nkyayak, kyang apyia, mang awat [[gender equality|li cacaat mang ce]].<ref>Laura Brunell and [[Elinor Burkett]] (''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 2019): "'''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes."</ref><ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |author2-link=Elinor Burkett |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/femi nism |archive-date=7 March 2024 |url-status=live|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+th at+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism|page=223}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=2005 |orig-date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=291–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The ==Yafang== 18z16m7neq5akbubq5xbqljdtfailax 40966 40965 2026-03-30T16:52:25Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] {{Feminism sidebar}} {{Feminist philosophy sidebar}} '''Feminizi̱m''' yet tak ha si aciyet siyasa mang [[ideology|ideologies]] ku nshyia danian tiyai mang nok siyasa, nkyayak, kyang apyia, mang awat [[gender equality|li cacaat mang ce]].<ref>Laura Brunell and [[Elinor Burkett]] (''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 2019): "'''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes."</ref><ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |author2-link=Elinor Burkett |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/femi nism |archive-date=7 March 2024 |url-status=live|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+th at+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism|page=223}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=2005 |orig-date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=291–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth |first=Mary E. |title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=25–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What Is Feminism? |date=1999 |publisher=SAGE |location=New York |pages=3–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref> Tashikum bang awat ka nang akakeang nshyia mbwak atyoli mba ani—ba fwoung alyiat atyok bya alyiak —awot nyia anyiuk ==Yafang== 9ri5gtnrfb5b5trcm0sv9z8orklpgdh 40967 40966 2026-03-30T16:55:25Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40967 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Feminism symbol.svg|upright|thumb|right|The merged [[Venus symbol]] with [[raised fist]] is a symbol of feminism; [[Robin Morgan]] designed it for a [[Miss America protest|protest of the 1969 Miss America pageant]], where it was popularized.<ref>Felder, Deborah G. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_American_Women_s_Almanac/ELq9DwAAQBAJ? hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22venus+symbol+of+a+female+but+with+a+raised+fist%22&pg=PT193&p rintsec=frontcover The American Women's Almanac: 500 Years of Making History]''. United States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 States: Visible Ink Press, 2020.</ref><ref>Davis, Ben. ''[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Art_in_the_After_Culture/R-JaEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv =1&dq=%22robin+morgan+as+a+graphic+for+a+protest%22&pg=PT88&printsec=frontcover Art in the After-Culture: Capitalist Crisis and Cultural Strategy]''. United Kingdom: Haymarket Books, 2022.</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jon |date=17 April 2012 |title=Breivik: What's behind clenched-fist salutes? |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17739105 |access-date=7 July 2018 |website=[[bbc.co.uk]]}}</ref>]] {{Feminism sidebar}} {{Feminist philosophy sidebar}} '''Feminizi̱m''' yet tak ha si aciyet siyasa mang [[ideology|ideologies]] ku nshyia danian tiyai mang nok siyasa, nkyayak, kyang apyia, mang awat [[gender equality|li cacaat mang ce]].<ref>Laura Brunell and [[Elinor Burkett]] (''[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]'', 2019): "'''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes."</ref><ref name="Brunell & Burkett">{{cite web |last1=Brunell |first1=Laura |last2=Burkett |first2=Elinor |author2-link=Elinor Burkett |title=Feminism |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/feminism |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=28 February 2024 |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.]] |access-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307152734/https://www.britannica.com/topic/femi nism |archive-date=7 March 2024 |url-status=live|quote='''Feminism''', the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lengermann |first1=Patricia |last2=Niebrugge |first2=Gillian |editor1-last=Ritzer |editor1-first=G. |editor2-last=Ryan |editor2-first=J.M. |title=The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-40-518353-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dz4wU64f_JYC&q=feminism+%22principle+th at+women+are+human+beings+equal+to+men%22 |chapter=Feminism|page=223}}</ref><ref name=Mendus>{{cite book |last1=Mendus |first1=Susan |author-link=Susan Mendus |editor1-last=Honderich |editor1-first=Ted |editor1-link=Ted Honderich |title=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |date=2005 |orig-date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=291–294 |chapter=Feminism |edition=2nd |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |title-link=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="Hawkesworth">{{Cite book |last=Hawkesworth |first=Mary E. |title=Globalization and Feminist Activism |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |pages=25–27 |isbn=978-0-7425-3783-5}}</ref><ref name="Beasley">{{Cite book |last=Beasley |first=Chris |author-link1=Chris Beasley (Australian gender studies researcher) |title=What Is Feminism? |date=1999 |publisher=SAGE |location=New York |pages=3–11 |isbn=978-0-7619-6335-6}}</ref> Tashikum bang awat ka nang akakeang nshyia mbwak atyoli mba ani—ba fwoung alyiat atyok bya alyiak —awot nyia anyiuk ba a fwat mba mi akeang kani.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gamble |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKAUXu9vpn0C |title=The Routledge Companion to Feminism and Postfeminism |date=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-24310-0 |pages=VII |chapter=Introduction |orig-date=1998}}</ref> Nyia kokari di shsi kyang hu ni si kwuwat jhya atazwa shim vwon byin mang mban fang, acucuk, mang mamaki aka wat mang kyang anyiuk na shyia ani. ==Yafang== p5sywdmp6uxhpms5xtju5kw4bwgxc24 0 6970 40968 2026-03-30T20:50:56Z Genesis shan 44 Created page with "{{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/book..." 40968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. da6jgxdh54j49n6l6x3kwczfz8hrxn2 40969 40968 2026-03-30T20:52:19Z Genesis shan 44 40969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} g41optt90l32wr0ubzp59o8i2ar9jae 40970 40969 2026-03-30T20:53:40Z Genesis shan 44 /* Mythological role */ 40970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. ppst0z20l4seqnjnoyjg168sroz2eqw 40971 40970 2026-03-30T20:55:25Z Genesis shan 44 40971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. iww4qet7neovmk5t4eq6gc4d2g3g23w 40972 40971 2026-03-30T20:56:22Z Genesis shan 44 40972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. bsmnmuts7x1i2gys2j3cta3t708smzc 40973 40972 2026-03-30T20:59:00Z Genesis shan 44 40973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. 8z8vglbjv01quaslrv82k72zl9371lb 40974 40973 2026-03-30T20:59:43Z Genesis shan 44 40974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. 4fjdc7wwupryi1ujpnna4y6uqpwfmhs 40975 40974 2026-03-30T21:06:22Z Genesis shan 44 40975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. 7o3skw1wxcobcphswu9ez0yk1lthz6a 40976 40975 2026-03-30T21:07:44Z Genesis shan 44 /* Etymology */ 40976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== The word ''zână'' comes from the Roman goddess [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). She is the one who has all the beauty, and is the one that gives it away. ==References== {{reflist}} d2bwr1by1fdtlj35oz5a6skoe6zd5gz 40977 40976 2026-03-30T21:19:47Z Genesis shan 44 /* Etymology */ 40977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==References== {{reflist}} ip7pcdfnquv6u7owaackru5o1jsd9ku 40978 40977 2026-03-30T21:20:33Z Genesis shan 44 /* Yafang */ 40978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==Mythological role== They give life to [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] and bestow upon them great gifts like the art of dancing, beauty, kindness, and luck. In folk tales, it is told not to upset them because they also have the power to do bad things or put a curse on the wrongdoer. They also act like [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} opitgc1ipxxt0q7r2d1zcc23zyakd13 40979 40978 2026-03-30T22:01:36Z Genesis shan 44 /* A̱tsak nta̱m */ 40979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==A̱tsak nta̱m== Ba̱ nwuak swuan da̱ [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] a̱wot ba̱ jong mba za̱nang nang taat nsong, Shisham, cata̱niet, mbeang a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱nu. Di̱ nvak a̱cyiet a̱niet na, ku tak nyia̱ da̱ a byian mba nfwuo bah da̱nian nang ba̱ mbyia̱ a̱liya a̱wot ba̱ si̱ byia̱ cet nang ba̱ na nfwuat a̱tyu bwoi bun a̱ni. They also act like Ba̱ bu yet nyia̱ nta̱m [[guardian angels]], especially for children who enter the woods or other good people.