វិគីភីឌា kmwiki https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%98 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter មេឌា ពិសេស ការពិភាក្សា អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ វិគីភីឌា ការពិភាក្សាអំពីវិគីភីឌា ឯកសារ ការពិភាក្សាអំពីឯកសារ មេឌាវិគី ការពិភាក្សាអំពីមេឌាវិគី ទំព័រគំរូ ការពិភាក្សាអំពីទំព័រគំរូ ជំនួយ ការពិភាក្សាអំពីជំនួយ ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម ការពិភាក្សាអំពីចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 18271 336436 332397 2026-06-09T16:49:38Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ប្រទេស |conventional_long_name = ម៉ុងហ្គោលី |native_name = {{nobold|[[File:Monggol ulus.svg|50px]] {{small|([[ភាសាម៉ុងហ្គោល]])}}<br/>Монгол Улс {{small|([[ភាសាម៉ុងហ្គោល]])}}}} |common_name = ម៉ុងហ្គោលី |national_anthem = [[ចម្រៀងជាតិម៉ុងហ្គោលី|Монгол улсын төрийн дуулал]]<br />("ចម្រៀងជាតិម៉ុងហ្គោលី")<br />{{center| }} |image_flag = Flag of Mongolia.svg |image_coat = State emblem of Mongolia.svg |image_map = Mongolia on the globe (Mongolia centered).svg |map_caption = ផែនទីប្រទេសម៉ុងហ្គោលី (ក្រហម) នៅលើភូគោល |map_width = |capital_type = រដ្ឋធានី |capital = [[អ៊ូឡង់បាទ័រ]] |coordinates = {{coord|48|N|106|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}} |largest_city = capital |official_languages = [[ភាសា​ម៉ុងហ្គោល|ម៉ុងហ្គោល]] |languages_type = [[អក្សរផ្លូវការ]] |languages = [[អក្សរម៉ុងហ្គោ]] • [[អក្សរគីរីឡុសម៉ុងហ្គោល]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 21, 2011 |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Official Documents to be in Mongolian Script |work=UB Post |url=http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101013639/http://ubpost.mongolnews.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6478&Itemid=36 |archive-date=1 វិច្ឆិកា 2011}}</ref> |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | ៩៥% [[ជនជាតិម៉ុងហ្គោល|ម៉ុងហ្គោល]] | ៤% [[ជនជាតិកាហ្សាក់|កាហ្សាក់]] | ១% [[ប្រជាសាស្ត្រម៉ុងហ្គោលី|ជនជាតិផ្សេងៗទៀត]]<ref name="web-old.archive.org">{{cite web |url=https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf |url-status=dead |title=(ម៉ុងហ្គោល) Хун ам, орон сууцны 2020 оны улсын ээлжит тооллогы нэгдсэн дун |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230731/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf |archive-date=7 វិច្ឆិកា 2020 |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |archivedate=2020-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107230731/https://tuv.nso.mn/uploads/users/87/files/Khun_am_toollogo.pdf }}</ref> }} |ethnic_groups_year = ២០២០ |religion = {{unbulleted list | ៥១.៧% [[ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានៅម៉ុងហ្គោលី|ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា]] | ៤០.៦% គ្មានជំនឿសាសនា | ៣.២% [[ឥស្លាមសាសនានៅម៉ុងហ្គោលី|ឥស្លាមសាសនា]] | ២.៥% [[ឆាម៉ានីសសាសនា]] | ១.៣% [[គ្រិស្តសាសនានៅម៉ុងហ្គោលី|គ្រិស្តសាសនា]] | ០.៧% [[សាសនានៅម៉ុងហ្គោលី|សាសនាផ្សេងៗទៀត]]<ref name="web-old.archive.org"/> }} |religion_year = ២០២០ |government_type = [[រដ្ឋឯកភូត]] [[សាធារណរដ្ឋ]]ប្រកាន់[[ប្រព័ន្ធពាក់កណ្តាលប្រធានាធិបតីនិយម]] |leader_title1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតី​ម៉ុងហ្គោលី|ប្រធានាធិបតី]] |leader_name1 = [[អ៊ូក្នារហ្គីន ឃូរែលស៊ូគ]] |leader_title2 = [[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី​រុស្ស៊ី|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]] |leader_name2 = [[លូវសានណាមស្រាញ អូយុនអឺដែន]] |leader_title3 = [[មហាសភារដ្ឋ|ប្រធានមហាសភារដ្ឋ]] |leader_name3 = [[ហ្កំបូចាវីន ហ្សង់ដង់សាតារ]] |legislature = [[មហាសភារដ្ឋ]] |sovereignty_type = [[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រម៉ុងហ្គោលី|និម្មិតកម្ម]] |established_event1 = [[ឆុងនូ|អាណាចក្រឆុងនូ]] |established_date1 =២០៩ ម​.គ.ស. |established_event2 =[[ចក្រភពម៉ុងហ្គោល]] |established_date2 = ១២០៦ |established_event3 = [[បដិវត្តន៍ម៉ុងហ្គោលីឆ្នាំ១៩១១|ប្រកាសឯករាជ្យ]]ចេញពី[[រាជវង្សឈីង|រាជវង្សឆេង]] |established_date3 = ២៩ ធ្នូ ១៩១១ |established_event4 = ប្រកាសបង្កើត[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតម៉ុងហ្គោលី]] |established_date4 = ២៦ វិច្ឆិកា ១៩២៤ |established_event5 = អនុម័ត[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញម៉ុងហ្គោលី|រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបច្ចុប្បន្ន]] |established_date5 = ១៣ កុម្ភៈ ១៩៩២ |area_km2 = ១,៥៦៤,១១៥ |area_size = 1 E7 |area_rank = ទី​១៨ |percent_water = ០.៦៧<ref name="cia">{{Cite web |title=Mongolia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |website=The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |df=mdy-all |archivedate=2023-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114155343/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/mongolia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate = ៣,៣៥៣,៤៧០<ref name="population projection">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2017 |title=Renewed 2015–2045 population projection |url=http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Renewed_2015-2045_Population_projection_english.pdf&ln=En |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |website=www.1212.mn |publisher=[[សេវាព័ត៌មានស្ថិតិម៉ុងហ្គោលី]] |archivedate=12 មិថុនា 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612103548/http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Renewed_2015-2045_Population_projection_english.pdf&ln=En |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_estimate_year = ២០២០ |population_estimate_rank = ទី១៣៤ |population_census = ៣,០៥៧,៧៧៨<ref name="2015 census">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2016 |title=2015 population and housing by census of mongolia |url=http://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=2015_Population_and_housing_by-census_of_Mongolia_en.pdf&ln=En |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |website=www.1212.mn |publisher=[[សេវាព័ត៌មានស្ថិតិម៉ុងហ្គោលី]]}}</ref> |population_census_year = ២០១៥ |population_density_km2 = ២.០៧ |population_density_rank = ទី១៩៤ |GDP_PPP_year = ២០១៩ |GDP_PPP = $៤៧ ពាន់លាន<ref name="IMFWEOMN">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, January 2019 |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2017&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=77&pr1.y=5&c=948&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]]}}</ref> |GDP_PPP_rank = ទី១១៥ |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $១៤,២៧០<ref name="IMFWEOMN" /> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ទី៩៣ |GDP_nominal = $១៣.៧ ពាន់លាន<ref name="IMFWEOMN" /> |GDP_nominal_rank = ទី១៣៤ |GDP_nominal_year = ២០១៩ |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $៤,១៥១<ref name="IMFWEOMN" /> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ទី១១៦ |HDI_year = ២០១៩ |HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |HDI = 0.737<!--អនុញ្ញាតតែលេខឡាតាំងប៉ុណ្ណោះ--> |HDI_rank = ទី​៩៩ |HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=(អង់គ្លេស) Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021}}</ref> |Gini = 32.7<!--អនុញ្ញាតតែលេខឡាតាំងប៉ុណ្ណោះ--> |Gini_change = <!-- increase/decrease/steady --> |Gini_year = ២០១៨ |Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{Cite web |title=(អង់គ្លេស) GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Mongolia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MN |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |website=data.worldbank.org |publisher=[[ធនាគារពិភពលោក]]}}</ref> |currency = [[ថូគ្រីក]] |currency_code = MNT |time_zone = <!-- [[អាស៊ី/ហូវដ៏|HOVD]] (ម៉ោងស្តង់ដាហូវដ៏) / [[អាស៊ី/អ៊ូឡង់បាទ័រ||ULAT]] (ម៉ោងស្តង់ដាអ៊ូឡង់បាទ័រ) --> |utc_offset = +៧/៨<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia Standard Time is GMT (UTC) +8, some areas of Mongolia use GMT (UTC) +7 |url=http://www.timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100212/http://timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml |archive-date=13 តុលា 2007 |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |publisher=Time Temperature.com |df=mdy-all |archivedate=2007-10-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013100212/http://timetemperature.com/asia/mongolia_time_zone.shtml }}</ref> |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = +៨/+៩<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clock changes in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia |url=http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325223717/http://www.timeanddate.com/time/change/mongolia/ulaanbaatar |archive-date=25 មីនា 2015 |access-date=5 វិច្ឆិកា 2021 |publisher=timeanddate.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> |date_format = yyyy.mm.dd ([[សករាជ|ស.រ.]]) |drives_on =ស្ដាំ |cctld =[[.mn]] |iso3166code = MN |calling_code = [[លេខទូរស័ព្ទនៅម៉ុងហ្គោលី|+៩៧៦]] }} '''ប្រទេសម៉ុងហ្គោលី''' ([[ភាសាម៉ុងហ្គោល]]៖ Монгол улс) គឺជា[[ប្រទេស]]មួយដែលព័ទ្ធជុំវិញដោយដីគោកតែមួយគត់នៅតំបន់[[អាស៊ីខាងកើត]]។ ប្រទេសនេះមានព្រំប្រទល់ជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[រុស្ស៊ី]]នៅភាគខាងជើង និងប្រទេស[[ចិន]]នៅភាគខាងត្បូង។ វាមានក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប ១,៥៦៤,១១៦ គីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េជាមួយនឹងប្រជាជនចំនួន ៣.៣ លាននាក់ដែលធ្វើឱ្យវាក្លាយជាប្រទេសអធិបតេយ្យដែលមានប្រជាជនរបោះតិចបំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោក។ ប្រទេសម៉ុងហ្គោលីគឺជាប្រទេសគ្មានព្រំដែនជាប់សមុទ្រធំបំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោកហើយទឹកដីភាគច្រើនត្រូវបានគ្របដណ្តប់ដោយតំបន់វាលស្មៅដែលមានបណ្តុំភ្នំនៅភាគខាងជើងនិងខាងលិច និង[[វាលខ្សាច់ហ្កូប៊ី]]នៅភាគខាងត្បូង។ [[អ៊ូឡង់បាទ័រ]]គឺជារដ្ឋធានីនិងជាទីក្រុងធំបង្អស់ក្នុងប្រទេសដែលមានប្រជាជនជិតពាក់កណ្តាលនៃប្រជាជនសរុបរស់នៅទីនេះ។ ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} {{Stub}} {{ប្រទេសនៅទ្វីបអាស៊ី}} <!--Interwiki--> [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ម៉ុងហ្គោលី| ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅអាស៊ី]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអាស៊ីខាងកើត]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសគ្មានព្រំដែនជាប់សមុទ្រ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអាស៊ីខាងជើង]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋ]] jfj0eyprasjqvgm8hw99zb8t25zij5x 0 21493 336435 300670 2026-06-09T16:11:46Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336435 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ភ្លើង]]កើតឡើងយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សក្នុង[[អុកស៊ីតកម្ម]]នៃឧបករណ៍តាមរបៀបគីមីហើយការឆេះនេះបញ្ជេញពន្លឺនឹងកំដៅផ្សេងៗគ្នានៃ[[ប្រតិកម្ម]]។អុកស៊ីតកម្មយឺតដូចច្រេះស៊ីដែករឺក៏ការរំលាយអាហារ។អណ្តាតភ្លើងគឺជាអ្វីដែលអាចមើលឃើញមួយភាគធំនៃភ្លើង។ប្រសិនបើមិនគ្រប់គ្រាន់នោះហ្គាសនឹងក្លាយជាអ៊ីយ៉ុងផលិតផ្លាសស្មា។ពឹងលើសារធាតុមិនសំខាន់ខាងក្រៅធ្វើអោយពណ៏ភ្លើងនឹងសកម្មភាពនៃភ្លើងមានលក្ខណះខុសគ្នា។ភ្លើងមានច្រើនជាលទ្ធផលនៅក្នុងអគ្គីភ័យមួយមានការខូចខាត ឆេះខ្លោច។ភ្លើងគឺមានសារះសំខាន់ណាស់ធ្វើជាប្រពន្ធ័បរិស្ថានដែលឆ្លងកាត់ផែនដី។ជាវិជ្ជមានភ្លើងរួមបញ្ជូលការបង្កើតផ្សេងៗគ្នានៃប្រពន្ធ័បរិស្ថាន។ភ្លើងបានប្រើដោយមនុស្សសំរាប់ចំអិនអាហារដោយកំដៅ បំភ្លឺ នឹងពេលរងារមនុស្សឬសត្វអាំងវា។វាមានភាពអវិជ្ជមានភ្លើងរួមជាមួយទឹកអាចចំលងរោគដូចជាស្នាមប្រលាក់ហូច្រោះបរិយាកាសនឹងផ្ដល់គ្រោះថ្នាក់ដល់ជីវិតមនុស្សនឹងសត្វ។ [[File:Large bonfire.jpg|thumb|hhhhhh [[wood with fire]], termed a ''[[bonfire]]''.]] ==រូបភាពផ្សេងៗ== <gallery> Image:Forestfire2.jpg|[[Wildfire]] File:Kuwait burn oilfield.png|[[Kuwait]]i oil wells on fire, during the [[Gulf War]]. Image:School burn.JPG|School fire in [[Aberdeen, Washington]] Image:MidsummerNightBonfire.jpg|[[Bonfire]] in [[Lappeenranta]], [[Finland]] File:Fire inside an abandoned convent in Massueville, Quebec, Canada.jpg|A [[structure fire]] Image:New Orleans Fire 2005-09-02.jpg|Structure fire in [[New Orleans]] after [[Hurricane Katrina]] Image:Fire02.jpg|Fire generated by a burning weed Image:Northwest Crown Fire Experiment.png|A controlled wildfire in [[Canada]] Image:Feuerreiben.gif|Making fire by rubbing two pieces of firewood together. Image:Streichholz.jpg|Fire from a match. Image:Ignition of a match.jpg|How a match gets ignited. Image:Match ignition slow motion.ogg|A match being ignited Image:Space Fire.jpg|Fire is affected by gravity. Left: Flame on Earth; Right: Flame on [[International Space Station|ISS]] ([[microgravity]]) File:Fire breathing 2 Luc Viatour.jpg|[[Fire breathing]] </gallery> ==ឯកសារយោង== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Bibliography== *{{Cite document|title=Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia|url=http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf|format=PDF|year=2002|publisher=Project FireFight South East Asia|last=Karki|first=Sameer|accessdate=2009-02-13|postscript=<!--None-->|archive-date=2009-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225154641/http://www.asiaforests.org/doc/resources/fire/pffsea/Report_Community.pdf|dead-url=yes}} *Haung, Kai. 2009. Population and Building Factors That Impact Residential Fire Rates in Large U.S. Cities. Applied Research Project. Texas State University. [http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/ TXstate.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308201531/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/287/ |date=2012-03-08 }} *{{vancite journal |author=Lentile, Leigh B.; Holden, Zachary A.; Smith, Alistair M. S.; Falkowski, Michael J.; Hudak, Andrew T.; Morgan, Penelope; Lewis, Sarah A.; Gessler, Paul E.; Benson, Nate C. |title=Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects |url=http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24613 |year=2006 |journal=International Journal of Wildland Fire |issue=15 |volume=3 |pages=319-­345 |accessdate=2013-03-04 |archivedate=2014-08-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812022744/http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/24613 }} *Kosman, Admiel: [http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892 Sacred fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015225335/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/magazine/sacred-fire-1.329892 |date=2015-10-15 }}. In: Thu, January 13, 2011. ==External links== {{Commons}} {{Wikiquote|Fire}} *[http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm How Fire Works] at [[HowStuffWorks]] *[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html What exactly is fire?] from [[The Straight Dope]] * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/onfire.html On Fire], an [[Adobe Flash]]-based science tutorial from the [[NOVA (TV series)]] * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3670017.stm Early human fire mastery revealed] [[BBC]] article on archaeological discoveries * [http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/cfm_index.htm Flames in microgravity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215015525/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/cfm_index.htm |date=2004-02-15 }} * [http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm |date=2010-03-19 }} * [http://www.moebuildingcontrol.co.uk/ moebuildingcontrol.co.uk] - UK Guidance on fire safety codes and fire engineering * [http://www.smokeybear.com/ Smokey Bear - Prevent Wildfires] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPWucNgN8TQ Fun Uses with Fire] with a [[Rubens' Tube]] nfwimxcw25qgp3o8w6lbyuo0dcoq00z 0 24690 336446 328264 2026-06-10T01:13:06Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=ខែតុលា ២០១៥}} {{Infobox Former Country |native_name = อาณาจักรอยุธยา |conventional_long_name = អាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា |common_name = Ayutthaya Kingdom |continent = អាស៊ី |region = [[អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍]] |country = [[ថៃ]] |era = យុគកណ្ដាល និង បុនវុឌ្ឍិ |status = |event_start = ឧទងឡើងសោយរាជ្យនៅអយុធ្យា |year_start = ១៣៥១ |date_start = |event_end = [[សង្គ្រាមភូមា–សៀម (១៧៦៥–៦៧)|ការដួលរលំអយុធ្យានៅឆ្នាំ១៧៦៧]] |year_end = ១៧៦៧ |date_end = |event1 = សហភាពបុគ្គលជាមួយ[[រាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យ]] |date_event1 = ១៤៣៨ |event2 = រដ្ឋចំណុះរាជ[[វង្សតោនងូ]] |date_event2 = ១៥៦៤, ១៥៦៩ |event3 = បញ្ចូលជាមួយសុខោទ័យ និងឯករាជ្យពីតោនងូ |date_event3 = ១៥៨៣, ១៥៨៤ |event4 = យុទ្ធហត្ថីរវាង[[នរេឝ្វរ]] និង [[ម៉ុងគ្រីស្វា]] |date_event4 = ១៥៩៣ |event5 = End of Sukhothai Dynasty |date_event5 = 1629 |p1 = នគរលវ |flag_p1 = |p2 |flag_p2 = Kingdom of Sukhothai |p3 = រាជអាណាចក្រនគរឝ្រីធម៌រាជ |s1 = រាជអាណាចក្រធនបុរី |flag_s1 = Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg |flag_s6 = |image_flag = Flag of Thailand (Ayutthaya period).svg |flag = List_of_Thai_flags#Historical flags |flag_type = ទង់ជ័យ |image_coat =Seal_of_Ayutthaya_(King_Narai).png | symbol = | symbol_type = ត្រា |image_map = Map-of-southeast-asia 1400 CE km.PNG |image_map_caption = ផែនទីអាស៊ីគ្នេយ៍នៅសតវត្សទី១៥:<br />'''ស្វាយខៀវ''': រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា<br />'''ត្រួយចេកដិត''': [[លានដំរី]]<br />'''ស្វាយ''': [[លានស្រែ]]<br />'''ទឹកក្រូច''': [[រាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យ]]<br />'''ក្រហម''': [[កម្វុជទេឝ]]<br />'''លឿង''': [[ចាម្បា]]<br />'''ខៀវ''': [[មហាវៀត]] |capital = [[ស្រុកព្រះនគរឝ្រីអយុធ្យា|អយុធ្យា]] (១៣៥១-១៤៦៣)<br /> [[ស្រុកមឿងពិឞ្ណុលោក|ពិឞ្ណុលោក]] (១៤៦៣-១៤៨៨)<br /> អយុធ្យា (១៤៦៣-១៦៦៦)<br /> [[ស្រុកមឿងលពបុរី|លពបុរី]] (១៦៦៦-១៦៨៨)<br /> អយុធ្យា (១៦៨៨-១៧៦៧) |common_languages = [[ភាសាសៀម|សៀមអយុធ្យា]] |religion = '''ភាគច្រើន''': [[ថេរវាទ|ពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ]]<br /> '''ភាគតិច''': [[ព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា]] [[សាសនាកាតូលិករ៉ូមនៅថៃ|កាតូលិករ៉ូម]] [[ឥស្លាមស៊ីអ៊ីត]] [[ឥស្លាមសុនីត]] |government_type = [[សក្ដិភូមិនិយម|រាជាធិបតេយ្យសក្ដិភូមិ]]ដែលមានចតុស្ដម្ភជាអង្គនីតិប្រតិបត្តិ។ |leader1 = [[ឧទង]] |year_leader1 = ១៣៥០–៦៩ |leader2 = [[នរេឝ្វរ]] |year_leader2 = ១៥៩០–១៦០៥ |leader3 = នារាយណ៍ |year_leader3 = ១៦៥៦–៨៨ |leader4 = [[ឯកទឝ]] |year_leader4 = ១៧៥៨–៦៧ |title_leader = [[រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា#ក្សត្រនៃអយុធ្យា|សម្ដេចព្រះ]] |legislature = ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ |today = {{flag|ថៃ}}<br />{{flag|លាវ}}<br />{{flag|កម្ពុជា}}<br />{{flag|ម៉ាឡេស៊ី}}<br />{{flag|មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា}}<br />{{flag|ចិន}} }} {{Contains Thai text}} {{ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រថៃ}} '''អយុធ្យា''' ({{lang-th|อยุธยา}}, {{IPA-th|ʔajúttʰajaː}} [អៃយុត្ថៃយ៉ា]) គឺជារាជអាណាចក្រ[[ថៃ|សៀម]]ដែលមានអត្ថិភាពពីឆ្នាំ១៣៥១ ដល់ ១៧៦៧។ អាណាចក្រអយុធ្យារាក់ទាក់ស្វាគមចំពោះឈ្មួញបរទេស រួមមាន[[ពួក|ចិន]] [[យួន]] [[ពួកឥណ្ឌា-អារ្យ|ពួកឥណ្ឌា]] [[ពួកជប៉ុន|ជប៉ុន]] និង [[ពួកពែរ្ស]] ហើយក្រោយមក [[ពួកព័រទុយហ្កាល់|ព័រទុយហ្កាល់]] ពួក[[ជនជាតិអេស្ប៉ាញ|អេស្ប៉ាញ]] [[ពួកណេដឺឡន|ណេដឺឡន]] និង [[ពួកបារាំអ|បារាំង]] ដោយអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យពួកជនបរទេសទាំងនោះតាំងជាភូមិៗនៅខាងក្រៅកំពែងរាជធានី ដែលត្រូវបានគេហៅថា [[ព្រះនគរឝ្រីអយុធ្យា|អយុធ្យា]] ដូចគ្នា។ ក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំមួយ វាត្រូវបានពិពណ៌នាដោយពួកឈ្មួញបរទេសថាជាទីក្រុងមួយក្នុងចំណោមទីក្រុងធំៗ និង មានភោគទ្រព្យដ៏សំបូរបែបបំផុតនៅទិសបូព៌ា។ រាជវាំងនៃស្ដេច[[នារាយណ៍ (សៀម)|នារាយណ៍]] (១៦៥៦-៨៨) មានចំណងមេត្រីភាពយ៉ាងរឹងមាំជាមួយព្រះបាទ[[ល្វីទី១៦]]នៅបារាំង ដែលពួកឯកអគ្គរាជទូតបារាំងបានប្រៀបធៀបទីក្រុងនេះទាំងទំហំ និង ភាពស្ដុកស្ដម្ភទៅនឹងក្រុងប៉ារីស។ ជិតដល់ឆ្នាំ១៥៥០ បណ្ដារដ្ឋចំណុះរបស់អាណាចក្រនេះរួមមានបណ្ដារដ្ឋបុរីភាគខ្លះនៅ[[ទៀបកោះម៉ាឡេ]] សុខោទ័យ និង ភាគខ្លះនៃប្រទេស[[កម្ពុជា]]។<ref name= "malaystates">{{cite book| last = Hooker | first = Virginia Matheson | title = A Short History of Malaysia: Linking East and West| publisher= Allen & Unwin| location= St Leonards, New South Wales, AU | year = 2003| pages = 72| isbn = 1-86448-955-3 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=6F7xthSLFNEC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=Ayutthaya++malay |accessdate=5 July 2009}}</ref> នៅក្នុងការរៀបរាប់របស់ពួកបរទេស អយុធ្យាត្រូវបានពួកគេហៅថាសៀម ប៉ុន្តែប្រភពជាច្រើននិយាយថាអ្នកនៅអយុធ្យាហៅខ្លួនឯងថា ''[[ពួកទៃ|ទ័យ]]'' និងអាណាចក្ររបស់ខ្លួនថា ''ក្រុងទ័យ'' ({{linktext|กรุง|ไท}})។<ref group="កំណត់">{{cite book |last= Roberts|first= Edmund |authorlink= អេដម៉ឹណ្ដ៍ រ៉បឺត្ស៍ (ទូត) |title= Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832-3-4 |url= https://books.google.com/?id=aSgPAAAAYAAJ |year= 1837 |publisher= Harper & brothers |oclc= 12212199 |page= image 288 |chapter= XVIII —City of Bang-kok |quote= The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.}}</ref> ==ទិដ្ឋភាពប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រទូទៅ== ===ដើមកំណើត=== [[File:Wat Phanan Choeng 01.jpg|thumb|left|ពុទ្ធរូបទ្រង់ភ្នែនបិទមាស {{convert|19|m}} ដ៏ធំមហិមានៅ[[វត្តពន័ញជើង]]ពេលខាងក្រោយៗចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៣២៤ មកម៉្លេះ មុនការចុះកាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការបង្កើតក្រុងនេះទៅទៀត]] តាមរយៈកំណែដែលគេទទួលស្គាល់ភាគច្រើនបំផុតអំពីកំណកំណើតនៃអាណាចក្រនេះ ថាវាជារដ្ឋទ័យតាំងនៅឯអយុធ្យាតាមដង[[ទន្លេចៅព្រះញា]]មួយដែលបានផុសឡើងដំបូងគេ ក្បែរ[[នគរលវ]] (នៅសម័យនោះ ស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់[[កម្វុជទេឝ]]នៅឡើយ) និង [[សុវណ៌ភូមិ]]។ ប្រភពមួយនិយាយថានៅពាក់កណ្ដាលសតវត្សទីដប់បួន ដោយសារតែមានការគំរាមកំហែងពីរោគឆ្លងរាតត្បាត ព្រះចៅ[[ឧទង]]បានរើព្រះរាជវាំងទៅខាងត្បូងទៅកាន់វាលទំនាបលិចទឹកនៅឯ[[ទន្លេចៅព្រះញា]]នៅលើកោះមួយហ៊ុំព័ទ្ធដោយទន្លេជាច្រើន។<ref>{{cite journal |author= |last= |first= H. R. H. Prince Damrong |authorlink= Damrong Rajanubhab |year= 1904 |title= The Foundation of Ayuthia |journal= [[ទិនានុប្បវត្តិសង្គមសៀម|Journal of the Siam Society]] |format= PDF |volume= JSS Vol. 1.0e |publisher= Siam Heritage Trust |url= http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1904/JSS_001_0e_PrinceDamrong_FoundationOfAyuthia.pdf |quote= There is an old city ... called by the people Müang U Thong (the city of King U Thong) and there is a tradition that [[យសសក្ដិសៀម#ទាវ|Thao]] U Thong reigned over this city until an epidemic broke out and the people died in great numbers. He then abandoned the city and turning to the East looked out for another place to establish the capital; but the epidemic did not abate. He then crossed the Suphan (Tachin) river to escape the ravages of the epidemic, and even at the present time near the Suphan river there is a place called "Tha Thao U Thong" 'i. e.' the crossing of King U Thong. |accessdate= 17 វិច្ឆិកា 2013 |archive-date= 2 សីហា 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190802111359/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1904/JSS_001_0e_PrinceDamrong_FoundationOfAyuthia.pdf |dead-url= yes }}</ref> ឈ្មោះនៃទីក្រុងបានបង្ហាញនូវឥទ្ធិពល[[ព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា]]ក្នុងតំបន់នេះដែលវាជាការបន្លឺសព្ទបែបទៃយនៃឈ្មោះទីក្រុង[[អយុធ្យា (ឥណ្ឌា)|អយុធ្យា]]របស់ឥណ្ឌាដ៏ល្បីរន្ទឺ។ ក្រុងនេះត្រូវបានគេគិតថាមានជាប់ទាក់ទងទៅនឹងវីរកថាជាតិរបស់ទៃយ ''[[រាមកេរ្តិ៍ (សៀម)|រាមកេរ្តិ៍]]'' ដែលជាកំណែភាសាសៀមនៃរឿង ''[[រាមាយាណ]]'' ។ ===ការសញ្ជ័យ និង ការវាតទីនិយម=== [[File:Fra Mauro World Map detail South East Asian mainland.jpg|thumb|left|អយុធ្យាបង្ហាញនៅក្នុង[[ផែនទីផ្វ្រាម៉ាវរ៉ូ]]នៃពិភពលោក (រ.១៤៥០) ស្ថិតក្រោមឈ្មោះថា "Scierno" យកចេញពីភាសាពែរ្ស "Shahr-I-Naw" មានន័យថា "ទីក្រុងថ្មី"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |title=ច្បាប់ចម្លងប័ណ្ណសារ |access-date=19 មីនា 2016 |archivedate=3 មីនា 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222725/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/2006/09/06/headlines/headlines_30012911.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] អយុធ្យាបានចាប់ផ្ដើមមានអនុត្តរភាពដោយការសញ្ជ័យបណ្ដាអាណាចក្រ និង មឿងភាគខាងជើងដូចជា [[រាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យ|សុខោទ័យ]]<ref name=Coedes>{{cite book|last= Coedès|first= George|authorlink= ហ្សក សឺដេស|editor= Walter F. Vella|others= trans.Susan Brown Cowing|title= The Indianized States of Southeast Asia|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 978-0-8248-0368-1}}</ref>{{rp|២២២}} [[ឧទ្យានប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រកំពែងពេជ្រ|កំពែងពេជ្រ]] និង [[ពិឝ្ណុលោក]]។ មុនចុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំ អយុធ្យាបានផ្ដើមការវាយប្រហារទៅលើ[[អង្គរ]] ដែលជាមហាអំណាចធំតាំងពីបុរាណកាលក្នុងតំបន់។ ឥទ្ធិពលរបស់អង្គរនៅទីបំផុត ក៏បានសាបរលាបចេញពីវាលទំនាបទន្លេចៅព្រះញា កាលណោះអយុធ្យាក៏បានក្លាយជាមហាអំណាចធំថ្មីជំនួសអង្គរវិញ។ រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យាដែលកំពុងតែលេចត្រដែតឡើងមួយនេះមានអំណាចកាន់តែ ធំឡើងទៅៗ។ ទំនាក់ទំនងរវាងអយុធ្យា និង [[លានស្រែ]]កាន់តែអាក្រក់ឡើងចាប់តាំងពីពួកអយុធ្យាគាំទ្រដល់ការបះបោររបស់[[ថៅឆូយ]]នៅឆ្នាំ១៤៥១ លោក[[យុត្តិតធិរ៉ា]]ជាអភិជនម្នាក់នៃរាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យដែលលោកមានការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នាជាច្រើនលើកជាមួយព្រះបាទ[[បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ]]នោះ ក៏បានចូលថ្វាយខ្លួនបំរើដល់ព្រះបាទ[[តិលោករាជ]]។ យុត្តិតធិរ៉ាបានជំរុញអោយបរមត្រៃលោកនាថចូលលុកលុយពិឝ្ណុលោក ដោយបញ្ឆេះភ្លើង[[សង្គ្រាមអយុធ្យា-លានស្រែ]]លើជ្រលងចៅព្រះញាភាគខាងលើ (រាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យ)។ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៤៦០ ចៅហ្វាយស្រុកឆេល្យីងបានចុះចាញ់ព្រះបាទតិលោករាជ។ បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ ក្រោយមកបានប្រើប្រាស់យុទ្ធសាស្ត្រថ្មី ហើយផ្ដោតលើការធ្វើសង្គ្រាមជាមួយលានស្រែដោយរើរាជធានីទៅកាន់ពិឝ្ណុលោកវិញ។ លានស្រែបានរងការវាយបកវិញ ហើយតិលោករាជនៅទីបំផុតបានព្យាយាមស្វែងរកសន្តិភាពក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៤៧៥។ យ៉ាងណាមិញ រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យាមិនមែនជារដ្ឋឯកភាពមួយនៅឡើយទេ ផ្ទុយទៅវិញវាគ្រាន់តែជាបំណះនៃក្សត្របុរីគ្រប់គ្រងពីពឹងខ្លួន និង ជាបណ្ដាខែត្រសួយដែលមានស្វាមីភក្ដិទៅនឹងព្រះចៅអយុធ្យាដែលស្ថិតក្រោម ''[[មណ្ឌល (អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍)|ប្រព័ន្ធមណ្ឌល]]'' តាមពួកអ្នកប្រាជ្ញខ្លះបានលើកឡើង។<ref name="higham">{{harvnb|Higham|1989|p=355}}</ref> ក្សត្របុរីទាំងនេះប្រហែលត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងដោយព្រះរាជវង្សនៃអយុធ្យា រឺ ដោយអ្នកគ្រប់គ្រងប្រចាំតំបន់ដែលមានកងទ័ពឯករាជ្យផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន ហើយមានភារកិច្ចជួយដល់រាជធានីនៅពេលដែលសង្គ្រាម រឺ ការលុកលុយណាមួយបានកើតមានឡើង។ យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ធ្លាប់មានភស្តុតាងថាមានការបះបោរក្នុងតំបន់ម្ដងម្កាល ដឹកនាំដោយអម្ចាស់ រឺ ក្សត្រតាមតំបន់បានផ្ទុះឡើង។ អយុធ្យាក៏បានបង្ក្រាបការបះបោរទាំងនោះរាបទាបអស់ទៅ។ [[File:1686FrenchMapOfSiam.jpg|thumb|right|ផែនទីបារាំង១៦៨៦ អំពីសៀម]] ដោយសារកង្វះច្បាប់ឡើងសោយរាជ្យ និង ផ្នត់គំនិតនៃ[[គុណូបការាធិបតេយ្យ]]ជាធំផងនោះ ពេលណាមានការឡើងស្នងរាជ្យតែងមានជំលោះ ពួកចៅហ្វាយស្រុកដែលជាខត្តិយវង្ស រឺ ពួកអ្នកមានយសសក្ដិប្រកបដោយឥទ្ធិពលតែងតែអះអាងនូវគុណបំណាច់របស់ខ្លួនរួចហើយបានប្រមែប្រមូលកំលាំងរេហ៍ពល ហើយបរពលទៅកាន់រាជធានីទាមទារសិទ្ធិឡើងសោយរាជ្យ ដោយតាំងខ្លួនឱ្យខ្ពស់ក្នុងរដ្ឋប្រហារបង្ហូរឈាមគ្នាជាច្រើនលើក។<ref name="succ">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/thailand/7.htm|title=The Aytthaya Era, 1350–1767|publisher=U. S. Library of Congress|accessdate=25 July 2009}}</ref> ចំណាប់ផ្ដើមសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំ អយុធ្យាបានបង្ហាញនូវចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍លើ[[ទៀបកោះម៉ាឡេ]] ប៉ុន្តែកំពង់ផែពាណិជ្ជកម្មធំៗនៃ[[ស៊ុលតនាណាចក្រមល្លកា]]បានប្រកួតប្រជែងដើម្បីអះអាងអធិបតេយ្យភាពរបស់ខ្លួន។ អយុធ្យាបានផ្ដើមការសញ្ជ័យជាច្រើនលើកប្រឆាំងនឹងមល្លកាតែមិនបានសំរេច ដោយសារតែមល្លកាមានភាពរឹងមាំខាងការទូត និង សេដ្ឋកិច្ចព្រោះមានការជួយពីខាងយោធា[[រាជវង្សមិង|មហាមិង]]។ នៅដើមសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំ មេទ័ពជើងទឹករាជវង្សមិង លោក[[ចឹង ហឺ|ចឹង-ហឺ]]បានបង្កើតមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពដើម្បីធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការក្នុងទីក្រុងកំពង់ផែនេះ ដោយបង្កើតឡើងជាទីតាំងយុទ្ធសាស្ត្រដែលពួកចិនគ្មានចន្លោះប្រហោងណាមួយអាចចាញ់ពួកសៀមត្រង់ណាឡើយ។ ស្ថិតក្រោមការការពារនេះ មល្លកាបានរុងរឿង ប្រែក្លាយជាបច្ចាមិត្រមួយក្នុងចំណោមបច្ចាមិត្រធំៗរបស់អយុធ្យារហូតដល់[[ការកាន់កាប់មល្លកា (១៥១១)|ការកាន់កាប់មល្លកា]]ដោយពួកព័រទុយហ្កាល់។<ref name="malacca">{{cite book|last=Jin|first=Shaoqing|title=Zheng He's voyages down the western seas|editor=Office of the People's Goverernment of Fujian Province|publisher=China Intercontinental Press|location=Fujian, China|year=2005|page=58|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QmpkR6l5MaMC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=zheng+he+mansur+shah&source=bl&ots=IqDNCCxZKu&sig=HEX0vPAjTRnSNZGXuIOt_8gCkzY&hl=en&ei=LsF1SrL5Fo78MeGx-bAM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1#v=onepage&q=zheng%20he%20mansur%20shah&f=false|accessdate=2 August 2009}}</ref> ===សង្គ្រាមភូមាលើកទីមួយ=== '''{{main|សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម}}''' ចាប់ផ្ដើមពាក់កណ្ដាលនៃសតវត្សទី១៦ រាជអាណាចក្រនេះបានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការវាយលុកដដែលជាដដែលដោយ[[រាជវង្សតោនងូ]][[ភូមា]]។ [[សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៥៤៧-៤៩)]] បានចាប់ផ្ដើមជាមួយការលុកលុយភូមាមួយ និង ការឡោមព័ទ្ធអយុធ្យាបរាជ័យម្ដង។ ការឡោមព័ទ្ធលើកទីពីរ (១៥៦៣-៦៤) បានដឹកនាំដោយព្រះបាទ[[ព្រះរៀមអង្គយោធិននព្វរត្ន]]បានបង្ខំព្រះបាទ[[មហាចក្រពត្តិ]]ឱ្យចុះចាញ់នៅឆ្នាំ១៥៦៤។ គ្រួសាររាជវង្សត្រូវបានចាប់នាំទៅ[[បារគូ (ភូមា)|បារគូ]] ដោយមានបុត្រាទីពីររបស់ស្ដេចអយុធ្យា [[មហិន្ទ្រាធិរាជ]]ត្រូវបានគេលើកឱ្យសោយរាជ្យជាសាមន្តរាជ។<ref name=app-111>{{cite book | title=History of Burma | author=Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. Phayre | year=1883 | page=111 | edition=1967 | publisher=Susil Gupta | location=London}}</ref><ref name=geh-167>{{cite book | author=GE Harvey | title=History of Burma | pages=167–170 | publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. | year=1925 | location=London}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៥៦៨ មហិន្ទ្រាធិរាជបានបះបោរ នៅពេលព្រះបិតារបស់ទ្រង់រៀបចំយាងត្រឡប់មកពីបារគូវិញជា[[ភិក្ខុ]]ភេទ។ ការឡោមព័ទ្ធលើកទីបីជាហេតុនាំអោយមានការកាន់កាប់អយុធ្យានៅឆ្នាំ១៥៦៩ ហើយព្រះរៀមអង្គបានតាំងព្រះ[[មហាធម៌រាជាធិរាជ (អយុធ្យា)|មហាធម៌រាជាធិរាជ]]ជាស្ដេចចំណុះរបស់ទ្រង់វិញ។<ref name=geh-167/> <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Yuddhahatthi.jpg|thumb|250px|Naresuan slaying Mingyi Swa in duel]] --> [[File:Naresuan life - Wat Suwan Dararam - Section 13 (2142 BE).jpg|thumb|left|ព្រះចៅ[[នរេឝ្វរ]]ចូលទៅកាន់[[បារគូ (ភូមា)|បារគូដែលគ្មានការគ្រប់គ្រង]]នៅឆ្នាំ១៦០០ គំនូរជញ្ជាំងគូរដោយព្រះញាអនុសចិត្រកូល [[វត្តសុវន្ទរារាម]] [[ឧទ្យានប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអយុធ្យា]]។]] ក្រោយពីការសោយទិវង្គតរបស់ព្រះរៀមអង្គនៅឆ្នាំ១៥៨១ ឧបរាជ[[នរេឝ្វរ]]បានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យអយុធ្យានៅឆ្នាំ១៥៨៤។ ពួកទៃយបានវាយបកទៅកាន់ការលុកលុយរបស់ភូមាច្រំដែល (១៥៨៤-១៥៩៣) ដែលវាត្រូវបានបិទបញ្ចប់ដោយការល្បងបារមីលើដំរីរវាងព្រះបាទនរេឝ្វរ និងរជ្ជទាយាទភូមាម៉ុងគ្រីស្វានៅឆ្នាំ១៥៩៣ កំឡុងការឡោមព័ទ្ធអយុធ្យាលើកទីបួនដែលកាលណោះ ព្រះនរេឝ្វរបានប្រហារក្ស័យព្រះជន្មព្រះ[[ម៉ុងគ្រីស្វា]]ប្រកបដោយព្រះកិត្តិគុណល្បីរន្ទឺសុះសាយ ([[ថ្ងៃសំរាកសាធារណៈនៅថៃ#បញ្ញត្តិជាតិ|គេក៏បានកំណត់]]ថ្ងៃនោះ ត្រូវនឹង ថ្ងៃ ១៨ មករា ចាត់ទុកថាជាទិវា[[កងទ័ពទៃយ]])។ [[សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៥៩៤-១៦០៥)]] គឺជាការវាយប្រហាររបស់ស្យាមទៅលើភូមា ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យទទួលបានការកាន់កាប់[[តំបន់តនាវឝ្រី]]រហូតដល់[[មុំហ៍]]នៅឆ្នាំ១៥៩៥ ហើយនិងលាននានៅឆ្នាំ១៦០២។ នរេឝ្វរថែមទាំងបានលុកលុយភូមាដីគោករហូតដល់តោនងូនៅឆ្នាំ១៦០០ ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានរុញច្រានត្រឡប់មកវិញ។ បន្ទាប់ពីការសោយទិវង្គតរបស់ព្រះចៅនរេឝ្វរនៅឆ្នាំ១៦០៥ តនាវឝ្រីភាគខាងជើង និងលានស្រែបានវិលត្រឡប់ស្ថិតក្រោមអំណាចរបស់ភូមាវិញនៅឆ្នាំ១៦១៤។<ref>Phayre, pp. 127–130</ref> ការប៉ុនប៉ងរបស់រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យាដណ្ដើមយកលានស្រែ និង តនាវស្រីខាងជើងនៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦២-១៦៦៤ បានត្រូវបរាជ័យ។<ref>Phayre, p. 139</ref> ការជួញដូរនៅក្រៅប្រទេសបាននាំចូលមកកាន់អយុធ្យាវិញ មិនត្រឹមតែវត្ថុល្អប្រណិតៗប៉ុណ្ណោះនោះទេ តែក៏បាននាំចូលនូវគ្រឿងសស្ត្រាវុធថ្មីៗផងដែរ។ ក្នុងពាក់កណ្ដាលសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំពីរ កំឡុងរជ្ជកាលព្រះបាទនារាយណ៍ អយុធ្យាបានក្លាយជារាជអាណាចក្រយ៉ាងសំបូររុងរឿង។<ref name="wyatt2">{{harvnb|Wyatt|2003|pp=90–121}}</ref> ក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី អយុធ្យាបានបាត់ការគ្រប់គ្រងទៅលើបណ្ដាខេត្តនានារបស់ខ្លួន បន្តិចម្ដងៗ។ ចៅហ្វាយស្រុកជាច្រើនបានប្រើអំណាចផ្ទាល់ខ្លួនដោយឯករាជ្យ ហើយការបះបោរនានាប្រឆាំងនឹងរាជធានីក៏បានផ្ទុះឡើង។ ===សង្គ្រាមភូមាលើកទីពីរ=== ក្នុងពាក់កណ្ដាលសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី អយុធ្យាម្ដងទៀតបានជំពាក់វាក់វិនក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាច្រើនលើកជាមួយពួកភូមា។ [[សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៧៥៩-៦០)]] បានផ្ដើមឡើងដោយ[[រាជវង្សកន្បោន]]ភូមាក៏បានត្រូវបរាជ័យ។ [[សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៧៦៥-៦៧)]] បានបណ្ដាលឱ្យមានការលួចឆក់ប្លន់បំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញទីក្រុងអយុធ្យា ហើយទីបញ្ចប់នៃព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រនេះដោយសារតែ[[ការសញ្ជ័យ]]ក្នុងខែមេសា ឆ្នាំ១៧៦៧។ ==ខត្តិយភាពរាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា== '''{{See also|រាជាធិបតេយ្យទៃយ}}''' [[File:Ayutthaya Thailand.jpg|thumb|វិកិណ្ណដ្ឋាននៃទីក្រុងអយុធ្យាបុរាណក្រោយការឈ្លានពានរបស់ភូមា។]] ព្រះមហាក្សត្រនៃអយុធ្យាគឺជាស្ដេចផ្ដាច់ការដែលមានឋានន្តរសក្ដិសមសាសនា។ អំណាចរបស់ពួកទ្រង់ទាញបានពីមនោគមវិជ្ជានៃព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា និងព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាដូចគ្នាដែរ ក៏ចេញពីលក្ខណៈដឹកនាំពីធម្មជាតិរបស់ទ្រង់ផងដែរ។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្រសុខោទ័យគឺជាការរំលឹកឡើងវិញនៃសិលាចារឹកលេខ១ ដែលបានរកឃើញនៅសុខោទ័យ បានថ្លាថ្លែងថា ព្រះបាទរាមកំហែងនឹងសណ្ដាប់នូវពាក្យបណ្ដឹងនៃអាណាប្រជានុរាស្ត្រដែលបានវាយជួងនៅឯក្លោងទ្វារព្រះរាជវាំង។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្រត្រង់នេះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាឪពុកដោយប្រជារាស្ត្ររបស់ទ្រង់។ នៅអយុធ្យា យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ទស្សនៈខត្តិយភាពបែបបិតុភាពត្រូវបានសាបសូន្យ។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្រត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកថាជា ''ចក្រពត្តិ'' ([[សំស្ក្រឹត]] ''[[ចក្រវរ្តិន៑]]'') ដែលឆ្លងតាមរយៈការប្រកាន់ខ្ជាប់របស់ទ្រង់ទៅនឹងច្បាប់បង្កើតលោកទាំងមូលពាក់ព័ន្ធជុំវិញទ្រង់។<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.seasite.niu.edu:85/Thai/literature/ramakian/introduction.htm|title=Introduction|work=South East Asia site|publisher=Northern Illinois University|accessdate=3 October 2009|archivedate=31 ឧសភា 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531133851/http://www.seasite.niu.edu:85/thai/literature/ramakian/introduction.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> តាមរយៈបវេណីព្រហ្មញ្ញ ស្ដេចគឺជា[[អវតារ]]នៃព្រះ[[វិឝ្ណុ]] អ្នកបំផ្លាញអសុរា ដែលកើតមកជាអ្នកការពារមនុស្ស។ ជំនឿពុទ្ធសាសនាជឿថាក្សត្រគឺជាតួអង្គអ្នកដឹកនាំដ៏ត្រឹមត្រូវ ({{lang-sa|ធម៌រាជា}}) ដែលសំដៅរកសុខមាលភាពនៃមនុស្សលោក ហើយក៏ជាអ្នកដែលដើរតាមការបង្រៀនរបស់[[ព្រះពុទ្ធគោត្តម]]យ៉ាងតឹងរឹងផងដែរ។ ព្រះនាមផ្លូវការរបស់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រគឺជាការឆ្លុះបញ្ចាំងនៃសាសនាអស់ទាំងនោះ: ព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា និង ពុទ្ធសាសនា។ ពួកទ្រង់ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាការចាប់កំណើតនៃទេវៈខាងព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា: [[ឥន្ទ្រ]] [[ឝិវ]] រឺ វិឝ្ណុ ([[រាម]])។ ពិធីរាជាភិសេកត្រូវបានដឹកនាំដោយពួក[[ព្រាហ្មណ៍]] ដែលគ្រានោះចាត់ទុក [[ទេវ (ហិណ្ឌូនិយម)|ទេវៈព្រហ្មញ្ញ]] ឝិវជា ''ម្ចាស់នៃចក្រវាឡ''។ យ៉ាងណាមិញ តាមរយៈក្រឹត្យក្រមនេះ ស្ដេចមានភារកិច្ចចុងក្រោយជាអ្នកការពារប្រជារាស្ត្រ និងអ្នកបរិសូន្យនៃសភាវៈអាក្រក់។ តាមរយៈ[[ពុទ្ធសាសនា]] ព្រះមហាក្សត្រត្រូវបានគេជឿថាជាព្រះ[[ពោធិសត្វ]]។ ភារកិច្ចមួយក្នុងចំណោមភារកិច្ច សំខាន់ៗបំផុតនៃព្រះមហាក្សត្រគឺត្រូវកសាងវត្ត រឺ រូបចំលាក់ព្រះពុទ្ធរូបជានិមិត្តសញ្ញានៃភាពរុងរឿង និង សន្តិភាព។<ref name="hindu"/> ចំពោះអ្នកស្រុកវិញ ទិដ្ឋភាពផ្សេងមួយទៀតនៃខត្តិយភាពក៏មានភាពស្រដៀងគ្នាទៅនឹង "ម្ចាស់ដី" រឺ "អ្នកដែលគ្រប់គ្រងដី" (''ព្រះចៅផែនដី'') ដែរ។ តាមរយៈពិធីការក្នុងរាជវាំង ភាសាពិសេស ''រាជសព្ទ'' ("ភាសាស្ដេច") ត្រូវបានប្រើដើម្បីទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយ រឺ និយាយអំពីខត្តិយវង្ស។<ref name="rachasap">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/language.html|title=The National Language|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Mahidol University|accessdate=17 October 2009|archivedate=5 មីនា 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305072132/http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/language.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://thai-language.com/id/590084/ |title= Royal Words |author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= 9 October 2013 |website= Internet resource for the Thai language |publisher= thai-language.com |accessdate= 4 October 2013 |quote= |archivedate= 9 ឧសភា 2019 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20190509184856/http://thai-language.com/id/590084 |url-status= dead }}</ref> នៅអយុធ្យា ក្សត្រត្រូវបានគេនិយាយថាមានអំណាចលើដីអាណាប្រជានុរាស្ត្ររបស់ទ្រង់ តាំងពីពួកអភិជនរហូតដល់ប្រជារាស្ត្រសាមញ្ញ តារយៈប្រព័ន្ធ ''សក្ដិនា'' <ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/thailand/thai.html |title= Thailand |date= 12 February 2002 |work= Brief Description of the Country and its National/State Government Structure |publisher= [[គណៈកម្មាការសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងសង្គមសហប្រជាជាតិសំរាប់អាស៊ីនិងប៉ាស៊ីភ្វិក|UN ESCAP]] |accessdate= 2 April 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120420221210/http://www.unescap.org/huset/lgstudy/country/thailand/thai.html |archivedate= 20 មេសា 2012 |quote= The traditional government system and social structure in Siam during this period was known as the ''Sakdina'' system. All land was owned by the ruler who granted land to members of the royal family and the nobility according to their ranks in the traditional bureaucratic hierarchy. |url-status= dead }}</ref> ដែលបានចងក្រងជាក្រមដោយព្រះបាទ[[បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ#សក្ដិនា|បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ]] (១៤៤៨-៨៨)។ ប្រព័ន្ធ ''សក្ដិនា'' មានភាពស្រដៀងគ្នាទៅនឹង[[សក្ដិភូមិនិយម]] ប៉ុន្តែមិនដូចគ្នាទេ ស្ថិតនៅក្រោមរបបសក្ដិភូមិ ស្ដេចមិនមែនជាម្ចាស់ដីទាំងឡាយឡើយ។<ref>{{cite web |url= http://links.org.au/node/1754 |title= Class and politics in Thailand |author= Giles Ji Ungpakorn |authorlink= ចៃ អឹងភាករណ៍ |date= 2 April 2012 |work= Thailand's Crisis and the Fight for Democracy |publisher= Links International Journal of Socialist Renewal |accessdate= 2 April 2012 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120401180416/http://links.org.au/node/1754 |archivedate= 1 មេសា 2012 |quote= This was a system of direct control over humans, rather than the use of land ownership to control labour.... |url-status= dead }}</ref> គ្រានោះគ្មានភស្តុតាងរឹងមាំណាមួយដែលថាប្រព័ន្ធគ្រប់គ្រងដីធ្លីនេះបានបញ្ញត្តិនូវសេដ្ឋកិច្ច[[សេដ្ឋកិច្ចរាជវាំង|រាជវាំងផ្លូវការ]]ឡើយ ជនជាតិបារាំង[[ផ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ-ទីម៉ូឡេអុង ដឺ ឆ្វេហ្ស៊ី|ផ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ-ទីម៉ូឡេអុង-ដឺ-ឆ្វេហ្ស៊ី]] អ្នកដែលបានមកដល់អយុធ្យានៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨៥ បានសរសេរថា "ព្រះមហាក្សត្រកាន់អំណាចផ្ដាច់ការ។ ព្រះអង្គពិតជាព្រះអាទិទេពនៃពួកសៀមមែន: គ្មាននរណាម្នាក់ហ៊ានហៅចំព្រះនាមរបស់ទ្រង់ឡើយ។" ស្មេរសតវត្សទី១៧ ម្នាក់ទៀត ជនជាតិណេដឺឡន[[យ៉ន់ វ៉ម់ វ្លីត|យ៉ន់-វ៉ម់-វ្លីត]]បានកត់សំគាល់ថាស្ដេចសៀមត្រូវបាន "គោរព និង បូជាដោយប្រជានុរាស្ត្ររបស់ទ្រង់ទុកដូចជាព្រះទីពីរ។" ច្បាប់ និង រាជបញ្ជាត្រូវបានចេញដោយព្រះមហាក្សត្រ។ ជួនកាល ព្រះមហាក្សត្រអង្គឯងក៏ជាចៅក្រមកំពូលបំផុតដែលកាត់ក្ដី និងដាក់ទោសនូវបទល្មើសសំខាន់ៗ ដូចជាពួកជនក្បត់ រឺ ពួកអ្នកបះបោរ។<ref name="indiaruin">{{cite journal|last=Bavadam|first=Lyla|date=14 March 2006|title=Magnificint Ruins|journal=Frontline|volume=26|issue=6|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2606/stories/20090327260606600.htm|accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref> បន្ថែមលើប្រព័ន្ធ ''សក្ដិនា'' នវានុវត្តន៍ស្ថាប័នជាច្រើនផ្សេងៗនៃព្រះបាទ[[បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ#សក្ដិក្សត្រ|បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ]]បានចែងតំណែង ''[[ឧបរាជ]]'' ជាធម្មតាត្រូវបានកាន់ដោយព្រះរាជបុត្រាជាន់ខ្ពស់ រឺ ក៏ព្រះភាតាបង្កើត ក្នុងបំណងធ្វើនិយតកម្មទៅនឹងរបៀបរបបការឡើងសោយរាជ្យដ៏ពិបាកខ្លាំងចំពោះរាជវង្សពហុពន្ធភាព។ ក្នុងការអនុវត្ត មានការប៉ះទង្គិចជាប់មកជាមួយរវាងព្រះរាជា និង ''ឧបរាជ'' ហើយការឡើងសោយរាជ្យតែងមានជំលោះជាញឹកញាប់។<ref name="uparaja">{{cite web|url=http://www.soravij.com/mahauparaja.html|title=HM Second King Pinklao|publisher=Soravij|accessdate=17 October 2009|archivedate=10 ឧសភា 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510011852/http://www.soravij.com/mahauparaja.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ វាបង្ហាញឱ្យឃើញថាអំណាចរាជបល្លង្កអយុធ្យាមានដែនកំណត់។ អនុត្តរភាពនៃស្ដេចអយុធ្យា តែងតែពឹងផ្អែកលើលក្ខខណ្ឌអំណោយទាននៃព្រះជន្ម និង អ្នកដង្ហែតាមទ្រង់។ ដោយគ្មានអ្នកគាំទ្រ រដ្ឋប្រហារបង្ហូរឈាមបានកើតឡើងពីសម័យមួយទៅសម័យមួយ។ តួអង្គដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលបំផុតក្នុងរាជធានីតែងតែជាពួកមេទ័ព រឺ មន្ត្រីនៃក្រុម ''ក្រឡាហោម''។ កំឡុងសតវត្សចុងក្រោយនៃអយុធ្យា ការប្រយុទ្ធបង្ហូរឈាមចំណោមព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ និង មេទ័ព មានបំណងប៉ងយករាជបល្លង្ក បានញាំញីរំខានដល់ព្រះរាជវាំង។ ==ការអភិវឌ្ឍសង្គម និង នយោបាយ== '''{{main|មណ្ឌល (អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍)}}''' [[File:View of Iudea (Ayutthaya), Capital of Siam ca. 1662 (SK-A-4477).jpg|thumb|គំនូរនៃអយុធ្យា បានបង្គាប់បញ្ជាដោយ[[ក្រុមហ៊ុនឥណ្ឌាខាងកើតនៃណេដឺឡន]] អាំស្ទែដាំ]] កំណែទំរង់នៃព្រះបាទ[[បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ#កំណែទំរង់|បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ]] (រជ.១៤៤៨-១៤៨៨) បានតំកល់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រអយុធ្យានៅចំកណ្ដាលនៃឋានានុក្រមសង្គម និងនយោបាយជាន់ខ្ពស់ដែលបានពង្រីកទូទាំង[[អាណាចក្រ]]។ ប្រសិនបើជាកង្វះភស្តុតាងក៏ដោយ វាត្រូវបានគេយល់ថានៅក្នុងរាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា ឯកតាគ្រឹះនៃអង្គការសង្គមគឺជាសហគមន៍នៃភូមិផ្សំឡើងដោយគ្រួសារធំៗជាច្រើនគ្រួ។ សិទ្ធិទទួលដីធ្លីស្ថិតនៅជាមួយមេ ដែលកាន់កាប់ដីធ្លីក្នុងនាមតំណាងឱ្យសហគមន៍ ទោះបីយ៉ាងណាក្ដី ម្ចាស់កម្មសិទ្ធិដែលជាកសិករពេញចិត្តក្នុងការប្រើប្រាស់ដីធ្លីដរាបណាពួកគេនៅតែអាចអាស្រ័យផលពីវាបានជានិច្ច។<ref name="apex">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/ayutthaya.html|title=Ayutthaya|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Mahidol University|accessdate=1 November 2009|archivedate=23 កុម្ភៈ 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223050933/http://www.mahidol.ac.th/thailand/ayutthaya.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ពួកម្ចាស់ដីបានក្លាយជា[[អាមាត្យ]] និងពួក[[សួយសាអាករ|អាជ្ញាហ្លួង]]នៅតាមក្រុងតូចៗជាបន្តបន្ទាប់។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្រនៅទីបំផុតត្រូវបានគេទទួលស្គាល់ថាជាអវតារនៃព្រះឝិវ រឺ វិឝ្ណុ និងបានក្លាយជាបុគ្គលជាទីសក្ការបូជានៃ[[លទ្ធិ (បដិបត្តិសាសនា)|ការបដិបត្តិលទ្ធិ]]នយោបាយ-សាសនាជាធិបតីលើពួកព្រហ្មណ៍បារគូក្នុងរាជវាំង ភាគនៃបរិវារវាំងខាងពុទ្ធនិយម។ ក្នុងបរិបទពុទ្ធនិយម ''ទេវរាជ'' គឺជាព្រះពោធិសត្វ។ ជំនឿខាងទេវរាជភាពមានជាទូទៅរហូតចូលមកដល់សតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី ទោះបីយ៉ាងណានៅពេលនោះការជំពាក់វាក់វិនខាងសាសនានៃជំនឿនេះត្រូវបានរឹតត្បឹតកុំឱ្យមានផលប៉ះពាល់។ ដោយមានដីធ្លីបំរុងទុកយ៉ាងធំទូលាយនៅទំនេរសំរាប់ការដាំដុះ អាណាចក្រនេះបានពឹងផ្អែកលើលទ្ធកម្ម និង ការក្ដោបក្ដាប់កំលាំងមនុស្សឱ្យសមល្មមសំរាប់ការងារ និង ការការពារដីស្រែ។ ការងើបឡើងយ៉ាងត្រដាបត្រដួសនៃអយុធ្យាបានតំរូវឱ្យមានការធ្វើសង្គ្រាមជានិច្ច ហើយខណៈពេលនោះ គ្មានភាគីណាមួយនៅក្នុងតំបន់មានភាពជឿនលឿនខាងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាឡើយ លទ្ធផលនៃការប្រយុទ្ធគ្នាជាធម្មតាត្រូវកំណត់ដោយទំហំនៃកងទ័ព។ បន្ទាប់ពីការធ្វើយុទ្ធនាការសឹកទទួលបានជ័យជំនះម្ដងៗ អយុធ្យាបានផាត់កៀររាស្ត្រទាំងនោះមកកាន់ទឹកដីរបស់ខ្លួន ដែលជាកន្លែងពួកគេត្រូវបានធ្វើសមានកម្ម និងបញ្ចូលទៅជាកំលាំងពលកម្ម។<ref name="apex"/> [[រាមាធិបតីទី២#ការបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធកំណែន|រាមាធិបតីទី២]] (រជ.១៤៩១-១៥២៩) បានបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធកំណែនស្ថិតនៅក្រោមប្រព័ន្ធនេះ ដែលពួកវៃស្សគ្រប់គ្នាត្រូវចុះឈ្មោះជា[[យសសក្ដិស្យាម|''ព្រៃ'']] (អ្នកបំរើ) ជាមួយពួក ''[[ចៅនាយ]]''។ នៅពេលសង្គ្រាមផ្ទុះឡើង ពួកព្រៃជាបុរសត្រូវបានគេកែនឱ្យធ្វើ[[កំណែនទាហាន|ទាហាន]]។ នៅពីលើពួក ''ព្រៃ'' គឺ ''[[យសសក្ដិស្យាម#នាយ|នាយ]]'' ដែលទទួលខុសត្រូវចំពោះការបំរើកងទ័ព ការងារកំណែនលើកិច្ចការងារសាធារណៈ និងទទួលខុសត្រូវលើដីធ្លីនៃពួកមន្ត្រីដែលមន្ត្រីនោះបានចាត់តាំងគេ។ ពួក ''ព្រៃសួយ'' ({{linktext|ไพร่|ส่วย}}) បំពេញកាតព្វកិច្ចពលកម្មជំនួសការបង់ពន្ធ។ បើសិនជាគេយល់ថាការងារនោះជាការងារបង្ខិតបង្ខំនៅក្រោមលោក ''នាយ'' ដែលខ្លួនមិនពេញចិត្ត គេអាចលក់ខ្លួនជា ''ទាសៈ'' ទៅកាន់លោក ''នាយ'' ដែលគេពេញចិត្តជាង ហើយនាយនោះក្រោយមកបង់ថ្លៃសំណងចំពោះការខាតបង់កំលាំងពលកម្មកំណែន។ ស្ទើរតែ មួយភាគបីនៃការផ្គត់ផ្គង់កំលាំងមនុស្សមកទល់នឹងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបួនសំបូរទៅដោយពួក ''ព្រៃ''។<ref name="apex"/> ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិ ឋានៈ និងឥទ្ធិពលនយោបាយមានទំនាក់ទំនងគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្របានចាត់ចែងដីស្រែទៅឱ្យពួកមន្ត្រីវាំង ចៅហ្វាយស្រុក មេទ័ព ជាការតបស្នងដល់ការបំរើរាជការរបស់ពួកគេ អនុលោមទៅតាមប្រព័ន្ធ ''សក្ដិនា''។ ទំហំការបែងចែករបស់មន្ត្រីនីមួយៗត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយចំនួនពួក ''ព្រៃ'' ដែលគេអាចបញ្ជាឱ្យទៅធ្វើការលើដីនោះ។ ចំនួននៃកំលាំងមនុស្ស ប្រធានពិសេសម្នាក់ រឺ​ មន្ត្រីម្នាក់ អាចបញ្ជាអាស្រ័យទៅតាមឋានៈរបស់គេទាក់ទងនឹងអ្នកផ្សេងៗក្នុងឋានានុក្រម និង ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិរបស់គេ។ នៅចុងកំពូលនៃឋានានុក្រម គឺព្រះមហាក្សត្រដែលជានិមិត្តរូបម្ចាស់ដីធំបំផុតរបស់អាណាចក្រនេះ តាមទ្រឹស្ដីទ្រង់បានត្រួតត្រាលើការបំរើរាជការរបស់ពួក ''ព្រៃ'' ដ៏ច្រើនបំផុត ដែលពួកនោះត្រូវគេហៅថា ''ព្រៃហ្លួង'' បានបង់ពន្ធដោយ ការបំរើកងទ័ពហ្លួង ហើយនិងការបំរើការលើដីព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ។<ref name="apex"/> [[File:AMH-5626-NA Bird's eye view of the city of Judja.jpg|thumb|គូរដោយលោក[[យ៉ូហានណិស ភ្វីងប៊នស៍|យ៉ូហានណិស-ភ្វីងប៊នស៍]]អំពីអយុធ្យា រ.១៦៦៥]] យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ការជ្រើសរើសកងទ័ពបានពឹងផ្អែកលើ ''នាយ'' រឺ ''មន្តីនាយ'' ពួកមន្ត្រីដែលត្រួតត្រាលើពួក ''ព្រៃសាម''។ ពួកមន្ត្រីទាំងនេះត្រូវទទួលព្រមតាមរាជបញ្ជារបស់ព្រះរាជានៅពេលសង្គ្រាមផ្ទុះឡើង។ ពួកមន្ត្រី ដោយហេតុនេះបានក្លាយជាតួអង្គគន្លឹះក្នុងនយោបាយរបស់នគរ។ យ៉ាងហោចណាស់មានមន្ត្រីពីររូបបានរៀបចំធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារដណ្ដើមរាជបល្លង្កគ្នា ខណៈពេលមានការតស៊ូបង្ហូរឈាមគ្នារវាងព្រះមហាក្សត្រ និង ពួកមន្ត្រីរបស់ទ្រង់ ដែលបន្តបន្ទាប់ធ្វើឱ្យមានការបោសសំអាតពួកមន្ត្រីវាំងតែងត្រូវគេមើលឃើញជានិច្ចកាល។<ref name="apex"/> ព្រះបាទត្រៃលោក នៅដើមសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំមួយបានបង្កើតឱ្យមានការបែងចែកដីធ្លី និង ពួក ''ព្រៃ'' ឱ្យច្បាស់លាស់សំរាប់មន្ត្រីហ្លួងគ្រប់ជាន់ថ្នាក់តាមឋានានុក្រម ដោយហេតុនេះហើយការកំណត់រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសង្គមក្នុងប្រទេសមានជារៀងដរាបដល់ការដាក់បញ្ចូលបៀវត្ស៍សំរាប់មន្ត្រីរាជការក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបួន។<ref name="apex"/> ប្រព័ន្ធនេះគ្មានវិសាលភាពណាមួយទៅដល់ព្រះ[[សង្ឃ]]ឡើយ ដែលមនុស្សគ្រប់វណ្ណៈទាំងអស់អាចចូលបួសរៀនបាន បូករួមទាំងពួកអនិកជនចិនផង។ [[វត្ត]]ជាច្រើនបានក្លាយជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលអប់រំ និងវប្បធម៌ស្យាម គ្រាអំឡុងសម័យកាលនេះពួកចិនដំបូងបានចាប់ផ្ដើមតាំងលំនៅក្នុងប្រទេសថៃ ហើយយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័សពួកគេបានចាប់ផ្ដើមបង្កើតការគ្រប់គ្រងលើជីវភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់ប្រទេសនេះ។<ref name="apex"/> ពួកចិនមិនបានជាប់កាតព្វកិច្ចចុះបញ្ជីសំរាប់ភារកិច្ចកំណែនទេ ដូច្នេះពួកគេមានពេលទំនេរដើរហើរជុំវិញនគរតាមចិត្តចង់ និង ភ្ជាប់ខ្លួនទៅនឹងពាណិជ្ជកម្ម។ ជិតដល់សតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំមួយ ពួកចិនបានកាន់កាប់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់អយុធ្យា និងបានចាក់រឹសចាក់គល់ក្នុងតំណែងទីសំខាន់ៗខាងសេវារាជការសាធារណៈ និង កងទ័ព។ ភាគច្រើននៃមនុស្សទាំងនេះបានយកប្រពន្ធស្យាមពីព្រោះថាមានស្ត្រីភាគតិចណាស់ដែលបានចាកចេញពីស្រុកចិនមកជាមួយប្រុសៗ។<ref name="apex"/> ព្រះបាទឧទងទទួលខុសត្រូវចំពោះការចងក្រងនៃ ''[[ធម៌សាស្ត្រ]]'' ក្រមច្បាប់ផ្អែកលើប្រភពឯកសារព្រហ្មញ្ញ និងទំនៀមទំលាប់ថៃពីបុរាណ។ ''ធម៌សាស្ត្រ'' នៅតែជាឧបករណ៍ច្បាប់ស្យាមមួយរហូតដល់ចុងសតវត្សទី១៩។ ការិយាធិបតេយ្យមួយពឹងផ្អែកលើឋានានុក្រមនៃមន្ត្រីដែលមានយសសក្ដិត្រូវបានដាក់បញ្ចូល ហើយសង្គមត្រូវបានរៀបចំជាលក្ខណៈប្រទាក់ក្រឡាគ្នា។ យ៉ាងណាមិញ [[ប្រព័ន្ធវណ្ណៈនៅឥណ្ឌា|ប្រព័ន្ធវណ្ណៈ]]មិនត្រូវបានគេយកមកប្រើឡើយ។<ref name="usstate">{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2814.htm|title=Background Note: Thailand|date=July 2009|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=8 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091104165710/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2814.htm| archivedate= 4 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> សតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំមួយបានបង្ហាញភស្តុតាងការងើបឡើងនៃភូមា ដែលបានរុករានរាតត្បាត[[ជៀងថ្មី]] និង [[លាវ]] ហើយបង្កើតជាសង្គ្រាមលើពួកស្យាម។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៥៦៩​ កងទ័ពភូមា បានចូលរួមនឹងពួកអ្នកបះបោរស្យាម ដែលភាគច្រើនជារាជវង្សានុវង្សស្យាម បានកាន់កាប់ក្រុងអយុធ្យា ហើយបានផាត់កៀរយកព្រះរាជវង្សទាំងមូលបញ្ជូនទៅកាន់ភូមា។ ធម៌រាជា (១៥៦៩-៩០) ចៅហ្វាយស្រុកស្យាមដែលបានជួយភូមា ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជាស្ដេចចំណុះនៅអយុធ្យា។ ឯករាជ្យស្យាមត្រូវបានស្ដារដោយព្រះរាជបុត្ររបស់ទ្រង់ ព្រះបាទនរេឝ្វរ (១៥៩០-១៦០៥) ដែលបានវាយបកទៅភូមាដោយមិនឱ្យដឹងខ្លួន និងជិតដល់ឆ្នាំ១៦០០ ទ្រង់ក៏បានរុញច្រានពួកភូមាឱ្យចេញពីប្រទេសរបស់ទ្រង់។<ref name="subindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.friesian.com/perigoku.htm|title=The Periphery of China&nbsp;– Korea, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Burma, Tibet, and Mongolia|last=Ross, Ph.D.|first=Kelly L.|year=2008|publisher=Freisian School|accessdate=8 November 2009}}</ref> ដោយប្ដេជ្ញាចិត្តបង្ការអំពើក្បត់ដូចព្រះបិតារបស់ទ្រង់ ព្រះនរេឝ្វរបានចាប់ផ្ដើមឯកភាពរដ្ឋបាលរបស់ប្រទេសដោយផ្ទាល់ឱ្យស្ថិតនៅក្រោមព្រះរាជវាំងអយុធ្យា។ ព្រះអង្គបានបញ្ចប់ការអនុវត្តឱ្យព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ខត្តិយវង្សដែលមានឋានៈទៅធ្វើចៅហ្វាយស្រុកតាមខែត្រនានារបស់អយុធ្យា ដោយតែងតាំងមន្ត្រីវាំងជំនួសវិញដែលសង្ឃឹមថាពួកគេអាចអនុវត្តតាមគោលនយោបាយចេញដោយព្រះមហាក្សត្រ។ ចាប់តាំងពីពេលនោះមកពួកព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់ខត្តិយត្រកូលត្រូវបានបង្ខាំងទុកនៅតែក្នុងរាជធានីតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ការដណ្ដើមអំណាចរបស់ពួកទ្រង់បានបន្ត ប៉ុន្តែនៅក្នុងព្រះរាជវាំងវិញដែលស្ថិតក្រោមការឃ្លាំមើលរបស់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រ។<ref name="tring">{{cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin|others=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|location=Chicago|year=1995|volume=5|pages=56|isbn=1-884964-04-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Naresuan++freemen&source=bl&ots=REatqifhlS&sig=rBQpvLxkkyykDwU3qjfHTbHOHgw&hl=en&ei=flIgS_fHB4OysgPR8ImACg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Naresuan%20%20freemen&f=false|accessdate=10 December 2009}}</ref> ដើម្បីឱ្យប្រាកដអំណាចរបស់ទ្រង់លើវណ្ណៈពួកចៅហ្វាយស្រុកថ្មី ព្រះបាទនរេឝ្វរបានចេញរាជក្រឹត្យថាពួកវៃស្សៈទាំងឡាយស្ថិតក្រោមអំណាចបំរើការខាង ''ព្រៃ'' បានក្លាយជាពួក ''ព្រៃហ្លួង'' ដែលនៅកៀកជាប់ផ្ទាល់ទៅនឹងព្រះមហាក្សត្រ ទ្រង់បានបែងចែកសេវាបំរើរបស់ពួកនោះទៅកាន់ពួកមន្ត្រីរបស់ទ្រង់។ វិធានការនេះបានផ្ដល់ឱ្យព្រះមហាក្សត្រនូវភាពផ្ដាច់មុខតាមបែបទ្រឹស្ដីលើកំលាំងមនុស្សទាំងឡាយ ហើយគំនិតនេះបានវិវត្តដូច្នេះតាំងពីព្រះមហាក្សត្រមានបរិចារកិច្ចពីប្រជារាស្ត្រទាំងអស់របស់ព្រះអង្គ ទ្រង់ក៏ជាម្ចាស់កម្មសិទ្ធិលើដីធ្លីទាំងអស់ផងដែរ។ តំណែងក្រមការ និង តំណែងចៅហ្វាយស្រុក ហើយនិងសក្ដិនាដែលជាប់មកនឹងពួកមន្ត្រីទាំងនោះជាធម្មតាគឺជាតំណែងសួរពូជបានកាន់កាប់ដោយពួកគ្រួសារមួយចំនួនដែលមានជាប់សាច់សែលោហិតទៅនឹងព្រះមហាក្សត្រតាមរយៈអាពិហ៍ពិពាហ៍។ ជាការពិត អាពាហ៍ពិពាហ៍ជារឿយៗត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ដោយព្រះមហាក្សត្រស្យាមដើម្បីផ្សារភ្ជាប់សម្ព័ន្ធភាពរវាងពួកទ្រង់ និង បណ្ដាត្រកូលគ្រួសារមានឥទ្ធិពល ជាទំនៀមទំលាប់មួយដែលមានជាទូទៅរៀងរហូតដល់សតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបួន។ ជាលទ្ធផលមកវិញនៃគោលនយោបាយនេះ ព្រះមហេសីរបស់ក្សត្រជាធម្មតាមានចំនួនរាប់ផ្លូន។<ref name="tring"/> ទោះបីជាមានកំណែទំរង់របស់ព្រះនរេឝ្វរយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ក៏ប្រសិទ្ធិកភាពនៃរាជការ ជាង ១៥០ ឆ្នាំប្លាយបន្ទាប់នៅតែមិនមានស្ថេរភាពដដែល។ អំណាចក្សត្រក្រៅពីដីព្រះរាជទ្រព្យ ទោះបីយ៉ាងណាក្នុងទ្រឹស្ដីដាច់ខាត ដែលក្នុងការអនុវត្តនៅមានកំរិតដោយសារតែភាពធូររលុងនៃរដ្ឋបាលសាធារណៈ។ ឥទ្ធិពលនៃរាជការកណ្ដាល និង ព្រះរាជាមិនមានវិសាលភាពផុតចាកឆ្ងាយពីព្រះរាជធានីឡើយ។ នៅពេលនោះសង្គ្រាមជាមួយពួកភូមាបានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅចុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី បណ្ដាខេត្តនានាបានបោះបង់ចោលព្រះរាជធានីដោយស្រួលៗ។ ខណៈពេលនោះ កងទ័ពជំនួយមិនងាយចូលមកប្រមូលផ្ដុំគ្នាការពាររាជធានីបានឡើយ ដូច្នោះហើយក្រុងអយុធ្យាមិនអាចស៊ូទ្រាំនឹងពួកឈ្លានពានភូមាបានទេ។<ref name="tring"/> ==សាសនា== [[File:Ayutthaya buddha 2.jpg|thumb|ព្រះកេសព្រះពុទ្ធដុះពាសពេញដោយ[[វនស្បតិ សាសនា|ដើមឧទុម្ពរ]]ក្នុង[[វត្តមហាធាតុ]] [[ឧទ្យានប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអយុធ្យា]]]] [[សាសនា]]ចំបងនៃអយុធ្យាគឺ[[ពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ]]។ យ៉ាងណាក្ដី ធាតុផ្សំជាច្រើននៃប្រព័ន្ធនយោបាយ និង សង្គមត្រូវសហប្រតិបត្តិការដោយគម្ពីរ[[ហិណ្ឌូ|ព្រហ្មញ្ញសាសនា]] និងអនុវត្តដោយពួក[[ព្រាហ្មណ៍]]បារគូ។<ref name="usstate"/> តំបន់ជាច្រើនក្នុងព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រ ក៏មានការកាន់ពុទ្ធសាសនា[[មហាយាន]] [[ឥស្លាម]]<ref name="muslims in the kingdom of ayyuthaya">{{cite web|url=http://journalarticle.ukm.my/514/1/1.pdf|title=Muslims in the Kingdom of Ayyuthaya|last=Sheik Ahmad|first=Omar Farouk|year=|publisher=UKM|accessdate=24 May 2012|archivedate=5 មីនា 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305214641/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/514/1/1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> និងរងឥទ្ធិពលពីពួក[[សាសនទូត]]បារាំងដែលបានមកដល់ប្រទេសនេះឆ្លងតាមរយៈប្រទេសចិនក្នុងសតវត្សទី១៧ តំបន់មួយចំនួនតូចក៏ត្រូវបានប្រែមកកាន់[[កាតូលិកសាសនារ៉ូម|សាសនាកាតូលិករ៉ូមវិញ]]ខ្លះដែរ។<ref name="ayuttayabuddhism">{{cite web|url=http://www.cjourney.info/english/cjarticles/112006/buddhisminayuttaya.php|title=Buddhism in Ayutthaya (1350–1767)|last=Indobhasa|first=Sao|year=2009|publisher=Ceylon Journey|accessdate=22 December 2009|archivedate=25 សីហា 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825135817/http://www.cjourney.info/english/cjarticles/112006/buddhisminayuttaya.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> ឥទ្ធិពលនៃការបដិបត្តិមហាយាន និង តន្ត្រ ក៏បានបញ្ចូលក្នុងពុទ្ធសាសថេរវាទផងដែរ ដែលវាបង្កើតឱ្យមាននូវប្រពៃណីមួយ ហៅថា[[ថេរវាទតន្ត្រ]]។ ==ការអភិវឌ្ឍសេដ្ឋកិច្ច== សៀមមិនដែលមានការខ្វះខាតគ្រឿងបរិភោគស្បៀងអាហារច្រើនទេ។ ពួកកសិករបានដាំ[[ស្រូវ]]សំរាប់ការហូបចុកផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន និងទុកបង់ពន្ធសួយសារ។ អ្វីៗដែលនៅសល់ពីការប្រើប្រាស់ត្រូវយកទៅទំនុកបំរុងដល់ស្ថាប័នសាសនា។ ចាប់ពីសតវត្សទីដប់បីដល់ទីដប់ប្រាំ យ៉ាងណាមិញ ការប្រែទំរង់គួរឱ្យកត់សំគាល់មួយបានកើតឡើងខាងដំណាំស្រូវរបស់សៀម។ នៅដែនដីខ្ពស់ៗ ទឹកភ្លៀងត្រូវបានបង្គ្រប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធបញ្ចេញបញ្ចូលទឹក<ref group="កំណត់"> {{cite journal | last1 = Luo | first1 = Wei | last2 = Hartmann | first2 = John | last3=Li | first3= Jinfang | last4=Sysamouth | first4= Vinya |date= December 2000 |title= GIS Mapping and Analysis of Tai Linguistic and Settlement Patterns in Southern China |journal= [[វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រព័ត៌មានភូមិសាស្ត្រ|Geographic Information Science]]s |volume= 6 |series= |issue= 2 |page= |pages= 129–136 |at= |chapter= |location= DeKalb |publisher= [[សកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីលីណយខាងជើង|Northern Illinois University]] |accessdate= 28 May 2013 |url= http://www.niu.edu/landform/papers/JGIS_Tai_Origin.pdf |archiveurl= |archivedate= |laysource= |laysummary= |laydate= |quote= Abstract. By integrating linguistic information and physical geographic features in a [[ប្រព័ន្ធព័ត៌មានភូមិសាស្ត្រ|GIS]] environment, this paper maps the spatial variation of terms connected with wet-rice farming of Tai minority groups in southern China and shows that the primary candidate of origin for proto-Tai is in the region of Guangxi-Guizhou, not Yunnan or the middle Yangtze River region as others have proposed....}}</ref> ដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងកំរិតទឹកក្នុងស្រែ ពួកសៀមក៏បានសាបព្រួសស្រូវដំណើប ដែលវាជាស្បៀងអាហារមូលដ្ឋាននៅក្នុងតំបន់ភូមិសាស្ត្រខាងជើង និង ឦសាន។ ប៉ុន្តែនៅវាលទំនាបលិចទឹកនៃទន្លេចៅព្រះញា ពួកកសិករងាកទៅរកដាំស្រូវចំរុះផ្សេងៗទៀតដែលហៅថា ស្រូវឡើងទឹក ជា[[ស្រូវខ្សាយ]]បាននាំចូលពីពង្គល ដែលដុះលឿនល្មមលូតទៅលឿនស្របពេលទឹកឡើងនៅក្នុងស្រែនៅដែនដីទំនាប។<ref name="dopa">{{cite web|url=http://www.dopa.go.th/English/history/econ2.htm|title=The Economy and Economic Changes|work=The Ayutthaya Administration|publisher=Department of Provincial Administration|accessdate=30 January 2010|archivedate=20 វិច្ឆិកា 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120133003/http://www.dopa.go.th/English/history/econ2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ពូជថ្មីនេះដុះលូតលាស់ស្រួល និងបានផលច្រើនលើសលប់ ដែលផលិតបានបរិមាណលើសតំរូវការអាចយកទៅលក់ក្រៅប្រទេសក្នុងតំលៃថោក។ អយុធ្យាបានតាំងនៅទីឆ្ងាយភាគខាងត្បូងបំផុតនៃវាលទំនាបលិចទឹក ដូច្នេះវាបានក្លាយជាចំណុចស្នូលនៃសកម្មភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ច។ ស្ថិតក្រោមការឧបត្ថម្ភរបស់ព្រះរាជា គូលីកំណែនបានជីកព្រែកជាច្រើនដែលធ្វើឱ្យស្រូវអាចនាំពីស្រុកស្រែជនបទទៅដល់សំពៅរបស់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រដើម្បីនាំចេញទៅចិន។ ជាលំដាប់លំដោយ ដីល្បប់នៅតំបន់ដីសណ្ដទន្លេចៅព្រះញាបានលាតសន្ធឹងនៅចន្លោះសមុទ្រ និង ដីគោកនៅពេលនោះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាវាមិនសមនឹងការតាំងទីលំនៅឡើយ ហើយត្រូវបានស្ដាររានយកមក និង ជំនួសមកវិញដោយការដាំដំណាំ។ តាមប្រវេណី ស្ដេចមានរាជកិច្ចប្រារព្ធពិធីសាសនាប្រសិទ្ធិពរដល់ការដាំដំណាំស្រូវ។<ref name="dopa"/> ទោះបីជាស្រូវមានច្រើនសំបូរនៅអយុធ្យាក៏ដោយ ក៏ការនាំចេញស្រូវត្រូវបានហាមឃាត់ម្ដងម្កាលដែរ នៅពេលមានទុរ្ភិក្សបានកើតឡើងដោយសារតែកត្តាធម្មជាតិ រឺ ក៏សង្គ្រាម។ ស្រូវជាធម្មតាត្រូវបានដោះដូរយកទំនិញប្រណិតៗ និងគ្រឿងយុទ្ធោបករណ៍ពីពួកលោកខាងលិច ប៉ុន្តែការដាំស្រូវភាគច្រើនទុកសំរាប់ទីផ្សារក្នុងស្រុក និងចំពោះការនាំចេញមិនមានភស្តុតាងណាមួយបានបញ្ជាក់ឡើយ។ ពាណិជ្ជកម្មជាមួយពួកអឺរ៉ុបមានភាពរស់រវើកក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំពីរ។ ជាការពិត ពួកឈ្មួញអឺរ៉ុបបានជួញដូរទំនិញរបស់ពួកគេ ភាគច្រើនមានដូចជា កាំភ្លើងវែង និងកាំភ្លើងធំ ជាមួយផលិតផលពីដីគោកយកចេញពីព្រៃដូចជា ឈើស្ពាន ស្បែកក្ដាន់រមាំង និង ស្រូវអង្ករ។ លោក[[តូមាំរ ពីរិះ|តូមាំរ-ពីរិះ]] ជាអ្នកដើរសមុទ្រព័រទុយហ្កាល់ ត្រូវបានវែកញែកនៅសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំមួយថា អយុធ្យា រឺ ''អូឌ្យា'' ''សំបូរទៅដោយទំនិញល្អៗ''។ ភាគច្រើននៃពួកឈ្មួញបរទេសមកដល់អយុធ្យាជាពួកអឺរ៉ុប និង ចិន ហើយត្រូវបង់ពន្ធឱ្យពួកអាជ្ញាហ្លួង។ ព្រះនគរមានច្រើនលើសលប់ទៅដោយស្រូវ អំបិល ត្រីងៀត [[ស្រា]] និង បន្លែបង្ការ។<ref>Tome Pires. The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires. London, The Hakluyt Society,1944, p.107</ref> ពាណិជ្ជកម្មជាមួយពួកបរទេស ភាគច្រើនពួកណេដឺឡនបានឈានដល់ចំណុចកំពូលនៅសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំពីរ។ អយុធ្យាបានក្លាយជាគោលដៅសំខាន់សំរាប់ពួកឈ្មួញមកពីជប៉ុន និង ចិន។ វាពិតជាមានហើយ ដែលថាពួកជនបរទេសទាំងប៉ុន្មាននោះបានចូលរួមក្នុងឆាកនយោបាយរបស់ព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រមួយនេះ។ ស្ដេចអយុធ្យាបានជួលពួកទាហានស៊ីឈ្នួលបរទេសជាច្រើនឱ្យចូលធ្វើសង្គ្រាមជាមួយពួកសត្រូវរបស់អាណាចក្រទ្រង់។ យ៉ាងណាមិញ បន្ទាប់ពីការបោសសំអាតពួកបារាំងនៅចុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំពីរ ពួកអ្នករកស៊ីសំខាន់ជាមួយអយុធ្យាគឺពួកចិន។ ពួកណេដឺឡនមកពី[[ក្រុមហ៊ុនឥណ្ឌាខាងកើតណេដឺឡន]] (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie រឺ VOC) នៅតែមានសកម្មភាពដដែល។ សេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់អយុធ្យាបានធ្លាក់ចុះយ៉ាងគំហុកនៅក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី រហូតដល់មានការលុកលុយពីភូមាបង្កឱ្យមានការលិចលង់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចអយុធ្យានៅឆ្នាំ១៧៨៨។<ref name="dutchayutt">{{cite web|url=http://ayutthaya-history.com/Settlements_Dutch.html|title=The Dutch in Ayutthaya|last=Vandenberg|first=Tricky|date=March 2009|work=History of Ayutthaya|accessdate=1 January 2010}}</ref> ==ទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយបស្ចឹមប្រទេស== [[File:Lopburi King Narai plate.jpg|thumbnail|រក្តិអនុស្សាវរីយ៍នៅលពបុរីបង្ហាញនូវព្រះឆាយាលក្ខណ៍ព្រះបាទនារាយណ៍រាជាជាមួយពួករាជទូតបារាំង]] នៅឆ្នាំ១៥១១ ភ្លាមៗក្រោយពីសញ្ជ័យបាន[[មល្លកាព័រទុយហ្កាល់|មល្លកា]] ពួកព័រទុយហ្កាល់បានបញ្ជូនគណៈបេសកកម្មការទូតដឹកនាំដោយលោក[[ឌូអាត ផ្វឺណានឌឹស|ឌូអាត-ផ្វឺណានឌឹស]]ទៅកាន់រាជវាំងនៃព្រះបាទ[[រាមាធិបតីទី២]]នៃអយុធ្យា។ ដោយបានកសាងទំនាក់ទំនងមេត្រីភាពរវាងព្រះរាជាណាចក្រព័រទុយហ្កាល់ និង រាជអាណាចក្រសៀម ពួកគេក៏បានត្រឡប់ទៅវិញអមជាមួយគណៈទូតសៀមរួមមានដង្វាយផង និង ព្រះរាជសារជាច្រើនផងដែលត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនទៅកាន់ព្រះមហាក្សត្រព័រទុយហ្កាល់។<ref>Donald Frederick Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley, "Asia in the making of Europe", pp. 520–521, University of Chicago Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-226-46731-3</ref> ពួកគេគឺជាពួកអឺរ៉ុបដំបូងគេដែលបានធ្វើទស្សនកិច្ចមកកាន់ប្រទេសនេះ។ ប្រាំឆ្នាំក្រោយមកនោះ ទំនាក់ទំនងដំបូង អយុធ្យា និង ព័រទុយហ្កាល់បានសំរេចនូវសន្ធិសញ្ញាមួយដែលផ្ដល់ការអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យព័រទុយហ្កាល់អាចរកស៊ីក្នុងព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រនេះបាន។ សន្ធិសញ្ញាមួយទៀតស្រដៀងគ្នាក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៥៩២ បានផ្ដល់អោយពួកណេដឺឡននូវតួនាទីនិងបុព្វសិទ្ធិក្នុងការជួញដូរស្រូវអង្ករក្នុងប្រទេសនេះ។ ពួកបរទេសត្រូវបានស្វាគមយ៉ាងរាក់ទាក់នៅឯព្រះរាជវាំងនៃព្រះបាទ[[នារាយណ៍]] (១៦៥៧-១៦៨៨) ថ្វីត្បិតថាទ្រង់ជាមេដឹកនាំមានលក្ខណៈសកលក៏ពិតមែន យ៉ាងណា ក៏ទ្រង់នៅតែមានការប្រុងប្រយត្ននឹងឥទ្ធិពលមកពីប្រទេសខាងក្រៅដែរ។ ចំណងពាណិជ្ជកម្មសំខាន់ៗត្រូវបានដំណើរទៅមុខយ៉ាងលំបាកលំបិនជាមួយជប៉ុន។ ក្រុមហ៊ុនពាណិជ្ជកម្មណេដឺឡន និង អង់គ្លេសត្រូវបានគេអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យបើកបង្កើតរោងចក្រ ហើយគណៈបេសកកម្មការទូតត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនទៅប៉ារីស និង ដឹនហះ។ ដោយសារចង់ថែរក្សាចំណងទាក់ទងទាំងអស់នេះ រាជវាំងសៀមបានធ្វើឱ្យពួកណេដឺឡនដើរតួប្រឆាំងនិងពួកអង់គ្លេស និងបារាំងយ៉ាងប៉ិនប្រសប់ ដើម្បីជៀសវាងឥទ្ធិពលដ៏លើសលប់នៃមហាអំណាចណាមួយផ្ដាច់មុខ។<ref name="francethai">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.go.th/web/117.php|title=The Beginning of Relations with Buropean Nations and Japan (sic)|year=2006|publisher=Thai Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=11 February 2010|archivedate=15 តុលា 2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021015173117/http://www.mfa.go.th/web/117.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦៤ យ៉ាងណាមិញ ពួកណេដឺឡនបានប្រើប្រាស់កងទ័ពដើម្បីទាមទារឱ្យមានសន្ធិសញ្ញាដើម្បីអោយពួកគេទទួលបានសិទ្ធិក្រៅដែនដីក៏ដូចជាអ្នកមានសេរីភាពគ្រប់យ៉ាងចូលទៅធ្វើពាណិជ្ជកម្ម។ ដោយមានការជំរុញពីមន្ត្រីបរទេសរបស់ទ្រង់ ដែលជាអ្នកផ្សងព្រេងជាតិក្រិក[[កនស្តឹណូស យេរ៉ាជិះ|កនស្តឹណូស-យេរ៉ាជិះ]] (ចៅព្រះញាវិជាយេន្ទ្រ) ព្រះនារាយណ៍ក៏បានងាករេទៅរកបារាំងឱ្យផ្ដល់ជំនួយដល់ទ្រង់។ ពួកវិស្វករបារាំងបានសាងសង់បន្ទាយការពារជាច្រើនឱ្យពួកសៀម និងបានកសាងព្រះរាជវាំងថ្មីនៅ[[លពបុរី]]ថ្វាយព្រះនារាយណ៍ទៀតផង។ លើសពីនោះ ពួកសាសនទូតបារាំងបានភ្ជាប់មកនូវការអប់រំ និង វេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ ហើយពួកគេក៏បាននាំមកនូវផ្នោះពុម្ពសង្កត់ដំបូងគេចូលមកកាន់ប្រទេសនេះផងដែរ។ ចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍ផ្ទាល់របស់ល្វីទី១៤បានកើតឡើងដោយសាររបាយការណ៍ពីពួកសាសនទូតលើកឡើងថាព្រះបាទនារាយណ៍ប្រហែលអាចផ្លាស់ប្រែមកបដិបត្តិគ្រិស្តសាសនាវិញ។<ref name="conphal">{{cite book|last=Smithies|first=Michael|title=Three military accounts of the 1688 "Revolution" in Siam|publisher=Orchid Press|location=Bangkok|year=2002|pages=12, 100, 183|isbn=974-524-005-2}}</ref> [[File:SiameseEmbassyToLouisXIV1686NicolasLarmessin.jpg|thumb|គណៈទូតស្យាមទៅកាន់ស្ដេចល្វីទី១៤នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨៦ ដោយលោក[[នីកូឡ ឡាមេសង់|នីកូឡា-ឡាមេសង់]]។]] វត្តមានបារាំងបានផ្ចុងផ្តើមដោយលោកយ៉េរ៉ាជិះ យ៉ាងណាមិញបានធ្វើឱ្យអាក់អន់ស្រពន់ចិត្ត និងនាំឱ្យមានក្ដីសន្ទិសង្ស័យដល់ពួកអភិជន និង បព្វជិតពុទ្ធសាសនាសៀម។ នៅពេលពាក្យសំដីផ្សព្វផ្សាយថាព្រះបាទនារាយណ៍ជិតចូលទិវង្គតនោះ មេទ័ពម្នាក់ នាម[[ពេទរាជា]] (សោយរាជ្យ ១៦៨៨-៩៣) ក៏បានធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារ ដែលជា[[បដិវត្តន៍សៀមឆ្នាំ១៦៨៨]] ដណ្ដើមរាជបល្លង្ក ធ្វើគតរជ្ជទាយាទដែលបានតែងតាំងរួចហើយដែលជាគ្រិស្តសាសនិក និងបានដាក់ទោសប្រហារជីវិតលោកយ៉េរ៉ាជិះរួមនិងពួកសាសនទូតមួយចំនួន និងការបណ្ដេញពួកបរទេសដែលនៅសេសសល់នោះផង។ ការសិក្សាខ្លះថាអយុធ្យាបានចាប់ផ្ដើមនូវសម័យកាលប្រេះឆាគ្នាជាមួយពួកពាណិជ្ជករលោកខាងលិច ខណៈនោះអយុធ្យាបែរជាស្វាគមពួកឈ្មួញចិនច្រើនជាងទៅវិញ។ ប៉ុន្តែការសិក្សាថ្មីផ្សេងទៀតបានលើកឡើងថា ដោយសារតែសង្គ្រាមនិងជំលោះនៅអឺរ៉ុបនៅពាក់កណ្ដាលសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី ពួកឈ្មួញអឺរ៉ុបក៏បានបន្ថយសកម្មភាពរបស់ខ្លួននៅលោកខាងកើត។ យ៉ាងណាមិញ តាមពិតទៅ ក្រុមហ៊ុនឥណ្ឌាខាងកើតណេដឺឡន រឺ VOC នៅតែធ្វើធុរកិច្ចនៅអយុធ្យា បើទោះបីជាមានភាពលំបាកលំបិនខាងនយោបាយយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ។<ref name="conphal"/> ==ដំណាក់កាលចុងក្រោយ== '''{{Main|សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៧៥៩-១៧៦០)|សង្គ្រាមភូមា-សៀម (១៧៦៥-១៧៦៧)}}''' [[File:Ayutthaya 3 pagodas.jpg|thumb|ចេតិយបីនៃ[[វត្តព្រះឝ្រីសព៌េជ្ញ]]ដែលជាទីតំកល់ព្រះអដ្ឋិធាតុនៃព្រះបាទ[[បរមត្រៃលោកនាថ]] ព្រះបាទ[[បរមរាជាធិរាជទី៣]] និង ព្រះបាទរាមាធិបតីទី២]] ក្រោយពីសម័យកាលនៃការបង្ហូរឈាមដណ្ដើមអំណាចគ្នានៃពួករាជវង្ស អយុធ្យាក៏បានឈានចូលដល់សម័យកាលមួយដែលត្រូវបានគេហៅថា យុគមាស គឺជាដំណាក់កាលសន្តិភាពបន្តបន្ទាប់ក្នុងរយៈទសវត្សទីប្រាំនៃសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបី នៅពេលនោះសិល្បៈ អក្សរសាស្ត្រ បានស្គាល់នូវភាពរុងរឿង។ មានសង្គ្រាមក្រៅប្រទេសជាច្រើនលើក។ អយុធ្យាបានប្រយុទ្ធតតាំងនឹង[[ពួកលោកម្ចាស់ង្វៀន]] (ពួកមេដឹកនាំយួននៅវៀតណាមខាងត្បូង) ដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រង[[កម្ពុជាធិបតី]]ដែលចាប់ផ្ដើមនៅប្រហែលឆ្នាំ១៧១៥។ ប៉ុន្តែការគំរាមកំហែងកាន់តែ ធំឡើងៗចេញមកពីភូមា ដែលរាជវង្ស[[អង្គព្រះ]]ថ្មីបានបង្ក្រាបរាបទាបបណ្ដារដ្ឋឝានមួយចំនួន។<ref name="train">{{cite web|url=http://www.thailandbytrain.com/Ayutthaya.html|title=Ayutthaya|year=2010|publisher=Thailand by Train|accessdate=6 June 2010}}</ref> ហាសិបឆ្នាំចុងក្រោយនៃព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រនេះគេមើលឃើញថាមានការតស៊ូបង្ហូរឈាមគ្នាក្នុងចំណោមពួកព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់។ រាជបល្លង្កគឺជាគោលដៅអាទិភាពរបស់ពួកទ្រង់។ ការបោសសំអាតពួកមន្ត្រីវាំង និងពួកមេទ័ពមានសមត្ថភាពមានជាបន្តបន្ទាប់។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្រចុងក្រោយ គឺព្រះបាទ[[ឯកទឝ]] ដើមឡើយត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាព្រះអនុរ័ក្ឞមន្ត្រី បានបង្ខំព្រះរាជាដែលត្រូវជាព្រះអនុជរបស់ទ្រង់ឱ្យចុះចេញពីរាជស្វេតច្ឆ័ត្រ ហើយទ្រង់ក៏ឡើងសោយរាជ្យខ្លួនឯង។<ref name="ruangsilp203">{{harvnb|Ruangsilp|2007|p=203}}</ref> តាមរយៈប្រភពបារាំងមួយ បានពោលថា អយុធ្យានៅក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំបីប្រមូលផ្ដុំទៅដោយក្រុងក្សត្របុរីជាច្រើន: មុំហ៍ លិង្គ រឺ នគរឝ្រីធម៌រាជ តនាវឝ្រី ចុងសីហល រឺ កោះភូកេត សិង្ហនគរ រឺ សិង្គខ្លា។ សុង្ករដ្ឋជាច្រើនរបស់នគរនេះគឺ ប័ត្តានី ប៉ាហាំង ប្រាក់ កត្តហៈ និង មល្លកា។ <ref>Dictionaire geographique universel. Amsterdam & Utrecht: Chez Francois Halma, 1750. p.880.</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៧៦៥ កងទ័ពខ្លាំងពូកែ ៤០០០០ នាក់ផ្សែផ្សំគ្នាក្នុងកងប្រដាប់អាវុធភូមាបានចូលលុកលុយទឹកដីអយុធ្យាចាប់ពីភាគខាងជើងនិងខាងលិច។<ref name=geh-250>Harvey, p. 250</ref> ក្រុងដែលនៅឆ្ងាយៗភាគច្រើនបានចុះចាញ់យ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័ស។ គំរូការតស៊ូជោគជ័យគួរឱ្យកត់សំគាល់តែមួយគត់ទល់នឹងកងទ័ពទាំងនេះត្រូវបានគេដឹងថានៅភូមិ[[បាងរៈច័ន]]។ បន្ទាប់ពីការឡោមព័ទ្ធអស់រយៈពេល ១៤ ខែ ទីក្រុងអយុធ្យាក៏បានចុះចាញ់ និងត្រូវបានដុតបំផ្លាញក្នុងខែមេសា ១៧៦៧។<ref name="ruangsilp">{{harvnb|Ruangsilp|2007|p=218}}</ref> សម្បត្តិសិល្បៈរបស់អយុធ្យា បណ្ដាល័យដែលមានអក្សរសិល្ប៍ និង បណ្ណសារដ្ឋានតំកល់ក្បួនច្បាប់គម្ពីរប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រស្ទើរតែត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញទាំងស្រុងអស់ទៅហើយ<ref name="ruangsilp"/> ហើយពួកភូមាក៏បាននាំព្រះរាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យាដល់នូវក្ដីវិនាសហិនហោចខ្លោចផ្សា។<ref name="ruangsilp"/> ការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ភូមាបានបន្តបានតែពីរបីខែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ ពួកភូមា ដែលកំពុងប្រយុទ្ធតទល់នឹង[[សង្គ្រាមចិន-ភូមា|សង្គ្រាមមួយជាមួយចិនក្នុងពេលដំណាលគ្នា]]ចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ១៧៦៥មក ត្រូវបានបង្ខំអោយដកកងទ័ពថយនៅដើមឆ្នាំ១៧៦៨ នៅពេលដែលកងទ័ពចិនបានគំរាមកំហែងដល់រាជធានីរបស់ខ្លួន។<ref>Harvey, p. 253</ref> ដោយកងទ័ពភូមាភាគច្រើនបានដកចេញទៅវិញ ប្រទេសនេះក៏ត្រូវបានថមថយនូវភាពវឹកវរចលាចល។ អ្វីទាំងឡាយដែលនៅសេសសល់មានតែរាជធានីចាស់ដែលជាសំណល់បាក់បែកនៃព្រះរាជវាំង។ បណ្ដាខេត្តមួយចំនួនបានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យក្រោមការដឹកនាំពួកមេទ័ព ពួកសង្ឃបោកប្រាស់ និងរាជវង្សានុវង្ស។ មេទ័ពម្នាក់ ព្រះញាតាកសិន អតីតចៅហ្វាយស្រុកតាក បានខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងឯកភាពផ្ទៃប្រទេសឡើងវិញ។<ref name="Syamananda">{{harvnb|Syamananda|1990|p=94}}</ref><ref name="Wood">{{harvnb|Wood|1924|pp=254–264}}</ref> លោកបានប្រមែប្រមូលកងទ័ព និងបានចាប់វាយប្រហារបកទៅកាន់ពួកភូមាវិញ។ នៅទីបំផុត លោកបានបង្កើតរាជធានីមួយនៅ[[ធនបុរី]] កាត់ទន្លេ[[ចៅព្រះញា]]ពីរាជធានីបច្ចុប្បន្ន [[បាងកក|បឹងកក់]]។ លោកសិនបានឡើងសោយរាជ្យ ក្លាយជាព្រះបាទតាកសិន។<ref name="Syamananda"/><ref name="Wood"/> សំណល់បែកបាក់នៃក្រុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអយុធ្យា និង "ទីប្រជុំជនប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនៅរួបរួមគ្នា" នៅក្នុង[[ឧទ្យានប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអយុធ្យា]]ត្រូវបានចុះបញ្ជីដោយ[[យូណេស្កូ]]ជា[[ស្ថានីយ៍កេរដំណែលពិភពលោក]]។<ref name="whs">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ayutthaya.html|title=World Heritagae Site Ayutthaya|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=3 April 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100410065258/http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/ayutthaya.html| archivedate= 10 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> ទីក្រុងអយុធ្យាត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងវិញនៅក្បែរទីក្រុងចាស់ ហើយឥឡូវគឺជាស្រុកមឿងនៃ[[ចង្វាតព្រះនគរឝ្រីអយុធ្យា|ចង្វាតអយុធ្យា]]។<ref name="capital">{{cite journal|journal=Royal Gazette|volume=74|issue=25 ก|pages=546|script-title=th:พระราชกฤษฎีกาเปลี่ยนชื่ออำเภอกรุงเก่า พ.ศ. ๒๕๐๐|url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2500/A/025/546.PDF|date=5 March 1957|language=Thai|accessdate=17 វិច្ឆិកា 2013|archive-date=10 ឧសភា 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510202730/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2500/A/025/546.PDF|dead-url=yes}}</ref> ==បញ្ជីជនបរទេសលេចធ្លោនៅអយុធ្យាក្នុងសតវត្សទីដប់ប្រាំពីរ== * [[កនស្តឹណូស យេរ៉ាជិះ|កនស្តឹណូស-យេរ៉ាជិះ]] អ្នកផ្សងព្រេងក្រិក និងជារាជអាមាត្យទីមួយនៃព្រះបាទនារាយណ៍ * [[ផ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ-ទីម៉ូឡេអុង ដឺ ឆ្វេហ្ស៊ី|ផ្វ្រង់ស្វ័រ-ទីម៉ូឡេអុង-ដឺ-ឆ្វេហ្ស៊ី]] * លោកឪពុក[[ហ្គី តាស្ឆាដ|ហ្គី-តាស្ឆាដ]] ស្មេរយេស៊ូជាតិបារាំង និង ឯកអគ្គរាជទូតសៀមនៅបារាំង (១៦៨៨) * [[ល្វី ឡេណូ|ល្វី-ឡេណូ]] វិឞ្ដិអបស្ថលានៃស្យាម * [[យ៉ាម៉ាដា ណាហ្កាម៉ាសា|យ៉ាម៉ាដា-ណាហ្កាម៉ាសា]] អ្នកផ្សងព្រេងជប៉ុន ដែលបានក្លាយជាអ្នកគ្រប់គ្រងនៅខែត្រនគរឝ្រីធម៌រាជ ==វិចិត្រសាលរូបភាព== <gallery> File:Bhuddaheadkjfmartin.jpg|ព្រះកេសព្រះពុទ្ធដាច់ចាក់ស្រែះដោយរឹសដើមឧទុម្ពរ File:Ayutthayakingdomkjfmartin1.jpg|ព្រះពុទ្ធទ្រង់ភ្នែន អយុធ្យា File:Ayutthayakjfmartin.jpg|ព្រះពុទ្ធទ្រង់ភ្នែន អយុធ្យា </gallery> ==សូមមើលផងដែរ== * [[ចង្វាតព្រះនគរឝ្រីអយុធ្យា|ចង្វាតអយុធ្យា]] * [[ឧទ្យានប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអយុធ្យា]] * [[បាងរៈច័ន]] * [[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រថៃ]] == កំណត់ == {{reflist|group="កំណត់"}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} == អាគតដ្ឋាន == * ''Original text adapted from the [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/thtoc.html Library of Congress Country Study of Thailand]'' * {{cite book |last=Higham|first=Charles |title=The Archaeology of Mainland Southeast Asia|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-ifNH4uK0LAC&pg=PA355 |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |place=Cambridge, England |isbn=0-521-27525-3 |accessdate=6 September 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Marcinkowski |first= M. Ismail |title=From Isfahan to Ayutthaya: Contacts between Iran and Siam in the 17th Century |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RssPMqruX6kC&pg=PA53 |year=2005 |publisher=Pustaka Nasional |place=Singapore |isbn=9971-77-491-7 |accessdate=8 August 2009}} * {{cite book |last=Ruangsilp |first=Bhawan |title=Dutch East India Company merchants at the court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom c. 1604–1765|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0xBGwFrYnaMC |year=2007 |publisher=Koninklijke Brill NV |place=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=0-300-08475-7 |accessdate=20 November 2009 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Syamananda|first=Rong |title=A History of Thailand |year=1990|publisher=Chulalongkorn University|pages=|isbn=974-07-6413-4|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wood |first=W.A.R |title=A History of Siam |year=1924|publisher=Fisher Unwin Ltd |place=London|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Wyatt |first=David K. |title=Thailand: A Short History |year=2003 |publisher=Yale University Press |place=New Haven, Connecticut |isbn=0-300-08475-7 |ref=harv}} ==អំណានបន្ថែម== * Smithies, Michael. ''A Siamese Embassy Lost in Africa 1686: The Odyssey of Ok-Khun Chamman.'' Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1999. ===បរមាធិប្បាយទាយចេញពីបរមាធិប្បាយប្រូខ្វេះ និង និក្ខេបទថ្ងៃ ១៦ សីហ. ២០០៦=== Subject: Art History :Listopad, John A. "The art and architecture of the reign of Somdet Phra Narai." Diss. U of Michigan, 1995. Subject: Buddhist literature :Chrystall, Beatrice. "Connections without limit: The refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana." Diss. Harvard U, 2004. Subject: History :Smith, George V. "The Dutch East India Company in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, 1604–1694." Diss. Northern Illinois U, 1974. Subject: Buddhist literature :Chrystall, Beatrice. "Connections without limit: The refiguring of the Buddha in the Jinamahanidana." Diss. Harvard U, 2004. Subject:Urban planning :Peerapun, Wannasilpa. "The economic impact of historic sites on the economy of Ayutthaya, Thailand." Diss. U of Akron, 1991. ===ពង្សាវតារក្រុងឝ្រីអយុធ្យា=== There are 18 versions of Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya (Phongsawadan Krung Si Ayutthaya) known to scholars.(According to {{cite book|last=Wyatt|first=David K.|title=Chronicle of the Kingdom of Ayutthaya|publisher=The Center for East Asian Cultural Studies for UNESCO, The Toyo Bunko|location=Tokyo|year=1999|pages=Introduction, 14|isbn=978-4-89656-613-0}}) ** Fifteenth-Century Fragment&nbsp;– [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_065_1b_Vickery_2K125FragmentLostChronicleOfAyutthaya.pdf Michael Vickery version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610230239/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_065_1b_Vickery_2K125FragmentLostChronicleOfAyutthaya.pdf |date=10 មិថុនា 2015 }}(in English and Thai) and [http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 Ubonsi Atthaphan version in pp.215-231] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211512/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 |date=12 ឧសភា 2013 }} (in Thai) ** Van Vliet Chronicle (1640)&nbsp;– Translated and compiled by the Dutch merchant. The original Thai manuscripts disappeared. ** [http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=80 The Luang Prasoet Version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512195328/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=80 |date=12 ឧសភា 2013 }} (1680)&nbsp;– Ayutthaha History (in Thai) ** CS 1136 Version (1774) ** The Nai (Nok) Kaeo Version (1782) - [http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 in pp.232-244] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512211512/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/thesis/showthesis_th.asp?id=0000004152 |date=12 ឧសភា 2013 }} (in Thai) ** CS 1145 Version (1783) ** [http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0121/01%CB%B9%E9%D2%BB%A1_%BA%C3%D4%E0%A9%B7%F4.pdf ''Sanggitiyavamsa''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327085011/http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0121/01%CB%B9%E9%D2%BB%A1_%BA%C3%D4%E0%A9%B7%F4.pdf |date=27 មីនា 2009 }}&nbsp;– Pali chronicle compiled by Phra Phonnarat, generally discussing Buddhism History of Thailand. ** CS 1157 Version of Phan Chanthanumat (1795) ** Thonburi Chronicle (1795) ** Somdet Phra Phonnarat Version (1795)&nbsp;– Thought to be identical to Bradley Version below. ** [http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 ''Culayuddhakaravamsa'' Vol.2&nbsp;– Pali chronicle.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005184448/http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 |date=5 តុលា 2018 }} - includes other three versions of the chronicle. ** [http://www.ayutthayastudies.aru.ac.th/content/view/139/64/ Phra Chakraphatdiphong (Chat) Version (1808)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185033/http://www.ayutthayastudies.aru.ac.th/content/view/139/64/ |date=4 មីនា 2016 }} (in Thai) ** Brith Museum Version (1807) ** Wat Ban Thalu Version (1812) ** '[http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 'Culayuddhakaravamsa'' Sermon (1820)&nbsp;. ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005184448/http://www.ebookstou.org/readonline/Default.aspx?bid=1 |date=5 តុលា 2018 }} - includes other three versions of the chronicle. ** Bradley or Two-Volume Version (1864)&nbsp;– formerly called Krom Phra [[បរមានុជិតជិនោរស|Paramanuchit]] Chinorot Version. [http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C11.pdf Vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327085844/http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C11.pdf |date=27 មីនា 2009 }} [http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C12.pdf Vol.2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327085356/http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C12.pdf |date=27 មីនា 2009 }} [http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C13.pdf Vol.3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327090738/http://library.tu.ac.th/rarebook/rt0129/%BE%C3%D0%C3%D2%AA%BE%A7%CA%D2%C7%B4%D2%C3%A1%C3%D8%A7%C8%C3%D5%CD%C2%D8%B8%C2%D2%E0%C5%E8%C13.pdf |date=27 មីនា 2009 }} or [http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=296 Vol.1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512201102/http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=296 |date=12 ឧសភា 2013 }} [http://www.thapra.lib.su.ac.th/dbcollection/rarebook/showrarebook.asp?id=976 Vol.2]{{Dead link|date=តុលា 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ** [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_061_1c_Wyatt_AbridgedChronicleOfAyudhyaOfPrinceParamanuchitchinorot.pdf Pramanuchit's Abridged Version (1850)] {{Webarchive|url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_061_1c_Wyatt_AbridgedChronicleOfAyudhyaOfPrinceParamanuchitchinorot.pdf |date=9 តុលា 2022 }} (in English) ** Royal Autograph Version (1855) - [http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2626 Vol. 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003235909/http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2626 |date=3 តុលា 2018 }}, [http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2627 Vol. 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003234657/http://dl.kids-d.org/handle/123456789/2627 |date=3 តុលា 2018 }} Some of these are available in Cushman, Richard D. (2000). ''The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya: A Synoptic Translation'', edited by David K. Wyatt. Bangkok: [[សង្គមសៀម|The Siam Society]]. ===ការរៀបរាប់របស់ភូមា=== These are Burmese historical accounts of Ayutthaya. * Kham Hai Kan Chao Krung Kao (''Lit.'' Testimony of inhabitants of Old Capital (i.e. Ayutthaya)) * Kham Hai Kan Khun Luang Ha Wat (''Lit.'' Testimony of the "King who Seeks a Temple" (nickname of King Uthumphon)) - [http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1931/JSS_028_2d_PrinceVivadhanajaya_StatementOfKhunLuangHaWat.pdf An English translation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231942/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1931/JSS_028_2d_PrinceVivadhanajaya_StatementOfKhunLuangHaWat.pdf |date=3 មីនា 2016 }} * Palm Leaf Manuscripts No.11997 of the Universities Central Library Collection or ''Yodaya Yazawin''&nbsp;– Available in English in Tun Aung Chain tr. (2005) ''Chronicle of Ayutthaya'', Yangon: Myanmar Historical Commission ===ការរៀបរាប់របស់បស្ចឹមប្រទេស=== * ''Second Voyage du Pere Tachard et des Jesuites envoyes par le Roi au Royaume de Siam.'' Paris: Horthemels, 1689. ==តំណខាងក្រៅ== {{commons category|រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា}} * Online Collection: [http://dlxs.library.cornell.edu/s/sea/ Southeast Asia Visions Collection by Cornell University Library] * [http://ayutthaya-history.com/index.html "''History of Aythhaya&nbsp;– Your resources on old Siam''"] * [http://www.yutya.net/ ayutthaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028193613/http://www.yutya.net/ |date=28 តុលា 2010 }} * [http://www.ayuttayahome.com ayutthaya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904201234/http://www.ayuttayahome.com/ |date=4 កញ្ញា 2011 }} {{s-start}} {{s-royalhouse|រាជវង្សអយុធ្យា||១៣៥០}} {{s-bef|before=[[រាជអាណាចក្រសុខោទ័យ]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[រាជវង្ស|រាជវង្សកាន់អំណាច]]នៃ<br>[[រាជអាណាចក្រថៃ|រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា]]|years=១៣៥០–១៧៦៧}} {{s-aft|after=[[រាជអាណាចក្រធនបុរី]]}} {{end}} {{ប្រធានបទថៃ}} {{coord missing|ថៃ}} [[Category:រាជអាណាចក្រអយុធ្យា|01]] [[Category:ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រទៃ]] [[Category:ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រថៃ]] [[Category:អតីតប្រទេសក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រទៃ]] [[Category:អតីតប្រទេសនៅអាស៊ី]] [[Category:នគរឥណ្ឌូបនីយកម្ម]] [[Category:រដ្ឋនិងទឹកដីបង្កើតនៅឆ្នាំ១៣៥០]] [[Category:ការដួលរលំឆ្នាំ១៧៦៧]] jxwxblz8e6f4re982lqp18ccsawps5r 0 25812 336444 327791 2026-06-10T00:33:29Z ~2026-34174-39 51462 មិន​ធ្វើ​វិញ​នូវ​កំណែ​ប្រែ [[Special:Diff/285221|285221]] ដោយ​ [[Special:Contributions/InternetArchiveBot|InternetArchiveBot]] ([[User talk:InternetArchiveBot|ការពិភាក្សា​]]) 336444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Good article}} {{Infobox person | bgcolour = silver | honorific_prefix = វេជ្ជ. | name = ហាំង ង៉ោ | image = Haing S. Ngor.jpg | image_size =តឧងប ោ | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date|1940|03|22|df=y}} | birth_place = សំរោងយ៉ោង [[កម្ពុជាក្រោមអាណាព្យាបាលបារាំង|កម្ពុជា]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|02|25|1940|03|22|df=y}} | death_place = [[ឡូស​អាន់​ជ័រ​លេស]] រដ្ឋកាលីហ្វញ៉ា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក | birth_name = ហាំង សំណាង ង៉ោ | occupation = តួ​សម្ដែង វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត អ្នក​និពន្ធ | years_active = 1984–1996 (សម្ដែង) | spouse = ម៉ី ហួយ ង៉ោ }} '''ហាំង សំណាង ង៉ោ''' ({{lang-en|Haing Somnang Ngor}}; {{zh|c=吳漢潤|p=Wú Hànrùn}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=pv&GRid=5681&PIpi=82420 |title=Haing S. Ngor footston |publisher=Find A Grave |date=1999-11-06 |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> ២២ មីនា ១៩៤០ - ២៥ កុម្ភៈ ១៩៩៦) ឬ​ហៅ​យ៉ាង​ខ្លី​ថា '''ហាំង ង៉ោ''' គឺ​ជា​វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត​ខ្មែរ​អាមេរិកាំង តួ​សម្ដែង និង​ជា​អ្នក​និពន្ធ​ដែល​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​ស្គាល់​យ៉ាង​ច្បាស់​ថា​បាន​ទទួល​[[ពានរង្វាន់អូស្ការ|ពាន​រង្វាន់​អូស្ការ]]​ក្នុង​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៨៥ ក្នុង​ផ្នែក "តួ​សម្ដែង​រង​ល្អ​បំផុត" សម្រាប់​ការ​សម្ដែង​ជា​លើក​ដំបូង​របស់​លោក នៅ​ក្នុង​ "​[[រឿង​វាលពិឃាត]]" (The Killing Fields) ដែល​ស្ដី​អំពី​ជីវិត​របស់​អ្នក​សារព័ត៌មាន លោក [[ឌិត ប្រន]] ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Ngor, Haing S. |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9113310/Ngor,%20Haing%20S |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> លោក​​ក៏​បាន​ក្លាយ​ជា​តារា​សម្ដែង​បុរសរបស់​អាស៊ី​​ដំបូង​គេ​បង្អស់​ដែល​ឈ្នះ​ពានរង្វាន់អូស្ការ (Oscar) ក្នុង​ផ្នែក​សម្ដែង ។ ម្តាយ​របស់​គាត់​គឺ​ជា​ជនជាតិខ្មែរ​ រី​ឯ​​ឪពុក​របស់​គាត់​គឺ​ជនជាតិ​ចិនតឺជីវ​ ។<ref>{{cite book|title=Distinguished Asian Americans: A Biographical Dictionary|author=Hyung-chan Kim, Stephen Fugita, Dorothy C. L. Cordova|publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|pages=264–5|year=1999|isbn=0-313-28902-6}}</ref> លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ​និង ​[[ហា​រ៉ូ​លត៍ ​រ៉ូស្សេល]] (Harold Russell)​ គឺ​ជា​តារា​សម្តែង​មិន​មាន​ជំនាញ​ពីរ​នាក់​ប៉ុណ្ណោះ​ដែល​ទទួល​បាន​[[ពាន​រង្វាន់​អូស្ការ]]​ក្នុង​ផ្នែក​សម្ដែង ។ <ref>[http://www.haingngorfoundation.org/actor.html Information about the actor]{{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref> == ជីវិត​ក្រោម​របប​ខ្មែរ​ក្រហម == កើត​នៅ​សំរោង​យ៉ោង [[កម្ពុជាក្រោមអាណាព្យាបាលបារាំង|ប្រទេស​​កម្ពុជា]]​ លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ​​ បាន​ទទួល​ការ​បណ្តុះបណ្តាល​ជា​គ្រូពេទ្យ​វះកាត់​​និង​ជំនាញរោគ​ស្ត្រី​ ។ លោក​បាន​ចុះអនុ​វត្ត​នៅ​ក្នុង​រាជ​ធានី​ភ្នំពេញ​ក្នុង​ឆ្នាំ 1975 នៅ​ពេល​ដែល​ពួក​[[ខ្មែរក្រហម]]​ដ​ណ្តើ​ម​បាន​អំណាច ​ហើយ​បាន​ប្រកាស​ថា​​ជា​របប[[​កម្ពុជា​ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ​]] ។<ref name="HN">{{cite news |title=Biography |publisher=Dr. Haing S. Ngor Foundation |url=http://www.haingngorfoundation.org/ |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> គាត់​ត្រូវ​បង្ខំ​ចិត្ត​លាក់​បាំង​ប្រវត្តិ​សិក្សា ជំនាញ​វេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ ហើយ​សូម្បី​តែ​ការ​ពាក់​វ៉ែនតា​ក៏​គាត់​ត្រូវ​លាក់​ដែរ ដើម្បី​ជៀសវាង​ពី​ការ​រង្គាស​ចិត្ត និង​ចង​សត្រូវ​របស់​របប​ថ្មី​ទៅ​លើ​អ្នក​ជំនាញ និង​បញ្ញវន្ត ។ គាត់​ត្រូវ​គេជន្លៀស​ចេញ​ពី​[[ភ្នំពេញ|រាជធានី​ភ្នំពេញ]] រួម​ជាមួយ​ប្រជាជន​ជាង​ពីរ​លាន​នាក់​ទៀត ដែល​ជា​ផ្នែក​មួយ​នៃ​ការ​ពិសោធ​សង្គម "[[ឆ្នាំ​សូន្យ]]" របស់​ខ្មែរក្រហម ។ លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ក៏​បាន​ជាប់​ឃុំឃាំង​នៅ​ក្នុង​ជំរុំ​មួយ​ជាមួយ​ប្រពន្ធ​របស់​គាត់ គឺ​លោក​ស្រី [[ម៉ី ហួយ]] ដែល​ក្រោយ​មក​បាន​ស្លាប់​ដោយ​សារ​ការ​សម្រាល​កូន ។ បើ​ទោះ​បី​ជាគាត់​មាន​ជំនាញ​​រោគ​ស្ត្រី​ គាត់​នៅ​តែ​​មិន​អាច​ព្យាបាល​ប្រពន្ធ​របស់​គាត់​ដែល​តម្រូវ​ឱ្យ​មាន​ការវះកាត់​ផ្នែក​ណាមួយ​ទេ ព្រោះ​គាត់​គិត​ថា​​អាច​នឹងមាន​ផល​ប៉ះពាល់​ចំពោះ​ខ្លួន​ឯង​និង​ប្រពន្ធ​របស់​គាត់ (រួមទាំង​កូន​របស់​គាត់​) ហើយ​អាច​នឹង​ត្រូវ​គេ​សម្លាប់​ថែម​ទៀតផង ។<ref name="MN">{{cite news |title=Court Revives Convictions in Murder of 'Killing Fields' Survivor |url=http://www.metnews.com/articles/2005/tanx070805.htm |work=Metropolitan News |date=2005-07-08 |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> បន្ទាប់​ពី​ការ​ដួល​រលំ​នៃ​របប​ខ្មែរក្រហមនៅ​ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ​បាន​ធ្វើ​ការ​ជា​គ្រូ​ពេទ្យ​មួយ​រូបនៅ​ក្នុង​ជំរុំ​ជន​ភៀស​ខ្លួន​នៅ​ក្នុង​[[ថៃ|ប្រទេស​ថៃ]] ហើយ​បាន​ចាក​ចេញ​ជាមួយ​នឹង​ក្មួយ​ស្រី​របស់គាត់​​ទៅ​​[[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]​ កាល​នៅ​ថ្ងៃ៣០ ខែ​សីហា ​ឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ ។ នៅ​សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ មិន​អាច​បន្ត​វិជ្ជាជីវៈ​វេជ្ជសាស្ត្រ​របស់​គាត់​បាន​ទេ<ref name="yellowbridge.com">{{cite news |title=Famous Chinese-Americans in Entertainment: Acting; Haing S. Ngor |url=http://www.yellowbridge.com/people/actingM.html |work=Yellow Bridge |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> ហើយ​គាត់​ក៏​មិន​បាន​រៀបការ​ជា​ថ្មី​ទៀត​ដែរ ។ ហាំង​ង៉ោ​បាន​ស្រែក​នៅ​លើ​ឆាក​ថា​ ជយោ​កម្ពុជា ក្រោយ​ឈ្នះ​ពាន​ Oscar សម្រាប់​ការ​សម្ដែង​រឿង​ជា​លើក​ដំបូង​ នៅ​ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ លោក​បាន​សរសេរសៀវភៅ​មួយ​ដោយ​ដាក់​ចំណងជើង​ថា "​[[ហាំង ង៉ោ​ ៖ ដំណើរ​ផ្សងព្រេង​នៃ​ជនជាតិ​ខ្មែរ​ម្នាក់]]" (Haing Ngor: A Cambodian Odyssey) ដែល​ពណ៌នា​អំពី​ជីវិត​របស់​គាត់​ក្រោម​របប​ខ្មែរ​ក្រហម​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា ។ នៅ​ក្នុង​ការ​រៀបរៀង​លើក​ទីពីរ​នៃ​រឿង ការ​រួច​ជីវិត​ក្នុង​វាល​ពិឃាដ លោក Roger Warner ដែល​ជា​សហ​អ្នក​និពន្ធ​ជាមួយ​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​បន្ថែម​សេចក្ដី​បញ្ចប់​ដោយ​រៀបរាប់​ដំណើរ​ជីវិត​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ក្រោយ​ឈ្នះ​ពាន​រង្វាន់ ។ លោកហាំ​ង​ ង៉ោ​​ បាន​បង្កើត​មូលនិធិ​មួយ​នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៨៧ ដើម្បី​ស្វែងរក​ថវិកា​ជួយ​ដល់​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា ។ ក្នុង​ការ​រួម​ចំណែក​ផ្នែក​មនុស្សធម៌ លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​សាងសង់​សាលា​បឋម​សិក្សា​មួយ និង​បើក​ដំណើរ​ការ​រោង​​ឈើ​តូច​មួយ ដើម្បី​ផ្ដល់​ការងារ​និង​ចំណូល​ដល់​គ្រួសារ​នៅ​មូលដ្ឋាន ។ ក្មួយ​ស្រី​របស់​លោក គឺ [[ង៉ោ សុភីយ៉ា ឌីមេទ្រី]] (Ngor Sophia Demetri) ជា​សាក្សី​មួយ​រូប​នៅ​សវនាការ​ក្នុង​រឿង​ក្ដី​ឃាតកម្ម​លោក ហាំង ង៉ោ។ បច្ចុប្បន្ន​នាង​គឺ​ជា​ប្រធាន​មូលនិធិ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Foundation |publisher=Dr. Haing S. Ngor Foundation |url=http://www.haingngorfoundation.org/ |accessdate=2007-10-06}}</ref> == អាជីព​សម្ដែង == លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​សម្ដែង​ជា​តួអង្គ ឌិត ប្រន នៅ​ក្នុង​ភាពយន្ត "វាល​ពិឃាដ" បើ​ទោះបី​ជា​លោក​គ្មាន​បទពិសោធ​សម្ដែង​ពី​មុន​មក​ក្ដី ។ ហើយ​បន្ទាប់​ពី​នោះ​មក លោក​បាន​ពាន​រង្វាន់​ចំនួន​បី​ដោយ​រួម​មាន Golden Globe Award និង​ពាន​រង្វាន់ Academy Award ក្នុង​ផ្នែក Best Supporting Actor ផង​ដែរ ។ <ref name="yellowbridge.com"/> បន្ទាប់​ពី​បង្ហាញ​ខ្លួន​នៅ​ក្នុង​ភាពយន្ត "វាល​ពិឃាដ" មក លោក​បាន​ប្រាប់​ទៅ​[[ទស្សនាវដ្ដី People]] ថា "ខ្ញុំ​ចង់​បង្ហាញ​ទៅ​ពិភព​លោក​អំពី​ភាព​ស្រេកឃ្លាន​យ៉ាង​ខ្លាំង​នៅ​កម្ពុជា និង​ចំនួន​មនុស្ស​ដែល​បាន​ស្លាប់​នៅ​ក្រោម​របប​[[កុម្មុយនីស្ត]]​មួយ​នេះ ​។ បេះដូង​របស់​ខ្ញុំ​ស្កប់​ស្កល់​ហើយ ។ ខ្ញុំ​បាន​ធ្វើ​អ្វី​មួយ​ដែល​ល្អ​រួច​ហើយ" (អង់គ្លេស ៖ "I wanted to show the world how deep starvation is in Cambodia, how many people die under communist regime. My heart is satisfied. I have done something perfect.") ។<ref>{{cite web|last=Donahue |first=Deirdre |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20089843,00.html |title=Cambodian Doctor Haing Ngor Turns Actor in the Killing Fields, and Relives His Grisly Past |publisher=People.com |date= |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ក៏​បាន​បង្ហាញ​ខ្លួន​នៅ​ក្នុង​ភាពយន្ត​ផ្សេងៗ​ទៀត ព្រម​ទាំង​កម្មវិធី​ទូរទស្សន៍​មួយ​ចំនួន​ដែរ ដូច​ជា Heaven & Earth របស់ Oliver Stone និង​រឿងភាគ​ខ្លី Vanishing Son ។ លោក​ក៏​មាន​វត្តមាន​នៅ​ក្នុង​ភាពយន្ត​ហុងកុង​ចំណង​ជើង "សត្វ​ត្មាត​ភាគ​ខាង​កើត" (Eastern Condors) ដែល​បាន​ដឹកនាំ​និង​សម្ដែង​ដោយ Sammo Hung ។ លោក​ក៏​បាន​សម្ដែង​ជា​តួ​រង​នៅ​ក្នុង​រឿងភាគ​វៀតណាម​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៨៩ ចំណង​ជើង "The Iron Triangle" ។ លោក​ក៏​ធ្លាប់​បាន​សម្ដែង​ជា​តារា​កិត្តិយស (guest-starred) នៅ​ក្នុង​សាច់​រឿង​ពីរ​ភាគ​នៃ​ខ្សែ​ភាពយន្ត ឆ្នេរ​សមុទ្រ​ចិន (ក្នុង​ភាគ "How to Stay Alive in Vietname 1 & 2") ដោយ​ដើរ​តួ​ជា​ឈ្លើយ​សង្គ្រាម​ជនជាតិ​ខ្មែរ​ម្នាក់​បាន​រង​របួស ហើយ​បាន​ជួយ​នាង Collen McMurphy ពេល​ស្ថិត​ក្រោម​ការ​ថែទាំ​របស់​នាង ។ គាត់​ក៏​បាន​សម្ដែង​ជា​តារា​កិត្តិយស​ក្នុង​ខ្សែភាពយន្ត Miami Vice មួយ​ភាគ​ចំណង​ជើង "The Savage / Duty and Hornor" ។ លោក​ក៏​បាន​ដើរតួ​នៅ​ក្នុង​រឿង My Life បន្ទាប់​ពី​លោក Michael Keaton ។ == មូលនិធិ​និង​មត៌ក == [http://www.haingngorfoundation.org/ មូលនិធិ​វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិត ហាំង ង៉ោ] ត្រូវ​បាន​រៀបចំ​ឡើង​នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៩០ ដោយ​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ និង Jack Ong ។ តារា​សម្ដែង​ទាំង​ពីរ​បាន​ជួប​គ្នា​នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៨៩ ពេល​ថត​រឿង "The Iron Triangle" ហើយ​ក្រោយ​មក ព្រះ​វិហារ​របស់​អ្នក​គង្វាល Ong (សមាគម​គ្រិស្ត​បរិស័ទ​នៅ Venice, CA) បាន​ចាប់​ផ្ដើម គម្រោង​កម្ពុជា ស្វែងរក​ថវិកា​ដើម្បី​ថែទាំ​កុមារ​កំព្រា និង​ជួយ​កសាង​ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ​ដល់​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា ។ គម្រោង​កម្ពុជា (Project of Cambodia) គឺ​ជា​មូលនិធិ​ដើម​នៃ​មូលនិធិ​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ដែល​បាន​ដាក់​បញ្ចូល​ជា​អង្គការ​សប្បុរសធម៌​នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​១៩៩៧ ក្រោយ​ឃាតកម្ម​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ (ថ្ងៃ​ទី២៥ ខែ​កុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ​១៩៩៦)។ គោលដៅ​នៃ​មូលនិធិ​នេះ​រួម​មាន​ការ​ថែរក្សា​ការ​សម្រេច (សមិទ្ធផល) របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ និង​សិទ្ធិ​មនុស្ស ក៏​ដូច​ជា​ការ​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​អំពី​ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្ត​និង​វប្បធម៌​កម្ពុជា​តាមរយៈ​ការ​អប់រំ សកម្មភាព និង​សិល្បៈ។ ក្មួយ​ស្រី​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ គឺ [[សុភីយ៉ា ង៉ោ ឌីមេទ្រី]] (Sophia Ngor Demetri) ដែល​ជា​អ្នក​ផ្ដល់​ភស្តុតាង​នៅ​ក្នុង​សវនាការ​ឃាតកម្ម​របស់​លោក និង​ជា​អ្នក​ដែល​លោក​បាន​យក​មក​នៅ​អាមេរិក​ជាមួយ បច្ចុប្បន្ន​នេះ​នាង​គឺ​ប្រធាន​មូលនិធិ ហើយ​លោក Ong គឺ​ជា​នាយក​ប្រតិបត្តិ ។ == ឃាតកម្ម == នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​ទី២៥ ខែ​កុម្ភៈ ''ឆ្នាំ​១៩៩៦'' លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​បាញ់​សម្លាប់​នៅ​ក្រោយ​ផ្ទះ​គាត់ នៅ សង្កាត់​ចិន ក្នុង​ទី​ប្រជុំជន ឡូសអាន់ជើឡេស រដ្ឋកាលីហ្វញ៉ា ។ ជនជាតិ​ខ្មែរ​ជា​ច្រើន​បាន​អះអាង​ថា​ពួក​គេ​មាន​ជាប់​ជំពាក់​នៅ​ក្នុង​អចលទ្រព្យ​របស់​គាត់ ហើយ​មាន​ស្ត្រី​ម្នាក់​ទៀត​ថា លោក​បាន​រៀបការ​ជាមួយ​នាង​ក្រោយ​ពេល​មក​ដល់​សហរដ្ឋ​អាមេរិក ។ ទ្រព្យ​សម្បត្តិ​ភាគ​ច្រើន​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​ទៅ​ប្អូន​របស់​គាត់​គឺ​លោក [[ចាន់ សារុន]]（{{zh|c=吳和顺 or 吴汉顺 |p=Wú Hànshùn}}, (ជា​រដ្ឋមន្ត្រី​ក្រសួង​កសិកម្ម​នៅ​កម្ពុជា) ខណៈ​ពេល​ដែល​ទ្រព្យ​សម្បត្តិ​អាមេរិក​របស់​គាត់​ត្រូវ​បាន​ប្រើ​ក្នុង​ថ្លៃ​សេវា​ច្បាប់​នៃ​ការ​ពន្យារ​ពាក្យ​បណ្ដឹង​ចំពោះ​អចលនទ្រព្យ​របស់​គាត់។<ref>{{cite book |last=Ngor |first=Haing |coauthors=Roger Warner |title=Survival in the Killing Fields |publisher=Carroll & Graf |year=2003 |location=New York |pages=512–513 |isbn=0786713151}}</ref> គេ​បាន​បញ្ចុះ​សព​របស់​គាត់​នៅ Rose Hills Memorial Park នៅឯ Whittier រដ្ឋកាលីហ្វញ៉ា ។ សមាជិក​បី​នាក់​នៃ​ក្រុម "Oriental Lazy Boyz" ដែល​ជា​ក្រុម​ពាល​តាម​ផ្លូវ ត្រូវ​បាន​ចោទ​ពីបទ​ឃាតកម្ម ហើយ​ក៏​ធ្លាប់​បាន​ចាប់​ខ្លួន​ពី​មុន​មក​ដែរ​ក្នុង​បទ​ឆក់​កាបូប​អលង្ការ ។ ពួក​គេ​ត្រូវ​បាន​កាត់​ទោស​រួម​គ្នា​នៅ​ក្នុង​តុលាការ​កំពូល​នៃ​រដ្ឋ​ឡូសអាន់ជើឡេស ទោះ​បី​ជា​រឿង​ក្ដី​របស់​ពួក​គេ​ត្រូវ​បាន​ក្រុម​ប្រឹក្សា​តុលាការ​ដឹង​ដាច់​ដោយឡែក​ពី​គ្នា​ក៏​ដោយ ។ ព្រះ​រាជ​អាជ្ញា​បាន​អះអាង​ថា ពួក​គេ​បាន​សម្លាប់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ក្រោយ​ពេល​ប្រគល់​[[នាឡិកា​ដៃ​]]មាស​ម៉ាក [[Rolex]] របស់​លោក​ឲ្យ​គេ ប៉ុន្តែ​បដិសេធ​មិន​ឲ្យ​បន្តោង​ខ្សែ​ក​ដែល​មាន​រូប​ប្រពន្ធ​របស់​គាត់​ដែល​បាន​ស្លាប់​ទៅ​ហើយ​នោះ គឺ​លោក​ស្រី ម៉ី ហួយ។ មេធាវី​ការពារ​ក្ដី​បាន​លើក​ឡើង​ថា​ឃាតកម្ម​នេះ​ទាក់ទង​នឹង​រឿង​នយោបាយ ដែល​បាន​ធ្វើ​ឡើង​ដោយ​អ្នក​គាំទ្រ​របប​ខ្មែរ​ក្រហម ប៉ុន្តែ​មិន​មាន​ភស្តុតាង​ណា​មួយ​គាំទ្រ​ទស្សនៈ​នេះ​ទេ ។<ref name="articles.latimes.com">My-Thuan Tran, [http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/21/local/la-me-ngor-murder21-2010jan21/4 Revisiting Haing Ngor's murder: 'Killing Fields' theory won't die], ''Los Angeles Times'', January 21, 2010</ref> កាំង ហ្គេកអ៊ាវ ដែល​ជា​អតីត​មន្ត្រី​ខ្មែរ​ក្រហម ហើយ​កំពុង​ស្ថិត​ក្នុង​ការ​កាត់​ទោស​នៅ​កម្ពុជា បាន​អះអាង​នៅ​ខែ​វិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ​២០០៩ ថា​ការ​សម្លាប់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ គឺ​ជា​បញ្ជា​ពី​ប៉ុលពត ។ ប៉ុន្តែ​ក្រុម​អ្នក​ស៊ើប​អង្កេត​អាមេរិក​រក​មិន​ឃើញ​ថា​គាត់​គួរ​ឲ្យ​ជឿ​ទុក​ចិត្ត​ទេ ។<ref name="articles.latimes.com"/> មនុស្ស​មួយ​ចំនួន​បាន​រិះគន់​មតិ​ដែល​ថា​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​សម្លាប់​ក្នុង​អំពើ​ប្លន់​មិន​បាន​សម្រេច ដោយ​ផ្អែក​ទៅ​លើ​សាច់​ប្រាក់ ២៩០០ដុល្លារ​អាមេរិក ដែល​បាន​បន្សល់​ទុក ហើយ​ការ​ពិត​នោះ ចោរ​មិន​បាន​រើ​កកាយ​កាបបូប​លុយ​របស់​គាត់​ទេ។ មក​ទល់​ពេល​នេះ គ្មាន​ចម្លើយ​ពីមូលហេតុ​ដែល​ចោរ​ទាមទារ​បន្តោង​ខ្សែ​ក​របស់​គាត់​នោះ​ទេ ហើយ​ជា​ធម្មតា លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ តែង​ពាក់​បន្តោង​ខ្សែ​ក​នោះ​នៅ​ខាង​ក្នុង​សម្លៀក​បំពាក់ ហើយ​ពិបាក​នឹង​មើល​ដឹង​ណាស់។ នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​២០០៣ បន្តោង​ខ្សែ​ក​នោះ​នៅ​តែ​មិន​ទាន់​រក​ឃើញ។<ref>Ngor & Warner, p. 515.</ref> អ្នក​ទាំង​បី​ត្រូវ​បាន​រក​ឃើញ​ថា​មាន​ទោស​នៅ​ថ្ងៃ​ទី១៦ ខែ​មេសា ឆ្នាំ​១៩៩៨ នៅ​ចំ​ថ្ងៃ​ដែល​គេ​បាន​បញ្ជាក់​អំពី​ការ​ស្លាប់​របស់ [[ប៉ុលពត|ប៉ុល ពត]] នៅ​កម្ពុជា​ដែរ ។<ref>Daniel Yi, Greg Krikorian, [http://articles.latimes.com/1998/apr/17/local/me-40165 Three Men Convicted of Killing Ngor], ''Los Angeles Times'', April 17, 1998</ref> Tak Sun Tan ត្រូវ​បាន​ផ្ដន្ទាទោស​ចាប់​ពី ៥៦​ឆ្នាំ ដល់​មួយ​ជីវិត, Indra Lim ពី ២៦​ឆ្នាំ ដល់​មួយ​ជីវិត ចំណែក​ឯ Jason Chan គឺ​ជាប់​ទោស​មួយ​ជីវិត​ដោយ​គ្មាន​លក្ខខណ្ឌ​ដោះ​លែង ។ នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​២០០៤ តុលាការ​សង្កាត់​អាមេរិក​នៃ​សង្កាត់​កណ្ដាល​នៅ​រដ្ឋ​កាលីហ្វ័រញ៉ា បាន​ចេញ​ដីកាលើក​លែង​ទោស ជា​សេចក្ដី​សម្រេច​ដែល​ព្រះ​រាជ​អាជ្ញា​បាន​ប្រើ​ការ​អាណិត​អាសូរ​របស់​ក្រុម​ប្រឹក្សា​តាមរយៈ​ការ​បង្ហាញ​ភស្តុតាង​មិន​ពិត ការ​សម្រេច​នេះ​ត្រូវ​បាន​បដិសេធ ។ ហើយ​ជា​ចុង​ក្រោយ ការ​ផ្ដន្ទាទោស​នៅ​តែ​បន្ត​តម្កល់​ទុក​ដោយ តុលាការ​សហរដ្ឋ​អាមេរិក​នៃ​បណ្ដឹង​ឧទ្ធរណ៍​សម្រាប់​មណ្ឌល​ទី​ប្រាំ​បួន នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​២០០៥​ ។ ក្រោយ​ពេល​ចេញ​ផ្សាយ​ខ្សែ​ភាព​យន្ត វាល​ពិឃាត លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​ប្រាប់​ទៅ​អ្នក​យក​ព័ត៌មាន New York Times ថា "ប្រសិន​បើ​ខ្ញុំ​ស្លាប់​នៅ​ពេល​ឥឡូវ គឺ​គ្មាន​បញ្ហា​ទេ ព្រោះ​ភាពយន្ត​នេះ​នឹង​ស្ថិត​នៅ​រាប់​រយ​ឆ្នាំ​ទៅ​មុខ​ទៀត" ។ (អង់គ្លេស៖ "If I die from now on, OK! This film will go on for a hundred years.") <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=5681 |title=Haing S. Ngor |publisher=Find a grave |date= |accessdate=2013-08-05}}</ref> លោក​ឌិត ប្រន ដែល​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ បាន​ដើរ​តួ​នៅ​ក្នុង​រឿងវាល​ពិឃាត បាន​ថ្លែង​ចំពោះ​ការ​ស្លាប់​របស់​លោក​ហាំង ង៉ោ ថា "គាត់​ប្រៀប​ដូច​ជា​កូន​ភ្លោះ​ជាមួយ​ខ្ញុំ ។ គាត់​ប្រៀប​បាន​ជា​អ្នក​ផ្ញើ​សារ​ជាមួយ​ខ្ញុំ ប៉ុន្តែ​ពេល​នេះ​ខ្ញុំ​នៅ​តែ​ម្នាក់​ឯង​ហើយ" ។ (អង់គ្លេស៖ "He is like a twin with me. He is like a co-messenger to me, but now I am alone.")<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9602/haing_ngor/|publisher=CNN|author=Jim Hill|date=February 27, 1996|title=Actor Haing Ngor found gunned down outside L.A. home|accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref> ==ការ​ថត​ខ្សែ​ភាពយន្ត== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! ឆ្នាំ ! ចំណង​ជើង ! សម្ដែងជាង ! class="unsortable" | ចំណាំ |- | 1984 | ''[[វាលពិឃាដ]]'' | [[ឌិត ប្រន]] | {{ubl|ឧទ្ទេសនាមជា ដុកទ័រ ហាំង សំណាង ង៉ោ|[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor]]|[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]]|[[BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer]]|[[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture]]|[[Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actor|BSFC Award for Best Actor]]}} |- | 1986 | ''[[Eastern Condors]]'' | Yeung Lung | |- | 1987 | ''[[In Love and War (1987 film)|In Love and War]]'' | Major Bui | |- | rowspan=2 | 1989 | ''Vietnam War Story: The Last Days'' | Major Huyen | segment "The Last Outpost" |- | ''The Iron Triangle'' | Colonel Tuong, NVA | |- | 1990 | ''Vietnam, Texas'' | Wong | |- | 1990 | ''Last Flight Out'' | Pham Van Minh | |- | 1991 | ''Ambition'' | Tatay | |- | 1993 | ''[[My Life (film)|My Life]]'' | Mr. Ho | |- | 1993 | ''[[Heaven & Earth (1993 film)|Heaven & Earth]]'' | Papa | |- | 1993 | ''Fortunes of War (1993 film)|''Fortunes of War | Khoy Thuon | |- | 1994 | ''{{sortname|The|Dragon Gate|nolink=1}}'' | Sensei | |- | 1996 | ''Hit Me'' | Billy Tungpet | |} ==ឯកសារ​យោង== {{reflist|2}} ==គួរ​អាន​បន្ត== *Ngor, Haing with Roger Warner. ''A Cambodian Odyssey.'' Macmillian Publishing Company, 1987. ISBN 0-02-589330-0. *Ngor, Haing with Roger Warner. ''Survival in the Killing Fields.'' Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2003. ISBN 0-7867-1315-1. ==តំណ​ខាង​ក្រៅ== *{{IMDb name|628955}} *{{Find a Grave|5681}តុកតា } *[http://www.haingngorfoundation.org/ Haing Ngor Foundation website] *[http://movies.yahoo.com/shop?d=hc&id=1800022326&cf=biog&intl=us Yahoo! Biography] *[http://www.cnn.com/US/9602/haing_ngor/ CNN story on his death] *[http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/21/local/la-me-ngor-murder21-2010jan21 Los Angeles Times article on his murder] {{Navboxes | title = Awards for Haing Ngor | list = {{AcademyAwardBestSupportingActor 1981-2000}} {{BAFTA Award for Best Actor 1980-1999}} {{GoldenGlobeBestSuppActorMotionPicture 1981-2000}} }} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Ngor, Haing S. | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Cambodian-American physician and actor | DATE OF BIRTH = 1940-03-22 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Samrong Yong, [[French Indochina|Cambodia]] | DATE OF DEATH = 1996-02-25 | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], [[United States|U.S.]] }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ngor, Haing S.}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អ្នកទទួលពានរង្វាន់អូស្ការ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:តារាសម្តែងខ្មែរ]] nsybax5zj77grtx1f0w72zc01d6as0f 0 25852 336431 328351 2026-06-09T15:25:28Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336431 wikitext text/x-wiki [[ឯកសារ:C_Hello_World_Program.png|រូបភាពតូច|ស្តាំ|342px|ឧទាហរណ៍នៃ[[ក្រមដើម]]បានសរសេរក្នុង[[ភាសាកម្មវិធីជ្វា]] ដែលនឹងចារឹកសារថា "Hello World!" (សួស្ដី ពិភពលោក!) ទៅកាន់[[ឆ្នេញបមាណីយ]]នៅពេលវាត្រូវ[[សំរាយ|បានបកស្រាយ]] និងដើរដោយ[[យន្តសិប្បនិម្មិត្តជ្វា]]។]] '''ភាសាកម្មវិធី'''មួយគឺជាភាសាសាងឡើងមួយបែបដែលរចនាឡើងដើម្បីធ្វើទំនាក់ទំនង[[លំណែនាំ]]មួយចំនួនទៅកាន់គ្រឿង[[យន្ត]] ជាពិសេស[[គណនូបករណ៍]]។ ភាសាកម្មវិធីត្រូវបានគេប្រើដើម្បីបង្កើត[[កម្មវិធី (យន្តូបករណ៍)|កម្មវិធី]]គ្រប់គ្រងទង្វើនៃយន្តមួយគ្រឿង រឺក៏ដើម្បីកំណត់បញ្ជាក់[[នព្វន្តវិធាន]]នានា។ ភាសាកម្មវិធីដំបូងឡើយបានកើតមានឡើងមុន[[ប្រវត្តិគ្រឿងរឹងគណនូបករណ៍|ការបង្កើតគណនូបករណ៍តួលេខ]]ទៅទៀត ហើយត្រូវបានប្រើដើម្បីកំណត់ដៅនូវទង្វើរបស់គ្រឿងយន្តដូចជា[[កីតំបាញយន្ត]] និង [[ព្យែណូលេងឯង]]។<ref>Ettinger, James (2004) ''Jacquard's Web'', Oxford University Press</ref> ភាសាកម្មវិធីផ្សេងៗរាប់ពាន់ភាសាត្រូវបានគេបង្កើតឡើង ភាគច្រើននៅក្នុងវិស័យគណនូបករណ៍ និងនៅតែមានការបង្កើតឡើងជាច្រើនភាសារៀងរាល់ឆ្នាំ។ ភាសាកម្មវិធីភាគច្រើនតំរូវឱ្យមានគណនាកម្មកំណត់ក្នុងទំរង់[[សំណេរកម្មវិធីបញ្ជា|បញ្ជា]] (ឧ. ដំណើរនៃប្រតិបត្តិកម្មជាច្រើនស្ដែងឡើង) គ្រាដែលភាសាដទៃទៀតប្រើទំរង់ផ្សេងៗនៃយថាប្រភេទកម្មរបស់កម្មវិធីដូចជា ទំរង់[[សំណេរកម្មវិធីប្រកាស|ប្រកាស]] (ឧ. លទ្ធផលដែលចង់បានត្រូវបានកំណត់ជាក់លាក់ មិនមែនឱ្យវាសំរេចត្រូវធ្វើយ៉ាងណានោះទេ)។ ការពិពណ៌នាអំពីភាសាកម្មវិធីមួយជាធម្មតាត្រូវបានគេបំបែកទៅជាសមាសភាគពីរយ៉ាងតាមរយៈ[[វាក្យសម្ព័ន្ធ (ភាសាកម្មវិធី)|វាក្យសម្ព័ន្ធ]] (ទំរង់) និង [[សញ្ញាន័យវិទ្យា]] (អត្ថន័យ)។ ភាសាខ្លះត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយឯកសារយថាប្រភេទកម្ម (ជាឧទាហរណ៍ ភាសាកម្មវិធី [[ស៊ី (ភាសាកម្មវិធី)|C]] ត្រូវបានគេកំណត់ដោយបមាណីយ[[អង្គការបមាណីយកម្មអន្តរជាតិ|អ.ប.អ.]]) ខណៈដែលបណ្ដាភាសាដទៃទៀត (ដូចជា [[ផឺល|Perl]]) មានបូរណកម្មលប់ដែលត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកជា[[បូរណកម្មលំយោង|លំយោង]]។ == និយមន័យ == ភាសាកម្មវិធីមួយជាខ្នត់មួយសំរាប់សរសេរ[[កម្មវិធីគណនូបករណ៍|កម្មវិធី]]នានា ដែលគឺជាបណ្ដាយថាប្រភេទកម្មនៃគណនាកម្ម រឺ [[នព្វន្តវិធាន]]មួយ។<ref name="Aaby 2004">{{cite book|last=Aaby|first=Anthony|title=Introduction to Programming Languages|year=2004|url=http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108043216/http://www.emu.edu.tr/aelci/Courses/D-318/D-318-Files/plbook/intro.htm |date=2012-11-08 }}</ref> ភាគខ្លះ តែមិនទាំងអស់ ពួកអ្នកប្រឌិតសង្កត់ធ្ងន់លើបច្ចេកសព្ទ "ភាសាកម្មវិធី" ចំពោះតែភាសាទាំងឡាយណានោះ ដែលអាចកំណត់បញ្ជាក់នព្វន្តវិធានទាំងឡាយដែលអាចមាន ''ទាំងឡាយ''។<ref name="Aaby 2004"/><ref>In mathematical terms, this means the programming language is [[Turing completeness|Turing-complete]] {{cite book|last=MacLennan|first=Bruce J.|title=Principles of Programming Languages|page=1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1987|isbn=0-19-511306-3}}</ref> វិសេសគុណរាល់ដងចាត់ទុកថាមានសារៈសំខាន់រាល់អ្វីៗផ្សំឡើងទៅជាភាសាកម្មវិធីមួយរួមមាន: ; អនុគមន៍ និង គោលដៅ : A ''ភាសាកម្មវិធីគណនូបករណ៍'' មួយគឺជា[[ភាសាទំរង់|ភាសា]]មួយប្រើដើម្បីសរសេរ[[កម្មវិធីគណនូបករណ៍]]នានា ដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹង[[គណនូបករណ៍]] ដំណើរការប្រភេទនៃគណនាកម្ម<ref name=sigplan>{{cite web|author=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]] SIGPLAN|title=Bylaws of the Special Interest Group on Programming Languages of the Association for Computing Machinery|url=http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigplan/sigplan_bylaws.htm|accessdate=19 June 2006|year=2003}}, ''The scope of SIGPLAN is the theory, design, implementation, description, and application of computer programming languages - languages that permit the specification of a variety of different computations, thereby providing the user with significant control (immediate or delayed) over the computer's operation.''</ref> រឺ [[នព្វន្តវិធាន]] ហើយទំនងជាអាចគ្រប់គ្រងឧបករណ៍ខាងក្រៅៗដូចជា[[ផ្នោះពុម្ព (គណនាការ)|ផ្នោះពុម្ព]] [[រង្វិលថាស]] [[រូបយន្ត]]នានា <ref name="robots">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.brown.edu/people/tld/courses/cs148/02/programming.html |title=Programming Robots |accessdate=23 September 2006 |last=Dean |first=Tom |date= |year=2002 |work=Building Intelligent Robots |publisher=Brown University Department of Computer Science}}</ref> និងនៅមានទៀត។ ឧទាហរណ៍ ពួកកម្មវិធីរបស់[[ផូសថ៍ស្គ្រីបថ៍]] (PostScript) រាល់ដងត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយកម្មវិធីផ្សេងមួយទៀតដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងផ្នោះពុម្ព រឺ គំហើញរបស់គណនូបករណ៍។ More generally, a programming language may describe computation on some, possibly abstract, machine. It is generally accepted that a complete specification for a programming language includes a description, possibly idealized, of a machine or processor for that language.<ref name=nara2>R. Narasimahan, Programming Languages and Computers: A Unified Metatheory, pp. 189--247 in Franz Alt, Morris Rubinoff (eds.) Advances in computers, Volume 8, Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 012012108, p.193 : "a complete specification of a programming language must, by definition, include a specification of a processor--idealized, if you will--for that language." [the source cites many references to support this statement]</ref> In most practical contexts, a programming language involves a computer; consequently, programming languages are usually defined and studied this way.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ben Ari|first=Mordechai|title=Understanding Programming Languages|publisher=John Wiley and Sons| year=1996|quote=Programs and languages can be defined as purely formal mathematical objects. However, more people are interested in programs than in other mathematical objects such as groups, precisely because it is possible to use the program—the sequence of symbols—to control the execution of a computer. While we highly recommend the study of the theory of programming, this text will generally limit itself to the study of programs as they are executed on a computer.}}</ref> Programming languages differ from [[natural language]]s in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages also allow humans to communicate instructions to machines. ; Abstractions : Programming languages usually contain [[abstraction (computer science)|abstractions]] for defining and manipulating [[data structure]]s or controlling the [[control flow|flow of execution]]. The practical necessity that a programming language support adequate abstractions is expressed by the [[abstraction principle (programming)|abstraction principle]];<ref>David A. Schmidt, ''The structure of typed programming languages'', MIT Press, 1994, ISBN 0-262-19349-3, p. 32</ref> this principle is sometimes formulated as recommendation to the programmer to make proper use of such abstractions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pierce|first=Benjamin|title=Types and Programming Languages|publisher=MIT Press|year=2002|isbn=0-262-16209-1|page=339}}</ref> ; Expressive power : The [[theory of computation]] classifies languages by the computations they are capable of expressing. All [[Turing completeness|Turing complete]] languages can implement the same set of [[algorithm]]s. [[SQL-92|ANSI/ISO SQL-92]] and [[Charity (programming language)|Charity]] are examples of languages that are not Turing complete, yet often called programming languages.<ref>{{cite web|author=Digital Equipment Corporation|title=Information Technology - Database Language SQL (Proposed revised text of DIS 9075)|url=http://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/~shadow/sql/sql1992.txt|work=ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL|accessdate=29 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=The Charity Development Group|title=The CHARITY Home Page|url=http://pll.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/charity1/www/home.html|date=December 1996|accessdate=29 June 2006|archivedate=18 កក្កដា 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060718010551/http://pll.cpsc.ucalgary.ca/charity1/www/home.html|url-status=dead}}, ''Charity is a categorical programming language...'', ''All Charity computations terminate.''</ref> [[Markup languages]] like [[XML]], [[HTML]] or [[troff]], which define [[structured data]], are not usually considered programming languages.<ref>[http://www.w3.org/XML/1999/XML-in-10-points.html XML in 10 points] [[W3C]], 1999, ''XML is not a programming language.''</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Powell|first=Thomas|title=HTML & XHTML: the complete reference|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2003|isbn=0-07-222942-X|page=25|quote=''HTML is not a programming language.''}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Dykes|first1=Lucinda|first2=Ed|last2=Tittel|title=XML For Dummies, 4th Edition|publisher=Wiley|year=2005|isbn=0-7645-8845-1|page=20|quote=''...it's a markup language, not a programming language.''}}</ref> Programming languages may, however, share the syntax with markup languages if a computational semantics is defined. [[XSLT]], for example, is a [[Turing completeness|Turing complete]] XML dialect.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/x-xslt/|title=What kind of language is XSLT?|publisher=IBM.com|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms767587(VS.85).aspx |title=XSLT is a Programming Language|publisher=Msdn.microsoft.com|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Michael|title=Programming Language Pragmatics|publisher=[[Morgan Kaufmann]]|year=2006|isbn=0-12-633951-1|page=802|quote=''XSLT, though highly specialized to the transformation of XML, is a Turing-complete programming language.''}}</ref> Moreover, [[LaTeX]], which is mostly used for structuring documents, also contains a Turing complete subset.<ref>http://tobi.oetiker.ch/lshort/lshort.pdf</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Syropoulos|first=Apostolos|coauthors=Antonis Tsolomitis, Nick Sofroniou|title=Digital typography using LaTeX|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=2003|isbn=0-387-95217-9|page=213|quote=''TeX is not only an excellent typesetting engine but also a real programming language.''}}</ref> The term ''computer language'' is sometimes used interchangeably with programming language.<ref>Robert A. Edmunds, The Prentice-Hall standard glossary of computer terminology, Prentice-Hall, 1985, p. 91</ref> However, the usage of both terms varies among authors, including the exact scope of each. One usage describes programming languages as a subset of computer languages.<ref>Pascal Lando, Anne Lapujade, Gilles Kassel, and Frédéric Fürst, ''[http://www.loa-cnr.it/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf Towards a General Ontology of Computer Programs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429185753/http://www.loa-cnr.it/ICSOFT2007_final.pdf |date=2011-04-29 }}'', [http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/conf/icsoft/icsoft2007-1.html ICSOFT 2007], pp. 163-170</ref> In this vein, languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are generically designated computer languages. For instance, markup languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages to emphasize that they are not meant to be used for programming.<ref>S.K. Bajpai, ''Introduction To Computers And C Programming'', New Age International, 2007, ISBN 81-224-1379-X, p. 346</ref> Another usage regards programming languages as theoretical constructs for programming abstract machines, and computer languages as the subset thereof that runs on physical computers, which have finite hardware resources.<ref>R. Narasimahan, Programming Languages and Computers: A Unified Metatheory, pp. 189--247 in Franz Alt, Morris Rubinoff (eds.) Advances in computers, Volume 8, Academic Press, 1994, ISBN 012012108, p.215: "[...] the model [...] for computer languages differs from that [...] for programming languages in only two respects. In a computer language, there are only finitely many names--or registers--which can assume only finitely many values--or states--and these states are not further distinguished in terms of any other attributes. [author's footnote:] This may sound like a truism but its implications are far reaching. For example, it would imply that any model for programming languages, by fixing certain of its parameters or features, should be reducible in a natural way to a model for computer languages."</ref> [[John C. Reynolds]] emphasizes that [[formal specification]] languages are just as much programming languages as are the languages intended for execution. He also argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not Turing-complete, and remarks that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats.<ref>John C. Reynolds, ''Some thoughts on teaching programming and programming languages'', [[SIGPLAN]] Notices, Volume 43, Issue 11, November 2008, p.109</ref> == History == {{main|History of programming languages|Programming language generations}} === Early developments === The first programming languages designed to communicate instructions to a computer were written in the 1950s. An early [[high-level programming language]] to be designed for a computer was [[Plankalkül]], developed for the German [[Z3 (computer)|Z3]] by [[Konrad Zuse]] between 1943 and 1945. However, it was not implemented until 1998 and 2000.<ref>[[Raúl Rojas|Rojas, Raúl]], et al. (2000). "Plankalkül: The First High-Level Programming Language and its Implementation". Institut für Informatik, Freie Universität Berlin, Technical Report B-3/2000. [http://www.zib.de/zuse/Inhalt/Programme/Plankalkuel/Plankalkuel-Report/Plankalkuel-Report.htm (full text)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018204625/http://www.zib.de/zuse/Inhalt/Programme/Plankalkuel/Plankalkuel-Report/Plankalkuel-Report.htm |date=2014-10-18 }}</ref> [[John Mauchly]]'s [[Short Code (computer language)|Short Code]], proposed in 1949, was one of the first high-level languages ever developed for an [[electronic computer]].<ref name="Sebesta">Sebesta, W.S Concepts of Programming languages. 2006;M6 14:18 pp.44. ISBN 0-321-33025-0</ref> Unlike [[machine code]], Short Code statements represented mathematical expressions in understandable form. However, the program had to be translated into [[machine code]] every time it ran, making the process much slower than running the equivalent machine code. [[ឯកសារ:Manchester Mark2.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|300px|The [[Manchester Mark 1]] ran programs written in [[Autocode]] from 1952.]] At the [[University of Manchester]], [[Alick Glennie]] developed [[Autocode]] in the early 1950s. A [[high-level programming language|programming language]], it used a [[compiler]] to automatically convert the language into machine code. The first code and compiler was developed in 1952 for the [[Manchester Mark 1|Mark 1]] computer at the University of Manchester and is considered to be the first [[compiler|compiled]] high-level programming language.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Knuth|first=Donald E.|last2=Pardo|first2=Luis Trabb|title=Early development of programming languages|journal=Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Technology|volume=7|pages=419–493|publisher=Marcel Dekker |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kpYX_lNI0VMC|title=Digitized: The Science of Computers and how it Shapes Our World|author=Peter J. Bentley|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=87}}</ref> The second autocode was developed for the Mark 1 by [[Tony Brooker|R. A. Brooker]] in 1954 and was called the "Mark 1 Autocode". Brooker also developed an autocode for the [[Ferranti Mercury]] in the 1950s in conjunction with the University of Manchester. The version for the [[EDSAC|EDSAC 2]] was devised by [[D. F. Hartley]] of [[University of Cambridge Mathematical Laboratory]] in 1961. Known as EDSAC 2 Autocode, it was a straight development from Mercury Autocode adapted for local circumstances, and was noted for its object code optimisation and source-language diagnostics which were advanced for the time. A contemporary but separate thread of development, [[Atlas Autocode]] was developed for the University of Manchester [[Atlas Computer (Manchester)|Atlas 1]] machine. Another early programming language was devised by [[Grace Hopper]] in the US, called [[FLOW-MATIC]]. It was developed for the [[UNIVAC I]] at [[Remington Rand]] during the period from 1955 until 1959. Hopper found that business data processing customers were uncomfortable with mathematical notation, and in early 1955, she and her team wrote a specification for an [[English language|English]] programming language and implemented a prototype.<ref>Hopper (1978) p.&nbsp;16.</ref> The FLOW-MATIC compiler became publicly available in early 1958 and was substantially complete in 1959.<ref>Sammet (1969) p.&nbsp;316</ref> Flow-Matic was a major influence in the design of [[COBOL]], since only it and its direct descendent [[AIMACO]] were in actual use at the time.<ref>Sammet (1978) p.&nbsp;204.</ref> The language [[Fortran]] was developed at IBM in the mid '50s, and became the first widely used high-level general purpose programming language. === Refinement === The period from the 1960s to the late 1970s brought the development of the major language paradigms now in use, though many aspects were refinements of ideas in the very first [[Third-generation programming language]]s: * [[APL (programming language)|APL]] introduced ''[[array programming]]'' and influenced [[functional programming]].<ref>Richard L. Wexelblat: ''History of Programming Languages'', Academic Press, 1981, chapter XIV.</ref> * [[PL/I]], originally called NPL, was designed in the early 1960s to incorporate the best ideas from FORTRAN and COBOL with block structures taken from ALGOL. * In the 1960s, [[Simula]] was the first language designed to support ''[[object-oriented programming]]''; in the mid-1970s, [[Smalltalk]] followed with the first "purely" object-oriented language. * [[C (programming language)|C]] was developed between 1969 and 1973 as a ''[[system programming]]'' language, and remains popular.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~flab/languages.html|author=François Labelle|title=Programming Language Usage Graph|work=[[SourceForge]]|accessdate=21 June 2006}}. This comparison analyzes trends in number of projects hosted by a popular community programming repository. During most years of the comparison, C leads by a considerable margin; in 2006, Java overtakes C, but the combination of C/C++ still leads considerably.</ref> * [[Prolog]], designed in 1972, was the first ''[[logic programming]]'' language. * In 1978, [[ML (programming language)|ML]] built a polymorphic type system on top of Lisp, pioneering ''[[Type system|statically typed]] [[functional programming]]'' languages. Each of these languages spawned an entire family of descendants, and most modern languages count at least one of them in their ancestry. The 1960s and 1970s also saw considerable debate over the merits of ''[[structured programming]]'', and whether programming languages should be designed to support it.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Semicolon Wars|journal=American Scientist|first1=Brian|last1=Hayes|volume=94|issue=4|year=2006|pages=299–303}}</ref> [[Edsger W. Dijkstra|Edsger Dijkstra]], in a famous 1968 letter published in the [[Communications of the ACM]], argued that [[Goto|GOTO]] statements should be eliminated from all "higher level" programming languages.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dijkstra|first=Edsger W.|authorlink=Edsger Dijkstra|title=Go To Statement Considered Harmful|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=11|issue=3|date=March 1968|pages=147–148|url=http://www.acm.org/classics/oct95/|accessdate=29 June 2006|doi=10.1145/362929.362947|archive-date=3 កក្កដា 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703050443/http://www.acm.org/classics/oct95/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> The 1960s and 1970s also saw expansion of techniques that reduced the footprint of a program as well as improved productivity of the programmer and user. The [[Computer programming in the punch card era|card deck]] for an early [[Fourth-generation programming language|4GL]] was a lot smaller for the same functionality expressed in a [[Third-generation programming language|3GL deck]]. === Consolidation and growth === [[ឯកសារ:Bangalore India Tech books for sale IMG 5261.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|240px|ស្តាំ|A selection of textbooks that teach programming, in languages both popular and obscure. These are only a few of the thousands of programming languages and dialects that have been designed in history.]] The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. [[C++]] combined object-oriented and systems programming. The United States government standardized [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]], a systems programming language derived from [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] and intended for use by defense contractors. In Japan and elsewhere, vast sums were spent investigating so-called [[Fifth-generation programming language|"fifth generation" languages]] that incorporated logic programming constructs.<ref>Tetsuro Fujise, Takashi Chikayama, Kazuaki Rokusawa, Akihiko Nakase (December 1994). "KLIC: A Portable Implementation of KL1" ''Proc. of FGCS '94, ICOT'' Tokyo, December 1994. http://www.icot.or.jp/ARCHIVE/HomePage-E.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925132105/http://www.icot.or.jp/ARCHIVE/HomePage-E.html |date=2006-09-25 }} KLIC is a portable implementation of a concurrent logic programming language [[KL1]].</ref> The functional languages community moved to standardize [[ML (programming language)|ML]] and Lisp. Rather than inventing new paradigms, all of these movements elaborated upon the ideas invented in the previous decade. One important trend in language design for programming large-scale systems during the 1980s was an increased focus on the use of ''modules'', or large-scale organizational units of code. [[Modula-2]], Ada, and ML all developed notable module systems in the 1980s, although other languages, such as [[PL/I]], already had extensive support for modular programming. Module systems were often wedded to [[generic programming]] constructs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jim Bender|url=http://readscheme.org/modules/|title=Mini-Bibliography on Modules for Functional Programming Languages|work=ReadScheme.org|accessdate=27 September 2006|date=15 March 2004|archivedate=24 កញ្ញា 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924085057/http://readscheme.org/modules/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The rapid growth of the [[Internet]] in the mid-1990s created opportunities for new languages. [[Perl]], originally a Unix scripting tool first released in 1987, became common in dynamic [[website]]s. [[Java (programming language)|Java]] came to be used for server-side programming, and bytecode virtual machines became popular again in commercial settings with their promise of "[[Write once, run anywhere]]" ([[UCSD Pascal]] had been popular for a time in the early 1980s). These developments were not fundamentally novel, rather they were refinements to existing languages and paradigms, and largely based on the C family of programming languages. Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Current directions include security and reliability verification, new kinds of modularity ([[mixin]]s, [[Delegation (programming)|delegates]], [[aspect-oriented programming|aspects]]), and database integration such as Microsoft's [[Language Integrated Query|LINQ]]. The [[Fourth-generation programming language|4GLs]] are examples of languages which are domain-specific, such as [[SQL]], which manipulates and returns [[set (computer science)|sets]] of data rather than the scalar values which are canonical to most programming languages. [[Perl]], for example, with its '[[here document]]' can hold multiple 4GL programs, as well as multiple JavaScript programs, in part of its own perl code and use variable interpolation in the 'here document' to support multi-language programming.<ref>Wall, ''Programming Perl'' ISBN 0-596-00027-8 p. 66</ref> == Elements == All programming languages have some [[language primitive|primitive]] building blocks for the description of data and the processes or transformations applied to them (like the addition of two numbers or the selection of an item from a collection). These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic rules which describe their structure and meaning respectively. === Syntax === [[ឯកសារ:Python add5 parse.png|រូបភាពតូច|ស្តាំ|367px|[[Parse tree]] of Python code with inset tokenization]] [[ឯកសារ:Python add5 syntax.svg|រូបភាពតូច|ស្តាំ|292px|[[Syntax highlighting]] is often used to aid programmers in recognizing elements of source code. The language above is [[Python (programming language)|Python]].]] {{Main|Syntax (programming languages)}} A programming language's surface form is known as its [[syntax (programming languages)|syntax]]. Most programming languages are purely textual; they use sequences of text including words, numbers, and punctuation, much like written natural languages. On the other hand, there are some programming languages which are more [[visual programming language|graphical]] in nature, using visual relationships between symbols to specify a program. The syntax of a language describes the possible combinations of symbols that form a syntactically correct program. The meaning given to a combination of symbols is handled by semantics (either [[Formal semantics of programming languages|formal]] or hard-coded in a [[Reference implementation (computing)|reference implementation]]). Since most languages are textual, this article discusses textual syntax. Programming language syntax is usually defined using a combination of [[regular expression]]s (for [[lexical analysis|lexical]] structure) and [[Backus–Naur Form]] (for [[context-free grammar|grammatical]] structure). Below is a simple grammar, based on [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]]: <syntaxhighlight lang="bnf"> expression ::= atom | list atom ::= number | symbol number ::= [+-]?['0'-'9']+ symbol ::= ['A'-'Z''a'-'z'].* list ::= '(' expression* ')' </syntaxhighlight> This grammar specifies the following: * an ''expression'' is either an ''atom'' or a ''list''; * an ''atom'' is either a ''number'' or a ''symbol''; * a ''number'' is an unbroken sequence of one or more decimal digits, optionally preceded by a plus or minus sign; * a ''symbol'' is a letter followed by zero or more of any characters (excluding whitespace); and * a ''list'' is a matched pair of parentheses, with zero or more ''expressions'' inside it. The following are examples of well-formed token sequences in this grammar: <code>12345</code>, <code>()</code> and <code>(a b c232 (1))</code>. Not all syntactically correct programs are semantically correct. Many syntactically correct programs are nonetheless ill-formed, per the language's rules; and may (depending on the language specification and the soundness of the implementation) result in an error on translation or execution. In some cases, such programs may exhibit [[undefined behavior]]. Even when a program is well-defined within a language, it may still have a meaning that is not intended by the person who wrote it. Using [[natural language]] as an example, it may not be possible to assign a meaning to a grammatically correct sentence or the sentence may be false: * "[[Colorless green ideas sleep furiously]]." is grammatically well-formed but has no generally accepted meaning. * "John is a married bachelor." is grammatically well-formed but expresses a meaning that cannot be true. The following C language fragment is syntactically correct, but performs operations that are not semantically defined (the operation <tt>*p >> 4</tt> has no meaning for a value having a complex type and <tt>p->im</tt> is not defined because the value of <tt>p</tt> is the [[pointer (computer programming)|null pointer]]): <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> complex *p = NULL; complex abs_p = sqrt(*p >> 4 + p->im); </syntaxhighlight> If the [[type declaration]] on the first line were omitted, the program would trigger an error on compilation, as the variable "p" would not be defined. But the program would still be syntactically correct, since type declarations provide only semantic information. The grammar needed to specify a programming language can be classified by its position in the [[Chomsky hierarchy]]. The syntax of most programming languages can be specified using a Type-2 grammar, i.e., they are [[context-free grammar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Sipser|year=1996|title=[[Introduction to the Theory of Computation]]|publisher=PWS Publishing|isbn=0-534-94728-X |authorlink=Michael Sipser}} Section 2.2: Pushdown Automata, pp.101–114.</ref> Some languages, including Perl and Lisp, contain constructs that allow execution during the parsing phase. Languages that have constructs that allow the programmer to alter the behavior of the parser make syntax analysis an [[undecidable problem]], and generally blur the distinction between parsing and execution.<ref>Jeffrey Kegler, "[http://www.jeffreykegler.com/Home/perl-and-undecidability Perl and Undecidability]", ''The Perl Review''. Papers 2 and 3 prove, using respectively [[Rice's theorem]] and direct reduction to the [[halting problem]], that the parsing of Perl programs is in general undecidable.</ref> In contrast to [[Lisp macro|Lisp's macro system]] and Perl's <code>BEGIN</code> blocks, which may contain general computations, C macros are merely string replacements, and do not require code execution.<ref>Marty Hall, 1995, [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html Lecture Notes: Macros] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806054148/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.html |date=2013-08-06 }}, [[PostScript]] [http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps version] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817211709/http://www.apl.jhu.edu/~hall/Lisp-Notes/Macros.ps |date=2000-08-17 }}</ref> === Semantics === The term [[Semantics#Computer science|Semantics]] refers to the meaning of languages, as opposed to their form ([[#Syntax|syntax]]). ==== Static semantics ==== The static semantics defines restrictions on the structure of valid texts that are hard or impossible to express in standard syntactic formalisms.<ref name="Aaby 2004"/> For compiled languages, static semantics essentially include those semantic rules that can be checked at compile time. Examples include checking that every [[identifier]] is declared before it is used (in languages that require such declarations) or that the labels on the arms of a [[case statement]] are distinct.<ref>Michael Lee Scott, ''Programming language pragmatics'', Edition 2, Morgan Kaufmann, 2006, ISBN 0-12-633951-1, p. 18–19</ref> Many important restrictions of this type, like checking that identifiers are used in the appropriate context (e.g. not adding an integer to a function name), or that [[subroutine]] calls have the appropriate number and type of arguments, can be enforced by defining them as rules in a [[logic]] called a [[type system]]. Other forms of [[static code analysis|static analyses]] like [[data flow analysis]] may also be part of static semantics. Newer programming languages like [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] have [[definite assignment analysis]], a form of data flow analysis, as part of their static semantics. ==== Dynamic semantics ==== {{main|Semantics of programming languages}} Once data has been specified, the machine must be instructed to perform operations on the data. For example, the semantics may define the [[evaluation strategy|strategy]] by which expressions are evaluated to values, or the manner in which [[control flow|control structures]] conditionally execute [[Statement (computer science)|statements]]. The ''dynamic semantics'' (also known as ''execution semantics'') of a language defines how and when the various constructs of a language should produce a program behavior. There are many ways of defining execution semantics. Natural language is often used to specify the execution semantics of languages commonly used in practice. A significant amount of academic research went into [[formal semantics of programming languages]], which allow execution semantics to be specified in a formal manner. Results from this field of research have seen limited application to programming language design and implementation outside academia. ==== Type system ==== {{Main|Data type|Type system|Type safety}} A type system defines how a programming language classifies values and expressions into ''types'', how it can manipulate those types and how they interact. The goal of a type system is to verify and usually enforce a certain level of correctness in programs written in that language by detecting certain incorrect operations. Any [[Decidability (logic)|decidable]] type system involves a trade-off: while it rejects many incorrect programs, it can also prohibit some correct, albeit unusual programs. In order to bypass this downside, a number of languages have ''type loopholes'', usually unchecked [[Type conversion#Explicit type conversion|casts]] that may be used by the programmer to explicitly allow a normally disallowed operation between different types. In most typed languages, the type system is used only to [[type checking|type check]] programs, but a number of languages, usually functional ones, [[type inference|infer types]], relieving the programmer from the need to write type annotations. The formal design and study of type systems is known as ''[[type theory]]''. ===== Typed versus untyped languages ===== A language is ''typed'' if the specification of every operation defines types of data to which the operation is applicable, with the implication that it is not applicable to other types.<ref name="typing">{{cite web|url=http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html|author=Andrew Cooke|title=Introduction To Computer Languages|accessdate=13 July 2012|archivedate=15 សីហា 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815140215/http://www.acooke.org/comp-lang.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For example, the data represented by "<code>this text between the quotes</code>" is a [[String literal|string]]. In most programming languages, dividing a number by a string has no meaning; most modern programming languages will therefore reject any program attempting to perform such an operation. In some languages the meaningless operation will be detected when the program is compiled ("static" type checking), and rejected by the compiler; while in others, it will be detected when the program is run ("dynamic" type checking), resulting in a run-time [[Exception handling|exception]]. A special case of typed languages are the ''single-type'' languages. These are often scripting or markup languages, such as [[REXX]] or [[Standard Generalized Markup Language|SGML]], and have only one data type—most commonly character strings which are used for both symbolic and numeric data. In contrast, an ''untyped language'', such as most [[assembly language]]s, allows any operation to be performed on any data, which are generally considered to be sequences of bits of various lengths.<ref name="typing"/> High-level languages which are untyped include [[BCPL]] and some varieties of [[Forth (programming language)|Forth]]. In practice, while few languages are considered typed from the point of view of [[type theory]] (verifying or rejecting ''all'' operations), most modern languages offer a degree of typing.<ref name="typing"/> Many production languages provide means to bypass or subvert the type system, trading type-safety for finer control over the program's execution (see [[Type conversion#Explicit type conversion|casting]]). ===== Static versus dynamic typing ===== In ''[[Type system|static typing]]'', all expressions have their types determined prior to when the program is executed, typically at compile-time. For example, 1 and (2+2) are integer expressions; they cannot be passed to a function that expects a string, or stored in a variable that is defined to hold dates.<ref name="typing"/> Statically typed languages can be either ''[[Manifest typing|manifestly typed]]'' or ''[[Type inference|type-inferred]]''. In the first case, the programmer must explicitly write types at certain textual positions (for example, at variable [[declaration (computer science)|declarations]]). In the second case, the compiler ''infers'' the types of expressions and declarations based on context. Most mainstream statically typed languages, such as [[C++]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]], are manifestly typed. Complete type inference has traditionally been associated with less mainstream languages, such as [[Haskell (programming language)|Haskell]] and [[ML (programming language)|ML]]. However, many manifestly typed languages support partial type inference; for example, [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] both infer types in certain limited cases.<ref>Specifically, instantiations of [[generic programming|generic]] types are inferred for certain expression forms. Type inference in Generic Java—the research language that provided the basis for Java 1.5's bounded [[polymorphism in object-oriented programming|parametric polymorphism]] extensions—is discussed in two informal manuscripts from the Types mailing list: [http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~sweirich/types/archive/1999-2003/msg00849.html Generic Java type inference is unsound] ([[Alan Jeffrey]], 17 December 2001) and [http://www.seas.upenn.edu/~sweirich/types/archive/1999-2003/msg00921.html Sound Generic Java type inference] ([[Martin Odersky]], 15 January 2002). C#'s type system is similar to Java's, and uses a similar partial type inference scheme.</ref> ''[[Type system|Dynamic typing]]'', also called ''latent typing'', determines the type-safety of operations at run time; in other words, types are associated with ''run-time values'' rather than ''textual expressions''.<ref name="typing"/> As with type-inferred languages, dynamically typed languages do not require the programmer to write explicit type annotations on expressions. Among other things, this may permit a single variable to refer to values of different types at different points in the program execution. However, type [[Software bug|errors]] cannot be automatically detected until a piece of code is actually executed, potentially making [[debugging]] more difficult. [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]], [[Perl]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[JavaScript]], and [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]] are dynamically typed. ===== Weak and strong typing ===== ''[[Weak typing]]'' allows a value of one type to be treated as another, for example treating a [[String (computer science)|string]] as a number.<ref name="typing"/> This can occasionally be useful, but it can also allow some kinds of program faults to go undetected at [[compile time]] and even at [[Run time (program lifecycle phase)|run time]]. ''[[Strongly typed programming language|Strong typing]]'' prevents the above. An attempt to perform an operation on the wrong type of value raises an error.<ref name="typing"/> Strongly typed languages are often termed ''type-safe'' or ''[[type safety|safe]]''. An alternative definition for "weakly typed" refers to languages, such as [[Perl]] and [[JavaScript]], which permit a large number of implicit type conversions. In JavaScript, for example, the expression <code>2 * x</code> implicitly converts <code>x</code> to a number, and this conversion succeeds even if <code>x</code> is <code>null</code>, <code>undefined</code>, an <code>Array</code>, or a string of letters. Such implicit conversions are often useful, but they can mask programming errors. ''Strong'' and ''static'' are now generally considered orthogonal concepts, but usage in the literature differs. Some use the term ''strongly typed'' to mean ''strongly, statically typed'', or, even more confusingly, to mean simply ''statically typed''. Thus [[C (programming language)|C]] has been called both strongly typed and weakly, statically typed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-4.html|title=Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme|date=20 February 1998|accessdate=9 June 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cardelli85understanding.html|title=On Understanding Types, Data Abstraction, and Polymorphism|author=[[Luca Cardelli]] and [[Peter Wegner]]|work=Manuscript (1985)|accessdate=9 June 2006|archivedate=19 មិថុនា 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619072646/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cardelli85understanding.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It may seem odd to some professional programmers that C could be "weakly, statically typed". However, notice that the use of the generic pointer, the '''void*''' pointer, does allow for casting of pointers to other pointers without needing to do an explicit cast. This is extremely similar to somehow casting an array of bytes to any kind of datatype in C without using an explicit cast, such as <code>(int)</code> or <code>(char)</code>. === Standard library and run-time system === {{main|Standard library}} Most programming languages have an associated core [[Library (computing)|library]] (sometimes known as the 'standard library', especially if it is included as part of the published language standard), which is conventionally made available by all implementations of the language. Core libraries typically include definitions for commonly used algorithms, data structures, and mechanisms for input and output. A language's core library is often treated as part of the language by its users, although the designers may have treated it as a separate entity. Many language specifications define a core that must be made available in all implementations, and in the case of standardized languages this core library may be required. The line between a language and its core library therefore differs from language to language. Indeed, some languages are designed so that the meanings of certain syntactic constructs cannot even be described without referring to the core library. For example, in [[Java (programming language)|Java]], a string literal is defined as an instance of the <tt>java.lang.String</tt> class; similarly, in [[Smalltalk]], an [[anonymous function]] expression (a "block") constructs an instance of the library's <tt>BlockContext</tt> class. Conversely, [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]] contains multiple coherent subsets that suffice to construct the rest of the language as library macros, and so the language designers do not even bother to say which portions of the language must be implemented as language constructs, and which must be implemented as parts of a library. == Design and implementation == Programming languages share properties with natural languages related to their purpose as vehicles for communication, having a syntactic form separate from its semantics, and showing ''language families'' of related languages branching one from another.<ref name="Fischer">Steven R. Fischer, ''A history of language'', Reaktion Books, 2003, ISBN 1-86189-080-X, p. 205</ref><ref name="levenez">{{cite web|author=Éric Lévénez|title=Computer Languages History|year=2011|url=http://www.levenez.com/lang/}}</ref> But as artificial constructs, they also differ in fundamental ways from languages that have evolved through usage. A significant difference is that a programming language can be fully described and studied in its entirety, since it has a precise and finite definition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.cornell.edu/info/Projects/Nuprl/cs611/fall94notes/cn2/subsection3_1_3.html|author=Jing Huang|title=Artificial Language vs. Natural Language}}</ref> By contrast, natural languages have changing meanings given by their users in different communities. While [[constructed languages]] are also artificial languages designed from the ground up with a specific purpose, they lack the precise and complete semantic definition that a programming language has. Many programming languages have been designed from scratch, altered to meet new needs, and combined with other languages. Many have eventually fallen into disuse. Although there have been attempts to design one "universal" programming language that serves all purposes, all of them have failed to be generally accepted as filling this role.<ref>IBM in first publishing PL/I, for example, rather ambitiously titled its manual ''The universal programming language PL/I'' (IBM Library; 1966). The title reflected IBM's goals for unlimited subsetting capability: ''PL/I is designed in such a way that one can isolate subsets from it satisfying the requirements of particular applications.'' ({{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=PL/I&oldid=19175|title=PL/I|work=Encyclopedia of Mathematics|accessdate=29 June 2006|archivedate=26 មេសា 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010947/http://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=PL%2FI&oldid=19175|url-status=dead}}). [[Ada (programming language)|Ada]] and [[UNCOL]] had similar early goals.</ref> The need for diverse programming languages arises from the diversity of contexts in which languages are used: * Programs range from tiny scripts written by individual hobbyists to huge systems written by hundreds of [[programmer]]s. * Programmers range in expertise from novices who need simplicity above all else, to experts who may be comfortable with considerable complexity. * Programs must balance speed, size, and simplicity on systems ranging from [[microcontroller]]s to [[supercomputer]]s. * Programs may be written once and not change for generations, or they may undergo continual modification. * Finally, programmers may simply differ in their tastes: they may be accustomed to discussing problems and expressing them in a particular language. One common trend in the development of programming languages has been to add more ability to solve problems using a higher level of [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstraction]]. The earliest programming languages were tied very closely to the underlying hardware of the computer. As new programming languages have developed, features have been added that let programmers express ideas that are more remote from simple translation into underlying hardware instructions. Because programmers are less tied to the complexity of the computer, their programs can do more computing with less effort from the programmer. This lets them write more functionality per time unit.<ref>Frederick P. Brooks, Jr.: ''The Mythical Man-Month,'' Addison-Wesley, 1982, pp. 93-94</ref> [[Natural language processing|Natural language processors]] have been proposed as a way to eliminate the need for a specialized language for programming. However, this goal remains distant and its benefits are open to debate. [[Edsger W. Dijkstra]] took the position that the use of a formal language is essential to prevent the introduction of meaningless constructs, and dismissed natural language programming as "foolish".<ref>Dijkstra, Edsger W. [http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/transcriptions/EWD06xx/EWD667.html On the foolishness of "natural language programming."] EWD667.</ref> [[Alan Perlis]] was similarly dismissive of the idea.<ref>{{cite web|last=Perlis|first=Alan|url=http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html|title=Epigrams on Programming|work=SIGPLAN Notices Vol. 17, No. 9|date=September 1982|pages=7–13|access-date=2014-03-20|archivedate=1999-01-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990117034445/http://www-pu.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/users/klaeren/epigrams.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hybrid approaches have been taken in [[Structured English]] and [[SQL]]. A language's designers and users must construct a number of artifacts that govern and enable the practice of programming. The most important of these artifacts are the language ''specification'' and ''implementation''. === Specification === {{Main|Programming language specification}} The '''specification''' of a programming language is intended to provide a definition that the language [[programmer|users]] and the [[programming language implementation|implementors]] can use to determine whether the behavior of a [[computer program|program]] is correct, given its [[source code]]. A programming language specification can take several forms, including the following: * An explicit definition of the syntax, static semantics, and execution semantics of the language. While syntax is commonly specified using a formal grammar, semantic definitions may be written in [[natural language]] (e.g., as in the [[C (programming language)|C language]]), or a [[formal semantics of programming languages|formal semantics]] (e.g., as in [[Standard ML]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Milner|first=R.|authorlink=Robin Milner|coauthors=[[Mads Tofte|M. Tofte]], [[Robert Harper (computer scientist)|R. Harper]] and D. MacQueen.|title=The Definition of Standard ML (Revised)|publisher=MIT Press|year=1997|isbn=0-262-63181-4}}</ref> and [[Scheme (programming language)|Scheme]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard |last=Kelsey|coauthors=William Clinger and Jonathan Rees|title=Section 7.2 Formal semantics|work=Revised⁵ Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme|url=http://www.schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-10.html#%_sec_7.2|date=February 1998|accessdate=9 June 2006}}</ref> specifications). * A description of the behavior of a [[compiler|translator]] for the language (e.g., the [[C++]] and [[Fortran]] specifications). The syntax and semantics of the language have to be inferred from this description, which may be written in natural or a formal language. * A [[reference implementation|''reference'' or ''model'' implementation]], sometimes [[Meta-circular evaluator|written in the language being specified]] (e.g., [[Prolog]] or [[REXX|ANSI REXX]]<ref>[[American National Standards Institute|ANSI]] — Programming Language Rexx, X3-274.1996</ref>). The syntax and semantics of the language are explicit in the behavior of the reference implementation. === Implementation === {{Main|Programming language implementation}} An '''implementation''' of a programming language provides a way to execute that program on one or more configurations of hardware and software. There are, broadly, two approaches to programming language implementation: ''[[compiler|compilation]]'' and ''[[interpreter (computing)|interpretation]]''. It is generally possible to implement a language using either technique. The output of a [[compiler]] may be executed by hardware or a program called an interpreter. In some implementations that make use of the interpreter approach there is no distinct boundary between compiling and interpreting. For instance, some implementations of [[BASIC]] compile and then execute the source a line at a time. Programs that are executed directly on the hardware usually run several orders of magnitude faster than those that are interpreted in software.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} One technique for improving the performance of interpreted programs is [[just-in-time compilation]]. Here the [[virtual machine]], just before execution, translates the blocks of [[bytecode]] which are going to be used to machine code, for direct execution on the hardware. == Usage == Thousands of different programming languages have been created, mainly in the computing field.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=1 June 2009|url=http://hopl.murdoch.edu.au/|title=HOPL: an interactive Roster of Programming Languages|publisher=[[Murdoch University]]|location=Australia|quote=This site lists 8512 languages.}}</ref> Programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a greater degree of precision and completeness. When using a natural language to communicate with other people, human authors and speakers can be ambiguous and make small errors, and still expect their intent to be understood. However, figuratively speaking, computers "do exactly what they are told to do", and cannot "understand" what code the programmer intended to write. The combination of the language definition, a program, and the program's inputs must fully specify the external behavior that occurs when the program is executed, within the domain of control of that program. On the other hand, ideas about an algorithm can be communicated to humans without the precision required for execution by using [[pseudocode]], which interleaves natural language with code written in a programming language. A programming language provides a structured mechanism for defining pieces of data, and the operations or transformations that may be carried out automatically on that data. A [[programmer]] uses the [[Abstraction (computer science)|abstractions]] present in the language to represent the concepts involved in a computation. These concepts are represented as a collection of the simplest elements available (called [[language primitive|primitives]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html|title=Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs|author=Abelson, Sussman, and Sussman|accessdate=3 March 2009|archivedate=26 កុម្ភៈ 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226050622/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-10.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Computer Programming|Programming]]'' is the process by which programmers combine these primitives to compose new programs, or adapt existing ones to new uses or a changing environment. Programs for a computer might be [[Execution (computing)|executed]] in a [[Batch processing|batch process]] without human interaction, or a user might type [[Command (computing)|commands]] in an [[Session (computer science)|interactive session]] of an [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]]. In this case the "commands" are simply programs, whose execution is chained together. When a language is used to give commands to a software application (such as a [[Unix shell]] or other [[command-line interface]]) it is called a [[scripting language]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} === Measuring language usage === {{Main|Measuring programming language popularity}} It is difficult to determine which programming languages are most widely used, and what usage means varies by context. One language may occupy the greater number of programmer hours, a different one have more lines of code, and a third utilize the most CPU time. Some languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications. For example, [[COBOL]] is still strong in the corporate data center, often on large [[Mainframe computer|mainframes]];<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ | title = COBOL turns 50 | date = 2009-09-21 | accessdate = 2013-10-19 | author = Georgina Swan | publisher = computerworld.com.au | archivedate = 2013-10-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019181128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/319269/cobol_turns_50/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html | title = 7 Myths of COBOL Debunked | date = 2012-05-03 | accessdate = 2013-10-19 | author = Ed Airey | publisher = developer.com | archivedate = 2013-10-19 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171802/http://www.developer.com/lang/other/7-myths-of-cobol-debunked.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> [[Fortran]] in scientific and engineering applications; and [[C (programming language)|C]] in embedded applications and operating systems. Other languages are regularly used to write many different kinds of applications. Various methods of measuring language popularity, each subject to a different bias over what is measured, have been proposed: * counting the number of job advertisements that mention the language<ref>{{cite web|author=Nicholas Enticknap |url=http://www.computerweekly.com/Articles/2007/09/11/226631/sslcomputer-weekly-it-salary-survey-finance-boom-drives-it-job.htm |title=SSL/Computer Weekly IT salary survey: finance boom drives IT job growth |publisher=Computerweekly.com |date= |accessdate=2013-06-14}}</ref> * the number of books sold that teach or describe the language<ref>{{cite web|url=http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/08/programming_language_trends_1.html|title=Counting programming languages by book sales|publisher=Radar.oreilly.com|date=2 August 2006|accessdate=3 December 2010}}</ref> * estimates of the number of existing lines of code written in the language{{spaced ndash}} which may underestimate languages not often found in public searches<ref>Bieman, J.M.; Murdock, V., Finding code on the World Wide Web: a preliminary investigation, Proceedings First IEEE International Workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation, 2001</ref> * counts of language references (i.e., to the name of the language) found using a web search engine. Combining and averaging information from various internet sites, langpop.com claims that in 2013 the ten most popular programming languages are (in descending order by overall popularity): [[C (programming language)|C]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[PHP]], [[JavaScript]], [[C++]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Shell script|Shell]], [[Ruby (programming language)|Ruby]], [[Objective-C]] and [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.langpop.com/ |title=Programming Language Popularity |publisher=langpop.com |date=2013-10-25 |accessdate=2014-01-02}}</ref> == Taxonomies == {{details|Categorical list of programming languages}} There is no overarching classification scheme for programming languages. A given programming language does not usually have a single ancestor language. Languages commonly arise by combining the elements of several predecessor languages with new ideas in circulation at the time. Ideas that originate in one language will diffuse throughout a family of related languages, and then leap suddenly across familial gaps to appear in an entirely different family. The task is further complicated by the fact that languages can be classified along multiple axes. For example, Java is both an object-oriented language (because it encourages object-oriented organization) and a concurrent language (because it contains built-in constructs for running multiple [[Thread (computer science)|threads]] in parallel). [[Python (programming language)|Python]] is an object-oriented [[scripting language]]. In broad strokes, programming languages divide into ''[[programming paradigm]]s'' and a classification by ''intended domain of use,'' with [[general-purpose programming language]]s distinguished from [[domain-specific programming language]]s. Traditionally, programming languages have been regarded as describing computation in terms of imperative sentences, i.e. issuing commands. These are generally called [[imperative programming]] languages. A great deal of research in programming languages has been aimed at blurring the distinction between a program as a set of instructions and a program as an assertion about the desired answer, which is the main feature of [[declarative programming]].<ref>Carl A. Gunter, ''Semantics of Programming Languages: Structures and Techniques'', MIT Press, 1992, ISBN 0-262-57095-5, p. 1</ref> More refined paradigms include [[procedural programming]], [[object-oriented programming]], [[functional programming]], and [[logic programming]]; some languages are hybrids of paradigms or multi-paradigmatic. An [[assembly language]] is not so much a paradigm as a direct model of an underlying machine architecture. By purpose, programming languages might be considered general purpose, [[system programming language]]s, scripting languages, domain-specific languages, or concurrent/distributed languages (or a combination of these).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tunes.org/wiki/programming_20languages.html|title=TUNES: Programming Languages|access-date=2014-03-20|archivedate=2007-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020203251/http://tunes.org/wiki/programming_20languages.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some general purpose languages were designed largely with educational goals.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wirth|first=Niklaus|authorlink=Niklaus Wirth|title=Recollections about the development of Pascal|journal=Proc. 2nd [[SIGPLAN|ACM SIGPLAN]] conference on history of programming languages|pages=333–342|year=1993|url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=155378|accessdate=30 June 2006|doi=10.1145/154766.155378|isbn=0-89791-570-4}}</ref> A programming language may also be classified by factors unrelated to programming paradigm. For instance, most programming languages use [[English language]] keywords, while [[Non-English-based programming languages|a minority do not]]. Other languages may be classified as being [[Esoteric programming language|deliberately esoteric]] or not. == See also == {{Div col}} * [[Comparison of programming languages (basic instructions)]] * [[Comparison of programming languages]] * [[Computer programming]] * [[Computer science]] and [[Outline of computer science]] * [[Educational programming language]] * [[Invariant based programming]] * [[Lists of programming languages]] * [[List of programming language researchers]] * [[Literate programming]] * [[Dialect (computing)]] * [[Programming language theory]] * [[Pseudocode]] * [[Scientific language]] * [[Software engineering]] and [[List of software engineering topics]] {{Div col end}} {{portal bar|Computer science|Computer programming}} == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Further reading == {{see also|History of programming languages#Further reading{{!}}History of programming languages: Further reading}} {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last1=Abelson|first1=Harold|authorlink1=Harold Abelson|last2=Sussman|first2=Gerald Jay|authorlink2=Gerald Jay Sussman|title=Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs|url=http://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html|edition=2nd|year=1996|publisher=MIT Press}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309173822/https://mitpress.mit.edu/sicp/full-text/book/book-Z-H-4.html |date=2018-03-09 }} * [[Raphael Finkel]]: ''[http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ Advanced Programming Language Design] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022141742/http://www.nondot.org/sabre/Mirrored/AdvProgLangDesign/ |date=2014-10-22 }}'', Addison Wesley 1995. * [[Daniel P. Friedman]], [[Mitchell Wand]], [[Christopher T. Haynes]]: ''[[Essentials of Programming Languages]]'', The MIT Press 2001. * Maurizio Gabbrielli and Simone Martini: "Programming Languages: Principles and Paradigms", Springer, 2010. * [[David Gelernter]], [[Suresh Jagannathan]]: ''Programming Linguistics'', [[The MIT Press]] 1990. * [[Ellis Horowitz]] (ed.): ''Programming Languages, a Grand Tour'' (3rd ed.), 1987. * Ellis Horowitz: ''Fundamentals of Programming Languages'', 1989. * [[Shriram Krishnamurthi]]: ''[[Programming Languages: Application and Interpretation]]'', [http://www.cs.brown.edu/~sk/Publications/Books/ProgLangs/ online publication]. * [[Bruce J. MacLennan]]: ''Principles of Programming Languages: Design, Evaluation, and Implementation'', [[Oxford University Press]] 1999. * [[John C. Mitchell]]: ''Concepts in Programming Languages'', [[Cambridge University Press]] 2002. * [[Benjamin C. Pierce]]: ''[[Types and Programming Languages]]'', The MIT Press 2002. * [[Terrence W. Pratt]] and [[Marvin V. Zelkowitz]]: ''Programming Languages: Design and Implementation'' (4th ed.), Prentice Hall 2000. * [[Peter H. Salus]]. ''Handbook of Programming Languages'' (4 vols.). Macmillan 1998. * [[Ravi Sethi]]: ''Programming Languages: Concepts and Constructs'', 2nd ed., [[Addison-Wesley]] 1996. * [[Michael L. Scott]]: ''Programming Language Pragmatics'', [[Morgan Kaufmann Publishers]] 2005. * [[Robert W. Sebesta]]: ''Concepts of Programming Languages'', 9th ed., Addison Wesley 2009. * [[Franklyn Turbak]] and [[David Gifford]] with [[Mark Sheldon]]: ''Design Concepts in Programming Languages'', The MIT Press 2009. * [[Peter Van Roy]] and [[Seif Haridi]]. ''[[Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming]]'', The MIT Press 2004. * [[David A. Watt]]. ''Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms''. Prentice Hall 1990. * David A. Watt and [[Muffy Thomas]]. ''Programming Language Syntax and Semantics''. Prentice Hall 1991. * David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Processors''. Prentice Hall 1993. * David A. Watt. ''Programming Language Design Concepts''. John Wiley & Sons 2004. {{refend}} == External links == {{Sister project links|wikt=programming language|commons=Category:Programming languages|v=Programming languages|q=Programming languages|s=no|b=Subject:Computer programming languages}} * [http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/ 99 Bottles of Beer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209194347/http://99-bottles-of-beer.net/ |date=2010-02-09 }} A collection of implementations in many languages. * {{dmoz|Computers/Programming/Languages|Computer Programming Languages}} {{Programming language}} {{Programming languages}} {{Computer language}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Programming Language}} 0yxym2z2l4a7r9ip4gmu6479p84ng7u 0 26477 336428 327810 2026-06-09T14:19:13Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336428 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:1em;" |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background: #778899;" colspan="2"|<p style="font-family:Khmer OS Battambang; font-size: 15pt; color: #FFFFFF; text-shadow: 0px 0px yellow;> ពេជ្រ សោភា </p> |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" | |- style="text-align:center;" |style="background: #ABCDEF;" colspan="2" | Cambodian Pop Singer Pich Sophea |- style="background: #f1f5fc;" |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''ឈ្មោះ''' | [[ពេជ្រ សោភា]] |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''ថ្ងៃ.ខែ.ឆ្នាំកំណើត''' |{{Birth date and age|1983|6|09|df=yes}}<ref> Pleng by Smart (2021) [https://www.facebook.com/196852291199242/posts/775502956667503/ រីករាយថ្ងៃកំណើត ពេជ្រ សាភា], Retrieved: June 9, 2021</ref> |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''សញ្ជាតិ''' | {{KHM}} |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''ប្រភេទតន្ត្រី''' |​Khmer traditional Music, Pop, Classic, R&B, Rock & Hip hop. |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''ឆ្នាំសកម្ម''' |2004-បច្ចុប្បន្ន |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''អជីបសិល្បៈ''' | * អ្នកចម្រៀង * អ្នកនិពន្ធចម្រៀង * តួសម្ដែងស្រី * អគ្គរដ្ឋទូតសុច្ឆន្ទៈម៉ាកល្បី (Brand Ambassador) |- style="vertical-align:center;" |'''ស្លាកតន្ត្រី''' | [[ផលិតកម្ម រស្មីហង្សមាស]] (RHM) 2004-បច្ចុប្បន្ន |} '''ពេជ្រ សោភា''' ([[អង់គ្លេស]]: Pich Sophea) (កើតនៅថ្ងៃទី ០៩ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ ១៩៨៣) នាងគឺជាតារាចម្រៀងកម្ពុជាមួយរូប ដែលទទួលបាននូវការចាប់អារម្មណ៍ពីទស្សនិជន ជាមួយនិងការបង្ហាញខ្លួនរបស់នាងក្នុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ជាមួយនិង អាល់ប៊ុម (Album) បទចម្រៀងជាលើកដំបូងក្នុងបទ (Better Day) ជាមួយនិងតារាចម្រៀងរ៉េប (Raper) "ឌីជេ-ស្ដី" (DJ-Sdey) ចេញផ្សាយដោយ [[ផលិតកម្ម រស្មីហង្សមាស]] (Rasmey Hang Meas Production) បទចម្រៀងមួយនេះ ធ្វើឱ្យនាងទទួលបានការទទួលស្គាល់ពីទស្សនិជន និង ទទួលបានប្រជាប្រិយភាពជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ អ្នកនាងក៏ ជាតារាភាពយន្ត ជាអគ្គរដ្ឋទូតសុច្ឆន្ទៈម៉ាកយីហោល្បី ហើយត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាចៅក្រម និងជាសមាជិកគណៈកម្មាធិការ សវនាកម្មដែលជាអ្នកវាយតម្លៃ សម្រាប់ភាពពិតនៃសម្លេងដែលបង្ហាញក្នុងវគ្គ Blind audition ក្នុងកម្មវិធី [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_Cambodia The Voice Cambodia] ផងដែរ ។ == ជីវិតចាប់ផ្ដើម == '''Early Life''' ពេជ្រ សោភា កើតនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៣ នៅសង្កាត់​បឹងសាឡាង ខណ្ឌ​ទួលគោក [[រាជធានី​ភ្នំពេញ]] ។ មានឪពុកឈ្មោះ ពេជ្រ សាវ៉ាន និង ម្ដាយឈ្មោះ សួ សុភាព និងមានបងប្អូនចំនួន ៤នាក់ ឪពុកម្ដាយ របស់នាងមានមុខរបរជាអ្នកលក់ដូរ ដូចនេះក្នុងវ័យកុមារភាព "សោភា" ត្រូវជួយលក់ដូរឪពុកម្ដាយផង ដើម្បីទទួលបានថវិកាគាំទ្រក្នុងការសិក្សា ដោយជីវភាពខ្វះខាត "សោភា" ត្រូវទៅច្រៀងឱ្យភោជនីដ្ឋានមួយកន្លែងក្នុងក្រុងភ្នំពេញ រហូតដល់នាងសម្រេចបញ្ចប់ការសិក្សាត្រឹម កម្រិតវប្បធម៌ ទុទិយភូមិ (ថ្នាក់ទី១២) ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៣ នាងបានប្ដូរទៅច្រៀង ឱ្យមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលកំសាន្តមួយ មានឈ្មោះថា "មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលកំសាន្តស្ពាក" នាងច្រៀងបានតែប្រហែលមួយឆ្នាំ នាងក៏ត្រូវបានទាក់ទងទៅច្រៀងឱ្យផលិតកម្មយក្សមួយនៅក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ដែលគេស្គាល់ថា "ផលិតកម្មរស្មីហង្សមាស" (Hang Meas Production) ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ដែលចេញក្នុង អាលប៊ុម (Album) ទី១ របស់នាងមានចំណងជើងថា (Better Day) ដែលជាបទល្បីទី១ របស់នាងក្នុងការបោះជំហ៊ានទៅក្នុងពិភពសិល្បៈ ។<ref> Pich Sophea’s Biography in Brief (2012) [http://popkhstars.blogspot.com/2012/10/khmer-singercambodia-singer-pich-sophea.html?m=1 Cambodia singer Pich Sophea Top Singer of Cambodia at Hang Meas Production] Website: Popstar.Com.Kh </ref> == អជីបតន្ត្រី == '''Music career''' === ភាពពេញនិយម (២០០៥-២០១០) === '''Popularity (2005-2010)''' ក្នុងអំឡុឆ្នាំ ២០០៥ ដល់ឆ្នាំ ២០១០ ប្រជាប្រិយភាពរបស់កញ្ញា ពេជ្រ សាភា បានកើនឡើងជាលំដាប់និងពេញនិយមចាក់ស្ដាប់ នៅក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ដែលធ្វើឱ្យរូបនាងបានជាប់ឈ្មោះជាកំពូលតារាចម្រៀង ប្រចាំប្រទេសកម្ពុជាផងដែរ ។ បទល្បីៗជាច្រើនរបស់ សោភា ដែលចេញអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៥ អាល់ប៊ុម [[U Better Not Come Home​ (អាល់ប៊ុម)|U Better Not Come Home]], Dream about you, បានក្លាយជា Hits Album ប្រចាំឆ្នាំ ក្លាយជាកំពូលបទចម្រៀងដែលចាក់ស្ដាប់ច្រើនបំផុតក្នុងស្ថានីយ៍វិទ្យុ នៅកម្ពុជា ដែលជាបទចម្រៀងដែលទទួលបានភាពពេញនិយមនិងការគាំទ្រជាច្រើនលើសលប់ក្នុងពេលនោះ ដែលបទ (U Better Not Come Home) បានជាប់ក្នុង Top1 Music Radio FM.97 (2005) by Apsara Radio FM 97 ទន្ទឹមនិងភាពល្បីល្បាញនេះនាងត្រូវបាន អ្នកគាំទ្រអញ្ជើញនាងឱ្យទៅសម្ដែងការច្រៀងនា [[ប្រទេសអូស្ត្រាលី]] ផងដែរ ។<ref> Khmerload (2005) [https://www.khmerload.com/article/125098 បទល្បីកាល១០ឆ្នាំជាងមុន «Dream about you»], Retrieved: June 10, 2020 </ref> ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៦ ដល់ ឆ្នាំ ២០០៨ សោភា បានចេញនូវបទចម្រៀងជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ និងបានបង្ហាញខ្លួនក្នុងការប្រគំុតន្ត្រីដ៏ធំ ប្រចាំប្រទេសកម្ពុជាផងដែរនោះគឺ concert Best of The Best 2006-2007-2008 ការប្រគំុតន្រ្តីដ៏ធំនេះមានអ្នកចូលរួមទស្សនារាប់មុឺននាក់ ដែលស្ថិតក្នុងបរិវេណ ស្តាតអូឡាំពិច ។<ref> World Muzik (2012) [http://worldofmuzik168.blogspot.com/2013/02/rhm-best-of-best-2006-part-1.html?m=1 RHM Best of the Best 2006], © Laypheng Lida All Right Reserved, Designed by iAXE, Access-Date: Aug-02-2012 </ref> ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៩ សោភា ត្រូវបានអ្នកគាំទ្ររបស់នាងអញ្ជើញ ឱ្យទៅសម្ដែងការច្រៀងនា [[ប្រទេសបារាំង]] ហើយនាងទទួលបានការគាំទ្រយ៉ាងខ្លាំង លើសពីការរំពឹងទុក រហូតមកដល់ឆ្នាំ ២០១០ សោភា ត្រូវបាន [http://www.findkh.com/listingc.php?id=3201&_c1=0&_c2=0&_l1=0&_l2=0&lang=2 ទូរទស្សន៍ប៉ុស្ថិ៍លេខ៥] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207015745/http://www.findkh.com/listingc.php?id=3201&_c1=0&_c2=0&_l1=0&_l2=0&lang=2 |date=2021-12-07 }} (Cambodia TV5) អញ្ជើញឱ្យទៅសម្តែងការច្រៀងនៅក្នុងកម្មវិធីប្រគំុតន្ត្រីតំណាំងឱ្យអាស៊ានទាំង១០ ផងដែរ (Asean Top10 Music) ។<ref> [http://pipopkomsan-news.blogspot.com/2018/01/5623.html?m=1 Pipopkomsan-News (2018) Powered by Blogger Theme images by Michael Elkan]. </ref> == តន្ត្រីទេសចរណ៍ (២០១១-២០១៣) == '''Pich Sophea Music Tour (2011-2013)''' ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០១១-១០១៣ កញ្ញា ពេជ្រសាភា ត្រូវបានអ្នកគាំទ្ររបស់នាងអញ្ជើញឱ្យទៅសម្ដែងច្រៀង តន្ត្រីទេសចរណ៍នាប្រទេស [[អាមេរិក]] រយៈពេល ២ខែ តាមរយៈ សមាគមន៍សិល្បៈកម្ពុជានៅទីនោះ ដែលធ្វើឱ្យនាងទទួលបានការគាំទ្រយ៉ាងច្រើន ពីបណ្តាលជនជាតិខ្មែរដែលរស់នៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកផងដែរ ។<ref>The Phnom Penh Post (2011) [https://m.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/pop-singer-prepares-two-month-us-tour Pop-singer-prepares-two-month-us-tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207141957/https://m.phnompenhpost.com/lifestyle/pop-singer-prepares-two-month-us-tour |date=2021-12-07 }}, Website: phnompenhpost.com</ref> ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០១២ កញ្ញាពេជ្រ សាភា បានចូលរួមក្នុងការធ្វើបទបង្ហាញលើកទឹកចិត្តអំពីការអប់រំក្នុងកម្មវិធី Sols 24/7 GDI Cambodia Free Education For All របស់អង្គការមួយដើម្បីគាំទ្រដល់វិស័យអប់រំ និង ការសិក្សានៅកម្ពុជា ដែលបង្ហាញជាទង្វើសប្បុរសធម៌មួយសម្រាប់សង្គមជាតិផងដែរ ។<ref>GDI Cambodia Free Education (2012) [https://www.ahhaeducation.org/videos-cambodia/ Pich Sophea Speach in AHHA Education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207085258/https://www.ahhaeducation.org/videos-cambodia/ |date=2021-12-07 }}, Website: www.ahhaeducation.org</ref> ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០១៣ សោភា ត្រូវបានអញ្ញើញឱ្យសម្ដែងច្រៀង តន្ត្រីទេសចរណ៍នាប្រទេស [[អាមេរិក]] ជាលើកទី២ នាទីក្រុងស្តុកតុន (Stockton) ក្នុងរដ្ឋកាលីហ្វរញ៉ា (California) ដែលនេះជាភាពជោគជ័យរបស់នាងក្នុងការសាងកេរ្តិ៍ឈ្មោះ បង្កើនប្រជាប្រិយភាព ពីពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរអាមេរិកាំង ដែលស្រលាញ់ចូលចិត្តនិងគាំទ្រដល់រូបនាង ក៏ដូចជាបានជួយលើកដម្កើងដល់សិល្បៈករកម្ពុជាផងដែរ ។<ref> Asian Movies (2013) [http://replay-movies.blogspot.com/2013/10/pich-sophea-2013-usa-tour.html?m=1 Pich Sophea 2013 USA Tour], Website: movies.blogspot.com </ref> == គ្រូបង្វឹកសម្លេង (២០១៤-២០១៦) == '''The Voice Coach (2014-2016)''' [[File:Pich Sophea on The Voice Cambodia.jpg|thumb|Pich Sophea on The Voice Cambodia 2014]] សោភា ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាគ្រូបង្វឹកនៃចៅក្រម និងជាសមាជិកគណៈកម្មាធិការ សវនាកម្មដែលជាអ្នកវាយតម្លៃ សម្រាប់ភាពពិតនៃសម្លេងដែលបង្ហាញក្នុងវគ្គ Blind audition ក្នុងកម្មវិធី The Voice Cambodia របស់ទូរទស្សន៍ហង្សមាស (Hang Meas-HDTV) រដូវកាលទី១ និង រដូវកាលទី២ តាំងពីការចាប់ផ្ដើមរបស់ខ្លួនក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2014 ដែលកូនក្រុមទី១ របស់នាងគឺលោក សយ រតនៈ បានជាប់ក្នុងវគ្គជុំចុងក្រោយ The Final (RunnerUp) Episode 16 នៃសប្ដាហ៍ទី៦ និង រដូវកាលទី២ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2016 ដែលកូនក្រុមទី២ គឺកញ្ញា (សាន ស្រីឡៃ/មរណៈភាព) បានជាប់ក្នុងវគ្គជុំចុងក្រោយ The Final (RunnerUp) Episode 16 នៃសប្ដាហ៍ទី៦ ។ ក្រោយបញ្ចប់កម្មវិធី The Voice Cambodia សោភា បានចាកចេញពីកម្ពុជាទៅកាន់ [[ប្រទេសបារាំង]] ផងដែរ ដើម្បីទៅពិនិត្យសុខភាពនៅទីនោះ ។<ref> Daily Pushs (2016) [https://dailypushs.blogspot.com/2016/06/pich-sophea-prepared-to-treat-disease.html?m=1 Pich Sophea prepared to treat the disease in France after rarely appeared in the wedding singer], Website: dailypushs.blogspot.com, Publication: June 28, 2016 </ref> == បទចម្រៀង ពេញនិយម (២០១៥-២០១៦) == '''Pich Sophea Pop Music (2015-2016)''' ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០១៥-២០១៦ សោភា បានចេញបទចម្រៀងពេញនិយមជាច្រើន ដែលត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថា (Pop Music) បានចាប់ដៃគូជាមួយតារាចម្រៀងរ៉េប [[G-Devith]] ដែលលោកគឺជា អ្នកកាត់តតន្ត្រីមុិច (Sound Mixed Editing) ផងដែរ អ្នកទាំងពីរបានទម្លាក់បទចម្រៀង អាល់ប៊ុម កាហ្វេ 1500 គឺជាបទ Original Song ដែលល្បីពេញនិយមក្នុងអំឡុងពេលនោះ ដែលស្រូបទាញបានអ្នកគាំទ្រយ៉ាងច្រើនលើសលុបពីសំណាក់យុវវ័យ បទ កាហ្វេ 1500 នេះដែរត្រូវបានសោភា យកទៅប្រកួតក្នុងកម្មវិធីតន្ត្រី MAMF Migrant's Arirang Multicultural Festival 2015 នាប្រទេស [[កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង]] ហើយបទមួយនេះផងដែរ បានជាប់ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ៣ តំណាងឱអ្នកវប្បធម៌សិល្បៈចម្រៀងមកពីប្រទេសកម្ពុជាផងដែរ ។<ref>4PN For People Network (2015) [http://4people.asia/mamf-migrant-arirang-multicultural-festival-festival/ MAMF (MIGRANT’ ARIRANG MULTICULTURAL FESTIVAL) FESTIVAL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208113218/http://4people.asia/mamf-migrant-arirang-multicultural-festival-festival/ |date=2021-12-08 }}, Website: 4people.asia, Publication: 4pn Posted 2015년 October 14일 In 미분류</ref> ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ២០១៦ សោភា និង ដេវីត បានចេញនូវអាល់ប៊ុនរួមគ្នាមួយក្នុងអំឡុង [[ពិធីបុណ្យចូលឆ្នាំខ្មែរ]] គឺបទ «រាំញីកែងជើង» ដែលជា Hits Album ផ្ទុះល្បីទូទាំងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ដែលត្រូវបានពេញនិយមចាក់ស្ដាប់ច្រើនបំផុតទាំងក្នុងបណ្ដាញសង្គមផ្សព្វផ្សាយ (Social Media) ទាំងសង្គមខាងក្រៅ (External society) ផងដែរ ហើយត្រូវបាន សម្ដេចនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកម្ពុជា គឺលោក [[ហ៊ុនសែន]] ប្រកាសជាបទចម្រៀងពេញនិយមប្រចាំឆ្នាំ (Music of the years) និងបានផ្ដល់ប្រាក់រង្វាន់លើកទឹកចិត្តដល់តារាចម្រៀងទាំងពីររូបនេះ នូវទឹកប្រាក់ចំនួន ១៦២ លានរៀល ដោយស្មើនិងប្រមាណជា ៤ម៉ឺនដុល្លារ អាមេរិកផងដែរ ។<ref>នគរដ្រេស្គន (NKDnews) (2016) [http://nkdnews.com/archives/66007បទ”រាំញីកែងជើង” របស់ដេវីត និងពេជ្រ សោភា ទទួលបាន៤ម៉ឺនដុល្លារពីសម្តេចតេជោ]{{Dead link|date=តុលា 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Website: nkdnews.com</ref> == អគ្គរដ្ឋទូតសុច្ឆន្ទៈម៉ាកល្បី == '''Brand Ambassador''' ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ ២០១៦ ក្រុមហ៊ុនទូរគមនាគមន៍ចល័ត អុបប៉ូ/Oppo ដែលមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅ គ័ងទុង (Guangdong) [[ប្រទេសចិន]] បានជ្រើសរើសយក តារាចម្រៀង ពេជ្រ សាភា ដោយប្រកាសតែងតាំងផ្លូវការណ៍ ជាតំណាង អគ្គរដ្ឋទូតសុច្ឆន្ទៈម៉ាកល្បី (Brand Ambassador) នៃក្រុមហ៊ុនស្មាតហ្វូន (Oppo Cambodia) ​។ លោក​ សឿ​ រិ​ទ្ធី​យ៉ា​ ដែល​ជា​ប្រធាន​ទីផ្សារ​របស់​ក្រុមហ៊ុនទូរស័ព្ទ​ដៃ​ OPPO​ Cambodia បាន​មាន​ប្រសាសន៍​ថា​ ក្រុមហ៊ុនទូរស័ព្ទ​ដៃ​ OPPO​ មាន​វត្តមាន​ជាង 2​ឆ្នាំ​ហើយ​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា​ ហើយ​ថ្ងៃនេះ​ ក្រុមហ៊ុន​ បាន​ជ្រើស​យក​កំពូល​តារាចម្រៀង​ ពេជ្រ​ សោភា​ ឱ្យធ្វើ​ជា​តំណាង​ផលិតផល​របស់​ខ្លួន​ ពីព្រោះ​លោក​ចាត់​ទុក​ថា​ ការ​ផ្សព្វផ្សាយ​ផលិតផល​តរបស់​តារា ​ដែល​កំពុង​តែ​មាន​ប្រជាប្រិយភាព​នៅ​ក្នុង​ប្រទេស​កម្ពុជា​ គឺ​និងបង្កើន ឱ្យមានកំណើននៃការ​គាំទ្រ​ច្រើន​ទៅលើ Oppo Cambodia ផងដែរ ។<ref> Sabay News (2017) [https://news.sabay.com.kh/article/990369 ពេជ្រ​ សោភា​ ឡើង​កូដ​ខ្លាំង ធ្វើ Brand Ambassador ផលិត​ផល​ជាច្រើន], Website: news.sabay.com.kh </ref> ជីវិតកម្សាន្ដពេជ្រ សោភា ជូនប្រយោគមួយទៅកាន់អ្នកដែលតិះដៀល និងរិះគន់ខ្លួន តារាចម្រៀងអ្នកនាង ពេជ្រ សោភា រហូតមកដល់ពេលនេះត្រូវបានគេដឹងថា នាងមានវ័យកាន់តែជ្រេរហើយតែអ្វីដែលកត់សម្គាល់ គឺនាងត្រូវបានមហហាជនកោតសរសើរនូវសមត្ថភាពច្រៀង និងរូបសម្រស់ ដែលនៅតែរក្សាបានភាពស្រស់ស្អាតហើយក៏នៅតែក្មេងជាងវ័យ។សូមជម្រាបដែរថា តារាចម្រៀងអ្នកនាង ពេជ្រ សោភា គិតមកដល់ពេលនេះ នាងបានចូលប្រឡូកក្នុងវិស័យសិល្ប:មានរយ:ពេលយូរឆ្នាំហើយ ស្របពេលដែលប្រជាប្រិយភាព និងកេរ្តិ៍ឈ្មោះនៅតែរក្សាបានការគាំទ្រច្រើនពីមហាជននិងមិត្តៗយុវ័យផងនោះ៕ == បទ​ចម្រៀង​ល្បី (២០១៧-២០១៩) == '''Hits Songs (2017-2019)''' ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ២០១៧-២០១៨ ទោះជាមិនមានវត្តមានដៃគូចម្រៀងជាមួយលោក ជី-ដេវីត/G-Devith ក៏ប្រជាប្រិយភាព សោភា នៅតែមានការគាំទ្រដល់រូបនាង ហើយនាងបានចេញបទចម្រៀងល្បីៗជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ ដែលទទួលបានអ្នកទស្សនា ច្រើនជាង ២០លានដង នៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមយូធូប (Over 20 millions views on Youtube) ក្នុងនោះមានបទ៖ '''What's Your Names''', '''ហុយហុយ''', '''កង្កែបពាក់មួក''', ដែលមានអ្នកចូលមើលច្រើនជាង ២០លានដង នៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គម យូធូប/[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube YouTube] ដែលធ្វើឱ្យបទចម្រៀងរបស់នាង ល្បីពេញនិយម នាពេលនោះ ។<ref> Steemit (2018) [https://steemit.com/hive-148441/@kidsisters/what-s-your-name-by-pich-sophea-music-video-review What's Your Name?" by Pich Sophea, Music Video Review], Website: steemit.com </ref> == សមិទ្ធិផល == '''Achievement''' {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=10% | ឆ្នាំ ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=20% | ការដាក់ចូល ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=20% | ប្រភេទពាន ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=10% | លទ្ធផល ! style="background-color:#F0DC82" width=20% | ស្ថាប័នផ្សព្វផ្សាយ |- | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | U Better Not Come Home | align="center" | Top1 Music Apsara FM | align="center" style="background:#FFB6C1;" | Nominated | align="center" | Apsara Radio FM.97 Cambodia |- | align="center" | 2015 | align="center" | កាហ្វេ 1500 | align="center" | Top 3 | align="center" style="background:#FFB6C1;" | Nominated | align="center" | (MAMF) South Korea |- | align="center" | 2016 | align="center" | រាំញីកែងជើង (Heel Dance) | align="center" | Music of the year | align="center" style="background:#FFB6C1;" | Nominated | align="center" | Hun Sen Prime Minister of Cambodia |} == កាត់ឡុកតន្ត្រី == '''Discography''' {| class="wikitable" ! style="background-color:#D3D3D3" width=20% | អាល់ប៊ុម ! style="background-color:#D3D3D3" width=10% | ឆ្នាំចេញផ្សាយ ! style="background-color:#D3D3D3" width=20% | ផលិតកម្ម |- | align="center" | [[Better Day (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Better Day]] | align="center" | 2004 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.219 |- | align="center" | [[Dream about you (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Dream about you]] | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.248 |- | align="center" | [[U Better Not Come Home​ (អាល់ប៊ុម)|U Better Not Come Home]] | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.255 |- | align="center" | [[សត្វរំពេ (អាល់ប៊ុម)|សត្វរំពេ]] | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.287 |- | align="center" | [[Dhoom Dhoom (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Dhoom Dhoom]] | align="center" | 2005 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.294 |- | align="center" | [[៣៦៦ថ្ងៃ (អាល់ប៊ុម)|៣៦៦ថ្ងៃ]] | align="center" | 2012 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.451 |- | align="center" | [[Stay (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Stay]] | align="center" | 2012 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.466 |- | align="center" | [[Recall (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Recall]] | align="center" | 2013 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.486 |- | align="center" | [[កាហ្វេ​ 1500 (អាល់ប៊ុម)|កាហ្វេ​ 1500]] | align="center" | 2015 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.527 |- | align="center" | [[Queen (អាល់ប៊ុម)|Queen]] | align="center" | 2016 | align="center" | រស្មីហង្សមាស CD Vol.539 |} == ដូច្នេះ == '''Also''' * [[អ្នកចម្រៀងកម្ពុជា]] == ឯកសារយោង == [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អ្នកចម្រៀងខ្មែរ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:តារាសម្តែងខ្មែរ]] oc9g4iioie6ytgmnmxvhkuh0xjt0ezd 0 35044 336441 335264 2026-06-09T21:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336441 wikitext text/x-wiki '''សាតាំង''' ([[ភាសាអង់គ្លេស]]: Satan, [[ភាសាហេប្រឺ]]: שָׂטָן, [[ភាសាក្រិច]]: Σατανάς) ជាអ្នកនាំសេចក្ដីអាក្រក់ និងការល្បួង ហើយត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាអ្នកបោកបញ្ឆោត ដែលនាំមនុស្សឲ្យវង្វេង។  វាជាទូតសួគ៌ដែលធ្លាប់គោរពព្រះយ៉ាងខ្លាំង ហើយមានរូបឆោមស្រស់ស្អាតទៀតផង ប៉ុន្តែវាបានធ្លាក់ចុះពីស្ថានសួគ៌ ដោយសារតែអំណួត ទាំងនាំមនុស្សទៅក្នុងផ្លូវនៃសេចក្ដីកុហក និងបាប ហើយវាមានអំណាចនៅក្នុងពិភពលោកនេះទៀតផង។ [[ឯកសារ:Satan_Plunges_Into_The_River_Styx_from_French_Ed_of_Paradise_Lost_POSTER_(453x640).jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ការបង្ហាញនូវទស្សនីយភាពមួយ នៅក្នុងបទកាព្យដែលមានឈ្មោះថា ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' ជាស្នាដៃរបស់[[John Milton]]'',''ត្រង់កន្លែងដែលសាតាំងធ្លាក់ទៅក្នុងទន្លេ Styx ([[Hate]]) គូរដោយ Darodes ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៨៦៨ (Illustration of a scene from [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]],'' wherein Satan falls into the river [[Styx]] ([[Hate]]) by Darodes, c. 1868)]] [[ឯកសារ:GustaveDoreParadiseLostSatanProfile.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|រូបភាពដ៏សំខាន់មួយដែលពិពណ៌នាអំពីសាតាំង នៅក្នុងបទកាព្យ ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' ដែលជាស្នាដៃរបស់ [[John Milton]] គូរដោយ​ [[Gustave Doré]] ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៨៦៦ ([[Gustave Doré]], ''Depiction of Satan,'' a central figure in [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' c. 1866)]] [[ឯកសារ:Demonic Figure With Horns And Fiery Background.png|thumb|250px|ការតំណាងដោយរូបភាពរបស់សាតាំងដែលបង្កើតឡើងដោយ [[បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត]]]] សាតាំង (ភាសាហេព្រើរ שָּׂטָן‎‎ មានន័យថា "សត្រូវ" ឬ "បច្ចាមិត្រ"<ref name="1906 Jewish Encyclopedia">http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13219-satan "Term used in the Bible with the general connotation of "adversary", being applied (1) to an enemy in war (I Kings v. 18 [A. V. 4]; xi. 14, 23, 25), from which use is developed the concept of a traitor in battle (I Sam. xxix. 4); (2) to an accuser before the judgment-seat (Ps. cix. 6); and (3) to any opponent (II Sam. xix. 23 [A. V. 22]). The word is likewise used to denote an antagonist who puts obstacles in the way, as in Num. xxii. 32, where the angel of God is described as opposing Balaam in the guise of a satan or adversary; so that the concept of Satan as a distinct being was not then known."</ref><ref>''Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions'', page 290, Wendy Doniger</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQFtlva3HaYC&pg=PA347#v=onepage&f=false|title=The Oxford Companion to World Mythology|last=Leeming|first=David Adams|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-19-515669-0|page=347}}</ref>។ នៅក្នុងព្រះគម្ពីរភាសាហេព្រើរ និងព្រះគម្ពីរសញ្ញាថ្មី សាតាំងគឺជាអ្នកចោទប្រកាន់ និងជាសត្រូវដ៏ធំមួយ ជាអ្នកព្យាបាទដ៏ច្បាស់ក្រឡែត ហើយក៏ត្រូវបានហៅថាអារក្សដែរ។ វាមានភាពគួរឲ្យស្អប់ខ្ពើម។<ref>Contemporary Religious Satanisim: A Critical Reader, Jesper Aagaard Petersen – 2009</ref><ref>''Who's ? Right: Mankind, Religions and the End Times'', page 35, Kelly Warman-Stallings – 2012</ref><ref>ed. [[George Arthur Buttrick|Buttrick, George Arthur]]; ''The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia''</ref><ref>Crenshaw, James L. ''Harper Collins Study Bible'' (NRSV), 1989</ref><ref>Stephen M. Hooks – 2007 "As in Zechariah 3:1–2 the term here carries the definite article (has'satan="the satan") and functions not as a...the only place in the Hebrew Bible where the term "Satan" is unquestionably used as a proper name is [[Books of Chronicles|1 Chronicles 21:1]]."</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Coogan, Michael D.; ''A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context'', Oxford University Press, 2009</ref><ref>Rachel Adelman ''The Return of the Repressed: Pirqe De-Rabbi Eliezer'' p65 "However, in the parallel versions of the story in Chronicles, it is Satan (without the definite article),"</ref><ref>Septuagint 108:6 κατάστησον ἐπ᾽ αὐτὸν ἁμαρτωλόν καὶ διάβολος στήτω ἐκ δεξιῶν αὐτοῦ</ref><ref>Ruth R. Brand Adam and Eve p88 – 2005 "Later, however, King Hadad 1 Kings 11:14) and King Rezon (verses 23, ... Numbers 22:22, 23 does not use the definite article but identifies the angel of YHWH as "a satan."</ref> ==== កណ្ឌគម្ពីរយ៉ូប ==== នៅដើមកណ្ឌគម្ពីរនេះ យ៉ូបជាមនុស្សល្អម្នាក់ "គាត់ជាអ្នកគោរពកោតខ្លាចព្រះ ហើយបែរចេញពីសេចក្ដីអាក្រក់" (យ៉ូប 1:1), ដូច្នេះហើយបានជាគាត់ទទួលបានរង្វាន់ពីព្រះ។ នៅពេលដែលទូតសួគ៌បង្ហាញខ្លួននៅចំពោះព្រះ សាតាំងក៏មកបង្ហាញខ្លួនដែរ។ ព្រះបានប្រាប់សាតាំងអំពីភាពឥតកន្លែងបន្ទោសបានរបស់យ៉ូប ដែលជាចរិកទៀងត្រង់របស់គាត់។ នៅចន្លោះយ៉ូប 1:9–10 និង 2:4–5, សាតាំងលើកឡើងថា ព្រះបានប្រទានដល់យ៉ូបនូវអ្វីៗគ្រប់បែបយ៉ាងដែលមនុស្សចង់បាន ដូច្នេះហើយបានជាយ៉ូបស្មោះត្រង់ដល់ព្រះ; សាតាំងនិយាយថា ជំនឿរបស់យ៉ូបអាចធ្លាក់ចុះប្រសិនបើអ្វីៗទាំងអស់(សូម្បីតែសុខភាពរបស់គាត់) ដែលព្រះប្រទានឲ្យ ត្រូវបានយកចេញពីគាត់។ ដូច្នេះព្រះក៏អនុញ្ញាតឲ្យសាតាំងល្បងលយ៉ូប។<ref>''HarperCollins Study Bible'' (NRSV)</ref> ទីបំផុតយ៉ូបនៅតែមានជំនឿ ហើយនៅតែសុចរិត ហើយសាតាំងត្រូវអាម៉ាសក្នុងការបរាជ័យរបស់វា។<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Steinmann|first1=AE|title=The structure and message of the Book of Job|journal=Vetus Testamentum}}</ref><ref>Jeffrey Burton Russell, ''The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive ...1977, page 102 "This conflict between truth and the lie was one of the main sources of Zarathushtra's dualism: the prophet perceived Angra Mainyu, the lord of evil, as the personification of the lie. For Zoroastrians (as for the Egyptians), the lie was the essence ... "''</ref><ref>Peter Clark, ''Zoroastrianism: An Introduction to Ancient Faith'' 1998, page 152 "There are so many features that Zoroastrianism seems to share with the Judeo-Christian tradition that it would be difficult to ... Historically the first point of contact that we can determine is when the Achaemenian Cyrus conquered Babylon ..539 BC"</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Heaven, heroes, and happiness : the Indo-European roots of Western ideology.|last=Winn|first=Shan M.M.|publisher=University press of America|year=1995|isbn=0819198609|location=Lanham, Md.|page=203}}</ref><ref>Henry Ansgar Kelly ''Satan: a biography'' 2006 "However, for Hadad and Rezon they left the Hebrew term untranslated and simply said ''satan''.. in the three passages in which a supra-Human satan appears: namely, Numbers, Job, Zechariah</ref><ref name="Jackson,2">{{cite book|title=Enochic Judaism|last=Jackson|first=David R.|publisher=T&T Clark International|year=2004|isbn=0826470890|location=London|pages=2–4}}</ref><ref name="Oxford,651" /><ref>[[2 Enoch]] 18:3. On this tradition, see A. Orlov, "The Watchers of Satanael: The Fallen Angels Traditions in 2 (Slavonic) Enoch," in: A. Orlov, ''Dark Mirrors: Azazel and Satanael in Early Jewish Demonology'' (Albany: SUNY, 2011) 85–106.</ref><ref>"And I threw him out from the height with his angels, and he was flying in the air continuously above the bottomless" – [[2 Enoch]] 29:4</ref><ref>"The devil is the evil spirit of the lower places, as a fugitive he made Sotona from the heavens as his name was Satanail, thus he became different from the angels, but his nature did not change his intelligence as far as his understanding of righteous and sinful things" – [[2 Enoch]] 31:4</ref><ref>See [https://books.google.com/books?id=TR0iC8EVUT0C&lpg=PA120&ots=lxUhG5NbYP&dq=satan%20book%20of%20wisdom&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q=devil%20death&f=false The Book of Wisdom: With Introduction and Notes, p. 27, ''Object of the book'', by A. T. S. Goodrick].</ref><ref>[ Introduction to the Book of Jubilees, ''15. Theology. Some of our Author's Views: Demonology,'' by R.H. Charles.</ref><ref>Based on the [[Jewish exegesis]] of 1 Samuel 29:4 and 1 Kings 5:18 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA651&lpg=PA651&dq=Berlin+Grossman%22misinterpretation+of+is%22&source=bl&ots=d8F76bcDpU&sig=NjFhmaLG71fErwgVMcTV0rT-gDI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yvwEUMupK8fs2QXJ17yaBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Berlin%20Grossman%22misinterpretation%20of%20is%22&f=false Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion, 2011, p. 651] "Satan is rarely mentioned in tannaitic literature; later, chiefly Babylonian, aggadah enlarges the scope of his influence and activities. Perhaps because of the influential presence of Satan as a name or character in the New Testament and the"</ref><ref name="jewishencyc">{{cite web|title=Satan|work=Jewish Encyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13219-satan|date=|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="Oxford,651">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA651&lpg=PA651&dq=Berlin+Grossman%22misinterpretation+of+is%22&source=bl&ots=d8F76bcDpU&sig=NjFhmaLG71fErwgVMcTV0rT-gDI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yvwEUMupK8fs2QXJ17yaBQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Berlin%20Grossman%22misinterpretation%20of%20is%22&f=false|title=The Oxford dictionary of the Jewish religion|last=Berlin|first=editor in chief, Adele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=0199730040|edition=2nd|location=New York|page=651}}</ref><ref name="Jackson,2" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Fallen angels : soldiers of satan's realm|last=Bamberger|first=Bernard J.|publisher=Jewish Publ. Soc. of America|year=2006|isbn=0827607970|edition=1. paperback|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|page=148,149}}</ref><ref>Robert Eisen Associate Professor of Religious Studies George Washington University ''The Book of Job in Medieval Jewish Philosophy'' 2004 p120 "Moreover, Zerahfiiah gives us insight into the parallel between the Garden of Eden story and the Job story alluded to ... both Satan and Job's wife are metaphors for the evil inclination, a motif Zerahfiiah seems to identify with the imagination."</ref><ref>The Dictionary of Angels" by Gustav Davidson, © 1967</ref><ref>http://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/2001/06/what-reform-jews-believe.aspx</ref><ref>http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/satan-the-adversary/</ref><ref>http://www.sefaria.org/Berakhot.46a.6?lang=bi</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20160518194809/http://www.yonanewman.org/kizzur/kizzur44.html</ref> សាសនាគ្រីស្ទ ជាធម្មតា សាតាំងត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាសត្វពស់ ដែលបានល្បួងនាងអេវ៉ា ឲ្យហូបផ្លែឈើដែលព្រះបានហាមមិនឲ្យហូប<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/13219-satan|title=SATAN - JewishEncyclopedia.com|work=jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> ដូច្នេះសាតាំងតែងតែត្រូវបានពិពណ៌នាថាជាសត្វពស់។ យើងអាចឃើញនូវការយល់ស្របគ្នារបស់គ្រីស្ទាន ចំពោះរឿងរនេះ នៅក្នុងស្នាដៃរបស់ [[Justin Martyr]], ជំពូក ៤៥ និង ៧៩ នៅក្នុងការសន្ទនាជាមួយ''[[Dialogue with Trypho|Trypho]]'', ដែល Justin ប្រដូចសាតាំងនឹងសត្វពស់។<ref name=":0">Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). ''Satan: a Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;176. ISBN&nbsp;978-0-521-84339-3.</ref> ក្រុមជំនុំដើមដំបូងពីមុនៗផ្សេងទៀតក៏បានលើកឡើងអំពីកំណត់សម្គាល់នេះដែរ មានដូចជា [[Theophilus of Antioch|Theophilus]] និង [[Tertullian|Tertullian។]]<ref>Kelly, Harry Ansgar (2007). ''Satan: a Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;177. ISBN 978-0-521-84339-3.</ref> ចាប់តាំងពីសតវត្សទី៤ លូស៊ីហ៊្វើ ([[Lucifer]]) ជួនកាល ត្រូវបានប្រើនៅក្នុងទេវវិទ្យាគ្រីស្ទាន សំដៅលើសាតាំង, ដែលគេស្គាល់តាមរយៈកណ្ឌគម្ពីរអេសាយ ១៤:១២ និយាយអំពីផ្កាយព្រឹកដែលធ្លាក់ចុះពីស្ថានសួគ៌។ ចំពោះគ្រីស្ទានជាច្រើន ជឿថាសាតាំងគឺជាទូតសួគ៌មួយរូប ដែលបានបះបោលប្រឆាំងនឹងព្រះ។ នៅក្នុងព្រះគម្ពីរសញ្ញាថ្មី សាតាំងត្រូវបានហៅថា "មេអារក្ស" "មេគ្រប់គ្រងនៃពិភពលោក", និងត្រូវបានហៅថា "ព្រះនៃពិភពលោកនេះ" កណ្ឌគម្ពីរវិវរណៈពិពណ៌នាអំពីរបៀបដែលសាតាំងត្រូវបានបណ្ដេញចេញពីស្ថានសួគ៌ ទាំងមានកំហឹងយ៉ាងខ្លាំង ព្រមទាំងបានធ្វើសង្គ្រាមប្រឆាំងនឹងពួកអ្នកដែលស្ដាប់តាមបទបញ្ជារបស់ព្រះទៀតផង។ ទីបំផុត សាតាំងនឹងត្រូវបោះទៅក្នុងបឹងភ្លើង<ref>{{bibleref2|Revelation|20:10}}</ref> ក្រុមជំនុំគ្រីស្ទានពីមុន បានទទួលនូវការប្រឆាំងពីពួកដែលមិនជឿងព្រះ ដូចជាពួក [[Celsus]] ជាដើម ដែលបានអះអាងថា "ការដែលនិយាយថាព្រះដ៏ធំឧត្ដមបំផុត មានសត្រូវមួយដែលរារាំងសមត្ថភាពរបស់ព្រះអង្គមិនឲ្យធ្វើល្អ ជាការប្រមាថដល់ព្រះ" ហើយថាគ្រីស្ទាន "បែងចែកអាណាចក្ររបស់ព្រះ ដោយបង្កើតឲ្យមានការបះបោរនៅក្នុងអាណាចក្ររបស់ព្រះ ដែលហាក់បីដូចជាមានក្រុមប្រឆាំង នៅក្នុងចំណោមអង្គស្ថានសួគ៌ រួមទាំងម្នាក់ដែលជាសត្រូវនឹងព្រះទៀតផង"<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/origen166.html|title=Contra Celsum|at=Book 6. Ch 42|author=Origen}}</ref> [[ឯកសារ:Paradise_Lost_12.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|រូបភាពបង្ហាញពីការធ្លាក់ចុះរបស់លូស៊ីហ៊្វើ និងការវិវឌ្ឍន៍កាន់តែអាក្រក់របស់វា ទៅជាសាតាំង គូរដោយ [[Gustave Doré]] ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៨៨៦ (Illustration for [[John Milton]]'s ''[[Paradise Lost]]'' by [[Gustave Doré]], (1886) showing Lucifer's descent and his deterioration into Satan)]] === វាក្យសព្ទ === នៅក្នុងសាសនាគ្រីស្ទ មានពាក្យន័យដូចជាច្រើន សម្រាប់ពាក្យ «សាតាំង»។ ពាក្យដែលគេតែងតែប្រើច្រើនបំផុត ហើយមានន័យដូចនឹងពាក្យ "សាតាំង" គឺ "[[devil|មារ]]"។ ពាក្យនេះមានដើមកំណើតពី [[Middle English]] ''devel,'' ពី [[Old English]] ''dēofol,'' ដែលត្រូវបានខ្ចីពីពាក្យឡាតាំង "''diabolus''"។ ពាក្យនេះផងដែលក៏ត្រូវបានខ្ចីពីពាក្យក្រិក ''diabolos'' មានន័យថា "អ្នកមួលបង្កាច់", ចេញពីពាក្យ ''diaballein'' មានន័យថា "មួលបង្កាច់": ''dia មានន័យថា'' "ឆ្លងកាត់ ឬ តាមរយៈ" + ''ballein'' មានន័យថា"ក្រវាត់"។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/94/D0179400.html|title=American Heritage Dictionary: Devil|accessdate=2006-05-31}}</ref> នៅក្នុងព្រះគម្ពីរសញ្ញាថ្មី ពាក្យ "សាតាំង" មានប្រើជាង៣០ដង អមមកជាមួយនឹងពាក្យ ''diabolos'', ដែលមានន័យថា អ្នកមួលបង្កាច់, សំដៅលើបុគ្គលដដែល ឬ អ្វីមួយដែលជាសាតាំង។<ref>{{bibleref2|Revelation|12:9}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=dictionary+of+deities+and+demons+in+the+bible&source=bl&ots=aFuwiVr__w&sig=dgryS2h8rvfnVFSI1tdAHwDWl50&hl=en&ei=mP09TdbpGcPBcYit3IUH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=Baalzebub&f=false K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, ''Baalzebub'', "Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible", p. 155]</ref> នៅក្នុងកណ្ឌគម្ពីរវិវរណៈ ពាក្យ​ "សាតាំង" មានប្រើពីរដង សំដៅលើ "សត្វនាគ ដែលជាសត្វពស់កាលពីបុរាណ ហើយត្រូវបានគេហៅថា មារ ឬសាតាំង (12:9, 20:2). នៅក្នុងកណ្ឌគម្ពីរវិវរណៈ ពាក្យនេះក៏សំដៅលើ "អ្នកបោកបញ្ឆោត" ដែរ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/bjohnson/hg1/PNT27-20.HTM|title=The Revelation of John. Chapter XX. The Millennium.|author=B. W. Johnson|date=1891|work=The People's New Testament|publisher=[[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]|accessdate=November 30, 2009}}</ref> <ref>Tafsir al-Qur'an al-adhim (Interpretation of the Great Qur'an) - [[Ibn Kathir]] - commentary of surat al baqarah</ref> <ref>The Beginning and the End - [[Ibn Kathir]] - Volume I</ref> <ref>Adapted from http://islamqa.info/ar/8976</ref><ref>Amira El-Zein ''Islam, Arabs, and Intelligent World of the Jinn'' Syracuse University Press 2009 ISBN 9780815650706 page 46</ref> <ref>The Beginning and the End - [[Ibn Kathir]] - Volume I, also the Koranic commentary of the same author</ref><ref>{{quran-usc|17|62}}</ref> <ref>{{quran-usc|17|63–64}}</ref> <ref>{{quran-usc|7|20–22}}</ref><ref>Adapted from ''[[A History of God]]'', Karen Armstrong</ref><ref>Adapted from ''[[No god but God]]'', Reza Aslan</ref> <ref>''"The Greater Satan"'', [[Javad Nurbakhsh]]</ref><ref name="journeytothesea.com">{{cite web|url=http://journeytothesea.com/disobedience-iblis-sufism/|title=The Disobedience of Iblis in Sufism - Journey to the Sea|work=journeytothesea.com|access-date=2017-06-09|archivedate=2015-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928022550/http://journeytothesea.com/disobedience-iblis-sufism/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="journeytothesea.com" /><ref>''Al insan Al Kamel'' (the perfect human), Abdul Karim Jili</ref><ref>Charles Mathewes ''Understanding Religious Ethics''John Wiley & Sons ISBN 978-1-405-13351-7 page 249</ref> <ref>Michael Anthony Sells. ''Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings''. Paulist Press, 1996. ISBN 978-0-809-13619-3. page 143</ref><ref>Drower, E.S. ''The Peacock Angel. Being Some Account of Votaries of a Secret Cult and Their Sanctuaries''. London: John Murray, 1941. [http://www.avesta.org/yezidi/peacock.htm]</ref> <ref>Birgül Açikyildiz ''The Yezidis: The History of a Community, Culture and Religion'' I.B.Tauris 2014 ISBN 978-0-857-72061-0 page 74</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/PUP/pup-97.html|title=The Promulgation of Universal Peace|authorlink=`Abdu'l-Bahá|publisher=Bahá'í Publishing Trust|year=1982|origyear=1912|isbn=0-87743-172-8|location=Wilmette, Illinois, USA|pages=294–295|author=ʻAbduʾl-Bahá}}</ref><ref name="Psmith">{{cite book|title=A Concise Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Oneworld|year=2000|isbn=1-85168-184-1|pages=135–136, 304|place=Oxford, UK}}</ref> <ref name="Psmith112">{{cite book|title=An Introduction to the Baha'i Faith|last=Smith|first=Peter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2008|isbn=0-521-86251-5|page=112|place=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-29448079|title=Cerro Rico: Devil worship on the man-eating mountain|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g05THJPH5xUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Re-enchantment+of+the+West&lr=&sig=BmuWhU0n3TzA3fd4NfIBDPuCFjo#PPP1,M1|title=The Re-enchantment of the West|last=Partridge|first=Christopher Hugh|accessdate=2008-05-12|year=2004|page=82}}</ref><ref>''Satanism and Demonology'', by Lionel & Patricia Fanthorpe, [[Dundurn Press]], 8 Mar 2011, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vXs7AgAAQBAJ&lpg=PT74&dq=Theistic%20satanism&pg=PT74#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 74, "If, as theistic Satanists believe, the devil is an intelligent, self-aware entity..." "Theistic Satanism then becomes explicable in terms of Lucifer's ambition to be the supreme god and his rebellion against Yahweh. &#x5B;...&#x5D; This simplistic, controntational view is modified by other theistic Satanists who do not regard their hero as evil: far from it. For them he is a freedom fighter..."]</ref> <ref name="mlo_interview">{{cite web|url=http://www.angelfire.com/extreme/slayermagazine/interview_mlo2.html|title=Interview_MLO|publisher=Angelfire.com|accessdate=2011-11-30}}</ref> <ref>''Cinema of the Occult: New Age, Satanism, Wicca, and Spiritualism in Film'', Carrol Lee Fry, Associated University Presse, 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=LylaC3ZxSbAC&lpg=PA93&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 92–98]</ref><ref name="EncycUrbLeg">''Encyclopedia of Urban Legends, Updated and Expanded Edition'', by Jan Harold Brunvand, ABC-CLIO, 31 Jul 2012 [https://books.google.com/books?id=ubT7rPmPdpoC&lpg=PT555&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PT694#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 694–695]</ref><ref name="Ellis">Raising the Devil: Satanism, New Religions, and the Media'', by Bill Ellis, University Press of Kentucky [https://books.google.com/books?id=oLcqlypMCe8C&lpg=PA303&dq=satanic%20lore%20christian%20urban%20legends&pg=PA125#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 125] In discussing myths about groups accused of Satanism, "...such myths are already pervasive in Western culture, and the development of the modern "Satanic Scare" would be impossible to explain without showing how these myths helped organize concerns and beliefs". Accusations of Satanism are traced from the witch hunts, to the Illuminati, to the Satanic Ritual Abuse panic in the 1980s, with a distinction made between what modern Satanists believe and what is believed about Satanists.''</ref><ref name="SatAm">''Satan in America: The Devil We Know'', by W. Scott Poole, [[Rowman & Littlefield]] Publishers, 16 Nov 2009, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UdppzaWFREgC&lpg=PA42&dq=satan%20physical%20panic&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false pp. 42–43]</ref> <ref name="EncycUrbLeg" /><ref name="Ellis" /> <ref name="SatAm" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/a/satanism.htm|title=An Introduction to LaVeyan Satanism and the Church of Satan|author=Catherine Beyer|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|access-date=2017-06-09|archivedate=2015-04-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405143547/http://altreligion.about.com/od/alternativereligionsaz/a/satanism.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/WhatTheDevil.html|title=What, The Devil?|author=High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore|work=churchofsatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/_FAQ03.html|title=F.A.Q. Fundamental Beliefs|author=High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore|work=churchofsatan.com}}</ref><ref>[http://www.churchofsatan.com/home.html] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120701104244/http://www.churchofsatan.com/home.html|date=July 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.churchofsatan.com/Pages/ChaplainsHandbook.html|title=Religious Requirements and Practices - churchofsatan.com|author=High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore|work=churchofsatan.com}}</ref><ref>''Contemporary religious Satanism: a critical anthology'', page 45, Jesper Aagaard Petersen, 2009</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://churchofsatan.com/satanism-the-feared-religion.php|title=Satanism: The Feared Religion|author=High Priest, Magus Peter H. Gilmore|work=churchofsatan.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAjKXnsC_4A|title=The Church of Satan [History Channel]|date=12 January 2012|work=YouTube}}</ref> == ឯកសារយោង == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|title=Fallen Angels: Soldiers of Satan's Realm|last=Bamberger|first=Bernard J.|authorlink=Bernard J. Bamberger|publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America|year=2006|isbn=0-8276-0797-0}} * Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: I. In the Old Testament", ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 41, No. 1 (Jan., 1913), pp.&nbsp;29–33 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142352 in JSTOR] * Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: II. Satan in Extra-Biblical Apocalyptical Literature", ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 41, No. 2 (Feb., 1913), pp.&nbsp;98–102 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142425 in JSTOR] * Caldwell, William. "The Doctrine of Satan: III. In the New Testament", ''The Biblical World'', Vol. 41, No. 3 (Mar., 1913), pp.&nbsp;167–172 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3142755 in JSTOR] * Empson, William. ''Milton's God'' (1966) * {{cite book|title=The Old Enemy: Satan & the Combat Myth|last=Forsyth|first=Neil|publisher=Princeton University Press; Reprint edition|year=1987|isbn=0-691-01474-4}} * {{cite book|title=The Satanic Epic|last=Forsyth|first=Neil|authorlink=|publisher=Princeton University Press; Reprint edition|year=1987|isbn=0-691-11339-4}} * {{cite book|title=The Beast of Revelation|last=Gentry|first=Kenneth L. Jr|authorlink=Kenneth L. Jr. Gentry|publisher=American Vision|year=2002|isbn=0-915815-41-9}} * {{cite book|title=Biography of Satan: Exposing the Origins of the Devil|last=Graves|first=Kersey|authorlink=Kersey Graves|publisher=Book Tree|year=1995|isbn=1-885395-11-6}} * ‘’The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, An illustrated Encyclopedia’’;ed. Buttrick, George Arthur; Abingdon Press 1962 * Jacobs, Joseph, and Ludwig Blau. "Satan," ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906) [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=270&letter=S&search=Satan#ixzz0UQlw0zPS online] pp 68–71 * Kelly, Henry Ansgar. ''Satan: A Biography.'' (2006). 360 pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=gPIpQg0lRbMC&pg=PA12&dq=intitle:satan+inauthor:kelly&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=&f=false excerpt and text search] ISBN 0-521-60402-8, a study of the Bible and Western literature * Kent, William. "Devil." ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'' (1908) Vol. 4. [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04764a.htm online older article] * Osborne, B. A. E. "Peter: Stumbling-Block and Satan," ''Novum Testamentum,'' Vol. 15, Fasc. 3 (Jul., 1973), pp.&nbsp;187–190 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1560340 in JSTOR] on "Get thee behind me, Satan!" * {{cite book|title=The Origin of Satan|last=Pagels|first=Elaine|authorlink=Elaine Pagels|publisher=Vintage; Reprint edition|year=1995|isbn=0-679-72232-7}} * Rebhorn Wayne A. "The Humanist Tradition and Milton's Satan: The Conservative as Revolutionary," ''Studies in English Literature, 1500–1900,'' Vol. 13, No. 1, The English Renaissance (Winter, 1973), pp.&nbsp;81–93 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/449871 in JSTOR] * {{cite book|title=The Devil in Legend and Literature|last=Rudwin|first=Maximilian|authorlink=Maximilian Rudwin|publisher=Open Court|year=1970|isbn=0-87548-248-1}} * Russell, Jeffrey Burton. ''The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity'' (1987) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801494095 excerpt and text search] * Russell, Jeffrey Burton. ''Satan: The Early Christian Tradition'' (1987) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801494133 excerpt and text search] * Russell, Jeffrey Burton. ''Lucifer: The Devil in the Middle Ages'' (1986) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/080149429X excerpt and text search] * Russell, Jeffrey Burton. ''Mephistopheles: The Devil in the Modern World'' (1990) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801497183 excerpt and text search] * Russell, Jeffrey Burton. ''The Prince of Darkness: Radical Evil and the Power of Good in History'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0801480566 excerpt and text search] * Schaff, D. S. "Devil" in ''New Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge'' (1911), [[Mainline Protestant]]; vol 3 pp 414–417 [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc03.d.iii.html online] * Scott, Miriam Van. ''The Encyclopedia of Hell'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312244428 excerpt and text search] comparative religions; also popular culture * Wray, T. J. and Gregory Mobley. ''The Birth of Satan: Tracing the Devil's Biblical Roots'' (2005) [http://www.amazon.com/dp/1403969337 excerpt and text search] h3fk8lqpyh63pm35famcdcrju6g2ofw 0 35465 336423 316946 2026-06-09T12:07:03Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336423 wikitext text/x-wiki បុណ្យរំលង (អង់គ្លេស: Passover, pronounce: /ˈpæsoʊvər/) ជាបុណ្យដ៏សំខាន់មួយយរបស់សាសន៍យូដា ដែលមានប្រភពមកពីព្រះគម្ពីរ។ ប្រជាជនយូដាប្រារព្ធបុណ្យនេះឡើង ដើម្បីរំលឹកដល់ការដែលព្រះបានរំដោះពួកគេឲ្យមានសេរីភាពពីទាសភាពនៅអេស៊ីព្ទ ក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់ម៉ូសេ ដោយព្រះបានប្រហារកូនច្បងទាំងអស់របស់ពួកអេស៊ីព្ទ តែព្រះអង្គបានទុកឲ្យពួកកូនច្បងរបស់សាសន៍យូដាមានជីវិតវិញ។ <ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pesach "Pesach"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref>ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍នៃការគេចចេញរបស់ពួកកូនចៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល ពីទាសភាពនៅអេស៊ីព្ទ ត្រូវបានកត់ត្រាក្នុងកណ្ឌគម្ពីរនិក្ខមនំ ហើយព្រឹត្តិការណ៍នេះកើតឡើងប្រហែលជាឆ្នាំ ១៣០០ មុនគ.ស។<ref>The [[Seder Olam Rabbah]] calculates the lifespan of Moses as 1391–1271 BCE, which would correspond to a date of the Exodus of forty years before 1271, i.e. 1311 BCE.</ref>បុណ្យរំលងគឺជាបុណ្យដែលធ្វើឡើងនៅក្នុងនិទាឃរដូវ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលដែលមានព្រះវិហារនៅក្នុងយេរូសាឡឹម ដែលបុណ្យនេះទាក់ទងនឹងការថ្វាយ "ផលដំបូងនៃស្រូវបាឡេ", ស្រូវបាឡេគឺជាធញ្ញជាតិដែលទុំមុនគេ ហើយត្រូវបានច្រូវកាត់មុនគេ នៅទឹកដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="Barley">Josephus, Antiquities 3.250–251, in Josephus IV Jewish Antiquities Books I–IV, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1930, pp.&nbsp;437–439.</ref> បុណ្យរំលងចាប់ផ្ដើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ក្នុងខែនីសាន (ខែរបស់ហេព្រើរ) ហើយមានរយៈពេល៧ថ្ងៃ (នៅក្នុងអ៊ីស្រាអែល)។<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shapiro|first1=Rabbi Mark Dov|title=How Long is Passover?