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} 1n5ek8oc54rjvg0eti6xpfrn9guzpix 40983 40979 2026-03-30T22:36:22Z Genesis shan 44 /* A̱tsak nta̱m */ 40983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zână''''' (plural ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==A̱tsak nta̱m== Ba̱ nwuak swuan da̱ [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] a̱wot ba̱ jong mba za̱nang nang taat nsong, Shisham, cata̱niet, mbeang a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱nu. Di̱ nvak a̱cyiet a̱niet na, ku tak nyia̱ da̱ a byian mba nfwuo bah da̱nian nang ba̱ mbyia̱ a̱liya a̱wot ba̱ si̱ byia̱ cet nang ba̱ na nfwuat a̱tyu bwoi bun a̱ni. Ba̱ bu nyia̱ nta̱m [[guardian angels]], di̱ mman na̱ si nwuo sot ji ku a̱tan a̱niet a̱ghyiang.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} 1nupwp19u3kyejteeydg3kdapop4h3b 40984 40983 2026-03-30T22:38:46Z Genesis shan 44 40984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Creature in Romanian mythology}} {{Refimprove|date=December 2016}} {{Databox}} '''''Zana''''' (a̱kpa ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==A̱tsak nta̱m== Ba̱ nwuak swuan da̱ [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] a̱wot ba̱ jong mba za̱nang nang taat nsong, Shisham, cata̱niet, mbeang a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱nu. Di̱ nvak a̱cyiet a̱niet na, ku tak nyia̱ da̱ a byian mba nfwuo bah da̱nian nang ba̱ mbyia̱ a̱liya a̱wot ba̱ si̱ byia̱ cet nang ba̱ na nfwuat a̱tyu bwoi bun a̱ni. Ba̱ bu nyia̱ nta̱m [[guardian angels]], di̱ mman na̱ si nwuo sot ji ku a̱tan a̱niet a̱ghyiang.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} 05xcnhwvez9nkhlddevtdtrxxjuv47o 40991 40984 2026-03-31T09:43:38Z Genesis shan 44 40991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Zana''''' (a̱kpa ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==A̱tsak nta̱m== Ba̱ nwuak swuan da̱ [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] a̱wot ba̱ jong mba za̱nang nang taat nsong, Shisham, cata̱niet, mbeang a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱nu. Di̱ nvak a̱cyiet a̱niet na, ku tak nyia̱ da̱ a byian mba nfwuo bah da̱nian nang ba̱ mbyia̱ a̱liya a̱wot ba̱ si̱ byia̱ cet nang ba̱ na nfwuat a̱tyu bwoi bun a̱ni. Ba̱ bu nyia̱ nta̱m [[guardian angels]], di̱ mman na̱ si nwuo sot ji ku a̱tan a̱niet a̱ghyiang.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} sbg2f35g0dgp75sre3mqtolotqalpym 40992 40991 2026-03-31T09:49:06Z Genesis shan 44 40992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{1}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Zana/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Zana/Gworog|Gworog]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Zana/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Zana/Takad|Takad]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Zana/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}} {{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[ZanaTyuku|Tyuku]]}} {{2}} {{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}} {{Databox}} '''''Zana''''' (a̱kpa ''zâne''; ''zînă'' and ''zîne'', ''d̦ână'' and ''d̦âne'' in [[Romanian orthography|old spellings]]) is the Romanian equivalent of the Greek [[Charites]] or the [[fairy godmother]].<ref name="Frențiu2012">{{cite book|author=Luminița Frențiu|title=A Journey through Knowledge: Festschrift in Honour of Hortensia Pârlog|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QaQwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA174|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-4268-6|pages=174–}}</ref> They are the opposite of monsters such as [[Muma Pădurii]]. These characters make positive appearances in [[fairy tales]] and mostly reside in the woods. They can also be considered the Romanian equivalent of [[fairies]] and the Germanic [[elf]]. They vary in size and appearance and can transform to blend into their surroundings for protection and cover. They can appear openly in the woods and coax travelers to follow them in order to help them find their way. They can also hide in the woods and quietly guide those who need help through signs and "breadcrumbs" through the forest. ==References== {{Reflist}} ===General references=== * {{cite web | url=http://www.creepyhollows.com/faq/index.php?action=artikel&cat=7&id=1572&artlang=en | title=Encyclopedia of the Spirit Keeping, Paranormal Collecting, Magic, & the Supernatural - Faery, Zana }} {{Fairies}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zana}} [[Category:Romanian mythology]] [[Category:Fairies]] [[Category:Romanian legendary creatures]] [[Category:Forest spirits]] {{Romania-stub}} {{Europe-myth-stub}} {{Legendary-creature-stub}} [[ro:Zână]] [[reflist]] ==See also== * [[Xana]] * [[Zana (mythology)|Zana]] * [[Sântoaderi]] ==In culture== ''Zână'' is also used in current Romanian slang to refer to an attractive girl. ==A̱tsak nta̱m== Ba̱ nwuak swuan da̱ [[fetus]]es [[Uterus|in utero]] a̱wot ba̱ jong mba za̱nang nang taat nsong, Shisham, cata̱niet, mbeang a̱sa̱ra̱i a̱nu. Di̱ nvak a̱cyiet a̱niet na, ku tak nyia̱ da̱ a byian mba nfwuo bah da̱nian nang ba̱ mbyia̱ a̱liya a̱wot ba̱ si̱ byia̱ cet nang ba̱ na nfwuat a̱tyu bwoi bun a̱ni. Ba̱ bu nyia̱ nta̱m [[guardian angels]], di̱ mman na̱ si nwuo sot ji ku a̱tan a̱niet a̱ghyiang.