|url=http://www.sinai-temple.org/passover/length.php|website=The Web Pages of Sinai Temple|accessdate=April 9, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reformjudaism.org/passover-7-or-8-days|last1=Dreyfus|first1=Ben|title=Is Passover 7 or 8 Days?|website=ReformJudaism.org|publisher=Union for Reform Judaism|accessdate=April 9, 2015|archivedate=មេសា 8, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015041/http://www.reformjudaism.org/passover-7-or-8-days|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅក្នុងសាសនាយូដា បុណ្យរំលងមានរយៈពេល១ថ្ងៃ ចាប់ផ្ដើមពីព្រលប់ថ្ងៃទី១៤ ដល់ព្រលប់ថ្ងៃទី១៥ នៃខែនីសាន។ បុណ្យរំលងប្រារព្ទឡើងនៅក្នុងនិទាឃរដូវ ដូចមានសរសេរនៅក្នុងកណ្ឌគម្ពីរនិក្ខមនំ ២៣:១៥។ វាជាថ្ងៃឈប់សម្រាកដ៏ធំមួយរបស់ពួកយូដា។ យោងទៅតាមកណ្ឌគម្ពីរនិក្ខនមំបានប្រាប់យើងថា ព្រះបានជួយពួកកូនចៅអ៊ីស្រាអែលឲ្យគេចផុតពីទាសភាពនៅអេស៊ីព្ទ ដោយប្រើគ្រោះកាចទាំង១០ ដើម្បីដាក់ទោសពួកអេស៊ីព្ទ នៅចំពោះស្ដេចផារ៉ោន។ គ្រោះកាចដ៏សាហាវបំផុតក្នុងចំណោមគ្រោះកាចទាំងនោះគឺការសម្លាប់កូនច្បបរបស់ពួកអេស៊ីព្ទ។ ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលត្រូវបានបង្គាប់ឲ្យយកឈាមពីចៀបដែលបានសម្លាប់ ទៅលាបលើក្របទ្វារផ្ទះរបស់ខ្លួន ទុកជាសញ្ញាសម្គាល់ ដើម្បីឲ្យព្រះរិញ្ញាណរំលងផ្ទះនោះ កាលណាឃើញសញ្ញាសម្គាល់នោះ។<ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:11–13|HE}}</ref> មានគេនិយាយថា នៅពេលស្ដេចផារ៉ោនដោះលែងពួកកូនចៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល ពួកកូនចៅអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានចាកចេញយ៉ាងប្រញាប់ ដោយពួកគេមិនអាចរងចាំរហូតដល់ម្សៅនំប៉័ងឡើងមេបានឡើយ។ ដូច្នេះក្នុងការរំលឹកដល់ហេតុការណ៍នេះ ក្នងអំឡុងបុណ្យរំលង គេមិនហូបនំប៉័ងដាក់មេឡើយ នេះហើយជាហេតុដែលគេហៅបុណ្យរំលងថាបុណ្យនំប៉័ងឥតមេ នៅក្នងព្រះកម្ពីរសម្ពន្ធមេត្រីចាស់។<ref>{{Bibleverse||Exodus|12:17|HE}},{{bibleverse||Lev|23:6|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Numbers|28:17|HE}}, {{bibleverse||Numbers|33:3|HE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Pilgrimage and the Jews|last1=Gitlitz|first1=David M.|last2=Davidson|first2=Linda Kay|publisher=Praeger|year=2006|location=Westport, CT|pages=24–35}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/english/articles/0,7340,L-3394699,00.html|date=2007-05-02|last=K'fir|first=Amnon|title=The Samaritans' Passover sacrifice|publisher=ynet news|accessdate=2008-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854549.html|newspaper=Haaretz|title=Ancient Samaritan sect marks Passover sacrifice near Nablus|date=2007-05-01|accessdate=2008-10-10|archive-date=2008-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017151051/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854549.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == កាលបរិច្ឆេទ និងអំឡុងពេល == បុណ្យរំលងចាប់ផ្ដើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ក្នុងខែនីសាន ដែលជាធម្មតាអាចជាខែមីនា ឬខែមេសា។ បុណ្យរំលងគឺជាបុណ្យមួយនៅនិទាឃរដូវ គឺនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ក្នុងខែនីសាន ចាប់ផ្ដើមពីយប់ដំបូងដែលមានព្រះចន្ទពេញវង់ ឬពេលខ្លះក៏ចាប់ផ្ដើមពីយប់ទី២ដែលមានព្រះចន្ទពេញវង់ដែរ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteor.wisc.edu/~hopkins/dstreme/97easter.htm|title=FULL MOON, EASTER & PASSOVER|website=University of Wisconsin|first=Edward J.|last=Hopkins|year=1996|accessdate=10 April 2017|archivedate=7 មិថុនា 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607170345/http://www.meteor.wisc.edu/~hopkins/dstreme/97easter.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ដើម្បីធានាថាបុណ្យរំលងមិនចាប់ផ្ដើមមុននិទាឃរដូវ ទំនៀមទម្លាប់ក្នុងអ៊ីស្រាអែលសម័យបុរាណ គេប្រកាន់យកថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃខែនីសាននៅពេលណាដែលស្រូវបាឡេទុំសិន។<ref>The barley had to be "eared out" (ripe) in order to have a wave-sheaf offering of the first fruits according to the Law. {{cite book|title=Secrets of Time|last=Jones|first=Stephen|year=1996}} This also presupposes that the cycle is based on the northern hemisphere seasons.</ref> ប្រសិនបើស្រូវបាឡេមិនទាន់ទុំទេ នោះមានន័យថាមិនទាន់ជិតដល់នាទាឃរដូវទេ។<ref>"..., when the fruit had not grown properly, when the winter rains had not stopped, when the roads for Passover pilgrims had not dried up, and when the young pigeons had not become fledged. The council on intercalation considered the astronomical facts together with the religious requirements of Passover and the natural conditions of the country." – {{Cite book|title=The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar|last=Spier|first=Arthur|publisher=Behrman House, Inc.|year=1952|location=New York}}, p.&nbsp;1</ref><ref>"In the fourth century, ... the patriarch [[Hillel II]] ... made public the system of calendar calculation which up to then had been a closely guarded secret. It had been used in the past only to check the observations and testimonies of witnesses, and to determine the beginning of the spring season." – Spier 1952, p.&nbsp;2</ref> នៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល បុណ្យរំលងគឺថ្ងៃឈប់សម្រាកដែលមានរយៈពេល៧ថ្ងៃ ហើយជាបុណ្យនំប៉័ងឥតមេ។ តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី១ រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃទី៧ ជាថ្ងៃឈប់សម្រាកស្របច្បាប់ និងជាថ្ងៃឈប់សម្រាកដ៏វិសុទ្ធ មានទាំងការហូបអាហារសម្រាប់បុណ្យនេះ និងមានការអធិស្ឋានជាពិសេសផងដែរ។<ref>De Lange, Nicholas (2000). An Introduction to Judaism. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;97</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Calendar and Community: A History of the Jewish Calendar 2nd Century BCE – 10th Century CE|last=Stern|first=Sacha|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0198270348|page=viii}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1,001 Questions and Answers on Pesach|last=Cohen|first=Jeffrey M.|year=2008|isbn=0853038082|page=291}}</ref>[[ឯកសារ:Israel's_Escape_from_Egypt.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|រូបភាពបង្ហាញពីការ គេចចេញពីអេស៊ីព្ទ គូរក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៩០៧។ ]] <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQaQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA108|title=The Legislative Themes of Centralization: From Mandate to Demise|last=Audirsch|first=Jeffrey G.|publisher=Wipf and Stock Publishers|year=2014|page=108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U-GJFShHwzsC&pg=PA57|title=Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of Legal Innovation|last=Levinson|first=Bernard M.|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1997|pages=57–58}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVCvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23|title=The Development and Symbolism of Passover|last=Prosic|first=Tamara|publisher=A&C Black|year=2004|pages=23–27|ref=harv}}</ref><ref>Prosic, p.&nbsp;28</ref><ref>Prosic pp.&nbsp;28ff. pp.&nbsp;32ff.</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|13:7|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:3|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:6|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:6|ESV}} English Standard Version</ref><ref name="Exodus 12:8">{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:8|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:9|HE}}</ref><ref name="Exodus 12:8" /><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:10|HE}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:2|HE}},{{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|16:5|HE}}</ref><ref>James B. Prichard, ed., The Ancient Near East – An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, Volume 1, Princeton University Press, 1958, p.&nbsp;278.</ref><ref>"On the feast called Passover...they sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour", Josephus, ''Jewish War'' 6.423–428, in ''Josephus III, The Jewish War, Book IV–VII'', Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1979. Philo in one place (''Special Laws'' 2.148) states that the victims are sacrificed "from noon till eventide", and in another place (''Questions on Exodus'' 1.11) that the sacrifices begin at the ninth hour. According to Jubilees 49.12, "it is not fitting to sacrifice [the Passover] during any time of light except during the time of the border of evening."</ref> <ref>Jubilees 49.1.</ref><ref>"And what is left of its flesh from the third of the night and beyond, they shall burn with fire," ''Jubilees'' 49.12. "We celebrate [the Passover] by fraternities, nothing of the sacrificial victims being kept for the morrow," Josephus, ''Antiquities'' 3.248.</ref><ref>"The guests assembled for the banquet have been cleansed by purificatory lustrations, and are there...to fulfill with prayers and hymns the custom handed down by their fathers." Philo, Special Laws 2.148, in ''Philo VII: On the Decalog; On the Special Laws I–III'', Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1937.</ref><ref>Prosic, p.&nbsp;32.</ref><ref name="Bokser" /><ref name="Pomerantz" /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ultra-orthodox-burn-leavened-food-before-passover-begins-1.356761|title=Ultra Orthodox burn leavened food before Passover|work=Haaretz|date=2011-04-19|accessdate=2014-04-17|archive-date=2014-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419023434/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ultra-orthodox-burn-leavened-food-before-passover-begins-1.356761|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thespruce.com/guide-to-kosher-travel-4050383|title=Get Out Of Town: Your Guide to Kosher Travel|first=Miri|last=Rotkovitz|date=6 May 2016|accessdate=10 April 2017|website=The Spruce|archivedate=10 មេសា 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410220818/https://www.thespruce.com/guide-to-kosher-travel-4050383|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Bokser">Bokser, Baruch M. (1992) "Unleavened Bread and Passover, Feasts of" in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, ed. David Noel Freedman (New York: Doubleday), 6:755–765</ref><ref name="Greenberg">Greenberg, Moshe (1974) "Lessons on Exodus". New York</ref><ref name="Bokser" /><ref name="Sarna">Sarna, Nahum M. (1986) "Exploring Exodus". New York</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://louisjacobs.org/jewish-holidays/the-laws-of-pesach/|title=The Laws of Pesach|first1=Louis|last1=Jacobs|first2=Michael|last2=Rose|date=23 March 1983|accessdate=10 April 2017|website=Friends of Louis Jacobs}}</ref><ref>[http://www.torahlearningcenter.com/jhq/question169.html Pesach questions and answers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928143423/http://www.torahlearningcenter.com/jhq/question169.html |date=2007-09-28 }} by the Torah Learning Center.</ref><ref name="ArtScroll Pesach Machzor">{{cite book|title=The Complete ArtScroll Machzor: Pesach|last1=Gold|first1=Avie|last2=Zlotowitz|first2=Meir|date=1990–2002|publisher=Mesorah Publications, Ltd|isbn=0-89906-696-8|location=Brooklyn, New York, USA|pages=2–3|last3=Scherman|first3=Nosson}}</ref><ref name="ArtScroll Pesach Machzor" /><ref name="ArtScroll Pesach Machzor" /><ref name="ArtScroll Pesach Machzor" /><ref name="WSJblowtorch">{{Cite news|last=Lagnado|first=Lucette|title=As Passover Nears, These Rabbis Are Getting Out Their Blowtorches|pages=A1|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|location=New York|date=18 April 2011|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704628404576264751651607740}}</ref><ref>{{bibleverse||Exodus|12:18|HE}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=107&o=60495|title=Thought For Food: An Overview of the Seder|work=AskMoses.com – Judaism, Ask a Rabbi – Live|access-date=2017-08-14|archivedate=2020-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521142536/http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=107&o=60495%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=107&o=450 What is the kabbalistic view on chametz?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203202015/http://www.askmoses.com/article.html?h=107&o=450 |date=2008-02-03 }} by Rabbi Yossi Marcus</ref><ref name="Pomerantz">{{cite news|first=Batsheva|last=Pomerantz|title=Making matzo: A time-honored tradition|date=April 22, 2005|work=Jewish News of Greater Phoenix|url=http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/050422/matzo.shtml|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114082457/http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/050422/matzo.shtml|archive-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Pomerantz" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=42416|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402170657/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=42416|archive-date=April 2, 2012|title=Making Matzah the Old-Fashioned Way|publisher=The Jewish Federations of North America|date=|accessdate=2014-04-17|archivedate=2012-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402170657/http://www.jewishfederations.org/page.aspx?id=42416|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kolhator.org.il/shir_hamaalot.php|title=Shir Ha Ma'a lot|publisher=Kolhator.org.il|accessdate=2014-04-17|archivedate=2012-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315200601/http://www.kolhator.org.il/shir_hamaalot.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Pomerantz" /><ref>[[Karaite Jews]] begin the count on the Sunday within the holiday week. This leads to Shavuot for the Karaites always falling on a Sunday.</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Understanding Jewish Holidays and Customs: Historical and Contemporary|last=Scharfstein|first=Sol|year=1999|isbn=0881256269|page=36–37}}</ref><ref name="Barley" /><ref>"Roast in the Wonder Pot", ''The Kosher For Pesach Cookbook'' (1978). Jerusalem:Yeshivat Aish HaTorah Women's Organization, p.&nbsp;58.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://israelity.com/tag/the-wonder-pot/|title=Nostalgia Sunday|last=Neiman|first=Rachel|accessdate=2010-04-01|date=2008-06-15|publisher=21c Israelity blog}}</ref><ref>The eighth day is known as ''Acharon shel Pesach,'' "last [day] of Passover".</ref><ref>[[Canadian Jewish Chronicle|The Canadian Jewish Chronicle]], March 31, 1939</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UWp5pi1SdUC&pg=PA64&dq=maundy+thursday+evening+jewish&hl=en&sa=X&ei=mz57T9XcJOHv0gHhqISbBg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=maundy%20thursday%20evening%20jewish&f=false|title=Worship and Festivals|last1=Windsor|first1=Gwyneth|last2=Hughes|first2=John|date=November 21, 1990|publisher=[[Heinemann (publisher)|Heinemann]]|accessdate=2009-04-11|quote=On the Thursday, which is known as Maundy Thursday, Christians remember the Last Supper which Jesus had with his disciples. It was the Jewish Feast of the Passover, and the meal which they had together was the traditional ''Seder'' meal, eaten that evening by the Jews everywhere.}}</ref><ref name="Volume 3, Book 31, Number 222">{{cite book|title=[[Sahih Bukhari]]|author=[[Muhammad al-Bukhari|Bukhari]]}}</ref> == ឯកសារយោង == {{Reflist|30em}} si2e8vo2scjthe061vf7nzryt7nruqa 0 36916 336425 335088 2026-06-09T13:13:51Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]ទំនើបទំនងជាស្ថិតនៅស្ថានីយ៍នៃ[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងយូដាបុរាណ|បណ្ដារាជាណាចក្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដាបុរាណ]]។ តំបន់នេះ (ក៏ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជា[[ដែនដីនៃអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] និង [[ប៉ាលេស្ទីន (តំបន់)|ប៉ាលេស្ទីន]]ផងដែរ) ជាទីកំណើតនៃភាសាអេប្រឺ ជាទីដែលគម្ពីរប៊ីបភាសាអេប្រឺត្រូវបានចងក្រងឡើង ហើយក៏ជាទីកំណើតនៃ[[យូដាសាសនា]] និង [[គ្រិស្តសាសនា]]ផងដែរ។ ទីនោះមានទីស្ថានជាច្រើនដែលបូជាធ្វើពិធីគោរពដល់[[យូដាសាសនា]] [[គ្រិស្តសាសនា]] [[ឥស្លាមសាសនា]] [[សាម៉ាសាសនា]] និង [[ជំនឿបាហា]]។ [[ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]ស្ថិតនៅក្រោមឥទ្ធិពលនៃចក្រភពផ្សេងៗ និង ជាស្រុកកំណើតនៃជនជាតិផ្សេងៗ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែជនជាតិ[[ជ្វីប]]មានច្រើនលើសលុបជាងគេចាប់ពីប្រហែល ១០០០ ឆ្នាំ [[មុនគ្រិស្តសករាជ]] (មុ.គ.) រហូតដល់សតវត្សទី៣ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ (គ.ស.)។<ref>"The Chosen Few : How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70 - 1492, by Botticini and Eckstein, Chapter 1, especially page 17, Princeton 2012"</ref> ការទទួលយកគ្រិស្តសាសនាដោយ[[ចក្រភពរ៉ូម]]នៅសតវត្សទី៤បានធ្វើអោយមានអ្នកកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនាភាគច្រើនបានបន្តរហូតមកដល់សតវត្សទី៧ ដែលខណៈនោះជាពេលដែលតំបន់នេះត្រូវបានសញ្ជ័យដោយ[[កាលីផ្វចក្រ|ចក្រភពអារ៉ាប់]]។ វាជាទីដែលមានពួកឥស្លាមមានច្រើនលើសលប់រហូតដល់សម័យសង្គ្រាមឈើឆ្កាងរវាងឆ្នាំ១០៩៦ និង ១២៩១ ដែលនៅពេលនោះវាគឺជាចំណុចប្រសព្វនៃការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នារវាងគ្រិស្តសាសនា និង ឥស្លាមសាសនា។ It gradually became predominantly Moslem until the [[Crusades]] between 1096 and 1291, when it was the focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam. ចាប់ពីសតវត្សទី១៣ មានពួកឥស្លាមភាគច្រើនដែលមានភាសាអារ៉ាប់ជាភាសាលប់លើគេ ហើយក៏ជាភាគដំបូងនៃខេត្តស៊ីរីនៃស៊ុលតង់ចក្រម៉ាំលុក ហើយក៏ជាប៉ែកនៃចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់រហូតដល់មាន[[យុទ្ធនាការស៊ីណៃនិងប៉ាលេស្ទីន|ការសញ្ជ័យប៊្រិថេននៅឆ្នាំ១៩១៧]]។From the 13th Century it was mainly Moslem with Arabic as the dominant language and was first part of the Syrian province of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] and then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] until the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|British conquest in 1917]]. ចលនាជាតិជ្វីប [[ហ្ស៊ីអននិយម]] បានផុសផុលឡើងនៅចុងសតវត្សទី១៩ (ឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងការកើនឡើងបន្តិចម្ដងៗនៃ[[បដិសាម៉ានិយម]]) ហើយ[[អាលីយ៉ា]] (អន្តោប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបទៅកាន់ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល) បានកើនឡើងផងដែរ។A Jewish national movement, [[Zionism]], emerged in the late-19th century (partially in response to growing [[anti-Semitism]]) and [[Aliyah]] (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. បន្ទាប់ពី[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១]] ទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់នៅឡេវែន្ត៍បានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការក្ដោបក្ដាប់ប៊្រិថេន និងបារាំង ហើយ[[សង្គមប្រជាជាតិ]]បានប្រគល់[[អាណត្តិប៊្រិថេនសម្រាប់ប៉ាលេស្ទីន (នីតូបករណ៍)|អាណត្តិឱ្យប៊្រិថេនដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងប៉ាលេស្ទីន]]ដែលវាបានក្លាយទៅជា[[ស្រុកកំណើតជនជាតិជ្វីប|ស្រុកកំណើតប្រជាជាតិជ្វីប]]។After [[World War I]], Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the [[League of Nations]] granted the British a [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Mandate to rule Palestine]] which was to be turned into a [[Jewish National Home]]. គូប្រជែង ជាតិនិយមអារ៉ាប់ ក៏បានអះអាងទាមទារសិទ្ធិទៅលើអតីតទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់ ហើយបានរិះរកវិធីដើម្បីរារាំងទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបចូលទៅកាន់ប៉ាលេស្ទីន ដែលនាំអោយមាន[[ការប៉ះទង្គិចអន្តរសហគមនៅប៉ាលេស្ទីនអាណត្តិ|ភាពតានតឹងអារ៉ាប់-ជ្វីបកើនឡើង]]។A rival [[Arab nationalism]] also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|Arab–Jewish tensions]]. [[ការប្រកាសឯករាជ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែល|ឯករាជ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨ ត្រូវបានកត់សម្គាល់ដោយទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជ្វីបយ៉ាងសម្បើមពី[[ប៊្រីហា|អឺរ៉ុប]] [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israeli independence]] in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from [[Bricha|Europe]], a [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] to Israel, and of [[1948 Palestinian exodus|Arabs]] from Israel, followed by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 May 1948 |accessdate=16 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |archivedate=21 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> About 43% of the [[Jewish population by country|world's Jews]] live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world.<ref>{{cite report |author=DellaPergola, Sergio |date=2015 |title=World Jewish Population, 2015 |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3394 |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank |accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> Since about 1970, the [[United States]] has become the principal [[Israel–United States relations|ally of Israel]]. In 1979 an uneasy [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty]] was signed, based on the [[Camp David Accords]]. In 1993, Israel signed [[Oslo I Accord]] with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], followed by establishment of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and in 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]] was signed. Despite [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|efforts to finalize the peace agreement]], the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social and economic life. The [[economy of Israel]] was initially primarily socialist and the country dominated by social democratic parties until the 1970s. Since then the Israeli economy has gradually moved to capitalism and a free market economy, partially retaining the social welfare system. ------ The history of Israel covers an area of the Southern Levant also known as Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Land, which is the geographical location of the modern states of Israel and Palestine. From a prehistory as part of the critical Levantine corridor, which witnessed waves of early humans out of Africa, to the emergence of Natufian culture c. 10th millennium BCE, the region entered the Bronze Age c. 2,000 BCE with the development of Canaanite civilization, before being vassalized by Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. In the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were established, entities that were central to the origins of the Jewish and Samaritan peoples as well as the Abrahamic faith tradition.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This has given rise to Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, Islam, Druzism, Baha'ism, and a variety of other religious movements. Throughout the course of human history, the Land of Israel has come under the sway or control of various polities and, as a result, it has historically hosted a wide variety of ethnic groups. In the following centuries, the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires conquered the region. The Ptolemies and the Seleucids vied for control over the region during the Hellenistic period. However, with the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty, the local Jewish population maintained independence for a century before being incorporated into the Roman Republic.[7] As a result of the Jewish-Roman Wars in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, many Jews were killed, displaced or sold into slavery.[8][9][10][11] Following the advent of Christianity, which was adopted by the Greco-Roman world under the influence of the Roman Empire, the region's demographics shifted towards newfound Christians, who replaced Jews as the majority of the population by the 4th century. However, shortly after Islam was consolidated across the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad, Byzantine Christian rule over the Land of Israel was superseded by the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Land of Israel became the centre for intermittent religious wars between Christian and Muslim armies as part of the Crusades. In the 13th century, the Land of Israel became subject to the Mongol invasions and conquests, though these were locally routed by the Mamluk Sultanate, under whose rule it remained until the 16th century. The Mamluks were eventually defeated by the Ottoman Empire, and the region became an Ottoman province until the 20th century. The late 19th century saw the widespread consolidation of a Jewish nationalist movement known as Zionism, as part of which aliyah (Jewish return to the Land of Israel from the diaspora) increased. During World War I, the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the Allies led to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Britain was granted control of the region by League of Nations mandate, in what became known as Mandatory Palestine. The British government publicly committed itself to the creation of a Jewish homeland. Arab nationalism opposed this design, asserting Arab rights over the former Ottoman territories and seeking to prevent Jewish migration. As a result, Arab–Jewish tensions grew in the succeeding decades of British administration. In 1948, the Israeli Declaration of Independence sparked the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which resulted in the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and subsequently led to waves of Jewish emigration from other parts of the Middle East. Today, approximately 43 percent of the global Jewish population resides in Israel. In 1979, the Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed, based on the Camp David Accords. In 1993, Israel signed the Oslo I Accord with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was followed by the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed. Despite efforts to finalize the peace agreement, the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social, and economic life. ==បុរេប្រវត្តិ== {{Prehistory of the Levant}} [[File:Skhul Cave.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Es Skhul]] cave]] Between 2.6 and 0.9 million years ago, at least four episodes of [[hominine]] dispersal from Africa to the Levant are known, each culturally distinct. The oldest evidence of [[early humans]] in the territory of modern Israel, dating to 1.5 million years ago, was found in [[Ubeidiya]] near the [[Sea of Galilee]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tchernov |first=Eitan |author-link=Eitan Tchernov |date=1988 |title=The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1988_num_14_2_4455 |journal=[[Paléorient]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.3406/paleo.1988.4455 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The flint tool artefacts have been discovered at [[Yiron]], the oldest stone tools found anywhere outside Africa. Other groups include 1.4 million years old [[Acheulean]] industry, the Bizat Ruhama group and [[Gesher Bnot Yaakov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17870089 |title=The oldest human groups in the Levant |publisher=Cat.inist.fr |date=2004-09-13 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In the Carmel mountain range at [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13|archivedate=27 កញ្ញា 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231557/http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains were found, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |title=From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172528/http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |archivedate=28 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa) |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313142646/http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |archivedate=13 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Other notable [[Paleolithic]] sites include caves [[Qesem Cave|Qesem]] and [[Manot Cave|Manot]]. The oldest fossils of [[anatomically modern human]]s found [[Recent African origin of modern humans|outside Africa]] are the [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids]], who lived in northern Israel 120,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=14 October 2015 |title=Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early' |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Around 10th millennium BCE, the [[Natufian culture]] existed in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bar-Yosef |first=Ofer |author-link=Ofer Bar-Yosef |date=7 December 1998 |title=The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=159–177 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> ==សម័យបុរាណ== {{Main article|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:Ancient Orient.png|thumb|Map of the [[ancient Near East]]]] ===កណអាន=== {{Main article|Canaan|Djahy}} During the 2nd millennium BCE, [[Canaan]], part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] from c.1550 to c. 1180.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com|title=Google Books|website=books.google.com}}</ref> ===ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលដំបូងៗ=== {{Main article|Hebrews|Israelites|Biblical judges}} {{See also|Origins of Judaism|Biblical archaeology|The Bible and history}} [[File:Merneptah Israel Stele Cairo.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Merneptah Stele]]. While alternative translations exist, the majority of [[Biblical Archeology|biblical archaeologists]] translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," representing the first instance of the name in the historical record.]] The first record of the name Israel (as ''{{lang|egy-Latn|ysrỉꜣr}}'') occurs in the [[Merneptah stele]], erected for Egyptian Pharaoh [[Merneptah]] (son of [[Ramses II]]) c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not."<ref>Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.</ref> [[William G. Dever]] sees this "Israel" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, more an ethnic group rather than an organized state.<ref>Dever 2003, p. 206.</ref> Ancestors of the Israelites may have included [[ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|Semites]] native to [[Canaan]] and the [[Sea Peoples]].<ref>Miller 1986, pp. 78–9.</ref> McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during [[Iron Age]] I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the [[Canaanites]] through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.<ref>McNutt 1999, p. 35.</ref> Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,<ref name=mcnutt70>McNutt 1999, p. 70.</ref><ref>Miller 2005, p. 98.</ref> which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;<ref>McNutt 1999, p. 72.</ref> economic interchange was prevalent.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 99.</ref> Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 105.</ref> The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.<ref>Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.</ref> ===អត្ថបទ និង សាសនាអេប្រឺដំបូង=== The first use of [[grapheme]]-based [[Proto-Sinaitic script|writing originated in the area]], probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt. This evolved into the [[Phoenician alphabet]] from which all modern [[Alphabet|alphabetical writing systems]] are descended. The [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet]] was one of the first to develop and evidence of its use exists from about 1000 BCE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1308-alphabet-the-hebrew|title=ALPHABET, THE HEBREW - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> (see the [[Gezer calendar]]), the language spoken was probably [[Biblical Hebrew]]. [[Monotheism]], the belief in a single all-powerful law-giving God is thought to have evolved among the Hebrew speakers gradually, over the next few centuries, from a number of separate cults,<ref>Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</ref> leading to the first versions of the religion now known as [[Judaism]]. ===អ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដា=== {{Main article|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Judah}} [[File:Ir-david03.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[City of David]] in Jerusalem]] The [[Hebrew Bible]] describes constant warfare between the [[Israelites]] and the [[Philistines]], whose capital was [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The Bible states that [[King David]] founded a dynasty of kings and that his son [[Solomon]] built a [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]]. Both David and Solomon are widely referenced in Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts. Standard Biblical chronology suggests that around 930 BCE, following the death of Solomon, the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|kingdom]] split into a southern [[Kingdom of Judah]] and a northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]]. The Bible's [[Books of Kings]] states that soon after the split Pharoh "[[Shishaq]]" invaded the country, [[Sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC)|plundering Jerusalem]]. An inscription over a [[Bubastite Portal|gate at Karnak]] in Egypt recounts such an invasion by Pharoh [[Sheshonq I]].<ref>Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, page 335, Oxford 2000</ref> The archaeological evidence for this period is extremely sparse, leading some scholars to suggest that this section of the Hebrew Bible (which includes texts written two centuries later) exaggerates the importance of David and Solomon.<ref>https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.818795 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071824/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.818795 |date=15 មករា 2018 }}, "The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts" by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, Free Press 2002</ref> The earliest references to the "[[Davidic Dynasty|House of David]]" have been found at two sites, the [[Tel Dan Stele]] and the [[Mesha Stele]] (a [[Moab]]ite stele, now in the Louvre) which describes an 840 BCE invasion of [[Moab]] by [[Omri]], King of Israel. [[Jehu]], son of Omri, is referenced by [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III|Assyrian records]] (now in the British Museum). Modern Archaeological findings show that Omri's capital city, [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]] was large and Finkelstein has suggested that the Biblical account of David and Solomon are an attempt by later Judean rulers to ascribe Israel's successes to their dynasty. [[File:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg|thumb|upright|Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] In 854 BCE, an alliance between [[Ahab]] of Israel and Ben Hadad II of [[Aram Damascus]] managed to repulse the incursions of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], with a victory at the [[Battle of Qarqar]]. (see the [[Kurkh Monoliths]]).<ref>Kurkh stela: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1 For original inscription see http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads3/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf page 223</ref> The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by [[Assyria]]n king [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] around 750 BCE. The Philistine kingdom was also destroyed. The Assyrians sent most of the northern Israelite kingdom into [[Assyrian captivity of Israel|exile]], thus creating the "[[Lost Tribes of Israel]]". The [[Samaritan]]s claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest. An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]] by the Assyrian king [[Sargon II]]. Sargon's son, [[Sennacherib]], tried and failed to [[Sennacherib's campaign in Judah|conquer]] Judah. [[Taylor prism|Assyrian records]] say he levelled 46 walled cities and [[Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem|besieged Jerusalem]], leaving after receiving extensive tribute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/sennprism.html|title=column 2 line 61 to column 3 line 49|publisher=|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=15 ធ្នូ 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121215110326/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/sennprism.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern scholars believe that refugees from the destruction of Israel moved to Judah during the rule of King [[Hezekiah]] (ruler from 715 - 686 BCE), massively expanding Jerusalem and leading to construction of the [[Siloam Tunnel]] which could provide water during a siege.<ref>{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url=https://books.google.com/?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PA174&dq=the+main+reasons+behind+this+expansion+was+the+immigration+of+Israelites+who+came+to+Judah+from+the+Northern+Kingdom+after+the+fall+of+Samaria+in+721+BCE#v=onepage&q=the%20main%20reasons%20behind%20this%20expansion%20was%20the%20immigration%20of%20Israelites%20who%20came%20to%20Judah%20from%20the%20Northern%20Kingdom%20after%20the%20fall%20of%20Samaria%20in%20721%20BCE&f=false |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2001 |page=174 |isbn=1841272019}}</ref> The refugees brought with them new religious ideas which led, under King [[Josiah]] (ruler from 641 - 619), to the writing of the books of [[Deuteronomy]], [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] and to the accounts of the kingship of David and Solomon in the [[Books of Kings|book of Kings]]. The books are known as [[Deuteronomist]] and considered to be a major key step in the emergence of [[Monotheism]] in Judah. They were written at a time that Assyria was weakened by the emergence of Babylon and may be a committing to text of pre-writing verbal traditions.<ref>The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism by Stephen Cook, SBL 2004 pp 58</ref> == Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule (586–135 BCE) == {{Main article|Yehud (Babylonian province)|Yehud Medinata|Coele-Syria}} [[File:מסע גולי בבל.jpg|thumb|The route of the exiles to Babylon]] In 586 BCE King [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] of [[Babylon]] [[Jewish–Babylonian war|conquered]] Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed [[Solomon's Temple]] and [[Babylonian captivity|exiled]] the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archivedate=30 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>See http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604223643/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |date=4 មិថុនា 2011 }} reverse side, line 12.</ref> (see the [[Babylonian Chronicles]]). Babylonian and Biblical sources suggest that the Judean king, [[Jehoiachin]], switched allegiances between the Egyptians and the Babylonians and that invasion was a punishment for allying with Babylon's principal rival, Egypt. The exiled Jews may have been restricted to the elite. Jehoiachin was eventually released by the Babylonians (see [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets]]) and according to both the Bible and the Talmud, the Judean royal family (the [[Davidic line]]) continued as head of the exile in Babylon (the [[Exilarch]]). [[File:YehudObverse 1.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Obverse of [[Yehud coinage|Yehud silver coin]]]] In 538 BCE, [[Cyrus (Bible)|Cyrus the Great]] of [[Persia]] conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text see the [[Cyrus Cylinder]]). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by [[Zerubabel]], [[Return to Zion|returned to Judah]] and [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|rebuilt the temple]]. A second group of 5,000, led by [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]], returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. Modern scholars believe that the final Hebrew versions of the [[Torah]] and [[Books of Kings]] [[Authorship of the Bible|date from this period]], that the returning [[Israelites]] adopted an [[Aramaic script]] (also known as the [[Ashuri alphabet]]), which they brought back from Babylon; this is the current Hebrew script. The [[Hebrew Calendar]] closely resembles the [[Babylonian calendar]] and probably dates from this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34907/Origin-and-development|title=Jewish religious year|publisher=}}</ref> In 333 BCE, the [[ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] ruler [[Alexander the Great]] defeated [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] and [[Alexander the Great#Egypt|conquered]] the region. Sometime thereafter, the first translation of the Hebrew Bible, the [[Septuagint]], was begun in [[Alexandria]]. After Alexander's death, his generals fought over the territory he had conquered. Judah became the frontier between the [[Seleucid Empire]] and [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], eventually becoming part of the Seleucid Empire in 200 BCE at the [[battle of Panium]]. == Hasmonean dynasty (135–47 BCE) == {{Main article|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|upright|[[Hasmonean kingdom]]]] In the 2nd century BCE, Seleucid ruler [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] tried to eradicate Judaism in favour of [[Hellenistic religion]]. This provoked the 174–135 BCE [[Maccabean Revolt]] led by [[Judas Maccabeus]] (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of [[Hanukkah]]). The [[Books of the Maccabees]] describe the uprising and the end of Greek rule. A Jewish party called the [[Hasideans]] opposed both Hellenism ''and'' the revolt but eventually gave their support to the Maccabees. Modern interpretations see the initial stages of the uprising as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2005/12/the_maccabees_and_the_hellenists.html |title=The Maccabees and the Hellenists |last=Ponet |first=James |date=22 December 2005 |work=Faith-based |publisher=Slate |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="simpletoremember">{{cite web |url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/the_revolt_of_the_maccabees/ |title=The Revolt of the Maccabees |publisher=Simpletoremember.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> [[File:Temple Scroll.png|thumb|upright|Portion of the [[Temple Scroll]], one of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] written by the Essenes]] The [[Hasmonean]] dynasty of (Jewish) [[Kohen Gadol|priest-kings]] ruled [[Judea]] with the [[Pharisees]], [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]] as the principal Jewish social movements. As part of the struggle against [[Hellenistic civilization]], the Pharisee leader [[Simeon ben Shetach]] established the first schools based around [[synagogue|meeting houses]].<ref>[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]], ''History of the Jews'', p. 106, Harper 1988</ref> This led to [[Rabbinical Judaism]]. Justice was administered by the [[Sanhedrin]], which was a Rabbincal assembly and law court whose leader was known as the [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. The Nasi's religious authority gradually superseded that of the Temple's [[Kohen Gadol|high priest]] (under the Hasmoneans this was the king). The Hasmoneans continually extended their control over much of the region.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210 | title = Cambridge History of Judaism, The early Roman period | volume = 2 | pages = 195, 196, 204| contribution = The Gentiles in Judaism, 125 BCE - 66 CE | last = Smith | first = Morton | date = 1999 | isbn = 0521243777 | editor1-last = Horbury | editor1-first = William | editor2-first = W D | editor2-last = Davies | editor3-first = John | editor3-last = Sturdy}}</ref> In 125 BCE the Hasmonean [[ethnarch]] [[John Hyrcanus]] subjugated [[Edom]] and forcibly converted the population to [[Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7972-hyrcanus-john-johanan-i |title=Hyrcanus, John (Johanan) I.}}</ref> Hyrcanus' son [[Alexander Jannaeus]] established good relations with the [[Roman Republic]], however there was growing tension between Pharisees and Sadducces and a conflict over the succession to Janneus, in which the warring parties invited foreign intervention on their behalf. == ការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រ៉ូម (មុ.គ. ៦៤ – គ.ស. ៣៩០) == {{Further information|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire}} In 64 BCE the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Pompey#Pompey in the East|Pompey]] [[Third Mithridatic War|conquered]] Syria and [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|intervened]] in the [[Hasmonean civil war]] in Jerusalem. During the [[Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)|siege of Alexandria in 47 BCE]], the lives of [[Julius Caesar]] and his protege [[Cleopatra]] were saved by 3,000 Jewish troops sent by King [[Hyrcanus II]] and commanded by [[Antipater the Idumaean|Antipater]], whose descendants Caesar made kings of Judea.<ref>Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator By Luciano Canfora chapter 24 "Caesar Saved by the Jews".</ref> === Herodian dynasty and Roman province === {{Main article|Herodian dynasty|Herodian kingdom|Herodian Tetrarchy|Judea (Roman province)}} From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the [[Herodian dynasty]], Jewish-Roman client kings, descended from Antipater, ruled Judea. [[Herod the Great]] considerably enlarged the temple (see [[Herod's Temple]]), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. Despite its fame, it was in this period that [[Rabbinical Judaism]], led by [[Hillel the Elder]], began to assume popular prominence over the [[Kohen|Temple priesthood]]. The [[Second Temple|Jewish Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] was granted special permission not to display an effigy of the emperor, becoming the only religious structure in the [[Roman Empire]] that did not do so. Special dispensation was granted for Jewish citizens of the Roman Empire to pay a [[Fiscus Judaicus|tax to the temple]]. [[Augustus]] made Judea a Roman province in 6 CE, deposing the last Jewish king, [[Herod Archelaus]] and appointing a Roman governor. There was a small revolt against Roman taxation led by [[Judas of Galilee]] and over the next decades tensions grew between the Greco-Roman and Judean population centered on attempts to place effigies of the Emperor [[Caligula]] in Synagogues and in the Jewish temple.<ref>Philo of Alexandria, On the Embassy to Gaius XXX.203.</ref><ref>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-18.html Antiquities of the Jews by Josephus,Book 18 chapter 8</ref> [[Jesus]] was born in the last years of Herod's rule, probably in the Judean city of Bethlehem. Jesus is thought to have been a Galilean Jewish reformer (from [[Nazareth]]), and was executed in Jerusalem by the Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]] between 25 and 35 CE. All his key followers, the [[Twelve Apostles]], were Jews including [[Paul the Apostle]] (5–67 CE) who took critical steps towards creating a new religion, defining Jesus as the "Son of God". In the year 50 CE, the [[Council of Jerusalem]] led by Paul, decided to abandon the Jewish requirement of circumcision and the Torah, creating a form of Judaism highly accessible to non-Jews and with a more [[Universalism|universal notion of God]]. Another Jewish follower, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] is believed to have become the first Pope. In 64 CE, the Temple High Priest [[Joshua ben Gamla]] introduced a religious requirement for Jewish boys to learn to read from the age of six. Over the next few hundred years this requirement became steadily more ingrained in Jewish tradition.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 71 and chapters 4 and 5</ref> ===សង្គ្រាមជ្វីប-រ៉ូម=== {{Main article|Jewish–Roman wars|Syria Palaestina}} [[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|thumb|right|[[Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)|Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]]] In 66 CE, the Jews of Judea rose in [[First Jewish–Roman War|revolt]] against Rome, naming their new state as "Israel".<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 pp. 18–19</ref> The events were described by the Jewish leader and historian [[Josephus]], including the defence of [[Siege of Yodfat|Jotapata]], the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|siege of Jerusalem]] (69–70 CE) and the desperate last stand at [[Siege of Masada|Masada]] under [[Eleazar ben Yair]] (72–73 CE). Josephus estimated that over a million people died in the siege of Jerusalem. The Temple and most of Jerusalem was destroyed. During the Jewish revolt, most [[History of Christianity|Christians]], at this time a sub-sect of Judaism, removed themselves from Judea. The rabbinical/[[Pharisee]] movement led by [[Yochanan ben Zakai]], who opposed the [[Sadducee]] temple priesthood, made peace with Rome and survived. After the war [[Taxation of the Jews|Jews continued to be taxed]] in the [[Fiscus Judaicus]], which was used to fund a temple to Jupiter. A [[Arch of Titus|victory arch]] erected in Rome can still be seen today. Tensions and attacks on Jews around the Roman Empire led to a massive Jewish uprising against Rome from 115 to 117. Jews in Libya, Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia [[Kitos War|fought against Rome]]. This conflict was accompanied by large-scale massacres of both sides. Cyprus was so severely depopulated that new settlers were imported and Jews banned from living there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html |title=Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 68 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In 131, the Emperor [[Hadrian]] renamed Jerusalem "[[Aelia Capitolina]]" and constructed a Temple of Jupiter on the site of the former Jewish temple. Jews were banned from living in Jerusalem itself (a ban that persisted until the Arab conquest), and the Roman province, until then known as [[Iudaea Province]], was renamed [[Syria Palaestina|Palaestina]], no other revolt led to a province being renamed.<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 p. 494</ref> The names "Palestine" (in English) and "Filistin" (in Arabic) are derived from this. <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Bar Kokhba's papyrus.png|thumb|A papyrus containing [[Simon bar Kokhba|Bar Kokhba]]'s orders during [[Bar Kokhba revolt|the revolt]]]] --> From 132 to 136, the Jewish leader [[Simon Bar Kokhba]] led another major [[Bar Kokhba revolt|revolt]] against the Romans, again renaming the country "Israel"<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 p. 490</ref> (see [[Bar Kochba Revolt coinage]]). The Bar-Kochba revolt probably caused more trouble for the Romans than the better documented revolt of 70.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 pp. 12–14</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The revolt was eventually crushed by [[Emperor Hadrian]] himself. During the Bar Kokhba revolt a [[Council of Jamnia|rabbinical assembly decided]] which [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|books could be regarded]] as part of the [[Hebrew Bible]]: the [[Jewish apocrypha]] and Christian books were excluded.<ref>For more information see ''The Canon Debate'' edited by McDonald and Sanders, 2002 Hendrickson</ref> As a result, the original text of some Hebrew texts, including the [[Books of Maccabees]] were lost (Greek translations survived). A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jacobs|first=Joseph|author2=Broydé, Isaac|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Zohar|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406}}</ref> ===ក្រោយពីការបរាជ័យរបស់ជ្វីប=== After suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt, the Romans [[Jewish diaspora|exiled]] the Jews of Judea, but not of Galilee and permitted a hereditary Rabbinical Patriarch (from the [[House of Hillel]], based in Galilee) to represent the Jews in dealings with the Romans. The most famous of these was [[Judah haNasi]] who is credited with compiling the final version of the [[Mishnah]] (a massive body of Jewish religious texts interpreting the Bible) and with strengthening the educational demands of Judaism by requiring that illiterate Jews be treated as outcasts. As a result, many illiterate Jews may have converted to Christianity.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 116</ref> Jewish seminaries, such as those at [[Shefaram]] and [[Bet Shearim]] continued to produce scholars and the best of these became members of the [[Sanhedrin]],<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 sections II to V</ref> which was located first at [[Tzippori]] and later at [[Tiberias]].<ref>Vailhé Siméon, [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04798b.htm "Diocaesarea" in The Catholic Encyclopedia.] Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2013.</ref> Before the Bar-Kochba uprising, an estimated 2/3 of the population of Gallilee and 1/3 of the coastal region were Jewish.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 chapter I</ref> In the Galillee, many Synagogues have been found dating from this period. However, persecution and the [[Crisis of the Third Century|economic crisis]] that affected the Roman empire in the 3rd century led to further Jewish migration from [[Syria Palaestina]] to the more tolerant Persian [[Sassanid Empire]], where a prosperous Jewish community with [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia|extensive seminaries]] existed in the area of Babylon. ===រ៉ូមកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនា=== Early in the 4th century, the Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] made [[Constantinople]] the capital of the [[East Roman Empire]] and made [[Christianity]] the official religion. His mother, [[Helena (empress)|Helena]] made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (326-328) and led the construction of the [[Church of the Nativity]] (Bethlehem), the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (Jerusalem) and other key churches that still exist. The name Jerusalem was restored to Aelia Capitolina and it became a Christian city. Jews were still banned from living in Jerusalem, but were allowed to visit, and it is in this period that the surviving [[Western Wall]] of the temple became sacred to Judaism. In 351–2, another [[Jewish revolt against Gallus|Jewish revolt]] in the Galilee erupted against a corrupt Roman governor.<ref>''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/lazare-anti.asp Antisemitism: Its History and Causes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901162617/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/lazare-anti.asp |date=1 កញ្ញា 2012 }}'' by [[Bernard Lazare]], 1894. Accessed January 2009</ref> In 362, the last [[pagan]] Roman Emperor, [[Julian the Apostate]], announced plans to rebuild the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Jewish Temple]]. He died while fighting the Persians in 363 and the project was discontinued. ==Byzantine rule (390–634)== {{Main article|Palaestina Prima|Palaestina Secunda}} {{further information|Jewish revolt against Heraclius|Rabbinic Judaism|Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem}} The Roman Empire split in 390 CE and the region became part of the (Christian) East Roman Empire, known as the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Byzantine Christianity was dominated by the (Greek) [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] whose massive land ownership has extended into the present. In the 5th century, the [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed leading to Christian migration into the Roman province of [[Palaestina Prima]] and development of a Christian majority. Jews numbered 10–15% of the population, concentrated largely in the Galilee. Judaism was the only non-Christian religion tolerated, but restrictions on Jews slowly increased to include a ban on building new places of worship, holding public office or owning slaves. In 425, following the death of the last Nasi, [[Gamliel VI]], the [[Sanhedrin]] was officially abolished and the title of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]] banned. Several [[Samaritan Revolts]] erupted in this period,<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 chapters XI–XII</ref> resulting in the decrease of Samaritan community from about a million to a near extinction. Sacred Jewish texts written in Palestine at this time are the [[Gemara]] (400), the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (500) and the [[Passover Haggadah]]. The [[Menorah (Temple)|Jewish Menorah]], which the Romans took when the temple was destroyed, was reportedly taken to Carthage by the [[Vandals]] after the [[Sack of Rome (455)|sacking of Rome]] in 455. According to the Byzantine historian, [[Procopius]], the [[Byzantine army]] recovered it in 533 and brought it to [[Constantinople]].<ref>Procopius, ''Vandal Wars'', [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm#PageIV_ix_4 Book IV. ix. 5.]</ref> In 611, [[Sassanid Persia]] [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|invaded]] the Byzantine Empire and, after a long siege, [[Khosrau II]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (614)|captured Jerusalem]] in 614, with [[Revolt against Heraclius|Jewish help]], including possibly the Jewish [[Himyarite Kingdom]] in Yemen. Jews briefly governed Jerusalem when the Persians took over. The Byzantine Emperor, [[Heraclius]], promised to restore Jewish rights and received Jewish help in defeating the Persians, but reneged on the agreement after reconquering Palaestina Prima, massacring the Jews in Palestine,<ref>Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium By Walter Emil Kaegi, Cambridge 2003 pp 205</ref> and issuing an edict banning Judaism from the Byzantine Empire. (Egyptian) [[Coptic Christians]] took responsibility for this broken pledge and fasted in penance.<ref>While the Syrians and the Melchite Greeks ceased to observe the penance after the death of Heraclius; Elijah of Nisibis (''Beweis der Wahrheit des Glaubens'', translation by Horst, p. 108, Colmar, 1886) see {{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3877-byzantine-expire |title=Byzantine Expire}}</ref> ==Caliphates (634–1099) == {{main article|Jund Filastin|Jund al-Urdunn}} According to Muslim tradition, in 620 Muhammed [[Isra and Mi'raj|was taken on spiritual journey from Mecca]] to the "farthest mosque", whose location many consider to be the [[Temple Mount]], returning the same night. In 634–636 the Arabs [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquered]] [[Palaestina Prima]] and renamed it [[Jund Filastin]], ending the Byzantine ban on Jews living in Jerusalem. Over the next few centuries, [[Islam]] replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of the region. From 636 until the beginning of the Crusades, [[Jund Filastin]] was ruled first by [[Medina]]h-based [[Rashidun|Rashidun Caliphs]], then by the [[Damascus]]-based [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and after that the [[Baghdad]]-based [[Abbasid Caliphs]]. In 691, Umayyad Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] (685–705) constructed the [[Dome of the Rock]] shrine on the Temple Mount. Jews consider it to contain the [[Foundation Stone]] (see also [[Kodesh Hakodashim|Holy of Holies]]), which is the holiest site in Judaism. A second building, the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], was also erected on the Temple Mount in 705. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, Jewish scribes, called the [[Masoretes]] and located in Galilee and Jerusalem, established the [[Masoretic Text]], the final text of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. ==Crusades and Mongols (1099–1291) == {{main article|Kingdom of Jerusalem}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]], 1099, during the [[First Crusade]]]] In 1099, the [[Crusades|first crusade]] took Jerusalem and established a [[Catholic]] kingdom, known as the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. During the conquest, both Muslims and Jews were indiscriminately massacred or sold into slavery.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_9.html Jerusalem in the Crusader Period] Jerusalem: Life throughout the ages in a holy city] David Eisenstadt, March 1997</ref> The [[Pogroms of 1096|murder of Jews]] began as the Crusaders travelled across Europe and continued when they reached the [[Holy Land]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Prawer |first=Joshua |authorlink=Joshua Prawer |title=The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198225577}}</ref> Ashkenazi orthodox Jews still recite a [[Av HaRachamim|prayer in memory]] of the death and destruction caused by the Crusades. In 1187, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] Sultan [[Saladin]] defeated the Crusaders in the [[Battle of Hattin]] (above [[Tiberias]]), taking Jerusalem and most of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin's court physician was [[Maimonides]], whose work had an enormous influence on Judaism. Maimonides was [[Tomb of Maimonides|buried in Tiberias]]. A Crusader state centred round [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] survived in weakened form for another century. From 1260 to 1291 the area became the [[Mongol raids into Palestine|frontier between Mongol invaders]] ([[Franco-Mongol alliance|occasional Crusader allies]]) and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] of Egypt. The conflict impoverished the country and severely reduced the population. Sultan [[Qutuz]] of Egypt eventually defeated the Mongols in the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] (near [[Ein Harod]]), and his successors eliminated the Crusader states. The fall of the last one, the [[Kingdom of Acre]], in 1291 ended the Crusades period in the region. ==Mamluk rule (1291–1517) == {{Further information|Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)}} Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, [[Baibars]] (1260–1277), conquered the region and the [[Mamluk]]s ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of [[Bilad a-Sham|Syria]]. In [[Hebron]], Baibars banned Jews from worshipping at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] (the second holiest site in Judaism); the ban remained in place until its conquest by Israel 700 years later.<ref>''International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa'' by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, pp. 336–339</ref> The Mamluks, continuing the policy of the Ayyubids, made the strategic decision to destroy the coastal area and to bring desolation to many of its cities, from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in the north to Gaza in the south. [[sea port|Ports]] were destroyed and various materials were dumped to make them inoperable. The goal was to prevent attacks from the sea, given the fear of the return of the crusaders. This had a long-term effect on those areas, which remained sparsely populated for centuries. The activity in that time concentrated more inland.<ref>Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, ``Between Cairo and Damascus: Rural Life and Urban Economics in the Holy Land During the Ayyuid, Maluk and Ottoman Periods'' in ''The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land'' edited Thomas Evan Levy, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998</ref> The collapse of the Crusades was followed by increased persecution and expulsions of Jews in Europe. Expulsions [[Edict of Expulsion|began in England]] (1290) and were followed by France (1306).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/expuls.HTM |title=Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe. 1100-1500. |year=2005 |work=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust |publisher=University of South Florida |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1182-jewsfrance1.asp |title=The Expulsion of the Jews from France, 1182 CE |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year=1998 |work=Internet Jewish History Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham University |accessdate=5 December 2012 |archivedate=2 តុលា 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002122043/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1182-jewsfrance1.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Spain, [[History of the Jews in Spain#Turning point (1212–1300)|persecution]] of the highly integrated and successful Jewish community began, including massacres and forced conversions. During the [[Black Death]], many Jews were murdered after being accused of poisoning wells. The completion of the [[Reconquista|Christian reconquest]] of Spain led to expulsion of the Jews of [[Alhambra decree|Spain in 1492]] and [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portugal in 1497]]. These were the wealthiest and most integrated Jewish communities in Europe. Many Jews converted to Christianity, however many [[Marrano|secretly practised Judaism]] and prejudice against converts (regardless of their sincerity) persisted, leading many former Jews to move to the New World (see [[History of the Jews in Latin America]]). Most of the expelled [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]], to the Ottoman Empire and to the region of [[Bilad a-Sham]], which roughly corresponds to the ancient [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)]]. In Italy, Jews living in the Papal States were required to live in [[ghetto]]s (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]). The last compulsory Ghetto, [[Roman Ghetto|in Rome]], was abolished in the 1880s. ==Ottoman rule (1517–1917)== {{Further information|Ottoman Syria}} Under the Mamluks, the area was a province of [[Bilad a-Sham]] (Syria). It was [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|conquered]] by Turkish Sultan [[Selim I]] in 1516–17, becoming a part of the province of [[Ottoman Syria]] for the next four centuries, first as the [[Damascus Eyalet]] and later as the [[Syria Vilayet]] (following the [[Tanzimat]] reorganization of 1864). Between 1535 and 1538 [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] built the current [[Walls of Jerusalem]]; Jerusalem had been without walls since Roman times. The construction followed the historic area of the city but left out one section which had previously been within the walls, which is now known as [[Silwan]]. ===Old Yishuv=== {{Main article|Old Yishuv|Damascus Eyalet}} From the Middle Ages on, there was small scale individual Jewish migration to the [[Land of Israel]], which increased when persecution grew elsewhere. Jewish population was concentrated in [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]], known in Jewish tradition as the [[Four Holy Cities]]. In the 16th century, Spanish immigration led to Safed becoming a centre for study of the [[Kabbalah]]. [[Joseph Nasi]] was made governor of Tiberias, where he tried to encourage Jewish settlement, particularly from Italy<ref>The Ghetto of Venice by Riccardo Calimani, pg 94, Mondadori 1995</ref>. However economic decline and conflict between the Druze and the Ottomans, led to the community's decline. In 1660, a Druze [[Druze power struggle (1658–1667)#Lebanon and Galilee campaign|revolt]] led to the destruction of the major [[Old Yishuv]] cities of [[1660 destruction of Safed|Safed]] and [[1660 destruction of Tiberias|Tiberias]].<ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149">Barnay, Y. The Jews in [[Ottoman Syria]] in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0572-7}} p. 149</ref><ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149"/><ref name="Joel Rappel 1980 p.531">Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...."</ref> In 1663 [[Sabbatai Zevi]] settled in Jerusalem, and was proclaimed as the Jewish Messiah by [[Nathan of Gaza]]. He acquired a large number of followers before going to Istanbul in 1666, where the Sultan forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the [[Dönmeh]]. In the late 18th century a local Arab ''[[sheikh]]'' [[Zahir al-Umar]] created a ''de facto'' independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 [[Napoleon]] briefly [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|occupied]] the country and [[Napoleon and the Jews#Bonaparte's proclamation to the Jews of Africa and Asia|planned a proclamation]] inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his [[Siege of Acre (1799)|defeat at Acre]].<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, chapter 9</ref> In 1831, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], an Ottoman ruler who left the Empire and tried to modernize Egypt, [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|conquered]] Ottoman Syria and tried to revive and resettle much of its regions. His conscription policies led to a popular [[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt]] in 1834, resulting in major casualties for the local Arab peasants, and massacres of Christian and Jewish communities by the rebels. Following the revolt, Muhammad Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali, expelled nearly 10,000 of the local peasants to Egypt, while bringing loyal Egyptian peasants and discharged soldiers to settle the coastline of Ottoman Syria. Northern [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] was settled by his Sudanese troops. [[File:Kerem Avraham, Jewish workers.jpg|thumb|Jewish workers in [[Kerem Avraham]] neighbourhood of Jerusalem (c. 1850s)]] In 1838 there was another [[1838 Druze revolt|revolt]] by the Druze. In 1839 [[Moses Montefiore]] met with Muhammed Pasha in Egypt and signed an agreement to establish 100-200 Jewish villages in the [[Damascus Eyalet]] of [[Ottoman Syria]],<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, page 194-5</ref> but in 1840 the Egyptians withdrew before the deal was implemented, returning the area to Ottoman governorship. In 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group in Jerusalem and by 1890 an absolute majority in the city, but as a whole the Jewish population made up far less than 10% of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/how_to_respond/establishment.asp?xflag=1 |title=How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |year=2006 |accessdate=4 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |title=The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 |publisher=MidEastWeb.org |year=2005 |accessdate=4 October 2006 |archivedate=14 សីហា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065619/http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1868, the Ottomans banished the [[Bahá'u'lláh]], one of the founders of the Bahá'í Faith, to Acre where he is buried, and the movement subsequently established its global administrative centre in nearby [[Haifa]]. In 1874, Ottoman reforms led to the area of Jerusalem gaining special status as the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=mutasarrifiyya+of+jerusalem&source=bl&ots=zA66DNTub4&sig=UOSm-QBNDuU00g7EfnbobFIiY5Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MfTNT-f1Ds7_8QOV4ejGDA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mutasarrifiyya+of+jerusalem&f=false|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|first=Hasan Afif|last=El-Hasan|date=5 January 2018|publisher=Algora Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref> ===Birth of Zionism=== {{Main article|History of Zionism|Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem}} {{Aliyah}} During the 19th century, Jews in Western Europe were increasingly granted citizenship and [[Jewish emancipation|equality before the law]]; however, in Eastern Europe, they faced growing [[History of zionism#Persecution in Russia (before the revolution)|persecution and legal restrictions]], including widespread [[pogrom]]s in which thousands were murdered, raped or lost their property. Half the world's Jews lived in the Russian Empire, where they were severely persecuted and restricted to living in the [[Pale of Settlement]]. National groups in the Empire, such as the Poles, Lithuanians and Ukrainians were agitating for independence and often regarded the Jews as undesirable aliens. The Jews were usually the only non-Christian minority and spoke a distinct language ([[Yiddish]]). An independent Jewish national movement first began to emerge in the Russian Empire and the millions of Jews who were fleeing the country (mostly to the USA) carried the seeds of this nationalism wherever they went. In 1870, an agricultural school, the [[Mikveh Israel]], was founded near [[Jaffa]] by the [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]], a French Jewish association. In 1878, "Russian" Jewish emigrants established the village of [[Petah Tikva]], followed by [[Rishon LeZion]] in 1882. "Russian" Jews established the [[Bilu]] and [[Hovevei Zion]] ("Love of Zion") movements to assist settlers and these created communities that, unlike the traditional Ashkenazi-Jewish communities, sought to be self-reliant rather than dependent on donations from abroad. Existing Ashkenazi-Jewish communities were concentrated in the [[Four Holy Cities]], extremely poor and lived on donations from Europe. The new migrants avoided these communities and tended to create small agricultural settlements. In Jaffa a vibrant commercial community developed in which Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews inter-mingled. Many early migrants left due to difficulty finding work and the early settlements often remained dependent on foreign donations. Despite the difficulties, more settlements arose and the community continued to grow. The new migration was accompanied by a [[revival of the Hebrew language]] and attracted Jews of all kinds; religious, secular, nationalists and [[Labor Zionism|left-wing socialists]]. Socialists aimed to reclaim the land by becoming peasants or workers and forming [[Kibbutz|collectives]]. In Zionist history, the different waves of Jewish settlement are known as "[[aliyah]]". During the [[First Aliyah]], between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews moved to what is now Israel. The first wave coincided with a wave of Jewish migration and [[Messianism]] among [[Yemenite Jews]] and [[Bukharan Jews]]. By 1890, Jews were a majority in [[Jerusalem]], although the country as a whole was populated mainly by Muslim (settled and nomad Bedouins) and Christian Arabs. In 1896 [[Theodor Herzl]] published ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State''), in which he asserted that the solution to growing [[antisemitism]] in Europe (the so-called "[[Jewish Question]]") was to establish a Jewish state. In 1897, the [[Zionist Organisation]] was founded and the [[First Zionist Congress]] proclaimed its aim "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/7/Herzl+and+Zionism.htm |title=Herzl and Zionism |date=20 July 2004 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> However, Zionism was regarded with suspicion by the Ottoman rulers and was unable to make major progress. Between 1904 and 1914, around 40,000 Jews settled in the area now known as Israel (the [[Second Aliyah]]). In 1908 the Zionist Organisation set up the Palestine Bureau (also known as the "Eretz Israel Office") in Jaffa and began to adopt a systematic Jewish settlement policy. Migrants were mainly from Russia (which then included part of Poland), escaping persecution. The first [[Kibbutz]], [[Degania Alef|Degania]], was founded by nine Russian socialists in 1909. In 1909 residents of Jaffa established the first entirely Hebrew-speaking city, [[Ahuzat Bayit]] (later renamed [[Tel Aviv]]). Hebrew newspapers and books were published, [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium|Hebrew schools]], Jewish political parties and workers organizations were established. ===World War I=== {{Main article|Occupied Enemy Territory Administration|Balfour Declaration}} [[File:OETA Syria.png|thumb|[[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]], 1918]] During [[World War I]], most Jews supported the Germans because they were fighting the Russians who were regarded as the Jews' main enemy.<ref>Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman by [[Jehuda Reinharz]], Oxford 1993, chapters 3 & 4</ref> In Britain, the government sought Jewish support for the war effort for a variety of reasons including an erroneous antisemitic perception of "Jewish power" over the Ottoman Empire's [[Young Turks]] movement,<ref>[[David Fromkin]], [[A Peace to End All Peace]], part VI pp. 253–305</ref> and a desire to secure American Jewish support for US intervention on Britain's behalf. There was already sympathy for the aims of [[Zionism]] in the British government, including the Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]].<ref>''God, Guns and Israel'', Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 14.</ref> In late 1917, the British Army drove the Turks [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Palestine campaign|out of Southern Syria]],<ref>''God, Guns and Israel'', Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 15</ref> and the British foreign minister, [[Lord Balfour]], sent a public letter to [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]], a leading member of his party and leader of the Jewish community. The letter subsequently became known as the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]]. It stated that the British Government "view[ed] with favour the establishment in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] of a national home for the Jewish people". The declaration provided the British government with a pretext for claiming and governing the country.<ref>''A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East'' by James Barr, Simon & Schuster 2011, pages 375-376.</ref> New Middle Eastern boundaries were decided [[Sykes–Picot Agreement|by an agreement]] between British and French bureaucrats. The agreement gave Britain control over what parties would begin to call "Palestine". A [[Jewish Legion]] composed largely of Zionist volunteers organized by [[Jabotinsky]] and [[Trumpeldor]] participated in the British invasion. It also participated in the failed [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. A [[Nili|Zionist spy network]] provided the British with details of Ottoman troops. ==British Mandate of Palestine (1920–1948) == {{Main article|Mandatory Palestine}} ===First years=== {{See also|Jewish Agency for Israel}} The [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate]] (in effect, British rule) of Palestine, including the Balfour Declaration, was confirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1922 and came into effect in 1923. The boundaries of Palestine initially included modern [[Jordan]], which was [[Emirate of Transjordan|removed]] from the territory by [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] a few years later. Britain signed a treaty with the United States (which did not join the League of Nations) in which the United States endorsed the terms of the Mandate. Between 1919 and 1923, another 40,000 Jews arrived in Palestine, mainly escaping the post-[[Russian Revolution|revolutionary]] chaos of Russia ([[Third Aliyah]]), as over 100,000 Jews were massacred in this period in Ukraine and Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/131078|first=Peter|author2=Pipe, Richard|last= Kenez|last3=Pipes|first3=Richard|title=The Prosecution of Soviet History: A Critique of Richard Pipes' The Russian Revolution |journal=Russian Review|volume=50| issue=3|year=1991|pages=345–51|jstor=131078|ref=harv}}</ref> Many of these immigrants became known as "[[wikt:pioneer|pioneers]]" (halutzim), experienced or trained in agriculture and capable of establishing self-sustaining economies. The [[Jezreel Valley]] and the Hefer Plain marshes were drained and converted to agricultural use. Land was bought by the [[Jewish National Fund]], a Zionist charity that collected money abroad for that purpose. A mainly socialist underground Jewish militia, [[Haganah]] ("Defense"), was established to defend outlying Jewish settlements. [[File:Founding of the Hebrew University.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The opening ceremony of The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] visited by [[Arthur Balfour]], 1 April 1925]] The French [[Franco-Syrian War|victory]] over the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] and the Balfour Declaration led to the emergence of [[Palestinian Nationalism]] and Arab rioting in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. In response, the British authorities imposed immigration quotas for Jews. Exceptions were made for Jews with over 1,000 pounds in cash (roughly 100,000 pounds at year 2000 rates) or Jewish professionals with over 500 pounds. The [[Jewish Agency]] issued the British entry permits and distributed funds donated by Jews abroad.<ref>[[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) p. 172</ref> Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 more Jews arrived ([[Fourth Aliyah]]), fleeing antisemitism in Poland and Hungary, and because the United States [[Immigration Act of 1924]] now kept Jews out. The new arrivals included many middle-class families who moved into towns and established small businesses and workshops—although lack of economic opportunities meant that approximately a quarter later left. The first electricity generator was built in Tel Aviv in 1923 under the guidance of [[Pinhas Rutenberg]], a former [[Commissar]] of St Petersburg in Russia's pre-Bolshevik [[Kerensky Government]]. In 1925 the Jewish Agency established the [[Hebrew University]] in Jerusalem and the [[Technion]] (technological university) in Haifa. From 1928, the democratically elected Va'ad Leumi ([[Jewish National Council]] or JNC) became the main institution of the Palestine Jewish community ("[[Yishuv]]") and included non-Zionist Jews. As the Yishuv grew, the JNC adopted more government-type functions, such as education, health care and security. With British permission, the Va'ad raised its own taxes<ref>http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/history/hisi1085.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319063204/http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/history/hisi1085.htm |date=19 មីនា 2015 }} (in Hebrew accessed 22/4/2009) [[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) pp. 48–49</ref> and ran independent services for the Jewish population.<ref>[[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) chapters 5, 8 and 16</ref> From 1929 its leadership was elected by Jews from 26 countries. In 1929 tensions grew over the Kotel ([[Wailing Wall]]), a narrow alleyway where Jews were banned from using chairs or any furniture (many of the worshipers were elderly). The [[Haj Amin al-Husseini|Mufti]] claimed it was Muslim property and that the Jews were seeking control of the Temple Mount. This (and general animosity) led to the August [[1929 Palestine riots]]. The [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron, which came to an end. The riots led to right-wing Zionists establishing their own militia in 1931, the [[Irgun]] Tzvai Leumi (National Military Organization, known in Hebrew by its acronym "Etzel"). Zionist political parties provided private education and health care: the [[General Zionists]], the [[Mizrachi (political party)|Mizrahi]] and the [[Labor Zionism|Socialist Zionists]], each established independent health and education services and operated sports organizations funded by local taxes, donations and fees (the British administration did not invest in public services). During the whole interwar period, the British, appealing to the terms of the Mandate, rejected the principle of majority rule or any other measure that would give the Arab population, who formed the majority of the population, control over Palestinian territory. ===Increase of Jewish immigration=== {{Main article|Fifth Aliyah|Nuremberg Laws}} In 1933, the Jewish Agency and the Nazis negotiated the [[Ha'avara Agreement]] (transfer agreement), under which 50,000 Jews would be transferred to Palestine. The Jews' possessions were confiscated and in return the Nazis allowed the Ha'avara organization to purchase 14 million pounds worth of German goods for export to Palestine (which was used to compensate the immigrants). The Nazis did not normally allow Jews to leave with any money or to take more than two suitcases. The agreement was controversial and the Labour Zionist leader who negotiated the agreement, [[Haim Arlosoroff]], was assassinated in Tel Aviv in 1933. The assassination was a long source of anger between the Zionist left and Zionist right. Arlosoroff had been the boyfriend of [[Magda Goebbels|Magda Ritschel]] some years before she married [[Joseph Goebbels]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/reich-mother-loved-to-death/171407.article|title=Reich mother loved to death|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=6 September 2002|accessdate=5 June 2016|last=Pine|first= Lisa |location=London}}</ref> There has been speculation that he was assassinated by the Nazis to hide the connection, which only emerged recently but there is no evidence for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.fr/Qui-tu%C3%A9-Arlozoroff-Tobie-Nathan/dp/2246751314?ie=UTF8&qid=1279932531&ref_=sr_1_1&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Qui a tué Arlozoroff ?|first=Tobie|last=Nathan|date=12 May 2010|publisher=Grasset|via=Amazon}}</ref> In Palestine, Jewish immigration (and the Ha'avara goods) helped the economy to flourish. A port and oil refineries were built at Haifa and there was a growth of industrialization in the predominantly agricultural Palestinian economy. Between 1929 and 1938, 250,000 Jews arrived in Palestine ([[Fifth Aliyah]]). 174,000 arrived between 1933 and 1936, after which the British increasingly restricted immigration. Migration was mostly from Europe and included professionals, doctors, lawyers and professors from Germany. German architects of the [[Bauhaus]] school made Tel-Aviv the world's only city with purely [[White City (Tel Aviv)|Bauhaus neighbourhoods]] and Palestine had the highest per-capita percentage of doctors in the world. As fascist regimes emerged across Europe, persecution of Jews massively increased, and Jews reverted to being non-citizens deprived of civil and economic rights, subject to arbitrary persecution. Significantly antisemitic governments came to power in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (the government increasingly boycotted Jews and by 1937 had totally excluded all Jews),<ref>Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 By Joseph Marcus, Mouton 1983, pg 366</ref> [[Hungary during World War II|Hungary]], [[Romania in World War II|Romania]] and the Nazi created states of [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], while [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] annexed [[Anschluss|Austria]] and the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czech territories]]. ===Arab revolt and the White Paper=== {{Main article|1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|White Paper of 1939}} [[File:Ghaffis in Nesher 2.jpg|thumb|[[Jewish Settlement Police]] members watching the settlement [[Nesher]] during [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]]]] Jewish immigration and Nazi propaganda contributed to the large-scale [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], a largely nationalist uprising directed at ending British rule. The head of the Jewish Agency, Ben-Gurion, responded to the Arab Revolt with a policy of "[[Havlagah]]"—self-restraint and a refusal to be provoked by Arab attacks in order to prevent polarization. The Etzel group broke off from the Haganah in opposition to this policy. The British responded to the revolt with the [[Peel Commission]] (1936–37), a public inquiry that recommended that an exclusively Jewish territory be created in the [[Galilee]] and western coast (including the [[population transfer]] of 225,000 Arabs); the rest becoming an exclusively Arab area. The two main Jewish leaders, [[Chaim Weizmann]] and [[David Ben-Gurion]], had convinced the [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congress]] to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.<ref>William Roger Louis, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Ends_of_British_Imperialism.html?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&redir_esc=y Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization], 2006, p.391</ref><ref>Benny Morris, One state, two states:resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict, 2009, p. 66</ref><ref>Benny Morris, [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Birth_of_the_Palestinian_Refugee_Pro.html?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&redir_esc=y The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited], p. 48; p. 11 "while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved –by a vote of 299 to 160 – the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation."</ref> The plan was rejected outright by the Palestinian Arab leadership and they renewed the revolt, which caused the British to appease the Arabs, and to abandon the plan as unworkable.<ref>For more information see ''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 Chapter 3</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Birth_of_the_Palestinian_Refugee_Pro.html?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&redir_esc=y The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited], p. 11, "The AHC renewed the revolt. Whitehall ... took vigorous steps to appease the Palestinians."</ref> Testifying before the Peel Commission, Weizmann said "There are in Europe 6,000,000 people ... for whom the world is divided into places where they cannot live and places where they cannot enter." In 1938, the US called an [[Évian Conference|international conference]] to address the question of the vast numbers of Jews trying to escape Europe. Britain made its attendance contingent on Palestine being kept out of the discussion. No Jewish representatives were invited. The Nazis proposed their own solution: that the Jews of Europe be shipped to Madagascar (the [[Madagascar Plan]]). With millions of Jews trying to leave Europe and every country in the world closed to Jewish migration, the British decided to close Palestine. The [[White Paper of 1939]], recommended that an independent Palestine, governed jointly by Arabs and Jews, be established within 10 years. The White Paper agreed to allow 75,000 Jewish immigrants into Palestine over the period 1940–44, after which migration would require Arab approval. Both the Arab and Jewish leadership rejected the White Paper. In March 1940 the British High Commissioner for Palestine issued an edict banning Jews from purchasing land in 95% of Palestine. Jews now resorted to illegal immigration: ([[Aliyah Bet]] or "Ha'apalah"), often organized by the [[Mossad Le'aliyah Bet]] and the Irgun. Very few Jews managed to escape Europe between 1939 and 1945. Those caught by the British were mostly [[History of the Jews in Mauritius|sent to Mauritius]]. ===World War II and the Holocaust=== {{Further information|Aliyah Bet|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust|Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II}} [[File:JB HQ.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jewish Brigade]] headquarters under both [[Union Flag]] and [[Flag of Israel|Jewish flag]]]] During the [[Second World War]], the Jewish Agency worked to establish a Jewish army that would fight alongside the British forces. Churchill supported the plan but British Military and government opposition led to its rejection. The British demanded that the number of Jewish recruits match the number of Arab recruits,<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 p. 103</ref> but few Arabs would fight for Britain, and the Palestinian leader, the [[Haj Amin al-Husseini|Mufti of Jerusalem]], joined the Nazis in Europe. In May 1941, the [[Palmach]] was established to defend the [[Yishuv]] against the planned [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion through [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. The British refusal to provide arms to the Jews, even when Rommel's forces were [[200 days of dread|advancing through Egypt]] in June 1942 (intent on occupying Palestine) and the 1939 White Paper, led to the emergence of a Zionist leadership in Palestine that believed conflict with Britain was inevitable.<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 pp. 122–130</ref> Despite this, the Jewish Agency called on Palestine's Jewish youth to volunteer for the British Army (both men and women). 30,000 Palestinian Jews<ref>{{cite book |last=Niewyk |first=Donald L. |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247&dq=30,000+Palestinian+Jews+enlisted+in+the+British+army#v=onepage&q=30%2C000%20Palestinian%20Jews%20enlisted%20in%20the%20British%20army&f=false |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |page=247 |isbn=0231112009}}</ref> and 6,000 Palestinian Arabs<ref>{{cite book |last=Heynen |first=Jacques |title=Murders Without Assassins |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oKJpbFCAsPoC&pg=PA25&dq=6,000+Palestinian+Arabs+enlisted+in+the+British+armed+forces+during+World+War+II#v=onepage&q=6%2C000%20Palestinian%20Arabs%20enlisted%20in%20the%20British%20armed%20forces%20during%20World%20War%20II&f=false |publisher=Lulu |year=2008 |page=25 |isbn=9781409231141}}</ref> enlisted in the British armed forces during the war. In June 1944 the British agreed to create a [[Jewish Brigade]] that would fight in Italy. Approximately 1.5 million Jews around the world served in every branch of the allied armies, mainly in the Soviet and US armies. 200,000 Jews died serving in the Soviet army alone.<ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers "Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330015742/http://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers |date=30 មីនា 2017 }}. [[Yad Vashem]].</ref> Many of these war veterans later volunteered to fight for Israel or were active in its support. A small group (about 200 activists), dedicated to resisting the British administration in Palestine, broke away from the Etzel (which advocated support for Britain during the war) and formed the "Lehi" ([[Stern Gang]]), led by [[Avraham Stern]]. In 1943, the [[USSR]] released the Revisionist Zionist leader [[Menachem Begin]] from the [[Gulag]] and he went to Palestine, taking command of the Etzel organization with a policy of increased conflict against the British. At about the same time [[Yitzhak Shamir]] escaped from the [[Irgun and Lehi internment in Africa|camp in Eritrea]] where the British were holding Lehi activists without trial, taking command of the Lehi (Stern Gang). Jews in the Middle East were also affected by the war. Most of North Africa came under Nazi control and many Jews were used as slaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007312|title=Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance|website=www.ushmm.org}}</ref> The 1941 [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|pro-Axis coup in Iraq]] was accompanied by [[Farhud|massacres]] of Jews. The Jewish Agency put together plans for a last stand in the event of Rommel invading Palestine (the Nazis planned to exterminate Palestine's Jews).<ref>''Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine'' by Mallman and Cuppers, 2010</ref> Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazis, [[Responsibility for the Holocaust|aided by local forces]], led systematic efforts to kill every person of Jewish extraction in Europe (The [[Holocaust]]), causing the deaths of approximately 6 million Jews. A quarter of those killed were children. The Polish and German Jewish communities, which played an important role in defining the pre-1945 Jewish world, mostly ceased to exist. In the United States and Palestine, Jews of European origin became disconnected from their families and roots. [[Sephardi Jews|Sepharadi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]], who had been a minority, became a much more significant factor in the Jewish world. Those Jews who survived in central Europe, were [[Displaced persons camp|displaced persons]] (refugees); an [[Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]], established to examine the Palestine issue, surveyed their ambitions and found that over 95% wanted to migrate to Palestine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1946/02/03/2743526/unrra-polls-displaced-jews-on-emigration-plans-first-vote-shows-palestine-is-favored |title=Unrra Polls Displaced Jews on Emigration Plans; First Vote Shows Palestine is Favored |publisher=JTA |date=1946-02-03 |accessdate=2012-12-04 |archive-date=31 ធ្នូ 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231030026/https://www.jta.org/archive/unrra-polls-displaced-jews-on-emigration-plans-first-vote-shows-palestine-is-favored |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/shapira_survivors.asp |title=Survivors of the Holocaust - Educational Materials - Education & E-Learning |publisher=Yad Vashem |date= |accessdate=2012-12-04}}</ref><ref>Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany by Anna Holian Michigan 2011 pp 181-2</ref> In the Zionist movement the moderate Pro-British (and British citizen) Weizmann, whose son died flying in the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], was undermined by Britain's anti-Zionist policies.<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 pp. 125–135</ref> Leadership of the movement passed to the Jewish Agency in Palestine, now led by the anti-British Socialist-Zionist party ([[Mapai]]) and led by [[David Ben-Gurion]]. In the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]], US Jews now dominated the Zionist movement. ===Illegal Jewish immigration and insurgency=== {{Main article|Bricha|Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine}} {{See also|Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46}} The [[British Empire]] was severely weakened by the war. In the Middle East, the war had made Britain conscious of its dependence on Arab oil. British firms controlled Iraqi oil and Britain ruled Kuwait, Bahrain and the Emirates. Shortly after [[VE Day]], the Labour Party won the general election in Britain. Although Labour Party conferences had for years called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour government now decided to maintain the 1939 White Paper policies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sofer |first=Sasson |title=Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |page=41 |isbn=9780521038270}}</ref> [[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|[[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] survivors arrive in [[Haifa]] to be arrested by the British, 15 July 1945]] Illegal migration ([[Aliyah Bet]]) became the main form of Jewish entry into Palestine. Across Europe [[Bricha]] ("flight"), an organization of former [[Jewish partisans|partisans]] and [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|ghetto fighters]], smuggled Holocaust survivors from Eastern Europe to Mediterranean ports, where small boats tried to breach the British blockade of Palestine. Meanwhile, Jews from Arab countries began moving into Palestine overland. Despite British efforts to curb immigration, during the 14 years of the Aliyah Bet, over 110,000 Jews entered Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |title=The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 |publisher=MidEastWeb |access-date=20 មីនា 2018 |archivedate=14 សីហា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065619/http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an effort to win independence, Zionists now waged a [[British–Zionist conflict|guerrilla war]] against the British. The main underground Jewish militia, the Haganah, formed an alliance called the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]] with the Etzel and Stern Gang to fight the British. In June 1946, following instances of Jewish [[Night of the Bridges|sabotage]], the British launched [[Operation Agatha]], arresting 2700 Jews, including the leadership of the Jewish Agency, whose headquarters were raided. Those arrested were held without trial. In [[History of the Jews in Poland#Postwar|Poland]], the [[Kielce Pogrom]] (July 1946) led to a wave of Holocaust survivors fleeing Europe for Palestine. Between 1945 and 1948, 100,000–120,000 Jews left Poland. Their departure was largely organized by Zionist activists in Poland under the umbrella of the semi-clandestine organization ''[[Berihah]]'' ("Flight").<ref name="YV-archive3">{{cite web |url=http://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |title=Cracow, Poland, Postwar, Yosef Hillpshtein and his friends of the Bericha movement |publisher=Yad Vashem |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> ''Berihah'' was also responsible for the organized emigration of Jews from [[History of the Jews in Romania#Post-War|Romania]], Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, totalling 250,000 (including Poland) Holocaust survivors. The British imprisoned the Jews trying to enter Palestine in the [[Atlit detainee camp]] and [[Cyprus internment camps]]. Those held were mainly Holocaust survivors, including large numbers of children and orphans. In response to Cypriot fears that the Jews would never leave (since they lacked a state or documentation) and because the 75,000 quota established by the 1939 White Paper had never been filled, the British allowed the refugees to enter Palestine at a rate of 750 per month. The unified Jewish resistance movement broke up in July 1946, after Etzel [[King David Hotel bombing|bombed the British Military Headquarters]] in the King David Hotel killing 91 people. In the days following the bombing, Tel Aviv was placed under curfew and over 120,000 Jews, nearly 20% of the Jewish population of Palestine, were questioned by the police. In the US, Congress criticized British handling of the situation and delayed loans that were vital to British post-war recovery. By 1947 the Labour Government was ready to refer the Palestine problem to the newly created United Nations. ===United Nations Partition Plan=== {{Main article|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}} [[File:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright|[[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], 1947]] On 2 April 1947, the United Kingdom requested that the question of Palestine be handled by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations|General Assembly]].<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument UNITED NATIONS: General Assembly: A/364 3 September 1947: Chapter I: The Origin and Activities of UNSCOP: A. Creation of the Special Committee: Its Terms of Reference and Composition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> The General Assembly created a committee, [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP), to report on "the question of Palestine".<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 A/RES/106 (S-1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072438/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 |date=6 August 2012 }} of 15 May 1947 General Assembly Resolution 106 Constituting the UNSCOP: Retrieved 30 May 2012</ref> In July 1947 the UNSCOP visited Palestine and met with Jewish and Zionist delegations. The [[Arab Higher Committee]] boycotted the meetings. During the visit the British Foreign Secretary [[Ernest Bevin]] ordered an illegal immigrant ship, the ''[[Exodus 1947]]'', to be sent back to Europe. The migrants on the ship were forcibly removed by British troops at Hamburg. The principal non-Zionist Orthodox Jewish (or [[Haredi]]) party, [[Agudat Israel]], recommended to UNSCOP that a Jewish state be set up after reaching a religious [[Status quo (Israel)|status quo agreement]] with Ben-Gurion regarding the future Jewish state. The agreement would grant exemption to a quota of [[yeshiva]] (religious seminary) students and to all orthodox women from military service, would make the Sabbath the national weekend, promised [[Kosher]] food in government institutions and would allow them to maintain a separate education system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/781353175640107.doc |script-title=he:מכתב הסטטוס קוו |date=19 June 1947 |language=Hebrew |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The majority report of UNSCOP proposed<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument United Nations: General Assembly: A/364: 3 September 1947: Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly: Supplement No. 11: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly Volume 1: Lake Success, New York 1947: Retrieved 30 May 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem", the last to be under "an International Trusteeship System".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6 |publisher=United Nations |date=20 April 1949 |accessdate=31 July 2007 |title=Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47) |postscript=. |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103014616/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6 |archivedate=3 January 2011 |df= }}</ref> On 29 November 1947, in [[Resolution 181]] (II), the General Assembly adopted the majority report of UNSCOP, but with slight modifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |title=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |year=1947 |accessdate=30 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Plan also called for the British to allow "substantial" Jewish migration by 1 February 1948.<ref>Part I paragraph 2 UN resolution 181(II), {{cite web|url=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906162506/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |archivedate=6 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Neither Britain nor the UN Security Council took any action to implement the resolution and Britain continued detaining Jews attempting to enter Palestine. Concerned that partition would severely damage Anglo-Arab relations, Britain denied UN representatives access to Palestine during the period between the adoption of Resolution 181 (II) and the termination of the British Mandate.<ref>[[Trygve Lie]], In the Cause of Peace, Seven Years with the United Nations (New York: MacMillan 1954) p. 163</ref> The British withdrawal was finally completed in May 1948. However, Britain continued to hold Jews of "fighting age" and their families on Cyprus until March 1949.<ref>Morris Laub, ''Last barrier to freedom: internment of Jewish holocaust survivors on Cyprus 1946–1949'', Berkeley 1985</ref> ===Civil War=== {{Main article|1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine}} [[File:Jerusalem convoy.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Supply convoy on its way to [[Battle for Jerusalem (1948)|besieged]] [[Jerusalem]], April 1948]] The General Assembly's vote caused joy in the Jewish community and discontent among the Arab community. Violence broke out between the sides, escalating into [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]. From January 1948, operations became increasingly militarized, with the intervention of a number of [[Arab Liberation Army]] regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in [[Galilee]] and [[Samaria]].<ref name="Yoav Gelber 2006 pp.51-56">[[#gelber|Yoav Gelber (2006)]], pp. 51–56</ref> [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]] came from Egypt with several hundred men of the [[Army of the Holy War]]. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, he organized the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem.<ref name="Larry Collins 1971 p.7">[[#lapierre collins|Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)]], chap. 7, pp. 131–153</ref> The [[Yishuv]] tried to supply the city using convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but largely failed. By March, almost all [[Haganah]]'s armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed.<ref name="Benny Morris 2003 p.163">[[#morris birth|Benny Morris (2003)]], p. 163</ref> Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.<ref name="Benny Morris 2003 p.67">[[#morris birth|Benny Morris (2003)]], p. 67</ref> This situation caused the US to withdraw their support for the Partition plan, thus encouraging the [[Arab League]] to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan for partition. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948 to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref name="Henry Laurens 2005 p.83">[[#laurens|Henry Laurens (2005)]], p. 83</ref> [[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948.jpg|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaiming the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] reorganized Haganah and made conscription obligatory. Every Jewish man and woman in the country had to receive military training. Thanks to funds raised by [[Golda Meir]] from sympathisers in the United States, and Stalin's decision to support the [[Zionism|Zionist]] cause, the Jewish representatives of Palestine were able to purchase important arms in Eastern Europe. Ben-Gurion gave [[Yigael Yadin]] the responsibility to plan for the announced intervention of the Arab states. The result of his analysis was [[Plan Dalet]], in which Haganah passed from the defensive to the offensive. The plan sought to establish Jewish territorial continuity by conquering mixed zones. [[Tiberias]], [[Haifa]], [[Safed]], [[Beisan]], [[Jaffa]] and Acre fell, resulting in the flight of more than 250,000 Palestinian Arabs.<ref>[[#laurens|Henry Laurens (2005)]], pp. 85–86</ref> The situation pushed the leaders of the neighbouring Arab states to intervene. On 14 May 1948, on the day the last British forces left from Haifa, the [[Jewish People's Council]] gathered at the [[Tel Aviv Museum]] and proclaimed [[Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel|the establishment]] of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]], to be known as the [[State of Israel]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 2 June 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |date=21 March 2012 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==State of Israel (1948–present)== ===War of Independence=== {{Main article|1948 Arab–Israeli War}} [[File:Raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (Eilat).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Avraham Adan]] raising the [[Ink Flag]] marking the end of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]]] Immediately following the declaration of the new state, both [[superpower]] leaders, US President [[Harry S. Truman]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], recognized the new state. The [[Arab League]] members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what had, until the previous day, been the British Mandate for Palestine, starting the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|first Arab–Israeli War]]. The Arab states had heavy military equipment at their disposal and were initially on the offensive (the Jewish forces were not a state before 15 May and could not buy heavy arms). On 29 May 1948, the British initiated [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 50]] declaring an arms embargo on the region. [[Czechoslovakia]] [[Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949|violated the resolution]], supplying the Jewish state with critical military hardware to match the (mainly British) heavy equipment and planes already owned by the invading Arab states. On 11 June, a month-long UN truce was put into effect. Following independence, the [[Haganah]] became the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). The [[Palmach]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] were required to cease independent operations and join the IDF. During the ceasefire, Etzel attempted to bring in a private arms shipment aboard a ship called "[[Altalena]]". When they refused to hand the arms to the government, Ben-Gurion ordered that the ship be sunk. Several Etzel members were killed in the fighting. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants, many of them World War II veterans and Holocaust survivors, now began arriving in the new state of Israel, and many joined the IDF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hagana.co.il/show_item.asp?levelId=59798&itemId=47310&itemType=3 |publisher=hagana.co.il |script-title=he:גיוס חוץ לארץ |accessdate=2007-12-11 |language=Hebrew |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231104437/http://www.hagana.co.il/show_item.asp?levelId=59798&itemId=47310&itemType=3 |archivedate=31 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After an initial loss of territory by the Jewish state and its occupation by the Arab armies, from July the tide gradually turned in the Israelis' favour and they pushed the Arab armies out and conquered some of the territory that had been included in the proposed Arab state. At the end of November, tenuous local ceasefires were arranged between the Israelis, Syrians and Lebanese. On 1 December [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah]] announced the union of Transjordan with Arab Palestine west of the Jordan; only Britain recognized the annexation. ===Armistice Agreements=== {{Main article|1949 Armistice Agreements}} [[File:Cia-is-map2.png|thumb|upright|[[Green Line (Israel)|1949 Green Line]]]] Israel signed [[1949 Armistice Agreements|armistices]] with Egypt (24 February), Lebanon (23 March), Jordan (3 April) and Syria (20 July). No actual peace agreements were signed. With [[1949 Armistice Agreements|permanent ceasefire]] coming into effect, Israel's new borders, later known as the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], were established. These borders were not recognized by the Arab states as international boundaries.<ref>Green Line: the name given to the 1949 Armistice lines that constituted the de facto borders of pre-1967 Israel &mdash; [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html "Glossary: Israel"], ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''</ref> The IDF had overrun [[Galilee]], [[Jezreel Valley]], [[West Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli coastal plain|coastal plain]] and the [[Negev]]. The Syrians remained in control of a strip of territory along the Sea of Galilee originally allocated to the Jewish state, the Lebanese occupied a tiny area at [[Rosh HaNikra, Israel|Rosh Hanikra]], and the Egyptians retained the Gaza strip and still had some forces surrounded inside Israeli territory. Jordanian forces remained in [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank| the West Bank]], where the British had stationed them before the war. Jordan annexed the areas it occupied while Egypt kept [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Gaza as an occupied zone]]. Following the ceasefire declaration, Britain released over 2,000 Jewish detainees it was still holding in Cyprus and recognized the state of Israel. On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_un_mem_dat-government-un-membership-date|title=Countries Compared by Government > UN membership date. International Statistics at NationMaster.com|website=www.nationmaster.com}}</ref> Out of an Israeli population of 650,000, some 6,000 men and women were killed in the fighting, including 4,000 soldiers in the IDF. According to United Nations figures, 726,000 Palestinians [[1948 Palestinian exodus|had fled or were evicted]] by the Israelis between 1947 and 1949.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|2004|pp=604}}</ref> Except in Jordan, the Palestinian refugees were settled in large refugee camps in poor, overcrowded conditions. In December 1949, the UN (in response to a British proposal) established an agency ([[UNRWA]]) to provide aid to the Palestinian refugees. It became the largest single UN agency and is the only UN agency that serves a single people. ===1948–1955: Ben-Gurion I; Sharett=== {{Further information|Austerity in Israel|Lavon Affair|Reprisal operations}} {{See also2|[[Provisional government of Israel|Provisional]]|[[First government of Israel|First]]|[[Second government of Israel|Second]]|[[Third government of Israel|Third]]|[[Fourth government of Israel|Fourth]]|[[Fifth government of Israel|Fifth]]|[[Sixth government of Israel|Sixth]] governments of Israel}} A 120-seat parliament, the [[Knesset]], met first in [[Tel Aviv]] then moved to [[Jerusalem]] after the 1949 ceasefire. In January 1949, Israel held its [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first elections]]. The Socialist-Zionist parties [[Mapai]] and [[Mapam]] won the most seats (46 and 19 respectively). Mapai's leader, [[David Ben-Gurion]], was appointed [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], he formed a coalition which did not include Mapam who were [[Stalinist]] and loyal to the USSR (another Stalinist party, non-Zionist [[Maki (historical political party)|Maki]] won 4 seats). The Knesset elected [[Chaim Weizmann]] as the first (largely ceremonial) [[President of Israel]]. [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] were made the official languages of the new state. All governments have been [[coalitions]]—no party has ever won a majority in the Knesset. From 1948 until 1977 all governments were led by [[Mapai]] and the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]], predecessors of the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour Party]]. In those years [[Labor Zionism|Labour Zionists]], initially led by [[David Ben-Gurion]], dominated Israeli politics and the economy was run on primarily [[Socialism|socialist lines]]. Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society.<ref>''Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and its Repercussions in the 1950s and After'' Dvora Hacohen, Syracuse University Press, 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=7 August 2007 |year=2006 |title=Population, by Religion and Population Group |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033403/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |df= }}</ref> Overall, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel during this period.<ref>Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', chap.VI.</ref> Some 300,000 arrived from Asian and North African nations as part of the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]].<ref name=sachar_pp395-403>Sachar, pp. 395–403.</ref> Among them, the largest group (over 100,000) was from Iraq. The rest of the immigrants were from Europe, including more than 270,000 who came from Eastern Europe,<ref>Tom Segev, ''1949. The First Israelis'', Owl Books, 1986, p.96.</ref> mainly Romania and Poland (over 100,000 each). Nearly all the Jewish immigrants could be described as [[refugee]]s, however only 136,000 who immigrated to Israel from Central Europe, had international certification because they belonged to the 250,000 Jews registered by the allies as displaced after World War II and living in [[Displaced persons camp]]s in Germany, Austria and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005462 |title=Displaced Persons |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In 1950 the Knesset passed the [[Law of Return]], which granted to all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry, and their spouses, the right to settle in Israel and gain citizenship. That year, 50,000 Yemenite Jews (99%) were [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|secretly flown]] to Israel. In 1951 Iraqi Jews were granted temporary permission to leave the country and 120,000 (over 90%) opted [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah|to move to Israel]]. Jews also fled from Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. By the late sixties, about 500,000 Jews had left Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Over the course of twenty years, some 850,000 Jews from Arab countries (99%) relocated to Israel (680,000), France and the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/ |title=VI- The Arab Refugees – Introduction |access-date=20 មីនា 2018 |archivedate=22 សីហា 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822135916/http://mfa.gov.il/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews |first=Warren |last=Hoge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/americas/04iht-nations.4.8182206.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 November 2007 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> The land and property left behind by the Jews (much of it in Arab city centres) is still a matter of some dispute. Today there are about 9,000 Jews living in Arab states, of whom 75% live in Morocco and 15% in Tunisia. [[File:Menachem Begin při projevu na demonstraci proti německým reparacím v Tel Avivu v únoru 1952.jpg|thumb|left|[[Menachem Begin]] addressing a mass demonstration in Tel Aviv against [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|negotiations with Germany]] in 1952]] Between 1948 and 1958, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the [[Austerity in Israel|Austerity Period]] (''Tkufat haTsena''). Immigrants were mostly refugees with no money or possessions and many were housed in temporary camps known as [[ma'abarot]]. By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in tents or prefabricated shacks built by the government. Israel received financial aid from private donations from [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee|outside the country]] (mainly the United States).<ref>''Mishtar HaTsena'' (in Hebrew), Dr Avigail Cohen & Haya Oren, Tel Aviv 1995</ref> The pressure on the new state's finances led Ben-Gurion to sign a [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations agreement]] with [[West Germany]]. During the Knesset debate some 5,000 demonstrators gathered and riot police had to cordon the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-3306796,00.html |script-title=he:היום שבו נכבשה הכנסת (כמעט) |language=Hebrew |publisher=[[Ynet]] |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Israel received several billion marks and in return agreed to open diplomatic relations with Germany. At the end of 1953, Ben-Gurion retired to [[Kibbutz]] [[Sde Boker]] in the [[Negev]]. In 1949, education was made free and compulsory for all citizens until the age of 14. The state now funded the party-affiliated Zionist education system and a new body created by the Haredi [[Agudat Israel]] party. A separate body was created to provide education for the remaining Palestinian-Arab population. The major political parties now competed for immigrants to join their education systems. The government banned the existing educational bodies from the transit camps and tried to mandate a unitary secular socialist education<ref>The melting pot in Israel: the commission of inquiry concerning education in the early years of the state by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002 chapter 7</ref> under the control of "camp managers" who also had to provide work, food and housing for the immigrants. There were attempts to force orthodox Yemenite children to adopt a secular life style by teachers, including many instances of Yemenite children having their [[Payot|side-curls]] cut by teachers. This led to the first Israeli public inquiry (the Fromkin Inquiry),<ref>For more information see ''The melting pot in Israel'' by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002</ref> the collapse of the coalition, and an [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|election]] in 1951, with little change in the results. In 1953 the party-affiliated education system was scrapped and replaced by a secular state education system and a state-run Modern Orthodox system. Agudat Israel were allowed to maintain their existing school system. In its early years Israel sought to maintain a non-aligned position between the super-powers. However, in 1952, an antisemitic public trial was staged in Moscow in which a group of Jewish doctors were accused of trying to poison Stalin (the [[Doctors' plot]]), followed by a similar trial in Czechoslovakia ([[Slánský trial]]). This, and the failure of Israel to be included in the [[Bandung Conference]] (of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned states]]), effectively ended Israel's pursuit of non-alignment. On 19 May 1950, Egypt announced that the [[Suez Canal]] was closed to Israeli ships and commerce. In 1952 a [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|military coup]] in Egypt brought [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Abdel Nasser]] to power. The United States pursued close relations with the new Arab states, particularly the Nasser-led Egyptian [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] and [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia]]. Israel's solution to diplomatic isolation was to establish good relations with newly independent states in [[Africa]]<ref>"Israel's Military Aid to Africa, 1960–66", Abel Jacob in ''The Journal of Modern African Studies'', vol. 9, no. 2 (August 1971), pp. 165–187</ref> and with France, which was engaged in the [[Algerian War]]. In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|January 1955 elections]] Mapai won 40 seats and the Labour Party 10, [[Moshe Sharett]] became prime minister of Israel at the head of a left-wing coalition. Between 1953 and 1956, there were intermittent clashes along all of Israel's borders as Arab [[List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967|terrorism]] and breaches of the ceasefire resulted in Israeli [[Retribution operations|counter-raids]]. [[Palestinian fedayeen]] attacks, often organized and sponsored by the Egyptians, were made from [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|(Egyptian occupied) Gaza]]. Fedayeen attacks led to a growing cycle of violence as Israel launched [[Unit 101|reprisal attacks]] against Gaza.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (eds.). ''The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History''. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 229. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-842-2}}</ref> In 1954 the [[Uzi]] submachine gun first entered use by the Israel Defense Forces. In 1955 the Egyptian government began recruiting former Nazi rocket scientists for a missile program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/egypt_missile.pdf?_=1316466791 |title=Egypt Missile Chronology |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Nasser and the Missile Age in the Middle East'' (Contemporary Security Studies) by Owen Sirrs, Routledge 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-37003-5}}. The Germans involved had worked on the [[V-1 (flying bomb)|V-1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] programs.</ref> Archaeologist and General [[Yigael Yadin]] purchased the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] on behalf of the State of Israel. The entire first batch to be discovered were now owned by Israel and housed in the [[Shrine of the Book]] at the [[Israel Museum]]. Sharett's government was brought down by the [[Lavon Affair]], a crude plan to disrupt US–Egyptian relations, involving Israeli agents planting bombs at American sites in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/lavon_eng.htm |title=Lavon Affair |work=Lexicon of Terms |publisher=Knesset |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The plan failed when eleven agents were arrested. Defense Minister [[Pinhas Lavon|Lavon]] was blamed despite his denial of responsibility. The Lavon affair led to Sharett's resignation and Ben-Gurion returned to the post of prime minister. ===1955–1963: Ben-Gurion II=== {{Further information|Suez Crisis}} {{See also2|[[Seventh government of Israel|Seventh]]|[[Eighth government of Israel|Eighth]]|[[Ninth government of Israel|Ninth]]|[[Tenth government of Israel|Tenth]] governments of Israel}} In 1956, the increasingly pro-Soviet President Nasser of Egypt, announced the nationalization of the (French and British owned) [[Suez Canal]], which was Egypt's main source of foreign currency. Egypt also blockaded the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] preventing Israeli access to the [[Red Sea]]. Israel made a [[Protocol of Sèvres|secret agreement]] with the French at Sèvres to co-ordinate military operations against Egypt. Britain and France had already begun secret preparations for military action. It has been alleged that the French also agreed to build a [[Negev Nuclear Research Center|nuclear plant]] for the Israelis and that by 1968 this was able to produce [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|nuclear weapons]]. Britain and France arranged for Israel to give them a pretext for seizing the Suez Canal. Israel was to attack Egypt, and Britain and France would then call on both sides to withdraw. When, as expected, the Egyptians refused, Anglo-French forces would invade to take control of the Canal. [[File:Israeli troops in sinai war.jpg|thumb|Israeli paratroopers dig in near the [[Mitla Pass]], 31 October 1956]] Israeli forces, commanded by General [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Operation Kadesh|attacked]] Egypt on 29 October 1956. On 30 October Britain and France made their pre-arranged call for both sides to stop fighting and withdraw from the Canal area, and for them to be allowed to take up positions at key points on the Canal. Egypt refused and the allies commenced air strikes on 31 October aimed at neutralizing the Egyptian air force. By 5 November the Israelis had overrun the [[Sinai]]. The Anglo-French invasion began that day. There was uproar in the UN, with the United States and USSR for once in agreement in denouncing the actions of Israel, Britain and France. A demand for a ceasefire was reluctantly accepted on 7 November. At Egypt's request, the UN sent an [[United Nations Emergency Force|Emergency Force]] (UNEF), consisting of 6,000 peacekeeping troops from 10 nations to supervise the ceasefire. This was the first ever UN peacekeeping operation. From 15 November the UN troops marked out a zone across the Sinai to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces. Upon receiving US guarantees of Israeli access to the Suez Canal, freedom of access out of the Gulf of Aqaba and Egyptian action to stop Palestinian raids from Gaza, the Israelis withdrew to the Negev.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unef1backgr2.html#three |title=First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) - Background |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In practice the Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping. The conflict marked the end of West-European dominance in the Middle East. Nasser emerged as the victor in the conflict, having won the political battle, however the Israeli military learnt that it did not need British or French support in order to conquer Sinai and that it could conquer the Sinai peninsula in a few days. The Israeli political leadership learnt that Israel had a limited time frame within which to operate militarily after which international political pressure would restrict Israel's freedom of action. In 1956, two [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|modern-orthodox]] (and [[Religious Zionism|religious-zionist]]) parties, [[Mizrachi (political party)|Mizrachi]] and [[Hapoel HaMizrachi]], joined to form the [[National Religious Party]]. The party was a component of every Israeli coalition until 1992, usually running the Ministry of Education. Mapai was once again victorious in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|1959 elections]], increasing its number of seats to 47, Labour had 7. Ben-Gurion remained Prime Minister. In 1959, there were renewed skirmishes along Israel's borders that continued throughout the early 1960s. The Arab League continued to maintain an [[Arab League boycott of Israel|economic boycott]] and there was a dispute over water rights in the River Jordan basin. With Soviet backing, the Arab states, particularly Egypt, were continuing to build up their forces. Israel's main military [[France–Israel relations|hardware supplier was France]]. [[File:1961-04-13 Tale Of Century - Eichmann Tried For War Crimes.ogv|thumb|US newsreel on the trial of [[Adolf Eichmann]]]] [[Rudolph Kastner]], a minor political functionary, was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and sued his accuser. Kastner lost the trial and was assassinated two years later. In 1958 the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]] exonerated him. In May 1960 [[Adolf Eichmann]], one of the chief administrators of the Nazi Holocaust, was located in Argentina by the [[Mossad]], which later kidnapped him to Israel. In 1961 he was put on trial, and after several months found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hanged in 1962 and is the only person ever sentenced to death by an Israeli court. Testimonies by Holocaust survivors at the trial and the extensive publicity that surrounded it has led the trial to be considered a turning point in public awareness of the Holocaust.<ref>"The Eichmann Trial and American Jewry: A Reassessment", Françoise S. Ouzan in ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 19:1–2 (Spring 2007), see also [[Hannah Arendt]], ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem]]'' (published 1963)</ref> In 1961 a [[Herut]] no-confidence motion over the Lavon affair led to Ben-Gurion's resignation. Ben-Gurion declared that he would only accept office if Lavon was fired from the position of the head of [[Histadrut]], Israel's labour union organization. His demands were accepted and Mapai won the [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|1961 election]] (42 seats keeping Ben-Gurion as PM) with a slight reduction in its share of the seats. Menachem Begin's Herut party and the [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberals]] came next with 17 seats each. In 1962 the [[Mossad]] began assassinating German rocket scientists working in Egypt after one of them reported the missile program was designed to carry chemical warheads. This action was condemned by Ben-Gurion and led to the Mossad director, [[Isser Harel]], resignation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Isser Harel |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1422449/Isser-Harel.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 February 2003 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> In 1963 Ben-Gurion quit again over the Lavon scandal. His attempts to make his party [[Mapai]] support him over the issue failed. [[Levi Eshkol]] became leader of Mapai and the new prime minister. ===1963–1969: Eshkol=== {{Further information|Six-Day War}} {{See also2|[[Eleventh government of Israel|Eleventh]]|[[Twelfth government of Israel|Twelfth]]|[[Thirteenth government of Israel|Thirteenth]] governments of Israel}} In 1963 [[Yigael Yadin]] began excavating [[Masada]]. In 1964, Egypt, Jordan and Syria developed a unified military command. Israel completed work on a [[National Water Carrier of Israel|national water carrier]], a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's allocation of the [[Jordan river]]'s waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of mass Jewish settlement of the [[Negev]] desert. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the Jordan, leading to growing [[War over Water (Jordan river)|conflict]] between Israel and Syria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods3.html |title=The Disaster of 1967 |accessdate=12 January 2013 |archivedate=19 កុម្ភៈ 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219000135/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1964, Israeli Rabbinical authorities accepted that the [[Bene Israel]] of India were indeed Jewish and most of the remaining [[Indian Jews]] migrated to Israel. The 2,000-strong Jewish community of [[Cochin Jews|Cochin]] had already migrated in 1954. Ben-Gurion quit Mapai to form the new party [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]], he was joined by [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Moshe Dayan]]. Begin's [[Herut]] party joined with the Liberals to form [[Gahal]]. Mapai and Labour united for the [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965 elections]], winning 45 seats and maintaining [[Levi Eshkol]] as Prime Minister. Ben-Gurion's Rafi party received 10 seats, Gahal got 26 seats becoming the second largest party. Until 1966, Israel's principal arms supplier was [[France]], however in 1966, following the withdrawal from [[Algeria]], [[Politics of grandeur|Charles de Gaulle]] announced France would cease supplying Israel with arms (and refused to refund money paid for 50 warplanes).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hnn.us/articles/751.html |title=When Did the U.S. and Israel Become Allies? (Hint: Trick Question) |last=Cristol |first=Jay |date=9 July 2002 |work=History News Network |publisher=George Mason University |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> On 5 February 1966, the United States announced that it was taking over the former French and West German obligations, to maintain military "stabilization" in the Middle East. Included in the military hardware would be over 200 [[M48 Patton|M48 tanks]]. In May of that year the US also agreed to provide [[A-4 Skyhawk]] tactical aircraft to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/tanks/magach/Patton_Tanks_in_Israeli_Service.htm|title=Patton Tanks in Israeli Service|website=www.israeli-weapons.com|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=9 សីហា 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809154251/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/tanks/magach/Patton_Tanks_in_Israeli_Service.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herring |first=George C. |title=The American Century and Beyond: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1893-2014 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=E9VKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA447&lpg=PA447&dq=He+preferred+that+arms+be+provided+through+third+parties+like+West+Germany+than+directly+from+the+United+States.+But+he+was+usually+there+for+Israel,+whether+it+be+A-4+Shyhawk+fighters,+the+first+commitment+of+combat+aircraft+for+Israel,+M-48+tanks,+or+M-113+armored+personnel+carriers.#v=onepage&q=He%20preferred%20that%20arms%20be%20provided%20through%20third%20parties%20like%20West%20Germany%20than%20directly%20from%20the%20United%20States.%20But%20he%20was%20usually%20there%20for%20Israel%2C%20whether%20it%20be%20A-4%20Shyhawk%20fighters%2C%20the%20first%20commitment%20of%20combat%20aircraft%20for%20Israel%2C%20M-48%20tanks%2C%20or%20M-113%20armored%20personnel%20carriers.&f=false |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |page=447 |isbn=0190212470}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aloni |first=Shlomo |title=Israeli A-4 Skyhawk Units in Combat |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pXKHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8&dq=%27limited+number+of+tactical+aircraft%27+to+Israel+followed+on+20+May+1966#v=onepage&q='limited%20number%20of%20tactical%20aircraft'%20to%20Israel%20followed%20on%2020%20May%201966&f=false |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2013 |page=8 |isbn=1849081298}}</ref> In 1966 security restrictions placed on [[Arab-Israelis]] were eased and efforts made to integrate them into Israeli life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lustick |first=Ian |title=Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority |url= |year=1980 |page=123 |isbn=0292703473}}</ref> In 1966, [[Television in Israel|Black and white TV]] broadcasts began. On 15 May 1967, the first public performance of [[Naomi Shemer]]'s classic song "[[Jerusalem of Gold]]" took place and over the next few weeks it dominated the Israeli airwaves. Two days later Syria, Egypt and Jordan amassed troops along the Israeli borders, and Egypt closed the [[Straits of Tiran]] to Israeli shipping. Nasser demanded that the [[United Nations Emergency Force|UNEF]] leave Sinai, threatening escalation to a full war. Egyptian radio broadcasts talked of a coming genocide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1627015,00.html |title=In the Shadow of the Six-Day War |last=Mcgirk |first=Tim |date=31 May 2007 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=3 មិថុនា 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603194639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1627015,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm |title=Six Day War Comprehensive Timeline |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archivedate=18 ឧសភា 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518044748/http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html |title=Whose Voice? Nasser, the Arabs, and 'Sawt al-Arab' Radio |last=James |first=Laura M. |year=2006 |publisher=Transnational Broadcasting Studies |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archivedate=16 កក្កដា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194101/http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 26 May [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] declared, "''The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel''".<ref name="Mutawi2002p95">{{cite book|author=Samir A. Mutawi|title=Jordan in the 1967 War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94|date=18 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52858-0|page=95|quote="On 26 May he declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel"}}</ref> Israel considered the [[Straits of Tiran]] closure a [[Casus belli]]. Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq signed defence pacts and Iraqi troops began deploying to Jordan, Syria and Egypt.<ref>The Times (London), 1st June 1967</ref> Algeria also announced that it would send troops to Egypt. Between 1963 and 1967 [[Egypt and weapons of mass destruction|Egyptian troops had tested chemical weapons]] on Yemenite civilians as part of an [[North Yemen Civil War|Egyptian intervention in support of rebels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/forgotten-gas-attacks-yemen-haunt-syria-crisis|title=Forgotten Gas Attacks in Yemen Haunt Syria Crisis|publisher=}}</ref> Israel responded by calling up its civilian reserves, bringing much of the Israeli economy to a halt. The Israelis set up a national unity coalition, including for the first time [[Menachem Begin]]'s party, [[Herut]], in a coalition. During a national radio broadcast, Prime Minister Levi Eshkol stammered, causing widespread fear in Israel. To calm public concern [[Moshe Dayan]] (Chief of Staff during the Sinai war) was appointed Defence Minister. [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, Chief of staff Yitzhak Rabin, Gen. Rehavam Zeevi (R) And Gen. Narkis in the old city of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|Gen. [[Uzi Narkiss]], Defense Minister [[Moshe Dayan]], Chief of staff [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and Gen. [[Rehavam Ze'evi]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]], 7 June 1967]] On the morning before Dayan was sworn in, 5 June 1967, the Israeli air force launched [[Operation Focus|pre-emptive attacks]] destroying first the Egyptian air force, and then later the same day destroying the air forces of Jordan and Syria. Israel then [[Six-Day War|defeated]] (almost successively) Egypt, Jordan and Syria. By 11 June the Arab forces were routed and all parties had accepted the cease-fire called for by UN Security Council Resolutions 235 and 236. Israel gained control of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[Golan Heights]], and the formerly Jordanian-controlled [[West Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. [[East Jerusalem]] was arguably<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lustick |first=Ian |date=January 1997 |title=Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem? |journal=Middle East Policy |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=34–45 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Middle East Policy Council |issn=1061-1924 |oclc=4651987544 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x |accessdate=8 July 2007 |url=http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol5/9701_lustick.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120090306/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol5/9701_lustick.asp |archivedate=20 November 2009 |ref=harv}}</ref> [[Jerusalem Law|annexed]] by Israel. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship. The annexation was not recognized internationally (the Jordanian annexation of 1948 was also unrecognized). Other areas occupied remained under military rule (Israeli civil law did not apply to them) pending a final settlement. The Golan was also [[Golan Heights Law|annexed]] in 1981. On 22 November 1967, the Security Council adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242|Resolution 242]], the "land for peace" formula, which called for the establishment of a just and lasting peace based on Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 in return for the end of all states of belligerency, respect for the sovereignty of all states in the area, and the right to live in peace within secure, recognized boundaries. The resolution was accepted by both sides, though with different interpretations, and has been the basis of all subsequent peace negotiations. After 1967 the US began supplying Israel with aircraft and the Soviet block (except Romania) [[Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict|broke off relations]] with Israel. [[1968 Polish political crisis|Antisemitic purges]] led to the final migration of the last [[Polish Jews]] to Israel. For the first time since the end of the British Mandate, Jews could visit the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]] and pray at the [[Western Wall]] (the holiest site in modern Judaism), to which they had been denied access by the Jordanians in contravention of the 1949 Armistice agreement. The four-meter-wide public alley beside the Wall was expanded into a massive plaza and worshippers were allowed to sit, or use other furniture, for the first time in centuries. In [[Hebron]], Jews gained access to the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] (the second most holy site in Judaism) for the first time since the 14th century (previously Jews were only allowed to pray at the entrance).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm |title=Cave of the Patriarchs |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318073338/http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm |archivedate=18 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A third Jewish holy site, [[Rachel's Tomb]], in [[Bethlehem]], also became accessible. [[Energy in Egypt|Sinai oil fields]] made Israel self-sufficient in energy. In 1968 [[Moshe Levinger]] led a group of [[Religious Zionist]]s who created the first [[Israeli settlement|Jewish settlement]], a town near Hebron called [[Kiryat Arba]]. There were no other religious settlements until after 1974. Ben-Gurion's [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]] party merged with the Labour-Mapai alliance. Ben-Gurion remained outside as an independent. In 1968, compulsory education was extended until the age of 16 for all citizens (it had been 14) and the government embarked on an extensive program of [[Social integration|integration]] in education. In the major cities children from mainly [[Sephardi]]/[[Mizrahi]] neighbourhoods were [[bus]]ed to newly established [[middle school]]s in better areas. The system remained in place until after 2000. In March 1968, Israeli forces attacked the Palestinian militia, [[Fatah]], at its [[Battle of Karameh|base in the Jordanian town of Karameh]]. The attack was in response to land mines placed on Israeli roads. The Israelis retreated after destroying the camp, however the Israelis sustained unexpectedly high casualties and the attack was not viewed as a success. Despite heavy casualties, the Palestinians claimed victory, while Fatah and the [[PLO]] (of which it formed part) became famous across the Arab world. In early 1969, fighting broke out between Egypt and Israel along the Suez Canal. In retaliation for repeated Egyptian shelling of Israeli positions along the Suez Canal, Israeli planes made deep strikes into Egypt in the 1969–1970 "[[War of Attrition]]". ===1969–1974: Meir=== {{Further information|War of Attrition|Jarring Mission|Rogers Plan|Munich massacre|Yom Kippur War}} {{See also2|[[Fourteenth government of Israel|Fourteenth]]|[[Fifteenth government of Israel|Fifteenth]]|[[Sixteenth government of Israel|Sixteenth]] governments of Israel}} In early 1969, Levi Eshkol died in office of a heart attack and [[Golda Meir]] became Prime Minister with the largest percentage of the vote ever won by an Israeli party, winning 56 of the 120 seats after the [[Israeli legislative election, 1969|1969 election]]. Meir was the [[List of the first female holders of political offices in Asia|first female prime minister of Israel]] and the first woman to have headed a Middle Eastern state in modern times.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kort |first=Michael |title=The Handbook of the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0xAh8wbCqEUC&pg=PT83&dq=Meir+first+woman+to+have+headed+a+Middle+Eastern+state |publisher= Twenty-First Century Books |year=2007 |isbn=9780822571438}}</ref> Gahal remained on 26 seats, and was the second largest party. In December 1969, Israeli naval commandos [[Cherbourg Project|took five missile boats]] during the night from Cherbourg Harbour in France. Israel had paid for the boats but the French had refused to supply them. In July 1970 the Israelis [[Operation Rimon 20|shot down five Soviet fighters]] that were aiding the Egyptians in the course of the [[War of Attrition]]. Following this, the US worked to calm the situation and in August 1970 a cease fire was agreed. In [[Black September in Jordan|September 1970]] [[King Hussein]] of [[Jordan]] drove the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] out of his country. On September 18, 1970, Syrian tanks invaded Jordan, intending to aid the PLO. At the request of the US, Israel moved troops to the border and threatened Syria, causing the Syrians to withdraw. The centre of PLO activity then shifted to [[Lebanon]], where the 1969 [[Cairo Agreement (1969)|Cairo agreement]] gave the Palestinians autonomy within the south of the country. The area controlled by the PLO became known by the international press and locals as "[[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|Fatahland]]" and contributed to the 1975–1990 [[Lebanese Civil War]]. The event also led to [[Hafez al-Assad]] taking power in Syria. Egyptian President Nasser died immediately after and was succeeded by [[Anwar Sadat]]. Increased [[Zionology|Soviet antisemitism]] and enthusiasm generated by the 1967 victory led to a wave of Soviet Jews applying to [[Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s|emigrate]] to Israel. Those who left could only take two suitcases. Most Jews were [[Refusenik|refused exit visas]] and persecuted by the authorities. Some were arrested and sent to [[Gulag]] camps, becoming known as [[Prisoners of Zion]]. During 1971, violent demonstrations by the [[Israeli Black Panthers]], made the Israeli public aware of resentment among [[Mizrahi]] Jews at ongoing discrimination and social gaps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?page=article_impr&id_article=3744 |title=30 years to the Black Panthers in Israel |last=Chetrit |first=Sami Shalom |year=2003 |accessdate=4 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603110755/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?page=article_impr&id_article=3744 |archivedate=3 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1972 the US [[Jewish Mafia]] leader, [[Meyer Lansky]], who had taken refuge in Israel, was deported to the United States. At the 1972 [[Munich Olympics]], two members of the Israeli team were killed, and nine members [[Munich massacre|taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists]]. A botched German rescue attempt [[Munich Massacre|led to the death of the rest]] along with five of the eight hijackers. The three surviving Palestinians were released by the West German authorities eight weeks later without charge, in exchange for the hostages of hijacked [[Lufthansa Flight 615]].<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news|last=Greenfeter|first=Yael|title=Israel in shock as Munich killers freed|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=4 November 2010|archive-date=12 តុលា 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012123352/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Israeli government responded with a [[1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon|bombing]], an [[Operation Wrath of God|assassination campaign]] against the organizers of the massacre and a [[1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon|raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon]] (led by future Prime Minister, Ehud Barak). In 1972 the new Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] expelled the Soviet advisers from Egypt. This and frequent invasion exercises by Egypt and Syria led to Israeli complacency about the threat from these countries. In addition the desire not to be held responsible for initiating conflict and an election campaign highlighting security, led to an Israeli failure to mobilize, despite receiving warnings of an impending attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/a-royal-s-life-1.243745 |title=A royal's life |last=Shamir |first=Shimon |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=11 មិថុនា 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611083328/http://www.haaretz.com/a-royal-s-life-1.243745 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Israeli Tanks Cross the Suez Canal - Flickr - Israel Defense Forces.jpg|thumb|left|143rd Division crossing the [[Suez Canal]] in the direction of [[Cairo]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]], 15 October 1973]] The [[Yom Kippur War]] (also known as the October War) began on 6 October 1973 (the Jewish [[Yom Kippur|Day of Atonement]]), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar and a day when adult Jews are required to fast. The Syrian and Egyptian armies launched a well-planned surprise attack against the unprepared Israeli Defense Forces. For the first few days there was a great deal of uncertainty about Israel's capacity to repel the invaders. Both the Soviets and the Americans (at the orders of [[Richard Nixon]]) [[Operation Nickel Grass|rushed arms to their allies]]. The Syrians were repulsed by the [[Valley of Tears|tiny remnant of the Israeli tank force]] on the Golan and, although the Egyptians captured a strip of territory in Sinai, Israeli forces [[Battle of Ismailia|crossed the Suez Canal]], trapping the Egyptian Third Army in Sinai and were 100 kilometres from Cairo. The war cost Israel over 2,000 dead, resulted in a heavy arms bill (for both sides) and made Israelis more aware of their vulnerability. It also led to heightened [[DEFCON|superpower tension]]. Following the war, both Israelis and Egyptians showed greater willingness to negotiate. On 18 January 1974, extensive diplomacy by US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] led to a [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone|Disengagement of Forces agreement]] with the Egyptian government and on 31 May with the Syrian government. The war led the Saudi government to initiate the [[1973 oil crisis]], an oil embargo in conjunction with [[OPEC]], against countries trading with Israel. Severe shortages led to massive increases in the price of oil, and as a result, many countries broke off relations with Israel or downgraded relations, and Israel was banned from participation in the [[Asian Games]] and other Asian sporting events. State funding was introduced for elected parties. The new system made parties independent of wealthy donors and gave Knesset members more power over party funding, however it also made them less dependent on existing party structures and able to take their funding elsewhere.<ref>https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/me00636.pdf accessed March 2013</ref> Prior to the December 1973 elections, Gahal and a number of right-wing parties united to form the [[Likud]] (led by Begin). In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1973|December 1973 elections]], Labour won 51 seats, leaving Golda Meir as Prime Minister. The Likud won 39 seats. In May 1974, [[DFLP|Palestinians]] attacked a school in [[Ma'alot massacre|Ma'alot]], holding 102 children hostage. Twenty-two children were killed. In November 1974 the PLO was granted observer status at the UN and [[Yasser Arafat]] addressed the General Assembly. Later that year the [[Agranat Commission]], appointed to assess responsibility for Israel's lack of preparedness for the war, exonerated the government of responsibility, and held the [[David Elazar|Chief of Staff]] and [[Eli Zeira|head of military intelligence]] responsible. Despite the report, public anger at the Government led to [[Golda Meir]]'s resignation. ===1974–1977: Rabin I=== {{Further information|Operation Entebbe}} {{See also|Seventeenth government of Israel}} Following Meir's resignation, [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (Chief of Staff during the Six Day War) became prime minister. [[Modern Orthodox Jews]] ([[Religious Zionist]] followers of the teachings of [[Abraham Isaac Kook|Rabbi Kook]]), formed the [[Gush Emunim]] movement, and began an organized drive to settle the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]]. In November 1975 the United Nations General Assembly, under the guidance of Austrian Secretary General [[Kurt Waldheim]], adopted [[UN General Assembly Resolution 3379|Resolution 3379]], which asserted [[Zionism]] to be a form of racism. The General Assembly rescinded this resolution in December 1991 with [[UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86|Resolution 46/86]]. In March 1976 there was a massive [[Land Day#The protest of 1976|strike by Israeli-Arabs]] in protest at a government plan to expropriate land in the Galilee. In July 1976, an [[Air France]] plane carrying 260 people was hijacked by [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations|Palestinian]] and [[Revolutionary Cells (RZ)|German]] terrorists and flown to Uganda, then ruled by [[Idi Amin Dada]]. There, the Germans separated the Jewish passengers from the non-Jewish passengers, releasing the non-Jews. The hijackers threatened to kill the remaining, 100-odd Jewish passengers (and the French crew who had refused to leave). Despite the distances involved, Rabin ordered a daring [[Operation Entebbe|rescue operation]] in which the kidnapped Jews were freed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/entebbe.html |title=The Entebbe Rescue Mission |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> UN Secretary General Waldheim described the raid as "a serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state" (meaning Uganda).<ref>''National Review'', 9 July 2007, vol. LIX, no. 12</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kurt Waldheim, Former U.N. Chief, Is Dead at 88 |first=Jonathan |last=Kandell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/15/world/europe/15waldheim.html?pagewanted=3 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2007 |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Waldheim was a former Nazi and suspected war criminal, with a record of offending Jewish sensibilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurt Waldheim |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1554545/Kurt-Waldheim.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=15 June 2007 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcpa.org/article/israeli-ugandan-relations-in-the-time-of-idi-amin/ |title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin |last=Oded |first=Arye |date=1 October 2006 |work=Jewish Political Studies Review |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> In 1976, the ongoing [[Lebanese Civil War]] led Israel to allow South Lebanese to [[Good Fence|cross the border]] and work in Israel. In January 1977, French authorities arrested [[Abu Daoud]], the planner of the Munich massacre, releasing him a few days later.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945702-3,00.html | work=Time | title=Terrorists: L'Affaire Daoud: Too Hot to Handle | date=24 January 1977 | accessdate=4 May 2010 | archive-date=31 ធ្នូ 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231105924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945702-3,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 1977 [[Anatoly Sharansky]], a prominent [[Refusenik]] and spokesman for the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]], was sentenced to 13 years' hard labour. Rabin resigned on April 1977 after it emerged that his [[Leah Rabin|wife]] maintained a dollar account in the United States (illegal at the time), which had been opened while Rabin was Israeli ambassador. The incident became known as the [[Dollar Account affair]]. [[Shimon Peres]] informally replaced him as prime minister, leading the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]] in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|subsequent elections]]. ===1977–1983: Begin=== {{Further information|Camp David Accords|1978 South Lebanon conflict|1982 Lebanon War}} {{See also2|[[Eighteenth government of Israel|Eighteenth]]|[[Nineteenth government of Israel|Nineteenth]] governments of Israel}} In a surprise result, the [[Likud]] led by [[Menachem Begin]] won 43 seats in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|1977 elections]] (Labour got 32 seats). This was the first time in Israeli history that the government was not led by the left. A key reason for the victory was anger among [[Mizrahi Jews]] at discrimination, which was to play an important role in Israeli politics for many years. Talented small town Mizrahi social activists, unable to advance in the Labour party, were readily embraced by Begin. Moroccan-born [[David Levy (Israeli politician)|David Levy]] and Iranian-born [[Moshe Katzav]] were part of a group who won Mizrahi support for Begin. Many Labour voters voted for the [[Democratic Movement for Change]] (15 seats) in protest at high-profile corruption cases. The party joined in coalition with Begin and disappeared at the next election. In addition to starting a process of healing the Mizrahi–[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] divide, Begin's government included [[Agudat Israel|Ultra-Orthodox Jews]] and was instrumental in healing the Zionist–Ultra-Orthodox rift, however it did so at the cost of expanding the exemption from military service to all [[Haredi]] Jewish students of military age. This led to creation of a huge class of unemployed Haredi Jews (the exemption was conditional on attendance of a religious seminary, so they kept studying until they were too old for military service). By remaining students, they were a massive burden on the state, while also failing to participate in the military burden. Begin's liberalization of the economy led to [[hyper-inflation]] (around 150% inflation) but enabled Israel to begin receiving US financial aid. Begin actively supported [[Gush Emunim]]'s efforts to settle the [[West Bank]] and Jewish settlements in the occupied territories received government support, thus laying the grounds for intense conflict with the Palestinian population of the occupied territories. In November 1977, Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] broke 30 years of hostility with Israel by visiting Jerusalem at the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]]. Sadat's two-day visit included a speech before the [[Knesset]] and was a turning point in the history of the conflict. The Egyptian leader created a new psychological climate in the [[Middle East]] in which peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours seemed possible. Sadat recognized Israel's right to exist and established the basis for direct negotiations between Egypt and Israel. Following Sadat's visit, 350 Yom Kippur War veterans organized the [[Peace Now]] movement to encourage Israeli governments to make peace with the Arabs. In March 1978, eleven armed Lebanese Palestinians reached Israel in boats and [[Coastal Road Massacre|hijacked a bus]] carrying families on a day outing, killing 38 people, including 13 children. The attackers opposed the Egyptian–Israeli peace process. Three days later, Israeli forces crossed into Lebanon beginning [[Operation Litani]]. After passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 425]], calling for Israeli withdrawal and the creation of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) peace-keeping force, Israel withdrew its troops. [[File:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|thumb|left|[[Menachem Begin]], [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] celebrating the signing of the [[Camp David Accords]]]] In September 1978, US President [[Jimmy Carter]] invited President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to meet with him at [[Camp David]], and on 11 September they agreed on a [[Camp David Accords|framework]] for peace between Israel and Egypt, and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. It set out broad principles to guide negotiations between Israel and the Arab states. It also established guidelines for a West Bank–Gaza transitional regime of full autonomy for the Palestinians residing in these territories, and for a [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|peace treaty between Egypt and Israel]]. The treaty was signed 26 March 1979 by Begin and Sadat, with President Carter signing as witness. Under the treaty, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in April 1982. The final piece of territory to be repatriated was [[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]], adjacent to [[Eilat]], returned in 1989. The [[Arab League]] reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organization and moving its headquarters from [[Cairo]] to [[Tunis]]. [[Sadat]] was assassinated in 1981 by [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad|Islamic fundamentalist]] members of the Egyptian army who opposed peace with Israel. Following the agreement Israel and Egypt became the two largest [[United States foreign aid|recipients]] of [[United States Agency for International Development|US military and financial aid]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/124970.pdf |title=Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy |last1=Tarnoff |first1=Curt |last2=Lawson |first2=Marian Leonardo |date=9 April 2009 |work=CRS Reports |publisher=Congressional Research Service |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> (Iraq and Afghanistan have now [[Financial cost of the Iraq War|overtaken them]]). In December 1978 the Israeli [[Merkava]] battle tank entered use with the IDF. In 1979, over 40,000 [[Iranian Jews]] migrated to Israel, escaping the [[Islamic Revolution]] there. On 30 June 1981, the Israeli air force [[Operation Opera|destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor]] that [[France]] was building for [[Iraq]]. Three weeks later, Begin won yet again, in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1981|1981 elections]] (48 seats Likud, 47 Labour). [[Ariel Sharon]] was made defence minister. The new government [[Golan Heights Law|annexed the Golan Heights]] and banned the [[El Al|national airline]] from flying on [[Shabbat]].<ref name="shabbat">{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishgates.org/history/modhis/elal.stm | title=El-Al, Israel's Airline | publisher=Gates of Jewish Heritage |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010222124207/http://www.jewishgates.org/history/modhis/elal.stm |archivedate = 2001-02-22}}</ref> By the 1980s a diverse set of [[Science and technology in Israel|high-tech]] industries had [[Silicon Wadi|developed]] in Israel. In the decades following the 1948 war, Israel's border with [[Lebanon]] was quiet compared to its borders with other neighbours. But the 1969 [[Cairo Agreement (1969)|Cairo agreement]] gave the PLO a free hand to [[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|attack]] Israel from South Lebanon. The area was governed by the PLO independently of the Lebanese Government and became known as "[[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|Fatahland]]" ([[Fatah]] was the largest faction in the PLO). Palestinian irregulars constantly [[Katyusha rocket launcher|shelled]] the Israeli north, especially the town of [[Kiryat Shmona]], which was a Likud stronghold inhabited primarily by Jews who had fled the Arab world. Lack of control over Palestinian areas was an important factor in causing [[Lebanese civil war|civil war in Lebanon]]. In June 1982, the attempted assassination of [[Shlomo Argov]], the ambassador to Britain, was used as a pretext for an Israeli invasion aiming to drive the PLO out of the southern half of Lebanon. Sharon agreed with [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff]] [[Raphael Eitan]] to expand the invasion deep into Lebanon even though the cabinet had only authorized a 40 kilometre deep invasion.<ref>''Israel's Lebanon War'' by [[Ze'ev Schiff]] and [[Ehud Ya'ari]], Touchstone 1985</ref> The invasion became known as the [[1982 Lebanon War]] and the Israeli army occupied [[Beirut]], the only time an Arab capital has been occupied by Israel. Some of the [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] and [[Maronites|Christian]] population of [[South Lebanon]] welcomed the Israelis, as PLO forces had maltreated them, but Lebanese resentment of Israeli occupation grew over time and the [[Amal Movement|Shia]] became gradually [[Musa al-Sadr|radicalized]] under Iranian guidance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gloria-center.org/2000/09/eisenberg-2000-09-02/ |title=Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors?: Israel and Lebanon after the Withdrawal |last=Eisenberg |first=Laura Zittrain |date=2 September 2000 |work=Middle East Review of International Affairs |publisher=Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center |accessdate=5 December 2012 |archivedate=23 មិថុនា 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623231419/http://www.gloria-center.org/2000/09/eisenberg-2000-09-02/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Constant casualties among Israeli soldiers and Lebanese civilians led to growing opposition to the war in Israel. In August 1982, the PLO withdrew its forces from Lebanon (moving to [[Tunisia]]). Israel helped engineer the election of a new Lebanese president, [[Bashir Gemayel]], who agreed to recognize Israel and sign a peace treaty. Gemayal was assassinated before an agreement could be signed, and one day later [[Phalange|Phalangist]] Christian forces led by [[Elie Hobeika]] entered two Palestinian refugee camps and [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|massacred]] the occupants. The massacres led to the biggest [[anti-war protest|demonstration]] ever in Israel against the war, with as many as 400,000 people (almost 10% of the population) gathering in Tel Aviv. In 1983, an [[Kahan commission|Israeli public inquiry]] found that Israel's defence minister, Sharon, was indirectly but personally responsible for the massacres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgium opens way for Sharon trial |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2662635.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=15 January 2003 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> It also recommended that he never again be allowed to hold the post (it did not forbid him from being Prime Minister). In 1983, the [[May 17 Agreement]] was signed between Israel and Lebanon, paving the way for an Israeli withdrawal from Lebanese territory through a few stages. Israel continued to operate against the PLO until its eventual departure in 1985, and kept a small force stationed in Southern Lebanon in support of the [[South Lebanon Army]] until May 2000. ===1983–1992: Shamir I; Peres I; Shamir II=== {{Further information|1983 Israel bank stock crisis|South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|First Intifada|Gulf War}} {{See also2|[[Twentieth government of Israel|Twentieth]]|[[Twenty-first government of Israel|Twenty-first]]|[[Twenty-second government of Israel|Twenty-second]]|[[Twenty-third government of Israel|Twenty-third]]|[[Twenty-fourth government of Israel|Twenty-fourth]] governments of Israel}} [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Patriot missiles being launched to intercept an Iraqi Scud missile.jpg|thumb|Patriot missiles launched to intercept an Iraqi Scud over Tel Aviv during the Gulf War]] In September 1983, Begin resigned and was succeeded by [[Yitzhak Shamir]] as prime minister. The [[Israeli legislative election, 1984|1984 election]] was inconclusive, and led to a power sharing agreement between [[Shimon Peres]] of the Alignment (44 seats) and Shamir of Likud (41 seats). Peres was prime minister from 1984 to 1986 and Shamir from 1986 to 1988. In 1984, continual discrimination against Sephardi Ultra-Orthodox Jews by the Ashkenazi Ultra-Orthodox establishment led political activist [[Aryeh Deri]] to leave the [[Agudat Israel]] party and join former chief [[Rabbi Ovadia Yosef]] in forming [[Shas]], a new party aimed at the non-Ashkenazi Ultra-Orthodox vote. The party won 4 seats in the first election it contested and over the next twenty years was the third largest party in the Knesset. Shas established a nationwide network of free Sephardi Orthodox schools. In 1984, during a severe [[1983–85 famine in Ethiopia|famine]] in [[Ethiopia]], 8,000 [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jews]] were [[Operation Moses|secretly transported]] to Israel. In 1986 [[Natan Sharansky]], a famous Russian human rights activist and Zionist [[refusenik]] (denied an exit visa), was released from the [[Gulag]] in return for two Soviet spies. In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported [[South Lebanon Army|militia]] in [[southern Lebanon]] as a "[[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|security zone]]" and buffer against attacks on its northern territory. Since then, IDF [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)|fought]] for many years against the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] organization [[Hezbollah]], which became a growing threat to Israel. By July 1985, Israel's [[1983 Israel bank stock crisis|inflation]], buttressed by complex [[index linking]] of salaries, had reached 480% per annum and was the highest in the world. Peres introduced [[1985 Israel Economic Stabilization Plan|emergency control of prices]] and cut government expenditure successfully bringing inflation under control. The currency (known as the [[old Israeli shekel]]) was replaced and renamed the [[Israeli new shekel]] at a rate of 1,000 old shkalim = 1 new shekel. In October 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by [[Operation Wooden Leg|bombing]] the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Growing Israeli settlement and continuing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, led to the [[First Intifada|first Palestinian Intifada]] (uprising) in 1987, which lasted until the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]], despite Israeli attempts to suppress it. [[Human rights]] abuses by Israeli troops led a group of Israelis to form [[B'Tselem]], an organization devoted to improving awareness and compliance with human rights requirements in Israel. In August 1987, the Israeli government cancelled the [[IAI Lavi]] project, an attempt to develop an independent Israeli fighter aircraft. The Israelis found themselves unable to sustain the huge development costs, and faced US opposition to a project that threatened US influence in Israel and US global military ascendancy. In September 1988, Israel launched an [[Ofeq]] reconnaissance satellite into orbit, using a [[Shavit]] rocket, thus becoming one of only eight countries possessing a capacity to [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|independently launch satellites]] into space (two more have since developed this ability). The Alignment and Likud remained neck and neck in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1988|1988 elections]] (39:40 seats). Shamir successfully formed a national unity coalition with [[Alignment (political party)|the Labour Alignment]]. In March 1990, Alignment leader [[Shimon Peres]] engineered a defeat of the government in a non-confidence vote and then tried to form a new government. [[The dirty trick (Israel)|He failed]] and Shamir became prime minister at the head of a right-wing coalition. In 1990, the [[Soviet Union]] finally permitted free [[Aliyah from the Commonwealth of Independent States in the 1990s|emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel]]. Prior to this, Jews trying to leave the USSR faced [[Refusenik (Soviet Union)|persecution]]; those who succeeded arrived as refugees. Over the next few years some one million Soviet citizens migrated to Israel. Although there was concern that some of the new immigrants had only a very tenuous connection to Judaism, and many were accompanied by non-Jewish relatives, this massive wave of migration slowly transformed Israel, bringing large numbers of highly educated Soviet Jews and creating a powerful Russian culture in Israel. In August 1990, Iraq invaded [[Kuwait]], triggering the [[Gulf War]] between Iraq and a large allied force, led by the [[United States]]. Iraq attacked Israel with 39 [[Scud missile]]s. Israel did not retaliate at request of the US, fearing that if Israel responded against Iraq, other Arab nations might desert the allied coalition. Israel provided gas masks for both the Palestinian population and Israeli citizens, while Netherlands and the United States deployed [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot defence batteries]] in Israel as protection against the Scuds. In May 1991, during a 36-hour period, 15,000 [[Beta Israel]] (Ethiopian Jews) were [[Operation Solomon|secretly airlifted]] to Israel. The coalition's victory in the Gulf War opened new possibilities for regional peace, and in October 1991 the US President, [[George H.W. Bush]], and Soviet Union Premier, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], jointly convened a [[Madrid Conference of 1991|historic meeting in Madrid]] of Israeli, Lebanese, Jordanian, Syrian, and Palestinian leaders. Shamir opposed the idea but agreed in return for loan guarantees to help with absorption of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. His participation in the conference led to the collapse of his (right-wing) coalition. ===1992–1996: Rabin II; Peres II=== {{Further information|Oslo Accords|Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-fifth government of Israel|Twenty-fifth]]|[[Twenty-sixth government of Israel|Twenty-sixth]] governments of Israel}} In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|1992 elections]], the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour Party]], led by [[Yitzhak Rabin]], won a significant victory (44 seats) promising to pursue peace while promoting Rabin as a "tough general" and pledging not to deal with the PLO in any way. The pro-peace Zionist party [[Meretz]] won 12 seats, and the Arab and communist parties a further 5, meaning that parties supporting a peace treaty had a full (albeit small) majority in the Knesset. Later that year, the Israeli electoral system was changed to allow for direct election of the prime minister. It was hoped this would reduce the power of small parties (mainly the religious parties) to extract concessions in return for coalition agreements. The new system had the opposite effect; voters could split their vote for prime minister from their (interest based) party vote, and as a result larger parties won fewer votes and smaller parties becoming more attractive to voters. It thus increased the power of the smaller parties. By the 2006 election the system was abandoned. [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Life of Lt. Gen. Yitzhak Rabin, 7th IDF Chief of Staff in photos (8).jpg|thumb|[[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Yasser Arafat]] during the [[Oslo Accords]] signing ceremony at the [[White House]] on 13 September 1993|alt=A man in a dark suit on the left shakes the hand of a man in traditional Arab headdress on the right. Another man stands with open arms in the centre behind them.]] On 25 July 1993, Israel carried out a week-long [[Operation Accountability|military operation]] in Lebanon to attack [[Hezbollah]] positions. On 13 September 1993, Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed the [[Oslo Accords]] (a Declaration of Principles)<ref>[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302173924/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html |date=2 March 2017 }} Jewish Virtual Library</ref> on the South Lawn of the [[White House]]. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim [[Palestinian Authority]], as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state, in exchange for mutual recognition. The DOP established May 1999 as the date by which a permanent status agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip would take effect. In February 1994, [[Baruch Goldstein]], a follower of the [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] party, killed 29 Palestinians and wounded 125 at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]], which became known as the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]. Kach had been barred from participation in the 1992 elections (on the grounds that the movement was racist). It was subsequently made illegal. Israel and the PLO signed the [[Gaza–Jericho Agreement]] in May 1994, and the [[Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities]] in August, which began the process of transferring authority from Israel to the Palestinians. On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Washington Declaration]], which formally ended the [[war|state of war]] that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the [[Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace]], witnessed by US President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Main%20Points%20of%20Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty Main Points of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 26 October 1994] Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref><ref>[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html Treaty of Peace between The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and The State of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211123245/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html |date=11 កុម្ភៈ 2018 }} King Hussein website</ref> Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] signed the [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement]] on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995 in Washington. The agreement was witnessed by President Bill Clinton on behalf of the United States and by Russia, Egypt, Norway and the European Union, and incorporates and supersedes the previous agreements, marking the conclusion of the first stage of negotiations between Israel and the PLO. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the [[Palestinian National Covenant]], which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|title=PLO Covenant (Charter) 1968|website=www.mideastweb.org|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=7 តុលា 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042351/http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The agreement was opposed by [[Hamas]] and other Palestinian factions, which launched [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks#1990s|suicide bomber attacks]] at Israel. Rabin had a [[Israeli Gaza Strip barrier|barrier]] constructed around Gaza to prevent attacks. The growing separation between Israel and the "[[Palestinian Territories]]" led to a labour shortage in Israel, mainly in the construction industry. Israeli firms began importing [[Demographics of Israel#Foreign workers|labourers]] from the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], [[China]] and [[Romania]]; some of these labourers stayed on without visas. In addition, a growing number of Africans began illegally migrating to Israel. On 4 November 1995, a far-right-wing [[Yigal Amir|religious Zionist]] opponent of the [[Oslo Accords]], [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin]]. In February 1996 Rabin's successor, [[Shimon Peres]], called early elections. In April 1996, Israel launched an [[Operation Grapes of Wrath|operation]] in southern Lebanon as a result of Hezbollah's [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] [[List of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]] on Israeli population centres along the border. ===1996–2001: Netanyahu I; Barak=== {{Further information|2000 Camp David Summit}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-seventh government of Israel|Twenty-seventh]]|[[Twenty-eighth government of Israel|Twenty-eighth]] governments of Israel}} The May 1996 [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|elections]] were the first featuring [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 1996|direct election of the prime minister]] and resulted in a narrow election victory for [[Likud]] leader [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]. A spate of suicide bombings reinforced the Likud position for security. [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for most of the bombings. Despite his stated differences with the [[Oslo Accords]], Prime Minister Netanyahu continued their implementation, but his prime ministership saw a marked slow-down in the Peace Process. Netanyahu also pledged to gradually reduce US aid to Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/boldaid.html |title=Israel's Bold Initiative to Reduce U.S. Aid |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In September 1996, a [[Western Wall Tunnel#Northern exit|Palestinian riot]] broke out against the creation of an exit in the Western Wall tunnel. Over the subsequent few weeks, around 80 people were killed as a result.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/548443.stm |title=Mayor halts Temple Mount dig |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=5 May 2009 | date=3 December 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15349.html |title=Palestinian Authority |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> In January 1997 Netanyahu signed the [[Hebron Protocol]] with the Palestinian Authority, resulting in the redeployment of Israeli forces in [[Hebron]] and the turnover of civilian authority in much of the area to the Palestinian Authority. In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|election]] of July 1999, [[Ehud Barak]] of the Labour Party became Prime Minister. His party was the largest in the Knesset with 26 seats. In September 1999 the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] ruled that the use of torture in interrogation of Palestinian prisoners was illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stoptorture.org.il/en/skira90-99 |title=1990-1999 &#124; הוועד הציבורי נגד עינויים בישראל |publisher=Stoptorture.org.il |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807200124/http://www.stoptorture.org.il/en/skira90-99 |archivedate=7 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 21 March 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] arrived in Israel for a historic visit. On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)#2000: Israeli withdrawal|withdrew]] its remaining forces from the "security zone" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the [[South Lebanon Army]] (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html Security Council endorses Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June] United Nations, 18 June 2000</ref> that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with [[UN Security Council Resolution 425]]. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called "[[Sheba'a Farms]]" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control).<ref>Kaufman, Asher (Autumn 2002). "Who owns the Shebaa Farms? Chronicle of a territorial dispute". Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute) 56 (4): 576–596.</ref> The Sheba'a Farms provided [[Hezbollah]] with a ruse to maintain warfare with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria politics: Fêted |url=http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1413555726 |newspaper=Economist Intelligence Unit |date=15 July 2008 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, [[2000 Camp David Summit|talks were held at Camp David]] to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and [[concession (politics)|political concessions]], including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.<ref>[http://www.iris.org.il/camp_david2.htm Israeli Proposal to Palestinians and Syria] Information Regarding Israel's Security (IRIS)</ref> Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon, Israel became a member of the [[Western European and Others Group]] at the United Nations. Prior to this Israel was the only nation at the UN which was not a member of any group (The Arab states would not allow it to join the Asia group), which meant it could not be a member of the Security Council or appoint anyone to the International Court and other key UN roles. Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group.<ref>https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml see the note at the bottom.</ref> In July 2000, [[Aryeh Deri]] was sentenced to 3 years in prison for bribe taking. Deri is regarded as the mastermind behind the rise of Shas and was a government minister at the age of 24. Political manipulation meant the investigation lasted for years. Deri subsequently sued a Police Officer who alleged that he was linked to the traffic-accident death of a witness, who was run over in New York by a driver who had once been in the employ of an associate of Deri.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dalia Shehori |date=5 March 2003 |title='If I could sue the judges for libel, I would': Aryeh Deri sues a police commander to clear his name |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/if-i-could-sue-the-judges-for-libel-i-would-1.17233 |newspaper=Haaretz |accessdate=2 April 2015 |archive-date=4 មិថុនា 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604125818/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/if-i-could-sue-the-judges-for-libel-i-would-1.17233 |url-status=dead }}, see also {{cite web |date=16 January 2011 |title=<bdi dir="rtl">מה חלקו של אריה דרעי ברצח חמותו אסתר ורדבר?</bdi> |language=he |trans-title=What was the share of Aryeh Deri in the murder of his mother-in-law Esther Bradbury |url=http://bektzara.blogspot.co.il/2012/10/blog-post_8671.html |publisher=חדשות בקצרה בתמונות ומסמכים (News briefs, photos and documents) |accessdate=2 April 2015 }}</ref> On 28 September 2000, Israeli opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] visited the Al-Aqsa compound, or [[Temple Mount]], the following day the Palestinians launched the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. David Samuels and Khaled Abu Toameh have stated that the uprising was planned much earlier.<ref name=toameh>{{cite web |accessdate=29 March 2006 |url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/111P55.htm |title=How the war began |author=Khaled Abu Toameh}}</ref><ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/ |title=In a Ruined Country |last=Samuels |first=David |date=September 2005 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In October 2000, Palestinians destroyed [[Joseph's Tomb]], a Jewish shrine in [[Nablus]]. The [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow missile]], a missile designed to destroy [[ballistic missile]]s, including [[Scud missile]]s, was first deployed by Israel. In 2001, with the Peace Process increasingly in disarray, Ehud Barak called a [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001|special election for Prime Minister]]. Barak hoped a victory would give him renewed authority in negotiations with the Palestinians. Instead opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] was elected PM. After this election, the system of directly electing the Premier was abandoned. ===2001–2006: Sharon=== {{Further information|Second Intifada|Israeli West Bank barrier|Israel's unilateral disengagement plan}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-ninth government of Israel|Twenty-ninth]]|[[Thirtieth government of Israel|Thirtieth]] governments of Israel}} [[File:Westbank barrier.png|thumb|upright|The [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] route built (red), under construction (pink) and proposed (white), {{as of|2011|6|lc=on}}]] The failure of the peace process, increased Palestinian terror and occasional [[2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict|attacks]] by [[Hezbollah]] from Lebanon, led much of the Israeli public and political leadership to lose confidence in the Palestinian Authority as a peace partner. Most felt that many Palestinians viewed the peace treaty with Israel as a temporary measure only.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LmZP3mixescC&pg=PA181&dq=many+Palestinians+viewed+the+peace+treaty+with+Israel+as+a+temporary+measure+only#v=onepage&q=many%20Palestinians%20viewed%20the%20peace%20treaty%20with%20Israel%20as%20a%20temporary%20measure%20only&f=false |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |page=181 |isbn=0300106033}}</ref> Many Israelis were thus anxious to disengage from the Palestinians. In response to a wave of [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks#2000s|suicide bomb attacks]], culminating in the "[[Passover massacre]]" (see [[List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada]]), Israel launched [[Operation Defensive Shield]] in March 2002, and Sharon began the construction of a [[Israeli West Bank barrier|barrier]] around the West Bank. Around the same time, the Israeli town of [[Sderot]] and other Israeli communities near Gaza became subject to constant [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|shelling]] and mortar bomb attacks from Gaza. Thousands of Jews from Latin America began [[Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s|arriving]] in Israel due to economic crises in their countries of origin. In January 2003 separate [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|elections]] were held for the Knesset. Likud won the most seats (27). An anti-religion party, [[Shinui]], led by media pundit [[Tommy Lapid]], won 15 seats on a secularist platform, making it the third largest party (ahead of orthodox [[Shas]]). Internal fighting led to Shinui's demise at the next election. In 2004, the [[African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem|Black Hebrews]] were granted permanent residency in Israel. The group had begun migrating to Israel 25 years earlier from the United States, but had not been recognized as Jews by the state and hence not granted citizenship under Israel's [[Law of Return]]. They had settled in Israel without official status. From 2004 onwards, they received citizen's rights. The Sharon government embarked on an extensive program of construction of [[Desalination#Israel|desalinization plants]] that freed Israel of the fear of drought. Some of the Israeli desalinization plants are the largest of their kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/|title=Ashkelon Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant, Israel|website=Water Technology|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=24 កក្កដា 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724181500/http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2004, Israel launched [[Operation Rainbow (2004)|Operation Rainbow]] in southern Gaza to create a safer environment for the IDF soldiers along the [[Philadelphi Route]]. On September 30, 2004, Israel carried out [[Operation Days of Penitence]] in northern Gaza to destroy the launching sites of Palestinian rockets which were used to attack Israeli towns. In 2005, all Jewish settlers were evacuated from [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] (some forcibly) and their homes demolished. [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|Disengagement from the Gaza Strip]] was completed on 12 September 2005. Military disengagement from the northern West Bank was completed ten days later. In 2005 Sharon left the Likud and formed a new party called [[Kadima]], which accepted that the peace process would lead to creation of a Palestinian state. He was joined by many leading figures from both Likud and Labour. Hamas won the [[Palestinian legislative election, 2006]], the first and only genuinely free Palestinian elections. Hamas' leaders rejected all agreements signed with Israel, refused to recognize Israel's right to exist, refused to abandon terror, and occasionally [[Hamas–UNRWA Holocaust dispute|claimed the Holocaust was a Jewish conspiracy]]. The withdrawal and Hamas victory left the status of Gaza unclear, Israel claimed it was no longer an occupying power but continued to control air and sea access to Gaza although it did not exercise [[sovereignty]] on the ground. Egypt insisted that it was still occupied and refused to open border crossings with Gaza, although it was free to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS83.pdf |title=Is Gaza Occupied? Redefining the Legal Status of Gaza |last=Samson |first=Elizabeth |date=January 2010 |work=Mideast Security and Policy Studies |publisher=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |accessdate=12 January 2013 |archivedate=7 ធ្នូ 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207013059/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS83.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 2006 [[Ariel Sharon]] was incapacitated by a severe [[haemorrhagic stroke]] and [[Ehud Olmert]] became [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/3/Ehud+Olmert.htm |title=Ehud Olmert |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> ===2006–2009: Olmert=== {{Further information|Start-up Nation|2006 Hamas cross-border raid|2006 Lebanon War|Gaza War (2008-09)}} {{See also|Thirty-first government of Israel}} [[Ehud Olmert]] was elected Prime Minister after his party, [[Kadima]], won the most seats (29) in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006]]. In 2005 [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] was officially elected president of Iran; since then, Iranian policy towards Israel has grown more [[Israel–Iran proxy conflict|confrontational]]. Israeli analysts believe Ahmadinejad has worked to undermine the peace process with arms supplies and aid to Hezbullah in South Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/03/politics-iranrsquos-anti-israel-rhetoric-aimed-at-arab-opinion/ |title=Iran’s Anti-Israel Rhetoric Aimed at Arab Opinion |last=Porter |first=Gareth |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=Inter Press Service |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> and is [[Iran and weapons of mass destruction|developing nuclear weapons]], possibly for use against Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Threats_to_Israel/Iran.html |title=Potential Threats To Israel: Iran |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> Iranian support for Hezbollah and its nuclear arms program are in contravention of UN Security Council resolutions [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559|1559]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747|1747]]. Iran also [[International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust|encourages Holocaust denial]]. Following the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, Hezbollah had mounted periodic attacks on Israel, which did not lead to Israeli retaliation. Similarly, the withdrawal from Gaza led to incessant shelling of towns around the Gaza area with only minimal Israeli response. The failure to react led to criticism from the Israeli right and undermined the government. On 14 March 2006, Israel carried out an [[Operation Bringing Home the Goods|operation]] in the Palestinian Authority prison of [[Jericho]] in order to capture [[Ahmad Sa'adat]] and several Palestinian Arab prisoners located there who assassinated Israeli politician [[Rehavam Ze'evi]] in 2001. The operation was conducted as a result of the expressed intentions of the newly elected Hamas government to release these prisoners. On 25 June 2006, a Hamas force crossed the border from Gaza and [[2006 Hamas cross-border raid|attacked]] a tank, capturing Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]], sparking [[2006 Israel–Gaza conflict|clashes]] in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/5142376.stm |title=In pictures: Gaza crisis |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> [[File:Idf back from lebanon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nahal Brigade]] soldiers returning after the [[2006 Lebanon War]]]] On 12 July, Hezbollah [[Zar'it-Shtula incident|attacked Israel]] from Lebanon, shelled Israeli towns and attacked a border patrol, taking two dead or badly wounded Israeli soldiers. These incidents led Israel to initiate the [[2006 Lebanon War|Second Lebanon War]], which lasted through August 2006. Israeli forces entered some villages in Southern Lebanon, while the air force attacked targets all across the country. Israel only made limited ground gains until the launch of [[Operation Changing Direction 11]], which lasted for 3 days with disputed results. Shortly before a UN ceasefire came into effect, Israeli troops [[Battle of Wadi Saluki|captured Wadi Saluki]]. The war concluded with Hezbollah evacuating its forces from Southern Lebanon, while the IDF remained until its positions could be handed over to the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] and [[UNIFIL]]. In 2007 education was made compulsory until the age of 18 for all citizens (it had been 16). Refugees from the [[War in Darfur|genocide in Darfur]], mostly Muslim, arrived in Israel illegally, with some given Asylum.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931160,00.html |title=Israel's Illegal Immigrants — and Their Children |last=Kalman |first=Matthew |date=21 October 2009 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=24 តុលា 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024031119/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931160,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/SudaneseRefugees.html |title=Sudanese Refugees in Israel |last=Scheinerman |first=Naomi |work=Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> [[Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel|Illegal immigrants]] arrived mainly from Africa in addition to foreign workers overstaying their visas. The numbers of such migrants are not known, and estimates vary between 30,000 and over 100,000. An American billionaire casino owner, [[Sheldon Adelson]], set up a free newspaper [[Israel Hayom]] with the express intention of reducing the influence of the dominant (centre-left) newspaper [[Yediot Ahronot]] and causing a right-ward shift in Israeli politics by supporting Netanyahu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/israel|title=Israel|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=2 កុម្ភៈ 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194227/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/israel|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]],<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=15 June 2007 | location=London | first1=Ian | last1=Black | first2=Mark | last2=Tran}}</ref> seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book | title= Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank | pages= 14–15 | author2= Human Rights Watch | first1= Fred | last1= Abrahams | publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] | year= 2008 | authorlink2= Human Rights Watch }}</ref> Following the takeover, Egypt and Israel imposed a partial [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]], on the grounds that Fatah had fled and was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side, and to prevent arms smuggling by terrorist groups. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force [[Operation Orchard|destroyed]] a nuclear reactor in Syria. On 28 February 2008, Israel launched a [[Operation Hot Winter|military campaign]] in Gaza in response to the constant firing of [[Qassam rocket]]s by Hamas militants. On July 16, 2008, Hezbollah [[2008 Israel-Hezbollah prisoner swap|swapped]] the bodies of Israeli soldiers [[Ehud Goldwasser]] and [[Eldad Regev]], kidnapped in 2006, in exchange for the Lebanese terrorist [[Samir Kuntar]], four [[Lebanese prisoners in Israel|Hezbollah prisoners]], and the bodies of 199 Palestinian Arab and Lebanese fighters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israeli-experts-say-many-Lebanese-are-not-celebrating|first=Nathan|last=Cohen|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=17 July 2008|title=Israeli experts say many Lebanese are not celebrating}}</ref> Olmert came under investigation for corruption and this led him to announce on 30 July 2008, that he would be stepping down as Prime Minister following election of a new leader of the [[Kadima]] party in September 2008. [[Tzipi Livni]] won the election, but was unable to form a coalition and Olmert remained in office until the general election. Israel carried out [[Operation Cast Lead]] in the Gaza Strip from 27 December 2008 to 18 January 2009 in response to rocket attacks from Hamas militants,<ref name=gw>{{cite news|title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=20 January 2009 |accessdate=3 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ga097JZR?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |archivedate=6 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> leading to a decrease of [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2009|Palestinian rocket attacks]].<ref name="Shabak">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/2010Review.pdf |title=Data and Trends in Terrorism |date=25 December 2010 |work=Annual Summary |publisher=Israel Security Agency |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> ===2009–present: Netanyahu II=== {{Further information|2011 Israeli social justice protests|Tamar gas field|Operation Pillar of Defense|2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}} {{See also2|[[Thirty-second government of Israel|Thirty-second]]|[[Thirty-third government of Israel|Thirty-third]]|[[Thirty-fourth government of Israel|Thirty-fourth]] governments of Israel}} In the [[Israeli legislative election, 2009|2009 legislative election]] Likud won 27 seats and Kadima 28; however, the right-wing camp won a majority of seats, and President Shimon Peres called on Netanyahu to form the government. Russian immigrant-dominated [[Yisrael Beiteinu]] came third with 15 seats, and Labour was reduced to fourth place with 13 seats. In 2009, Israeli billionaire [[Yitzhak Tshuva]] announced the discovery of [[Tamar gas field|huge natural gas reserves]] off the coast of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel Billionaire Tshuva Strikes Gas, Fueling Expansion in Energy, Hotels |first1=David |last1=Wainer |first2=Calev |last2=Ben-David |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-21/israel-billionaire-tshuva-strikes-gas-fueling-expansion-in-energy-hotels.html |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> On 31 May 2010, an [[Gaza flotilla raid|international incident]] broke out in the Mediterranean Sea when foreign activists trying to break the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip#Naval blockade|maritime blockade]] over Gaza, clashed with Israeli troops. During the struggle, nine Turkish activists were killed. In late September 2010 took place [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010-2011)|direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians]] without success. As a defensive countermeasure to the rocket threat against Israel's civilian population, at the end of March 2011 Israel began to operate the advanced mobile air defence system "[[Iron Dome]]"<ref name=atSpecs>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/irondomeairdefencemi/ |title=Iron Dome Air Defense Missile System, Israel |publisher=army-technology.com |accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref> in the southern region of Israel and along the border with the Gaza Strip. [[File:Israel Housing Protests Tel Aviv August 6 2011b.jpg|thumb|[[2011 Israeli social justice protests|Protest]] in [[Tel Aviv]] on 6 August 2011]] On 14 July 2011, the [[2011 Israeli housing protests|largest social protest in the history of Israel]] began in which hundreds of thousands of protesters from a variety of [[socio-economic]] and religious backgrounds in Israel protested against the continuing rise in the [[cost of living]] (particularly housing) and the deterioration of public services in the country (such as health and education). The peak of the demonstrations took place on 3 September 2011, in which about 400,000 people demonstrated across the country. In October 2011, [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|a deal was reached]] between Israel and [[Hamas]], by which the kidnapped Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] was released in exchange for 1,027 [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinians]] and [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab-Israeli]] prisoners.