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} ==Etymology== Swang a̱lyiat ''zână'' neet da̱ a̱vwuo a̱bagwaza a̱nietroman nang a̱ngyei [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]] (as does Astur-Leonese ''[[xana]]''). Nggu wa byia̱ a̱mgba̱m shisham ji, a̱wot nggu wa nwuak nhu nta. ==Yafang== {{reflist}} 376zguzza0h336bc157y7mciii2auh5 0 6971 40985 2026-03-31T06:12:58Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 Created page with "{{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most..." 40985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''culture of Africa''' is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various peoples depicting their unique characteristic and trait from the continent of [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> It is a product of the diverse populations that inhabit the continent of Africa and the [[African diaspora]]. Generally, Culture can be defined as a collective mass of distinctive qualities belonging to a certain group of people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> These qualities include laws, morals, beliefs, knowledge, art, customs, and any other attributes belonging to a member of that society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing, dances and music. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. 43hrgvnsxkzsrc0136hwk5r5wtnopoi 40986 40985 2026-03-31T06:19:31Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''taada si Africa''' a shia dabam asi si vwuon, sabo mang yat hu nang ncontry na nshi akpa ani nbyeang aniet ma didit koyan kwan nbyia ba ndan mang hali ba nbyeang kyeang nbwak mang continent asi [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> It is a product of the diverse populations that inhabit the continent of Africa and the [[African diaspora]]. Generally, Culture can be defined as a collective mass of distinctive qualities belonging to a certain group of people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> These qualities include laws, morals, beliefs, knowledge, art, customs, and any other attributes belonging to a member of that society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing, dances and music. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. 0glrzeosdy82rny9nfoyng5ilmenk29 40987 40986 2026-03-31T06:28:58Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''taada si Africa''' a shia dabam asi si vwuon, sabo mang yat hu nang ncontry na nshi akpa ani nbyeang aniet ma didit koyan kwan nbyia ba ndan mang hali ba nbyeang kyeang nbwak mang continent asi [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> ku yet kyeang wha ku bai ku si kao akpa aniet ka de cyeang sisa mang continent asi Africa nbyeang [[African diaspora]]. Kakab mang anyia, Taada ana iya fasara gu nang kwok aniet asi ba byia atan hali mang mang nkyeang ba na asi nat mang mba kpa aniet ani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> These qualities include laws, morals, beliefs, knowledge, art, customs, and any other attributes belonging to a member of that society.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Culture is the way of life of a group of people. Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing, dances and music. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. murpgm6g3w4tcm0ls6agpxaxp77rtdj 40988 40987 2026-03-31T06:39:51Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''taada si Africa''' a shia dabam asi si vwuon, sabo mang yat hu nang ncontry na nshi akpa ani nbyeang aniet ma didit koyan kwan nbyia ba ndan mang hali ba nbyeang kyeang nbwak mang continent asi [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> ku yet kyeang wha ku bai ku si kao akpa aniet ka de cyeang sisa mang continent asi Africa nbyeang [[African diaspora]]. Kakab mang anyia, Taada ana iya fasara gu nang kwok aniet asi ba byia atan hali mang mang nkyeang ba na asi nat mang mba kpa aniet ani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> nkyeang na ni nyia yet kaidodi, acyiet ka yet ani, shim ba hu, lyian nba hu, nyia nba hu, iya ba hu, nbyeang nkyeang jyiang na yet atan kyeang nang aniet asi avwuo na iya nyia ani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Taada yet yat hu nang rayuwa asi aniet ma vwuo ba ndi ani. Africa has numerous ethnic nationalities all with varying qualities such as language, dishes, greetings, dressing, dances and music. However, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. eyomzsy3in4citkt3l6bxkua50h67bc 40989 40988 2026-03-31T06:44:43Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''taada si Africa''' a shia dabam asi si vwuon, sabo mang yat hu nang ncontry na nshi akpa ani nbyeang aniet ma didit koyan kwan nbyia ba ndan mang hali ba nbyeang kyeang nbwak mang continent asi [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> ku yet kyeang wha ku bai ku si kao akpa aniet ka de cyeang sisa mang continent asi Africa nbyeang [[African diaspora]]. Kakab mang anyia, Taada ana iya fasara gu nang kwok aniet asi ba byia atan hali mang mang nkyeang ba na asi nat mang mba kpa aniet ani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> nkyeang na ni nyia yet kaidodi, acyiet ka yet ani, shim ba hu, lyian nba hu, nyia nba hu, iya ba hu, nbyeang nkyeang jyiang na yet atan kyeang nang aniet asi avwuo na iya nyia ani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Taada yet yat hu nang rayuwa asi aniet ma vwuo ba ndi ani. Africa byia nkyeang ma didit Kakab a kayat avwuo ka nkyeang manag ani lilem alyiat nba hu, nkiyak, biyat, kwii nkyeang, song ba ji mang bubom nba hu. Duk mang ania, each of the regions of Africa share a series of dominant cultural traits which distinguish various African regional cultures from each other and the rest of the world. For example, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. 643y76r862xqzq3pvacnxm8a24mjbi3 40990 40989 2026-03-31T06:49:58Z Holiness Istifanus 2354 40990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|none}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2016}} [[File:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|thumb|The [[Giza pyramid complex|Great Pyramids of Giza]], Egypt]] [[File:Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria.jpg|thumb|Traditional male dancers from Northern Nigeria]] [[File:Castle of Good Hope, Cape Town 01.jpg|thumb|Gateway to the [[Castle of Good Hope]] in South Africa]] [[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|thumb| [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] is one of the most widely represented forms of paintings in Tanzania, Kenya and neighbouring countries.]] [[File:Sabuwar Kofa - Kano City Gate.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Kano City Walls]], Nigeria]] [[File:Cultural apparel.jpg|thumb|Display of African cultural apparel (smock)]] The '''taada si Africa''' a shia dabam asi si vwuon, sabo mang yat hu nang ncontry na nshi akpa ani nbyeang aniet ma didit koyan kwan nbyia ba ndan mang hali ba nbyeang kyeang nbwak mang continent asi [[Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=African Culture - Rich, diverse culture across the vast continent |url=https://www.victoriafalls-guide.net/african-culture.html |access-date=2023-07-13 |website=www.victoriafalls-guide.net}}</ref> ku yet kyeang wha ku bai ku si kao akpa aniet ka de cyeang sisa mang continent asi Africa nbyeang [[African diaspora]]. Kakab mang anyia, Taada ana iya fasara gu nang kwok aniet asi ba byia atan hali mang mang nkyeang ba na asi nat mang mba kpa aniet ani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saigo |first=Heather |date=21 November 2023 |title=Characteristics of Culture {{!}} Overview & Examples |url=https://study.com/learn/lesson/characteristics-culture-overview-examples-significance.html#:~:text=Culture%20is%20considered%20the%20complex,symbolic,%20integrated,%20and%20dynamic. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> nkyeang na ni nyia yet kaidodi, acyiet ka yet ani, shim ba hu, lyian nba hu, nyia nba hu, iya ba hu, nbyeang nkyeang jyiang na yet atan kyeang nang aniet asi avwuo na iya nyia ani.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burnett Tylor.|first=Edward|title=Primitive Culture|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1871}}</ref> Taada yet yat hu nang rayuwa asi aniet ma vwuo ba ndi ani. Africa byia nkyeang ma didit Kakab a kayat avwuo ka nkyeang manag ani lilem alyiat nba hu, nkiyak, biyat, kwii nkyeang, song ba ji mang bubom nba hu. Duk mang ania, kuzang can ma ka vwuo si Africa byia nkyeang na cyia ba vwuon Mang akum avwuo si Dunia hu ani. Masamang, social values, religion, morals, political values, economics, and [[Aesthetics|aesthetic]] values all contribute to various African cultures.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Idang|first=Gabriel E|date=2015|title=African culture and values|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1561-40182015000200006|journal=Phronimon|volume=16}}</ref> Expressions of culture are abundant within Africa, with large amounts of cultural diversity<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diller|first=Jerry V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ISpAwAAQBAJ&q=cultural+diversity+meaning|title=Cultural Diversity: A Primer for the Human Services|date=2013-12-31|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17753-6|language=en}}</ref> being found not only across different countries but also within single countries. Even though within various regions, the cultures are widely diverse,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittner |first=Thomas |date=21 November 2023 |title=African Ethnicity {{!