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/17/c_131194865.htm Hamas to gain politically from prisoner swap deal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105105418/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/17/c_131194865.htm |date=5 January 2014 }}. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-20.</ref><ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Harinder|title=Israel to release 1,027 prisoners for its lone soldier|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/israel-to-release-1027-prisoners-for-its-lone-soldier/854824.html|accessdate=16 October 2011|newspaper=[[IBN Live]]|date=12 October 2011|location=Jerusalem|archive-date=11 មករា 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155346/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/israel-to-release-1027-prisoners-for-its-lone-soldier/854824.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2012, Secretary-general of the [[Popular Resistance Committees]], [[Zuhir al-Qaisi]], a senior PRC member and two additional Palestinian militants were assassinated during a [[Israeli targeted killings|targeted killing]] carried out by Israeli forces in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-gaza/israel-kills-palestinian-militants-in-gaza-strike-idUSBRE8280W820120309|title=Israel kills 10 Palestinian militants in Gaza strikes|date=9 March 2012|publisher=|via=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17319054|title=Israeli strikes 'kill 12' in Gaza|date=10 March 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The Palestinian armed factions in the Gaza Strip, led by the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] and the [[Popular Resistance Committees]], fired a massive amount of rockets towards southern Israel in retaliation, sparking five days of [[March 2012 Gaza-Israel clashes|clashes]] along the Gaza border. In May 2012, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached an agreement with the Head of Opposition [[Shaul Mofaz]] for [[Kadima]] to join the government, thus cancelling the early election supposed to be held in September.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4226125,00.html |title=No elections: Kadima to join government |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref> However, in July, the Kadima party left Netanyahu's government due to a dispute concerning [[Plesner Committee|military conscription for ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2012 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18870666 |publisher=BBC News |title=Kadima quits Israel government over conscription law |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> In June 2012, Israel [[Israeli transfer of Palestinian militant bodies (2012)|transferred the bodies of 91 Palestinian suicide bombers and other militants]] as part of what Mark Regev, spokesman for Netanyahu, described as a "humanitarian gesture" to [[Palestinian Authority|PA]] chairman [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to help revive the peace talks, and reinstate direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120531-palestinian-territories-bodies-israel-return-conflict |title=Israel returns bodies of 91 Palestinians |publisher=France 24 |accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> On 21 October 2012, United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defence exercise, known as [[2012 US-Israel military exercise|Austere Challenge 12]], involving around 3,500 US troops in the region along with 1,000 IDF personnel, expected to last three weeks.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/2012102195738284839.html US and Israel launch joint military drill], ''Al Jazeera''. 21 October 2012</ref> Germany and Britain also participated.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran U.S.-Israeli Military Exercise Sending Message to Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817063133/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |date=17 August 2014 }}</ref> In response to over a hundred rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an [[Operation Pillar of Defense|operation]] in Gaza on 14 November 2012, with the targeted killing of [[Ahmed Jabari]], chief of Hamas military wing, and airstrikes against twenty underground sites housing long-range missile launchers capable of striking Tel Aviv. In January 2013, construction of the [[Israel–Egypt barrier|barrier]] on the Israeli-Egyptian border was completed in its main section.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-africa-immigration-20130103,0,3410875.story |title=Israel completes most of Egypt border fence |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=2 January 2013}}</ref> Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister again after the [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] alliance won the most seats (31) in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2013|2013 legislative election]] and formed a coalition government with secular centrist [[Yesh Atid]] party (19), rightist [[The Jewish Home]] (12) and Livni's [[Hatnuah]] (6), excluding Haredi parties. Labour came in third with 15 seats.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21745344 | work=BBC News | title=Israel PM Netanyahu 'reaches coalition deal' | date=14 March 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, as a "good will gesture" to restart [[2013 Israeli-Palestinian peace talks|peace talks]] with the Palestinian Authority, Israel agreed to release 104 Palestinian prisoners, most of whom had been in jail since before the 1993 Oslo Accords,<ref name="Wash Post 2013-07-28">{{cite news |author=William Booth |author2=Orly Halpern |author3=Anne Gearan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-to-free-104-palestinian-prisoners/2013/07/28/390ad8d2-f7a3-11e2-a954-358d90d5d72d_story.html |title=Peace talks set to begin after Israel agrees to free 104 Palestinian prisoners |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 July 2013 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> including militants who had killed Israeli civilians.<ref name="Wash Post 2013-07-28"/><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Isabel Kershner]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/world/middleeast/israel-names-palestinian-prisoners-to-be-released.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2& |title=Timing of Israeli Housing Plans May Be Part of a Political Calculation |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 August 2013 |page=A6 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> In April 2014, Israel suspended peace talks after Hamas and Fatah agreed to form a unity government.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4513046,00.html Sanctions and suspended talks - Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation] [[Ynet News]] 24 April 2014</ref> Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started an [[Operation Protective Edge|operation]] in the Gaza Strip on 8 July 2014,<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Steven Erlanger]] |author2=[[Isabel Kershner]] |title=Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 July 2014 |page=A1 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> which included a ground incursion aimed at destroying the [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|cross-border tunnels]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Gaza conflict: Israel and Palestinians agree long-term truce'|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28939350|publisher=BBC News|date=27 August 2014}}</ref> Differences over the budget and a [[Basic Law proposal: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|"Jewish state" bill]] triggered early elections in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-s-benjamin-netanyahu-fires-2-ministers-election-likely-1.2857502|title=Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu fires 2 ministers, election likely|agency=CBC News|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> After the [[Israeli legislative election, 2015|2015 Israeli elections]], Netanyahu renewed his mandate as Prime Minister when [[Likud]] obtained 30 seats and formed a right-wing coalition government with [[Kulanu]] (10), [[The Jewish Home]] (8), and Orthodox parties [[Shas]] (7) and [[United Torah Judaism]] (6), the bare minimum of seats required to form a coalition. The [[Zionist Union]] alliance came second with 24 seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/06/middleeast/israel-election-coalition/ |title=Benjamin Netanyahu forms a coalition government for Israel |newspaper=CNN |date=6 May 2015}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{main article|Demographic history of Palestine}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:center;" |+ Population of the Land of Israel 65–650<ref>''The Chosen Few'' by Botticini and Eckstein Princeton 2012, p. 17</ref> |- ! ! 65 ! 100 ! 150 ! 300 ! 550 ! 650 |- | align=left | Estimated Jewish Population (thousands) | 2,500 | 1,800 | 1,200 | 500 | 200 | 100 |- | align=left | Estimated Total Population | 3,000 | 2,300 | 1,800 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 1,500 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:center;" |+ Development of Israel by decade<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2012 |title=Population, by Population Group |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_27&CYear=2012 |title=Jewish Population in the World and in Israel |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&idim=country:ISR |title=GDP per capita (current US$) |date=30 April 2013 |work=Google Public Data Explorer |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> |- ! ! 1950 ! 1960 ! 1970 ! 1980 ! 1990 ! 2000 ! 2010 |- | align=left | [[Demographics of Israel|Population]] (thousands) | 1,370.1 | 2,150.4 | 3,022.1 | 3,921.7 | 4,821.7 | 6,369.3 | 7,695.1 |- | align=left | [[Historical Jewish population comparisons|World Jewry percentage]] | 6% | 15% | 20% | 25% | 30% | 38% | 42% |- | align=left | [[List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]] (current US$) | | 1,366 | 1,806 | 5,617 | 11,264 | 19,859 | 28,522 |} ==See also== {{portal|Israel|History}} {{div col||25em}} * [[Archaeology of Israel]] * [[Hebrew calendar]] * [[History of the Arab–Israeli conflict]] * [[History of Israeli nationality]] * [[History of Jerusalem]] * [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel]] * [[History of the Middle East]] * [[History of Palestine]] * [[History of Zionism]] * [[Jewish history]] * [[Jewish military history]] * [[LGBT history in Israel]] * [[List of Israeli museums]] * [[List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel]] * [[List of years in Israel]] * [[Politics of Israel]] * [[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel]] * [[Timeline of Israeli history]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html |title=The Peel Commission Report |date=July 1937 |accessdate=12 January 2013}} * Berger, Earl ''The Covenant and the Sword: Arab–Israeli Relations, 1948–56'', London, Routledge K. Paul, 1965. * Bregman, Ahron ''A History of Israel'', Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 {{ISBN|0-333-67632-7}}. * {{Cite book|last=Bright|first=John|title=A History of Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bright+History+of+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780664220686}} * Butler, L. J. ''Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World'' I.B. Tauris 2002 {{ISBN|1-86064-449-X}} * {{Cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael D., ed.|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780195139372}} * Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy" * Darwin, John ''Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World'' Palgrave Macmillan 1988 {{ISBN|0-333-29258-8}} * Davis, John, ''The Evasive Peace: a Study of the Zionist-Arab Problem'', London: J. Murray, 1968. * {{Cite book |last=Dever |first=William |title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC&dq=Who+were+the+early+Israelites,+and+where+did+they+come+from%3F&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false |isbn=9780802809759}} * [[Walter Eytan|Eytan, Walter]] ''The First Ten Years: a Diplomatic History of Israel'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958 * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] ''Israel: A History'', New York: Morrow, 1998 {{ISBN|0-688-12362-7}}. * Horrox, James ''A Living Revolution: Anarchism in the Kibbutz Movement'', Oakland: AK Press, 2009 * [[Chaim Herzog|Herzog, Chaim]] ''The Arab–Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence to Lebanon'', London: Arms and Armour; Tel Aviv, Israel: Steimatzky, 1984 {{ISBN|0-85368-613-0}}. * Israel Office of Information ''Israel's Struggle for Peace'', New York, 1960. * {{Cite book|last=Killebrew|first=Ann E.|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9781589830974}} * [[Walter Laqueur|Laqueur, Walter]] ''Confrontation: the Middle-East War and World Politics'', London: Wildwood House, 1974, {{ISBN|0-7045-0096-5}}. * Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside" * Lucas, Noah ''The Modern History of Israel'', New York: Praeger, 1975. * {{Cite book|last=McNutt|first=Paula|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel++By+Paula+M.+McNutt#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9780664222659}} * {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=James Maxwell|last2=Hayes|first2=John Haralson|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=0-664-21262-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&dq=A+history+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah++By+James+Maxwell+Miller,+John+Haralson+Hayes&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Robert D.|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9780802809889}} * Morris, Benny ''1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War'', Yale University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-300-12696-9}}. * [[Conor Cruise O'Brien|O'Brian, Conor Cruise]] ''The Siege: the Saga of Israel and Zionism'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 {{ISBN|0-671-60044-3}}. * [[Michael Oren|Oren, Michael]] ''Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 {{ISBN|0-19-515174-7}}. * Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (editor) ''The Arab–Israeli Conflict: Perspectives'', New York: Praeger, 1984 {{ISBN|0-03-068778-0}}. * Lord Russell of Liverpool, ''If I Forget Thee; the Story of a Nation's Rebirth'', London, Cassell 1960. * Sachar, Howard M. ''A History of Israel'', New York: Knopf, 1976 {{ISBN|0-394-48564-5}}. * Samuel, Rinna ''A History of Israel: the Birth, Growth and Development of Today's Jewish State'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989 {{ISBN|0-297-79329-2}}. * Schultz, Joseph & Klausner, Carla ''From Destruction to Rebirth: The Holocaust and the State of Israel'', Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978 {{ISBN|0-8191-0574-0}}. * [[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] ''The Seventh Million: the Israelis and the Holocaust'', New York: Hill and Wang, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8090-8563-1}}. * Shapira Anita. ‘’Israel: A History’’ (Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England; 2012) 502 pages; * [[Avi Shlaim|Shlaim, Avi]], The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (2001) * Stager, Lawrence, "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" * [[Jacob Talmon|Talmon, Jacob L.]] ''Israel Among the Nations'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970 {{ISBN|0-297-00227-9}}. * {{Cite book|last=Vaughn|first=Andrew G.|last2=Killebrew|first2=Ann E., eds.|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period|publisher=Sheffield|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&dq=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+archaeology:+the+First+Temple+period++By+Andrew+G.+Vaughn,+Ann+E.+Killebrew&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9781589830660}} * [[Michael Wolffsohn|Wolffsohn, Michael]] ''Eternal Guilt?: Forty years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-231-08274-6}}. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia-2 |{{Start date|2008|03|30}} |Wikipedia - History of the State of Israel - Historical background.ogg |Wikipedia - History of the State of Israel - History of Israel.ogg}} *[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Facts%20about%20Israel-%20History.aspx Facts About Israel: History] at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] *[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123668 Israel profile - Timeline] at the [[BBC News Online]] *[https://www.knesset.gov.il/review/main.aspx?lng=3 History of Israel] at the [[Knesset]] website *[https://www.archives.gov.il/en/ Official website]{{Dead link|date=វិច្ឆិកា 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the [[Israel State Archives]] *{{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel/Society_and_Culture/History}} {{Subject bar |commons=y |commons-search=Category:History of Israel |b=y |b-search=Israeli History}} {{Zionism and the Land of Israel}} {{Jewish history}} {{History of Asia}} {{Israel topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History of Israel| ]] [[Category:Jewish history|**]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips|Israel, history of]] px32mom3n6pznniqlt25w33bxmfsh88 336434 336425 2026-06-09T15:47:41Z TheRandomGoober 27248 Translation required 336434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{មិនមែនភាសាខ្មែរ}} {{use dmy dates|date=April 2015}} {{ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]ទំនើបទំនងជាស្ថិតនៅស្ថានីយ៍នៃ[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងយូដាបុរាណ|បណ្ដារាជាណាចក្រអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដាបុរាណ]]។ តំបន់នេះ (ក៏ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជា[[ដែនដីនៃអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] និង [[ប៉ាលេស្ទីន (តំបន់)|ប៉ាលេស្ទីន]]ផងដែរ) ជាទីកំណើតនៃភាសាអេប្រឺ ជាទីដែលគម្ពីរប៊ីបភាសាអេប្រឺត្រូវបានចងក្រងឡើង ហើយក៏ជាទីកំណើតនៃ[[យូដាសាសនា]] និង [[គ្រិស្តសាសនា]]ផងដែរ។ ទីនោះមានទីស្ថានជាច្រើនដែលបូជាធ្វើពិធីគោរពដល់[[យូដាសាសនា]] [[គ្រិស្តសាសនា]] [[ឥស្លាមសាសនា]] [[សាម៉ាសាសនា]] និង [[ជំនឿបាហា]]។ [[ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]ស្ថិតនៅក្រោមឥទ្ធិពលនៃចក្រភពផ្សេងៗ និង ជាស្រុកកំណើតនៃជនជាតិផ្សេងៗ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែជនជាតិ[[ជ្វីប]]មានច្រើនលើសលុបជាងគេចាប់ពីប្រហែល ១០០០ ឆ្នាំ [[មុនគ្រិស្តសករាជ]] (មុ.គ.) រហូតដល់សតវត្សទី៣ នៃគ្រិស្តសករាជ (គ.ស.)។<ref>"The Chosen Few : How Education Shaped Jewish History, 70 - 1492, by Botticini and Eckstein, Chapter 1, especially page 17, Princeton 2012"</ref> ការទទួលយកគ្រិស្តសាសនាដោយ[[ចក្រភពរ៉ូម]]នៅសតវត្សទី៤បានធ្វើអោយមានអ្នកកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនាភាគច្រើនបានបន្តរហូតមកដល់សតវត្សទី៧ ដែលខណៈនោះជាពេលដែលតំបន់នេះត្រូវបានសញ្ជ័យដោយ[[កាលីផ្វចក្រ|ចក្រភពអារ៉ាប់]]។ វាជាទីដែលមានពួកឥស្លាមមានច្រើនលើសលប់រហូតដល់សម័យសង្គ្រាមឈើឆ្កាងរវាងឆ្នាំ១០៩៦ និង ១២៩១ ដែលនៅពេលនោះវាគឺជាចំណុចប្រសព្វនៃការប៉ះទង្គិចគ្នារវាងគ្រិស្តសាសនា និង ឥស្លាមសាសនា។ It gradually became predominantly Moslem until the [[Crusades]] between 1096 and 1291, when it was the focal point of conflict between Christianity and Islam. ចាប់ពីសតវត្សទី១៣ មានពួកឥស្លាមភាគច្រើនដែលមានភាសាអារ៉ាប់ជាភាសាលប់លើគេ ហើយក៏ជាភាគដំបូងនៃខេត្តស៊ីរីនៃស៊ុលតង់ចក្រម៉ាំលុក ហើយក៏ជាប៉ែកនៃចក្រភពអូតូម៉ង់រហូតដល់មាន[[យុទ្ធនាការស៊ីណៃនិងប៉ាលេស្ទីន|ការសញ្ជ័យប៊្រិថេននៅឆ្នាំ១៩១៧]]។From the 13th Century it was mainly Moslem with Arabic as the dominant language and was first part of the Syrian province of the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]] and then part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] until the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|British conquest in 1917]]. ចលនាជាតិជ្វីប [[ហ្ស៊ីអននិយម]] បានផុសផុលឡើងនៅចុងសតវត្សទី១៩ (ឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងការកើនឡើងបន្តិចម្ដងៗនៃ[[បដិសាម៉ានិយម]]) ហើយ[[អាលីយ៉ា]] (អន្តោប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបទៅកាន់ដែនដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល) បានកើនឡើងផងដែរ។A Jewish national movement, [[Zionism]], emerged in the late-19th century (partially in response to growing [[anti-Semitism]]) and [[Aliyah]] (Jewish immigration to the Land of Israel) increased. បន្ទាប់ពី[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១]] ទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់នៅឡេវែន្ត៍បានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការក្ដោបក្ដាប់ប៊្រិថេន និងបារាំង ហើយ[[សង្គមប្រជាជាតិ]]បានប្រគល់[[អាណត្តិប៊្រិថេនសម្រាប់ប៉ាលេស្ទីន (នីតូបករណ៍)|អាណត្តិឱ្យប៊្រិថេនដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងប៉ាលេស្ទីន]]ដែលវាបានក្លាយទៅជា[[ស្រុកកំណើតជនជាតិជ្វីប|ស្រុកកំណើតប្រជាជាតិជ្វីប]]។After [[World War I]], Ottoman territories in the Levant came under British and French control and the [[League of Nations]] granted the British a [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|Mandate to rule Palestine]] which was to be turned into a [[Jewish National Home]]. គូប្រជែង ជាតិនិយមអារ៉ាប់ ក៏បានអះអាងទាមទារសិទ្ធិទៅលើអតីតទឹកដីអូតូម៉ង់ ហើយបានរិះរកវិធីដើម្បីរារាំងទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជនជាតិជ្វីបចូលទៅកាន់ប៉ាលេស្ទីន ដែលនាំអោយមាន[[ការប៉ះទង្គិចអន្តរសហគមនៅប៉ាលេស្ទីនអាណត្តិ|ភាពតានតឹងអារ៉ាប់-ជ្វីបកើនឡើង]]។A rival [[Arab nationalism]] also claimed rights over the former Ottoman territories and sought to prevent Jewish migration into Palestine, leading to growing [[Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine|Arab–Jewish tensions]]. [[ការប្រកាសឯករាជ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែល|ឯករាជ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨ ត្រូវបានកត់សម្គាល់ដោយទេសន្តរប្រវេសន៍ជ្វីបយ៉ាងសម្បើមពី[[ប៊្រីហា|អឺរ៉ុប]] [[Israeli Declaration of Independence|Israeli independence]] in 1948 was marked by massive migration of Jews from [[Bricha|Europe]], a [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]] to Israel, and of [[1948 Palestinian exodus|Arabs]] from Israel, followed by the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 May 1948 |accessdate=16 April 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |archivedate=21 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> About 43% of the [[Jewish population by country|world's Jews]] live in Israel today, the largest Jewish community in the world.<ref>{{cite report |author=DellaPergola, Sergio |date=2015 |title=World Jewish Population, 2015 |url=http://www.jewishdatabank.org/Studies/downloadFile.cfm?FileID=3394 |publisher=Berman Jewish DataBank |accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref> Since about 1970, the [[United States]] has become the principal [[Israel–United States relations|ally of Israel]]. In 1979 an uneasy [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty]] was signed, based on the [[Camp David Accords]]. In 1993, Israel signed [[Oslo I Accord]] with the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]], followed by establishment of the [[Palestinian National Authority]] and in 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]] was signed. Despite [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process|efforts to finalize the peace agreement]], the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social and economic life. The [[economy of Israel]] was initially primarily socialist and the country dominated by social democratic parties until the 1970s. Since then the Israeli economy has gradually moved to capitalism and a free market economy, partially retaining the social welfare system. ------ The history of Israel covers an area of the Southern Levant also known as Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Land, which is the geographical location of the modern states of Israel and Palestine. From a prehistory as part of the critical Levantine corridor, which witnessed waves of early humans out of Africa, to the emergence of Natufian culture c. 10th millennium BCE, the region entered the Bronze Age c. 2,000 BCE with the development of Canaanite civilization, before being vassalized by Egypt in the Late Bronze Age. In the Iron Age, the kingdoms of Israel and Judah were established, entities that were central to the origins of the Jewish and Samaritan peoples as well as the Abrahamic faith tradition.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This has given rise to Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, Islam, Druzism, Baha'ism, and a variety of other religious movements. Throughout the course of human history, the Land of Israel has come under the sway or control of various polities and, as a result, it has historically hosted a wide variety of ethnic groups. In the following centuries, the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Empires conquered the region. The Ptolemies and the Seleucids vied for control over the region during the Hellenistic period. However, with the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty, the local Jewish population maintained independence for a century before being incorporated into the Roman Republic.[7] As a result of the Jewish-Roman Wars in the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, many Jews were killed, displaced or sold into slavery.[8][9][10][11] Following the advent of Christianity, which was adopted by the Greco-Roman world under the influence of the Roman Empire, the region's demographics shifted towards newfound Christians, who replaced Jews as the majority of the population by the 4th century. However, shortly after Islam was consolidated across the Arabian Peninsula under Muhammad, Byzantine Christian rule over the Land of Israel was superseded by the Arab conquest of the Levant in the 7th century. From the 11th century to the 13th century, the Land of Israel became the centre for intermittent religious wars between Christian and Muslim armies as part of the Crusades. In the 13th century, the Land of Israel became subject to the Mongol invasions and conquests, though these were locally routed by the Mamluk Sultanate, under whose rule it remained until the 16th century. The Mamluks were eventually defeated by the Ottoman Empire, and the region became an Ottoman province until the 20th century. The late 19th century saw the widespread consolidation of a Jewish nationalist movement known as Zionism, as part of which aliyah (Jewish return to the Land of Israel from the diaspora) increased. During World War I, the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the Allies led to the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire. Britain was granted control of the region by League of Nations mandate, in what became known as Mandatory Palestine. The British government publicly committed itself to the creation of a Jewish homeland. Arab nationalism opposed this design, asserting Arab rights over the former Ottoman territories and seeking to prevent Jewish migration. As a result, Arab–Jewish tensions grew in the succeeding decades of British administration. In 1948, the Israeli Declaration of Independence sparked the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which resulted in the 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight and subsequently led to waves of Jewish emigration from other parts of the Middle East. Today, approximately 43 percent of the global Jewish population resides in Israel. In 1979, the Egypt–Israel peace treaty was signed, based on the Camp David Accords. In 1993, Israel signed the Oslo I Accord with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was followed by the establishment of the Palestinian National Authority. In 1994, the Israel–Jordan peace treaty was signed. Despite efforts to finalize the peace agreement, the conflict continues to play a major role in Israeli and international political, social, and economic life. ==បុរេប្រវត្តិ== {{Prehistory of the Levant}} [[File:Skhul Cave.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Es Skhul]] cave]] Between 2.6 and 0.9 million years ago, at least four episodes of [[hominine]] dispersal from Africa to the Levant are known, each culturally distinct. The oldest evidence of [[early humans]] in the territory of modern Israel, dating to 1.5 million years ago, was found in [[Ubeidiya]] near the [[Sea of Galilee]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tchernov |first=Eitan |author-link=Eitan Tchernov |date=1988 |title=The Age of 'Ubeidiya Formation (Jordan Valley, Israel) and the Earliest Hominids in the Levant |url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/paleo_0153-9345_1988_num_14_2_4455 |journal=[[Paléorient]] |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=63–65 |doi=10.3406/paleo.1988.4455 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> The flint tool artefacts have been discovered at [[Yiron]], the oldest stone tools found anywhere outside Africa. Other groups include 1.4 million years old [[Acheulean]] industry, the Bizat Ruhama group and [[Gesher Bnot Yaakov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17870089 |title=The oldest human groups in the Levant |publisher=Cat.inist.fr |date=2004-09-13 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In the Carmel mountain range at [[Tabun, Israel|el-Tabun]], and [[Es Skhul]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|title=Timeline in the Understanding of Neanderthals|accessdate=2007-07-13|archivedate=27 កញ្ញា 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231557/http://www.athenapub.com/8timelin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Neanderthal]] and early modern human remains were found, including the skeleton of a Neanderthal female, named Tabun I, which is regarded as one of the most important human fossils ever found.<ref>Christopher Stringer, custodian of Tabun I, [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], quoted in an exhibition in honour of Garrod; ''Callander and Smith'', 1998</ref> The excavation at el-Tabun produced the longest [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic record]] in the region, spanning 600,000 or more years of human activity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |title=From 'small, dark and alive' to 'cripplingly shy': Dorothy Garrod as the first woman Professor at Cambridge |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228172528/http://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/~pjs1011/Pams.html |archivedate=28 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> from the [[Lower Paleolithic]] to the present day, representing roughly a million years of [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |title=Excavations and Surveys (University of Haifa) |accessdate=2007-07-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313142646/http://arch.haifa.ac.il/excav.php |archivedate=13 March 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Other notable [[Paleolithic]] sites include caves [[Qesem Cave|Qesem]] and [[Manot Cave|Manot]]. The oldest fossils of [[anatomically modern human]]s found [[Recent African origin of modern humans|outside Africa]] are the [[Skhul and Qafzeh hominids]], who lived in northern Israel 120,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rincon |first=Paul |date=14 October 2015 |title=Fossil teeth place humans in Asia '20,000 years early' |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> Around 10th millennium BCE, the [[Natufian culture]] existed in the area.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bar-Yosef |first=Ofer |author-link=Ofer Bar-Yosef |date=7 December 1998 |title=The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf |journal=[[Evolutionary Anthropology (journal)|Evolutionary Anthropology]] |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=159–177 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<159::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-7 |access-date=4 January 2017}}</ref> ==សម័យបុរាណ== {{Main article|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} [[File:Ancient Orient.png|thumb|Map of the [[ancient Near East]]]] ===កណអាន=== {{Main article|Canaan|Djahy}} During the 2nd millennium BCE, [[Canaan]], part of which later became known as Israel, was dominated by the [[New Kingdom of Egypt]] from c.1550 to c. 1180.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com|title=Google Books|website=books.google.com}}</ref> ===ពួកអ៊ីស្រាអែលដំបូងៗ=== {{Main article|Hebrews|Israelites|Biblical judges}} {{See also|Origins of Judaism|Biblical archaeology|The Bible and history}} [[File:Merneptah Israel Stele Cairo.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Merneptah Stele]]. While alternative translations exist, the majority of [[Biblical Archeology|biblical archaeologists]] translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel," representing the first instance of the name in the historical record.]] The first record of the name Israel (as ''{{lang|egy-Latn|ysrỉꜣr}}'') occurs in the [[Merneptah stele]], erected for Egyptian Pharaoh [[Merneptah]] (son of [[Ramses II]]) c. 1209 BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is not."<ref>Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.</ref> [[William G. Dever]] sees this "Israel" in the central highlands as a cultural and probably political entity, more an ethnic group rather than an organized state.<ref>Dever 2003, p. 206.</ref> Ancestors of the Israelites may have included [[ancient Semitic-speaking peoples|Semites]] native to [[Canaan]] and the [[Sea Peoples]].<ref>Miller 1986, pp. 78–9.</ref> McNutt says, "It is probably safe to assume that sometime during [[Iron Age]] I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'", differentiating itself from the [[Canaanites]] through such markers as the prohibition of intermarriage, an emphasis on family history and genealogy, and religion.<ref>McNutt 1999, p. 35.</ref> Villages had populations of up to 300 or 400,<ref name=mcnutt70>McNutt 1999, p. 70.</ref><ref>Miller 2005, p. 98.</ref> which lived by farming and herding, and were largely self-sufficient;<ref>McNutt 1999, p. 72.</ref> economic interchange was prevalent.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 99.</ref> Writing was known and available for recording, even in small sites.<ref>Miller 2005, p. 105.</ref> The archaeological evidence indicates a society of village-like centres, but with more limited resources and a small population.<ref>Lehman in Vaughn 1992, pp. 156–62.</ref> ===អត្ថបទ និង សាសនាអេប្រឺដំបូង=== The first use of [[grapheme]]-based [[Proto-Sinaitic script|writing originated in the area]], probably among Canaanite peoples resident in Egypt. This evolved into the [[Phoenician alphabet]] from which all modern [[Alphabet|alphabetical writing systems]] are descended. The [[Paleo-Hebrew alphabet]] was one of the first to develop and evidence of its use exists from about 1000 BCE<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/1308-alphabet-the-hebrew|title=ALPHABET, THE HEBREW - JewishEncyclopedia.com|website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref> (see the [[Gezer calendar]]), the language spoken was probably [[Biblical Hebrew]]. [[Monotheism]], the belief in a single all-powerful law-giving God is thought to have evolved among the Hebrew speakers gradually, over the next few centuries, from a number of separate cults,<ref>Othmar Keel, Christoph Uehlinger, Gods, Goddesses, and Images of God in Ancient Israel, Fortress Press (1998); Mark S. Smith, The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel’s Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts, Oxford University Press (2001)</ref> leading to the first versions of the religion now known as [[Judaism]]. ===អ៊ីស្រាអែល និង យូដា=== {{Main article|Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Judah}} [[File:Ir-david03.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[City of David]] in Jerusalem]] The [[Hebrew Bible]] describes constant warfare between the [[Israelites]] and the [[Philistines]], whose capital was [[Gaza City|Gaza]]. The Bible states that [[King David]] founded a dynasty of kings and that his son [[Solomon]] built a [[Solomon's Temple|Temple]]. Both David and Solomon are widely referenced in Jewish, Christian and Islamic texts. Standard Biblical chronology suggests that around 930 BCE, following the death of Solomon, the [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)|kingdom]] split into a southern [[Kingdom of Judah]] and a northern [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Kingdom of Israel]]. The Bible's [[Books of Kings]] states that soon after the split Pharoh "[[Shishaq]]" invaded the country, [[Sack of Jerusalem (10th century BC)|plundering Jerusalem]]. An inscription over a [[Bubastite Portal|gate at Karnak]] in Egypt recounts such an invasion by Pharoh [[Sheshonq I]].<ref>Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, page 335, Oxford 2000</ref> The archaeological evidence for this period is extremely sparse, leading some scholars to suggest that this section of the Hebrew Bible (which includes texts written two centuries later) exaggerates the importance of David and Solomon.<ref>https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.818795 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115071824/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/1.818795 |date=15 មករា 2018 }}, "The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts" by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, Free Press 2002</ref> The earliest references to the "[[Davidic Dynasty|House of David]]" have been found at two sites, the [[Tel Dan Stele]] and the [[Mesha Stele]] (a [[Moab]]ite stele, now in the Louvre) which describes an 840 BCE invasion of [[Moab]] by [[Omri]], King of Israel. [[Jehu]], son of Omri, is referenced by [[Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III|Assyrian records]] (now in the British Museum). Modern Archaeological findings show that Omri's capital city, [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]] was large and Finkelstein has suggested that the Biblical account of David and Solomon are an attempt by later Judean rulers to ascribe Israel's successes to their dynasty. [[File:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg|thumb|upright|Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)|Israel]] and [[Kingdom of Judah|Judah]]]] In 854 BCE, an alliance between [[Ahab]] of Israel and Ben Hadad II of [[Aram Damascus]] managed to repulse the incursions of the [[Assyrian people|Assyrians]], with a victory at the [[Battle of Qarqar]]. (see the [[Kurkh Monoliths]]).<ref>Kurkh stela: https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=367117&partId=1 For original inscription see http://rbedrosian.com/Downloads3/ancient_records_assyria1.pdf page 223</ref> The Kingdom of Israel was destroyed by [[Assyria]]n king [[Tiglath-Pileser III]] around 750 BCE. The Philistine kingdom was also destroyed. The Assyrians sent most of the northern Israelite kingdom into [[Assyrian captivity of Israel|exile]], thus creating the "[[Lost Tribes of Israel]]". The [[Samaritan]]s claim to be descended from survivors of the Assyrian conquest. An Israelite revolt (724–722 BCE) was crushed after the siege and capture of [[Samaria (ancient city)|Samaria]] by the Assyrian king [[Sargon II]]. Sargon's son, [[Sennacherib]], tried and failed to [[Sennacherib's campaign in Judah|conquer]] Judah. [[Taylor prism|Assyrian records]] say he levelled 46 walled cities and [[Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem|besieged Jerusalem]], leaving after receiving extensive tribute.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/sennprism.html|title=column 2 line 61 to column 3 line 49|publisher=|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=15 ធ្នូ 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121215110326/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/sennprism.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Modern scholars believe that refugees from the destruction of Israel moved to Judah during the rule of King [[Hezekiah]] (ruler from 715 - 686 BCE), massively expanding Jerusalem and leading to construction of the [[Siloam Tunnel]] which could provide water during a siege.<ref>{{cite book |last=Broshi |first=Maguen |title=Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls |url=https://books.google.com/?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PA174&dq=the+main+reasons+behind+this+expansion+was+the+immigration+of+Israelites+who+came+to+Judah+from+the+Northern+Kingdom+after+the+fall+of+Samaria+in+721+BCE#v=onepage&q=the%20main%20reasons%20behind%20this%20expansion%20was%20the%20immigration%20of%20Israelites%20who%20came%20to%20Judah%20from%20the%20Northern%20Kingdom%20after%20the%20fall%20of%20Samaria%20in%20721%20BCE&f=false |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2001 |page=174 |isbn=1841272019}}</ref> The refugees brought with them new religious ideas which led, under King [[Josiah]] (ruler from 641 - 619), to the writing of the books of [[Deuteronomy]], [[Book of Joshua|Joshua]] and to the accounts of the kingship of David and Solomon in the [[Books of Kings|book of Kings]]. The books are known as [[Deuteronomist]] and considered to be a major key step in the emergence of [[Monotheism]] in Judah. They were written at a time that Assyria was weakened by the emergence of Babylon and may be a committing to text of pre-writing verbal traditions.<ref>The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism by Stephen Cook, SBL 2004 pp 58</ref> == Babylonian, Persian, Ptolemaic and Seleucid rule (586–135 BCE) == {{Main article|Yehud (Babylonian province)|Yehud Medinata|Coele-Syria}} [[File:מסע גולי בבל.jpg|thumb|The route of the exiles to Babylon]] In 586 BCE King [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] of [[Babylon]] [[Jewish–Babylonian war|conquered]] Judah. According to the Hebrew Bible, he destroyed [[Solomon's Temple]] and [[Babylonian captivity|exiled]] the Jews to Babylon. The defeat was also recorded by the Babylonians<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-10-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030154541/https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_nebuchadnezzar_ii.aspx |archivedate=30 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>See http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604223643/http://www.livius.org/cg-cm/chronicles/abc5/jerusalem.html |date=4 មិថុនា 2011 }} reverse side, line 12.</ref> (see the [[Babylonian Chronicles]]). Babylonian and Biblical sources suggest that the Judean king, [[Jehoiachin]], switched allegiances between the Egyptians and the Babylonians and that invasion was a punishment for allying with Babylon's principal rival, Egypt. The exiled Jews may have been restricted to the elite. Jehoiachin was eventually released by the Babylonians (see [[Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets]]) and according to both the Bible and the Talmud, the Judean royal family (the [[Davidic line]]) continued as head of the exile in Babylon (the [[Exilarch]]). [[File:YehudObverse 1.jpg|thumb|170px|left|Obverse of [[Yehud coinage|Yehud silver coin]]]] In 538 BCE, [[Cyrus (Bible)|Cyrus the Great]] of [[Persia]] conquered Babylon and took over its empire. Cyrus issued a proclamation granting subjugated nations (including the people of Judah) religious freedom (for the original text see the [[Cyrus Cylinder]]). According to the Hebrew Bible 50,000 Judeans, led by [[Zerubabel]], [[Return to Zion|returned to Judah]] and [[Second Temple of Jerusalem|rebuilt the temple]]. A second group of 5,000, led by [[Ezra]] and [[Nehemiah]], returned to Judah in 456 BCE although non-Jews wrote to Cyrus to try to prevent their return. Modern scholars believe that the final Hebrew versions of the [[Torah]] and [[Books of Kings]] [[Authorship of the Bible|date from this period]], that the returning [[Israelites]] adopted an [[Aramaic script]] (also known as the [[Ashuri alphabet]]), which they brought back from Babylon; this is the current Hebrew script. The [[Hebrew Calendar]] closely resembles the [[Babylonian calendar]] and probably dates from this period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303554/Jewish-religious-year/34907/Origin-and-development|title=Jewish religious year|publisher=}}</ref> In 333 BCE, the [[ancient Macedonians|Macedonian]] ruler [[Alexander the Great]] defeated [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] and [[Alexander the Great#Egypt|conquered]] the region. Sometime thereafter, the first translation of the Hebrew Bible, the [[Septuagint]], was begun in [[Alexandria]]. After Alexander's death, his generals fought over the territory he had conquered. Judah became the frontier between the [[Seleucid Empire]] and [[Ptolemaic Egypt]], eventually becoming part of the Seleucid Empire in 200 BCE at the [[battle of Panium]]. == Hasmonean dynasty (135–47 BCE) == {{Main article|Hasmonean dynasty}} [[File:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG|thumb|upright|[[Hasmonean kingdom]]]] In the 2nd century BCE, Seleucid ruler [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] tried to eradicate Judaism in favour of [[Hellenistic religion]]. This provoked the 174–135 BCE [[Maccabean Revolt]] led by [[Judas Maccabeus]] (whose victory is celebrated in the Jewish festival of [[Hanukkah]]). The [[Books of the Maccabees]] describe the uprising and the end of Greek rule. A Jewish party called the [[Hasideans]] opposed both Hellenism ''and'' the revolt but eventually gave their support to the Maccabees. Modern interpretations see the initial stages of the uprising as a civil war between Hellenized and orthodox forms of Judaism.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2005/12/the_maccabees_and_the_hellenists.html |title=The Maccabees and the Hellenists |last=Ponet |first=James |date=22 December 2005 |work=Faith-based |publisher=Slate |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="simpletoremember">{{cite web |url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/the_revolt_of_the_maccabees/ |title=The Revolt of the Maccabees |publisher=Simpletoremember.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> [[File:Temple Scroll.png|thumb|upright|Portion of the [[Temple Scroll]], one of the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] written by the Essenes]] The [[Hasmonean]] dynasty of (Jewish) [[Kohen Gadol|priest-kings]] ruled [[Judea]] with the [[Pharisees]], [[Sadducees]] and [[Essenes]] as the principal Jewish social movements. As part of the struggle against [[Hellenistic civilization]], the Pharisee leader [[Simeon ben Shetach]] established the first schools based around [[synagogue|meeting houses]].<ref>[[Paul Johnson (writer)|Paul Johnson]], ''History of the Jews'', p. 106, Harper 1988</ref> This led to [[Rabbinical Judaism]]. Justice was administered by the [[Sanhedrin]], which was a Rabbincal assembly and law court whose leader was known as the [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]]. The Nasi's religious authority gradually superseded that of the Temple's [[Kohen Gadol|high priest]] (under the Hasmoneans this was the king). The Hasmoneans continually extended their control over much of the region.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210 | title = Cambridge History of Judaism, The early Roman period | volume = 2 | pages = 195, 196, 204| contribution = The Gentiles in Judaism, 125 BCE - 66 CE | last = Smith | first = Morton | date = 1999 | isbn = 0521243777 | editor1-last = Horbury | editor1-first = William | editor2-first = W D | editor2-last = Davies | editor3-first = John | editor3-last = Sturdy}}</ref> In 125 BCE the Hasmonean [[ethnarch]] [[John Hyrcanus]] subjugated [[Edom]] and forcibly converted the population to [[Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/7972-hyrcanus-john-johanan-i |title=Hyrcanus, John (Johanan) I.}}</ref> Hyrcanus' son [[Alexander Jannaeus]] established good relations with the [[Roman Republic]], however there was growing tension between Pharisees and Sadducces and a conflict over the succession to Janneus, in which the warring parties invited foreign intervention on their behalf. == ការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រ៉ូម (មុ.គ. ៦៤ – គ.ស. ៣៩០) == {{Further information|History of the Jews in the Roman Empire}} In 64 BCE the [[Roman Republic|Roman]] general [[Pompey#Pompey in the East|Pompey]] [[Third Mithridatic War|conquered]] Syria and [[Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)|intervened]] in the [[Hasmonean civil war]] in Jerusalem. During the [[Siege of Alexandria (47 BC)|siege of Alexandria in 47 BCE]], the lives of [[Julius Caesar]] and his protege [[Cleopatra]] were saved by 3,000 Jewish troops sent by King [[Hyrcanus II]] and commanded by [[Antipater the Idumaean|Antipater]], whose descendants Caesar made kings of Judea.<ref>Julius Caesar: The Life and Times of the People's Dictator By Luciano Canfora chapter 24 "Caesar Saved by the Jews".</ref> === Herodian dynasty and Roman province === {{Main article|Herodian dynasty|Herodian kingdom|Herodian Tetrarchy|Judea (Roman province)}} From 37 BCE to 6 CE, the [[Herodian dynasty]], Jewish-Roman client kings, descended from Antipater, ruled Judea. [[Herod the Great]] considerably enlarged the temple (see [[Herod's Temple]]), making it one of the largest religious structures in the world. Despite its fame, it was in this period that [[Rabbinical Judaism]], led by [[Hillel the Elder]], began to assume popular prominence over the [[Kohen|Temple priesthood]]. The [[Second Temple|Jewish Temple]] in [[Jerusalem]] was granted special permission not to display an effigy of the emperor, becoming the only religious structure in the [[Roman Empire]] that did not do so. Special dispensation was granted for Jewish citizens of the Roman Empire to pay a [[Fiscus Judaicus|tax to the temple]]. [[Augustus]] made Judea a Roman province in 6 CE, deposing the last Jewish king, [[Herod Archelaus]] and appointing a Roman governor. There was a small revolt against Roman taxation led by [[Judas of Galilee]] and over the next decades tensions grew between the Greco-Roman and Judean population centered on attempts to place effigies of the Emperor [[Caligula]] in Synagogues and in the Jewish temple.<ref>Philo of Alexandria, On the Embassy to Gaius XXX.203.</ref><ref>http://penelope.uchicago.edu/josephus/ant-18.html Antiquities of the Jews by Josephus,Book 18 chapter 8</ref> [[Jesus]] was born in the last years of Herod's rule, probably in the Judean city of Bethlehem. Jesus is thought to have been a Galilean Jewish reformer (from [[Nazareth]]), and was executed in Jerusalem by the Roman governor [[Pontius Pilate]] between 25 and 35 CE. All his key followers, the [[Twelve Apostles]], were Jews including [[Paul the Apostle]] (5–67 CE) who took critical steps towards creating a new religion, defining Jesus as the "Son of God". In the year 50 CE, the [[Council of Jerusalem]] led by Paul, decided to abandon the Jewish requirement of circumcision and the Torah, creating a form of Judaism highly accessible to non-Jews and with a more [[Universalism|universal notion of God]]. Another Jewish follower, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] is believed to have become the first Pope. In 64 CE, the Temple High Priest [[Joshua ben Gamla]] introduced a religious requirement for Jewish boys to learn to read from the age of six. Over the next few hundred years this requirement became steadily more ingrained in Jewish tradition.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 71 and chapters 4 and 5</ref> ===សង្គ្រាមជ្វីប-រ៉ូម=== {{Main article|Jewish–Roman wars|Syria Palaestina}} [[File:Arch of Titus Menorah.png|thumb|right|[[Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)|Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)]]]] In 66 CE, the Jews of Judea rose in [[First Jewish–Roman War|revolt]] against Rome, naming their new state as "Israel".<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 pp. 18–19</ref> The events were described by the Jewish leader and historian [[Josephus]], including the defence of [[Siege of Yodfat|Jotapata]], the [[Siege of Jerusalem (70)|siege of Jerusalem]] (69–70 CE) and the desperate last stand at [[Siege of Masada|Masada]] under [[Eleazar ben Yair]] (72–73 CE). Josephus estimated that over a million people died in the siege of Jerusalem. The Temple and most of Jerusalem was destroyed. During the Jewish revolt, most [[History of Christianity|Christians]], at this time a sub-sect of Judaism, removed themselves from Judea. The rabbinical/[[Pharisee]] movement led by [[Yochanan ben Zakai]], who opposed the [[Sadducee]] temple priesthood, made peace with Rome and survived. After the war [[Taxation of the Jews|Jews continued to be taxed]] in the [[Fiscus Judaicus]], which was used to fund a temple to Jupiter. A [[Arch of Titus|victory arch]] erected in Rome can still be seen today. Tensions and attacks on Jews around the Roman Empire led to a massive Jewish uprising against Rome from 115 to 117. Jews in Libya, Egypt, Cyprus and Mesopotamia [[Kitos War|fought against Rome]]. This conflict was accompanied by large-scale massacres of both sides. Cyprus was so severely depopulated that new settlers were imported and Jews banned from living there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/68*.html |title=Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 68 |publisher=Penelope.uchicago.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In 131, the Emperor [[Hadrian]] renamed Jerusalem "[[Aelia Capitolina]]" and constructed a Temple of Jupiter on the site of the former Jewish temple. Jews were banned from living in Jerusalem itself (a ban that persisted until the Arab conquest), and the Roman province, until then known as [[Iudaea Province]], was renamed [[Syria Palaestina|Palaestina]], no other revolt led to a province being renamed.<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 p. 494</ref> The names "Palestine" (in English) and "Filistin" (in Arabic) are derived from this. <!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Bar Kokhba's papyrus.png|thumb|A papyrus containing [[Simon bar Kokhba|Bar Kokhba]]'s orders during [[Bar Kokhba revolt|the revolt]]]] --> From 132 to 136, the Jewish leader [[Simon Bar Kokhba]] led another major [[Bar Kokhba revolt|revolt]] against the Romans, again renaming the country "Israel"<ref>Martin Goodman, ''Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations'', Penguin 2008 p. 490</ref> (see [[Bar Kochba Revolt coinage]]). The Bar-Kochba revolt probably caused more trouble for the Romans than the better documented revolt of 70.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 pp. 12–14</ref> Christians refused to participate in the revolt and from this point the Jews regarded Christianity as a separate religion.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 p. 143</ref> The revolt was eventually crushed by [[Emperor Hadrian]] himself. During the Bar Kokhba revolt a [[Council of Jamnia|rabbinical assembly decided]] which [[Development of the Hebrew Bible canon|books could be regarded]] as part of the [[Hebrew Bible]]: the [[Jewish apocrypha]] and Christian books were excluded.<ref>For more information see ''The Canon Debate'' edited by McDonald and Sanders, 2002 Hendrickson</ref> As a result, the original text of some Hebrew texts, including the [[Books of Maccabees]] were lost (Greek translations survived). A rabbi of this period, [[Simeon bar Yochai]], is regarded as the author of the [[Zohar]], the foundational text for Kabbalistic thought. However, modern scholars believe it was written in Medieval Spain.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Jacobs|first=Joseph|author2=Broydé, Isaac|encyclopedia=Jewish Encyclopedia|title=Zohar|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=142&letter=Z#406}}</ref> ===ក្រោយពីការបរាជ័យរបស់ជ្វីប=== After suppressing the Bar Kochba revolt, the Romans [[Jewish diaspora|exiled]] the Jews of Judea, but not of Galilee and permitted a hereditary Rabbinical Patriarch (from the [[House of Hillel]], based in Galilee) to represent the Jews in dealings with the Romans. The most famous of these was [[Judah haNasi]] who is credited with compiling the final version of the [[Mishnah]] (a massive body of Jewish religious texts interpreting the Bible) and with strengthening the educational demands of Judaism by requiring that illiterate Jews be treated as outcasts. As a result, many illiterate Jews may have converted to Christianity.<ref>The Chosen Few: How education shaped Jewish History, Botticini and Eckstein, Princeton 2012, page 116</ref> Jewish seminaries, such as those at [[Shefaram]] and [[Bet Shearim]] continued to produce scholars and the best of these became members of the [[Sanhedrin]],<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 sections II to V</ref> which was located first at [[Tzippori]] and later at [[Tiberias]].<ref>Vailhé Siméon, [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04798b.htm "Diocaesarea" in The Catholic Encyclopedia.] Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 7 November 2013.</ref> Before the Bar-Kochba uprising, an estimated 2/3 of the population of Gallilee and 1/3 of the coastal region were Jewish.<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 chapter I</ref> In the Galillee, many Synagogues have been found dating from this period. However, persecution and the [[Crisis of the Third Century|economic crisis]] that affected the Roman empire in the 3rd century led to further Jewish migration from [[Syria Palaestina]] to the more tolerant Persian [[Sassanid Empire]], where a prosperous Jewish community with [[Talmudic Academies in Babylonia|extensive seminaries]] existed in the area of Babylon. ===រ៉ូមកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនា=== Early in the 4th century, the Emperor [[Constantine the Great|Constantine]] made [[Constantinople]] the capital of the [[East Roman Empire]] and made [[Christianity]] the official religion. His mother, [[Helena (empress)|Helena]] made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem (326-328) and led the construction of the [[Church of the Nativity]] (Bethlehem), the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] (Jerusalem) and other key churches that still exist. The name Jerusalem was restored to Aelia Capitolina and it became a Christian city. Jews were still banned from living in Jerusalem, but were allowed to visit, and it is in this period that the surviving [[Western Wall]] of the temple became sacred to Judaism. In 351–2, another [[Jewish revolt against Gallus|Jewish revolt]] in the Galilee erupted against a corrupt Roman governor.<ref>''[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/lazare-anti.asp Antisemitism: Its History and Causes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901162617/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/lazare-anti.asp |date=1 កញ្ញា 2012 }}'' by [[Bernard Lazare]], 1894. Accessed January 2009</ref> In 362, the last [[pagan]] Roman Emperor, [[Julian the Apostate]], announced plans to rebuild the [[Temple in Jerusalem|Jewish Temple]]. He died while fighting the Persians in 363 and the project was discontinued. ==Byzantine rule (390–634)== {{Main article|Palaestina Prima|Palaestina Secunda}} {{further information|Jewish revolt against Heraclius|Rabbinic Judaism|Eastern Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem}} The Roman Empire split in 390 CE and the region became part of the (Christian) East Roman Empire, known as the [[Byzantine Empire]]. Byzantine Christianity was dominated by the (Greek) [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] whose massive land ownership has extended into the present. In the 5th century, the [[Western Roman Empire]] collapsed leading to Christian migration into the Roman province of [[Palaestina Prima]] and development of a Christian majority. Jews numbered 10–15% of the population, concentrated largely in the Galilee. Judaism was the only non-Christian religion tolerated, but restrictions on Jews slowly increased to include a ban on building new places of worship, holding public office or owning slaves. In 425, following the death of the last Nasi, [[Gamliel VI]], the [[Sanhedrin]] was officially abolished and the title of [[Nasi (Hebrew title)|Nasi]] banned. Several [[Samaritan Revolts]] erupted in this period,<ref>M. Avi-Yonah, ''The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule'', Jerusalem 1984 chapters XI–XII</ref> resulting in the decrease of Samaritan community from about a million to a near extinction. Sacred Jewish texts written in Palestine at this time are the [[Gemara]] (400), the [[Jerusalem Talmud]] (500) and the [[Passover Haggadah]]. The [[Menorah (Temple)|Jewish Menorah]], which the Romans took when the temple was destroyed, was reportedly taken to Carthage by the [[Vandals]] after the [[Sack of Rome (455)|sacking of Rome]] in 455. According to the Byzantine historian, [[Procopius]], the [[Byzantine army]] recovered it in 533 and brought it to [[Constantinople]].<ref>Procopius, ''Vandal Wars'', [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16765/16765-h/16765-h.htm#PageIV_ix_4 Book IV. ix. 5.]</ref> In 611, [[Sassanid Persia]] [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|invaded]] the Byzantine Empire and, after a long siege, [[Khosrau II]] [[Siege of Jerusalem (614)|captured Jerusalem]] in 614, with [[Revolt against Heraclius|Jewish help]], including possibly the Jewish [[Himyarite Kingdom]] in Yemen. Jews briefly governed Jerusalem when the Persians took over. The Byzantine Emperor, [[Heraclius]], promised to restore Jewish rights and received Jewish help in defeating the Persians, but reneged on the agreement after reconquering Palaestina Prima, massacring the Jews in Palestine,<ref>Heraclius, Emperor of Byzantium By Walter Emil Kaegi, Cambridge 2003 pp 205</ref> and issuing an edict banning Judaism from the Byzantine Empire. (Egyptian) [[Coptic Christians]] took responsibility for this broken pledge and fasted in penance.<ref>While the Syrians and the Melchite Greeks ceased to observe the penance after the death of Heraclius; Elijah of Nisibis (''Beweis der Wahrheit des Glaubens'', translation by Horst, p. 108, Colmar, 1886) see {{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/3877-byzantine-expire |title=Byzantine Expire}}</ref> ==Caliphates (634–1099) == {{main article|Jund Filastin|Jund al-Urdunn}} According to Muslim tradition, in 620 Muhammed [[Isra and Mi'raj|was taken on spiritual journey from Mecca]] to the "farthest mosque", whose location many consider to be the [[Temple Mount]], returning the same night. In 634–636 the Arabs [[Muslim conquest of the Levant|conquered]] [[Palaestina Prima]] and renamed it [[Jund Filastin]], ending the Byzantine ban on Jews living in Jerusalem. Over the next few centuries, [[Islam]] replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of the region. From 636 until the beginning of the Crusades, [[Jund Filastin]] was ruled first by [[Medina]]h-based [[Rashidun|Rashidun Caliphs]], then by the [[Damascus]]-based [[Umayyad Caliphate]] and after that the [[Baghdad]]-based [[Abbasid Caliphs]]. In 691, Umayyad Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|Abd al-Malik]] (685–705) constructed the [[Dome of the Rock]] shrine on the Temple Mount. Jews consider it to contain the [[Foundation Stone]] (see also [[Kodesh Hakodashim|Holy of Holies]]), which is the holiest site in Judaism. A second building, the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]], was also erected on the Temple Mount in 705. Between the 7th and 11th centuries, Jewish scribes, called the [[Masoretes]] and located in Galilee and Jerusalem, established the [[Masoretic Text]], the final text of the [[Hebrew Bible]]. ==Crusades and Mongols (1099–1291) == {{main article|Kingdom of Jerusalem}} [[File:1099jerusalem.jpg|thumb|The [[Siege of Jerusalem (1099)|Siege of Jerusalem]], 1099, during the [[First Crusade]]]] In 1099, the [[Crusades|first crusade]] took Jerusalem and established a [[Catholic]] kingdom, known as the [[Kingdom of Jerusalem]]. During the conquest, both Muslims and Jews were indiscriminately massacred or sold into slavery.<ref>[http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_9.html Jerusalem in the Crusader Period] Jerusalem: Life throughout the ages in a holy city] David Eisenstadt, March 1997</ref> The [[Pogroms of 1096|murder of Jews]] began as the Crusaders travelled across Europe and continued when they reached the [[Holy Land]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Prawer |first=Joshua |authorlink=Joshua Prawer |title=The History of the Jews in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem |year=1988 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0198225577}}</ref> Ashkenazi orthodox Jews still recite a [[Av HaRachamim|prayer in memory]] of the death and destruction caused by the Crusades. In 1187, the [[Ayyubid dynasty|Ayyubid]] Sultan [[Saladin]] defeated the Crusaders in the [[Battle of Hattin]] (above [[Tiberias]]), taking Jerusalem and most of the former Kingdom of Jerusalem. Saladin's court physician was [[Maimonides]], whose work had an enormous influence on Judaism. Maimonides was [[Tomb of Maimonides|buried in Tiberias]]. A Crusader state centred round [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] survived in weakened form for another century. From 1260 to 1291 the area became the [[Mongol raids into Palestine|frontier between Mongol invaders]] ([[Franco-Mongol alliance|occasional Crusader allies]]) and the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] of Egypt. The conflict impoverished the country and severely reduced the population. Sultan [[Qutuz]] of Egypt eventually defeated the Mongols in the [[Battle of Ain Jalut]] (near [[Ein Harod]]), and his successors eliminated the Crusader states. The fall of the last one, the [[Kingdom of Acre]], in 1291 ended the Crusades period in the region. ==Mamluk rule (1291–1517) == {{Further information|Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)}} Egyptian Mamluk Sultan, [[Baibars]] (1260–1277), conquered the region and the [[Mamluk]]s ruled it until 1517, regarding it as part of [[Bilad a-Sham|Syria]]. In [[Hebron]], Baibars banned Jews from worshipping at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] (the second holiest site in Judaism); the ban remained in place until its conquest by Israel 700 years later.<ref>''International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa'' by Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda, pp. 336–339</ref> The Mamluks, continuing the policy of the Ayyubids, made the strategic decision to destroy the coastal area and to bring desolation to many of its cities, from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] in the north to Gaza in the south. [[sea port|Ports]] were destroyed and various materials were dumped to make them inoperable. The goal was to prevent attacks from the sea, given the fear of the return of the crusaders. This had a long-term effect on those areas, which remained sparsely populated for centuries. The activity in that time concentrated more inland.<ref>Myriam Rosen-Ayalon, ``Between Cairo and Damascus: Rural Life and Urban Economics in the Holy Land During the Ayyuid, Maluk and Ottoman Periods'' in ''The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land'' edited Thomas Evan Levy, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1998</ref> The collapse of the Crusades was followed by increased persecution and expulsions of Jews in Europe. Expulsions [[Edict of Expulsion|began in England]] (1290) and were followed by France (1306).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/gallery/expuls.HTM |title=Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe. 1100-1500. |year=2005 |work=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust |publisher=University of South Florida |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1182-jewsfrance1.asp |title=The Expulsion of the Jews from France, 1182 CE |last=Halsall |first=Paul |year=1998 |work=Internet Jewish History Sourcebook |publisher=Fordham University |accessdate=5 December 2012 |archivedate=2 តុលា 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002122043/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/1182-jewsfrance1.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Spain, [[History of the Jews in Spain#Turning point (1212–1300)|persecution]] of the highly integrated and successful Jewish community began, including massacres and forced conversions. During the [[Black Death]], many Jews were murdered after being accused of poisoning wells. The completion of the [[Reconquista|Christian reconquest]] of Spain led to expulsion of the Jews of [[Alhambra decree|Spain in 1492]] and [[History of the Jews in Portugal|Portugal in 1497]]. These were the wealthiest and most integrated Jewish communities in Europe. Many Jews converted to Christianity, however many [[Marrano|secretly practised Judaism]] and prejudice against converts (regardless of their sincerity) persisted, leading many former Jews to move to the New World (see [[History of the Jews in Latin America]]). Most of the expelled [[Sephardi Jews|Spanish Jews]] moved to North Africa, [[History of the Jews in Poland|Poland]], to the Ottoman Empire and to the region of [[Bilad a-Sham]], which roughly corresponds to the ancient [[Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)]]. In Italy, Jews living in the Papal States were required to live in [[ghetto]]s (see [[Cum nimis absurdum]]). The last compulsory Ghetto, [[Roman Ghetto|in Rome]], was abolished in the 1880s. ==Ottoman rule (1517–1917)== {{Further information|Ottoman Syria}} Under the Mamluks, the area was a province of [[Bilad a-Sham]] (Syria). It was [[Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)|conquered]] by Turkish Sultan [[Selim I]] in 1516–17, becoming a part of the province of [[Ottoman Syria]] for the next four centuries, first as the [[Damascus Eyalet]] and later as the [[Syria Vilayet]] (following the [[Tanzimat]] reorganization of 1864). Between 1535 and 1538 [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] built the current [[Walls of Jerusalem]]; Jerusalem had been without walls since Roman times. The construction followed the historic area of the city but left out one section which had previously been within the walls, which is now known as [[Silwan]]. ===Old Yishuv=== {{Main article|Old Yishuv|Damascus Eyalet}} From the Middle Ages on, there was small scale individual Jewish migration to the [[Land of Israel]], which increased when persecution grew elsewhere. Jewish population was concentrated in [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]], [[Safed]] and [[Tiberias]], known in Jewish tradition as the [[Four Holy Cities]]. In the 16th century, Spanish immigration led to Safed becoming a centre for study of the [[Kabbalah]]. [[Joseph Nasi]] was made governor of Tiberias, where he tried to encourage Jewish settlement, particularly from Italy<ref>The Ghetto of Venice by Riccardo Calimani, pg 94, Mondadori 1995</ref>. However economic decline and conflict between the Druze and the Ottomans, led to the community's decline. In 1660, a Druze [[Druze power struggle (1658–1667)#Lebanon and Galilee campaign|revolt]] led to the destruction of the major [[Old Yishuv]] cities of [[1660 destruction of Safed|Safed]] and [[1660 destruction of Tiberias|Tiberias]].<ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149">Barnay, Y. The Jews in [[Ottoman Syria]] in the eighteenth century: under the patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine (University of Alabama Press 1992) {{ISBN|978-0-8173-0572-7}} p. 149</ref><ref name="Barnay, Y 1992 p. 149"/><ref name="Joel Rappel 1980 p.531">Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...."</ref> In 1663 [[Sabbatai Zevi]] settled in Jerusalem, and was proclaimed as the Jewish Messiah by [[Nathan of Gaza]]. He acquired a large number of followers before going to Istanbul in 1666, where the Sultan forced him to covert to Islam. Many of his followers converted, forming a sect that still exists in Turkey, known as the [[Dönmeh]]. In the late 18th century a local Arab ''[[sheikh]]'' [[Zahir al-Umar]] created a ''de facto'' independent Emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the Sheikh failed, but after Zahir's death the Ottomans restored their rule in the area. In 1799 [[Napoleon]] briefly [[French campaign in Egypt and Syria|occupied]] the country and [[Napoleon and the Jews#Bonaparte's proclamation to the Jews of Africa and Asia|planned a proclamation]] inviting Jews to create a state. The proclamation was shelved following his [[Siege of Acre (1799)|defeat at Acre]].<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, chapter 9</ref> In 1831, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], an Ottoman ruler who left the Empire and tried to modernize Egypt, [[Egyptian–Ottoman War (1831–1833)|conquered]] Ottoman Syria and tried to revive and resettle much of its regions. His conscription policies led to a popular [[1834 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt]] in 1834, resulting in major casualties for the local Arab peasants, and massacres of Christian and Jewish communities by the rebels. Following the revolt, Muhammad Pasha, the son of Muhammad Ali, expelled nearly 10,000 of the local peasants to Egypt, while bringing loyal Egyptian peasants and discharged soldiers to settle the coastline of Ottoman Syria. Northern [[Jordan Valley (Middle East)|Jordan Valley]] was settled by his Sudanese troops. [[File:Kerem Avraham, Jewish workers.jpg|thumb|Jewish workers in [[Kerem Avraham]] neighbourhood of Jerusalem (c. 1850s)]] In 1838 there was another [[1838 Druze revolt|revolt]] by the Druze. In 1839 [[Moses Montefiore]] met with Muhammed Pasha in Egypt and signed an agreement to establish 100-200 Jewish villages in the [[Damascus Eyalet]] of [[Ottoman Syria]],<ref>Barbara Tuchman, Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine, Macmillan 1956, page 194-5</ref> but in 1840 the Egyptians withdrew before the deal was implemented, returning the area to Ottoman governorship. In 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group in Jerusalem and by 1890 an absolute majority in the city, but as a whole the Jewish population made up far less than 10% of the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adl.org/israel/advocacy/how_to_respond/establishment.asp?xflag=1 |title=How to Respond to Common Misstatements About Israel |publisher=Anti-Defamation League |year=2006 |accessdate=4 October 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |title=The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 |publisher=MidEastWeb.org |year=2005 |accessdate=4 October 2006 |archivedate=14 សីហា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065619/http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1868, the Ottomans banished the [[Bahá'u'lláh]], one of the founders of the Bahá'í Faith, to Acre where he is buried, and the movement subsequently established its global administrative centre in nearby [[Haifa]]. In 1874, Ottoman reforms led to the area of Jerusalem gaining special status as the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CjuzDY-WBr8C&pg=PA38&lpg=PA38&dq=mutasarrifiyya+of+jerusalem&source=bl&ots=zA66DNTub4&sig=UOSm-QBNDuU00g7EfnbobFIiY5Q&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MfTNT-f1Ds7_8QOV4ejGDA&ved=0CEQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mutasarrifiyya+of+jerusalem&f=false|title=Israel Or Palestine? Is the Two-state Solution Already Dead?: A Political and Military History of the Palestinian-Israeli Conflict|first=Hasan Afif|last=El-Hasan|date=5 January 2018|publisher=Algora Publishing|via=Google Books}}</ref> ===Birth of Zionism=== {{Main article|History of Zionism|Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem}} {{Aliyah}} During the 19th century, Jews in Western Europe were increasingly granted citizenship and [[Jewish emancipation|equality before the law]]; however, in Eastern Europe, they faced growing [[History of zionism#Persecution in Russia (before the revolution)|persecution and legal restrictions]], including widespread [[pogrom]]s in which thousands were murdered, raped or lost their property. Half the world's Jews lived in the Russian Empire, where they were severely persecuted and restricted to living in the [[Pale of Settlement]]. National groups in the Empire, such as the Poles, Lithuanians and Ukrainians were agitating for independence and often regarded the Jews as undesirable aliens. The Jews were usually the only non-Christian minority and spoke a distinct language ([[Yiddish]]). An independent Jewish national movement first began to emerge in the Russian Empire and the millions of Jews who were fleeing the country (mostly to the USA) carried the seeds of this nationalism wherever they went. In 1870, an agricultural school, the [[Mikveh Israel]], was founded near [[Jaffa]] by the [[Alliance Israelite Universelle]], a French Jewish association. In 1878, "Russian" Jewish emigrants established the village of [[Petah Tikva]], followed by [[Rishon LeZion]] in 1882. "Russian" Jews established the [[Bilu]] and [[Hovevei Zion]] ("Love of Zion") movements to assist settlers and these created communities that, unlike the traditional Ashkenazi-Jewish communities, sought to be self-reliant rather than dependent on donations from abroad. Existing Ashkenazi-Jewish communities were concentrated in the [[Four Holy Cities]], extremely poor and lived on donations from Europe. The new migrants avoided these communities and tended to create small agricultural settlements. In Jaffa a vibrant commercial community developed in which Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews inter-mingled. Many early migrants left due to difficulty finding work and the early settlements often remained dependent on foreign donations. Despite the difficulties, more settlements arose and the community continued to grow. The new migration was accompanied by a [[revival of the Hebrew language]] and attracted Jews of all kinds; religious, secular, nationalists and [[Labor Zionism|left-wing socialists]]. Socialists aimed to reclaim the land by becoming peasants or workers and forming [[Kibbutz|collectives]]. In Zionist history, the different waves of Jewish settlement are known as "[[aliyah]]". During the [[First Aliyah]], between 1882 and 1903, approximately 35,000 Jews moved to what is now Israel. The first wave coincided with a wave of Jewish migration and [[Messianism]] among [[Yemenite Jews]] and [[Bukharan Jews]]. By 1890, Jews were a majority in [[Jerusalem]], although the country as a whole was populated mainly by Muslim (settled and nomad Bedouins) and Christian Arabs. In 1896 [[Theodor Herzl]] published ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State''), in which he asserted that the solution to growing [[antisemitism]] in Europe (the so-called "[[Jewish Question]]") was to establish a Jewish state. In 1897, the [[Zionist Organisation]] was founded and the [[First Zionist Congress]] proclaimed its aim "to establish a home for the Jewish people in Palestine secured under public law."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2004/7/Herzl+and+Zionism.htm |title=Herzl and Zionism |date=20 July 2004 |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> However, Zionism was regarded with suspicion by the Ottoman rulers and was unable to make major progress. Between 1904 and 1914, around 40,000 Jews settled in the area now known as Israel (the [[Second Aliyah]]). In 1908 the Zionist Organisation set up the Palestine Bureau (also known as the "Eretz Israel Office") in Jaffa and began to adopt a systematic Jewish settlement policy. Migrants were mainly from Russia (which then included part of Poland), escaping persecution. The first [[Kibbutz]], [[Degania Alef|Degania]], was founded by nine Russian socialists in 1909. In 1909 residents of Jaffa established the first entirely Hebrew-speaking city, [[Ahuzat Bayit]] (later renamed [[Tel Aviv]]). Hebrew newspapers and books were published, [[Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium|Hebrew schools]], Jewish political parties and workers organizations were established. ===World War I=== {{Main article|Occupied Enemy Territory Administration|Balfour Declaration}} [[File:OETA Syria.png|thumb|[[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration]], 1918]] During [[World War I]], most Jews supported the Germans because they were fighting the Russians who were regarded as the Jews' main enemy.<ref>Weizmann, the Making of a Statesman by [[Jehuda Reinharz]], Oxford 1993, chapters 3 & 4</ref> In Britain, the government sought Jewish support for the war effort for a variety of reasons including an erroneous antisemitic perception of "Jewish power" over the Ottoman Empire's [[Young Turks]] movement,<ref>[[David Fromkin]], [[A Peace to End All Peace]], part VI pp. 253–305</ref> and a desire to secure American Jewish support for US intervention on Britain's behalf. There was already sympathy for the aims of [[Zionism]] in the British government, including the Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]].<ref>''God, Guns and Israel'', Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 14.</ref> In late 1917, the British Army drove the Turks [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign#Palestine campaign|out of Southern Syria]],<ref>''God, Guns and Israel'', Jill Hamilton, UK 2004, Especially chapter 15</ref> and the British foreign minister, [[Lord Balfour]], sent a public letter to [[Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild|Lord Rothschild]], a leading member of his party and leader of the Jewish community. The letter subsequently became known as the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917]]. It stated that the British Government "view[ed] with favour the establishment in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] of a national home for the Jewish people". The declaration provided the British government with a pretext for claiming and governing the country.<ref>''A Line in the Sand: Britain, France and the Struggle That Shaped the Middle East'' by James Barr, Simon & Schuster 2011, pages 375-376.</ref> New Middle Eastern boundaries were decided [[Sykes–Picot Agreement|by an agreement]] between British and French bureaucrats. The agreement gave Britain control over what parties would begin to call "Palestine". A [[Jewish Legion]] composed largely of Zionist volunteers organized by [[Jabotinsky]] and [[Trumpeldor]] participated in the British invasion. It also participated in the failed [[Gallipoli Campaign]]. A [[Nili|Zionist spy network]] provided the British with details of Ottoman troops. ==British Mandate of Palestine (1920–1948) == {{Main article|Mandatory Palestine}} ===First years=== {{See also|Jewish Agency for Israel}} The [[British Mandate for Palestine (legal instrument)|British Mandate]] (in effect, British rule) of Palestine, including the Balfour Declaration, was confirmed by the [[League of Nations]] in 1922 and came into effect in 1923. The boundaries of Palestine initially included modern [[Jordan]], which was [[Emirate of Transjordan|removed]] from the territory by [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] a few years later. Britain signed a treaty with the United States (which did not join the League of Nations) in which the United States endorsed the terms of the Mandate. Between 1919 and 1923, another 40,000 Jews arrived in Palestine, mainly escaping the post-[[Russian Revolution|revolutionary]] chaos of Russia ([[Third Aliyah]]), as over 100,000 Jews were massacred in this period in Ukraine and Russia.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.2307/131078|first=Peter|author2=Pipe, Richard|last= Kenez|last3=Pipes|first3=Richard|title=The Prosecution of Soviet History: A Critique of Richard Pipes' The Russian Revolution |journal=Russian Review|volume=50| issue=3|year=1991|pages=345–51|jstor=131078|ref=harv}}</ref> Many of these immigrants became known as "[[wikt:pioneer|pioneers]]" (halutzim), experienced or trained in agriculture and capable of establishing self-sustaining economies. The [[Jezreel Valley]] and the Hefer Plain marshes were drained and converted to agricultural use. Land was bought by the [[Jewish National Fund]], a Zionist charity that collected money abroad for that purpose. A mainly socialist underground Jewish militia, [[Haganah]] ("Defense"), was established to defend outlying Jewish settlements. [[File:Founding of the Hebrew University.jpg|thumb|upright|left|The opening ceremony of The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] visited by [[Arthur Balfour]], 1 April 1925]] The French [[Franco-Syrian War|victory]] over the [[Arab Kingdom of Syria]] and the Balfour Declaration led to the emergence of [[Palestinian Nationalism]] and Arab rioting in [[1920 Nebi Musa riots|1920]] and [[Jaffa riots|1921]]. In response, the British authorities imposed immigration quotas for Jews. Exceptions were made for Jews with over 1,000 pounds in cash (roughly 100,000 pounds at year 2000 rates) or Jewish professionals with over 500 pounds. The [[Jewish Agency]] issued the British entry permits and distributed funds donated by Jews abroad.<ref>[[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) p. 172</ref> Between 1924 and 1929, 82,000 more Jews arrived ([[Fourth Aliyah]]), fleeing antisemitism in Poland and Hungary, and because the United States [[Immigration Act of 1924]] now kept Jews out. The new arrivals included many middle-class families who moved into towns and established small businesses and workshops—although lack of economic opportunities meant that approximately a quarter later left. The first electricity generator was built in Tel Aviv in 1923 under the guidance of [[Pinhas Rutenberg]], a former [[Commissar]] of St Petersburg in Russia's pre-Bolshevik [[Kerensky Government]]. In 1925 the Jewish Agency established the [[Hebrew University]] in Jerusalem and the [[Technion]] (technological university) in Haifa. From 1928, the democratically elected Va'ad Leumi ([[Jewish National Council]] or JNC) became the main institution of the Palestine Jewish community ("[[Yishuv]]") and included non-Zionist Jews. As the Yishuv grew, the JNC adopted more government-type functions, such as education, health care and security. With British permission, the Va'ad raised its own taxes<ref>http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/history/hisi1085.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319063204/http://www.amalnet.k12.il/meida/history/hisi1085.htm |date=19 មីនា 2015 }} (in Hebrew accessed 22/4/2009) [[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) pp. 48–49</ref> and ran independent services for the Jewish population.<ref>[[Peel Commission]], (Peel report) chapters 5, 8 and 16</ref> From 1929 its leadership was elected by Jews from 26 countries. In 1929 tensions grew over the Kotel ([[Wailing Wall]]), a narrow alleyway where Jews were banned from using chairs or any furniture (many of the worshipers were elderly). The [[Haj Amin al-Husseini|Mufti]] claimed it was Muslim property and that the Jews were seeking control of the Temple Mount. This (and general animosity) led to the August [[1929 Palestine riots]]. The [[1929 Hebron massacre|main victims]] were the ancient Jewish community at Hebron, which came to an end. The riots led to right-wing Zionists establishing their own militia in 1931, the [[Irgun]] Tzvai Leumi (National Military Organization, known in Hebrew by its acronym "Etzel"). Zionist political parties provided private education and health care: the [[General Zionists]], the [[Mizrachi (political party)|Mizrahi]] and the [[Labor Zionism|Socialist Zionists]], each established independent health and education services and operated sports organizations funded by local taxes, donations and fees (the British administration did not invest in public services). During the whole interwar period, the British, appealing to the terms of the Mandate, rejected the principle of majority rule or any other measure that would give the Arab population, who formed the majority of the population, control over Palestinian territory. ===Increase of Jewish immigration=== {{Main article|Fifth Aliyah|Nuremberg Laws}} In 1933, the Jewish Agency and the Nazis negotiated the [[Ha'avara Agreement]] (transfer agreement), under which 50,000 Jews would be transferred to Palestine. The Jews' possessions were confiscated and in return the Nazis allowed the Ha'avara organization to purchase 14 million pounds worth of German goods for export to Palestine (which was used to compensate the immigrants). The Nazis did not normally allow Jews to leave with any money or to take more than two suitcases. The agreement was controversial and the Labour Zionist leader who negotiated the agreement, [[Haim Arlosoroff]], was assassinated in Tel Aviv in 1933. The assassination was a long source of anger between the Zionist left and Zionist right. Arlosoroff had been the boyfriend of [[Magda Goebbels|Magda Ritschel]] some years before she married [[Joseph Goebbels]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/books/reich-mother-loved-to-death/171407.article|title=Reich mother loved to death|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=6 September 2002|accessdate=5 June 2016|last=Pine|first= Lisa |location=London}}</ref> There has been speculation that he was assassinated by the Nazis to hide the connection, which only emerged recently but there is no evidence for it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.fr/Qui-tu%C3%A9-Arlozoroff-Tobie-Nathan/dp/2246751314?ie=UTF8&qid=1279932531&ref_=sr_1_1&s=books&sr=1-1|title=Qui a tué Arlozoroff ?|first=Tobie|last=Nathan|date=12 May 2010|publisher=Grasset|via=Amazon}}</ref> In Palestine, Jewish immigration (and the Ha'avara goods) helped the economy to flourish. A port and oil refineries were built at Haifa and there was a growth of industrialization in the predominantly agricultural Palestinian economy. Between 1929 and 1938, 250,000 Jews arrived in Palestine ([[Fifth Aliyah]]). 174,000 arrived between 1933 and 1936, after which the British increasingly restricted immigration. Migration was mostly from Europe and included professionals, doctors, lawyers and professors from Germany. German architects of the [[Bauhaus]] school made Tel-Aviv the world's only city with purely [[White City (Tel Aviv)|Bauhaus neighbourhoods]] and Palestine had the highest per-capita percentage of doctors in the world. As fascist regimes emerged across Europe, persecution of Jews massively increased, and Jews reverted to being non-citizens deprived of civil and economic rights, subject to arbitrary persecution. Significantly antisemitic governments came to power in [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] (the government increasingly boycotted Jews and by 1937 had totally excluded all Jews),<ref>Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939 By Joseph Marcus, Mouton 1983, pg 366</ref> [[Hungary during World War II|Hungary]], [[Romania in World War II|Romania]] and the Nazi created states of [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]] and [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], while [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] annexed [[Anschluss|Austria]] and the [[German occupation of Czechoslovakia|Czech territories]]. ===Arab revolt and the White Paper=== {{Main article|1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine|White Paper of 1939}} [[File:Ghaffis in Nesher 2.jpg|thumb|[[Jewish Settlement Police]] members watching the settlement [[Nesher]] during [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|1936–1939 Arab revolt]]]] Jewish immigration and Nazi propaganda contributed to the large-scale [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], a largely nationalist uprising directed at ending British rule. The head of the Jewish Agency, Ben-Gurion, responded to the Arab Revolt with a policy of "[[Havlagah]]"—self-restraint and a refusal to be provoked by Arab attacks in order to prevent polarization. The Etzel group broke off from the Haganah in opposition to this policy. The British responded to the revolt with the [[Peel Commission]] (1936–37), a public inquiry that recommended that an exclusively Jewish territory be created in the [[Galilee]] and western coast (including the [[population transfer]] of 225,000 Arabs); the rest becoming an exclusively Arab area. The two main Jewish leaders, [[Chaim Weizmann]] and [[David Ben-Gurion]], had convinced the [[World Zionist Congress|Zionist Congress]] to approve equivocally the Peel recommendations as a basis for more negotiation.<ref>William Roger Louis, [https://books.google.com/books/about/Ends_of_British_Imperialism.html?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&redir_esc=y Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization], 2006, p.391</ref><ref>Benny Morris, One state, two states:resolving the Israel/Palestine conflict, 2009, p. 66</ref><ref>Benny Morris, [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Birth_of_the_Palestinian_Refugee_Pro.html?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&redir_esc=y The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited], p. 48; p. 11 "while the Zionist movement, after much agonising, accepted the principle of partition and the proposals as a basis for negotiation"; p. 49 "In the end, after bitter debate, the Congress equivocally approved –by a vote of 299 to 160 – the Peel recommendations as a basis for further negotiation."</ref> The plan was rejected outright by the Palestinian Arab leadership and they renewed the revolt, which caused the British to appease the Arabs, and to abandon the plan as unworkable.<ref>For more information see ''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 Chapter 3</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Birth_of_the_Palestinian_Refugee_Pro.html?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&redir_esc=y The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited], p. 11, "The AHC renewed the revolt. Whitehall ... took vigorous steps to appease the Palestinians."</ref> Testifying before the Peel Commission, Weizmann said "There are in Europe 6,000,000 people ... for whom the world is divided into places where they cannot live and places where they cannot enter." In 1938, the US called an [[Évian Conference|international conference]] to address the question of the vast numbers of Jews trying to escape Europe. Britain made its attendance contingent on Palestine being kept out of the discussion. No Jewish representatives were invited. The Nazis proposed their own solution: that the Jews of Europe be shipped to Madagascar (the [[Madagascar Plan]]). With millions of Jews trying to leave Europe and every country in the world closed to Jewish migration, the British decided to close Palestine. The [[White Paper of 1939]], recommended that an independent Palestine, governed jointly by Arabs and Jews, be established within 10 years. The White Paper agreed to allow 75,000 Jewish immigrants into Palestine over the period 1940–44, after which migration would require Arab approval. Both the Arab and Jewish leadership rejected the White Paper. In March 1940 the British High Commissioner for Palestine issued an edict banning Jews from purchasing land in 95% of Palestine. Jews now resorted to illegal immigration: ([[Aliyah Bet]] or "Ha'apalah"), often organized by the [[Mossad Le'aliyah Bet]] and the Irgun. Very few Jews managed to escape Europe between 1939 and 1945. Those caught by the British were mostly [[History of the Jews in Mauritius|sent to Mauritius]]. ===World War II and the Holocaust=== {{Further information|Aliyah Bet|History of the Jews during World War II|The Holocaust|Italian bombing of Mandatory Palestine in World War II}} [[File:JB HQ.jpg|thumb|left|[[Jewish Brigade]] headquarters under both [[Union Flag]] and [[Flag of Israel|Jewish flag]]]] During the [[Second World War]], the Jewish Agency worked to establish a Jewish army that would fight alongside the British forces. Churchill supported the plan but British Military and government opposition led to its rejection. The British demanded that the number of Jewish recruits match the number of Arab recruits,<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 p. 103</ref> but few Arabs would fight for Britain, and the Palestinian leader, the [[Haj Amin al-Husseini|Mufti of Jerusalem]], joined the Nazis in Europe. In May 1941, the [[Palmach]] was established to defend the [[Yishuv]] against the planned [[Axis powers|Axis]] invasion through [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. The British refusal to provide arms to the Jews, even when Rommel's forces were [[200 days of dread|advancing through Egypt]] in June 1942 (intent on occupying Palestine) and the 1939 White Paper, led to the emergence of a Zionist leadership in Palestine that believed conflict with Britain was inevitable.<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 pp. 122–130</ref> Despite this, the Jewish Agency called on Palestine's Jewish youth to volunteer for the British Army (both men and women). 30,000 Palestinian Jews<ref>{{cite book |last=Niewyk |first=Donald L. |title=The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust |url=https://books.google.com/?id=_QQ7AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247&dq=30,000+Palestinian+Jews+enlisted+in+the+British+army#v=onepage&q=30%2C000%20Palestinian%20Jews%20enlisted%20in%20the%20British%20army&f=false |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2000 |page=247 |isbn=0231112009}}</ref> and 6,000 Palestinian Arabs<ref>{{cite book |last=Heynen |first=Jacques |title=Murders Without Assassins |url=https://books.google.com/?id=oKJpbFCAsPoC&pg=PA25&dq=6,000+Palestinian+Arabs+enlisted+in+the+British+armed+forces+during+World+War+II#v=onepage&q=6%2C000%20Palestinian%20Arabs%20enlisted%20in%20the%20British%20armed%20forces%20during%20World%20War%20II&f=false |publisher=Lulu |year=2008 |page=25 |isbn=9781409231141}}</ref> enlisted in the British armed forces during the war. In June 1944 the British agreed to create a [[Jewish Brigade]] that would fight in Italy. Approximately 1.5 million Jews around the world served in every branch of the allied armies, mainly in the Soviet and US armies. 200,000 Jews died serving in the Soviet army alone.<ref>[http://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers "Jewish Soldiers in the Allied Armies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330015742/http://www.yadvashem.org/holocaust/about/combat-resistance/jewish-soldiers |date=30 មីនា 2017 }}. [[Yad Vashem]].</ref> Many of these war veterans later volunteered to fight for Israel or were active in its support. A small group (about 200 activists), dedicated to resisting the British administration in Palestine, broke away from the Etzel (which advocated support for Britain during the war) and formed the "Lehi" ([[Stern Gang]]), led by [[Avraham Stern]]. In 1943, the [[USSR]] released the Revisionist Zionist leader [[Menachem Begin]] from the [[Gulag]] and he went to Palestine, taking command of the Etzel organization with a policy of increased conflict against the British. At about the same time [[Yitzhak Shamir]] escaped from the [[Irgun and Lehi internment in Africa|camp in Eritrea]] where the British were holding Lehi activists without trial, taking command of the Lehi (Stern Gang). Jews in the Middle East were also affected by the war. Most of North Africa came under Nazi control and many Jews were used as slaves.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007312|title=Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance|website=www.ushmm.org}}</ref> The 1941 [[1941 Iraqi coup d'état|pro-Axis coup in Iraq]] was accompanied by [[Farhud|massacres]] of Jews. The Jewish Agency put together plans for a last stand in the event of Rommel invading Palestine (the Nazis planned to exterminate Palestine's Jews).<ref>''Nazi Palestine: The Plans for the Extermination of the Jews in Palestine'' by Mallman and Cuppers, 2010</ref> Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazis, [[Responsibility for the Holocaust|aided by local forces]], led systematic efforts to kill every person of Jewish extraction in Europe (The [[Holocaust]]), causing the deaths of approximately 6 million Jews. A quarter of those killed were children. The Polish and German Jewish communities, which played an important role in defining the pre-1945 Jewish world, mostly ceased to exist. In the United States and Palestine, Jews of European origin became disconnected from their families and roots. [[Sephardi Jews|Sepharadi]] and [[Mizrahi Jews]], who had been a minority, became a much more significant factor in the Jewish world. Those Jews who survived in central Europe, were [[Displaced persons camp|displaced persons]] (refugees); an [[Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]], established to examine the Palestine issue, surveyed their ambitions and found that over 95% wanted to migrate to Palestine.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archive.jta.org/article/1946/02/03/2743526/unrra-polls-displaced-jews-on-emigration-plans-first-vote-shows-palestine-is-favored |title=Unrra Polls Displaced Jews on Emigration Plans; First Vote Shows Palestine is Favored |publisher=JTA |date=1946-02-03 |accessdate=2012-12-04 |archive-date=31 ធ្នូ 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231030026/https://www.jta.org/archive/unrra-polls-displaced-jews-on-emigration-plans-first-vote-shows-palestine-is-favored |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/educational_materials/shapira_survivors.asp |title=Survivors of the Holocaust - Educational Materials - Education & E-Learning |publisher=Yad Vashem |date= |accessdate=2012-12-04}}</ref><ref>Between National Socialism and Soviet Communism: Displaced Persons in Postwar Germany by Anna Holian Michigan 2011 pp 181-2</ref> In the Zionist movement the moderate Pro-British (and British citizen) Weizmann, whose son died flying in the [[Royal Air Force|RAF]], was undermined by Britain's anti-Zionist policies.