}} Overview, Population & Tribes |url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/ethnic-groups-in-africa.html#:~:text=A%20Diverse%20Africa,-Many%20people%20have&text=There%20are%20over%203,000%20different,specific%20to%20their%20ethnic%20group. |access-date=13 July 2025 |website=study.com}}</ref> they are also, when closely studied, seen to have many similarities; for example, the morals they uphold, their love and respect for their culture, as well as the strong respect they hold for the aged and the important, i.e. [[Monarchies in Africa|kings]] and chiefs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Falola |first=Toyin |title=The power of African cultures |date=2003 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |isbn=978-1-58046-139-9 |location=Rochester, NY |language=English |oclc=52341386}}</ref> Africa has influenced and been influenced by other continents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gaye |first=Mamadou |date=1998 |title=Western Influences and Activities in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45197784 |journal=Journal of Third World Studies |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=65–78 |jstor=45197784 |issn=8755-3449}}</ref> This can be portrayed in the willingness to adapt to the ever-changing modern world rather than staying rooted in their static culture. The [[Westernization|Westernized]] few, persuaded by [[American culture]] and [[Christianity]], first denied African traditional culture, but with the increase of African [[nationalism]], a cultural recovery occurred. The governments of most [[Africa]]n nations encourage national dance and music groups, museums, and to a lower degree, artists and writers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Peter L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ddb85eMnEVUC&q=Africa+has+influenced+and+been+influenced+by+other+continents.+This+can+be+portrayed+in+the+willingness+to+adapt+to+the+ever-changing+modern+world+rather+than+staying+rooted+to+their+static+culture.+The+Westernized+few,+persuaded+by+American+culture+and+Ch&pg=PP11|title=Many Globalizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World|last2=Huntington|first2=Samuel P.|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-516882-2|language=en}}</ref> 90% to 95% of Africa's cultural heritage is held outside of Africa by large museums.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nayeri |first=Farah |date=2018-11-21 |title=Museums in France Should Return African Treasures, Report Says |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/21/arts/design/france-museums-africa-savoy-sarr-report.html |access-date=2022-10-04 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In a [[BBC]] report on defining factors of identity, "50-60% of British black African/Caribbean respondents, agreed that ethnicity played a key role, the largest of any group. The singular viewpoint of ‘black’ as an ‘identifier’ or an ‘ethnicity’ not only denies cultural differences between the population, it also denies the nuance within a vastly diverse community…. When we attempt to define African culture and identity, we have to be mindful that we are viewing a broad ethnicity comprising different sub communities that are resistant to having their heritage and culture boxed in simplistic labels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAME We're Not the Same: Black African |url=https://www.bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/bbc.com/creativediversity/nuance-in-bame/black-african/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>” African cultures, which originated on the continent of Africa,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Los Angeles Times 07 Sep 1994, page Page 80 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/159242631/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> have several distinct differences than that of [[African-American culture|Black culture]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Southern Illinoisan 11 Apr 1993, page Page 11 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/82591538/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Newspapers.com |language=en}}</ref> which originated by [[African Americans]] in the United States after they were stripped of most of their own African cultures during enslavement. 672mdfu4cyydk8bgkgnzpnghgk7hhbm