<ref>''Palestine: Retreat from the Mandate, The making of British Policy, 1936–1945'' by Michael Cohen, New York 1979 pp. 125–135</ref> Leadership of the movement passed to the Jewish Agency in Palestine, now led by the anti-British Socialist-Zionist party ([[Mapai]]) and led by [[David Ben-Gurion]]. In the [[Jewish diaspora|diaspora]], US Jews now dominated the Zionist movement. ===Illegal Jewish immigration and insurgency=== {{Main article|Bricha|Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine}} {{See also|Anti-Jewish violence in Poland, 1944–46}} The [[British Empire]] was severely weakened by the war. In the Middle East, the war had made Britain conscious of its dependence on Arab oil. British firms controlled Iraqi oil and Britain ruled Kuwait, Bahrain and the Emirates. Shortly after [[VE Day]], the Labour Party won the general election in Britain. Although Labour Party conferences had for years called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour government now decided to maintain the 1939 White Paper policies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sofer |first=Sasson |title=Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1998 |page=41 |isbn=9780521038270}}</ref> [[File:19450715 Buchenwald survivors arrive in Haifa.jpg|thumb|[[Buchenwald concentration camp|Buchenwald]] survivors arrive in [[Haifa]] to be arrested by the British, 15 July 1945]] Illegal migration ([[Aliyah Bet]]) became the main form of Jewish entry into Palestine. Across Europe [[Bricha]] ("flight"), an organization of former [[Jewish partisans|partisans]] and [[Jewish resistance under Nazi rule|ghetto fighters]], smuggled Holocaust survivors from Eastern Europe to Mediterranean ports, where small boats tried to breach the British blockade of Palestine. Meanwhile, Jews from Arab countries began moving into Palestine overland. Despite British efforts to curb immigration, during the 14 years of the Aliyah Bet, over 110,000 Jews entered Palestine. By the end of World War II, the Jewish population of Palestine had increased to 33% of the total population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |title=The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 |publisher=MidEastWeb |access-date=20 មីនា 2018 |archivedate=14 សីហា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814065619/http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an effort to win independence, Zionists now waged a [[British–Zionist conflict|guerrilla war]] against the British. The main underground Jewish militia, the Haganah, formed an alliance called the [[Jewish Resistance Movement]] with the Etzel and Stern Gang to fight the British. In June 1946, following instances of Jewish [[Night of the Bridges|sabotage]], the British launched [[Operation Agatha]], arresting 2700 Jews, including the leadership of the Jewish Agency, whose headquarters were raided. Those arrested were held without trial. In [[History of the Jews in Poland#Postwar|Poland]], the [[Kielce Pogrom]] (July 1946) led to a wave of Holocaust survivors fleeing Europe for Palestine. Between 1945 and 1948, 100,000–120,000 Jews left Poland. Their departure was largely organized by Zionist activists in Poland under the umbrella of the semi-clandestine organization ''[[Berihah]]'' ("Flight").<ref name="YV-archive3">{{cite web |url=http://collections1.yadvashem.org/notebook_ext.asp?item=51009 |title=Cracow, Poland, Postwar, Yosef Hillpshtein and his friends of the Bericha movement |publisher=Yad Vashem |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> ''Berihah'' was also responsible for the organized emigration of Jews from [[History of the Jews in Romania#Post-War|Romania]], Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, totalling 250,000 (including Poland) Holocaust survivors. The British imprisoned the Jews trying to enter Palestine in the [[Atlit detainee camp]] and [[Cyprus internment camps]]. Those held were mainly Holocaust survivors, including large numbers of children and orphans. In response to Cypriot fears that the Jews would never leave (since they lacked a state or documentation) and because the 75,000 quota established by the 1939 White Paper had never been filled, the British allowed the refugees to enter Palestine at a rate of 750 per month. The unified Jewish resistance movement broke up in July 1946, after Etzel [[King David Hotel bombing|bombed the British Military Headquarters]] in the King David Hotel killing 91 people. In the days following the bombing, Tel Aviv was placed under curfew and over 120,000 Jews, nearly 20% of the Jewish population of Palestine, were questioned by the police. In the US, Congress criticized British handling of the situation and delayed loans that were vital to British post-war recovery. By 1947 the Labour Government was ready to refer the Palestine problem to the newly created United Nations. ===United Nations Partition Plan=== {{Main article|United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine}} [[File:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|upright|[[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine]], 1947]] On 2 April 1947, the United Kingdom requested that the question of Palestine be handled by the [[General Assembly of the United Nations|General Assembly]].<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument UNITED NATIONS: General Assembly: A/364 3 September 1947: Chapter I: The Origin and Activities of UNSCOP: A. Creation of the Special Committee: Its Terms of Reference and Composition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> The General Assembly created a committee, [[United Nations Special Committee on Palestine]] (UNSCOP), to report on "the question of Palestine".<ref>[https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 A/RES/106 (S-1)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806072438/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F5A49E57095C35B685256BCF0075D9C2 |date=6 August 2012 }} of 15 May 1947 General Assembly Resolution 106 Constituting the UNSCOP: Retrieved 30 May 2012</ref> In July 1947 the UNSCOP visited Palestine and met with Jewish and Zionist delegations. The [[Arab Higher Committee]] boycotted the meetings. During the visit the British Foreign Secretary [[Ernest Bevin]] ordered an illegal immigrant ship, the ''[[Exodus 1947]]'', to be sent back to Europe. The migrants on the ship were forcibly removed by British troops at Hamburg. The principal non-Zionist Orthodox Jewish (or [[Haredi]]) party, [[Agudat Israel]], recommended to UNSCOP that a Jewish state be set up after reaching a religious [[Status quo (Israel)|status quo agreement]] with Ben-Gurion regarding the future Jewish state. The agreement would grant exemption to a quota of [[yeshiva]] (religious seminary) students and to all orthodox women from military service, would make the Sabbath the national weekend, promised [[Kosher]] food in government institutions and would allow them to maintain a separate education system.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news1.co.il/uploadFiles/781353175640107.doc |script-title=he:מכתב הסטטוס קוו |date=19 June 1947 |language=Hebrew |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The majority report of UNSCOP proposed<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument United Nations: General Assembly: A/364: 3 September 1947: Official Records of the Second Session of the General Assembly: Supplement No. 11: United Nations Special Committee on Palestine: Report to the General Assembly Volume 1: Lake Success, New York 1947: Retrieved 30 May 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603150222/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/07175de9fa2de563852568d3006e10f3?OpenDocument |date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem", the last to be under "an International Trusteeship System".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6 |publisher=United Nations |date=20 April 1949 |accessdate=31 July 2007 |title=Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47) |postscript=. |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103014616/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6 |archivedate=3 January 2011 |df= }}</ref> On 29 November 1947, in [[Resolution 181]] (II), the General Assembly adopted the majority report of UNSCOP, but with slight modifications.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |title=A/RES/181(II) of 29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |year=1947 |accessdate=30 May 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120524094913/http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7f0af2bd897689b785256c330061d253 |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Plan also called for the British to allow "substantial" Jewish migration by 1 February 1948.<ref>Part I paragraph 2 UN resolution 181(II), {{cite web|url=https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-02-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906162506/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |archivedate=6 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Neither Britain nor the UN Security Council took any action to implement the resolution and Britain continued detaining Jews attempting to enter Palestine. Concerned that partition would severely damage Anglo-Arab relations, Britain denied UN representatives access to Palestine during the period between the adoption of Resolution 181 (II) and the termination of the British Mandate.<ref>[[Trygve Lie]], In the Cause of Peace, Seven Years with the United Nations (New York: MacMillan 1954) p. 163</ref> The British withdrawal was finally completed in May 1948. However, Britain continued to hold Jews of "fighting age" and their families on Cyprus until March 1949.<ref>Morris Laub, ''Last barrier to freedom: internment of Jewish holocaust survivors on Cyprus 1946–1949'', Berkeley 1985</ref> ===Civil War=== {{Main article|1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine}} [[File:Jerusalem convoy.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Supply convoy on its way to [[Battle for Jerusalem (1948)|besieged]] [[Jerusalem]], April 1948]] The General Assembly's vote caused joy in the Jewish community and discontent among the Arab community. Violence broke out between the sides, escalating into [[1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine|civil war]]. From January 1948, operations became increasingly militarized, with the intervention of a number of [[Arab Liberation Army]] regiments inside Palestine, each active in a variety of distinct sectors around the different coastal towns. They consolidated their presence in [[Galilee]] and [[Samaria]].<ref name="Yoav Gelber 2006 pp.51-56">[[#gelber|Yoav Gelber (2006)]], pp. 51–56</ref> [[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]] came from Egypt with several hundred men of the [[Army of the Holy War]]. Having recruited a few thousand volunteers, he organized the blockade of the 100,000 Jewish residents of Jerusalem.<ref name="Larry Collins 1971 p.7">[[#lapierre collins|Dominique Lapierre et Larry Collins (1971)]], chap. 7, pp. 131–153</ref> The [[Yishuv]] tried to supply the city using convoys of up to 100 armoured vehicles, but largely failed. By March, almost all [[Haganah]]'s armoured vehicles had been destroyed, the blockade was in full operation, and hundreds of Haganah members who had tried to bring supplies into the city were killed.<ref name="Benny Morris 2003 p.163">[[#morris birth|Benny Morris (2003)]], p. 163</ref> Up to 100,000 Arabs, from the urban upper and middle classes in Haifa, Jaffa and Jerusalem, or Jewish-dominated areas, evacuated abroad or to Arab centres eastwards.<ref name="Benny Morris 2003 p.67">[[#morris birth|Benny Morris (2003)]], p. 67</ref> This situation caused the US to withdraw their support for the Partition plan, thus encouraging the [[Arab League]] to believe that the Palestinian Arabs, reinforced by the Arab Liberation Army, could put an end to the plan for partition. The British, on the other hand, decided on 7 February 1948 to support the annexation of the Arab part of Palestine by [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref name="Henry Laurens 2005 p.83">[[#laurens|Henry Laurens (2005)]], p. 83</ref> [[File:Declaration of State of Israel 1948.jpg|thumb|[[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaiming the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] in 1948]] [[David Ben-Gurion]] reorganized Haganah and made conscription obligatory. Every Jewish man and woman in the country had to receive military training. Thanks to funds raised by [[Golda Meir]] from sympathisers in the United States, and Stalin's decision to support the [[Zionism|Zionist]] cause, the Jewish representatives of Palestine were able to purchase important arms in Eastern Europe. Ben-Gurion gave [[Yigael Yadin]] the responsibility to plan for the announced intervention of the Arab states. The result of his analysis was [[Plan Dalet]], in which Haganah passed from the defensive to the offensive. The plan sought to establish Jewish territorial continuity by conquering mixed zones. [[Tiberias]], [[Haifa]], [[Safed]], [[Beisan]], [[Jaffa]] and Acre fell, resulting in the flight of more than 250,000 Palestinian Arabs.<ref>[[#laurens|Henry Laurens (2005)]], pp. 85–86</ref> The situation pushed the leaders of the neighbouring Arab states to intervene. On 14 May 1948, on the day the last British forces left from Haifa, the [[Jewish People's Council]] gathered at the [[Tel Aviv Museum]] and proclaimed [[Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel|the establishment]] of a [[Jewish state]] in [[Eretz Israel]], to be known as the [[State of Israel]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 2 June 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321213130/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Declaration%20of%20Establishment%20of%20State%20of%20Israel.htm |date=21 March 2012 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==State of Israel (1948–present)== ===War of Independence=== {{Main article|1948 Arab–Israeli War}} [[File:Raising the Ink Flag at Umm Rashrash (Eilat).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Avraham Adan]] raising the [[Ink Flag]] marking the end of the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]]]] Immediately following the declaration of the new state, both [[superpower]] leaders, US President [[Harry S. Truman]] and Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], recognized the new state. The [[Arab League]] members Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq refused to accept the UN partition plan and proclaimed the right of self-determination for the Arabs across the whole of Palestine. The Arab states marched their forces into what had, until the previous day, been the British Mandate for Palestine, starting the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War|first Arab–Israeli War]]. The Arab states had heavy military equipment at their disposal and were initially on the offensive (the Jewish forces were not a state before 15 May and could not buy heavy arms). On 29 May 1948, the British initiated [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 50]] declaring an arms embargo on the region. [[Czechoslovakia]] [[Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947–1949|violated the resolution]], supplying the Jewish state with critical military hardware to match the (mainly British) heavy equipment and planes already owned by the invading Arab states. On 11 June, a month-long UN truce was put into effect. Following independence, the [[Haganah]] became the [[Israel Defense Forces]] (IDF). The [[Palmach]], [[Irgun|Etzel]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] were required to cease independent operations and join the IDF. During the ceasefire, Etzel attempted to bring in a private arms shipment aboard a ship called "[[Altalena]]". When they refused to hand the arms to the government, Ben-Gurion ordered that the ship be sunk. Several Etzel members were killed in the fighting. Large numbers of Jewish immigrants, many of them World War II veterans and Holocaust survivors, now began arriving in the new state of Israel, and many joined the IDF.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hagana.co.il/show_item.asp?levelId=59798&itemId=47310&itemType=3 |publisher=hagana.co.il |script-title=he:גיוס חוץ לארץ |accessdate=2007-12-11 |language=Hebrew |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231104437/http://www.hagana.co.il/show_item.asp?levelId=59798&itemId=47310&itemType=3 |archivedate=31 December 2008 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After an initial loss of territory by the Jewish state and its occupation by the Arab armies, from July the tide gradually turned in the Israelis' favour and they pushed the Arab armies out and conquered some of the territory that had been included in the proposed Arab state. At the end of November, tenuous local ceasefires were arranged between the Israelis, Syrians and Lebanese. On 1 December [[Abdullah I of Jordan|King Abdullah]] announced the union of Transjordan with Arab Palestine west of the Jordan; only Britain recognized the annexation. ===Armistice Agreements=== {{Main article|1949 Armistice Agreements}} [[File:Cia-is-map2.png|thumb|upright|[[Green Line (Israel)|1949 Green Line]]]] Israel signed [[1949 Armistice Agreements|armistices]] with Egypt (24 February), Lebanon (23 March), Jordan (3 April) and Syria (20 July). No actual peace agreements were signed. With [[1949 Armistice Agreements|permanent ceasefire]] coming into effect, Israel's new borders, later known as the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], were established. These borders were not recognized by the Arab states as international boundaries.<ref>Green Line: the name given to the 1949 Armistice lines that constituted the de facto borders of pre-1967 Israel &mdash; [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/israel/il_glos.html "Glossary: Israel"], ''[[Library of Congress Country Studies]]''</ref> The IDF had overrun [[Galilee]], [[Jezreel Valley]], [[West Jerusalem]], the [[Israeli coastal plain|coastal plain]] and the [[Negev]]. The Syrians remained in control of a strip of territory along the Sea of Galilee originally allocated to the Jewish state, the Lebanese occupied a tiny area at [[Rosh HaNikra, Israel|Rosh Hanikra]], and the Egyptians retained the Gaza strip and still had some forces surrounded inside Israeli territory. Jordanian forces remained in [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank| the West Bank]], where the British had stationed them before the war. Jordan annexed the areas it occupied while Egypt kept [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Gaza as an occupied zone]]. Following the ceasefire declaration, Britain released over 2,000 Jewish detainees it was still holding in Cyprus and recognized the state of Israel. On 11 May 1949, Israel was admitted as a member of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/gov_un_mem_dat-government-un-membership-date|title=Countries Compared by Government > UN membership date. International Statistics at NationMaster.com|website=www.nationmaster.com}}</ref> Out of an Israeli population of 650,000, some 6,000 men and women were killed in the fighting, including 4,000 soldiers in the IDF. According to United Nations figures, 726,000 Palestinians [[1948 Palestinian exodus|had fled or were evicted]] by the Israelis between 1947 and 1949.<ref>{{harvnb|Morris|2004|pp=604}}</ref> Except in Jordan, the Palestinian refugees were settled in large refugee camps in poor, overcrowded conditions. In December 1949, the UN (in response to a British proposal) established an agency ([[UNRWA]]) to provide aid to the Palestinian refugees. It became the largest single UN agency and is the only UN agency that serves a single people. ===1948–1955: Ben-Gurion I; Sharett=== {{Further information|Austerity in Israel|Lavon Affair|Reprisal operations}} {{See also2|[[Provisional government of Israel|Provisional]]|[[First government of Israel|First]]|[[Second government of Israel|Second]]|[[Third government of Israel|Third]]|[[Fourth government of Israel|Fourth]]|[[Fifth government of Israel|Fifth]]|[[Sixth government of Israel|Sixth]] governments of Israel}} A 120-seat parliament, the [[Knesset]], met first in [[Tel Aviv]] then moved to [[Jerusalem]] after the 1949 ceasefire. In January 1949, Israel held its [[Israeli legislative election, 1949|first elections]]. The Socialist-Zionist parties [[Mapai]] and [[Mapam]] won the most seats (46 and 19 respectively). Mapai's leader, [[David Ben-Gurion]], was appointed [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], he formed a coalition which did not include Mapam who were [[Stalinist]] and loyal to the USSR (another Stalinist party, non-Zionist [[Maki (historical political party)|Maki]] won 4 seats). The Knesset elected [[Chaim Weizmann]] as the first (largely ceremonial) [[President of Israel]]. [[Hebrew]] and [[Arabic]] were made the official languages of the new state. All governments have been [[coalitions]]—no party has ever won a majority in the Knesset. From 1948 until 1977 all governments were led by [[Mapai]] and the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]], predecessors of the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour Party]]. In those years [[Labor Zionism|Labour Zionists]], initially led by [[David Ben-Gurion]], dominated Israeli politics and the economy was run on primarily [[Socialism|socialist lines]]. Within three years (1948 to 1951), immigration doubled the Jewish population of Israel and left an indelible imprint on Israeli society.<ref>''Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and its Repercussions in the 1950s and After'' Dvora Hacohen, Syracuse University Press, 2003</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=7 August 2007 |year=2006 |title=Population, by Religion and Population Group |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930033403/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |archivedate=30 September 2007 |df= }}</ref> Overall, 700,000 Jews settled in Israel during this period.<ref>Benny Morris, ''Righteous Victims'', chap.VI.</ref> Some 300,000 arrived from Asian and North African nations as part of the [[Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries]].<ref name=sachar_pp395-403>Sachar, pp. 395–403.</ref> Among them, the largest group (over 100,000) was from Iraq. The rest of the immigrants were from Europe, including more than 270,000 who came from Eastern Europe,<ref>Tom Segev, ''1949. The First Israelis'', Owl Books, 1986, p.96.</ref> mainly Romania and Poland (over 100,000 each). Nearly all the Jewish immigrants could be described as [[refugee]]s, however only 136,000 who immigrated to Israel from Central Europe, had international certification because they belonged to the 250,000 Jews registered by the allies as displaced after World War II and living in [[Displaced persons camp]]s in Germany, Austria and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005462 |title=Displaced Persons |work=Holocaust Encyclopedia |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In 1950 the Knesset passed the [[Law of Return]], which granted to all Jews and those of Jewish ancestry, and their spouses, the right to settle in Israel and gain citizenship. That year, 50,000 Yemenite Jews (99%) were [[Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen)|secretly flown]] to Israel. In 1951 Iraqi Jews were granted temporary permission to leave the country and 120,000 (over 90%) opted [[Operation Ezra and Nehemiah|to move to Israel]]. Jews also fled from Lebanon, Syria and Egypt. By the late sixties, about 500,000 Jews had left Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. Over the course of twenty years, some 850,000 Jews from Arab countries (99%) relocated to Israel (680,000), France and the Americas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/ |title=VI- The Arab Refugees – Introduction |access-date=20 មីនា 2018 |archivedate=22 សីហា 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822135916/http://mfa.gov.il/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews |first=Warren |last=Hoge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/americas/04iht-nations.4.8182206.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 November 2007 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> The land and property left behind by the Jews (much of it in Arab city centres) is still a matter of some dispute. Today there are about 9,000 Jews living in Arab states, of whom 75% live in Morocco and 15% in Tunisia. [[File:Menachem Begin při projevu na demonstraci proti německým reparacím v Tel Avivu v únoru 1952.jpg|thumb|left|[[Menachem Begin]] addressing a mass demonstration in Tel Aviv against [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|negotiations with Germany]] in 1952]] Between 1948 and 1958, the population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million. During this period, food, clothes and furniture had to be rationed in what became known as the [[Austerity in Israel|Austerity Period]] (''Tkufat haTsena''). Immigrants were mostly refugees with no money or possessions and many were housed in temporary camps known as [[ma'abarot]]. By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in tents or prefabricated shacks built by the government. Israel received financial aid from private donations from [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee|outside the country]] (mainly the United States).<ref>''Mishtar HaTsena'' (in Hebrew), Dr Avigail Cohen & Haya Oren, Tel Aviv 1995</ref> The pressure on the new state's finances led Ben-Gurion to sign a [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations agreement]] with [[West Germany]]. During the Knesset debate some 5,000 demonstrators gathered and riot police had to cordon the building.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-3306796,00.html |script-title=he:היום שבו נכבשה הכנסת (כמעט) |language=Hebrew |publisher=[[Ynet]] |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Israel received several billion marks and in return agreed to open diplomatic relations with Germany. At the end of 1953, Ben-Gurion retired to [[Kibbutz]] [[Sde Boker]] in the [[Negev]]. In 1949, education was made free and compulsory for all citizens until the age of 14. The state now funded the party-affiliated Zionist education system and a new body created by the Haredi [[Agudat Israel]] party. A separate body was created to provide education for the remaining Palestinian-Arab population. The major political parties now competed for immigrants to join their education systems. The government banned the existing educational bodies from the transit camps and tried to mandate a unitary secular socialist education<ref>The melting pot in Israel: the commission of inquiry concerning education in the early years of the state by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002 chapter 7</ref> under the control of "camp managers" who also had to provide work, food and housing for the immigrants. There were attempts to force orthodox Yemenite children to adopt a secular life style by teachers, including many instances of Yemenite children having their [[Payot|side-curls]] cut by teachers. This led to the first Israeli public inquiry (the Fromkin Inquiry),<ref>For more information see ''The melting pot in Israel'' by Tzvi Tzameret, Albany 2002</ref> the collapse of the coalition, and an [[Israeli legislative election, 1951|election]] in 1951, with little change in the results. In 1953 the party-affiliated education system was scrapped and replaced by a secular state education system and a state-run Modern Orthodox system. Agudat Israel were allowed to maintain their existing school system. In its early years Israel sought to maintain a non-aligned position between the super-powers. However, in 1952, an antisemitic public trial was staged in Moscow in which a group of Jewish doctors were accused of trying to poison Stalin (the [[Doctors' plot]]), followed by a similar trial in Czechoslovakia ([[Slánský trial]]). This, and the failure of Israel to be included in the [[Bandung Conference]] (of [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-aligned states]]), effectively ended Israel's pursuit of non-alignment. On 19 May 1950, Egypt announced that the [[Suez Canal]] was closed to Israeli ships and commerce. In 1952 a [[Egyptian Revolution of 1952|military coup]] in Egypt brought [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Abdel Nasser]] to power. The United States pursued close relations with the new Arab states, particularly the Nasser-led Egyptian [[Free Officers Movement (Egypt)|Free Officers Movement]] and [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia]]. Israel's solution to diplomatic isolation was to establish good relations with newly independent states in [[Africa]]<ref>"Israel's Military Aid to Africa, 1960–66", Abel Jacob in ''The Journal of Modern African Studies'', vol. 9, no. 2 (August 1971), pp. 165–187</ref> and with France, which was engaged in the [[Algerian War]]. In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1955|January 1955 elections]] Mapai won 40 seats and the Labour Party 10, [[Moshe Sharett]] became prime minister of Israel at the head of a left-wing coalition. Between 1953 and 1956, there were intermittent clashes along all of Israel's borders as Arab [[List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967|terrorism]] and breaches of the ceasefire resulted in Israeli [[Retribution operations|counter-raids]]. [[Palestinian fedayeen]] attacks, often organized and sponsored by the Egyptians, were made from [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|(Egyptian occupied) Gaza]]. Fedayeen attacks led to a growing cycle of violence as Israel launched [[Unit 101|reprisal attacks]] against Gaza.<ref>Spencer C. Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts (eds.). ''The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A Political, Social, and Military History''. [[ABC-CLIO]]. p. 229. {{ISBN|978-1-85109-842-2}}</ref> In 1954 the [[Uzi]] submachine gun first entered use by the Israel Defense Forces. In 1955 the Egyptian government began recruiting former Nazi rocket scientists for a missile program.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nti.org/media/pdfs/egypt_missile.pdf?_=1316466791 |title=Egypt Missile Chronology |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref><ref>''Nasser and the Missile Age in the Middle East'' (Contemporary Security Studies) by Owen Sirrs, Routledge 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-415-37003-5}}. The Germans involved had worked on the [[V-1 (flying bomb)|V-1]] and [[V-2 rocket|V-2]] programs.</ref> Archaeologist and General [[Yigael Yadin]] purchased the [[Dead Sea Scrolls]] on behalf of the State of Israel. The entire first batch to be discovered were now owned by Israel and housed in the [[Shrine of the Book]] at the [[Israel Museum]]. Sharett's government was brought down by the [[Lavon Affair]], a crude plan to disrupt US–Egyptian relations, involving Israeli agents planting bombs at American sites in Egypt.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/lavon_eng.htm |title=Lavon Affair |work=Lexicon of Terms |publisher=Knesset |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> The plan failed when eleven agents were arrested. Defense Minister [[Pinhas Lavon|Lavon]] was blamed despite his denial of responsibility. The Lavon affair led to Sharett's resignation and Ben-Gurion returned to the post of prime minister. ===1955–1963: Ben-Gurion II=== {{Further information|Suez Crisis}} {{See also2|[[Seventh government of Israel|Seventh]]|[[Eighth government of Israel|Eighth]]|[[Ninth government of Israel|Ninth]]|[[Tenth government of Israel|Tenth]] governments of Israel}} In 1956, the increasingly pro-Soviet President Nasser of Egypt, announced the nationalization of the (French and British owned) [[Suez Canal]], which was Egypt's main source of foreign currency. Egypt also blockaded the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] preventing Israeli access to the [[Red Sea]]. Israel made a [[Protocol of Sèvres|secret agreement]] with the French at Sèvres to co-ordinate military operations against Egypt. Britain and France had already begun secret preparations for military action. It has been alleged that the French also agreed to build a [[Negev Nuclear Research Center|nuclear plant]] for the Israelis and that by 1968 this was able to produce [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|nuclear weapons]]. Britain and France arranged for Israel to give them a pretext for seizing the Suez Canal. Israel was to attack Egypt, and Britain and France would then call on both sides to withdraw. When, as expected, the Egyptians refused, Anglo-French forces would invade to take control of the Canal. [[File:Israeli troops in sinai war.jpg|thumb|Israeli paratroopers dig in near the [[Mitla Pass]], 31 October 1956]] Israeli forces, commanded by General [[Moshe Dayan]], [[Operation Kadesh|attacked]] Egypt on 29 October 1956. On 30 October Britain and France made their pre-arranged call for both sides to stop fighting and withdraw from the Canal area, and for them to be allowed to take up positions at key points on the Canal. Egypt refused and the allies commenced air strikes on 31 October aimed at neutralizing the Egyptian air force. By 5 November the Israelis had overrun the [[Sinai]]. The Anglo-French invasion began that day. There was uproar in the UN, with the United States and USSR for once in agreement in denouncing the actions of Israel, Britain and France. A demand for a ceasefire was reluctantly accepted on 7 November. At Egypt's request, the UN sent an [[United Nations Emergency Force|Emergency Force]] (UNEF), consisting of 6,000 peacekeeping troops from 10 nations to supervise the ceasefire. This was the first ever UN peacekeeping operation. From 15 November the UN troops marked out a zone across the Sinai to separate the Israeli and Egyptian forces. Upon receiving US guarantees of Israeli access to the Suez Canal, freedom of access out of the Gulf of Aqaba and Egyptian action to stop Palestinian raids from Gaza, the Israelis withdrew to the Negev.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unef1backgr2.html#three |title=First United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF I) - Background |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In practice the Suez Canal remained closed to Israeli shipping. The conflict marked the end of West-European dominance in the Middle East. Nasser emerged as the victor in the conflict, having won the political battle, however the Israeli military learnt that it did not need British or French support in order to conquer Sinai and that it could conquer the Sinai peninsula in a few days. The Israeli political leadership learnt that Israel had a limited time frame within which to operate militarily after which international political pressure would restrict Israel's freedom of action. In 1956, two [[Modern Orthodox Judaism|modern-orthodox]] (and [[Religious Zionism|religious-zionist]]) parties, [[Mizrachi (political party)|Mizrachi]] and [[Hapoel HaMizrachi]], joined to form the [[National Religious Party]]. The party was a component of every Israeli coalition until 1992, usually running the Ministry of Education. Mapai was once again victorious in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1959|1959 elections]], increasing its number of seats to 47, Labour had 7. Ben-Gurion remained Prime Minister. In 1959, there were renewed skirmishes along Israel's borders that continued throughout the early 1960s. The Arab League continued to maintain an [[Arab League boycott of Israel|economic boycott]] and there was a dispute over water rights in the River Jordan basin. With Soviet backing, the Arab states, particularly Egypt, were continuing to build up their forces. Israel's main military [[France–Israel relations|hardware supplier was France]]. [[File:1961-04-13 Tale Of Century - Eichmann Tried For War Crimes.ogv|thumb|US newsreel on the trial of [[Adolf Eichmann]]]] [[Rudolph Kastner]], a minor political functionary, was accused of collaborating with the Nazis and sued his accuser. Kastner lost the trial and was assassinated two years later. In 1958 the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]] exonerated him. In May 1960 [[Adolf Eichmann]], one of the chief administrators of the Nazi Holocaust, was located in Argentina by the [[Mossad]], which later kidnapped him to Israel. In 1961 he was put on trial, and after several months found guilty and sentenced to death. He was hanged in 1962 and is the only person ever sentenced to death by an Israeli court. Testimonies by Holocaust survivors at the trial and the extensive publicity that surrounded it has led the trial to be considered a turning point in public awareness of the Holocaust.<ref>"The Eichmann Trial and American Jewry: A Reassessment", Françoise S. Ouzan in ''Jewish Political Studies Review'' 19:1–2 (Spring 2007), see also [[Hannah Arendt]], ''[[Eichmann in Jerusalem]]'' (published 1963)</ref> In 1961 a [[Herut]] no-confidence motion over the Lavon affair led to Ben-Gurion's resignation. Ben-Gurion declared that he would only accept office if Lavon was fired from the position of the head of [[Histadrut]], Israel's labour union organization. His demands were accepted and Mapai won the [[Israeli legislative election, 1961|1961 election]] (42 seats keeping Ben-Gurion as PM) with a slight reduction in its share of the seats. Menachem Begin's Herut party and the [[Liberal Party (Israel)|Liberals]] came next with 17 seats each. In 1962 the [[Mossad]] began assassinating German rocket scientists working in Egypt after one of them reported the missile program was designed to carry chemical warheads. This action was condemned by Ben-Gurion and led to the Mossad director, [[Isser Harel]], resignation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Isser Harel |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1422449/Isser-Harel.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=19 February 2003 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> In 1963 Ben-Gurion quit again over the Lavon scandal. His attempts to make his party [[Mapai]] support him over the issue failed. [[Levi Eshkol]] became leader of Mapai and the new prime minister. ===1963–1969: Eshkol=== {{Further information|Six-Day War}} {{See also2|[[Eleventh government of Israel|Eleventh]]|[[Twelfth government of Israel|Twelfth]]|[[Thirteenth government of Israel|Thirteenth]] governments of Israel}} In 1963 [[Yigael Yadin]] began excavating [[Masada]]. In 1964, Egypt, Jordan and Syria developed a unified military command. Israel completed work on a [[National Water Carrier of Israel|national water carrier]], a huge engineering project designed to transfer Israel's allocation of the [[Jordan river]]'s waters towards the south of the country in realization of Ben-Gurion's dream of mass Jewish settlement of the [[Negev]] desert. The Arabs responded by trying to divert the headwaters of the Jordan, leading to growing [[War over Water (Jordan river)|conflict]] between Israel and Syria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods3.html |title=The Disaster of 1967 |accessdate=12 January 2013 |archivedate=19 កុម្ភៈ 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219000135/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods3.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1964, Israeli Rabbinical authorities accepted that the [[Bene Israel]] of India were indeed Jewish and most of the remaining [[Indian Jews]] migrated to Israel. The 2,000-strong Jewish community of [[Cochin Jews|Cochin]] had already migrated in 1954. Ben-Gurion quit Mapai to form the new party [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]], he was joined by [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Moshe Dayan]]. Begin's [[Herut]] party joined with the Liberals to form [[Gahal]]. Mapai and Labour united for the [[Israeli legislative election, 1965|1965 elections]], winning 45 seats and maintaining [[Levi Eshkol]] as Prime Minister. Ben-Gurion's Rafi party received 10 seats, Gahal got 26 seats becoming the second largest party. Until 1966, Israel's principal arms supplier was [[France]], however in 1966, following the withdrawal from [[Algeria]], [[Politics of grandeur|Charles de Gaulle]] announced France would cease supplying Israel with arms (and refused to refund money paid for 50 warplanes).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hnn.us/articles/751.html |title=When Did the U.S. and Israel Become Allies? (Hint: Trick Question) |last=Cristol |first=Jay |date=9 July 2002 |work=History News Network |publisher=George Mason University |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> On 5 February 1966, the United States announced that it was taking over the former French and West German obligations, to maintain military "stabilization" in the Middle East. Included in the military hardware would be over 200 [[M48 Patton|M48 tanks]]. In May of that year the US also agreed to provide [[A-4 Skyhawk]] tactical aircraft to Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/tanks/magach/Patton_Tanks_in_Israeli_Service.htm|title=Patton Tanks in Israeli Service|website=www.israeli-weapons.com|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=9 សីហា 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809154251/http://www.israeli-weapons.com/weapons/vehicles/tanks/magach/Patton_Tanks_in_Israeli_Service.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Herring |first=George C. |title=The American Century and Beyond: U.S. Foreign Relations, 1893-2014 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=E9VKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA447&lpg=PA447&dq=He+preferred+that+arms+be+provided+through+third+parties+like+West+Germany+than+directly+from+the+United+States.+But+he+was+usually+there+for+Israel,+whether+it+be+A-4+Shyhawk+fighters,+the+first+commitment+of+combat+aircraft+for+Israel,+M-48+tanks,+or+M-113+armored+personnel+carriers.#v=onepage&q=He%20preferred%20that%20arms%20be%20provided%20through%20third%20parties%20like%20West%20Germany%20than%20directly%20from%20the%20United%20States.%20But%20he%20was%20usually%20there%20for%20Israel%2C%20whether%20it%20be%20A-4%20Shyhawk%20fighters%2C%20the%20first%20commitment%20of%20combat%20aircraft%20for%20Israel%2C%20M-48%20tanks%2C%20or%20M-113%20armored%20personnel%20carriers.&f=false |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |page=447 |isbn=0190212470}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Aloni |first=Shlomo |title=Israeli A-4 Skyhawk Units in Combat |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pXKHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8&dq=%27limited+number+of+tactical+aircraft%27+to+Israel+followed+on+20+May+1966#v=onepage&q='limited%20number%20of%20tactical%20aircraft'%20to%20Israel%20followed%20on%2020%20May%201966&f=false |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2013 |page=8 |isbn=1849081298}}</ref> In 1966 security restrictions placed on [[Arab-Israelis]] were eased and efforts made to integrate them into Israeli life.<ref>{{cite book |last=Lustick |first=Ian |title=Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's control of a national minority |url= |year=1980 |page=123 |isbn=0292703473}}</ref> In 1966, [[Television in Israel|Black and white TV]] broadcasts began. On 15 May 1967, the first public performance of [[Naomi Shemer]]'s classic song "[[Jerusalem of Gold]]" took place and over the next few weeks it dominated the Israeli airwaves. Two days later Syria, Egypt and Jordan amassed troops along the Israeli borders, and Egypt closed the [[Straits of Tiran]] to Israeli shipping. Nasser demanded that the [[United Nations Emergency Force|UNEF]] leave Sinai, threatening escalation to a full war. Egyptian radio broadcasts talked of a coming genocide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1627015,00.html |title=In the Shadow of the Six-Day War |last=Mcgirk |first=Tim |date=31 May 2007 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=3 មិថុនា 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603194639/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1627015,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm |title=Six Day War Comprehensive Timeline |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archivedate=18 ឧសភា 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518044748/http://www.sixdaywar.co.uk/timeline.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html |title=Whose Voice? Nasser, the Arabs, and 'Sawt al-Arab' Radio |last=James |first=Laura M. |year=2006 |publisher=Transnational Broadcasting Studies |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archivedate=16 កក្កដា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716194101/http://www.tbsjournal.com/James.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 26 May [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] declared, "''The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel''".<ref name="Mutawi2002p95">{{cite book|author=Samir A. Mutawi|title=Jordan in the 1967 War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94|date=18 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52858-0|page=95|quote="On 26 May he declared, "The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel"}}</ref> Israel considered the [[Straits of Tiran]] closure a [[Casus belli]]. Egypt, Syria, Jordan and Iraq signed defence pacts and Iraqi troops began deploying to Jordan, Syria and Egypt.<ref>The Times (London), 1st June 1967</ref> Algeria also announced that it would send troops to Egypt. Between 1963 and 1967 [[Egypt and weapons of mass destruction|Egyptian troops had tested chemical weapons]] on Yemenite civilians as part of an [[North Yemen Civil War|Egyptian intervention in support of rebels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wcfia.harvard.edu/publications/forgotten-gas-attacks-yemen-haunt-syria-crisis|title=Forgotten Gas Attacks in Yemen Haunt Syria Crisis|publisher=}}</ref> Israel responded by calling up its civilian reserves, bringing much of the Israeli economy to a halt. The Israelis set up a national unity coalition, including for the first time [[Menachem Begin]]'s party, [[Herut]], in a coalition. During a national radio broadcast, Prime Minister Levi Eshkol stammered, causing widespread fear in Israel. To calm public concern [[Moshe Dayan]] (Chief of Staff during the Sinai war) was appointed Defence Minister. [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, Chief of staff Yitzhak Rabin, Gen. Rehavam Zeevi (R) And Gen. Narkis in the old city of Jerusalem.jpg|thumb|left|Gen. [[Uzi Narkiss]], Defense Minister [[Moshe Dayan]], Chief of staff [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and Gen. [[Rehavam Ze'evi]] in the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]], 7 June 1967]] On the morning before Dayan was sworn in, 5 June 1967, the Israeli air force launched [[Operation Focus|pre-emptive attacks]] destroying first the Egyptian air force, and then later the same day destroying the air forces of Jordan and Syria. Israel then [[Six-Day War|defeated]] (almost successively) Egypt, Jordan and Syria. By 11 June the Arab forces were routed and all parties had accepted the cease-fire called for by UN Security Council Resolutions 235 and 236. Israel gained control of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[Golan Heights]], and the formerly Jordanian-controlled [[West Bank]] of the [[Jordan River]]. [[East Jerusalem]] was arguably<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lustick |first=Ian |date=January 1997 |title=Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem? |journal=Middle East Policy |volume=V |issue=1 |pages=34–45 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Middle East Policy Council |issn=1061-1924 |oclc=4651987544 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x |accessdate=8 July 2007 |url=http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol5/9701_lustick.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091120090306/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol5/9701_lustick.asp |archivedate=20 November 2009 |ref=harv}}</ref> [[Jerusalem Law|annexed]] by Israel. Residents were given permanent residency status and the option of applying for Israeli citizenship. The annexation was not recognized internationally (the Jordanian annexation of 1948 was also unrecognized). Other areas occupied remained under military rule (Israeli civil law did not apply to them) pending a final settlement. The Golan was also [[Golan Heights Law|annexed]] in 1981. On 22 November 1967, the Security Council adopted [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242|Resolution 242]], the "land for peace" formula, which called for the establishment of a just and lasting peace based on Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in 1967 in return for the end of all states of belligerency, respect for the sovereignty of all states in the area, and the right to live in peace within secure, recognized boundaries. The resolution was accepted by both sides, though with different interpretations, and has been the basis of all subsequent peace negotiations. After 1967 the US began supplying Israel with aircraft and the Soviet block (except Romania) [[Soviet Union and the Arab–Israeli conflict|broke off relations]] with Israel. [[1968 Polish political crisis|Antisemitic purges]] led to the final migration of the last [[Polish Jews]] to Israel. For the first time since the end of the British Mandate, Jews could visit the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City of Jerusalem]] and pray at the [[Western Wall]] (the holiest site in modern Judaism), to which they had been denied access by the Jordanians in contravention of the 1949 Armistice agreement. The four-meter-wide public alley beside the Wall was expanded into a massive plaza and worshippers were allowed to sit, or use other furniture, for the first time in centuries. In [[Hebron]], Jews gained access to the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] (the second most holy site in Judaism) for the first time since the 14th century (previously Jews were only allowed to pray at the entrance).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm |title=Cave of the Patriarchs |publisher=Chabad |accessdate=2 April 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318073338/http://www.chabad.org/special/israel/points_of_interest_cdo/aid/588225/jewish/Cave-of-the-Patriarchs.htm |archivedate=18 March 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A third Jewish holy site, [[Rachel's Tomb]], in [[Bethlehem]], also became accessible. [[Energy in Egypt|Sinai oil fields]] made Israel self-sufficient in energy. In 1968 [[Moshe Levinger]] led a group of [[Religious Zionist]]s who created the first [[Israeli settlement|Jewish settlement]], a town near Hebron called [[Kiryat Arba]]. There were no other religious settlements until after 1974. Ben-Gurion's [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]] party merged with the Labour-Mapai alliance. Ben-Gurion remained outside as an independent. In 1968, compulsory education was extended until the age of 16 for all citizens (it had been 14) and the government embarked on an extensive program of [[Social integration|integration]] in education. In the major cities children from mainly [[Sephardi]]/[[Mizrahi]] neighbourhoods were [[bus]]ed to newly established [[middle school]]s in better areas. The system remained in place until after 2000. In March 1968, Israeli forces attacked the Palestinian militia, [[Fatah]], at its [[Battle of Karameh|base in the Jordanian town of Karameh]]. The attack was in response to land mines placed on Israeli roads. The Israelis retreated after destroying the camp, however the Israelis sustained unexpectedly high casualties and the attack was not viewed as a success. Despite heavy casualties, the Palestinians claimed victory, while Fatah and the [[PLO]] (of which it formed part) became famous across the Arab world. In early 1969, fighting broke out between Egypt and Israel along the Suez Canal. In retaliation for repeated Egyptian shelling of Israeli positions along the Suez Canal, Israeli planes made deep strikes into Egypt in the 1969–1970 "[[War of Attrition]]". ===1969–1974: Meir=== {{Further information|War of Attrition|Jarring Mission|Rogers Plan|Munich massacre|Yom Kippur War}} {{See also2|[[Fourteenth government of Israel|Fourteenth]]|[[Fifteenth government of Israel|Fifteenth]]|[[Sixteenth government of Israel|Sixteenth]] governments of Israel}} In early 1969, Levi Eshkol died in office of a heart attack and [[Golda Meir]] became Prime Minister with the largest percentage of the vote ever won by an Israeli party, winning 56 of the 120 seats after the [[Israeli legislative election, 1969|1969 election]]. Meir was the [[List of the first female holders of political offices in Asia|first female prime minister of Israel]] and the first woman to have headed a Middle Eastern state in modern times.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kort |first=Michael |title=The Handbook of the Middle East |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0xAh8wbCqEUC&pg=PT83&dq=Meir+first+woman+to+have+headed+a+Middle+Eastern+state |publisher= Twenty-First Century Books |year=2007 |isbn=9780822571438}}</ref> Gahal remained on 26 seats, and was the second largest party. In December 1969, Israeli naval commandos [[Cherbourg Project|took five missile boats]] during the night from Cherbourg Harbour in France. Israel had paid for the boats but the French had refused to supply them. In July 1970 the Israelis [[Operation Rimon 20|shot down five Soviet fighters]] that were aiding the Egyptians in the course of the [[War of Attrition]]. Following this, the US worked to calm the situation and in August 1970 a cease fire was agreed. In [[Black September in Jordan|September 1970]] [[King Hussein]] of [[Jordan]] drove the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] out of his country. On September 18, 1970, Syrian tanks invaded Jordan, intending to aid the PLO. At the request of the US, Israel moved troops to the border and threatened Syria, causing the Syrians to withdraw. The centre of PLO activity then shifted to [[Lebanon]], where the 1969 [[Cairo Agreement (1969)|Cairo agreement]] gave the Palestinians autonomy within the south of the country. The area controlled by the PLO became known by the international press and locals as "[[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|Fatahland]]" and contributed to the 1975–1990 [[Lebanese Civil War]]. The event also led to [[Hafez al-Assad]] taking power in Syria. Egyptian President Nasser died immediately after and was succeeded by [[Anwar Sadat]]. Increased [[Zionology|Soviet antisemitism]] and enthusiasm generated by the 1967 victory led to a wave of Soviet Jews applying to [[Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s|emigrate]] to Israel. Those who left could only take two suitcases. Most Jews were [[Refusenik|refused exit visas]] and persecuted by the authorities. Some were arrested and sent to [[Gulag]] camps, becoming known as [[Prisoners of Zion]]. During 1971, violent demonstrations by the [[Israeli Black Panthers]], made the Israeli public aware of resentment among [[Mizrahi]] Jews at ongoing discrimination and social gaps.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?page=article_impr&id_article=3744 |title=30 years to the Black Panthers in Israel |last=Chetrit |first=Sami Shalom |year=2003 |accessdate=4 December 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603110755/http://www.europe-solidaire.org/spip.php?page=article_impr&id_article=3744 |archivedate=3 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1972 the US [[Jewish Mafia]] leader, [[Meyer Lansky]], who had taken refuge in Israel, was deported to the United States. At the 1972 [[Munich Olympics]], two members of the Israeli team were killed, and nine members [[Munich massacre|taken hostage by Palestinian terrorists]]. A botched German rescue attempt [[Munich Massacre|led to the death of the rest]] along with five of the eight hijackers. The three surviving Palestinians were released by the West German authorities eight weeks later without charge, in exchange for the hostages of hijacked [[Lufthansa Flight 615]].<ref name=haaretz>{{cite news|last=Greenfeter|first=Yael|title=Israel in shock as Munich killers freed|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|accessdate=26 July 2013|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]|date=4 November 2010|archive-date=12 តុលា 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012123352/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/israel-in-shock-as-munich-killers-freed-1.322811|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Israeli government responded with a [[1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon|bombing]], an [[Operation Wrath of God|assassination campaign]] against the organizers of the massacre and a [[1973 Israeli raid on Lebanon|raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon]] (led by future Prime Minister, Ehud Barak). In 1972 the new Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] expelled the Soviet advisers from Egypt. This and frequent invasion exercises by Egypt and Syria led to Israeli complacency about the threat from these countries. In addition the desire not to be held responsible for initiating conflict and an election campaign highlighting security, led to an Israeli failure to mobilize, despite receiving warnings of an impending attack.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/a-royal-s-life-1.243745 |title=A royal's life |last=Shamir |first=Shimon |date=10 April 2008 |newspaper=Haaretz |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=11 មិថុនា 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611083328/http://www.haaretz.com/a-royal-s-life-1.243745 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Israeli Tanks Cross the Suez Canal - Flickr - Israel Defense Forces.jpg|thumb|left|143rd Division crossing the [[Suez Canal]] in the direction of [[Cairo]] during the [[Yom Kippur War]], 15 October 1973]] The [[Yom Kippur War]] (also known as the October War) began on 6 October 1973 (the Jewish [[Yom Kippur|Day of Atonement]]), the holiest day in the Jewish calendar and a day when adult Jews are required to fast. The Syrian and Egyptian armies launched a well-planned surprise attack against the unprepared Israeli Defense Forces. For the first few days there was a great deal of uncertainty about Israel's capacity to repel the invaders. Both the Soviets and the Americans (at the orders of [[Richard Nixon]]) [[Operation Nickel Grass|rushed arms to their allies]]. The Syrians were repulsed by the [[Valley of Tears|tiny remnant of the Israeli tank force]] on the Golan and, although the Egyptians captured a strip of territory in Sinai, Israeli forces [[Battle of Ismailia|crossed the Suez Canal]], trapping the Egyptian Third Army in Sinai and were 100 kilometres from Cairo. The war cost Israel over 2,000 dead, resulted in a heavy arms bill (for both sides) and made Israelis more aware of their vulnerability. It also led to heightened [[DEFCON|superpower tension]]. Following the war, both Israelis and Egyptians showed greater willingness to negotiate. On 18 January 1974, extensive diplomacy by US Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] led to a [[United Nations Disengagement Observer Force Zone|Disengagement of Forces agreement]] with the Egyptian government and on 31 May with the Syrian government. The war led the Saudi government to initiate the [[1973 oil crisis]], an oil embargo in conjunction with [[OPEC]], against countries trading with Israel. Severe shortages led to massive increases in the price of oil, and as a result, many countries broke off relations with Israel or downgraded relations, and Israel was banned from participation in the [[Asian Games]] and other Asian sporting events. State funding was introduced for elected parties. The new system made parties independent of wealthy donors and gave Knesset members more power over party funding, however it also made them less dependent on existing party structures and able to take their funding elsewhere.<ref>https://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/me00636.pdf accessed March 2013</ref> Prior to the December 1973 elections, Gahal and a number of right-wing parties united to form the [[Likud]] (led by Begin). In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1973|December 1973 elections]], Labour won 51 seats, leaving Golda Meir as Prime Minister. The Likud won 39 seats. In May 1974, [[DFLP|Palestinians]] attacked a school in [[Ma'alot massacre|Ma'alot]], holding 102 children hostage. Twenty-two children were killed. In November 1974 the PLO was granted observer status at the UN and [[Yasser Arafat]] addressed the General Assembly. Later that year the [[Agranat Commission]], appointed to assess responsibility for Israel's lack of preparedness for the war, exonerated the government of responsibility, and held the [[David Elazar|Chief of Staff]] and [[Eli Zeira|head of military intelligence]] responsible. Despite the report, public anger at the Government led to [[Golda Meir]]'s resignation. ===1974–1977: Rabin I=== {{Further information|Operation Entebbe}} {{See also|Seventeenth government of Israel}} Following Meir's resignation, [[Yitzhak Rabin]] (Chief of Staff during the Six Day War) became prime minister. [[Modern Orthodox Jews]] ([[Religious Zionist]] followers of the teachings of [[Abraham Isaac Kook|Rabbi Kook]]), formed the [[Gush Emunim]] movement, and began an organized drive to settle the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]]. In November 1975 the United Nations General Assembly, under the guidance of Austrian Secretary General [[Kurt Waldheim]], adopted [[UN General Assembly Resolution 3379|Resolution 3379]], which asserted [[Zionism]] to be a form of racism. The General Assembly rescinded this resolution in December 1991 with [[UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86|Resolution 46/86]]. In March 1976 there was a massive [[Land Day#The protest of 1976|strike by Israeli-Arabs]] in protest at a government plan to expropriate land in the Galilee. In July 1976, an [[Air France]] plane carrying 260 people was hijacked by [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine – External Operations|Palestinian]] and [[Revolutionary Cells (RZ)|German]] terrorists and flown to Uganda, then ruled by [[Idi Amin Dada]]. There, the Germans separated the Jewish passengers from the non-Jewish passengers, releasing the non-Jews. The hijackers threatened to kill the remaining, 100-odd Jewish passengers (and the French crew who had refused to leave). Despite the distances involved, Rabin ordered a daring [[Operation Entebbe|rescue operation]] in which the kidnapped Jews were freed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/entebbe.html |title=The Entebbe Rescue Mission |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> UN Secretary General Waldheim described the raid as "a serious violation of the national sovereignty of a United Nations member state" (meaning Uganda).<ref>''National Review'', 9 July 2007, vol. LIX, no. 12</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kurt Waldheim, Former U.N. Chief, Is Dead at 88 |first=Jonathan |last=Kandell |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/15/world/europe/15waldheim.html?pagewanted=3 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 2007 |accessdate=12 January 2013}}</ref> Waldheim was a former Nazi and suspected war criminal, with a record of offending Jewish sensibilities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kurt Waldheim |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1554545/Kurt-Waldheim.html |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=15 June 2007 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jcpa.org/article/israeli-ugandan-relations-in-the-time-of-idi-amin/ |title=Israeli-Ugandan Relations in the Time of Idi Amin |last=Oded |first=Arye |date=1 October 2006 |work=Jewish Political Studies Review |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> In 1976, the ongoing [[Lebanese Civil War]] led Israel to allow South Lebanese to [[Good Fence|cross the border]] and work in Israel. In January 1977, French authorities arrested [[Abu Daoud]], the planner of the Munich massacre, releasing him a few days later.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945702-3,00.html | work=Time | title=Terrorists: L'Affaire Daoud: Too Hot to Handle | date=24 January 1977 | accessdate=4 May 2010 | archive-date=31 ធ្នូ 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231105924/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,945702-3,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> In March 1977 [[Anatoly Sharansky]], a prominent [[Refusenik]] and spokesman for the [[Moscow Helsinki Group]], was sentenced to 13 years' hard labour. Rabin resigned on April 1977 after it emerged that his [[Leah Rabin|wife]] maintained a dollar account in the United States (illegal at the time), which had been opened while Rabin was Israeli ambassador. The incident became known as the [[Dollar Account affair]]. [[Shimon Peres]] informally replaced him as prime minister, leading the [[Alignment (political party)|Alignment]] in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|subsequent elections]]. ===1977–1983: Begin=== {{Further information|Camp David Accords|1978 South Lebanon conflict|1982 Lebanon War}} {{See also2|[[Eighteenth government of Israel|Eighteenth]]|[[Nineteenth government of Israel|Nineteenth]] governments of Israel}} In a surprise result, the [[Likud]] led by [[Menachem Begin]] won 43 seats in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|1977 elections]] (Labour got 32 seats). This was the first time in Israeli history that the government was not led by the left. A key reason for the victory was anger among [[Mizrahi Jews]] at discrimination, which was to play an important role in Israeli politics for many years. Talented small town Mizrahi social activists, unable to advance in the Labour party, were readily embraced by Begin. Moroccan-born [[David Levy (Israeli politician)|David Levy]] and Iranian-born [[Moshe Katzav]] were part of a group who won Mizrahi support for Begin. Many Labour voters voted for the [[Democratic Movement for Change]] (15 seats) in protest at high-profile corruption cases. The party joined in coalition with Begin and disappeared at the next election. In addition to starting a process of healing the Mizrahi–[[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] divide, Begin's government included [[Agudat Israel|Ultra-Orthodox Jews]] and was instrumental in healing the Zionist–Ultra-Orthodox rift, however it did so at the cost of expanding the exemption from military service to all [[Haredi]] Jewish students of military age. This led to creation of a huge class of unemployed Haredi Jews (the exemption was conditional on attendance of a religious seminary, so they kept studying until they were too old for military service). By remaining students, they were a massive burden on the state, while also failing to participate in the military burden. Begin's liberalization of the economy led to [[hyper-inflation]] (around 150% inflation) but enabled Israel to begin receiving US financial aid. Begin actively supported [[Gush Emunim]]'s efforts to settle the [[West Bank]] and Jewish settlements in the occupied territories received government support, thus laying the grounds for intense conflict with the Palestinian population of the occupied territories. In November 1977, Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] broke 30 years of hostility with Israel by visiting Jerusalem at the invitation of Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]]. Sadat's two-day visit included a speech before the [[Knesset]] and was a turning point in the history of the conflict. The Egyptian leader created a new psychological climate in the [[Middle East]] in which peace between Israel and its Arab neighbours seemed possible. Sadat recognized Israel's right to exist and established the basis for direct negotiations between Egypt and Israel. Following Sadat's visit, 350 Yom Kippur War veterans organized the [[Peace Now]] movement to encourage Israeli governments to make peace with the Arabs. In March 1978, eleven armed Lebanese Palestinians reached Israel in boats and [[Coastal Road Massacre|hijacked a bus]] carrying families on a day outing, killing 38 people, including 13 children. The attackers opposed the Egyptian–Israeli peace process. Three days later, Israeli forces crossed into Lebanon beginning [[Operation Litani]]. After passage of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 425]], calling for Israeli withdrawal and the creation of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL) peace-keeping force, Israel withdrew its troops. [[File:Begin, Carter and Sadat at Camp David 1978.jpg|thumb|left|[[Menachem Begin]], [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Anwar Sadat]] celebrating the signing of the [[Camp David Accords]]]] In September 1978, US President [[Jimmy Carter]] invited President Sadat and Prime Minister Begin to meet with him at [[Camp David]], and on 11 September they agreed on a [[Camp David Accords|framework]] for peace between Israel and Egypt, and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East. It set out broad principles to guide negotiations between Israel and the Arab states. It also established guidelines for a West Bank–Gaza transitional regime of full autonomy for the Palestinians residing in these territories, and for a [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty|peace treaty between Egypt and Israel]]. The treaty was signed 26 March 1979 by Begin and Sadat, with President Carter signing as witness. Under the treaty, Israel returned the Sinai peninsula to Egypt in April 1982. The final piece of territory to be repatriated was [[Taba (Egypt)|Taba]], adjacent to [[Eilat]], returned in 1989. The [[Arab League]] reacted to the peace treaty by suspending Egypt from the organization and moving its headquarters from [[Cairo]] to [[Tunis]]. [[Sadat]] was assassinated in 1981 by [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad|Islamic fundamentalist]] members of the Egyptian army who opposed peace with Israel. Following the agreement Israel and Egypt became the two largest [[United States foreign aid|recipients]] of [[United States Agency for International Development|US military and financial aid]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/124970.pdf |title=Foreign Aid: An Introduction to U.S. Programs and Policy |last1=Tarnoff |first1=Curt |last2=Lawson |first2=Marian Leonardo |date=9 April 2009 |work=CRS Reports |publisher=Congressional Research Service |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> (Iraq and Afghanistan have now [[Financial cost of the Iraq War|overtaken them]]). In December 1978 the Israeli [[Merkava]] battle tank entered use with the IDF. In 1979, over 40,000 [[Iranian Jews]] migrated to Israel, escaping the [[Islamic Revolution]] there. On 30 June 1981, the Israeli air force [[Operation Opera|destroyed the Osirak nuclear reactor]] that [[France]] was building for [[Iraq]]. Three weeks later, Begin won yet again, in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1981|1981 elections]] (48 seats Likud, 47 Labour). [[Ariel Sharon]] was made defence minister. The new government [[Golan Heights Law|annexed the Golan Heights]] and banned the [[El Al|national airline]] from flying on [[Shabbat]].<ref name="shabbat">{{cite web | url=http://www.jewishgates.org/history/modhis/elal.stm | title=El-Al, Israel's Airline | publisher=Gates of Jewish Heritage |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010222124207/http://www.jewishgates.org/history/modhis/elal.stm |archivedate = 2001-02-22}}</ref> By the 1980s a diverse set of [[Science and technology in Israel|high-tech]] industries had [[Silicon Wadi|developed]] in Israel. In the decades following the 1948 war, Israel's border with [[Lebanon]] was quiet compared to its borders with other neighbours. But the 1969 [[Cairo Agreement (1969)|Cairo agreement]] gave the PLO a free hand to [[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|attack]] Israel from South Lebanon. The area was governed by the PLO independently of the Lebanese Government and became known as "[[Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon|Fatahland]]" ([[Fatah]] was the largest faction in the PLO). Palestinian irregulars constantly [[Katyusha rocket launcher|shelled]] the Israeli north, especially the town of [[Kiryat Shmona]], which was a Likud stronghold inhabited primarily by Jews who had fled the Arab world. Lack of control over Palestinian areas was an important factor in causing [[Lebanese civil war|civil war in Lebanon]]. In June 1982, the attempted assassination of [[Shlomo Argov]], the ambassador to Britain, was used as a pretext for an Israeli invasion aiming to drive the PLO out of the southern half of Lebanon. Sharon agreed with [[Chief of General Staff (Israel)|Chief of Staff]] [[Raphael Eitan]] to expand the invasion deep into Lebanon even though the cabinet had only authorized a 40 kilometre deep invasion.<ref>''Israel's Lebanon War'' by [[Ze'ev Schiff]] and [[Ehud Ya'ari]], Touchstone 1985</ref> The invasion became known as the [[1982 Lebanon War]] and the Israeli army occupied [[Beirut]], the only time an Arab capital has been occupied by Israel. Some of the [[Shi'a Islam in Lebanon|Shia]] and [[Maronites|Christian]] population of [[South Lebanon]] welcomed the Israelis, as PLO forces had maltreated them, but Lebanese resentment of Israeli occupation grew over time and the [[Amal Movement|Shia]] became gradually [[Musa al-Sadr|radicalized]] under Iranian guidance.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gloria-center.org/2000/09/eisenberg-2000-09-02/ |title=Do Good Fences Make Good Neighbors?: Israel and Lebanon after the Withdrawal |last=Eisenberg |first=Laura Zittrain |date=2 September 2000 |work=Middle East Review of International Affairs |publisher=Global Research in International Affairs (GLORIA) Center |accessdate=5 December 2012 |archivedate=23 មិថុនា 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130623231419/http://www.gloria-center.org/2000/09/eisenberg-2000-09-02/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Constant casualties among Israeli soldiers and Lebanese civilians led to growing opposition to the war in Israel. In August 1982, the PLO withdrew its forces from Lebanon (moving to [[Tunisia]]). Israel helped engineer the election of a new Lebanese president, [[Bashir Gemayel]], who agreed to recognize Israel and sign a peace treaty. Gemayal was assassinated before an agreement could be signed, and one day later [[Phalange|Phalangist]] Christian forces led by [[Elie Hobeika]] entered two Palestinian refugee camps and [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|massacred]] the occupants. The massacres led to the biggest [[anti-war protest|demonstration]] ever in Israel against the war, with as many as 400,000 people (almost 10% of the population) gathering in Tel Aviv. In 1983, an [[Kahan commission|Israeli public inquiry]] found that Israel's defence minister, Sharon, was indirectly but personally responsible for the massacres.<ref>{{cite news |title=Belgium opens way for Sharon trial |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2662635.stm |newspaper=BBC News |date=15 January 2003 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> It also recommended that he never again be allowed to hold the post (it did not forbid him from being Prime Minister). In 1983, the [[May 17 Agreement]] was signed between Israel and Lebanon, paving the way for an Israeli withdrawal from Lebanese territory through a few stages. Israel continued to operate against the PLO until its eventual departure in 1985, and kept a small force stationed in Southern Lebanon in support of the [[South Lebanon Army]] until May 2000. ===1983–1992: Shamir I; Peres I; Shamir II=== {{Further information|1983 Israel bank stock crisis|South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)|First Intifada|Gulf War}} {{See also2|[[Twentieth government of Israel|Twentieth]]|[[Twenty-first government of Israel|Twenty-first]]|[[Twenty-second government of Israel|Twenty-second]]|[[Twenty-third government of Israel|Twenty-third]]|[[Twenty-fourth government of Israel|Twenty-fourth]] governments of Israel}} [[File:Flickr - Government Press Office (GPO) - Patriot missiles being launched to intercept an Iraqi Scud missile.jpg|thumb|Patriot missiles launched to intercept an Iraqi Scud over Tel Aviv during the Gulf War]] In September 1983, Begin resigned and was succeeded by [[Yitzhak Shamir]] as prime minister. The [[Israeli legislative election, 1984|1984 election]] was inconclusive, and led to a power sharing agreement between [[Shimon Peres]] of the Alignment (44 seats) and Shamir of Likud (41 seats). Peres was prime minister from 1984 to 1986 and Shamir from 1986 to 1988. In 1984, continual discrimination against Sephardi Ultra-Orthodox Jews by the Ashkenazi Ultra-Orthodox establishment led political activist [[Aryeh Deri]] to leave the [[Agudat Israel]] party and join former chief [[Rabbi Ovadia Yosef]] in forming [[Shas]], a new party aimed at the non-Ashkenazi Ultra-Orthodox vote. The party won 4 seats in the first election it contested and over the next twenty years was the third largest party in the Knesset. Shas established a nationwide network of free Sephardi Orthodox schools. In 1984, during a severe [[1983–85 famine in Ethiopia|famine]] in [[Ethiopia]], 8,000 [[Beta Israel|Ethiopian Jews]] were [[Operation Moses|secretly transported]] to Israel. In 1986 [[Natan Sharansky]], a famous Russian human rights activist and Zionist [[refusenik]] (denied an exit visa), was released from the [[Gulag]] in return for two Soviet spies. In June 1985, Israel withdrew most of its troops from Lebanon, leaving a residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported [[South Lebanon Army|militia]] in [[southern Lebanon]] as a "[[Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon|security zone]]" and buffer against attacks on its northern territory. Since then, IDF [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)|fought]] for many years against the [[Shia Islam|Shia]] organization [[Hezbollah]], which became a growing threat to Israel. By July 1985, Israel's [[1983 Israel bank stock crisis|inflation]], buttressed by complex [[index linking]] of salaries, had reached 480% per annum and was the highest in the world. Peres introduced [[1985 Israel Economic Stabilization Plan|emergency control of prices]] and cut government expenditure successfully bringing inflation under control. The currency (known as the [[old Israeli shekel]]) was replaced and renamed the [[Israeli new shekel]] at a rate of 1,000 old shkalim = 1 new shekel. In October 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian terrorist attack in Cyprus by [[Operation Wooden Leg|bombing]] the PLO headquarters in Tunis. Growing Israeli settlement and continuing occupation of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, led to the [[First Intifada|first Palestinian Intifada]] (uprising) in 1987, which lasted until the [[Madrid Conference of 1991]], despite Israeli attempts to suppress it. [[Human rights]] abuses by Israeli troops led a group of Israelis to form [[B'Tselem]], an organization devoted to improving awareness and compliance with human rights requirements in Israel. In August 1987, the Israeli government cancelled the [[IAI Lavi]] project, an attempt to develop an independent Israeli fighter aircraft. The Israelis found themselves unable to sustain the huge development costs, and faced US opposition to a project that threatened US influence in Israel and US global military ascendancy. In September 1988, Israel launched an [[Ofeq]] reconnaissance satellite into orbit, using a [[Shavit]] rocket, thus becoming one of only eight countries possessing a capacity to [[Timeline of first orbital launches by country|independently launch satellites]] into space (two more have since developed this ability). The Alignment and Likud remained neck and neck in the [[Israeli legislative election, 1988|1988 elections]] (39:40 seats). Shamir successfully formed a national unity coalition with [[Alignment (political party)|the Labour Alignment]]. In March 1990, Alignment leader [[Shimon Peres]] engineered a defeat of the government in a non-confidence vote and then tried to form a new government. [[The dirty trick (Israel)|He failed]] and Shamir became prime minister at the head of a right-wing coalition. In 1990, the [[Soviet Union]] finally permitted free [[Aliyah from the Commonwealth of Independent States in the 1990s|emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel]]. Prior to this, Jews trying to leave the USSR faced [[Refusenik (Soviet Union)|persecution]]; those who succeeded arrived as refugees. Over the next few years some one million Soviet citizens migrated to Israel. Although there was concern that some of the new immigrants had only a very tenuous connection to Judaism, and many were accompanied by non-Jewish relatives, this massive wave of migration slowly transformed Israel, bringing large numbers of highly educated Soviet Jews and creating a powerful Russian culture in Israel. In August 1990, Iraq invaded [[Kuwait]], triggering the [[Gulf War]] between Iraq and a large allied force, led by the [[United States]]. Iraq attacked Israel with 39 [[Scud missile]]s. Israel did not retaliate at request of the US, fearing that if Israel responded against Iraq, other Arab nations might desert the allied coalition. Israel provided gas masks for both the Palestinian population and Israeli citizens, while Netherlands and the United States deployed [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot defence batteries]] in Israel as protection against the Scuds. In May 1991, during a 36-hour period, 15,000 [[Beta Israel]] (Ethiopian Jews) were [[Operation Solomon|secretly airlifted]] to Israel. The coalition's victory in the Gulf War opened new possibilities for regional peace, and in October 1991 the US President, [[George H.W. Bush]], and Soviet Union Premier, [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], jointly convened a [[Madrid Conference of 1991|historic meeting in Madrid]] of Israeli, Lebanese, Jordanian, Syrian, and Palestinian leaders. Shamir opposed the idea but agreed in return for loan guarantees to help with absorption of immigrants from the former Soviet Union. His participation in the conference led to the collapse of his (right-wing) coalition. ===1992–1996: Rabin II; Peres II=== {{Further information|Oslo Accords|Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-fifth government of Israel|Twenty-fifth]]|[[Twenty-sixth government of Israel|Twenty-sixth]] governments of Israel}} In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|1992 elections]], the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labour Party]], led by [[Yitzhak Rabin]], won a significant victory (44 seats) promising to pursue peace while promoting Rabin as a "tough general" and pledging not to deal with the PLO in any way. The pro-peace Zionist party [[Meretz]] won 12 seats, and the Arab and communist parties a further 5, meaning that parties supporting a peace treaty had a full (albeit small) majority in the Knesset. Later that year, the Israeli electoral system was changed to allow for direct election of the prime minister. It was hoped this would reduce the power of small parties (mainly the religious parties) to extract concessions in return for coalition agreements. The new system had the opposite effect; voters could split their vote for prime minister from their (interest based) party vote, and as a result larger parties won fewer votes and smaller parties becoming more attractive to voters. It thus increased the power of the smaller parties. By the 2006 election the system was abandoned. [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Life of Lt. Gen. Yitzhak Rabin, 7th IDF Chief of Staff in photos (8).jpg|thumb|[[Yitzhak Rabin]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Yasser Arafat]] during the [[Oslo Accords]] signing ceremony at the [[White House]] on 13 September 1993|alt=A man in a dark suit on the left shakes the hand of a man in traditional Arab headdress on the right. Another man stands with open arms in the centre behind them.]] On 25 July 1993, Israel carried out a week-long [[Operation Accountability|military operation]] in Lebanon to attack [[Hezbollah]] positions. On 13 September 1993, Israel and the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO) signed the [[Oslo Accords]] (a Declaration of Principles)<ref>[http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302173924/http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Peace/dop.html |date=2 March 2017 }} Jewish Virtual Library</ref> on the South Lawn of the [[White House]]. The principles established objectives relating to a transfer of authority from Israel to an interim [[Palestinian Authority]], as a prelude to a final treaty establishing a Palestinian state, in exchange for mutual recognition. The DOP established May 1999 as the date by which a permanent status agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip would take effect. In February 1994, [[Baruch Goldstein]], a follower of the [[Kach and Kahane Chai|Kach]] party, killed 29 Palestinians and wounded 125 at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]], which became known as the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]]. Kach had been barred from participation in the 1992 elections (on the grounds that the movement was racist). It was subsequently made illegal. Israel and the PLO signed the [[Gaza–Jericho Agreement]] in May 1994, and the [[Agreement on Preparatory Transfer of Powers and Responsibilities]] in August, which began the process of transferring authority from Israel to the Palestinians. On 25 July 1994, Jordan and Israel signed the [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty|Washington Declaration]], which formally ended the [[war|state of war]] that had existed between them since 1948 and on 26 October the [[Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace]], witnessed by US President [[Bill Clinton]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Main%20Points%20of%20Israel-Jordan%20Peace%20Treaty Main Points of Israel-Jordan Peace Treaty 26 October 1994] Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref><ref>[http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html Treaty of Peace between The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and The State of Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211123245/http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/peacetreaty.html |date=11 កុម្ភៈ 2018 }} King Hussein website</ref> Prime Minister [[Yitzhak Rabin]] and PLO Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] signed the [[Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip|Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement]] on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 28 September 1995 in Washington. The agreement was witnessed by President Bill Clinton on behalf of the United States and by Russia, Egypt, Norway and the European Union, and incorporates and supersedes the previous agreements, marking the conclusion of the first stage of negotiations between Israel and the PLO. The agreement allowed the PLO leadership to relocate to the occupied territories and granted autonomy to the Palestinians with talks to follow regarding final status. In return the Palestinians promised to abstain from use of terror and changed the [[Palestinian National Covenant]], which had called for the expulsion of all Jews who migrated after 1917 and the elimination of Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|title=PLO Covenant (Charter) 1968|website=www.mideastweb.org|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=7 តុលា 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007042351/http://www.mideastweb.org/plocha.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The agreement was opposed by [[Hamas]] and other Palestinian factions, which launched [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks#1990s|suicide bomber attacks]] at Israel. Rabin had a [[Israeli Gaza Strip barrier|barrier]] constructed around Gaza to prevent attacks. The growing separation between Israel and the "[[Palestinian Territories]]" led to a labour shortage in Israel, mainly in the construction industry. Israeli firms began importing [[Demographics of Israel#Foreign workers|labourers]] from the [[Philippines]], [[Thailand]], [[China]] and [[Romania]]; some of these labourers stayed on without visas. In addition, a growing number of Africans began illegally migrating to Israel. On 4 November 1995, a far-right-wing [[Yigal Amir|religious Zionist]] opponent of the [[Oslo Accords]], [[Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin|assassinated Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin]]. In February 1996 Rabin's successor, [[Shimon Peres]], called early elections. In April 1996, Israel launched an [[Operation Grapes of Wrath|operation]] in southern Lebanon as a result of Hezbollah's [[Katyusha rocket launcher|Katyusha]] [[List of Lebanese rocket attacks on Israel|rocket attacks]] on Israeli population centres along the border. ===1996–2001: Netanyahu I; Barak=== {{Further information|2000 Camp David Summit}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-seventh government of Israel|Twenty-seventh]]|[[Twenty-eighth government of Israel|Twenty-eighth]] governments of Israel}} The May 1996 [[Israeli legislative election, 1996|elections]] were the first featuring [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 1996|direct election of the prime minister]] and resulted in a narrow election victory for [[Likud]] leader [[Binyamin Netanyahu]]. A spate of suicide bombings reinforced the Likud position for security. [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for most of the bombings. Despite his stated differences with the [[Oslo Accords]], Prime Minister Netanyahu continued their implementation, but his prime ministership saw a marked slow-down in the Peace Process. Netanyahu also pledged to gradually reduce US aid to Israel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/US-Israel/boldaid.html |title=Israel's Bold Initiative to Reduce U.S. Aid |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> In September 1996, a [[Western Wall Tunnel#Northern exit|Palestinian riot]] broke out against the creation of an exit in the Western Wall tunnel. Over the subsequent few weeks, around 80 people were killed as a result.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/548443.stm |title=Mayor halts Temple Mount dig |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=5 May 2009 | date=3 December 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15349.html |title=Palestinian Authority |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> In January 1997 Netanyahu signed the [[Hebron Protocol]] with the Palestinian Authority, resulting in the redeployment of Israeli forces in [[Hebron]] and the turnover of civilian authority in much of the area to the Palestinian Authority. In the [[Israeli legislative election, 1999|election]] of July 1999, [[Ehud Barak]] of the Labour Party became Prime Minister. His party was the largest in the Knesset with 26 seats. In September 1999 the [[Supreme Court of Israel]] ruled that the use of torture in interrogation of Palestinian prisoners was illegal.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://stoptorture.org.il/en/skira90-99 |title=1990-1999 &#124; הוועד הציבורי נגד עינויים בישראל |publisher=Stoptorture.org.il |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807200124/http://www.stoptorture.org.il/en/skira90-99 |archivedate=7 August 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> On 21 March 2000, [[Pope John Paul II]] arrived in Israel for a historic visit. On 25 May 2000, Israel unilaterally [[South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000)#2000: Israeli withdrawal|withdrew]] its remaining forces from the "security zone" in southern Lebanon. Several thousand members of the [[South Lebanon Army]] (and their families) left with the Israelis. The UN Secretary-General concluded<ref>[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html Security Council endorses Secretary-General's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June] United Nations, 18 June 2000</ref> that, as of 16 June 2000, Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with [[UN Security Council Resolution 425]]. Lebanon claims that Israel continues to occupy Lebanese territory called "[[Sheba'a Farms]]" (however this area was governed by Syria until 1967 when Israel took control).<ref>Kaufman, Asher (Autumn 2002). "Who owns the Shebaa Farms? Chronicle of a territorial dispute". Middle East Journal (Middle East Institute) 56 (4): 576–596.</ref> The Sheba'a Farms provided [[Hezbollah]] with a ruse to maintain warfare with Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria politics: Fêted |url=http://viewswire.eiu.com/index.asp?layout=VWArticleVW3&article_id=1413555726 |newspaper=Economist Intelligence Unit |date=15 July 2008 |accessdate=4 November 2012}}</ref> The Lebanese government, in contravention of the UN Security Council resolution, did not assert sovereignty in the area, which came under Hezbollah control. In the Fall of 2000, [[2000 Camp David Summit|talks were held at Camp David]] to reach a final agreement on the Israel/Palestine conflict. Ehud Barak offered to meet most of the Palestinian teams requests for territory and [[concession (politics)|political concessions]], including Arab parts of east Jerusalem; however, Arafat abandoned the talks without making a counterproposal.<ref>[http://www.iris.org.il/camp_david2.htm Israeli Proposal to Palestinians and Syria] Information Regarding Israel's Security (IRIS)</ref> Following its withdrawal from South Lebanon, Israel became a member of the [[Western European and Others Group]] at the United Nations. Prior to this Israel was the only nation at the UN which was not a member of any group (The Arab states would not allow it to join the Asia group), which meant it could not be a member of the Security Council or appoint anyone to the International Court and other key UN roles. Since December 2013 it has been a permanent member of the group.<ref>https://www.un.org/depts/DGACM/RegionalGroups.shtml see the note at the bottom.</ref> In July 2000, [[Aryeh Deri]] was sentenced to 3 years in prison for bribe taking. Deri is regarded as the mastermind behind the rise of Shas and was a government minister at the age of 24. Political manipulation meant the investigation lasted for years. Deri subsequently sued a Police Officer who alleged that he was linked to the traffic-accident death of a witness, who was run over in New York by a driver who had once been in the employ of an associate of Deri.<ref>{{cite news |author=Dalia Shehori |date=5 March 2003 |title='If I could sue the judges for libel, I would': Aryeh Deri sues a police commander to clear his name |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/if-i-could-sue-the-judges-for-libel-i-would-1.17233 |newspaper=Haaretz |accessdate=2 April 2015 |archive-date=4 មិថុនា 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604125818/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/if-i-could-sue-the-judges-for-libel-i-would-1.17233 |url-status=dead }}, see also {{cite web |date=16 January 2011 |title=<bdi dir="rtl">מה חלקו של אריה דרעי ברצח חמותו אסתר ורדבר?</bdi> |language=he |trans-title=What was the share of Aryeh Deri in the murder of his mother-in-law Esther Bradbury |url=http://bektzara.blogspot.co.il/2012/10/blog-post_8671.html |publisher=חדשות בקצרה בתמונות ומסמכים (News briefs, photos and documents) |accessdate=2 April 2015 }}</ref> On 28 September 2000, Israeli opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] visited the Al-Aqsa compound, or [[Temple Mount]], the following day the Palestinians launched the [[al-Aqsa Intifada]]. David Samuels and Khaled Abu Toameh have stated that the uprising was planned much earlier.<ref name=toameh>{{cite web |accessdate=29 March 2006 |url=http://www.mafhoum.com/press3/111P55.htm |title=How the war began |author=Khaled Abu Toameh}}</ref><ref name=atlantic>{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/ |title=In a Ruined Country |last=Samuels |first=David |date=September 2005 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> In October 2000, Palestinians destroyed [[Joseph's Tomb]], a Jewish shrine in [[Nablus]]. The [[Arrow (Israeli missile)|Arrow missile]], a missile designed to destroy [[ballistic missile]]s, including [[Scud missile]]s, was first deployed by Israel. In 2001, with the Peace Process increasingly in disarray, Ehud Barak called a [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001|special election for Prime Minister]]. Barak hoped a victory would give him renewed authority in negotiations with the Palestinians. Instead opposition leader [[Ariel Sharon]] was elected PM. After this election, the system of directly electing the Premier was abandoned. ===2001–2006: Sharon=== {{Further information|Second Intifada|Israeli West Bank barrier|Israel's unilateral disengagement plan}} {{See also2|[[Twenty-ninth government of Israel|Twenty-ninth]]|[[Thirtieth government of Israel|Thirtieth]] governments of Israel}} [[File:Westbank barrier.png|thumb|upright|The [[Israeli West Bank barrier]] route built (red), under construction (pink) and proposed (white), {{as of|2011|6|lc=on}}]] The failure of the peace process, increased Palestinian terror and occasional [[2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict|attacks]] by [[Hezbollah]] from Lebanon, led much of the Israeli public and political leadership to lose confidence in the Palestinian Authority as a peace partner. Most felt that many Palestinians viewed the peace treaty with Israel as a temporary measure only.<ref>{{cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |url=https://books.google.com/?id=LmZP3mixescC&pg=PA181&dq=many+Palestinians+viewed+the+peace+treaty+with+Israel+as+a+temporary+measure+only#v=onepage&q=many%20Palestinians%20viewed%20the%20peace%20treaty%20with%20Israel%20as%20a%20temporary%20measure%20only&f=false |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2006 |page=181 |isbn=0300106033}}</ref> Many Israelis were thus anxious to disengage from the Palestinians. In response to a wave of [[List of Palestinian suicide attacks#2000s|suicide bomb attacks]], culminating in the "[[Passover massacre]]" (see [[List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada]]), Israel launched [[Operation Defensive Shield]] in March 2002, and Sharon began the construction of a [[Israeli West Bank barrier|barrier]] around the West Bank. Around the same time, the Israeli town of [[Sderot]] and other Israeli communities near Gaza became subject to constant [[Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel|shelling]] and mortar bomb attacks from Gaza. Thousands of Jews from Latin America began [[Aliyah from Latin America in the 2000s|arriving]] in Israel due to economic crises in their countries of origin. In January 2003 separate [[Israeli legislative election, 2003|elections]] were held for the Knesset. Likud won the most seats (27). An anti-religion party, [[Shinui]], led by media pundit [[Tommy Lapid]], won 15 seats on a secularist platform, making it the third largest party (ahead of orthodox [[Shas]]). Internal fighting led to Shinui's demise at the next election. In 2004, the [[African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem|Black Hebrews]] were granted permanent residency in Israel. The group had begun migrating to Israel 25 years earlier from the United States, but had not been recognized as Jews by the state and hence not granted citizenship under Israel's [[Law of Return]]. They had settled in Israel without official status. From 2004 onwards, they received citizen's rights. The Sharon government embarked on an extensive program of construction of [[Desalination#Israel|desalinization plants]] that freed Israel of the fear of drought. Some of the Israeli desalinization plants are the largest of their kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/|title=Ashkelon Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) Plant, Israel|website=Water Technology|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=24 កក្កដា 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724181500/http://www.water-technology.net/projects/israel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 2004, Israel launched [[Operation Rainbow (2004)|Operation Rainbow]] in southern Gaza to create a safer environment for the IDF soldiers along the [[Philadelphi Route]]. On September 30, 2004, Israel carried out [[Operation Days of Penitence]] in northern Gaza to destroy the launching sites of Palestinian rockets which were used to attack Israeli towns. In 2005, all Jewish settlers were evacuated from [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]] (some forcibly) and their homes demolished. [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|Disengagement from the Gaza Strip]] was completed on 12 September 2005. Military disengagement from the northern West Bank was completed ten days later. In 2005 Sharon left the Likud and formed a new party called [[Kadima]], which accepted that the peace process would lead to creation of a Palestinian state. He was joined by many leading figures from both Likud and Labour. Hamas won the [[Palestinian legislative election, 2006]], the first and only genuinely free Palestinian elections. Hamas' leaders rejected all agreements signed with Israel, refused to recognize Israel's right to exist, refused to abandon terror, and occasionally [[Hamas–UNRWA Holocaust dispute|claimed the Holocaust was a Jewish conspiracy]]. The withdrawal and Hamas victory left the status of Gaza unclear, Israel claimed it was no longer an occupying power but continued to control air and sea access to Gaza although it did not exercise [[sovereignty]] on the ground. Egypt insisted that it was still occupied and refused to open border crossings with Gaza, although it was free to do so.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS83.pdf |title=Is Gaza Occupied? Redefining the Legal Status of Gaza |last=Samson |first=Elizabeth |date=January 2010 |work=Mideast Security and Policy Studies |publisher=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies |accessdate=12 January 2013 |archivedate=7 ធ្នូ 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207013059/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS83.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On April 2006 [[Ariel Sharon]] was incapacitated by a severe [[haemorrhagic stroke]] and [[Ehud Olmert]] became [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/3/Ehud+Olmert.htm |title=Ehud Olmert |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> ===2006–2009: Olmert=== {{Further information|Start-up Nation|2006 Hamas cross-border raid|2006 Lebanon War|Gaza War (2008-09)}} {{See also|Thirty-first government of Israel}} [[Ehud Olmert]] was elected Prime Minister after his party, [[Kadima]], won the most seats (29) in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2006]]. In 2005 [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad]] was officially elected president of Iran; since then, Iranian policy towards Israel has grown more [[Israel–Iran proxy conflict|confrontational]]. Israeli analysts believe Ahmadinejad has worked to undermine the peace process with arms supplies and aid to Hezbullah in South Lebanon and Hamas in Gaza,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/03/politics-iranrsquos-anti-israel-rhetoric-aimed-at-arab-opinion/ |title=Iran’s Anti-Israel Rhetoric Aimed at Arab Opinion |last=Porter |first=Gareth |date=9 March 2009 |publisher=Inter Press Service |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> and is [[Iran and weapons of mass destruction|developing nuclear weapons]], possibly for use against Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Threats_to_Israel/Iran.html |title=Potential Threats To Israel: Iran |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date=2008-05-06 |accessdate=2012-08-13}}</ref> Iranian support for Hezbollah and its nuclear arms program are in contravention of UN Security Council resolutions [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559|1559]] and [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747|1747]]. Iran also [[International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust|encourages Holocaust denial]]. Following the Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon, Hezbollah had mounted periodic attacks on Israel, which did not lead to Israeli retaliation. Similarly, the withdrawal from Gaza led to incessant shelling of towns around the Gaza area with only minimal Israeli response. The failure to react led to criticism from the Israeli right and undermined the government. On 14 March 2006, Israel carried out an [[Operation Bringing Home the Goods|operation]] in the Palestinian Authority prison of [[Jericho]] in order to capture [[Ahmad Sa'adat]] and several Palestinian Arab prisoners located there who assassinated Israeli politician [[Rehavam Ze'evi]] in 2001. The operation was conducted as a result of the expressed intentions of the newly elected Hamas government to release these prisoners. On 25 June 2006, a Hamas force crossed the border from Gaza and [[2006 Hamas cross-border raid|attacked]] a tank, capturing Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]], sparking [[2006 Israel–Gaza conflict|clashes]] in Gaza.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/5142376.stm |title=In pictures: Gaza crisis |date=3 July 2006 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> [[File:Idf back from lebanon.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nahal Brigade]] soldiers returning after the [[2006 Lebanon War]]]] On 12 July, Hezbollah [[Zar'it-Shtula incident|attacked Israel]] from Lebanon, shelled Israeli towns and attacked a border patrol, taking two dead or badly wounded Israeli soldiers. These incidents led Israel to initiate the [[2006 Lebanon War|Second Lebanon War]], which lasted through August 2006. Israeli forces entered some villages in Southern Lebanon, while the air force attacked targets all across the country. Israel only made limited ground gains until the launch of [[Operation Changing Direction 11]], which lasted for 3 days with disputed results. Shortly before a UN ceasefire came into effect, Israeli troops [[Battle of Wadi Saluki|captured Wadi Saluki]]. The war concluded with Hezbollah evacuating its forces from Southern Lebanon, while the IDF remained until its positions could be handed over to the [[Lebanese Armed Forces]] and [[UNIFIL]]. In 2007 education was made compulsory until the age of 18 for all citizens (it had been 16). Refugees from the [[War in Darfur|genocide in Darfur]], mostly Muslim, arrived in Israel illegally, with some given Asylum.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931160,00.html |title=Israel's Illegal Immigrants — and Their Children |last=Kalman |first=Matthew |date=21 October 2009 |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |accessdate=4 December 2012 |archive-date=24 តុលា 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091024031119/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1931160,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/SudaneseRefugees.html |title=Sudanese Refugees in Israel |last=Scheinerman |first=Naomi |work=Jewish Virtual Library |publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |accessdate=4 December 2012}}</ref> [[Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel|Illegal immigrants]] arrived mainly from Africa in addition to foreign workers overstaying their visas. The numbers of such migrants are not known, and estimates vary between 30,000 and over 100,000. An American billionaire casino owner, [[Sheldon Adelson]], set up a free newspaper [[Israel Hayom]] with the express intention of reducing the influence of the dominant (centre-left) newspaper [[Yediot Ahronot]] and causing a right-ward shift in Israeli politics by supporting Netanyahu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/israel|title=Israel|website=freedomhouse.org|access-date=20 មីនា 2018|archivedate=2 កុម្ភៈ 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202194227/https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2016/israel|url-status=dead}}</ref> In June 2007, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the [[Battle of Gaza (2007)|Battle of Gaza]],<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news|title=Hamas takes control of Gaza|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4|accessdate=3 June 2010|newspaper=Guardian|date=15 June 2007 | location=London | first1=Ian | last1=Black | first2=Mark | last2=Tran}}</ref> seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.<ref name="intern_fight_p14-15">{{cite book | title= Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank | pages= 14–15 | author2= Human Rights Watch | first1= Fred | last1= Abrahams | publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] | year= 2008 | authorlink2= Human Rights Watch }}</ref> Following the takeover, Egypt and Israel imposed a partial [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip|blockade]], on the grounds that Fatah had fled and was no longer providing security on the Palestinian side, and to prevent arms smuggling by terrorist groups. On 6 September 2007, the Israeli Air Force [[Operation Orchard|destroyed]] a nuclear reactor in Syria. On 28 February 2008, Israel launched a [[Operation Hot Winter|military campaign]] in Gaza in response to the constant firing of [[Qassam rocket]]s by Hamas militants. On July 16, 2008, Hezbollah [[2008 Israel-Hezbollah prisoner swap|swapped]] the bodies of Israeli soldiers [[Ehud Goldwasser]] and [[Eldad Regev]], kidnapped in 2006, in exchange for the Lebanese terrorist [[Samir Kuntar]], four [[Lebanese prisoners in Israel|Hezbollah prisoners]], and the bodies of 199 Palestinian Arab and Lebanese fighters.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Israeli-experts-say-many-Lebanese-are-not-celebrating|first=Nathan|last=Cohen|newspaper=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|date=17 July 2008|title=Israeli experts say many Lebanese are not celebrating}}</ref> Olmert came under investigation for corruption and this led him to announce on 30 July 2008, that he would be stepping down as Prime Minister following election of a new leader of the [[Kadima]] party in September 2008. [[Tzipi Livni]] won the election, but was unable to form a coalition and Olmert remained in office until the general election. Israel carried out [[Operation Cast Lead]] in the Gaza Strip from 27 December 2008 to 18 January 2009 in response to rocket attacks from Hamas militants,<ref name=gw>{{cite news|title=Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=20 January 2009 |accessdate=3 December 2012 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ga097JZR?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7838618.stm |archivedate=6 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> leading to a decrease of [[List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel, 2009|Palestinian rocket attacks]].<ref name="Shabak">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Terrorism/2010Review.pdf |title=Data and Trends in Terrorism |date=25 December 2010 |work=Annual Summary |publisher=Israel Security Agency |accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref> ===2009–present: Netanyahu II=== {{Further information|2011 Israeli social justice protests|Tamar gas field|Operation Pillar of Defense|2014 Israel–Gaza conflict}} {{See also2|[[Thirty-second government of Israel|Thirty-second]]|[[Thirty-third government of Israel|Thirty-third]]|[[Thirty-fourth government of Israel|Thirty-fourth]] governments of Israel}} In the [[Israeli legislative election, 2009|2009 legislative election]] Likud won 27 seats and Kadima 28; however, the right-wing camp won a majority of seats, and President Shimon Peres called on Netanyahu to form the government. Russian immigrant-dominated [[Yisrael Beiteinu]] came third with 15 seats, and Labour was reduced to fourth place with 13 seats. In 2009, Israeli billionaire [[Yitzhak Tshuva]] announced the discovery of [[Tamar gas field|huge natural gas reserves]] off the coast of Israel.<ref>{{cite news |title=Israel Billionaire Tshuva Strikes Gas, Fueling Expansion in Energy, Hotels |first1=David |last1=Wainer |first2=Calev |last2=Ben-David |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-04-21/israel-billionaire-tshuva-strikes-gas-fueling-expansion-in-energy-hotels.html |newspaper=Bloomberg |date=22 April 2010 |accessdate=3 December 2012}}</ref> On 31 May 2010, an [[Gaza flotilla raid|international incident]] broke out in the Mediterranean Sea when foreign activists trying to break the [[Blockade of the Gaza Strip#Naval blockade|maritime blockade]] over Gaza, clashed with Israeli troops. During the struggle, nine Turkish activists were killed. In late September 2010 took place [[Direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians (2010-2011)|direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians]] without success. As a defensive countermeasure to the rocket threat against Israel's civilian population, at the end of March 2011 Israel began to operate the advanced mobile air defence system "[[Iron Dome]]"<ref name=atSpecs>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/irondomeairdefencemi/ |title=Iron Dome Air Defense Missile System, Israel |publisher=army-technology.com |accessdate=18 August 2011}}</ref> in the southern region of Israel and along the border with the Gaza Strip. [[File:Israel Housing Protests Tel Aviv August 6 2011b.jpg|thumb|[[2011 Israeli social justice protests|Protest]] in [[Tel Aviv]] on 6 August 2011]] On 14 July 2011, the [[2011 Israeli housing protests|largest social protest in the history of Israel]] began in which hundreds of thousands of protesters from a variety of [[socio-economic]] and religious backgrounds in Israel protested against the continuing rise in the [[cost of living]] (particularly housing) and the deterioration of public services in the country (such as health and education). The peak of the demonstrations took place on 3 September 2011, in which about 400,000 people demonstrated across the country. In October 2011, [[Gilad Shalit prisoner exchange|a deal was reached]] between Israel and [[Hamas]], by which the kidnapped Israeli soldier [[Gilad Shalit]] was released in exchange for 1,027 [[Palestinian prisoners in Israel|Palestinians]] and [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab-Israeli]] prisoners.<ref>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/17/c_131194865.htm Hamas to gain politically from prisoner swap deal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105105418/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-10/17/c_131194865.htm |date=5 January 2014 }}. News.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-20.</ref><ref name=autogenerated8>{{cite news|last=Mishra|first=Harinder|title=Israel to release 1,027 prisoners for its lone soldier|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/israel-to-release-1027-prisoners-for-its-lone-soldier/854824.html|accessdate=16 October 2011|newspaper=[[IBN Live]]|date=12 October 2011|location=Jerusalem|archive-date=11 មករា 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111155346/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/israel-to-release-1027-prisoners-for-its-lone-soldier/854824.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2012, Secretary-general of the [[Popular Resistance Committees]], [[Zuhir al-Qaisi]], a senior PRC member and two additional Palestinian militants were assassinated during a [[Israeli targeted killings|targeted killing]] carried out by Israeli forces in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-israel-gaza/israel-kills-palestinian-militants-in-gaza-strike-idUSBRE8280W820120309|title=Israel kills 10 Palestinian militants in Gaza strikes|date=9 March 2012|publisher=|via=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17319054|title=Israeli strikes 'kill 12' in Gaza|date=10 March 2012|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The Palestinian armed factions in the Gaza Strip, led by the [[Palestinian Islamic Jihad|Islamic Jihad]] and the [[Popular Resistance Committees]], fired a massive amount of rockets towards southern Israel in retaliation, sparking five days of [[March 2012 Gaza-Israel clashes|clashes]] along the Gaza border. In May 2012, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu reached an agreement with the Head of Opposition [[Shaul Mofaz]] for [[Kadima]] to join the government, thus cancelling the early election supposed to be held in September.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite news |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4226125,00.html |title=No elections: Kadima to join government |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date=1995-06-20 |accessdate=2012-08-06}}</ref> However, in July, the Kadima party left Netanyahu's government due to a dispute concerning [[Plesner Committee|military conscription for ultra-Orthodox Jews in Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |date=17 July 2012 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-18870666 |publisher=BBC News |title=Kadima quits Israel government over conscription law |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> In June 2012, Israel [[Israeli transfer of Palestinian militant bodies (2012)|transferred the bodies of 91 Palestinian suicide bombers and other militants]] as part of what Mark Regev, spokesman for Netanyahu, described as a "humanitarian gesture" to [[Palestinian Authority|PA]] chairman [[Mahmoud Abbas]] to help revive the peace talks, and reinstate direct negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120531-palestinian-territories-bodies-israel-return-conflict |title=Israel returns bodies of 91 Palestinians |publisher=France 24 |accessdate=1 June 2012}}</ref> On 21 October 2012, United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defence exercise, known as [[2012 US-Israel military exercise|Austere Challenge 12]], involving around 3,500 US troops in the region along with 1,000 IDF personnel, expected to last three weeks.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2012/10/2012102195738284839.html US and Israel launch joint military drill], ''Al Jazeera''. 21 October 2012</ref> Germany and Britain also participated.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran U.S.-Israeli Military Exercise Sending Message to Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817063133/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-10-15/u-dot-s-dot-israeli-military-exercise-sending-message-to-iran |date=17 August 2014 }}</ref> In response to over a hundred rocket attacks on southern Israeli cities, Israel began an [[Operation Pillar of Defense|operation]] in Gaza on 14 November 2012, with the targeted killing of [[Ahmed Jabari]], chief of Hamas military wing, and airstrikes against twenty underground sites housing long-range missile launchers capable of striking Tel Aviv. In January 2013, construction of the [[Israel–Egypt barrier|barrier]] on the Israeli-Egyptian border was completed in its main section.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/middleeast/la-fg-israel-africa-immigration-20130103,0,3410875.story |title=Israel completes most of Egypt border fence |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=2 January 2013}}</ref> Benjamin Netanyahu was elected Prime Minister again after the [[Likud Yisrael Beiteinu]] alliance won the most seats (31) in the [[Israeli legislative election, 2013|2013 legislative election]] and formed a coalition government with secular centrist [[Yesh Atid]] party (19), rightist [[The Jewish Home]] (12) and Livni's [[Hatnuah]] (6), excluding Haredi parties. Labour came in third with 15 seats.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-21745344 | work=BBC News | title=Israel PM Netanyahu 'reaches coalition deal' | date=14 March 2013}}</ref> In July 2013, as a "good will gesture" to restart [[2013 Israeli-Palestinian peace talks|peace talks]] with the Palestinian Authority, Israel agreed to release 104 Palestinian prisoners, most of whom had been in jail since before the 1993 Oslo Accords,<ref name="Wash Post 2013-07-28">{{cite news |author=William Booth |author2=Orly Halpern |author3=Anne Gearan |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israel-to-free-104-palestinian-prisoners/2013/07/28/390ad8d2-f7a3-11e2-a954-358d90d5d72d_story.html |title=Peace talks set to begin after Israel agrees to free 104 Palestinian prisoners |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=28 July 2013 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> including militants who had killed Israeli civilians.<ref name="Wash Post 2013-07-28"/><ref>{{cite news |author=[[Isabel Kershner]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/13/world/middleeast/israel-names-palestinian-prisoners-to-be-released.html?pagewanted=all&_r=2& |title=Timing of Israeli Housing Plans May Be Part of a Political Calculation |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 August 2013 |page=A6 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> In April 2014, Israel suspended peace talks after Hamas and Fatah agreed to form a unity government.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4513046,00.html Sanctions and suspended talks - Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation] [[Ynet News]] 24 April 2014</ref> Following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas, Israel started an [[Operation Protective Edge|operation]] in the Gaza Strip on 8 July 2014,<ref>{{cite news |author=[[Steven Erlanger]] |author2=[[Isabel Kershner]] |title=Israel and Hamas Trade Attacks as Tension Rises |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/09/world/middleeast/israel-steps-up-offensive-against-hamas-in-gaza.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=9 July 2014 |page=A1 |accessdate=2 April 2015}}</ref> which included a ground incursion aimed at destroying the [[Palestinian tunnel warfare in the Gaza Strip|cross-border tunnels]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Gaza conflict: Israel and Palestinians agree long-term truce'|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28939350|publisher=BBC News|date=27 August 2014}}</ref> Differences over the budget and a [[Basic Law proposal: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People|"Jewish state" bill]] triggered early elections in December 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/israel-s-benjamin-netanyahu-fires-2-ministers-election-likely-1.2857502|title=Israel's Benjamin Netanyahu fires 2 ministers, election likely|agency=CBC News|date=2 December 2014}}</ref> After the [[Israeli legislative election, 2015|2015 Israeli elections]], Netanyahu renewed his mandate as Prime Minister when [[Likud]] obtained 30 seats and formed a right-wing coalition government with [[Kulanu]] (10), [[The Jewish Home]] (8), and Orthodox parties [[Shas]] (7) and [[United Torah Judaism]] (6), the bare minimum of seats required to form a coalition. The [[Zionist Union]] alliance came second with 24 seats.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/05/06/middleeast/israel-election-coalition/ |title=Benjamin Netanyahu forms a coalition government for Israel |newspaper=CNN |date=6 May 2015}}</ref> ==Demographics== {{main article|Demographic history of Palestine}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:center;" |+ Population of the Land of Israel 65–650<ref>''The Chosen Few'' by Botticini and Eckstein Princeton 2012, p. 17</ref> |- ! ! 65 ! 100 ! 150 ! 300 ! 550 ! 650 |- | align=left | Estimated Jewish Population (thousands) | 2,500 | 1,800 | 1,200 | 500 | 200 | 100 |- | align=left | Estimated Total Population | 3,000 | 2,300 | 1,800 | 1,100 | 1,500 | 1,500 |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;float:center;" |+ Development of Israel by decade<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2012 |title=Population, by Population Group |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_27&CYear=2012 |title=Jewish Population in the World and in Israel |date=11 September 2012 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&idim=country:ISR |title=GDP per capita (current US$) |date=30 April 2013 |work=Google Public Data Explorer |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=1 May 2013}}</ref> |- ! ! 1950 ! 1960 ! 1970 ! 1980 ! 1990 ! 2000 ! 2010 |- | align=left | [[Demographics of Israel|Population]] (thousands) | 1,370.1 | 2,150.4 | 3,022.1 | 3,921.7 | 4,821.7 | 6,369.3 | 7,695.1 |- | align=left | [[Historical Jewish population comparisons|World Jewry percentage]] | 6% | 15% | 20% | 25% | 30% | 38% | 42% |- | align=left | [[List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) per capita|GDP per capita]] (current US$) | | 1,366 | 1,806 | 5,617 | 11,264 | 19,859 | 28,522 |} ==See also== {{portal|Israel|History}} {{div col||25em}} * [[Archaeology of Israel]] * [[Hebrew calendar]] * [[History of the Arab–Israeli conflict]] * [[History of Israeli nationality]] * [[History of Jerusalem]] * [[History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel]] * [[History of the Middle East]] * [[History of Palestine]] * [[History of Zionism]] * [[Jewish history]] * [[Jewish military history]] * [[LGBT history in Israel]] * [[List of Israeli museums]] * [[List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel]] * [[List of years in Israel]] * [[Politics of Israel]] * [[Postage stamps and postal history of Israel]] * [[Timeline of Israeli history]] {{div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Further reading== {{refbegin|40em}} * {{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/peel1.html |title=The Peel Commission Report |date=July 1937 |accessdate=12 January 2013}} * Berger, Earl ''The Covenant and the Sword: Arab–Israeli Relations, 1948–56'', London, Routledge K. Paul, 1965. * Bregman, Ahron ''A History of Israel'', Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002 {{ISBN|0-333-67632-7}}. * {{Cite book|last=Bright|first=John|title=A History of Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bright+History+of+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780664220686}} * Butler, L. J. ''Britain and Empire: Adjusting to a Post-Imperial World'' I.B. Tauris 2002 {{ISBN|1-86064-449-X}} * {{Cite book|last=Coogan|first=Michael D., ed.|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780195139372}} * Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy" * Darwin, John ''Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-War World'' Palgrave Macmillan 1988 {{ISBN|0-333-29258-8}} * Davis, John, ''The Evasive Peace: a Study of the Zionist-Arab Problem'', London: J. Murray, 1968. * {{Cite book |last=Dever |first=William |title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? |publisher=Eerdmans |year=2003 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC&dq=Who+were+the+early+Israelites,+and+where+did+they+come+from%3F&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false |isbn=9780802809759}} * [[Walter Eytan|Eytan, Walter]] ''The First Ten Years: a Diplomatic History of Israel'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1958 * [[Martin Gilbert|Gilbert, Martin]] ''Israel: A History'', New York: Morrow, 1998 {{ISBN|0-688-12362-7}}. * Horrox, James ''A Living Revolution: Anarchism in the Kibbutz Movement'', Oakland: AK Press, 2009 * [[Chaim Herzog|Herzog, Chaim]] ''The Arab–Israeli Wars: War and Peace in the Middle East from the War of Independence to Lebanon'', London: Arms and Armour; Tel Aviv, Israel: Steimatzky, 1984 {{ISBN|0-85368-613-0}}. * Israel Office of Information ''Israel's Struggle for Peace'', New York, 1960. * {{Cite book|last=Killebrew|first=Ann E.|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9781589830974}} * [[Walter Laqueur|Laqueur, Walter]] ''Confrontation: the Middle-East War and World Politics'', London: Wildwood House, 1974, {{ISBN|0-7045-0096-5}}. * Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside" * Lucas, Noah ''The Modern History of Israel'', New York: Praeger, 1975. * {{Cite book|last=McNutt|first=Paula|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel++By+Paula+M.+McNutt#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9780664222659}} * {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=James Maxwell|last2=Hayes|first2=John Haralson|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1986|isbn=0-664-21262-X|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&dq=A+history+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah++By+James+Maxwell+Miller,+John+Haralson+Hayes&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} * {{Cite book|last=Miller|first=Robert D.|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9780802809889}} * Morris, Benny ''1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War'', Yale University Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-300-12696-9}}. * [[Conor Cruise O'Brien|O'Brian, Conor Cruise]] ''The Siege: the Saga of Israel and Zionism'', New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 {{ISBN|0-671-60044-3}}. * [[Michael Oren|Oren, Michael]] ''Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East'', Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002 {{ISBN|0-19-515174-7}}. * Rubinstein, Alvin Z. (editor) ''The Arab–Israeli Conflict: Perspectives'', New York: Praeger, 1984 {{ISBN|0-03-068778-0}}. * Lord Russell of Liverpool, ''If I Forget Thee; the Story of a Nation's Rebirth'', London, Cassell 1960. * Sachar, Howard M. ''A History of Israel'', New York: Knopf, 1976 {{ISBN|0-394-48564-5}}. * Samuel, Rinna ''A History of Israel: the Birth, Growth and Development of Today's Jewish State'', London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1989 {{ISBN|0-297-79329-2}}. * Schultz, Joseph & Klausner, Carla ''From Destruction to Rebirth: The Holocaust and the State of Israel'', Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1978 {{ISBN|0-8191-0574-0}}. * [[Tom Segev|Segev, Tom]] ''The Seventh Million: the Israelis and the Holocaust'', New York: Hill and Wang, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8090-8563-1}}. * Shapira Anita. ‘’Israel: A History’’ (Brandeis University Press/University Press of New England; 2012) 502 pages; * [[Avi Shlaim|Shlaim, Avi]], The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World (2001) * Stager, Lawrence, "Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel" * [[Jacob Talmon|Talmon, Jacob L.]] ''Israel Among the Nations'', London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1970 {{ISBN|0-297-00227-9}}. * {{Cite book|last=Vaughn|first=Andrew G.|last2=Killebrew|first2=Ann E., eds.|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period|publisher=Sheffield|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&dq=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+archaeology:+the+First+Temple+period++By+Andrew+G.+Vaughn,+Ann+E.+Killebrew&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false|isbn=9781589830660}} * [[Michael Wolffsohn|Wolffsohn, Michael]] ''Eternal Guilt?: Forty years of German-Jewish-Israeli Relations'', New York: Columbia University Press, 1993 {{ISBN|0-231-08274-6}}. {{refend}} ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia-2 |{{Start date|2008|03|30}} |Wikipedia - History of the State of Israel - Historical background.ogg |Wikipedia - History of the State of Israel - History of Israel.ogg}} *[http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/AboutIsrael/History/Pages/Facts%20about%20Israel-%20History.aspx Facts About Israel: History] at the [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel)|Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] *[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123668 Israel profile - Timeline] at the [[BBC News Online]] *[https://www.knesset.gov.il/review/main.aspx?lng=3 History of Israel] at the [[Knesset]] website *[https://www.archives.gov.il/en/ Official website]{{Dead link|date=វិច្ឆិកា 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of the [[Israel State Archives]] *{{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel/Society_and_Culture/History}} {{Subject bar |commons=y |commons-search=Category:History of Israel |b=y |b-search=Israeli History}} {{Zionism and the Land of Israel}} {{Jewish history}} {{History of Asia}} {{Israel topics}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:History of Israel| ]] [[Category:Jewish history|**]] [[Category:Articles containing video clips|Israel, history of]] tuk0xcyxing7ttbcgm6jx022ycdwtp9 0 38910 336449 332450 2026-06-10T01:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ប្រទេស | conventional_long_name = សាធារណរដ្ឋអាហ្សង់ទីន | common_name = អាហ្សង់ទីន | native_name = {{nobold|''República Argentina'' ([[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]])}} | image_flag = Flag of Argentina.svg | flag_type = [[ទង់ជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីន|ទង់ជាតិ]] | image_coat = Coat of arms of Argentina.svg | symbol_type = [[វរលញ្ឆករអាហ្សង់ទីន|វរលញ្ឆករ]] | other_symbol = [[File:Sol de Mayo-Bandera de Argentina.svg|90x90px|alt=Sol de Mayo]]<br/> | other_symbol_type = [[ព្រះអាទិត្យនៃខែឧសភា|Sol de Mayo]]<br/>{{small|(ព្រះអាទិត្យនៃខែឧសភា)}} | national_motto = "''En unión y libertad''"<br/>"ក្នុងឯកភាព និងសេរីភាព" | national_anthem = "[[ចម្រៀងជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីន|Himno Nacional Argentino]]"<br/>("ភ្លេងជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីន")<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Himno Nacional Argentino instrumental.ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Argentina on the globe (+all claims) (Chile centered).svg | image_map_caption = ទីតាំងប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីន (ក្រហម) នៅលើភូគោល | capital_type = រដ្ឋធានី | capital = [[ប៊ុយណូស៊ែ]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|36|S|58|23|W|type:city}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]] | languages_sub = yes | languages_type = ភាសាទទួលស្គាល់តាមតំបន់ | languages = {{Plainlist| * [[ភាសាក្វារ៉ានី]]ក្នុង[[ខេត្តកូរីអានតេស]]<ref name="Corrientes-5598" /> * [[ភាសាកេជូវ៉ាខាងត្បូង|ភាសាកេជូវ៉ា]]ក្នុង[[ខេត្តសាន់ទីអាហ្គោឌែលអេស្តេរ៉ូ]]<ref>{{cite book |title=La educación intercultural bilingüe en Santiago del Estero, ¿mito o realidad? |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |trans-title=La cámara de diputados de la provincia sanciona con fuerza de ley. }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807005056/http://usuarios.arnet.com.ar/yanasu/Ley5409.html |date=2020-08-07 }}</ref> * [[ភាសាតូបាគុម]] [[ភាសាម៉ូកូវី]] និង[[ភាសាវីឈី]]ក្នុង[[ខេត្តឆាកូ]]<ref name=kom/> * [[ភាសាវ៉ែលប៉ាតាហ្គោនី|ភាសាវ៉ែល]]ក្នុង[[ខេត្តឈូប៊ូត]]<ref>{{cite book |title=(ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) Enseñanza y desarrollo continuo del idioma galés en la provincia del Chubut. Expresión de beneplácito. Menna, Quetglas y Austin. |publisher=Cámara de Diputados de la Nación |page=1 |url=https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |access-date=25 មេសា 2022 |archive-date=11 ឧសភា 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511045625/https://www4.hcdn.gob.ar/dependencias/dcomisiones/periodo-136/136-1732.pdf |date=2020-05-11 }}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | ៨៣.៦–៩៦.៦% [[ជនជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីនដែលមានដើមកំណើតអឺរ៉ុប|ជនជាតិស្បែកស]] | ២.៤–៤.៦% [[ជនជាតិដើមនៅអាហ្សង់ទីន|ជនជាតិដើម]] | ០.៤–៤.៣% [[ជនជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីនអាហ្វ្រិក|អាហ្វ្រិក]] | ០.៦% [[ជនជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីនអាស៊ី|អាស៊ី]] | ៦.៩% ជនជាតិផ្សេងៗទៀត }} | ethnic_groups_year = | ethnic_groups_ref = {{refn|group=ស|មិនមានជំរឿនអាហ្សង់ទីននាពេលថ្មីៗនេះបានរួមបញ្ចូលសំណួរ ឬលទ្ធផលទូលំទូលាយស្តីពីជនជាតិទេ។ ដូចនេះ ប្រភពមិនមែនរដ្ឋាភិបាលទាំងនេះបានផ្តល់ការប៉ាន់ប្រមាណខុសៗគ្នា។ នេះរួមបញ្ចូលទាំង ''CIA Factbook''<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/|title = Argentina|date = 19 November 2021|access-date = 26 មេសា 2022|archivedate = 17 មេសា 2021|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417040319/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/argentina/|url-status = dead}}</ref> និងការស្ទង់មតិដែលធ្វើឡើងដោយ[[ឡាទីណូបារ៉ូមេត្រូ]] (''Latinobarómetro'')។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latinobarometro.org/latContents.jsp |title=Informe Latinobarómetro 2018 |publisher=latinobarometro.org|access-date=10 June 2021}} រូបថតអេក្រង់ (ស្គ្រីនសត) នៃលទ្ធផលពីការស្ទង់មតិ ''Latinobarómetro''៖ [https://ibb.co/Rb7mFqX Image 1], [https://ibb.co/DQLLB0Z Image 2]</ref>}} | religion = {{unbulleted list |៧៩.៦% [[សាសនានៅអាហ្សង់ទីន#គ្រិស្តសាសនា|គ្រិស្តសាសនា]]<br/>—៦២.៩% [[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិកនៅអាហ្សង់ទីន|រ៉ូម៉ាំងកាតូលិក]]<br/>—១៥.៣% [[ប្រូតេស្តង់]]<br/>—១.៤% និកាយគ្រិស្តផ្សេងៗទៀត |១៩.២% គ្មានជំនឿសាសនា |១.២% សាសនាផ្សេងៗទៀត }} | religion_year = ២០១៩ | religion_ref = <ref name="CONICETReligion19">{{cite web|url=http://www.ceil-conicet.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ii25-2encuestacreencias.pdf|access-date=25 មេសា 2022|last1=Mallimac|last2=Giménez Béliveau|last3=Esquivel|last4=Irrazábal|first1=Fortunato|first2=Verónica|first3=Juan Cruz|first4=Gabriela|title=(ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) Sociedad y Religión en Movimiento. Segunda Encuesta Nacional sobre Creencias y Actitudes Religiosas en la Argentina|publisher=Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones Laborales (CEIL). [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាស្រាវជ្រាវវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកទេសជាតិ|CONICET]]|issn=1515-7466}}</ref> | government_type = [[សាធារណរដ្ឋ]][[ប្រព័ន្ធប្រធានាធិបតី|ប្រធានាធិបតីនិយម]][[សាធារណរដ្ឋសហព័ន្ធ|សហព័ន្ធ]] | leader_title1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតីអាហ្សង់ទីន|ប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_name1 = [[អាល់ប៊ឺតូ ហ្វែណង់ដេស]] | leader_title2 = [[អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអាហ្សង់ទីន|អនុប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_name2 = [[គ្រីស្ទីណា ហ្វែណង់ដេស ដឺ កៀឈ្នើរ]] | leader_title3 = [[ប្រធានគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]] | leader_name3 = [[ហ័ន ល្វីស ម៉ាន់សួរ]] | leader_title4 = [[ប្រធានសភាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត (អាហ្សង់ទីន)|ប្រធានសភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] | leader_name4 = [[ស៊ែរជីអូ ម៉ាសា]] | leader_title5 = [[ប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល (អាហ្សង់ទីន)|ប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល]] | leader_name5 = [[កាឡូស រ៉ូសិនក្រាន់ស៍]] | legislature = [[សមាជជាតិ (អាហ្សង់ទីន)|សមាជជាតិ]] | upper_house = [[ព្រឹទ្ធសភា (អាហ្សង់ទីន)|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា]] | lower_house = [[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (អាហ្សង់ទីន)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] | sovereignty_type = [[សង្គ្រាមឯករាជ្យអាហ្សង់ទីន|ទទួលឯករាជ្យ]]ពី | sovereignty_note = [[ចក្រភពអេស្ប៉ាញ|អេស្ប៉ាញ]] | established_event2 = [[បដិវត្តន៍ខែឧសភា]] | established_date2 = ២៥ ឧសភា ១៨១០ | established_event3 = [[សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យភាពអាហ្សង់ទីន|ប្រកាសឯករាជ្យ]] | established_date3 = ៩ កក្កដា ១៨១៦ | established_event4 = [[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញអាហ្សង់ទីន|ប្រកាសរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ]] | established_date4 = ១ ឧសភា ១៨៥៣ | established_event5 = | established_date5 = | established_event6 = | established_date6 = | established_event7 = | established_date7 = | area_size = 1 E7 | area_km2 = ២,៧៨០,៤០០ | area_rank = ទី៨ | area_footnote = {{refn|group=តំ.ក្រៅ|ទិន្នន័យផ្ទៃតំបន់មិនបានរាប់បញ្ចូលទឹកដីទាមទារនៅ[[អង់តាកទិកអាហ្សង់ទីន|អង់តាកទិក]] (៩៦៥,៥៩៧ គម{{smallsup|២}} និងថែមទាំង[[ប្រជុំកោះអរគ្នីរ]]) [[កោះហ្វកឡិន]] (១១,៤១០ គម{{smallsup|២}}) [[កោះចចជីខាងត្បូង|ចចជីខាងត្បូង]] (៣,៥៦០ គម{{smallsup|២}}) និង[[កោះចចជីខាងត្បូង និងសាំងវិចខាងត្បូង#កោះសាំងវិចខាងត្បូង|កោះសាំងវិចខាងត្បូង]] (៣០៧ គម{{smallsup|២}})។<ref name=totalpop>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |format=XLS |title=Población por sexo e índice de masculinidad. Superficie censada y densidad, según provincia. Total del país. Año 2010 |work=Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010 |publisher=INDEC – Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos |place=Buenos Aires |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls |archive-date=8 មិថុនា 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-01-29 |archivedate=2014-06-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608011356/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/f020202.xls }}</ref>}} | percent_water = ១.៥៧ | population_estimate = ៤៥,៦០៥,៨២៦<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/argentina-population|title = Argentina Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = ២០២១ | population_estimate_rank = ទី៣១ | population_census = ៤០,១១៧,០៩៦<ref name=totalpop /> | population_census_year = ២០១០ | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = ១៤.៤ | population_density_rank = ទី២១៤ | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ១.០៤៩ ទ្រីលានដុល្លារ<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=213,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2019&ey=2026&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|work=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ|title=Argentina|access-date=26 មេសា 2022}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = ២០២២ | GDP_PPP_rank = ទី២៦ | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ២២,៨៩១ ដុល្លារ<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ទី៥៦ | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} ៤៥៥.១៧២ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_year = ២០២២ | GDP_nominal_rank = ទី២៥ | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ៩,៩២៩ ដុល្លារ<ref name=imf2 /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ទី៥៣ | Gini = ៤២.៩ | Gini_year = ២០២០ | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://datos.bancomundial.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?view=map|title = Índice de Gini &#124; Data}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = ០.៨៤៥ | HDI_year = ២០១៩ | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=កម្មវិធីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សហប្រជាជាតិ|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=26 មេសា 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ទី៤៦ | currency = [[ប៉េសូអាហ្សង់ទីន]] ([[និមិត្តសញ្ញាដុល្លារ|$]]) | currency_code = ARS | time_zone = [[ម៉ោងនៅអាហ្សង់ទីន|ART]] | utc_offset = +៣ | utc_offset_DST = | DST_note = | time_zone_DST = | date_format = ថ្ងៃ/ខែ/ឆ្នាំ – {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yyyy|year}} ([[សកលសករាជ|ស.ស.]]) | drives_on = ស្ដាំ | calling_code = [[លេខទូរស័ព្ទនៅអាហ្សង់ទីន|+៥៤]] | iso3166code = AR | cctld = [[.ar]] | today = | footnote_a = }} '''ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីន''' ([[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]]៖ Argentina) ដោយមានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការថា '''សាធារណរដ្ឋអាហ្សង់ទីន''' ([[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]]៖ República Argentina) គឺជាប្រទេសមួយស្ថិតនៅប៉ែកខាងត្បូងនៃទ្វីប[[អាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]]។ អាហ្សង់ទីនបានគ្របដណ្តប់លើផ្ទៃដីសរុប ២,៧៨០,២០០ គម^២ ដែលធ្វើឱ្យវាក្លាយជា[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប|ប្រទេសដែលមានទំហំធំបំផុតទីពីរនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]] (បន្ទាប់ពី[[ប្រេស៊ីល]]) ធំបំផុតទីបួននៅ[[ទ្វីបអាមេរិក]]ទាំងមូល និង[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប|ធំបំផុតទីប្រាំបី]]នៅលើពិភពលោក។ ប្រទេសនេះមានព្រំដែនជាប់ជាមួយប្រទេស[[ឈីលី]]នៅភាគខាងលិច [[បូលីវី]]និង[[ប៉ារ៉ាគ្វេ]]នៅភាគខាងជើង ទិសឦសាន្តជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[ប្រេស៊ីល]] និងប្រទេស[[អ៊ូរុយគ្វេ]]នៅភាគខាងកើត។ អាហ្សង់ទីនគឺជារដ្ឋ[[សហព័ន្ធ]]ដែលបែងចែកទៅជា[[ខេត្តនៃអាហ្សង់ទីន|ខេត្តចំនួនម្ភៃបី]] និងមានទីក្រុងស្វយ័តមួយដែលត្រូវជារដ្ឋធានីសហព័ន្ធ និងទីក្រុងធំបំផុតរបស់ប្រទេស ពោលគឺ[[ប៊ុយណូស៊ែ]]។ ខេត្ត និងរដ្ឋធានីមានរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញរៀងៗខ្លួន ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវស្ថិតនៅក្រោម[[សហព័ន្ធនិយម|ប្រព័ន្ធសហព័ន្ធ]]។ អាហ្សង់ទីនបានទាមទារអធិបតេយ្យភាពលើផ្នែកមួយនៃតំបន់[[អង់តាកទិក]] [[កោះហ្វកឡិន]] និង[[ប្រជុំកោះចចជីខាងត្បូង និងសាំងវិចខាងត្បូង]]។ វត្តមានរបស់មនុស្សដំបូងបង្អស់ដែលបានកត់ត្រានៅអាហ្សង់ទីននាសម័យទំនើបនេះមានតាំងពីសម័យកាល Paleolithic ។{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} ប្រទេសនេះស្ថិតនៅក្នុងអាណានិគមអេស្ប៉ាញនៃតំបន់នេះក្នុងអំឡុងពេលសតវត្សទី 16 ។{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនរក្សាឋានៈជាប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្ររបស់ខ្លួនជាមហាអំណាចកណ្តាលនៅក្នុងកិច្ចការអន្តរជាតិនិងជាមហាអំណាចក្នុងតំបន់និងនៅអាមេរិចឡាទីន។ ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនមានសេដ្ឋកិច្ចធំជាងគេទី 2 នៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងហើយជាប្រទេសធំទីបីនៅអាមេរិកឡាទីននិងជាសមាជិកនៃប្រទេសមហាអំណាចសេដ្ឋកិច្ចធំ ៗ G-15 និង G-20 ។ វាក៏ជាសមាជិកស្ថាបនិករបស់ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ធនាគារពិភពលោក អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក Mercosur សហភាពប្រជាជាតិអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង សហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋអាមេរិកឡាទីននិងការាបៀន និង អង្គការ Ibero អាមេរិកអាមេរិក ។ វាគឺជាប្រទេសដែលមានសន្ទស្សន៍ខ្ពស់បំផុតលំដាប់ទី 2 នៅអាមេរិកឡាទីនលើសន្ទស្សន៍អភិវឌ្ឍន៍មនុស្ស។ ==ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអាហ្សង់ទីន}} {{double image|right|SantaCruz-CuevaManos-P2210651b.jpg|200|Pucará de Tilcara 01.JPG|200|The [[Cueva de las Manos|Cave of the Hands]] in [[Santa Cruz province, Argentina|Santa Cruz province]], with indigenous artwork dating from 13,000–9,000 years ago.|The fortification of ''[[Pucará de Tilcara]]'' in [[Jujuy Province]], part of the [[Inca Empire]].}} ដានដំបូងបំផុតនៃជីវិតមនុស្សនៅតំបន់ដែលឥឡូវត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាអាហ្សង់ទីនត្រូវបានកត់ត្រាពីសម័យកាលប៉ាលេលីទិកដែលមានដានទៀតនៅ Mesolithic និង នីកូលថិច ។{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|p=17}} រហូតមកដល់សម័យអាណានិគមអឺរ៉ុប អាហ្សង់ទីនមានប្រជាជនតិចតួចណាស់ និងមានវប្បធម៌ចម្រុះខុសៗគ្នា។{{sfn|Abad de Santillán|1971|pp=18–19}} ជនជាតិអឺរ៉ុបបានមកដល់តំបន់នេះជាលើកដំបូងជាមួយការធ្វើដំណើររបស់ Amerigo Vespucci 1502 ។ អ្នកធ្វើដំណើរអេស្ប៉ាញ Juan Díaz de Solís និង [Sebastian Cabot (អ្នករុករក)] បានធ្វើដំណើរទៅទឹកដីអាហ្សង់ទីននៅឆ្នាំ 1516 និង 1526។{{sfn|Crow|1992|p=128}} នៅឆ្នាំ 1536 Pedro de Mendoza បានបង្កើតការតាំងទីលំនៅតូចមួយនៃទីក្រុងប៊ុយណូស៊ែរដែលត្រូវបានគេបោះបង់ចោលនៅឆ្នាំ 1541 ។{{sfn|Crow|1992|pp=129–32}} [[File:Smartin.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Portrait of the General,|Portrait of General [[José de San Martin]], ''[[Libertadores|Libertador]]'' of Argentina, [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]|alt=Painting of San Martín holding the Argentine flag]] ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 1912 ប្រធានាធិបតី [លោក Roque SênenPeña] បានអនុម័តសិទ្ធិបោះឆ្នោតជាបុរសនិងជាសម្ងាត់ដែលបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យលោកHipólito Yrigoyen មេដឹកនាំសហជីពរណសិរ្សរួបរួម (UCR) ដើម្បីឈ្នះការបោះឆ្នោតឆ្នាំ 1916 ។ លោកបានអនុម័តកំណែទម្រង់សង្គមនិងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងជំនួយបន្ថែមដល់កសិដ្ឋានតូចៗនិងអាជីវកម្ម។ អាហ្សង់ទីនបាននៅអព្យាក្រឹតក្នុងកំឡុង សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី 1 ។ រដ្ឋបាលទី 2 របស់លោក Yrigoyen បានជួបប្រទះនឹងបញ្ហាសេដ្ឋកិច្ចដែលបានកើតមានដោយវិបត្តិសេដ្ឋកិច្ច។{{sfn|Galasso|2011|loc=vol. II|pp=7–178}} ==ភូមិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ភូមិសាស្ត្រអាហ្សង់ទីន}} [[File:29. July 2015Chile35.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Mountain tops, with clouds shown.|[[Aconcagua]] is the [[Extremes of Altitude|highest mountain]] outside of Asia, at {{convert|6960.8|m|ft}}, and the highest point in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].<ref name="UNC-Sigma">{{cite web|url=http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |title=Informe científico que estudia el Aconcagua, el Coloso de América mide 6960,8 metros |language=Spanish |trans-title=Scientific Report on Aconcagua, the Colossus of America measures 6960,8m |year=2012 |publisher=[[Universidad Nacional de Cuyo]] |accessdate=3 September 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908061725/http://www.uncu.edu.ar/novedades/index/informe-cientifico-que-estudia-el-aconcagua-el-coloso-de-america-mide-69608-metros |archivedate=8 September 2012 |df= }}</ref> |alt=]] ប្រទេសនេះមានផ្ទៃដី {{convert|2780400|km2|0|abbr=on}} ហើយមានទីតាំងនៅទ្វីអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង។ ចំណុចខ្ពស់ជាងគេបំផុតគឺតំបន់ Aconcagua ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងខេត្ត Mendoza ({{convert|6959|m|0|abbr=on}} លើនីវ៉ូទឹកសមុទ្រ),<ref name=ignmax>{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |last=Albanese |first=Rubén |title=Alturas y Depresiones Máximas en la República Argentina |trans-title=Maximum peaks and lows in the Argentine Republic |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Nacional |place=Buenos Aires |year=2009 |language=Spanish |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723041514/http://www.ign.gob.ar/AreaProfesional/Geografia/DatosArgentina/MaximasAlturas |archivedate=23 July 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ចំណុចទាបជាងគេបំផុតគឺតំបន់ Laguna del Carbón ស្ថិតក្នុងខេត្ត Santa Cruz ({{convert|-105|m|0|abbr=on}} ក្រោមនីវ៉ូទឹកសមុទ្។រ<ref name=ignmax/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|last=Lynch|first=David K.|title=Land Below Sea Level|publisher=Geology – Geoscience News and Information|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327144243/http://geology.com/below-sea-level/|archivedate=27 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> ===ជីវចម្រុះ=== អាហ្សង់ទីនជាប្រទេសសម្បូរដោយជីវចម្រុះ។<ref name=cbd>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|title=Argentina – Main Details|publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity|place=Montreal, Canada|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019023006/http://www.cbd.int/countries/profile/?country=ar|archivedate=19 October 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=cbd/> ប្រព័ន្ធអេកូឡូស៊ីនេះ ធ្វើឱ្យប្រទេសនេះសម្បូរជីវចម្រុះដោយមាន<ref name=cbd/><ref name=wcmc>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity 2005. Cambridge, UK: UNEP–WCMC – World Conservation Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme. 2005 |url=https://www.bipindicators.net/system/resources/files/000/000/393/original/801.pdf?1480337758 |website=www.bipindicators.net}}</ref> * រុក្ខជាតិ 9,372 ប្រភេទ (ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ២៤) * បក្សី 1,038 ប្រភេទ (ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ១៤) * ថនិកសត្វ 375 ប្រភេទ (ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ១២) * ល្មូន 338 ប្រភេទ (ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ១៦) * អំភីប 162 ប្រភេទ (ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ ១៩) សួនឧទ្យានជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីន] បង្កើតបានបណ្តាញ 35 កន្លែងនៅប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីន។ ឧទ្យាននេះគ្របដណ្តប់លើបរិវេណដែលមានលក្ខណៈប្លែកៗជាច្រើនពីឧទ្យានជាតិបារីសនៅព្រំប្រទល់ខាងជើងជាមួយបូលីវីទៅកាន់ឧទ្យានជាតិ Tierra del Fuego នៅភាគខាងត្បូងនៃទ្វីបនេះ។ រដ្ឋបាលសួនឧទ្យានជាតិគឺជាភ្នាក់ងារមួយដែលថែរក្សានិងគ្រប់គ្រងឧទ្យានជាតិទាំងនេះរួមជាមួយនឹង បូជនីយដ្ឋានធម្មជាតិ និង ព្រៃព្រៃបម្រុង នៅក្នុងប្រទេស។<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/institucional/objetivos-de-la-administracion/ |language=Spanish |title=Objetivos de la Administración |publisher=Administración de Parques Nacionales |accessdate=August 15, 2015 |archivedate=តុលា 29, 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029082936/https://www.parquesnacionales.gob.ar/institucional/objetivos-de-la-administracion/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===អាកាសធាតុ=== [[File:Koppen-Geiger Map ARG present.svg|thumb|Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Argentina.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/sdata2018214 |language=en |issn=2052-4463}}</ref>]] ជាទូទៅ ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនមានអាកាសធាតុសំខាន់ៗចំនួនបួនគឺ ក្តៅ ក្ដៅស្ងួត ត្រជាក់ស្ងួត និងត្រជាក់។<ref name=arggov>{{cite web|url=http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |title=Geography and Climate of Argentina |publisher=Government of Argentina |accessdate=28 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220215355/http://www.argentina.gov.ar/argentina/portal/paginas.dhtml?pagina=1483 |archivedate=20 December 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beck |first1=Hylke E. |last2=Zimmermann |first2=Niklaus E. |last3=McVicar |first3=Tim R. |last4=Vergopolan |first4=Noemi |last5=Berg |first5=Alexis |last6=Wood |first6=Eric F. |title=Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution |journal=Scientific Data |date=30 October 2018 |volume=5 |page=180214 |doi=10.1038/sdata.2018.214}}</ref> ថ្វីបើតំបន់ដែលមានប្រជាជនច្រើនជាងគេគឺអាកាសធាតុក្តៅល្មម ក៏អាកាសធាតុអាហ្សង់ទីនមានបរិមាណពិសេសនៃភាពសម្បូរបែបនៃអាកាសធាតុ។<ref name = FAO>{{cite web |url= http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Argentina/argentina.htm |title= Argentina |work= Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher= Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> ==នយោបាយ== {{Main|នយោបាយនៅអាហ្សង់ទីន}} ===រដ្ឋាភិបាល=== [[File:Casa Rosada (8192119019).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.05|[[Casa Rosada]], workplace of the [[President of Argentina|President]]]] អាហ្សង់ទីនគឺជាសាធារណរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ និងប្រកាន់លទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ។{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 1}} រដ្ឋាភិបាលត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងដោយប្រព័ន្ធនៃការបែងចែកអំណាចដែលបានកំណត់ដោយ រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញនៃប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីន ដែលជាឯកសារច្បាប់កំពូលរបស់ប្រទេស។ ===ខេត្ត=== ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនគឺជាសហព័ន្ធនៃខេត្តចំនួន 23 និងទីក្រុងមួយនៃទីក្រុងស្វ័យភាព ប៊ុយណូស៊ែរ។ ខេត្ដត្រូវបានបែងចែកសម្រាប់គោលបំណងរដ្ឋបាលទៅជានាយកដ្ឋាននិងក្រុងនានា លើកលែងតែក្រុងប៊ុយណូស៊ែរ។ ទីក្រុង Buenos Aires ត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាសង្កាត់តូចៗ។ ខេត្តនានាមានអំណាចទាំងអស់ដែលពួកគេបានជ្រើសរើសមិនឱ្យផ្ទេរទៅរដ្ឋាភិបាលសហព័ន្ធ។{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 121}} ពួកគេត្រូវតែជាសាធារណរដ្ឋតំណាង និងមិនត្រូវផ្ទុយនឹងរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ។{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 5–6}} ក្នុងកំឡុងពេលសង្គ្រាមឯករាជ្យទីក្រុងសំខាន់ៗនិងតំបន់ជុំវិញរបស់ពួកគេ បានក្លាយទៅជាខេត្តទោះបីជាការអន្តរាគមរបស់ពួកគេ។ ច្បាប់ឆ្នាំ 1862 ត្រូវបានកំណត់ថាជាដែនដីជាតិ ដែលស្ថិតក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់សហព័ន្ធប៉ុន្តែនៅខាងក្រៅព្រំដែននៃខេត្ត។ នៅឆ្នាំ 1884 ពួកគេបានធ្វើជាមូលដ្ឋានសម្រាប់បង្កើតរដ្ឋបាលនៃ Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, La Pampa, Neuquén, Rio Negro, Chubut, Santa Cruz និង Tierra del Fuego ។{{sfn|Rock|1987|p=155}} ===ទំនាក់ទំនងការបរទេស=== [[File:G20 2016 leaders.jpg|thumb|alt=Presidents all standing together.|Argentina is one of [[G-20 major economies]].]] គោលនយោបាយការបរទេសត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងជាផ្លូវការដោយក្រសួងការបរទេស, ពាណិជ្ជកម្មអន្តរជាតិនិងការគោរពបូជា ដែលជាទំនួលខុសត្រូវសម្រាប់ប្រធានាធិបតី។ ប្រទេសនេះគឺជាប្រទេសមហាអំណាច G-15 និង G-20 នៃពិភពលោកនិងជាសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក និងអង្គការប្រជាជាតិអាមេរិច។ ប្រទេសនេះបានទាមទារផ្ទៃដី {{convert|965597|km2|abbr=on}} ក្នុងតំបន់អង់តាកទិកចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ 1904។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|title=Destacamento Naval Orcadas|trans-title=Orcadas Naval Base|publisher=Fundación Marambio|place=Buenos Aires|year=1999|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221405/http://www.marambio.aq/baseorcadas.html|archivedate=2 December 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> អាហ្សង់ទីនមានជម្លោះលើដែនដីកោះ Falkland និង South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ដែលបច្ចុប្បន្នគ្រប់គ្រងដោយចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស។ ===កម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធ=== ប្រធានាធិបតីទទួលបានងារជាមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធអាហ្សង់ទីន ដែលជាផ្នែកមួយនៃក្របខ័ណ្ឌច្បាប់ដែលកំណត់ការងារយ៉ាងតឹងរឹងរវាងប្រព័ន្ធការពារជាតិនិងប្រព័ន្ធសន្តិសុខផ្ទៃក្នុង។ ប្រព័ន្ធការពារជាតិគឺជាការទទួលខុសត្រូវផ្តាច់មុខរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលសហព័ន្ធ{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 125–126}} ដែលសម្របសម្រួលដោយក្រសួងការពារជាតិហើយមានកងទ័ពជើងទឹកនិងកងទ័ពអាកាស។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|title=Argentina – Military branches|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093751/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_branches.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Ruled and monitored by Congress{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 21, 75, 99}}<ref name=resdal>{{cite web|url=http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|format=PDF|title=A Comparative Atlas of Defense in Latin America and Caribbean – Argentina|publisher=RESDAL – Red de Seguridad y Defensa de América Latina|place=Buenos Aires|year=2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508122931/http://www.resdal.org/ing/atlas/atlas12-ing-10-argentina.pdf|archivedate=8 May 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> វាត្រូវបានរៀបចំឡើងនៅលើគោលការណ៍សំខាន់នៃការការពារខ្លួនស្របច្បាប់ពោលគឺការធ្វើគ្របដណ្ដប់នូវការឈ្លានពានខាងយោធាខាងក្រៅដើម្បីធានាដល់សេរីភាពរបស់ប្រជាជនអធិបតេយ្យជាតិនិងបូរណភាពទឹកដី។<ref name=resdal/> បេសកកម្មបន្ទាប់បន្សំរបស់ខ្លួនរួមបញ្ចូលទាំងការប្តេជ្ញាចិត្តចំពោះប្រតិបត្តិការពហុជាតិនៅក្នុងក្របខ័ណ្ឌនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិចូលរួមក្នុងបេសកកម្មគាំទ្រផ្ទៃក្នុងជួយដល់ប្រទេសជាមិត្តនិងបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធការពារថ្នាក់ក្រោម។<ref name=resdal/> [[File:ARA Almirante Brown D 10 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|Argentine destroyer [[ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)|ARA ''Almirante Brown'' (D-10)]]<ref name="ARA Almirante Brown (D-10)">Maritime Archeology and History, Navy of the Argentine Republic, [http://www.histarmar.com.ar/Armada%20Argentina/ArmadaHoy/AlmBrownmeko360.htm ARA ''Almirante Brown'' (D-10).] URL accessed on 15 October 2006.</ref>]] យោធាគឺជាការស្ម័គ្រចិត្ត ដែលបេក្ខជនត្រូវមានអាយុចាប់ពី 18 ឆ្នាំដល់ 24 ឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|title=Argentina – Military service age and obligation|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093806/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/military_service_age_and_obligation.html|archivedate=3 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2007 អាហ្សង់ទីន បានបញ្ជូន ឧទ្ធម្ភាគចក្រ ទូក និងរោងចក្រចម្រោះទឹកត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនដើម្បីជួយ [[បូលីវី]] ប្រឆាំងនឹងទឹកជំនន់ដ៏អាក្រក់បំផុតរបស់ពួកគេក្នុងពេលជាច្រើនទសវត្ស។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gacetamarinera.com.ar/index.php?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal&nota_id=3209|title=Gaceta Marinera – Portal Oficial de Noticias de la Armada Argentina|first=Armada|last=Argentina|website=Gacetamarinera.com.ar|accessdate=3 December 2017|archivedate=13 ឧសភា 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513095337/https://gacetamarinera.com.ar/?SESID=662a1ef16ed420aeb93b117d1c4fabc6&mp_id=1&mp_op=1&seccion=principal&nota_id=3209|url-status=dead}}</ref> ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2010 កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធក៏បានចូលរួមផងដែរនៅក្នុង ការឆ្លើយតបមនុស្សធម៌ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាលជាតិបានជួយបន្ទាប់ពីការរញ្ជួយដីនៅហៃទីឆ្នាំ 2010 និងនៅស៊ីលី ផងដែរ។ ==សេដ្ឋកិច្ច== {{Main|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចអាហ្សង់ទីន}} [[File:Bodega chakana hacia la montaña.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Field|[[Agriculture in Argentina|Argentine agriculture]] is relatively capital intensive, today providing about 7% of all employment.<ref name=mecon>{{cite web|url=http://www.mecon.gov.ar/ |title=Ministerio de Hacienda y Finanzas Públicas – Hacienda, Finanzas, Política Económica, Comercio Interior, Comercio Exterior, Ingresos Públicos, Información Económica, Gobierno, Organismos |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019024050/http://www.mecon.gov.ar/ |archivedate=19 October 2013}}</ref>]] ដោយទទួលបានផលប្រយោជន៍ពីធនធានធម្មជាតិសម្បូរបែបម នុស្សដែលមានអក្ខរភាពខ្ពស់ មូលដ្ឋានឧស្សាហកម្មចម្រុះនិងវិស័យកសិកម្មដែលនាំមុខទៅរកការនាំចេញសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនៃប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនគឺជាប្រទេសធំទី 3 របស់អាមេរិកឡាទីន<ref name=wsj1>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|title=Exchanges in Argentina Move Toward Greater Integration|work=The Wall Street Journal|place=New York|date=3 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307022904/http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20130403-713853.html|archivedate=7 March 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> និងធំលំដាប់ទី២នៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង<ref>{{cite news |last1=Devereux |first1=Charlie|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-18/argentina-s-economy-expanded-2-3-in-second-quarter|title=Argentina's Economy Expanded 2.3% in Second Quarter |publisher=Bloomberg |date=18 September 2015 |accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref> ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនជាប់ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខ 85 ក្នុងចំណោម 180 ប្រទេសក្នុងសន្ទស្សន៍អំពើពុករលួយឆ្នាំ 2017 របស់អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2017|publisher=Transparency International|year=2017|accessdate=11 April 2018|archivedate=11 ឧសភា 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511131023/https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|format=|title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2014|publisher=Transparency International|year=2014|accessdate=11 April 2018|archivedate=18 មេសា 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418235053/https://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ឧស្សាហកម្ម=== [[File:Montaje de Atucha II.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha Nuclear Power Plant]] was the first nuclear power plant in [[Latin America]].<ref>[http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf Brittle Power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402203813/http://www.natcapsolutions.org/publications_files/BrittlePower/BrittlePower_Parts123.pdf |date=2016-04-02 }}, p. 144.</ref> The electricity comes from 3 operational [[nuclear reactor]]s: The [[Embalse Nuclear Power Station]], the [[Atucha I Nuclear Power Plant|Atucha I]] and [[Atucha II Nuclear Power Plant|II]].]] Córdobaគឺជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលឧស្សាហកម្មដ៏ធំរបស់ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនដែលធ្វើជាអ្នកផ្គត់ផ្គង់លោហៈធាតុរថយន្ដនិងផលិតគ្រឿងបន្លាស់រថយន្ត។ ===ការដឹកជញ្ជូន=== {{Multiple image |align =left |direction=vertical |width =215 |image1=199 - Buenos Aires - Aéroport international Ezeiza - Janvier 2010.jpg |caption1= |image2= Ezeizaaero.jpg |caption2=អាកាសយាន្តដ្ឋាន Ministro Pistarini បើកក្នុងឆ្នាំ 1949 }} អាហ្សង់ទីនមានប្រព័ន្ធផ្លូវដែកធំបំផុតនៅអាមេរិកឡាទីនដោយមានផ្លូវដែក {{convert|36966|km|abbr=on}} ក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៨។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|title=Argentina – Railways|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074801/http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/railways.html|archivedate=7 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> វាធ្វើឱ្យខេត្តទាំង២៣ និងរដ្ឋធានី ព្រមទាំងប្រទេសជិតខាងអាចទំនាក់ទំនងគ្នាបាន។<ref name=eotn1>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|title=Argentina – Transportation|publisher=Encyclopedia of the Nations|year=2002|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927095951/http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Argentina-TRANSPORTATION.html|archivedate=27 September 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> [[File:200 Series at San José de Flores.jpg|thumb|alt=Underground railway.|[[Buenos Aires Underground]], is the first underground railway in [[Latin America]], the [[Southern Hemisphere]] and the [[hispanophone|Spanish speaking world]].<ref>[http://www.ambito.com/noticia.asp?id=718445 Se cumplieron 100 años del primer viaje en subte] – Ambito, 1 December 2013.</ref>]] ===ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងការទំនាក់ទំនង=== [[File:Estudio Pais1.JPG|thumb|alt=TV Studio.|"''Estudio Pais 24, the Program of the Argentines''" in [[TV Pública Digital (Argentina)|Channel 7]], the first television station in the country|alt=]] វិស័យព័ត៌មានត្រូវបានអភិវឌ្ឍយ៉ាងខ្លាំងនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនដោយមានជាងពីររយកាសែត។ អាហ្សង់ទីនចាប់ផ្ដើមមានវិទ្យុនៅថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩២០។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|last=Moore|first=Don|title=Radio with a past in Argentina|year=1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000648/http://www.pateplumaradio.com/south/misc/argendx.html|archivedate=23 May 2013|deadurl=no}}</ref> ត្រឹមឆ្នាំ២០១១ អាហ្សង់ទីនក៏មានប្រព័ន្ធគ្របដណ្ដប់ខ្ពស់បំផុតនៃបណ្តាញទូរគមនាគមន៍ក្នុងចំនោមមហាអំណាចឡាទីនអាមេរិក: ប្រហែល 67% នៃប្រជាជនរបស់ខ្លួនមានអ៊ិនធឺណិតនិង 137,2% ជាទូរស័ព្ទដៃ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|title=South America|publisher=IWS–ITU – Internet World Stats|year=2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402230620/http://www.internetworldstats.com/south.htm|archivedate=2 April 2014|deadurl=no}}</ref> ===វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យា=== អាហ្សង់ទីនទទួលបានបីរង្វាន់ណូបែលនៅក្នុងផ្នែកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ។ ការស្រាវជ្រាវអវកាសក៏បានក្លាយជាសកម្មភាពកាន់តែខ្លាំងឡើងនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីន។ ផ្កាយរណបដែលផលិតដោយអាហ្សង់ទីនរួមមាន LUSAT-1 (1990), Víctor-1 (1996), PEHUENSAT-1 (2007),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |title=PEHUENSAT-1 |language=Spanish |publisher=Asociación Argentina de Tecnología Espacial |access-date=2019-01-29 |archivedate=2007-01-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070117023136/http://www.aate.org/pehuensat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> និងផ្កាយរណបដែលផលិតដោយ CONAEដែលជាទីភ្នាក់ងារអវកាសអាហ្សង់ទីន<ref>{{cite web|url=http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |title='Argentine satellite SAC-D' will be presented in Bariloche |publisher=Momento 24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323115731/http://momento24.com/en/2010/03/20/argentine-satellite-sac-d-will-be-presented-in-bariloche/ |archivedate=23 March 2010}}</ref> ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនមានកម្មវិធីផ្កាយរណប, ស្ថានីយ៍ថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ (ជំនាន់ទី 4) និងក្រុមហ៊ុនថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរសាធារណៈ INVAP ដែលផ្តល់ឱ្យប្រទេសមួយចំនួននូវថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref name=science>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080617145706/http://www.argentina.ar/sw_seccion.php?id=124&idioma_sel=en Science and Education in Argentina]. argentina.ar</ref> ===ទេសចរណ៍=== ទេសចរណ៍នៅប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនត្រូវបានកំណត់ដោយការផ្តល់វប្បធម៌របស់ខ្លួន និងទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិធម្មជាតិច្រើននិងប្លែកៗរបស់ខ្លួន។ ប្រទេសនេះមានភ្ញៀវទេសចរ 5,57 លាននាក់ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2013 ដោយចាត់ទុកថាមានចំនួនទេសចរអន្ដរជាតិដែលជាគោលដៅទេសចរណ៍កំពូលនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងនិងទី 2 នៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងបន្ទាប់ពីម៉ិកស៊ិក។<ref name=UNWTO2014>{{cite web |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2014 Edition |publisher=[[World Tourism Organization]] (UNWTO) |accessdate=27 April 2015 |archivedate=27 មេសា 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427093655/http://mkt.unwto.org/publication/unwto-tourism-highlights-2014-edition |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ== [[File:Avenida Callao al 500.jpg|thumb|alt=Buildings|[[Balvanera]], Buenos Aires, filled with picturesque Dutch style tenements.]] នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០១ អាហ្សង់ទីនមានប្រជាជន 40,091,359 នាក់<ref name="pop2009">{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706084227/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|archivedate=6 July 2011|url= http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecciones_provinciales_vol31.pdf|title= Proyecciones provinciales de población por sexo y grupos de edad 2001–2015|work=Gustavo Pérez|format= PDF|publisher=[[INDEC]]|page= 16|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |title=Censo 2010: Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas |language=Spanish |publisher=Censo2010.indec.gov.ar |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615003729/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/ |archivedate=15 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនជាប់ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់លេខបីនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងក្នុងចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុបនិងទី 33 នៅទូទាំងពិភពលោក។ ដង់ស៊ីតេប្រជាជនគឺ 15 នាក់ក្នុងមួយគីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េនៃដីដែលទាបជាងមធ្យមភាគពិភពលោក 50 នាក់។ អត្រាកំណើនប្រជាជនក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2010 គឺប្រមាណជា 1,03% ជារៀងរាល់ឆ្នាំដោយអត្រាកំណើតនៃការកើតកូន 17,7 លើ 1000 នាក់និងអត្រាមរណភាព 7,4 នាក់ក្នុង 1000 នាក់។ អត្រាអន្តោប្រវេសន៍សុទ្ធ] មានចាប់ពីអន្តោប្រវេសន៍សូន្យដល់ 4 នាក់ក្នុងចំនោម 1000 នាក់ក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំ។{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនបានក្លាយជាប្រទេសដំបូងគេនៅអាមេរិចឡាទីននិងជាប្រទេសទី 2 នៅក្នុងទ្វីបអាមេរិកក្នុងការអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យអាពាហ៍ពិពាហ៍ភេទដូចគ្នានៅទូទាំងប្រទេស។<ref>{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |title=Argentina becomes second nation in Americas to legalize gay marriage |publisher=seattletimes.nwsource.com |date=15 July 2010 |accessdate=15 July 2010 |first=Juan |last=Forero |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521221225/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2012368514_argentina16.html |archivedate=21 May 2011}}</ref> ហើយវាក៏ជាប្រទេសទ១០ ក្នុងពិភពលោកដែលអនុញ្ញាតរឿងនេះ.<ref>{{cite news |last=Fastenberg |first=Dan |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |title=International Gay Marriage |work=Time |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=20 November 2011 |archive-date=13 សីហា 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813110846/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2005678,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===សាសនា=== [[File:Papa Francisco na JMJ - 24072013.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Pope Francis|Francis]], the first pope from the New World, was born and raised in Argentina.|alt=]] រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានសេរីភាពក្នុងការកាន់[[សាសនា]]។ {{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=arts. 14, 20}} ថ្វីបើវាមិនអនុវត្តន៏ជាផ្លូវការឬជាជំនឿរបស់រដ្ឋក៏ដោយ {{sfnm|1a1=Fayt|1y=1985|1p=347|2a1=Bidart Campos|2y=2005|2p=53}} សាសនាគ្រិស្តជាសាសនាដែលគេប្រកាន់យក។{{sfn|Constitution of Argentina|loc=art. 2}}{{efn-ua|In practice this privileged status amounts to tax-exempt school subsidies and licensing preferences for radio broadcasting frequencies.<ref name=irfr1/>}} ===នគរូបនីយកម្ម=== ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនត្រូវបានធ្វើនគរូបនីយកម្មយ៉ាងខ្លាំងដោយប្រជាជន 92% រស់នៅក្នុងទីក្រុង។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/argentina/urbanization.html|title=Argentina – Urbanization|publisher=Index Mundi – CIA World Factbook|date=26 July 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102145553/http://www.indexmundi.com/ARGENTINA/urbanization.html|archivedate=2 November 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> ===ការអប់រំ=== [[File:World map of countries by literacy rate.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Argentina has historically been placed high in the [[List of countries by literacy rate|global rankings of literacy]], with rates similar to those of developed countries.|alt=]] រដ្ឋអាហ្សង់ទីនធានានូវការអប់រំសាធារណៈជាសកលនិងមិនគិតថ្លៃសំរាប់គ្រប់កម្រិត។{{efn-ua|The post-graduate sub-level of higher education is usually paid.}} ការទទួលខុសត្រូវសម្រាប់ការត្រួតពិនិត្យផ្នែកអប់រំត្រូវបានរៀបចំឡើងនៅតាមបណ្ដាសហព័ន្ធនិងខេត្ត។ ក្នុងប៉ុន្មានទសវត្សចុងក្រោយនេះតួនាទីរបស់វិស័យឯកជនបានរីកចម្រើនក្នុងគ្រប់ជំហានសិក្សា។ ===វិស័យសុខាភិបាល=== [[File:Plaza Houssay Av Córdoba Facultad Medicina.jpg|thumb|The University of Buenos Aires School of Medicine, alma mater to many of the country's 3,000 medical graduates, annually<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ama-med.org.ar/ |title=AMA |publisher=Ama-med.org.ar | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100413102652/http://www.ama-med.org.ar/| archivedate= 13 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref>]] ការទទួលបានការថែទាំសុខភាពក៏បានកាត់បន្ថយ អត្រាមរណៈរបស់ទារក ពី 70 ក្នុង 1000 កំណើតរស់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ 1948<ref name=un97>''UN Demographic Yearbook. Historical Statistics. 1997''.</ref> to 12.1 ក្នុងឆ្នាំ 2009 និងបង្កើនអាយុសង្ឃឹមរស់ពី 60 ទៅ 76 ឆ្នាំ។<ref name=un97/> ==វប្បធម៌== [[File:El Ateneo Grand Splendid, Buenos Aires (38984631534).jpg|thumb|[[El Ateneo Grand Splendid]] was named the second most beautiful bookshop in the world by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name="TheGuardian">{{cite web |title=Top shelves |first=Sean |last=Dodson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/11/bestukbookshops |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=11 January 2008 |accessdate=10 May 2015 |quote=2) El Ateneo in Buenos Aires}}</ref>]] ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនគឺជាប្រទេសពហុវប្បធម៌ដែលទទួលឥទ្ធិពលអឺរ៉ុបយ៉ាងខ្លាំង។ វប្បធម៌សម័យទំនើបអាហ្សង់ទីនត្រូវបានទទួលឥទ្ធិពលយ៉ាងខ្លាំងដោយ អ៊ីតាលី អេស្ប៉ាញ និងអន្តោប្រវេសន៍អ៊ឺរ៉ុបផ្សេងទៀតមកពីប្រទេសបារាំង ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេសនិងអាល្លឺម៉ង់ និងប្រទេសដទៃទៀត។ ===អក្សរសាស្ត្រ=== [[File:Argentine literature.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Four of the most influential Argentine writers. Top-left to bottom-right: [[Julio Cortázar]], [[Victoria Ocampo]], [[Jorge Luis Borges]] and [[Adolfo Bioy Casares]]|alt=Mosaic image showing the four photographs]] ចលនាទំនើបនិយមបានឈានចូលដល់សតវត្សរ៍ទី 20 រួមទាំងនិទស្សន្តដូចជា Leopoldo Lugones និង Alfonsina Storni{{sfn|Young|Cisneros|2010|pp=51–52}}។ ===តន្ត្រី=== ប្រភេទច្រៀងបែបមនោសញ្ចេតនារួមមានតារាចម្រៀងល្បីល្បាញអន្តរជាតិដូចជា Sandro de América ជាដើម។ ប្រភេទតន្ត្រីដ៏ពេញនិយមមួយផ្សេងទៀតនាពេលបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺ Cumbia villera គឺជាប្រភេទតន្ត្រីដើមរបស់ប្រទេសអាហ្សង់ទីនហើយមានប្រជាប្រិយភាពនៅទូទាំងអាមេរិកឡាទីននិងសហគមន៍ឡាទីននៅបរទេស។<ref name="rollingstone">[https://www.rollingstone.com.ar/583428 "El ritmo de la villa", Rolling Stone]</ref> ===ស្ថាបត្យកម្ម=== {{main|Architecture of Argentina}} [[File:Cabildo de Buenos Aires, calle Bolivar.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|View of Bolívar Street facing the [[Buenos Aires Cabildo|Cabildo]] and [[Avenida Roque Sáenz Peña|Diagonal Norte]], on Buenos Aires' historical center. The city's characteristic convergence of diverse architectural styles can be seen, including [[Spanish Colonial architecture|Spanish Colonial]], [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]], and [[modernist architecture]].]] ស្ថាបត្យករជនជាតិអាហ្សង់ទីនជាច្រើន បានបង្កើននូវទេសភាពទីក្រុងរបស់ពួកគេដូចជា លោក Juan Antonio Buschiazzo បានជួយធ្វើឱ្យមានប្រជាប្រិយភាព ស្ថាបត្យកម្ម Beaux-Arts និង Francisco Gianotti ដោយរួមបញ្ចូល Art Nouveau ជាមួយរចនាបទអ៊ីតាលី ដែលបានបន្ថែម flair ទៅទីក្រុងអាហ្សង់ទីនក្នុងអំឡុងពេលដើមសតវត្សទី 20 ។ ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{Reflist|group=ស}} {{Reflist|group=តំ.ក្រៅ}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== ;ឯកសារច្បាប់ {{refbegin}} * {{citation|url=http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |title=Constitution of the Argentine Nation |authors=National Constituent Convention |place=Santa Fe |date=22 August 1994 |ref={{harvid|Constitution of Argentina}} |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509144959/http://www.senado.gov.ar/web/interes/constitucion/english.php |archivedate= 9 May 2004 |df= }} {{refend}} ;អត្ថបទ {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite journal|last1=Bolt|first1=Jutta|last2=Van Zanden|first2=Jan Luiten|title=The First Update of the Maddison Project; Re-estimating Growth Before 1820|url=http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|format=XLS|work=Maddison Project Working Paper 4|year=2013|ref=harv|accessdate=2019-01-29|archive-date=2018-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180105044340/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/maddison-project/data/mpd_2013-01.xlsx|dead-url=yes}} * {{cite journal|last1=Colantoni|first1=Laura|last2=Gurlekian|first2=Jorge|title=Convergence and intonation. 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(historian)|title=Argentina, 1516–1987: From Spanish Colonization to the Falklands War|publisher=University of California Press|place=Berkeley, CA|year=1987|isbn=978-0-520-06178-1|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Robert G.|title=The Regulation of Boxing: A History and Comparative Analysis of Policies Among American States|publisher=McFarland|place=Jefferson, NC|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7864-5284-2|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Rosenblat|first=Ángel|authorlink=Ángel Rosenblat|title=El nombre de la Argentina|publisher=EUDEBA – Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Ruiz-Dana|first=Alejandra|last2=Goldschag|first2=Peter|last3=Claro|first3=Edmundo|last4=Blanco|first4=Hernán|title=Regional Trade Integration and Conflict Resolution|contribution=Regional Integration, Trade and Conflicts in Latin America|editor-last=Khan|editor-first=Shaheen Rafi|publisher=Routledge|place=New York|year=2009|pages=15–44|isbn=978-0-415-47673-7|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Sánchez Viamonte|first=Carlos|title=Historia Institucional Argentina|edition=2nd|publisher=Fondo de Cultura Económica|place=Mexico D. F.|year=1948|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Traba|first=Juan|title=Origen de la palabra "¿¡Argentina!?"|publisher=Escuela de Artes Gráficas del Colegio San José|place=Rosario, SF, Argentina|year=1985|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Vanossi|first=Jorge R.|series=Cuadernos de ciencia política de la Asociación Argentina de Ciencia Política|volume=2|title=Situación actual del federalismo: aspectos institucionales y económicos, en particular sobre la realidad argentina|publisher=Ediciones Depalma|place=Buenos Aires|year=1964|language=Spanish|isbn=|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wood|first=Bernard|title=The middle powers and the general interest|publisher=North–South Institute|place=Ottawa|year=1988|isbn=978-0-920494-81-3|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last1=Young|first1=Richard|last2=Cisneros|first2=Odile|title=Historical Dictionary of Latin American Literature and Theater|publisher=Scarecrow Press|place=Lanham, MD|year=2010|isbn=978-0-8108-7498-5|ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Young|first=Ronald|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|volume=I|contribution=Argentina|editor-last=McColl|editor-first=Robert W.|publisher=Golson Books|place=New York|year=2005|pages=51–53|isbn=978-0-8160-7229-3|ref=harv}} {{refend}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== {{sister project links|voy=Argentina|n=អាហ្សង់ទីន}} ;រដ្ឋាភិបាល * [http://www.argentina.gob.ar/ Official website] (ជាភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) ;ការធ្វើដំណើរ & វិស័យទេសចរណ៍ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416201620/http://www.turismo.gov.ar/eng/menu.htm ក្រសួងទេសចរណ៍អាហ្សង់ទីន] * [http://www.argentina.travel/en វិទ្យាស្ថានជាតិផ្សព្វផ្សាយទេសចរណ៍] ;ទិដ្ឋភាពទូទៅ * {{CIA World Factbook link|ar|Argentina}} * {{dmoz|Regional/South_America/Argentina}} * [http://lanic.utexas.edu/la/argentina/ Argentina] at the Latin American Network Information Center * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821135441/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/argentina.htm Argentina] at the [[University of Colorado Boulder|University Libraries – University of Colorado Boulder]] * [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=AR Key Development Forecasts for Argentina] at [[International Futures]] * {{osmrelation-inline|286393}} * {{wikiatlas|Argentina|អាហ្សង់ទីន}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាហ្សង់ទីន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋសហព័ន្ធអាស្រ័យរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អតីតអាណានិគមអេស្ប៉ាញ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រជាជាតិក្រុមដប់ប្រាំ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសកោណខាងត្បូង]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] iqynxowak6kztqzvdogpgmvib1h54si 0 41337 336439 307420 2026-06-09T17:22:41Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political party | name = រណសិរ្សរំដោះជាតិប្រជាពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរ | native_name = {{nobold|Front national de libération du peuple khmer}} | logo = | colorcode = Navy | president = [[សឺន សាន]] | founder = [[សឺន សាន]] | slogan = | founded = ៩ តុលា ១៩៧៩ | dissolved = ១៩៩៣ | successor = [[គណបក្សប្រជាធិបតេយ្យសេរីនិយមព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា|គ.ប.ស.ព.ស]] | headquarters = | newspaper = | student_wing = | youth_wing = | wing1_title = ស្លាបយោធា | wing1 = [[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ|ក.ប.អ.រ.ជ.ខ]] | membership_year = | membership = | ideology = [[លទ្ធិប្រឆាំងកុម្មុយនិស្ត|ប្រឆាំងកុម្មុយនិស្តនិយម]] | position = [[នយោបាយស្លាបស្តាំ|ស្តាំនិយម]] | religion = | national = [[រដ្ឋាភិបាលចម្រុះកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ|រ.ច.ក.ប]] | colors = <!-- use "colours" for British English --> | symbol = | flag = [[File:Flag of the Khmer Republic.svg|200px|border]] | state = កម្ពុជា }} [[File:Cambodia anti-PRK border camps.png|thumb|240px|ជំរុំព្រំដែនដែលអរិភាពនឹង[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជា|ស.ប.ក]] (១៩៧៩-១៩៨៤)។ ជំរុំ រ.ជ.រប.ខ បង្ហាញជាពណ៌ខ្មៅ។]] '''រណសិរ្សជាតិ​រំដោះ​ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋខ្មែរ'''; (Khmer People National Liberation Front) អាចសរសេរកាត់បានថា '''រ.ជ.រ.ប.ខ''' ( ជា​អង់គ្លេសថា '''KPNLF''' ជាបារាំងថា '''FNLPK''') ([[ភាសាបារាំង]]៖ ''Front national de libération du peuple khmer'') គឺជារណសិរ្សនយោបាយមួយដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ ដើម្បីប្រឆាំងទៅនឹងរបប[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជា]]ដែលមាន[[វៀតណាម|យួន]]នៅពីក្រោយ។ ទាហានវៀតណាមប្រមាណ ២០០,០០០ នាក់ជាមួយនឹងអ្នករត់ចោលជួរ[[ខ្មែរក្រហម]] (អ្នកដែលមិនពេញចិត្តនឹងរបៀបដឹកនាំខ្មែរក្រហម) បានវាយចូលប្រទេស[[កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ|កម្ពុជា]]នៅអំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៨ ហើយបានកម្ចាត់ទ័ពខ្មែរក្រហមបានយ៉ាងងាយ ហើយក៏ត្រូវបានប្រជាជនខ្មែរមួយចំនួនទទួលស្វាគមន៍ទ័ពវៀតណាមនោះយ៉ាងរាក់ទាក់ដោយមើលឃើញថា វៀតណាមជាអ្នករំដោះខ្លួនឱ្យផុតពីរបបដ៏ឃោឃៅរបស់[[ប៉ុលពត|ប៉ុល-ពត]]។ ប៉ុន្តែប្រជាជនខ្មែរខ្លះទៀតបែបជាមានការភ័យខ្លាចទៅវិញដោយមើលឃើញថា ពួកវៀតណាមគឺកំពុងឈ្លៀតឱកាសបន្លំធ្វើជាអ្នករំដោះ ដើម្បីប្រុងលេបត្របាក់ទឹកដីកម្ពុជាទាំងមូល។ ដូច្នេះហើយបានជា រ.ជ.រ.ប.ខ ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង។ ==ដើមកំណើត== នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ គណៈកម្មាធិការដើម្បីអព្យាក្រឹតភាពនិងសន្តិភាពនៅកម្ពុជា (''Comité pour un Cambodge Neutre et Indépendant'', ''CCNI'') ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅ[[ប៉ារីស|ទីក្រុងប៉ារីស]]ដោយមានលោក[[សឺន សាន]] (អ្នកអព្យាក្រឹតភាពខ្មែរនាំមុខគេ អតីតប្រធាន[[ធនាគារជាតិនៃកម្ពុជា]] និងជា[[បញ្ជីរាយនាម នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកម្ពុជា|នាយករដ្ឋមន្រ្តីប្រទេសកម្ពុជា]]ពីឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ ដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩៦៨) លោក[[ស៊ឹម វ៉ា]] [[យ៉ែម សំបូរ]] ញ៉ឹក ជូឡុង ណុង គីមមី ថន ឱក ឆាយ ថុល ជាសមាជិក។ គណៈកម្មាធិការនេះបានចេញសេចក្តីប្រកាស ៦ ចំណុចជំទាស់ស្តីបន្ទោសទៅខ្មែរក្រហម និង"ការឈ្លានពានរបស់[[វៀតណាមខាងជើង]]" ដោយបានប្រកាន់ខ្ជាប់នូវ[[សន្និសិទទីក្រុងហ្សឺណែវឆ្នាំ១៩៥៤]] និងសំណើ[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស|កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីសឆ្នាំ១៩៧៣]] ទាមទារឱ្យមានបទឈប់បាញ់ជាបន្ទាន់នៅកម្ពុជានិងធ្វើការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសរដ្ឋាភិបាលតាមបែប[[ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]]វិញ។<ref>Corfield J. J., "A History of the Cambodian Non-Communist Resistance, 1975-1983." Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991, p. 9.</ref><ref>Daniel Bultmann (2015) 'Inside Cambodian Insurgency. A Sociological Perspective on Civil Wars and Conflict', Ashgate: Burlington, VT/Farnham, UK, {{ISBN|9781472443076}}.</ref> វៀតណាមបានវាយលុកចូលរដ្ឋកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យក្នុងអំឡុងខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៨ និងវាយចូល[[ភ្នំពេញ|ទីក្រុងភ្នំពេញ]]នៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩។ ភ្លាមៗនោះ [[រាជរដ្ឋាភិបាលថៃ]]បានចូលទាក់ទងជាមួយលោកសឺន សានដោយចង់គាំទ្រចលនាតស៊ូប្រឆាំងកុម្មុយនិស្តរបស់លោក។ លោកសឺន សានក៏ធ្វើដំណើរទៅ[[ទីក្រុងញូវយ៉ក]]ដើម្បីស្នើព្រះអង្គម្ចាស់[[នរោត្ដម សីហនុ]] (ខណៈពេលនោះទ្រង់កំពុងរៀបចំសេចក្តីថ្លែងការទៅកាន់[[មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]) ឱ្យដឹកនាំ រជរបខ ប៉ុន្តែព្រះអង្គសីហនុបានបដិសេធ និងថែមទាំងមិនផ្តល់ការគាំទ្រទៀតផង។<ref name="Corfield_10">Corfield J. J., "A History of the Cambodian Non-Communist Resistance, 1975-1983." Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991, p. 10.</ref> នៅខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ដៀន ដែល]] និងងួន ពិធូរិទ្ធបានធ្វើដំណើរទៅ[[ថៃ|ប្រទេសថៃ]]ដើម្បីបង្កើត [[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ]] (ក.ប.អ.រ.ជ.ខ)។ អ្នកទាំងពីរបានធ្វើដំណើរពីជំរុំមួយទៅជំរុំមួយទៀតដើម្បីបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលមេដឹកនាំតាមតំបន់នោះឱ្យចុះចូលជាមួយពួកគេ។ គិតត្រឹមពាក់កណ្តាលឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ កបអរជខ មានទាហានទាំងអស់សរុបចំនួន ១,៦០០ នាក់។<ref name="Corfield_10"/> នៅខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ លោកសឺន សានបានធ្វើដំណើរមកប្រទេសថៃជាមួយនឹងកូនៗរបស់លោក និងមនុស្សមួយចំនួនដែលមកពី[[បារាំង|ប្រទេសបារាំង]]។ រជរបខ ត្រូវបានប្រកាសមានឡើងនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែតុលា នៅឯជំរុំសុខសាន្តដែលជាជំរុំយោធាមួយស្ថិតនៅក្នុងព្រៃ[[ជួរភ្នំក្រវាញ]] និងមានចំនួនទាហានប្រមាណ ២,០០០ នាក់។<ref>Bekaert, J., "Kampuchea: The Year of the Nationalists?" Southeast Asian Affairs, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore (1983), pp. 169.</ref> ក្រៅពីនេះ រណសិរ្សរបស់លោកសឺន សាននៅមានជំរុំយោធាចំនួន ១៣ ថែមទៀតនៅពាសពេញផ្ទៃប្រទេសកម្ពុជា ដូចជា ជំរុំឃ្លាំងមឿង (កម្លាំងទាហានសរុប ៥០០ នាក់) ជំរុំពស់វែក (ដឹកនាំដោយរវសេនីយឯក ព្រំ វិត) ចលនាខ្មែរឥស្លាម ជំរុំព្រៃវែង ចលនាជាតិនិយម និងជំរុំជាច្រើនទៀត...។<ref name="Corfield_10"/> នៅខែបន្ទាប់ លោកសឺន សានបានទទួលតំណែងក្លាយជាមេដឹកនាំនៃរណសិរ្សរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ រួមជាមួយនឹងគណៈកម្មាធិការប្រតិបត្តិនិងក្រុមប្រឹក្សាយោធារណសិរ្ស។<ref>Corfield J. J., "A History of the Cambodian Non-Communist Resistance, 1975-1983." Clayton, Vic., Australia: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1991, p. 11.</ref> រជរបខ ត្រូវបានបង្កើតជាក្រុមស្តាំនិយម ប្រកាន់យកនយោបាយបែបលោកខាងលិច ជាបក្សពួកប្រឆាំងកុម្មុយនិស្តដាច់ខាត និងជាកម្លាំងចលនានយោបាយមួយដែលប្រឆាំងនឹងសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតកម្ពុជាដែលមានវៀតណាមនៅពីក្រោយ។<ref name="ReferenceA">"The Khmer People's National Liberation Front," Country Studies.</ref> [[បញ្ចីរាយនាមប្រធានាធីបតីនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិច|ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក]]លោក[[រ៉ូណល់ វីហ្កេន]]បានផ្តល់ជំនួយដល់ រជរបខ ដើម្បីបញ្ចប់ការកាន់កាប់របស់វៀតណាមនៅកម្ពុជា។<ref>[http://www.worldandi.com/specialreport/1988/february/Sa13957.htm "Cambodia at a Crossroads", by Michael Johns, ''The World and I'' magazine, February 1988.]</ref> មិនមែនមានតែ រជរបខ ទេដែលទទួលបានជំនួយពីអាមេរិក គឺរាល់ចលនាតស៊ូប្រឆាំងកុម្មុយនិស្តនៅទូទាំងពិភពលោកសុទ្ធតែទទួលបានជំនួយពីអាមេរិកទាំងអស់។<ref>[http://www.websitesrcg.com/border/documents/Refugee-Warriors-on-the-Thai-Cambodian-Border.pdf REFUGEE WARRIORS AT THE THAI-CAMBODIAN BORDER by Cortland Robinson] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135121/http://www.websitesrcg.com/border/documents/Refugee-Warriors-on-the-Thai-Cambodian-Border.pdf |date=2011-07-17 }}</ref> [[File:Flag of the Khmer Republic.svg|thumbnail|left|រជរបខ បានជ្រើសយកទង់[[សាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ]] (១៩៧០-១៩៧៥) ជាទង់របស់ចលនាខ្លួន។<br />]] == កម្លាំងនយោបាយមុនកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីស == ចាប់តាំងពីបានបង្កើតមក រជរបខ ភាគច្រើនបានពឹងផ្អែកលើជំនួយហិរញ្ញវត្ថុពីអន្តរជាតិដើម្បីជួយរក្សាជំរុំស៊ីវិលរបស់ពួកគេនិងអនុវត្តប្រតិបត្តិការយោធា។ សានគឺជាបុគ្គលដ៏សំខាន់មួយរូបសម្រាប់ការប្រមូលជំនួយហិរញ្ញវត្ថុនេះក៏ដូចជាការបង្កើនការយល់ដឹងជាអន្តរជាតិអំពីប្រយោជន៍របស់រណសិរ្សខ្លួនដែរ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៨២ លោកបានធ្វើដំណើរទៅរៃអង្គាសប្រាក់នៅ[[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]និង[[អឺរ៉ុប]]។ សានមានប្រជាប្រិយភាពខាងអាកប្បកិរិយាដ៏ទន់ភ្លន់រួមជាមួយការបន្ទាបខ្លួននិងបុគ្គលិកលក្ខណៈដែលគួរឱ្យចូលចិត្តរបស់លោក។<ref>Elizabeth Becker, "The Quiet Cambodian," The New Republic 186, no. 2 (2000): 18-19.</ref> បន្ថែមលើការធ្វើដំណើររបស់សាន រជរបខ បានចាត់ទុកខ្លួនឯងជាក្រុមមិនមែនកុម្មុយនិស្តដំបូងគេបង្អស់នៅកម្ពុជាដែលប្រឆាំងនឹង សបក។ មតិនេះបានបង្កើនឱ្យមានការគាំទ្រច្រើនឡើងៗពីសំណាក់ប្រទេសលោកខាងលិចដោយពួកគេមិនចង់ឱ្យកម្ពុជាធ្លាក់ទៅក្នុងកណ្តាប់ដៃរបស់ពួកកុម្មុយនិស្តយួន។ ដើម្បីបង្កើននូវនិន្នការនយោបាយនិងចង់ឱ្យមានការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិ រជរបខ បានចុះចូលជាមួយខ្មែរក្រហម និងរណសិរ្សបង្រួបបង្រួមជាតិដើម្បីឯករាជ្យ អព្យាក្រិត សន្តិភាព និងសហប្រតិបត្តិការកម្ពុជា ([[គណបក្សហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិច|ហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិច]]) រួមគ្នាបង្កើតបានចេញជា[[រដ្ឋាភិបាលចម្រុះកម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]] (រ.ច.ក.ប)។ ទោះជា រជរបខ និងហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិច មិនពេញចិត្តនឹងទស្សនៈនិងគោលការរបស់ខ្មែរក្រហមក្តី ក៏ពួកគេត្រូវតែបង្ខំចិត្តចុះចូលដែរដើម្បីបង្កើនការទទួលស្គាល់ពីអន្តរជាតិ។ អ្នកខ្លះជឿថាសម្ព័ន្ធភាពរវាងបីបក្សពួកនេះបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយសារតែរដ្ឋាភិបាលខ្មែរក្រហមត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយ [[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ|អសប]] ទោះបីជាសម្ព័ន្ធនេះខ្វះខាតលក្ខណៈពេញលេញសម្រាប់ការទទួលស្គាល់ក៏ដោយ។<ref>Trevor Findlay, Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 1-2.</ref> ==កម្លាំងយោធា== {{main|កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ}} ផ្នែកយោធានៃរណសិរ្សរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរគឺ[[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ]] ដែលត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងក្នុងខែមិនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ ដោយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ដៀន ដែល]] និងមានលោក[[សាក់ ស៊ុតសាខន]]ជាមេបញ្ជាការពីឆ្នាំ១៩៨១ ដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩៩២។<ref name="Tasker_22_23">Rodney Tasker,, "Up Against the Odds" Far Eastern Economic Review 131, no.3 (1986):22-23.</ref> ទោះយ៉ាងណានៅក្នុងអង្គភាពនីមួយៗ មេបញ្ជាការតែងតែមានស្វ័យភាពរៀងខ្លួនៗ ដែលធ្វើឱ្យលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍សាខនមានការលំបាកក្នុងការសម្របសម្រួលសកម្មភាពរបស់អង្គភាពនីមួយៗ។ នេះអាចនាំឱ្យមានការភាន់ច្រលំនិងអប្រសិទ្ធភាពនៅពេលមានការប្រយុទ្ធបែបទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំ។ ម៉្យាងវិញទៀត អង្គការនេះទទួលបានអត្ថប្រយោជន៍ជាទម្រង់នៃភាពបត់បែននិងចលភាពដ៏ប្រសើររបស់កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធ។ ក្រុមយោធានេះមានទំនោរក្នុងការធ្វើសកម្មភាពដោយអង្គភាពរៀងៗខ្លួន ប៉ុន្តែនៅពេលខ្លះ កបអរជខ ក៏ត្រូវចូលរួមជាមួយកងកម្លាំងផ្សេងទៀតដែរដើម្បីធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំទៅលើគោលដៅ ឬតំបន់ជាក់លាក់ណាមួយ។ ឧទាហរណ៍៖ នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៦ រចកប បានបើកការវាយប្រហារដណ្តើមបាន[[ក្រុងបាត់ដំបង]] ដែលជាក្រុងធំទីពីរនៅក្នុងប្រទេសកម្ពុជា។<ref>Rodney Tasker, "The Reality of Coalition," Far Eastern Economic Review 133, no.28 (1986): 11-12.</ref> ការធ្វើសកម្មភាពយោធាទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំរបស់ កបអរជខ ត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ បន្ទាប់ពីវៀតណាម[[ការវាយឆ្មក់របស់វៀតណាមលើព្រំដែនថៃ|បានបើកការវាយប្រហារមកលើនៅរដូវប្រាំង]]ក្នុងអំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៤–៨៥។ ការវាយឆ្មក់របស់យួននេះបានបង្កឱ្យមានការខាតបង់ជាច្រើន វាមិនមែនខាតបង់តែខាង កបអរជខ មួយនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែវាបានប៉ះពាល់ដល់ប្រទេសថៃទៀតផង។ ទោះបីជាត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ចំនួនអាវុធ និងទាហានប្រហែល ៣០% ក្តី កបអរជខ នូវតែអាចបន្តធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការនៅតាមព្រៃភ្នំបានពេញមួយអត្ថិភាពខ្លួនដដែរ។ ==វិបត្តិផ្ទៃក្នុងមុនកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីស== ដូចក្រុមបក្សពួកនយោបាយផ្សេងទៀតអញ្ចឹងដែរ រជរបខ ក៏មានចំនួនវិបត្តិផ្ទៃក្នុងគួរសមផងដែរ។ តាមប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្ត វិបត្តិផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់រណសិរ្សនេះត្រូវបានបែកចែកជាពីរធំៗ ទីមួយគឺវិបត្តិមុនកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីសឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ និងទីពីរគឺវិបត្តិក្រោយការបោះឆ្នោតឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣។ រណសិរ្សនេះត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាពីរក្រុមនៅចុងខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៥។ ក្រុមមួយគឺមានលោកសឺន សាន ប្រធានរណសិរ្សផ្ទាល់ ក្រុមពីរមានលោកសាក់ ស៊ុតសាខន ជាមេបញ្ជាការយោធានៃរណសិរ្សព្រមទាំងប្រធានបុគ្គលិកលោកដៀន ដែល និងសមាជិករណសិរ្សពីរនាក់ទៀតឈ្មោះថាអាប់ឌុល ហ្កាហ្វា, ពាង មែត និងហ៊ីង គុន្ធថន (សូមបញ្ជាក់ថាឈ្មោះអ្នកទាំងពីរនេះអាចសរសេរខុស ព្រោះឈ្មោះបុគ្គលទាំងពីរនៅក្នុងឯកសារដើមគឺបានសរសេរជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស)។ ក្រុមទីពីរ ឬហៅថា"អ្នកប្រឆាំង"បានចោទប្រកាន់លោកសានថា គ្មានឆន្ទៈក្នុងការវាយប្រហារលើទាហានយួន ទោះបីជាមានការគាំទ្រពីក្រុមទាហានរបស់សីហនុក៏ដោយ និងចេះតែចូលជ្រៀតជ្រែកក្នុងកិច្ចការយោធា។ ពួកគេក៏បានចោតប្រកាន់លោកសានថា មិនមែនជាអ្នកប្រជាធិបតេយ្យនោះទេដោយរបៀបគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រូបលោកគឺដូចជាការយកអំណាចមកសង្កត់អញ្ចឹង។<ref name="Tasker_22_23"/> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមករា ក្រុមអ្នកប្រឆាំងបានចេញសេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយដោយនិយាយថាពួកគេគឺជាអ្នកគ្រប់គ្រងថ្មីលើក្រុមរណសិរ្សនេះ។ លោកដៀន ដែល និងស៊ុតសាខនបានបង្កើតគណៈកម្មាធិការកណ្តាលនៃការស្រោចស្រង់ដែលមានមុខងារដឹកនាំរណសិរ្សទាំងមូល។ បន្ទាប់មក សានក៏បានចេញសេចក្តីជំទាស់មួយដោយនិយាយថាសកម្មភាពរបស់ដែល និងខនគឺខុសនឹងច្បាប់ ហើយប្រឆាំងនឹងស្មារតីបក្ស បើបុគ្គលទាំងពីរចង់ចុះសម្រួលជាមួយបក្សទាំងមូលនោះ អ្នកទាំងពីរនឹងត្រូវតែបញ្ឈប់សកម្មភាពទាំងនេះដែលកំពុងធ្វើឱ្យបែកបាក់សាមគ្គីភាពគ្នា។ ចំពោះលោកអាប់ឌុល និងគុន្ធថន សានជឿថាទាល់តែអ្នកទាំងពីរប្រព្រឹត្តិសកម្មភាពអ្វីមួយដែលគោរពនឹងវិន័យបក្សទើបពួកគេអាចមានសិទ្ធិចូលរួមម្តងទៀត។ សានបានបន្តទៀតថា លោកកំពុងទទួលបានការគាំទ្រយ៉ាងខ្លាំងពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក [[អាស៊ាន|សមាគមអាស៊ាន]] និងចិន។ តែទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ការឈ្លោះប្រកែកគ្នារវាងមេដឹកនាំបក្សនៅតែបន្ត ដោយសារតែគ្មានភាគីណាមួយមានអំណាចអាចយកឈ្នះលើភាគីម្ខាងទៀតបាន។ ច្រើនខែតមកទៀត អាជ្ញាធរថៃបានចាប់ផ្តើមមានការព្រួយបារម្ភអំពីបញ្ហាផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់ រជរបខ ហើយជាពិសេសគឺសមត្ថភាពរបស់ពួកគេក្នុងការវាយ សបក។ ដូច្នេះ ថៃក៏បានចាប់បង្កើតនូវគណៈកម្មាធិការយោធាបន្តោះអាសន្នមួយដែលមានសមាជិក ១០ រូបដោយមិនបានឱ្យខន និងសានដឹងនោះទេ។ គោលបំណងរបស់គណៈកម្មាធិការថ្មីនេះគឺត្រូវធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការនិងបញ្ជាកងកម្លាំងយោធា រជរបខ ប្រឆាំងនឹង សបក រហូតទាល់តែជម្លោះត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់។ សមាជិកកំពូលនៃគណៈកម្មាធិការនេះមានលោកដៀន ដែល (ខាងស៊ុតសាខន) និងលោកព្រំ វិត (ជាប្រធានគណៈបញ្ជាការថ្មីរបស់សាន)។<ref name="Tasker_22_23"/> ទីបំផុត ភាពមិនចុះសម្រុងគ្នានៃមេដឹកនាំបក្សក៏ត្រូវបានដោះស្រាយបន្ទាប់ពីមានការចូលធ្វើអន្តរាគមន៍ដោយភាគីទីបី (ថៃ)។ សានត្រូវបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យរក្សាតំណែងជាប្រធានរណសិរ្ស និងអំណាចស៊ីវិលផ្សេងៗទៀត ខណៈពេលដែលលោកស៊ុតសាខនក៏បានរក្សាតំណែងខ្លួនជាមេបញ្ជាការ កបអរជខ និងបន្តធ្វើប្រតិបត្តិការយោធារួមគ្នារវាង កបអរជខ និង[[គណបក្សហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិច|ហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិច]]។<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ប៉ុន្តែសន្តិភាពផ្ទៃក្នុងមិនបានបន្តទៅយូរទេ បន្ទាប់ពីកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត ស៊ុតសាខនបានរត់ទៅបង្កើតគណបក្សនយោបាយផ្ទាល់ខ្លួនគឺ[[គណបក្សប្រជាធិបតេយ្យសេរី (កម្ពុជា)|គណបក្សប្រជាធិបតេយ្យសេរី]]។<ref>Findlay, Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC, 3.</ref> ==អត្ថិភាពក្រោយកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីស== នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ ប្រទេស[[បារាំង]] និង[[ឥណ្ឌូនេស៊ី]]បានអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានសន្និសីទសន្តិភាពមួយអំពីសង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលនៅកម្ពុជា។ បក្សពួកនយោបាយទាំងបួននៅប្រទេសកម្ពុជាក៏បានសម្រេចចិត្តចូលរួមក្នុងសន្និសីទនេះក៏ដូចជា អសប និងប្រទេសផ្សេងៗទៀតផងដែរ (មានសហរដ្ឋ [[សហភាពសូវៀត]] [[ចិន]] និង[[សហរាជាណាចក្រ|ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស]])។ គោលបំណងនៃសន្និសីទមួយនេះគឺចង់ឱ្យមានសាមគ្គីភាព សន្តិភាព អព្យាក្រឹតភាព និងប្រជាធិបតេយ្យនៅប្រទេសកម្ពុជា។<ref>From Paris Peace Agreement, October 23, 1991.</ref> នៅខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ គ្រប់ភាគីទាំងអស់បានយល់ព្រមចុះលើកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងសន្តិភាពទីក្រុងប៉ារីស។ កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនេះបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតដែលនឹងត្រូវបានអនុម័តដោយអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣ ដើម្បីកំណត់អនាគតនៃរដ្ឋាភិបាលកម្ពុជាថ្មី។ កម្ពុជានឹងត្រូវបានពិនិត្យឃ្លាំមើលដោយ[[អាជ្ញាធរអន្តរកាលសហប្រជាជាតិនៅកម្ពុជា]] ឬហៅកាត់ថាអ៊ុនតាក់រហូតដល់ចប់ការបោះឆ្នោត។ កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងសន្តិភាពបានកំណត់ថាបក្សពួកទាំងបួនត្រូវតែសហការជាមួយអ៊ុនតាក់ដើម្បីបញ្ឈប់ជម្លោះសង្គ្រាមនៅកម្ពុជា។ ក្រុមទាំងអស់បានអនុវត្តិតាមអ៊ុនតាក់ លើកលែងតែ[[ខ្មែរក្រហម]]ទេដែលបានតវ៉ានិងមិនខ្ចីចូលរួមក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោត។ ភាពចាំបាច់ដើម្បីផ្លាស់ប្តូរពីក្រុមយោធាទៅគណបក្សនយោបាយនឹងត្រូវការសម្រួលប្តូរឈ្មោះ។ រណសិរ្សរំដោះជាតិប្រជាជនខ្មែរ ត្រូវបានប្តូរមកជា [[គណបក្សប្រជាធិបតេយ្យសេរីនិយមព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា]] (គ.ប.ស.ព.ស)។ គបសពស ត្រូវបានដឹកនាំដោយលោកសឺន សានដដែរហើយនៅក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោតដែលបានអនុម័តដោយអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣ គបសពស ដណ្តើមបាន ១០ អាសនៈលើអាសនៈសរុបចំនួន ១២០ នៅក្នុង[[រដ្ឋសភាជាតិកម្ពុជា|រដ្ឋសភា]]។<ref>Findlay, Cambodia The Legacy and Lessons of UNTAC, 84.</ref> ដោយសារតែអសមត្ថភាពនៃគណបក្សណាមួយក្នុងការឈ្នះសម្លេងភាគច្រើន គបសពស បានក្លាយជាសមាជិកជាន់ទាបនៃរដ្ឋាភិបាលចម្រុះថ្មី ដែលមានបក្សប្រជាជនកម្ពុជា និងហ៊្វុនស៊ិនប៉ិចជាសមាជិកកំពូល។ ក្នុងនាមជាសមាជិកនៃសម្ព័ន្ធភាព រដ្ឋាភិបាលនឹងត្រូវផ្តល់ឱ្យ គបសពស នូវតួនាទីមួយចំនួនក្នុងគណៈរដ្ឋមន្រ្តីចែកអំណាច និងអាចក្លាយជាសមាជិកនៃរដ្ឋសភាជាតិបាន (ឧទាហណ៍: [[អៀង មូលី]]ជារដ្ឋមន្រ្តីក្រសួងព័ត៌មានហើយលោក[[កឹម សុខា]]ជាប្រធានគណៈកម្មការសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋសភាជាតិ)។<ref name="Lee">Matthew Lee, "Divided we Fall," Far Eastern Economic Review 158, no.30 (1995): 31</ref> ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ខាងក្រៅ== (ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស) *[http://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-khmer-people's-national-liberation-front.html Background info on the KPNLF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515143900/https://www.country-studies.com/cambodia/the-khmer-people%27s-national-liberation-front.html |date=2021-05-15 }} *[http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/Ledgerwood/keywords.htm Information on BLDP political showings in the 1990s] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223173053/http://www.seasite.niu.edu/khmer/ledgerwood/KEYWORDS.HTM |date=2020-02-23 }} *[http://www.cato.org/pubs/pas/pa074.html Cambodian insurgency and U.S. relations] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050319102600/http://www.c-r.org/accord/cam/accord5/profiles.shtml Political parties in Cambodia] *[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1990/WR90/ASIA.BOU-03.htm Human Rights Watch on CGDK] {{Cambodian political parties}} {{Authority control}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ក្រុមឧទ្ទាមនៅកម្ពុជា]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ក្រុមឧទ្ទាមនៅអាស៊ី]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋនិយមនៅកម្ពុជា]] n6jutrvt66vqwiaytaglmqkcgfdywiy 0 42575 336438 335593 2026-06-09T17:20:41Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = រដ្ឋប្រហារមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០២១ | partof = [[ជម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុងនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|ជម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុងនិងវិបត្តិនយោបាយនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] | image = [[File:Aung San Suu Kyi & Min Aung Hlaing collage.jpg|300px]] | image_size = | alt = | caption = អតីតទីប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋនៃប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាលោកស្រី[[អ៊ុងសានស៊ូជី|អ៊ុងសាន ស៊ូជី]] (ឆ្វេង) និងមេដឹកនាំរដ្ឋប្រហារលោក[[មីន អ៊ុងឡាំង]] (ស្តាំ) | date = ១ កុម្ភៈ ២០២១ | place = [[មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] | result = រដ្ឋប្រហារបានទទួលជោគជ័យ * ការដឹកនាំរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីវិលត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ហើយជំនួសមកវិញនូវរបបយោធា * លោកស្រី[[អ៊ុងសានស៊ូជី|អ៊ុងសាន ស៊ូជី]] និងលោក[[វីន ម្យីន]]ត្រូវបានយោធាចាប់ខ្លួននិងដកហូតសិទ្ធិអំណាច * រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនិងសមាជិកសភាចំនួន ២៤ រូបទៀតត្រូវបានដកចេញពីតំណែង * [[សភានៃសហភាព]]ត្រូវបានរំលាយ<ref>{{cite web |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Amid Coup, Myanmar's NLD Lawmakers Form Committee to Serve as Legitimate Parliament |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/amid-coup-myanmars-nld-lawmakers-form-committee-serve-legitimate-parliament.html |website=The Irrawaddy |access-date=13 ធ្នូ 2021 |date=8 February 2021}}</ref> * ប្រកាសដាក់ប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាក្រោមស្ថានភាពអាសន្នក្នុងរយៈពេលពេញមួយឆ្នាំ * [[គណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីយោធាមីនអ៊ុងឡាំង|គណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]]ថ្មីត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង * លោក[[ម្យីន ស្វេ]]ឡើងកាន់តំណែងជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតី|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]ស្តីទី * ស្ថាប័នដឹកនាំថ្មីត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយមានឈ្មោះថា[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋបាលរដ្ឋ]] * [[បាតុកម្មមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០២១|បាតុកម្ម]]ប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលយោធាត្រូវបានផ្ទុះឡើង | combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} '''[[នយោបាយនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|រដ្ឋាភិបាលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]''' * {{flagicon image|Flag of National League for Democracy.svg}} [[គណបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធជាតិដើម្បីលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]] | combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg}} '''[[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]''' | commander1 = {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[វីន ម្យីន]] {{small|([[ប្រធានាធិបតីមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]])}}<br> {{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[អ៊ុងសានស៊ូជី|អ៊ុងសាន ស៊ូជី]]<br>{{small|([[ទីប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]])}} | commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defense (Myanmar).svg}} [[មីន អ៊ុងឡាំង]] {{small|(អង្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធ)}}<br>{{flagdeco|Myanmar}} [[ម្យីន ស្វេ]]<br>{{small|([[អនុប្រធានាធិបតីមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|អនុប្រធានធិបតីមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]])}} | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }} [[រដ្ឋប្រហារ]]នៅប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅនៅអំឡុងពេលព្រឹកប្រលឹមនៃថ្ងៃទី១ ខែកុម្ភៈបន្ទាប់ពីមានការចាប់ឃាត់ខ្លួនទីប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋគឺលោកស្រី[[អ៊ុងសានស៊ូជី|អ៊ុងសាន ស៊ូជី]] លោកប្រធានាធិបតី[[វីន ម្យីន]] និងមន្ត្រីគណបក្សកាន់អំណាចមួយចំនួនទៀតដោយ[[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]។<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Beech|first=Hannah|date=31 January 2021|title=Myanmar’s Leader, Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, Is Detained Amid Coup|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/31/world/asia/myanmar-coup-suu-kyi.html|access-date=31 January 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Mahtani |first1=Shibani |last2=Lynn |first2=Kyaw Ye |title=Myanmar military seizes power in coup after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/myanmar-aung-sun-suu-kyi-arrest/2021/01/31/c780ce6a-6419-11eb-886d-5264d4ceb46d_story.html|date=1 February 2021 |access-date=1 February 2021 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> ច្រើនម៉ោងក្រោយមក កងយោធាមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានធ្វើការប្រកាសដាក់ប្រទេសក្នុងស្ថានភាពអាសន្នរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំនិងព្រមទាំងបានថ្លែងទៀតថាអំណាចដឹកនាំប្រទេសគឺត្រូវបានប្រគល់មកឱ្យអង្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធគឺលោក[[មីន អ៊ុងឡាំង]]។ ក្រុមអ្នកធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារបានប្រកាសថាលទ្ធផលនៃការបោះឆ្នោតសកលកាលពីខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ គឺលែងមានសុពលភាពទៀតហើយ និងបានបញ្ជាក់ពីគោលបំណងរៀបចំការបោះឆ្នោតថ្មីមួយនៅពេលស្ថានភាពអាសន្នជិតផុតកំណត់។<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |last2=Diaz |first2=Jaclyn |title=Myanmar Coup: With Aung San Suu Kyi Detained, Military Takes Over Government |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/01/962758188/myanmar-coup-military-detains-aung-san-suu-kyi-plans-new-election-in-2022 |website=NPR |access-date=13 ធ្នូ 2021 |date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=8 កុម្ភៈ 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208000452/https://www.npr.org/2021/02/01/962758188/myanmar-coup-military-detains-aung-san-suu-kyi-plans-new-election-in-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="The Diplomat">{{cite web |last1=Strangio |first1=Sebastian |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Protests, Anger Spreading Rapidly in the Wake of Myanmar Coup |url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/protests-anger-spreading-rapidly-in-the-wake-of-myanmar-coup/ |website=The Diplomat |access-date=13 ធ្នូ 2021 |date=8 February 2021 |archive-date=8 កុម្ភៈ 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208065928/https://thediplomat.com/2021/02/protests-anger-spreading-rapidly-in-the-wake-of-myanmar-coup/ |url-status=live }}</ref> រដ្ឋប្រហារនេះបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងមួយថ្ងៃមុនពិធីធ្វើសច្ចាប្រណិធានរបស់សមាជិកសភាជាប់ឆ្នោតពី[[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០២០|ការបោះឆ្នោតខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០២០]]។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210201014444-5u7cm|title=Myanmar military seizes power, detains elected leader Aung San Suu Kyi|author=Reuters|date=1 February 2021|website=news.trust.org|access-date=2 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201053645/https://news.trust.org/item/20210201014444-5u7cm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/01/c_139712581.htm|title=Myanmar gov't declares 1-year state of emergency: President's Office|editor=huaxia|date=1 February 2021|website=[[Xinhua News Agency|xinhuanet]]|access-date=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201102057/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/01/c_139712581.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar Leader Aung San Suu Kyi, Others Detained by Military|url=https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/myanmar-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-others-detained-military|date=1 February 2021|website=voanews.com|publisher=VOA (Voice of America)|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២១ អតីតប្រធានាធិបតីលោកវីន ម្យីនត្រូវបានគេចោទប្រកាន់ពីបទរំលោភយុទ្ធនាការណែនាំនិងច្បាប់រឹតបន្តឹងការពារជំងឺកូវីដ-១៩ ក្រោមមាត្រា ២៥ នៃច្បាប់ស្តីពីការគ្រប់គ្រងគ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ។ ចំណែកឯលោកស្រីអ៊ុងសានស៊ូជីវិញត្រូវបានគេចោទប្រកាន់ពីបទរំលោភបំពានច្បាប់ការពារជំងឺកូវីដ-១៩ និងការនាំចូលនិងប្រើប្រាស់នូវគ្រឿងឧបករណ៍វិទ្យុនិងឧបករណ៍ទំនាក់ទំនងដោយខុសច្បាប់ ជាពិសេសគឺ ICOM ចំនួន ៦ គ្រឿងពីក្រុមសន្តិសុខរបស់លោកស្រី។<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Myat Thura|first1=|last2=Min Wathan|date=2021-02-03|title=Myanmar State Counsellor and President charged, detained for 2 more weeks|language=en-UK|work=Myanmar Times|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-state-counsellor-and-president-charged-detained-2-more-weeks.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204191912/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-state-counsellor-and-president-charged-detained-2-more-weeks.html}}</ref> ដោយមូលហេតុនេះ បុគ្គលទាំងពីរត្រូវបានគេបញ្ជូនទៅមន្ទីរឃុំឃាំងរយៈពេល ២ សប្តាហ៍។<ref>{{Cite news|last=Adange|first=Christy|date=2021-02-04|title=Myanmar Coup: Aung San Suu Kyi charged with military for “transceiver and handshake”|language=en-NZ|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://eminetra.co.nz/myanmar-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi-charged-with-military-for-transceiver-and-handshake/165536/|access-date=2021-02-04|archive-date=2021-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217063650/https://eminetra.co.nz/myanmar-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi-charged-with-military-for-transceiver-and-handshake/165536/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Quint|first=The|date=2021-02-04|title=Days After Coup, Aung San Suu Kyi Charged for Breaching Import Law|language=en-IN|work=The Quint|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/world/days-after-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi-charged-for-breaching-import-law|access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Solomon|first=Feliz|date=2021-02-03|title=After Myanmar Coup, Aung San Suu Kyi Accused of Illegally Importing Walkie Talkies|language=en-US|work=Eminetra|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-myanmar-coup-aung-san-suu-kyi-accused-of-illegally-importing-walkie-talkies-11612361563|access-date=2021-02-04|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២២ ជនស៊ីវិលភូមាចំនួន ១,៧១៩ នាក់ (រួមទាំងកុមារផង) ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់ដោយកងកម្លាំងនគរបាលជាតិឬកម្លាំងយោធា ហើយមនុស្សចំនួន ៩,៩៨៤ នាក់ត្រូវអាជ្ញាធរចាប់ឃុំឃាំង។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aappb.org/|title=AAPP Assistance Association for Political Prisoners}}</ref> លើសពីនេះទៅទៀតនោះ សមាជិក គ.ស.ជ.ប ចំនួនបីរូបបានទទួលមរណភាពខណៈកំពុងជាប់ឃុំឃាំងនៅអំឡុងខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២១<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56312147 |title=Myanmar coup: Party official dies in custody after security raids |access-date=7 March 2021 |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307130252/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56312147 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/APAC/idUSKBN2B005P?il=0|title=Second Myanmar official dies after arrest, junta steps up media crackdown|date=9 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=17 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210317031629/https://www.reuters.com/article/APAC/idUSKBN2B005P?il=0}}</ref> ហើយសកម្មជន​គាំទ្រ​លទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ​ចំនួនបួន​នាក់​ត្រូវ​បាន​របប​យោធាកាត់ទោស​ប្រហារ​ជីវិត​ក្នុងអំឡុង​ខែ​កក្កដា ឆ្នាំ​២០២២។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Paddock |first1=Richard C. |title=Myanmar Executes Four Pro-Democracy Activists, Defying Foreign Leaders |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/25/world/asia/myanmar-executions.html |access-date=20 មករា 2023 |work=The New York Times |date=25 July 2022}}</ref> ==ផ្ទៃរឿង== ប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា ឬភូមាត្រូវបានប្រឈមជាមួយនឹងអស្ថិរភាពនយោបាយចាប់តាំងពីបានទទួលឯករាជ្យពីអង់គ្លេសនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨ មកម្លេះ។ នៅរវាងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៨ និងឆ្នាំ១៩៦០ ពួកយោធាមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានបង្កើតរដ្ឋាភិបាលមួយក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់លោក[[អ៊ូ នូ]]ក្នុងគោលបំណងចង់បញ្ឈប់ជម្លោះនយោបាយក្នុងប្រទេស។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-26|title=On This Day {{!}} The Day Myanmar’s Elected Prime Minister Handed Over Power|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/on-this-day/day-myanmars-elected-prime-minister-handed-power.html|access-date=2021-02-01|website=[[The Irrawaddy]]|language=en-US}}</ref> យោធាភូមាបានសម្រេចចិត្តស្តាររដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីវិលបន្ទាប់ពីការបោះឆ្នោតសេរីមួយបានធ្វើឡើងនៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ១៩៦០|ឆ្នាំ១៩៦០]]។<ref>{{cite journal|last=Butwell|first=Richard|author2=von der Mehden, Fred|year=1960|title=The 1960 Election in Burma|journal=Pacific Affairs|publisher=Pacific Affairs, University of British Columbia|volume=33|issue=2|pages=144–157|jstor=2752941}}</ref> ពីរឆ្នាំក្រោយមកគឺនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៦២ ក្រុមយោធាភូមាបានធ្វើ[[រដ្ឋប្រហារភូមាឆ្នាំ១៩៦២|រដ្ឋប្រហារ]]ទម្លាក់រដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីវិលនោះចោលហើយខ្លួនបានឡើងកាន់អំណាចផ្តាច់មុខបន្តអស់រយៈពេលជាង ២៦ ឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Robert|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789814620147|title=General Ne Win|date=2015-05-25|publisher=ISEAS Publishing|isbn=978-981-4620-14-7}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ បាតុកម្មជាតិមួយបានផ្ទុះឡើងដែលគេតែងសម្តៅលើវាថា[[ការបះបោរ ៨៨៨៨]]។ វិបត្តិស៊ីវិលនេះបានលេចឡើងដោយសារតែការគ្រប់គ្រងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចមិនល្អពីសំណាក់រដ្ឋាភិបាលភូមាហើយប្រជាជនភូមាជាច្រើនបានទាមទារឱ្យមេដឹកនាំយោធាខ្លួនចុះចេញពីតំណែង។<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=How A Failed Uprising Set The Stage For Myanmar's Future|url=https://time.com/5360637/myanmar-8888-uprising-30-anniversary-democracy/|access-date=2021-02-01|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archivedate=2020-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919162950/https://time.com/5360637/myanmar-8888-uprising-30-anniversary-democracy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ ថ្នាក់ដឹកនាំយោធាមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានធ្វើកិច្ចប្រជុំបង្កើត[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាស្តារនិងរៀបចំសណ្តាប់ធ្នាប់រដ្ឋ]]ឡើង រួចបានប្រគល់អំណាចដឹកនាំប្រទេសមកឱ្យក្រុមប្រឹក្សានោះ។<ref name=":2" /> អ៊ុងសានស៊ូជីដែលត្រូវជាកូនស្រីរបស់បិតាប្រទេសភូមាទំនើបឈ្មោះ[[អ៊ុង សាន]] បានក្លាយជាសកម្មជនគាំទ្រលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យដ៏សំខាន់ម្នាក់។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ ការបោះឆ្នោតសេរីមួយបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅហើយជាលទ្ធផល គណបក្សរបស់លោកស្រីស៊ូជីបានឈ្នះសម្លេងគាំទ្រជាច្រើនលើសលប់។ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែបក្សពួកយោធាបានបដិសេដក្នុងការប្រគល់អំណាចឱ្យហើយទីបំផុតបានចាប់លោកស្រីដាក់ឃុំនៅក្នុងគេហដ្ឋានរបស់គាត់។<ref>{{cite web |title=Burma: 20 Years After 1990 Elections, Democracy Still Denied |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/05/26/burma-20-years-after-1990-elections-democracy-still-denied# |website=Human Rights Watch |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author-link1=Dieter Nohlen|first1=Dieter|last1=Nohlen|first2=Florian|last2=Grotz|first3=Christof|last3=Hartmann|title=Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume I|isbn=0-19-924958-X|pages=599, 611|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yan Aung |first1=Wei |title=Myanmar’s 1990 Election: Born of a Democratic Uprising, Ignored by the Military |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/elections-in-history/myanmars-1990-election-born-democratic-uprising-ignored-military.html |publisher=The Irrawaddy |date=7 October 2020 |access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> នៅចន្លោះឆ្នាំ២០១១ និងឆ្នាំ២០១៥ អន្តរកាលនៃលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យជាបណ្តោះអាសន្នត្រូវបានចាប់ដំណើរការឡើងនៅប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាហើយ[[គណបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធជាតិដើម្បីលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]]របស់លោកស្រីស៊ូជីក៏ទទួលបានជ័យជម្នះនៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០១៥|ការបោះឆ្នោតឆ្នាំ២០១៥]]។ ប៉ុន្តែយោធានូវតែរក្សាសិទ្ធិអំណាចខ្លះៗដែរដូចជាសិទ្ធិក្នុងការតែងតាំងសមាជិក ១/៤ នៅក្នុងសភាជាដើម។<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=As Myanmar opens to the world, the mess inside becomes more apparent|first=Nisid|last=Hajari|date=12 September 2017|work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/myanmars-transition |access-date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=16 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016104957/https://www.bloomberg.com/quicktake/myanmars-transition |url-status=live}}</ref> រដ្ឋប្រហារឆ្នាំ២០២១ នេះបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងក្រោយការបោះឆ្នោតសកលនាថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ ដោយក្នុងនោះគណបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធជាតិដើម្បីលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យបានឈ្នះអាសនៈចំនួន ៣៩៦ លើចំនួនអាសនៈសរុបគឺ ៤៧៦ នៅក្នុងសភាដែលត្រូវជាជ័យជម្នះដ៏លើសលប់មួយបើប្រៀបធៀបទៅនឹងការបោះឆ្នោតពីឆ្នាំ២០១៥។ រីឯគណបក្សតំណាងយោធាគឺ[[គណបក្សសាមគ្គីភាពនិងអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សហភាព]]វិញបានដណ្តើមបានតែ ៣៣ អាសនៈតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name=":0" /> យោធាបានជំទាស់នឹងលទ្ធផលការបោះឆ្នោតដោយអះអាងថាការបោះឆ្នោតនោះគឺមានការក្លែងបន្លំ។ ការប៉ុនប៉ងធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារពីសំណាក់យោធាភូមាក្រោយការបោះឆ្នោតបានក្លាយជាប្រធានបទមួយដ៏ក្តៅកគុកនៅក្នុងបណ្តាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយព័ត៌មានអន្តរជាតិហើយវាបានបង្កើតឱ្យមានការព្រួយបារម្ភពីប្រទេសលោកខាងលិចមួយចំនួនដូចជា [[សហរាជាណាចក្រ|អង់គ្លេស]] [[បារាំង]] និង[[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]ជាដើម។<ref name=":0" /> ==ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍== អ្នកនាំពាក្យគណបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធជាតិដើម្បីលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យបានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា លោកស្រីស៊ូជី លោកវីន ម្យីន លោក[[ហាន ថាម្យីន]] និងថ្នាក់ដឹកនាំបក្សដទៃទៀតត្រូវបានក្រុមយោធាភូមាចាប់ខ្លួននៅអំឡុងវេលាព្រឹកប្រលឹមនៃថ្ងៃទី១ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២១។<ref name=":1" /> បណ្តាញទំនាក់ទំនងជាច្រើនត្រូវបានផ្តាច់លែងឱ្យដំណើរការ បណ្តាញទូរស័ព្ទទៅកាន់រដ្ឋធានី[[ណៃពិដោ]]ត្រូវបានកាត់ផ្តាច់ ចំណែកឯបណ្តាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយរបស់រដ្ឋគឺ [[ទូរទស្សន៍និងវិទ្យុមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|MRTV]] បាននិយាយថាខ្លួនមិនអាចផ្សព្វផ្សាយអ្វីបាននោះទេដោយសារតែមូលហេតុ"បញ្ហាបច្ចេកទេស"<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last=Foundation|first=Thomson Reuters|title=Aung San Suu Kyi and other leaders arrested, party spokesman says|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210131230656-kkg7f|access-date=1 February 2021|website=news.trust.org|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201003325/https://news.trust.org/item/20210131230656-kkg7f|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201003325/https://news.trust.org/item/20210131230656-kkg7f}}</ref> ហើយប្រព័ន្ធអ៊ិនធឺណេតវិញបានឈប់ដំណើរនៅវេលាម៉ោង ៣:០០ ទាបភ្លឺ។<ref>{{cite web|date=31 January 2021|title=Internet disrupted in Myanmar amid apparent military uprising|url=https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6|access-date=1 February 2021|website=NetBlocks|language=en-US|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201002842/https://netblocks.org/reports/internet-disrupted-in-myanmar-amid-apparent-military-uprising-JBZrmlB6|url-status=live}}</ref> គេឃើញមានទាហានជាច្រើនបានចុះមកឈរជើងនៅឯរដ្ឋធានីណៃពិដោហើយនិងទីក្រុងធំបំផុតគឺក្រុង[[យ៉ាំងហ្គូន]]។<ref>{{cite news|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar's Aung San Suu Kyi 'detained by military', NLD party says|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882489|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131232954/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882489|url-status=live}}</ref> ក្រោយបន្តិចមក [[ទូរទស្សន៍ម្យ៉ាវ៉ាទ័យ|ទូរទស្សន៍យោធាភូមា]]បានចេញផ្សាយថាខ្លួនបានដាក់ប្រទេសក្រោមស្ថានភាពអាសន្នក្នុងរយៈពេលពេញមួយឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{cite news|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar military says it is taking control of the country|url=https://apnews.com/article/aung-san-suu-kyi-myanmar-dda3d013897e14d5d0bd44d19eac9cd1|access-date=1 February 2021|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> សេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយដែលចុះហត្ថលេខាដោយប្រធានាធិបតីស្តីទីគឺលោក[[ម្យីន ស្វេ]]បានថ្លែងថា"អំណាចនីតិប្បញ្ញត្តិ រដ្ឋបាល និងយុត្តិធម៌"ត្រូវបានប្រគល់ទៅឱ្យលោកមីន អ៊ុងឡាំង។<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar military stages coup, declares state of emergency for a year|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/international/world-news-politics/myanmar-military-stages-coup-declares-state-of-emergency-for-a-year-945864.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> កិច្ចប្រជុំរបស់[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខនិងការពារជាតិ]]ដែលដឹកនាំដោយប្រធានាធិបតីស្តីទីលោកម្យីន ស្វេនិងមានការចូលរួមពីសំណាក់មន្ត្រីយោធាជាន់ខ្ពស់ដទៃទៀតត្រូវបានធ្វើឡើងហើយក្រោយមកមានសេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយបានចេញដោយយោធាថាការបោះឆ្នោតថ្មីនឹងត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងហើយអំណាចនឹងត្រូវផ្ទេរបន្តបន្ទាប់ពីចប់ការបោះឆ្នោតថ្មីនោះ។<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar to clarify voter fraud, hold new round of elections|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-clarify-voter-fraud-hold-new-round-elections.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=[[The Myanmar Times]]|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201060130/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-clarify-voter-fraud-hold-new-round-elections.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Military blocked Mandalay Region Government Office.jpg|thumb|ការបិទផ្លូវទៅកាន់ការិយាល័យ[[រដ្ឋាភិបាលតំបន់ម៉ាន់ដាលី]]។]] ក្រោយរដ្ឋប្រហារ យោធាបានបញ្ជាឱ្យសមាជិកធនាគារទាំងអស់ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមសមាគមធនាគារមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឱ្យផ្អាកសេវាកម្មហិរញ្ញវត្ថុរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Telecommunications disruptions shut down Myanmar banks|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/telecommunications-disruptions-shut-down-myanmar-banks.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=[[The Myanmar Times]]|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201075108/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/telecommunications-disruptions-shut-down-myanmar-banks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> កងយោធាថែមទាំងប្រកាសទៀតថាខ្លួនបានដកមន្ត្រីនិងសមាជិកតំណាងរដ្ឋាភិបាលចំនួន ២៤ រូប ហើយបានតែងតាំងសមាជិកជំនួសបាន ១១ រូប។<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control|language=en-GB|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882489|access-date=1 February 2021}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២១ មីន អ៊ុងឡាំងបានបង្កើត[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋបាលរដ្ឋ]]មួយដែលមានសមាជិកចំនួន ១១ រូប ហើយក្រុមប្រឹក្សានេះមានតួនាទីជាគណៈអភិបាលប្រតិបត្តិ។<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတမြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော် တပ်မတော်ကာကွယ်ရေးဦးစီးချုပ်ရုံး အမိန့်အမှတ်(၉/၂၀၂၁) ၁၃၈၂ ခုနှစ်၊ ပြာသိုလပြည့်ကျော် ၆ ရက် ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ်၊ ဖေဖော်ဝါရီလ ၂ ရက်|url=http://dsinfo.org/node/957|url-status=dead|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2 February 2021|website=Tatmadaw Information Team|language=my|archivedate=6 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206000142/http://dsinfo.org/node/957}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 February 2021|title=Myanmar military announces new State Administrative Council|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-military-announces-new-state-administrative-council.html|access-date=2 February 2021|website=The Myanmar Times|archivedate=3 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131316/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-military-announces-new-state-administrative-council.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==ប្រតិកម្ម== ===ប្រតិកម្មក្នុងស្រុក=== ====បាតុកម្ម==== កិច្ចប្រឹងប្រែងតស៊ូស៊ីវិលប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារយោធាបានផ្ទុះឡើងភ្លាមៗនៅក្នុងប្រទេសដោយមានលក្ខណៈទម្រង់ខុសៗគ្នាមានដូចជា ការមិនគោរពរដ្ឋប្បវេណី ការធ្វើកូដកម្មការងារ ការធ្វើពហិការយោធា ចលនាគោះឆ្នាំង យុទ្ធនាការបដ្តិកាក្រហម ការធ្វើបាតុកម្មសាធារណៈ និងការទទួលស្គាល់ជាទូទៅពីសំណាក់ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋចំពោះលទ្ធផលនៃការបោះឆ្នោតដោយតំណាងអ្នកជាប់ឆ្នោត។ល។ ការលើកម្រាមដៃបីត្រូវបានបាតុករប្រើប្រាស់ជារឿយៗនៅក្នុងបាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារនេះ។<ref>{{cite web|author1=AP|author2=ABC News (Australia)|date=Feb 5, 2021|title=Myanmar blocks Facebook as resistance grows to military coup|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-05/myanmar-blocks-facebook-as-resistance-grows-to-military-coup/13124148|access-date=5 February 2021|website=ABC News (Australia)|language=English}}</ref> ចម្រៀងមួយបទចំណងជើងថា"[[កាបាម៉ាកយេប៊ូ]]" (ကမ္ဘာမကျေဘူး) ដែលជាចម្រៀងដ៏និយមមួយនាអំឡុងកាល[[ការបះបោរ ៨៨៨៨]] ត្រូវបានចលនាមិនគោរពរដ្ឋប្បវេណីលើកមកចាក់ឡើងវិញជាចម្រៀងបាតុកម្ម។<ref name=":23">{{Cite web|date=2018-08-09|title=Songwriter Who Provided ‘Theme Song’ to 8888 Uprising Finally Honored|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/songwriter-provided-theme-song-8888-uprising-finally-honored.html|access-date=2021-02-04|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Protesters riding Motorcycles in Mandalay after 2021 Myanmar coup.jpg|thumb|ក្រុមបាតុករកំពុងហែលហមនៅក្បែរស្ថានីយ៍រថភ្លើងម៉ង់ដាឡេ។]] ក្រោយពីរដ្ឋប្រហារបានសម្រេចមក ប្រជាពលរដ្ឋនៅតាមទីប្រជុំជននានាដូចជាទីក្រុង[[យ៉ាំងហ្គូន]]ជាដើម បាននាំគ្នាចេញមកគោះឆ្នាំងខ្ទះរៀងរាល់ពេលល្ងាច។ បើយោងទៅតាមប្រពៃណីនិងវប្បធម៌ភូមា ការគោះឆ្នាំងខ្ទះនាវេលាល្ងាចបែបនេះគឺតែងតែធ្វើឡើងនៅក្នុងពិធីប្រដេញពួកអសុរកាយចេញពីកន្លែងឬតំបន់ណាមួយ។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Myanmar coup: army blocks Facebook access as civil disobedience grows|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/04/myanmar-coup-army-blocks-facebook-access-as-civil-disobedience-grows|access-date=2021-02-04|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Reuters Staff|date=2 February 2021|title=Anti-coup protests ring out in Myanmar's main city|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics/anti-coup-protests-ring-out-in-myanmars-main-city-idUSKBN2A139S|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131442/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics/anti-coup-protests-ring-out-in-myanmars-main-city-idUSKBN2A139S|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=3 February 2021|website=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar coup latest: UN Security Council stops short of issuing statement|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-coup-latest-UN-Security-Council-stops-short-of-issuing-statement|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203015938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-coup-latest-UN-Security-Council-stops-short-of-issuing-statement|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203015938/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-coup-latest-UN-Security-Council-stops-short-of-issuing-statement}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែកុម្ភៈ បុគ្គលិកសុខាភិបាលនិងមន្រ្តីរាជការទូទាំងប្រទេសបាននាំគ្នាធ្វើយុទ្ធនាការមិនគោរពរដ្ឋប្បវេណីជាតិដើម្បីប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារដោយក្នុងនោះមានបុគ្គលិកមកពីមន្ទីរពេទ្យនិងស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋរាប់សិបនាក់បានចាប់ផ្តើមការធ្វើកូដកម្មការងារ។<ref>{{cite web|date=2 February 2021|title=Nay Pyi Taw, Mandalay healthcare staff to join 'Civil Disobedience Campaign'|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/nay-pyi-taw-mandalay-healthcare-staff-join-civil-disobedience-campaign.html|access-date=2 February 2021|website=The Myanmar Times|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131330/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/nay-pyi-taw-mandalay-healthcare-staff-join-civil-disobedience-campaign.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=3 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131330/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/nay-pyi-taw-mandalay-healthcare-staff-join-civil-disobedience-campaign.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2 February 2021|title=Myanmar Medics Prepare Civil Disobedience Against Military Rule|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-medics-prepare-civil-disobedience-military-rule.html|access-date=2 February 2021|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131324/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-medics-prepare-civil-disobedience-military-rule.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":8" /><ref>{{cite web |author1=Matthew Tostevin |author2=Grant McCool |author3=Stephen Coates |title=Myanmar doctors stop work to protest coup as UN considers response |url=https://www.afr.com/world/asia/myanmar-doctors-stop-work-to-protest-coup-as-un-considers-response-20210203-p56z7z |website=Financial Review |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 3, 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131358/https://www.afr.com/world/asia/myanmar-doctors-stop-work-to-protest-coup-as-un-considers-response-20210203-p56z7z |url-status=live }}</ref> យុទ្ធនាការនៅលើបណ្តាញហ្វេសប៊ុកមួយដែលមានឈ្មោះថា"ចលនាមិនគោរពរដ្ឋប្បវេណី" (Civil Disobediance Movement) បានទាក់ទាញអ្នកគាំទ្រ (Followers) រហូតដល់ទៅ ១០០,០០០ នាក់បន្ទាប់ពីវាចាប់ដំណើរការឡើងនៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែកុម្ភៈ។<ref name=":8" /> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែកុម្ភៈ បុគ្គលិកសុខាភិបាលដែលមកពីមន្ទីរពេទ្យនិងភ្ញាក់ងារសុខភាពចំនួន ១១០ កន្លែង<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Myanmar’s Medics Launch Civil Disobedience Campaign Against Coup|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-medics-launch-civil-disobedience-campaign-coup.html|access-date=2021-02-04|website=The Irrawaddy|language=en-US}}</ref> បានចូលរួមនៅក្នុងចលនាមួយនេះ។<ref name=":11" /> កុបកម្មការងារមិនត្រឹមតែផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុងផ្នែកសុខាភិបាលតែប៉ុណ្ណោះទេ វាក៏បានរីករាលដល់សេវាស៊ីវិលផ្សេងៗផងដែរមានដូចជា ក្រសួងកម្រិតសហភាពនិងសកលវិទ្យាល័យ និងរួមទាំងក្រុមហ៊ុនឯកជនផ្សេងៗទៀតផងដូចជា រោងចក្រ ស្ថានីយ៍អណ្តូងរ៉ែ ក្រុមនិស្សិត និងក្រុមយុវជនជាដើម។<ref>{{Cite web|title=UN Security Council calls for release of Myanmar’s Suu Kyi, Biden tells generals to go|url=https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/un-security-council-calls-for-release-of-myanmars-suu-kyi-biden-tells-generals-to-go|access-date=2021-02-07|website=Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd|language=en}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែកុម្ភៈ បុគ្គលិកសុខាភិបាលបាននាំគ្នាផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការ[[បដ្តិកាក្រហម]] (ဖဲကြိုးနီလှုပ်ရှားမှု) ដោយពណ៌ក្រហមត្រូវជាពណ៌តំណាងឱ្យគណបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធជាតិដើម្បីលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ។<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-03|title=Myanmar medics lead sprouting civil disobedience calls after coup|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/myanmar-doctors-medics-civil-disobedience-calls-activists-14103732|url-status=dead|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-06|website=CNA|language=en|archivedate=2021-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614233046/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/myanmar-doctors-medics-civil-disobedience-calls-activists-14103732}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-02-03|title=“ဖဲကြိုးနီ လှုပ်ရှားမှု”ကို ထောက်ခံကြောင်း ပြသခဲ့တဲ့ နီနီခင်ဇော်|url=https://burma.irrawaddy.com/lifestyle/entertainment/2021/02/03/237569.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-06|website=ဧရာဝတီ|language=my}}</ref> បដ្តិកាក្រហមនេះត្រូវបានមន្ត្រីរាជការនិងកម្មករនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសទទួលយកប្រើប្រាស់ជាសញ្ញាប្រឆាំងនឹងរបបយោធា។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=NLD backs anti-coup campaign as civil servants rally in Nay Pyi Taw|url=https://www.frontiermyanmar.net/en/nld-backs-anti-coup-campaign-as-civil-servants-rally-in-nay-pyi-taw/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Frontier Myanmar|language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:Protest against military coup (9 Feb 2021, Hpa-An, Kayin State, Myanmar) (3).jpg|thumb|left|ជួរគ្រូបង្រៀនដែលកំពុងដើរបាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែកុម្ភៈដដែរនោះ មានចលនាមួយថ្មីទៀតបានលេចឡើងដោយមានឈ្មោះថា យុទ្ធនាការ"បញ្ឈប់ការទិញអជីវកម្មរបស់យោធា"ដោយក្រុមបាតុករបានធ្វើការអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការធ្វើពហិការផលិតផលនិងសេវាកម្មណាដែលជាប់ទាក់ទងជាមួយយោធា។<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Myanmar calls for boycott of Tatmadaw linked products and services|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-calls-boycott-tatmadaw-linked-products-and-services.html|access-date=2021-02-03|website=The Myanmar Times|archivedate=2021-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221154215/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-calls-boycott-tatmadaw-linked-products-and-services.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> សាធារណជនជាច្រើនបានចេញមុខធ្វើបាតុកម្មភ្លាមៗក្រោយពីបានដឹងឮរឿងរដ្ឋប្រហារទម្លាក់រដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីវិលរបស់ពួកគេ។ នៅថ្ងៃរដ្ឋប្រហារគឺថ្ងៃទី២ ខែកុម្ភៈ អ្នកក្រុងរ៉ាំងហ្គូនបានប្រមូលផ្តុំគ្នាជាក្រុមនៅវេលាម៉ោង ៨ យប់ដោយពួកគេបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យយោធាចុះចេញពីតំណែងនិងសុំដោះលែងលោកស្រីស៊ូជីមកវិញ។<ref>{{Cite web|title=စစ်အာဏာသိမ်းမှုကို အနုနည်းအာဏာဖီဆန်မှု တချို့ရှိလာခြင်း|url=https://burmese.voanews.com/a/myanmar-civil-disobedience-movement-/5762587.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131338/https://burmese.voanews.com/a/myanmar-civil-disobedience-movement-/5762587.html|archive-date=3 February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02|website=ဗွီအိုအေ|language=my}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រជាជនភូមាចំនួន ៣០ នាក់បានធ្វើបាតុកម្មនៅមុខ[[សកលវិទ្យាល័យវិជ្ជសាស្ត្រ (ម៉ង់ដាឡេ)|សកលវិទ្យាល័យវិជ្ជសាស្ត្រ]]នៅទីក្រុងម៉ង់ដាឡេហើយជាលទ្ធផល មនុស្សចំនួនបួននាក់ត្រូវបានសមត្ថកិច្ចចាប់ខ្លួន។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-04|title=Mandalay citizens protest against Tatmadaw rule|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mandalay-citizens-protest-against-tatmadaw-rule.html|access-date=2021-02-04|website=The Myanmar Times|archivedate=2021-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204113803/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/mandalay-citizens-protest-against-tatmadaw-rule.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Four arrested in Mandalay after street protest against military coup|url=https://www.myanmar-now.org/en/news/four-arrested-in-mandalay-after-street-protest-against-military-coup|access-date=2021-02-04|website=Myanmar NOW|language=en}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែកុម្ភៈ បាតុករចំនួន ២០,០០០ បានធ្វើបាតុកម្មនៅតាមដងផ្លូវមួយនៅក្នុងទីក្រុងយ៉ាំងហ្គូនដោយអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការដោះលែងលោកស្រីស៊ូជី។<ref name="AJE_6Feb_protestors_standoff" /> ====ការផ្តាច់បណ្តាញអ៊ីនធឺណេត==== នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រតិបត្តិករទូរគមនាគមន៍និងអ្នកផ្តល់សេវាអ៊ីនធឺណិតទូទាំងប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាត្រូវបានយោធាបញ្ជាឱ្យបិទកម្មវិធី[[ហ្វេសប៊ុក]]រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែកុម្ភៈដើម្បីធានានូវ"ស្ថេរភាពរបស់ប្រទេស"។<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Reuters|date=2021-02-03|title=Myanmar internet providers block Facebook services after government order|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-facebook-idUSKBN2A32ZE|access-date=2021-02-04}}</ref> [[ប្រៃសណីយ៍និងទូរគមនាគមន៍មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|ប.ទ.ម.]] ដែលជាក្រុមហ៊ុនប្រៃសណីយ៍របស់រដ្ឋបានសម្រេចបិទសេវាកម្មវិធីផ្ញើសាររបស់ហ្វេសប៊ុក [[អ៊ីនស្តាក្រាម]] និង[[វ័តស៍អាប]] រីឯក្រុមហ៊ុន[[តេឡេណ័រមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]វិញបានបិទតែកម្មវិធីហ្វេសប៊ុកតែមួយគត់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Directive to block social media service|url=https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-service/|access-date=2021-02-04|website=Telenor Group|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205103134/https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-service/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":15" /> ចាប់តាំងពីរដ្ឋប្រហារបានបញ្ចប់មក ប្រជាជនមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានប្រើប្រាស់ហ្វេសប៊ុកដើម្បីរៀបចំធ្វើកូដកម្មការងារ យុទ្ធនាការមិនគោរពរដ្ឋប្បវេណី និងការធ្វើពហិការផលិតផលរបស់យោធាជាដើម។<ref name=":15" /> ក្រោយពីបណ្តាញហ្វេសប៊ុកត្រូវបានរដ្ឋាភិបាលបិទជាបណ្តោះអាសន្ន ប្រជាជនភូមាបាននាំគ្នាចាប់ប្រើប្រាស់បណ្តាញ[[ធ្វិតថឺរ]]វិញដោយពួកគេបានបង្ហោះប៉ុស្តិ៍ដោយសរសេរដាក់សញ្ញាទ្រុងជ្រូកនៅពីមុខដូចជា #RespectOurVotes, #HearTheVoiceofMyanmar, និង #SaveMyanmar។<ref>{{Cite news|last=Potkin|first=Fanny|date=2021-02-05|title=After Facebook ban, thousands in Myanmar take to Twitter to plead #RespectOurVotes|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-twitter-idUSKBN2A5189|access-date=2021-02-06}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែកុម្ភៈ រដ្ឋាភិបាលថ្មីបានបិទបណ្តាញផ្សព្វផ្សាយជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ទៀតដូចជា អ៊ីនស្តាក្រាម និងធ្វិតថឺរជាដើម។<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar’s new military government is now blocking Twitter and Instagram|url=https://social.techcrunch.com/2021/02/05/myanmar-military-government-is-now-blocking-twitter/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=មិថុនា 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Directive to block social media services Twitter and Instagram in Myanmar|url=https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-services-twitter-and-instagram-in-myanmar/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Telenor Group|language=en|archivedate=2021-12-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205103134/https://www.telenor.com/directive-to-block-social-media-services-twitter-and-instagram-in-myanmar/|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅព្រឹកថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែកុម្ភៈ អាជ្ញាធរយោធាបានកាត់ផ្តាច់ប្រព័ន្ធអ៊ីនធឺណេតនៅទូទាំងប្រទេស។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-06|title=Myanmar junta blocks internet access as coup protests expand|url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-myanmar-media-social-media-yangon-e7765d3459d386219ee1dca8ad1e089c|access-date=2021-02-06|website=AP NEWS}}</ref> ====ប្រតិកម្មខាងពាណិជ្ជកម្ម==== ក្រុមហ៊ុនអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សេដ្ឋកិច្ចធំបំផុតរបស់ប្រទេស[[ថៃ]]ដែលមានឈ្មោះថា[[សាជីវកម្មអាម៉ាតា|អាម៉ាតា]]បានបញ្ឈប់ការវិនិយោគតម្លៃ ១ លានដុល្លាររបស់ពួកគេនៅទីក្រុងយ៉ាំងហ្គូនដែលជាការឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារ។<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Thailand's Amata halts $1bn Myanmar property project after coup|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Thailand-s-Amata-halts-1bn-Myanmar-property-project-after-coup|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203020504/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Thailand-s-Amata-halts-1bn-Myanmar-property-project-after-coup|url-status=dead|archivedate=2021-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203020504/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Thailand-s-Amata-halts-1bn-Myanmar-property-project-after-coup}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai developer invests $1bn to put Myanmar industry on global map|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Thai-developer-invests-1bn-to-put-Myanmar-industry-on-global-map|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201132726/https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Thai-developer-invests-1bn-to-put-Myanmar-industry-on-global-map|url-status=live}}</ref> ក្រុមហ៊ុន[[ស៊ូស៊ូគិ|ម៉ូតូស៊ូស៊ូគិ]]ដែលជាក្រុមហ៊ុនផលិតទោចក្រយានយន្តធំជាងគេនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានប្រកាសឈប់បើកដំណើរការក្នុងស្រុកក្រោយពីដំណឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារបានផ្ទុះឮ។<ref name=":9" /> [[ផ្សារភាគហ៊ុនយ៉ាំងហ្គូន]]បានផ្អាកដំណើរការចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី១ ខែកុម្ភៈមកម្លេះ។<ref name=":9" /> ទីផ្សារអចលនៈទ្រព្យរបស់ប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាបានធ្លាក់ចុះដុនដាបយ៉ាងខ្លាំងដែលជាលទ្ធផលនៃការធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារដោយកិច្ចការជំនួញលក់និងទិញបានធ្លាក់ចុះជិត ១០០%។<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-05|title=Myanmar's real estate sector crashes|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmars-real-estate-sector-crashes.html|access-date=2021-02-05|website=The Myanmar Times|archivedate=2021-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205065856/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmars-real-estate-sector-crashes.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែកុម្ភៈ ក្រុមហ៊ុនប្រេងចម្រុះ[[តូតាល់ (សហគ្រាស)|តូតាល់]]របស់បារាំងបានប្រកាសថាខ្លួនកំពុងតែវិភាគនូវគុណសម្បត្តិនិងគុណវិបត្តិនៃរដ្ឋប្រហារយោធាមកលើប្រតិបត្តិការនិងគម្រោងរបស់ខ្លួនក្នុងប្រទេស។<ref>{{Cite news|last=Staff|first=Reuters|date=2021-02-04|title=Total assessing impact of Myanmar coup on its projects|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-total-int-idUSKBN2A4120|access-date=2021-02-07}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែកុម្ភៈ [[ក្រុមហ៊ុនគីរីន]]បានបញ្ចប់ការបណ្តាក់ទុនរួមគ្នាជាមួយ[[ក្រុមហ៊ុនសេដ្ឋកិច្ចហូលឌីងលីមីធីតមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]ដែលគ្រប់គ្រងដោយយោធា។<ref>{{cite web |author1=Erin Handley |title=Kirin, parent company of Australian beer company Lion, cuts ties with Myanmar military after coup |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-02-05/myanmar-kirin-parent-company-lion-cuts-ties-military-coup/13125778 |website=ABC (Australian Broadcasting Network) |access-date=10 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Ben Doherty |author2=Ben Butler |title=Kirin beer company cuts brewery ties with Myanmar military over coup |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/05/kirin-beer-company-cuts-brewery-ties-with-myanmar-military-over-coup |website=The Guardian |access-date=10 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 5, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Japan's Kirin ends Myanmar beer tie-up with army-owned partner after coup|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20210205070108-ktqjw/|url-status=dead|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-02-08|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|archivedate=2021-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205091809/http://news.trust.org/item/20210205070108-ktqjw/}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ លោក[[មីន អ៊ុងឡាំង]]បានធ្វើសុន្ទរកថាមួយតាមកញ្ចក់ទូរទស្សន៍ក្នុងបំណងចង់បន្ថូរបំបាត់ការព្រួយបារម្ភអំពីបរិយាកាសវិនិយោគបរទេសនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា។<ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar junta chief Min Aung Hlaing says this coup is 'different'|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-junta-chief-Min-Aung-Hlaing-says-this-coup-is-different|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Nikkei Asia|language=en-GB|archivedate=2021-02-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209073807/https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Coup/Myanmar-junta-chief-Min-Aung-Hlaing-says-this-coup-is-different|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ប្រតិកម្មអន្តរជាតិ=== [[File:Reacció al cop d'estat de Myanmar de 2021.svg|thumb|{{legend|#0000ff|មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា}}{{legend|#4daf4a|រដ្ឋដែលថ្កោលទោសរដ្ឋប្រហារ}}{{legend|#80c87d|រដ្ឋដែលមានការព្រួយបារម្ភទៅនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារ}}{{legend|#fee000|រដ្ឋអព្យាក្រឹត}}{{legend|#c0c0c0|រដ្ឋដែលគ្មានមតិ}}]] [[File:Protesters demanding Aung San Suu Kyi's release at Kasumigaseki, Tokyo after the February 2021 Myanmar coup.jpg|thumb|បាតុករប្រមាណ ៣,០០០ នាក់នៅឯទីក្រុង[[តូក្យូ]] ប្រទេស[[ជប៉ុន]] កំពុងអំពាវនាវទាមទារឱ្យដោះលែងលោកស្រីស៊ូជី។<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14162323|title=3,000 Myanmar protesters rally in Tokyo for Suu Kyi’s release|website=The Asahi Shimbun|access-date=2021-02-05|archivedate=2021-02-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204095353/http://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14162323|url-status=dead}}</ref>]] ប្រទេសជាច្រើនដូចជា [[បង់ក្លាដែស]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh wants democratic process upheld in Myanmar|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-east-asia/2021/02/01/military-coup-in-myanmar-not-necessarily-to-affect-rohingya-repatriation|access-date=1 February 2021|work=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|publisher=2A Media Limited.|date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201063550/https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-east-asia/2021/02/01/military-coup-in-myanmar-not-necessarily-to-affect-rohingya-repatriation|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ចិន]]<ref>{{cite web|title=China 'notes' Myanmar coup, hopes for stability|publication-place=REUTERS|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-china/china-notes-myanmar-coup-hopes-for-stability-idUSKBN2A11P2?il=0|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131344/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-politics-china/china-notes-myanmar-coup-hopes-for-stability-idUSKBN2A11P2?il=0|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ឥណ្ឌា]]<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Deeply concerned by developments in Myanmar, says India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deeply-concerned-by-developments-in-myanmar-says-india/articleshow/80623041.cms|access-date=1 February 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182036/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/deeply-concerned-by-developments-in-myanmar-says-india/articleshow/80623041.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Indonesia Urges All Parties in Myanmar to Exercise Self-Restraint|url=https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/2118/siaran_pers/indonesia-urges-all-parties-in-myanmar-to-exercise-self-restraint|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia]]|accessdate=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182046/https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/2118/siaran_pers/indonesia-urges-all-parties-in-myanmar-to-exercise-self-restraint|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ម៉ាឡេស៊ី]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Release: Latest Situation in Myanmar|url=https://twitter.com/MalaysiaMFA/status/1356122970159104000|publisher=[[ក្រសួងការបរទេស (ម៉ាឡេស៊ី)]]|accessdate=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182040/https://twitter.com/MalaysiaMFA/status/1356122970159104000|url-status=live}}</ref> [[ប៉ាគីស្ថាន]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan hopes from all sides in Myanmar to be restraint, work for peace: Zahid Hafeez|url=https://www.radio.gov.pk/01-02-2021/pakistan-hopes-from-all-sides-in-myanmar-to-be-restraint-work-for-peace-zahid-hafeez|access-date=1 February 2021|website=www.radio.gov.pk|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201144030/https://www.radio.gov.pk/01-02-2021/pakistan-hopes-from-all-sides-in-myanmar-to-be-restraint-work-for-peace-zahid-hafeez|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201144030/https://www.radio.gov.pk/01-02-2021/pakistan-hopes-from-all-sides-in-myanmar-to-be-restraint-work-for-peace-zahid-hafeez}}</ref> [[ហ្វីលីពីន]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lee-Brago |first1=Pia |title=Philippines following Myanmar situation with deep concern |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/02/03/2074984/philippines-following-myanmar-situation-deep-concern |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=Philstar.com |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131356/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2021/02/03/2074984/philippines-following-myanmar-situation-deep-concern |url-status=live }}</ref> [[កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210201009200325|title=S. Korea expresses concerns over Myanmar coup|website=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=1 February 2021|accessdate=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201100350/https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20210201009200325|url-status=live}}</ref> និង[[សិង្ហបុរី]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2021/02/20210201-Myanmar|title=MFA Spokesperson's Comments in Response to Media Queries on the Detention of Myanmar Leaders and Officials|date=1 February 2021|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182043/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2021/02/20210201-Myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> បានសម្តែងពីក្ដីព្រួយបារម្ភចំពោះរដ្ឋប្រហារនៅមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាហើយប្រទេសខាងលើថែមទាំងបានជំរុញឱ្យភាគីទាំងសងខាងចូលចរចាគ្នាដោយសន្តិវិធីទៀតផង។ រីឯប្រទេសមួយចំនួនទៀតដូចជា [[អូស្ត្រាលី]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tillett |first1=Andrew |title=Australia joins global condemnation of Myanmar generals |url=https://www.afr.com/world/asia/myanmar-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-detained-20210201-p56ycy |website=Financial Review |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 1, 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201020736/https://www.afr.com/world/asia/myanmar-leader-aung-san-suu-kyi-detained-20210201-p56ycy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Statement on Myanmar|url=https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/statement-myanmar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201093854/https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/statement-myanmar|archive-date=1 February 2021|access-date=|website=Minister for Foreign Affairs – Minister for Women – Senator the Hon Marise Payne|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201093854/https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/marise-payne/media-release/statement-myanmar}}</ref> [[កាណាដា]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cultmtl.com/2021/02/justin-trudeau-on-myanmar-the-democratic-process-must-be-respected/|title=Justin Trudeau on Myanmar: “The democratic process must be respected”|date=2 February 2021|website=Cult MTL|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131331/https://cultmtl.com/2021/02/justin-trudeau-on-myanmar-the-democratic-process-must-be-respected/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[បារាំង]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/myanmar-aung-san-suu-kyi-072052284.html|title=France calls on Myanmar military to release Suu Kyi, respect election results|website=uk.sports.yahoo.com|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131433/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=2_cc-session_74704c41-a143-4ae4-8f5b-1e4af6cd3535|url-status=dead|archivedate=3 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131433/https://consent.yahoo.com/v2/collectConsent?sessionId=2_cc-session_74704c41-a143-4ae4-8f5b-1e4af6cd3535}}</ref> [[អាល្លឺម៉ង់]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/germany-condemns-myanmar-coup-in-strongest-terms-/2129847 |title=Germany condemns Myanmar coup ‘in strongest terms’ |publisher=Aa.com.tr |date=2020-11-08 |accessdate=2021-02-02 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201104100/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/germany-condemns-myanmar-coup-in-strongest-terms-/2129847 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ជប៉ុន]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Japan urges Myanmar military to free Suu Kyi, restore democracy |url=https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/01/japan-urges-myanmar-military-to-free-suu-kyi-restore-democracy/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |work=Manila Bulletin |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=1 February 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201094835/https://mb.com.ph/2021/02/01/japan-urges-myanmar-military-to-free-suu-kyi-restore-democracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[នូវែលហ្សេឡង់]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Mahuta|first=Nanaia|date=1 February 2021|title=New Zealand statement on Myanmar|url=https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/new-zealand-statement-myanmar|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 February 2021|website=via beehive.gov.nz}}</ref> [[អេស្ប៉ាញ]]<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Sánchez condena el golpe de Estado en Myanmar y pide vuelta a la democracia|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20210201/6213485/sanchez-condena-golpe-myanmar-pide-vuelta-democracia.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=es|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131521/https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20210201/6213485/sanchez-condena-golpe-myanmar-pide-vuelta-democracia.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=3 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131521/https://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20210201/6213485/sanchez-condena-golpe-myanmar-pide-vuelta-democracia.html}}</ref> [[ស៊ុយអែត]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/foreign-minister-condemns-military-coup-in-myanmar|title=Foreign Minister condemns military coup in Myanmar|publisher=Sveriges Radio|website=sverigesradio.se|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201221458/https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/foreign-minister-condemns-military-coup-in-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> [[តួកគី]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bir|first1=Burak|title=Turkey condemns, 'deeply concerned' by coup in Myanmar|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-condemns-deeply-concerned-by-coup-in-myanmar/2129572|access-date=1 February 2021|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182117/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-condemns-deeply-concerned-by-coup-in-myanmar/2129572|url-status=live}}</ref> [[សហរាជាណាចក្រ|ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uk-condemns-military-coup-in-myanmar/2129749|title=UK condemns military coup in Myanmar|date=1 February 2021|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|language=en|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182110/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/uk-condemns-military-coup-in-myanmar/2129749|url-status=live}}</ref> និង[[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/31/statement-by-white-house-spokesperson-jen-psaki-on-burma/|title=Statement by White House Spokesperson Jen Psaki on Burma|date=1 February 2021|website=The White House|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201072432/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/31/statement-by-white-house-spokesperson-jen-psaki-on-burma/|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201072432/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/01/31/statement-by-white-house-spokesperson-jen-psaki-on-burma/}}</ref> បានប្រកាសថ្កោលទោសរដ្ឋប្រហារនិងអំពាវនាវឱ្យដោះលែងមន្ត្រីស៊ីវិលទាំងឡាយណាដែលនៅជាប់ឃុំឃាំង, លើសពីនេះទៅទៀត [[សេតវិមាន]]បានគំរាមដាក់ទណ្ឌកម្មលើអ្នកធ្វើរដ្ឋប្រហារថែមទៀតផង។<ref>{{cite web |author1=Patrick Wintour |author2=Julian Borger |title=Myanmar coup: Joe Biden threatens to resume sanctions |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/01/myanmar-coup-us-and-china-divided-in-response-to-army-takeover-aung-san-suu-kyi |website=The Guardian |access-date=2 February 2021 |language=English |date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201113643/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/01/myanmar-coup-us-and-china-divided-in-response-to-army-takeover-aung-san-suu-kyi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=‘Serious blow to democracy’: World condemns Myanmar military coup|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/1/world-reacts-to-military-coup-in-myanmar|access-date=1 February 2021|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=1 February 2021|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201175726/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/1/world-reacts-to-military-coup-in-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/la-maison-blanche-menace-les-auteurs-du-coup-d%c3%a9tat-militaire-du-myanmar-de-sanctions/2129551|title=La Maison Blanche menace les auteurs du coup d'État militaire du Myanmar de sanctions|trans-title=White House threatens perpetrators of Myanmar military coup with sanctions|last=Cherni|first=Hajer|date=1 February 2021|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|accessdate=1 February 2021|language=French|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182127/https://www.aa.com.tr/fr/monde/la-maison-blanche-menace-les-auteurs-du-coup-d%C3%A9tat-militaire-du-myanmar-de-sanctions/2129551|url-status=live}}</ref> ប្រទេស[[កម្ពុជា]] [[ថៃ]] និង[[វៀតណាម]]បានជ្រើសរើសយកផ្លូវអព្យាក្រឹតដោយមិនគាំទ្រភាគីណាមួយជាដាច់ខាតហើយបានចាត់ទុកព្រឹត្តិការណ៍រដ្ឋប្រហារមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាថាជារឿងផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់បរទេស។<ref>{{cite news|title=West condemns Myanmar coup but Thailand, Cambodia shrug|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2060651/west-condemns-myanmar-coup-but-thailand-cambodia-shrug|access-date=1 February 2021|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|publisher=Bangkok Post Public Company Ltd.|date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182126/https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/2060651/west-condemns-myanmar-coup-but-thailand-cambodia-shrug|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Myanmar's army seizes power, detains Aung San Suu Kyi|url=https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/myanmars-army-seizes-power-detains-aung-san-suu-kyi-5|access-date=1 February 2021|work=[[National Post]]|agency=Reuters|date=1 February 2021|language=en-CA|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182127/https://nationalpost.com/pmn/news-pmn/myanmars-army-seizes-power-detains-aung-san-suu-kyi-5|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= Myanmar military coup: Nordic and Asian reactions|date= 2 February 2021|url= https://scandasia.com/myanmar-military-coup-nordic-and-asian-reactions/|work= ScandAsia|access-date= 2 February 2021|archive-date= 3 February 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131348/https://scandasia.com/myanmar-military-coup-nordic-and-asian-reactions/|url-status= live}}</ref> អង្គការអន្តររដ្ឋាភិបាលដូចជា [[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2021-01-31/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-myanmar|title=Statement attributable to the Spokesperson for the Secretary General – on Myanmar|date=31 January 2021|website=United Nations Secretary-General|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182155/https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2021-01-31/statement-attributable-the-spokesperson-for-the-secretary-general-myanmar|url-status=live}}</ref> [[អាស៊ាន]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-asean-int/asean-calls-for-return-to-normalcy-in-myanmar-after-coup-idUSKBN2A124A|title=ASEAN calls for "return to normalcy" in Myanmar after coup|work=[[Reuters]]|date=1 February 2021|accessdate=1 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131337/https://www.reuters.com/article/myanmar-politics-asean-int/asean-calls-for-return-to-normalcy-in-myanmar-after-coup-idUSKBN2A124A|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5357097/negara-negara-asean-bahas-kudeta-militer-di-myanmar|title=Negara-negara ASEAN Bahas Kudeta Militer di Myanmar|trans-title=Intergovernmental Organization ASEAN Discusses Military Coup in Myanmar|first=Novi|last=Christiastuti|date=1 February 2021|accessdate=1 February 2021|lang=id|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182144/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5357097/negara-negara-asean-bahas-kudeta-militer-di-myanmar|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182144/https://news.detik.com/internasional/d-5357097/negara-negara-asean-bahas-kudeta-militer-di-myanmar}}</ref> និង[[សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]]បានសម្តែងចេញនូវការព្រួយបារម្ភនិងអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការចរចារវាងភាគីទាំងពីរ។ ក្រៅពីការព្រួយបារម្ភ សហភាពអឺរ៉ុបក៏បានថ្កោលទោសរដ្ឋប្រហារនិងជំរុញឱ្យមានការដោះលែងអ្នកជាប់ឃុំឃាំងផងដែរ។<ref name="politcoeu">{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-reacts-to-myanmar-military-coup/|title=EU leaders condemn military coup in Myanmar|last=Adkins|first=William|date=1 February 2021|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=1 February 2021|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131434/https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-reacts-to-myanmar-military-coup/|url-status=live}}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]បានបើកកិច្ចប្រជុំជាបន្ទាន់មួយដោយក្នុងនោះចក្រភពអង់គ្លេសបានចេញសេចក្តីសម្រេចមួយជំរុញឱ្យសហគមន៍អន្តរជាតិចូល"ស្តារលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ"ឡើងវិញនៅប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា ថ្កោលទោសសកម្មភាពរបស់យោធាមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា និងអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការដោះលែងនូវមន្ត្រីរដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីវិលដែលកំពុងជាប់ឃុំឃាំង។ សេចក្តីសម្រេចមួយនេះមិនត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ឡើយដោយសារតែខ្វះការគាំទ្រពីសមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាទាំង ១៥ រូប។ បើយោងតាមរបាយការណ៍មួយចំនួនបានឱ្យដឹងថា ដោយមានភាពស្ទាក់ស្ទើរក្នុងការសម្រេចចិត្ត អ្នកការទូតរុស្ស៊ីនិងចិនបានផ្ញើសេចក្តីសម្រេចនោះទៅឱ្យរដ្ឋាភិបាលរៀងៗខ្លួនដើម្បីឱ្យពួកគេត្រួតពិនិត្យនិងធ្វើសេចក្តីសម្រេចជំនួស។<ref>{{cite news |title=UNSC takes no action on coup in Myanmar |url=https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2021/02/03/unsc-takes-no-action-on-coup-in-myanmar |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=Gulf Today |date=3 February 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131416/https://www.gulftoday.ae/news/2021/02/03/unsc-takes-no-action-on-coup-in-myanmar |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=AFP |author2=jt |title=UN Security Council searches for unity on Myanmar |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/myanmar-un-security-council-emergency-meeting-uk-china-14097148 |website=Channel News Asia |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 2, 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131415/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/myanmar-un-security-council-emergency-meeting-uk-china-14097148 |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 កុម្ភៈ 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131415/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/myanmar-un-security-council-emergency-meeting-uk-china-14097148 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=AL JAZEERA AND NEWS AGENCIES |title=Security Council fails to agree statement condemning Myanmar coup |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/3/security-council-fails-to-agree-statement-condemning-myanmar-coup |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 3, 2021 |quote=The UN Security Council has failed to agree on a joint statement condemning Monday’s coup in Myanmar, after a two hour long emergency meeting failed to secure the support of China, a key Myanmar ally and a veto-holding permanent member of the council. |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203041029/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/3/security-council-fails-to-agree-statement-condemning-myanmar-coup |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=AP |title=UN Security Council takes no action on Myanmar coup |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/03/un-security-council-takes-no-action-on-myanmar-coup |website=Euronews |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=February 3, 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203131406/https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/03/un-security-council-takes-no-action-on-myanmar-coup |url-status=live }}</ref> ក្នុងនាមជាសមាជិកអចិន្ត្រៃយ៍នៃក្រុមប្រឹក្សា ចិននិងរុស្ស៊ីគឺមានសិទ្ធិអំណាចវេតូហើយបានបដិសេដមិនគាំទ្រសេចក្តីសម្រេចរបស់អង់គ្លេស។<ref>{{cite web |author1= |title=Myanmar coup: China blocks UN condemnation as protest grows |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55913947 |website=BBC News |access-date=3 February 2021 |language=English |date=Feb 3, 2021 |archive-date=3 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203101508/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55913947 |url-status=live }}</ref> ក្រុមជនជាតិភូមាចំនួនប្រហែល ២០០ នាក់រួមជាមួយនឹងសកម្មជនប្រជាធិបតេយ្យថៃមួយចំនួនបាននាំគ្នាមកធ្វើបាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារយោធាភូមានៅមុខស្ថានទូតមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ានារាជធានី[[បាងកក]] ប្រទេស[[ថៃ]]។ គេឃើញមានបាតុករមួយចំនួនបានលើកម្រាមបីឡើងដែលជាសញ្ញាតំណាងឱ្យសេរីភាពនិងប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ (បាតុករប្រជាធិបតេយ្យថៃតែងប្រើសញ្ញានេះជានិច្ចនៅក្នុង[[បាតុកម្មថៃឆ្នាំ២០២០|បាតុកម្មទាមទារប្រជាធិបតេយ្យរបស់ខ្លួន]])។<ref name="Thaiprotest">{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=ด่วน! ชาว 'เมียนมา' ชู 3 นิ้วบุกประท้วงหน้าสถานทูต ต้านรัฐประหารในประเทศ|url=https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/920306|access-date=1 February 2021|website=Bangkok Biz News|language=th|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182031/https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/920306|url-status=live}}</ref> តែបាតុកម្មនេះត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ទៅវិញបន្ទាប់ពីមានការចូលធ្វើអន្តរាគមន៍ពីសំណាក់កងនគរបាលប៉ូលីសថៃហើយជាលទ្ធផលមានមនុស្សចំនួនពីរនាក់បានទទួលរងរបួសនិងត្រូវបញ្ជូនទៅមន្ទីរពេទ្យ ហើយមនុស្សចំនួនពីរនាក់ទៀតត្រូវបាននគរបាលឃាត់ខ្លួន។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/1/myanmar-military-stages-coup-against-aung-san-suu-kyi-live|title=Myanmar’s military stages coup d’etat: Live news|first1=Virginia|last1=Pietromarchi|first2=Mersiha|last2=Gadzo|website=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=1 February 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182055/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/1/myanmar-military-stages-coup-against-aung-san-suu-kyi-live|url-status=live}}</ref> ចំណែកនៅទីក្រុង[[តូក្យូ]] ប្រទេស[[ជប៉ុន]]វិញមានកម្មករភូមាជាច្រើនបានចេញមុខមកធ្វើបាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារយោធាភូមានៅមុខ[[សកលវិទ្យាល័យសហប្រជាជាតិ]]។<ref>{{cite web|date=1 February 2021|title=Myanmar workers in Japan protest against Tatmadaw’s actions|url=https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-workers-japan-protest-against-tatmadaws-actions.html|access-date=1 February 2021|website=[[The Myanmar Times]]|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182053/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-workers-japan-protest-against-tatmadaws-actions.html|url-status=dead|archivedate=1 កុម្ភៈ 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201182053/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-workers-japan-protest-against-tatmadaws-actions.html}}</ref> [[កងកម្លាំងនគរបាលសិង្ហបុរី]]បានចេញសេចក្តីព្រមានដល់ជនបរទេសទាំងឡាយថាបើនរណាមានបំណងចង់ចូលរួមឬធ្វើបាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋប្រហារភូមានៅសិង្ហបុរីនោះ អ្នកនុះនឹងត្រូវទទួលការផ្តទ្ទាទោសទៅតាមច្បាប់ជាមិនខាន។<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/police-warn-against-protest-plans-singapore-over-myanmar-14119078 |title=ច្បាប់ចម្លងប័ណ្ណសារ |access-date=2021-02-05 |archivedate=2021-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205072243/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/police-warn-against-protest-plans-singapore-over-myanmar-14119078 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} iis8cedbm8shdjt4yf956y2i2vp5gg8 0 42821 336424 335817 2026-06-09T12:17:31Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|ប្រទេស}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = សាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស | common_name = បេឡារុស | native_name = {{nobold|Рэспубліка Беларусь ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]])<br/>Республика Беларусь ([[ភាសារុស្ស៊ី]])}} | image_flag = Flag of Belarus.svg | flag_type = [[ទង់ជាតិបេឡារុស|ទង់ជាតិ]] | image_coat = Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg | symbol_type = វរលញ្ឆករ | national_anthem = <br>[[មី បេឡារុស្ស|Дзяржаўны Гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь<br>''Dziaržaŭny Himn Respubliki Bielaruś'']]<br>{{nowrap|([[ភាសាខ្មែរ]]៖ "ចម្រៀងជាតិបេឡារុស")}}{{center|[[File:Belarusian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.mp3]]}} | image_map = Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg | map_caption = ទីតាំងប្រទេសបេឡារុស (ក្រហម) នៅលើភូគោល | capital_type = រដ្ឋធានី | capital = [[មីនស្កឹ]] | coordinates = {{Coord|53|55|N|27|33|E|type:city(2000000)_region:BY}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[ភាសាបេឡារុស]] និង [[ភាសារុស្ស៊ី]]{{ref|footnote_a|a}} | languages2_type = ភាសាភាគតិចដែលបានទទួលស្គាល់ | languages2 = {{hlist | [[ភាសាប៉ូឡូញ]] | [[ភាសាអ៊ុយក្រែន]] | និង[[ភាសាយីឌីស]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | {{nowrap|៨៤.៩% [[ជនជាតិបេឡារុស]]}} | ៧.៥% [[ជនជាតិរុស្ស៊ី]] | ៣.១% [[ជនជាតិប៉ូឡូញ]] | ១.៧% [[ជនជាតិអ៊ុយក្រែន]] | ២.៨% ជនជាតិផ្សេងៗទៀត }} | ethnic_groups_year = ២០១៩ | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/b49/b49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf|title=ចំនួនតួលេខនៅបេឡារុស ឆ្នាំ២០២១|publisher=គណៈកម្មាធិការស្ថិតិជាតិនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|access-date=2022-01-18|archivedate=2022-10-09|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/b49/b49a6306ec95b5c2d851e897490581a3.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | religion = {{unbulleted list |item_style=white-space; |៥៥.៤% [[គ្រិស្តសាសនា]]<br/>—៤៨.៣% [[អូស្សូដក់ខាងកើត|និកាយអូស្សូដក់]]<br/>—៧.១% និកាយ[[គ្រិស្តសាសនា|គ្រិស្ត]]ដទៃទៀត|៤១.១% គ្មានជំនឿសាសនា|២.៤% [[សាសនានៅបេឡារុស|សាសនាផ្សេងៗទៀត]]|១.១% មិនបានបញ្ជាក់}} | religion_year = ២០១១ | religion_ref = <ref name="mfa">{{cite web |url=https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/MINISTRY%20OF%20FOREIGN%20AFFARIS_Religion%20and%20denominations%20in%20Belarus.pdf |title=សាសនា និងនិកាយសាសនានៅសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស |date=November 2011 |access-date=18 មករា 2022 |publisher=ក្រសួងការបរទេសនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស្ស |archivedate=2022-10-09 |archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://adsdatabase.ohchr.org/IssueLibrary/MINISTRY%20OF%20FOREIGN%20AFFARIS_Religion%20and%20denominations%20in%20Belarus.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | government_type = [[សាធារណរដ្ឋ]]ប្រកាន់[[ប្រព័ន្ធប្រធានាធិបតី|ប្រព័ន្ធប្រធានាធិបតីនិយម]] អាស្រ័យ[[រដ្ឋឯកភូត|សភាឯកភូត]] | leader_title1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុស|ប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_name1 = [[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]] ([[បាតុកម្មនៅបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០២០–២០២១|កំពុងមានជម្លោះ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200923-belarus-leader-lukashenko-holds-secret-inauguration-amid-continuing-protests|title=Belarus leader Lukashenko holds secret inauguration amid continuing protests|website=france24.com|date=23 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-54262953|title=Belarus: Mass protests after Lukashenko secretly sworn in|publisher=BBC News|date=23 September 2020}}</ref> | leader_title2 = [[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីបេឡារុស|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]] | leader_name2 = [[រ៉ូម៉ាំង ហ្កូលូវឆិនកូ]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eng.belta.by/president/view/lukashenko-appoints-new-government-132715-2020/|title=Lukashenko appoints new government|date=19 August 2020|website=eng.belta.by}}</ref> | legislature = [[រដ្ឋសភាបេឡារុស|រដ្ឋសភា]] | upper_house = [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋ]] | lower_house = [[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្របេឡារុស|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] | sovereignty_type = [[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្របេឡារុស|ទទួលឯករាជ្យ]] | sovereignty_note = ពី[[រុស្ស៊ី]] | established_event2 = [[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតបេឡារុស|ប្រកាសបង្កើតឡើង]] | established_date2 = ២៥ មីនា ១៩១៨ | established_event3 = {{nowrap|ទទួលឯករាជ្យពី[[សហភាពសូវៀត]]}} | established_date3 = ១០ ធ្នូ ១៩៩១ | established_event4 = ទទួលស្គាល់ | established_date4 = ២៦ ធ្នូ ១៩៩១ | established_event5 = {{nowrap|[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុស|ប្រកាសរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ]]}} | established_date5 = ១៥ មីនា ១៩៩៤ | established_event6 = [[ប្រជាមតិបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៤|កំណែប្រែចុងក្រោយបង្អស់]] | established_date6 = ១៧ តុលា ២០០៤ | area_size = 1 E7 | area_km2 = ២០៧,៥៩៥ | area_rank = ទី៨៤ | percent_water = ១.៤% | population_estimate = {{DecreaseNeutral}} ៩,៤០៨,៤០០<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/ssrd-mvf_2/natsionalnaya-stranitsa-svodnyh-dannyh/naselenie_6/chislennost-naseleniya1_yan_poobl//|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2020 г. по областям Республики Беларусь|website=www.belstat.gov.by|access-date=2021-05-25|archivedate=2019-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204232117/http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/ssrd-mvf_2/natsionalnaya-stranitsa-svodnyh-dannyh/naselenie_6/chislennost-naseleniya1_yan_poobl/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = ទី៩៣ | population_estimate_year = ២០២០ | population_census = {{DecreaseNeutral}} ៩,៤១៣,៤៤៦ | population_census_year = ២០១៩ | population_census_rank = | population_density_km2 = ៤៥.៨ | population_density_sq_mi = ១២០.៨ <!--Do not remove [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = ទី១៤២ | GDP_PPP = {{decrease}} ១៨៥.៨៨៩ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEOBY">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2020/October/weo-report?c=913,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2020&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=5 ឧសភា 2020}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = ២០២០ | GDP_PPP_rank = ទី៦៩ | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{decrease}} ១៩,៧៥៨ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEOBY" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ទី៦៦ | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} ៥៧.៧០៨ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEOBY" /> | GDP_nominal_year = ២០២០ | GDP_nominal_rank = ទី៧៥ | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} ៦,១៣៣ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEOBY" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ទី៨៤ | Gini = 25.2 <!--អនុញ្ញាតតែលេខឡាតាំងប៉ុណ្ណោះ--> | Gini_year = ២០១៨ | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="WBgini">{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BY |title=GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Belarus |publisher=World Bank |access-date=22 March 2020 |archivedate=27 មករា 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127204140/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=BY |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.823 <!--អនុញ្ញាតតែលេខឡាតាំងប៉ុណ្ណោះ--> | HDI_year = ២០១៩<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite book|title=Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=United Nations Development Programme|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=16 December 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ទី ៥៣ | currency = [[រូបបេឡារុស]] | currency_code = BYN | time_zone = [[ម៉ោងម៉ូស្គូ|MSK]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/zone/belarus/minsk|title=Time Zone & Clock Changes in Minsk, Belarus|website=www.timeanddate.com}}</ref> | utc_offset = +៣ | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy | drives_on = ស្តាំ | calling_code = [[លេខទូរស័ព្ទនៅបេឡសរុស|+៣៧៥]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list | [[.by]] | [[.бел]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Icann Адобрыла Заяўку Беларусі На Дэлегаванне Дамена Першага Ўзроўню З Падтрымкай Алфавітаў Нацыянальных Моў.Бел | url = http://cctld.by/be/history/bel/ | access-date = 26 August 2014 | archivedate = 4 មីនា 2016 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062719/http://cctld.by/be/history/bel/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>}} | official_website = [http://belarus.by/ belarus.by] | footnote_a = {{note|footnote_a}} {{cite web|url=http://law.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=V19402875e|title=រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុសនៃឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤|access-date=2021-05-25|archivedate=2020-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304132712/http://law.by/document/?guid=3871&p0=V19402875e|url-status=dead}} ផ្នែកទី ១, មាត្រា ១៧ }} '''ប្រទេសបេឡារុស''' (អាចសរសេរបានថា '''បេឡារុស្ស''', ជា[[ភាសាបេឡារុស]] និង[[ភាសារុស្ស៊ី]]៖ Беларусь) មានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការថា '''សាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស''' គឺជាប្រទេសមួយស្ថិតនៅភូមិភាគ[[អឺរ៉ុបខាងកើត]]។ ប្រទេសនេះមានព្រំប្រទល់ជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[រុស្ស៊ី]]នៅភាគខាងកើតនិងឥសាន្ត ប្រទេស[[អ៊ុយក្រែន]]នៅភាគខាងត្បូង ប្រទេស[[ប៉ូឡូញ]]នៅភាគខាងលិច ហើយនិងប្រទេស[[លីទុយអានី]]និង[[ឡេតូនី]]នៅភាគពាយព្យ។ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសមានក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប ២០៧,៦០០ គីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េ និងមានប្រជាជនចំនួន ៩.៤ លាននាក់ដែលធ្វើឱ្យបេឡារុសក្លាយជា[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប|ប្រទេសធំបំផុតទីដប់បី]]និងមាន[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបតាមចំនួនប្រជាជន|ប្រជាជនច្រើនបំផុតទីម្ភៃ]]នៅទ្វីប[[អឺរ៉ុប]]។ ប្រទេសនេះត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាតំបន់រដ្ឋបាលចំនួន ៧ [[តំបន់នៃបេឡារុស|តំបន់]]។ [[មីនស្កឹ]]គឺជារដ្ឋធានីនិងជាទីក្រុងធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងប្រទេស។ មុនសតវត្សទី២០ ទឹកដីបេឡារុសសព្វថ្ងៃត្រូវបានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រដ្ឋនិងចក្រភពខុសៗគ្នារួមមាន៖ [[រូសកៀវ]] [[ក្សត្របុរីប៉ូឡូស្កឹ]] [[មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានី]] [[សហធនរដ្ឋប៉ូឡូញ–លីទុយអានី]] ហើយនិង[[ចក្រភព រុស្ស៊ី|ចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី]]។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[បដិវត្តន៍រុស្ស៊ី]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩១៧ មានរដ្ឋមួយចំនួនបានចាប់ផ្តើមប្រជែងគ្នានៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមផ្ទៃក្នុងរុស្ស៊ី|សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិល]]ដើម្បីដណ្តើមឥទ្ធិពលនិងទឹកដីហើយទីបំផុត [[សសស បេឡារុស]]ក៏ត្រូវបង្កើតឡើង ហើយបានបញ្ចូលជាផ្នែកនៃ[[សហភាពសូវៀត]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩២២។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[សង្គ្រាមប៉ូឡូញ–សូវៀត]]បានបញ្ចប់ ទឹកដីបេឡារុសជិតពាក់កណ្តាលត្រូវបានកាត់ទៅឱ្យប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ។ ទឹកដីបេឡសរុសសព្វថ្ងៃបានលេចចេញជារូបរាងឡើងដំបូងនៅអំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៩៣៩ បន្ទាប់ពីសូវៀតបាន[[ការឈ្លានពានរបស់សូវៀតលើប៉ូឡូញ|ចូលឈ្លានពានប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ]]នាអំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២]]។<ref name="uni1">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o85YDMTeMrUC&q=reunification+of+western+belarus| title=National purpose in the world economy: post-Soviet states in comparative perspective| last=Abdelal| first=Rawi| year=2001| publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]| isbn=978-0-8014-3879-0}}</ref><ref name="uni2">{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC&q=reunification+of+western+belarus&pg=PA713| title=Europa World Year, Book 1| last=Taylor & Francis Group| year=2004| publisher=[[Routledge|Europa publications]] |isbn= 978-1-85743-254-1}}</ref><ref name="uni3"/> ក្នុងអំឡុងសង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ ប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាជាច្រើនត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅនៅលើទឹកដីបេឡារុសដែលជាហេតុបណ្តាលឱ្យបេឡារុសទទួលរងការខូតខាតនិងបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញយ៉ាងធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដោយក្នុងនោះមានជនស៊ីវិលបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ១ ភាគ ៤ ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតហើយធនធានសេដ្ឋកិច្ចខ្លួនជាងពាក់កណ្តាលត្រូវរលាយរលុត។<ref name="axell">{{cite book| last=Axell| first=Albert| title=Russia's Heroes, 1941–45| publisher=Carroll & Graf Publishers| year=2002| page=[https://archive.org/details/russiasheroes19400albe/page/247 247]| isbn=0-7867-1011-X| url=https://archive.org/details/russiasheroes19400albe/page/247}}</ref> សាធារណរដ្ឋមួយនេះត្រូវបានរដ្ឋាភិបាលសូវៀតជួយអភិវឌ្ឍឡើងវិញបន្ទាប់ពីមហាសង្គ្រាមដ៏ប្រល័យបានបញ្ចប់។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥ សសស បេឡារុសបានក្លាយជាសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកនៃ[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]រួមជាមួយសហភាពសូវៀត។ នៅថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ សភានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបានប្រកាសពីអធិបតេយ្យភាពរបស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសហើយនៅថ្ងៃទី២៥ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ បេឡារុសក៏បានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យខណៈដែលសូវៀតកំពុងតែជួប[[ការរំលាយសហភាពសូវៀត|វិបត្តិផ្ទៃក្នុងដ៏ធ្ងន់]]។<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/| title=The World Factbook| publisher=cia.gov| access-date=4 March 2016| archivedate=9 មករា 2021| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/| url-status=dead}}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបានអនុម័ត[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុស|រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញថ្មី]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ លោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]ក៏[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុស|ជាប់ឆ្នោត]]ក្លាយជាប្រធានាធិបតីដំបូងរបស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសហើយលោកបានកាន់តំណែងនេះចាប់តាំងពីពេលនោះមករហូតដល់បច្ចុប្បន្ន។<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/116265.stm Profile: Europe's last dictator?] BBC News, 10 September 2001</ref> គេបានចាត់ទុករដ្ឋាភិបាលលូកាសិនកូថាជារដ្ឋាភិបាលផ្តាច់ការហើយមិនតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ ក្រុមសិទ្ធិមនុស្សក៏បានអះអាងដែរថាសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅក្នុងប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺមានកម្រិតទាបបំផុត។<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Levitsky |first1=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZDI05p1PDgC |title=Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War |last2=Way |first2=Lucan A. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139491488 |series=Problems of International Politics |location=Cambridge |date=2010 |page=203 |chapter=The Evolution of Post-SovietCompetitive Authoritarianism |quote=Unlike his predecessor, Lukashenka consolidated authoritarian rule. He censored state media, closed Belarus's only independent radio station [...]. |author-link=Steven Levitsky |access-date=12 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=amnesty>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/belarus/|title=Human rights by country&nbsp;– Belarus|publisher=[[Amnesty International]]|access-date=January 22, 2020}}</ref> បេឡារុសគឺជាប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបតែមួយគត់ដែលនូវអនុវត្តការកាត់[[ទោសប្រហារជីវិត]]។ លោកលូកាសិនកូគឺនូវតែប្រកាន់ខ្ជាប់នូវគោលនយោបាយមួយចំនួនខ្លះៗពីសម័យសូវៀតមានដូចជា [[កម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់រដ្ឋ]]នៅក្នុងវិស័យ[[សេដ្ឋកិច្ច]]...ជាដើម។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០០ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសនិងប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានចុះហត្ថលេខាលើសន្ធិសញ្ញាមួយដែលនឹងបង្កើនកិច្ចសហប្រតិបត្តិការរវាងរដ្ឋទាំងពីរហើយជាលទ្ធផល [[រដ្ឋសហភាព]]ក៏បានបង្កើតឡើង។ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺជា[[ប្រទេសកំពុងអភិវឌ្ឍ]]ហើយជាប្រទេសដែលជាប់លំដាប់ថ្នាក់កំពូលមួយនៅក្នុង[[សន្ទស្សន៍អភិវឌ្ឍន៍មនុស្ស]]។ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺជាសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ និងជាសមាជិកនៃ[[សហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ]] [[អង្គការសន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិសុខរួម]] [[សហភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ចអឺរ៉ុបអាស៊ី]] និង[[ចលនាមិនចូលបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធ]]។ ប្រទេសនេះបានបញ្ជាក់ថាខ្លួនគ្មានបំណងចូលរួមជាសមាជិក[[សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]]នោះឡើយតែបាន[[ទំនាក់ទំនងបេឡារុស–សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប|រក្សាទំនាក់ទំនងទ្វេភាគីជាមួយ]] ហើយធ្លាប់បានចូលរួមនៅក្នុងគម្រោងអឺរ៉ុបចំនួនពីរ៖ [[ភាពជាដៃគូទិសបូព៌ា]] និង[[កិច្ចផ្តួចផ្តើមទីក្រុងបាគូ]]។ ==ឈ្មោះ== {{See also|ឈ្មោះប្រទេសបេឡារុស}} ឈ្មោះថា ''បេឡារុស'' គឺមានលក្ខណៈស្រដៀងនឹងពាក្យ ''បេឡាយ៉ា រុស'' ពោលគឺ''[[រូសតេនីស|រុស'ស]]''។<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2">{{Harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=2}}</ref> គេបានលើកឡើងនូវអំណះអំណាងមួយចំនួនចំពោះប្រភពដើមនៃឈ្មោះថា ''រុស'ស''។ ទ្រឹស្តីសាសនាពន្ធុសាស្ត្របានបង្ហាញថា ឈ្មោះ''រុស'ស''គឺជាឈ្មោះសម្តៅលើទឹកដីរូសតេនីបុរាណដែលកាលនុះត្រូវជាផ្នែកមួយនៃ[[មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានី]]ហើយមានប្រជាជនភាគច្រើនជាជនជាតិស្លាវ កាន់សាសនាគ្រិស្ត។ ទឹកដី''រុស'ស''គឺផ្ទុយពី''[[រូសតេនីខ្មៅ|រុស'ខ្មៅ]]''ដែលជាទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ដោយពួក[[បាល់ត៍]]ដែលគ្មានជំនឿលើសាសនាអ្វីនោះទេ។<ref>Аб паходжанні назваў Белая і Чорная Русь (Eng. "About the Origins of the Names of White and Black Ruthenia"), Язэп Юхо (Joseph Juho), 1956.</ref> ទ្រឹស្តីមួយទៀតបានពន្យល់ថាឈ្មោះនោះគឺសម្តៅទៅលើជនជាតិស្លាវនៅក្នុងតំបន់ដែលតែងស្លៀកបំពាក់ពណ៌ស។<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Minahan|1998|p=35}}</ref> ទ្រឹស្តីទីបីបានប្រាប់ថា ប្រជាជនដែលរស់នៅលើទឹកដីរុសបុរាណដែលមិនធ្លាប់បានកាន់កាប់ដោយពួក[[តាតារ]] ត្រូវបានគេច្រើនសម្តៅថា''រុស'ស''។<ref name="Zaprudnik 1993 2"/> ទ្រឹស្តីទីបួនបានបង្ហាញថា ពណ៌សគឺមានទំនាក់ទំនងជិតដិតជាមួយទិសខាងលិចហើយទឹកដីបេឡារុសគឺជាទឹកដីផ្នែកខាងលិចនៃចក្រភព[[រូសកៀវ]]នៅរវាងសតវត្សទី៩–១៣។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://belarus-travel.com/theconcept-of-whiterussia/|title=Why Is Belarus called White Russia &#124; Belarus Travel|date=5 April 2016|access-date=26 ឧសភា 2021|archivedate=31 ឧសភា 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210531113644/https://belarus-travel.com/theconcept-of-whiterussia/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ពាក្យថា ''បេឡារុស្ស៊ីយ៉ា'' គឺតែងនិយមប្រើប្រាស់ដោយជនជាតិរុស្ស៊ីតាំងពីសម័យចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ីរហូតមកដល់អំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩១។ ឈ្មោះផ្លូវការរបស់ប្រទេសនេះគឺ ''សាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស'' (ភាសាបេឡសរុស៖ Рэспубліка Беларусь, ភាសារុស្ស៊ី៖ Республика Беларусь)។<ref name="bynamelaw">{{cite web |url=http://pravo.kulichki.com/zak/year1991/doc47159.htm |title=Law of the Republic of Belarus – About the name of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=6 October 2007 |date=19 September 1991 |publisher=Pravo – Law of the Republic of Belarus |language=ru }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/ |title=Belarus&nbsp;– Government |access-date=22 December 2007 |date=2007 |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |archivedate=9 មករា 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> នៅឯប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីវិញ ពាក្យថា''បេឡារុស្ស៊ីយ៉ា''គឺនូវតែមានអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ជារឿយៗ។<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://people.onliner.by/2014/02/26/bel-17|title= "Беларусь" vs "Белоруссия": ставим точку в вопросе|date=26 February 2014|language=ru|work=Onliner}}</ref> ==ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្របេឡារុស}} ===ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្របុរាណ=== នៅរវាងឆ្នាំ៥០០០ ដល់ឆ្នាំ២០០០ មុនគ.ស [[វប្បធម៌បន្ទាត់កុម្ភភ័ណ]]បានលេចចេញជារូបរាងឡើងនៅលើទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប។ ក្រៅពីនេះ សំណល់និងមរតកនៃ[[វប្បធម៌ឌីណេព័រ–ដូណេត]]ត្រូវបានគេរកឃើញថាមានវត្តមាននៅលើទឹកដីបេឡារុសនិងផ្នែកខ្លះទៀតនៃប្រទេស[[អ៊ុយក្រែន]]។<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Ian|last2=Jameson|first2=Robert|title=A Dictionary of Archaeology|publisher=Wiley|year=2008|pages=203–04|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA203|isbn=978-0-470-75196-1}}</ref> ទឹកដីរបស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសសព្វថ្ងៃគឺត្រូវបានក្រុមកុលសម្ព័ន្ធ[[ជនជាតិបាលទិក|បាលទិក]]ចូលមកតាំងទីលំនៅនៅអំឡុងសតវត្សទី៣។ នៅជុំវិញសតវត្សទី៥ តំបន់មួយនេះក៏ត្រូវបានកាន់កាប់ដោយពួកស្លាវ។ ជាលទ្ធផល វប្បធម៌ស្លាវបានហូរចូលមកក្នុងតំបន់នេះដូច្នេះប្រទេសបេឡារុសសព្វថ្ងៃគឺត្រូវជាប្រទេសស្លាវ។<ref>{{harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=7}}</ref> ===រូសកៀវ=== {{Further|រូសកៀវ}} [[File:001 Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|thumb|upright|ទឹកដីនៃក្សត្របុរី[[រូសកៀវ|រូស]]មុនការចូលឈ្លានពានរបស់ពួកម៉ុងកូលនិងលីទុយអានី]] នៅសតវត្សទី៩ ទឹកដីបេឡារុសបានក្លាយជាផ្នែកមួយនៃអាណាចក្រ[[រូសកៀវ]]ដែលជារដ្ឋស្លាវខាងកើតដ៏មានអំណាចមួយក្រោម[[រាជវង្សរូរីគ]]។ បន្ទាប់ពីព្រះអង្គ[[យ៉ារ៉ូស្លាវទី១]] បានសោយទិវង្គត មហារដ្ឋមួយនេះត្រូវបានបែកបាក់ទៅជាក្សត្របុរីឯករាជ្យតូចៗ។<ref>{{cite book|last=Plokhy|first=Serhii|title=The Origins of the Slavic Nations|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|pages=94–95|isbn=0-521-86403-8}}</ref> ក្សត្របុរីសំខាន់ៗជាច្រើនត្រូវបានទទួលរងនូវការឈ្លានពាននិងបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញដោយពួកម៉ុងកូលនៅអំឡុងសតវត្សទី១៣ ប៉ុន្តែទឹកដីបេឡារុសបានចៀសផុតពីការឈ្លានពានទាំងនោះហើយមិនយូរប៉ុន្មានក៏ព្រមចុះចូលជាផ្នែកនៃ[[មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានី]]។<ref>{{cite book|last=Robinson|first=Charles Henry|title=The Conversion of Europe|url=https://archive.org/details/conversioneurop00robigoog|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1917|pages=491–92}}</ref> យោងតាមទិន្នន័យប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រក្នុងតំបន់បានបង្ហាញថា បេឡារុសបានចងសម្ព័ន្ធភាពនិងព្រមឯកភាពនឹងគោលនយោបាយការបរទេសរបស់[[ក្សត្របុរីប៉ូឡូតស្កឹ|ប៉ូឡូតស្កឹ]]និងលីទុយអានីអស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនទស្សវត្ត។<ref>{{cite book|last1=Michell|first1=Robert|last2=Shakhmaton|first2=A.A|last3=Forbes|first3=Nevill|last4=Beazley|first4=C. Raymond (Charles Raymond)|title=The chronicle of Novgorod, 1016–1471|publisher=London, Offices of the society|year=1914|pages=41|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofnovgo00michrich}}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីដឹងឮថាពួកម៉ុងកូលនូវតែបន្តប្រតិបត្តិការពង្រីកទឹកដីឆ្ពោះមកទិសខាងលិច [[ក្សត្របុរីមីនស្កឹ]]បានសូមជ្រកកោនក្រោមអាណាព្យាបាលភាពរបស់លីទុយអានីហើយនៅឆ្នាំ១២៤២ មីនស្កឹក៏បានក្លាយជាផ្នែកនៃមហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានីតែម្តង។ ការចុះចូលជាមួយមហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានីបានបង្កឱ្យមានការបង្រួបបង្រួមសេដ្ឋកិច្ច នយោបាយ និងវប្បធម៌ជាតិនៃទឹកដីបេឡារុសឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite book|last=Ermalovich|first=Mikola|title=Pa sliadakh adnago mifa (Tracing one Myth)|publisher=Minsk: Navuka i tekhnika|year=1991|url=http://www.books-by-isbn.com/5-343/5343008763-Pa-sliadakh-adnaho-mifa-M-Ermalovich-5-343-00876-3.html|isbn=978-5-343-00876-0}}</ref> ក្នុងចំណោមក្សត្របុរីទាំងអស់ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់លីទុយអានី ក្នុងនោះមានក្សត្របុរីចំនួន ៩ ដែលមានប្រជាជនជា[[ជនជាតិបេឡារុស]]។<ref name="zaprudnik">{{Harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=27}}</ref> នាសម័យនោះ មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានីបានចូលរួមក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការយោធាមួយចំនួនដូចជាការប្រយុទ្ធតតាំងនឹង[[បញ្ជាតួតូនិច|អស្សឫទ្ធិតួតូនិច]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៤១០ និងការទទួលជ័យជម្នះនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមមួយចំនួនដែលអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យពញារដ្ឋនោះចូលកាន់កាប់តំបន់ព្រំដែនទិសពាយព្យនៃអឺរ៉ុបខាងកើត។<ref>{{cite book|last=Lerski|first=George Jan|author2=[[Aleksander Gieysztor]]|title=Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|year=1996|pages=181–82|isbn=0-313-26007-9}}</ref> ក្នុងពេលដំណើរគ្នានេះដែរ [[មហាពញារដ្ឋម៉ូស្គូ]]ក៏ចាប់និម្មិតឡើងហើយនៅឆ្នាំ១៤៨៦ នៅក្រោមរជ្ជកាលរបស់ព្រះបាទ[[អ៊ីវ៉ានទី៣]] ម៉ូស្គូបានផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការយោធាដ៏ធំមួយដោយមានគោលដៅចង់ដណ្តើមយកអតីតទឹកដីនៃរូសកៀវមកវិញ ជាពិសេសគឺទឹកដីបេឡារុសនិងអ៊ុយក្រែន។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/197/Nowak.html|title=The Russo-Polish Historical Confrontation|access-date=22 December 2007|last=Nowak|first=Andrzej|date=1 January 1997|work=Sarmatian Review&nbsp;XVII|publisher=[[Rice University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218110551/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/197/Nowak.html|archive-date=18 December 2007|url-status=live}}</ref> ===សហធនរដ្ឋប៉ូឡូញ–លីទុយអានី=== {{Further|សហធនរដ្ឋប៉ូឡូញ–លីទុយអានី}} [[File:GDL Map, 15cent.png|thumb|វិសាលភាពទឹកដី[[មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានី]]នៅក្នុងសតវត្សទី១៥។ ទឹកដីប្រទេសបេឡារុសទាំងអស់គឺស្ថិតនៅក្នុងមហារដ្ឋមួយនេះ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ១៣៨៦ មហាពញារដ្ឋលីទុយអានីនិង[[រាជាណាចក្រប៉ូឡូញ]]បានបង្រួមចូលគ្នាជា[[សហភាពបុគ្គល]]តាមរយៈ[[សហភាពក្រេវ៉ូ|ការរៀបអភិសេយរវាងមេដឹកនាំរដ្ឋទាំងពីរ]]។<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Michael|last=Rowell|first=S.C.|contribution=Baltic Europe|title=The New Cambridge Medieval History (Vol. 6)|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|page=710|isbn=0-521-36290-3}}</ref> ទីបំផុតនៅឆ្នាំ១៥៦៩ រដ្ឋទាំងពីរក៏យល់ព្រមចុះហត្ថលេខាលើ[[សហភាពលូព្លីន]]ដែលបង្កើតបានជា[[សហធនរដ្ឋប៉ូឡូញ–លីទុយអានី]]។<ref name=Lukowski>{{cite book |last1=Lukowski |first1=Jerzy |author-link1=Jerzy Lukowski |last2=Zawadzki |first2=Hubert |title=A Concise History of Poland |edition=1st |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780521559171 |pages=63–64}}</ref><ref name=Riasanovsky>{{cite book |last=Riasanovsky |first=Nicholas V. |title=A History of Russia |year=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195121797 |edition=6th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KRjcXHliMpcC&pg=PA137}}</ref> នៅក្នុងវប្បធម៌និងជីវិតសង្គមក្នុងរដ្ឋសហភាពនេះ [[ភាសាប៉ូឡូញ]]គឺជាភាសាដែលគេប្រើប្រាស់ច្រើនជាងគេរីឯ[[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក|សាសនាកាតូលិក]]វិញគឺជាសាសនាដ៏និយមជាងគេ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៩៦ ភាសារូសតេនីត្រូវបានជំនួសដោយភាសាប៉ូឡូញជាភាសាផ្លូវការ។<ref>[http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=103&menu=00 "Belarusian": UCLA Language Materials Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222171418/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=103&menu=00 |date=22 December 2015 }}, ucla.edu; accessed 4 March 2016.</ref> តែទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក្តី ប្រជាជនរូសតេនីនូវតែបន្តនិយាយភាសារបស់ខ្លួននិងនូវតែគោរព[[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិកក្រិកបេឡារុស]]។ ពីដំបូង ច្បាប់លក្ខន្តិកៈត្រូវបានប្រកាសចេញជាភាសារូសតេនីហើយយូរទៅក៏ផ្លាស់ប្តូរចេញជាភាសាប៉ូឡូញវិញ។ អំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៨៦០ ច្បាប់លក្ខន្តិកៈទាំងនោះត្រូវបានលុបបំបាត់ចោលដោយស្តេចត្សាររុស្ស៊ីដែលជាលទ្ធផលនៃព្រឹត្តិការណ៍[[ការបះបោរខែវិច្ឆិកា|បះបោរខែវិច្ឆិកា]]។ ===ចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី=== {{Further|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្របេឡារុសនៅក្នុងសម័យចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី}} [[File:Berezyna.jpg|thumb|កងទ័ពបារាំងណាប៉ូលេអុងកំពុងដកថយពីកងកម្លាំងរុស្ស៊ីនៅលើទឹកដីបេឡារុស]] សហភាពរវាងប៉ូឡូញនិងលីទុយអានីបានបញ្ចប់ជាផ្លូវការនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៧៩៥ បន្ទាប់ពីទឹកដីរបស់រដ្ឋសហភាពមួយនេះត្រូវបានបំបែកបែងចែកគ្នាដោយចក្រភពរុស្ស៊ី [[រាជាណាចក្រព្រុស|ព្រុស]] និង[[ចក្រភពអូទ្រីស|អូទ្រីស]]។<ref>{{cite book|last=Scheuch|first=E.K.|author2=David Sciulli|title=Societies, Corporations and the Nation State|publisher=BRILL|year=2000|page=187|isbn=90-04-11664-8}}</ref> ទឹកដីបេឡារុសបានធ្លាក់ក្រោមការកាន់កាប់របស់រុស្ស៊ីនៅអំឡុងរជ្ជកាលព្រះអធិរាជានី[[កាតឺរីនទី២]]<ref>{{harvnb|Birgerson|2002|page=101}}</ref> ដោយវាបានក្លាយជាតំបន់រដ្ឋបាលមួយរបស់រុស្ស៊ីរហូតដល់សម័យ[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទីមួយ|សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១]] គឺនៅពេលដែល[[ចក្រភព អាល្លឺម៉ង់|អាល្លឺម៉ង់]]បានចូលឈ្លានពាន។<ref name="olson95">{{harvnb|Olson|Pappas|Pappas|1994|page=95}}</ref> នៅក្រោមរជ្ជកាលព្រះចៅ[[នីកូឡាសទី១ (អធិរាជរុស្ស៊ី)|នីកូឡាសទី១]] និងព្រះចៅ[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺទី៣ (អធិរាជរុស្ស៊ី)|អាឡិចសាន់ដឺទី៣]], វប្បធម៌ជាតិបេឡារុសត្រូវបានហាមឃាត់លែងមិនឱ្យអនុវត្តនិងអភិរក្សទៀតឡើយ។ [[ប៉ូឡូញវូបនីយកម្ម]]ពីមុនត្រូវបានលុបបំបាត់ចោល<ref> [http://www.pravoslavie.ru/arhiv/050513111111 Воссоединение униатов и исторические судьбы Белорусского народа] (''Vossoyedineniye uniatov i istoričeskiye sud'bi Belorusskogo naroda''), [http://www.pravoslavie.ru/ Pravoslavie portal]</ref>ហើយត្រូវជំនួសមកវិញនូវ[[រុស្ស៊ីវូបនីយកម្ម]]វិញ<ref name="zytko-1">Żytko, ''Russian policy&nbsp;...'', p551.</ref>ដូចជា ការប្រែពីកាន់សាសនាកាតូលិកមក[[ព្រះសហគមន៍អូស្សូដក់ខាងកើត|អូស្សូដក់]]វិញជាដើម...។ ភាសាបេឡារុសត្រូវបានហាមឃាត់មិនឱ្យប្រើប្រាស់នៅតាមសាលារៀននិងស្ថាប័នអប់រំផ្សេងៗហើយនិស្សិតនិងយុវវ័យបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបង្គាប់ឱ្យនិយាយនិងប្រើប្រាស់ភាសារុស្ស៊ីជានិច្ច។<ref name="Корнилов1908">{{cite book|author=Иван Петрович Корнилов|script-title=ru:Русское дєло в Сєверо-Западном крає: материиалы для историии Виленскаго учебнаго округа преимущественно в Муравьевскую эпоху|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=edsGAAAAYAAJ|year=1908|publisher=Тип. А.С. Суворина|language=ru}}</ref> ដោយសារតែសម្ពាធសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងវប្បធម៌នេះហើយបានជាមាន[[ការបះបោរខែមករា|ការបះបោរ]]មួយផ្ទុះឡើងនៅអំឡុងឆ្នាំ១៨៦៣។ បន្ទាប់ពីការបះបោរបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅដោយបរាជ័យ រាជរដ្ឋាភិបាលរុស្ស៊ីបានណែនាំនូវតួ[[អក្សរស៊ីលីរីក]]មកប្រជាជនបេឡារុសនៅឆ្នាំ១៨៦៤ ហើយឯកសារមួយណាដែលសរសេរចេញជាភាសាបេឡារុសនឹងមិនត្រូវទទួលស្គាល់ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាលរុស្ស៊ីឡើយរហូតដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩០៥។<ref>{{cite book|author=D. Marples|title=Belarus: From Soviet Rule to Nuclear Catastrophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evVZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|year=1996|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-0-230-37831-5|page=26}}</ref> នៅអំឡុងពេលចរចាក្នុង[[សន្ធិសញ្ញាប្រេស្ត-លីតូវស្ក]] ប្រទេសបេឡារុសបានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យខណៈដែលកំពុងនូវក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់អាល្លឺម៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី២៥ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ១៩១៨ ដោយមានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការថា [[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតបេឡារុស]]។<ref name="birgerson">{{harvnb|Birgerson|2002|pages=105–106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ioffe|first=Grigory|title=Understanding Belarus and How Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc|date=25 February 2008|page=57|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=west+belarus&pg=PA150|isbn=978-0-7425-5558-7}}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីប្រកាសបង្កើតរួច [[សង្គ្រាមប៉ូឡូញ–សូវៀត]]ក៏បានផ្ទុះឡើងភ្លាមៗហើយជាលទ្ធផល ទឹកដីបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាពីរផ្នែកដោយមួយផ្នែកស្ថិតនៅក្រោមប៉ូឡូញនិងមួយផ្នែកទៀតស្ថិតនៅក្រោមសហភាពសូវៀត។<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJhMhTKw-vgC&q=belarus+partition&pg=PA282|title=The Reconstruction of Nations|author=Timothy Snyder|publisher=Yale University Press |page=282 |year=2002 |isbn=9780300128413}}</ref> ===រដ្ឋដំបូងនិងសម័យចន្លោះសង្គ្រាម=== [[File:Dziejačy BNR.jpg|thumb|right|សមាជិករដ្ឋាភិបាលដំបូងនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតបេឡារុស]] [[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតបេឡារុស]]គឺជារដ្ឋឯករាជ្យដំបូងនៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្ររបស់បេឡារុស។ វាមានអត្ថិភាពពីឆ្នាំ១៩១៨ រហូតដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩១៩។ ទោះជាជាមានការខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងយ៉ាងណា វត្តមាននៃប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺនូវមិនទាន់មាននៅឡើយទេព្រោះថាទឹកដីរបស់ខ្លួនត្រូវស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់[[កងទ័ពរាជាធិរាជអាល្លឺម៉ង់]]និង[[កងទ័ពរាជាធិរាជរុស្ស៊ី]]មុននិងនៅអំឡុងសង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី១ ហើយក្រោយចប់សង្គ្រាម ទឹកដីរបស់ពួកគេក៏បានធ្លាក់ក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់[[កងទ័ពក្រហម]][[បុលសេវិក]]វិញ។<ref name="Jr.Zaprudnik2010">{{cite book|author1=Vitali Silitski, Jr.|author2=Jan Zaprudnik|title=The A to Z of Belarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQXyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|date=7 April 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-1-4617-3174-0|pages=308–}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៩១៩ ទឹកដីបេឡារុសមួយផ្នែកនៅក្នុងប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានលេចឡើងចេញជា [[សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតបេឡារុស]] (សសសប)។ ក្រោយបន្តិចមក វាក៏ត្រូវបានរួមបញ្ចូលជាមួយទឹកដីលីទុយអានីដោយបង្កើតបាន [[សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតលីទុយអានីនិងបេឡារុស]]។ ប៉ុន្តែរដ្ឋរណបមួយនេះត្រូវបានបំបែកចែកគ្នារវាងប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញនិង[[សហភាពសូវៀត]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩២១ ហើយ សសសប ក៏ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងវិញរួចវាបានក្លាយជារដ្ឋសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកនៃសហភាពសូវៀតនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩២២។<ref name="birgerson"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Marples|first=David|title=Belarus: A Denationalized Nation|publisher=Routledge|year=1999|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EMCYfOSaLSgC&q=Belarusian+People%27s+Republic&pg=PA8|isbn=90-5702-343-1}}</ref> នៅអំឡុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩២០ និងឆ្នាំ១៩៣០ គោលនយោបាយសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងកសិកម្មសូវៀតបានបង្កឱ្យមានគ្រោះទុរ្ភិក្សនិងវិបត្តិនយោបាយនៅស្ទើរទូទាំងសហភាព។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/history|title=Belarus history|publisher=Official website of the Republic of Belarus|access-date=17 March 2017|archivedate=4 ឧសភា 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504194121/http://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> ងាកមក[[បេឡារុសខាងលិច|ទឹកដីផ្នែកខាងលិច]]ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោម[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប៉ូឡូញទីពីរ|ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ]]វិញ,<ref name="ocu1">{{cite book|title=The global and the local: understanding the dialectics of business systems|last=Sorge|first=Arndt|year=2005|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780191535345}}</ref>{{sfn|Minahan|1998|page=37}}<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nick Baron|author2=Peter Gatrell|title=Homelands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FCBVPqAWuUsC&pg=PA19|access-date=18 September 2015|date=10 August 2004|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-385-4|page=19|chapter=War, Population Displacement and State Formation in the Russian Borderlands 1914–1924}}</ref> ក្រោយពីសង្គ្រាមជាមួយសូវៀតបានបញ្ចប់ ជម្លោះរវាងរដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ូឡូញនិងសមាគមជនជាតិភាគតិចបានផ្ទុះឡើងហើយក្នុងនោះក៏មានជនជាតិបេឡារុសផងដែរ។<ref name="Davies">[[Norman Davies]], ''[[God's Playground]]'' (Polish edition), second tome, p.512-513</ref><ref name="Stosunki">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=60&&Rozdzial=historia|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623073822/http://www.bialorus.pl/index.php?secId=49&docId=60&&Rozdzial=historia|url-status=dead|title=Stosunki polsko-białoruskie pod okupacją sowiecką (1939–1941)|archivedate=23 June 2008}}</ref> [[ប៉ូឡូញវូបនីយកម្ម]]ដែលកំពុងតែប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅគឺត្រូវបានផ្តួចផ្តើមឡើងដោយចលនា[[ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យជាតិ (ប៉ូឡូញ)|ប្រជាធិតេយ្យជាតិ]]ប៉ូឡូញដោយចលនាមួយនេះបានហាមឃាត់នូវការអនុវត្តនិងការអភិរក្សវប្បធម៌ ប្រពៃណី និងអត្តសញ្ញាណជាតិអ៊ុយក្រែននិងបេឡារុស។<ref>{{cite book |last=Mironowicz |first=Eugeniusz |year=2007 |trans-title=Białorusini i Ukraińcy w polityce obozu piłsudczykowskiego |title=Belarusians and Ukrainians in the policies of the Piłsudski camp |url=http://kamunikat.org/usie_knihi.html?pubid=2006 |location=Białystok |language=pl |pages=4–5 |isbn=978-83-89190-87-1 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418000120/http://kamunikat.org/usie_knihi.html?pubid=2006 |date=2021-04-18 }}</ref> អង្គការនយោបាយបេឡារុសមួយឈ្មោះថា [[សហភាពកម្មករនិងកសិករបេឡារុស]]ត្រូវបានរំលាយចោលនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩២៧ បន្ទាប់ពីទទួលបានការគំរាមកំហែងធ្ងន់ធ្ងរពីរដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ូឡូញហើយបើនរណាហ៊ានប្រឆាំងនោះនឹងត្រូវទទួលបានការគាបសង្កត់គ្រប់បែបយ៉ាង។<ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Stosunki" /> ដោយសារតែជនជាតិបេឡារុសរស់នៅលើទឹកដីប៉ូឡូញមានចំនួនតិចដូច្នេះ កុបកម្មបះបោរបេឡារុសគឺមិនសូវជាបញ្ហាធំសម្រាប់រដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ូឡូញនោះទេ។ រដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ូឡូញច្រើនតែផ្តោតទៅលើការបង្ក្រាបកុបកម្មរបស់ជនជាតិភាគតិចអ៊ុយក្រែនដែលមានចំនួនលើសលប់ពីជនជាតិបេឡារុសឆ្ងាយហើយម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀតគឺជនជាតិអ៊ុយក្រែនរាងសកម្មខាងផ្នែកនយោបាយជាងប្រជាជនបេឡារុស។<ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Stosunki" /> បន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពរបស់លោក[[ហ្សូសែហ្វ ភីលស៊ូតស្គី]] (ប្រធានាធិបតីប៉ូឡូញ) នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៣៥ រលកនៃការគាបសង្កត់ថ្មីត្រូវបានបញ្ចេញមកលើជនជាតិភាគតិតដូចជា៖ ការបិទព្រះវិហារអូស្សូដក់និងសាលារៀន<ref name="Davies" /><ref name="Stosunki" /> លែងឱ្យប្រើប្រាស់ភាសាជាតិ<ref>Bieder, H. (2000): Konfession, Ethnie und Sprache in Weißrußland im 20. Jahrhundert. In: Zeitschrift für Slawistik 45 (2000), 200–214.</ref> ហើយមេដឹកនាំចលនានិងអង្គការគ្រប់ប្រភេទរបស់បេឡារុសត្រូវបានចាប់ដាក់ពន្ធនាគារ។ល។<ref>Ivan S. Lubachko. ''Belorussia under Soviet Rule, 1917–1957'' (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1972), 137</ref> ===សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២=== [[File:Підбитий КВ-2 з німецьким вояком верхи. Вітебськ, 1941.jpeg|thumb|right|បុរស​ម្នាក់កំពុងអង្គុយលើកាណុងកាំភ្លើង​រថក្រោះ KV-2 របស់​សូវៀត​នៅ​ទីក្រុង[[វីទិបស្កិ៍]]ក្នុង​ឆ្នាំ១៩៤១។]] នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៣៩ [[អាល្លឺម៉ង់ណាស៊ី]]និងសហភាពសូវៀតបានព្រួតគ្នាវាយចូលឈ្លានពាននិងត្រួតត្រាប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញហើយ[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២|ឆាកសង្គ្រាមនៅអឺរ៉ុប]]ក៏បានផ្ទុះឡើង។ សូវៀតបានកាត់យកទឹកដីប៉ូឡូញខាងលិចស្ទើរទាំងអស់ដោយមានរួមទាំងទឹកដីបេឡារុសផងដែរ ហើយជាលទ្ធផល សសសប ក៏បានបង្រួបបង្រួមគ្នាឡើងសារជាថ្មី។<ref name="uni1"/><ref name="uni2"/><ref name="uni3"> * Клоков В. Я. Великий освободительный поход Красной Армии. (Освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии).-Воронеж, 1940. * Минаев В. Западная Белоруссия и Западная Украина под гнетом панской Польши.—М., 1939. * Трайнин И.Национальное и социальное освобождение Западной Украины и Западной Белоруссии.—М., 1939.—80 с. * Гiсторыя Беларусі. Том пяты.—Мінск, 2006.—с. 449–474 </ref><ref name="uni4">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZJntMQtkSYC&q=Belarus+map+1945&pg=PA106|title=Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship|author=Andrew Wilson|year=2011|isbn=978-0-300-13435-3}}</ref> ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាប្រជាជនបេឡារុសត្រូវបានតាងឡើងជារដ្ឋបាលក្នុងតំបន់នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៩៣៩។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤២ អាល្លឺម៉ង់ក៏សម្រេចចិត្តចូលឈ្លានពានសហភាពសូវៀតដោយគេបានសម្តៅលើប្រតិបត្តិការឈ្លានពាននេះថា [[ប្រតិបត្តិការបាបារ៉ូសា]]។ យោងតាមស្ថិតិ បេឡារុសគឺជារដ្ឋមួយក្នុងចំណោមសាធារណរដ្ឋសូវៀតទាំងអស់ដែលបានទទួលរងនូវផលប៉ះពាល់ច្រើនជាងគេនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២ ហើយបានធ្លាក់ក្រោមការត្រួតត្រារបស់អាល្លឺម៉ង់រហូតដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៤។ នៅខណៈពេលកំពុងត្រួតត្រា អាល្លឺម៉ង់បានបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញទីក្រុងចំនួន ២០៩ ក្នុងចំណោមទីក្រុងសរុបចំនួន ២៩០, ៨៥% នៃឧស្សាហកម្មបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ និងរួមជាមួយអគារជាងមួយលានខ្នង។<ref name="axell"/> ផែនការ[[ជេនណេរ៉ូលផ្លង់អូស្ត]]របស់អាល្លឺម៉ង់បានបង្កឱ្យមានសកម្មភាពប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍នៅតាមតំបន់[[អឺរ៉ុបកណ្តាល]]និងខាងលិច ពិសេសគឺរដ្ឋបេឡារុសនោះឯង។<ref>[[Timothy Snyder|Snyder, Timothy]] (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ks0WBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin]''. Basic Books. p. 160. {{ISBN|0465002390}}</ref> ទឹកដីបេឡារុសខាងលិចបានក្លាយជាផ្នែកនៃ[[រ៉ៃស៍ស្កូមីស្សារីអាតអូស្តឡង់]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៤១ ប៉ុន្តែនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៣ អាជ្ញាធរអាល្លឺម៉ង់ក្នុងស្រុកបានសម្រេចបង្កើតរដ្ឋរណបមួយឈ្មោះថា[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាកណ្តាលបេឡារុស|រ៉ាដាកណ្តាលបេឡារុស]]។<ref>(German) Dallin, Alexander (1958). ''Deutsche Herrschaft in Russland, 1941–1945: Eine Studie über Besatzungspolitik'', pp. 234–236. Droste Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf.</ref> សង្គ្រាមរវាងអាល្លឺម៉ង់នឹងសូវៀត (១៩៤១–៤៤) បានផ្តល់វិបត្តិនិងបញ្ហាជាច្រើនដល់ប្រជាជាតិបេឡារុស។ ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសជាង ១,៦ លាននាក់ និងទាហានបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ៦២០,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>Vadim Erlikman. ''Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik.'' Moscow 2004. {{ISBN|5-93165-107-1}} pp.&nbsp;23–35</ref>ហើយបើគិតជាភាគរយគឺស្មើនឹង ២៥% នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុប។<ref>{{cite news |title=This Chart Shows The Astounding Devastation Of World War II |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/percentage-of-countries-who-died-during-wwii-2014-5 |work=Business Insider |date=30 May 2014}}</ref> ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសដែលមានដើមកំណើតជ្វីហ្វត្រូវបានទាហានអាល្លឺម៉ង់ចាប់ធ្វើទារុណកម្មនិងបង្អត់ចំណីអាហារនៅក្នុងជំរុំឃុំឃាំងហើយនេះគឺជាមូលហេតុចម្បងមួយដែលបង្ហាញពីវត្តមានតិចតួចនៃជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វនៅលើទឹកដីប្រទេសបេឡារុសសព្វថ្ងៃ។<ref name="axell"/><ref name="warpop">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/11.htm|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Stalin and Russification|access-date=26 March 2006|last=Fedor|first=Helen|work=Belarus: A Country Study|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=10335986@cmsArticle|title=Потери гражданского населения|website=function.mil.ru|access-date=21 មករា 2022}}</ref> ចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុបនៅបេឡារុសមិនបានទទួលកំណើនអ្វីឡើយក្រោយពីសង្គ្រាមបានបញ្ចប់ លុះដល់ឆ្នាំ១៩៧១ ទើបកំណើនបានកើនឡើងវិញ។<ref name="warpop"/> ===សម័យក្រោយសង្គ្រាម=== នៅក្រោយសង្គ្រាម បេឡារុសបានក្លាយជារដ្ឋសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកទាំង ៥១ នៃ[[ធម្មនុញ្ញអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] ហើយដូចនេះទើបបេឡារុសមានសិទ្ធិបោះឆ្នោតលើអ្វីៗនៅលើឆាកអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ។ ព្រំដែនរវាងប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញនិងបេឡារុសត្រូវបានរៀបចំសារជាថ្មីដោយផ្អែកលើ[[ខ្សែបន្ទាត់កាហ្សុន]]ដែលបានស្នើកាលពីឆ្នាំ១៩១៩។<ref name="olson95"/> មេដឹកនាំសូវៀតលោក[[ហ្សូសែហ្វ ស្តាលីន]]បានអនុវត្ត[[សូវៀតវូបនីយកម្ម]]ដើម្បីផ្តាច់បេឡារុសចេញពីឥទ្ធិពល[[លោកខាងលិច]]។<ref name="warpop"/> គោលនយោបាយនេះបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅតាមរយៈការបញ្ជូនអ្នកនយោបាយរុស្ស៊ីពីគ្រប់ផ្នែកនៃសហភាពសូវៀតទៅកាន់កាប់តំណែងសំខាន់ៗនៅក្នុងជួររដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុស។ បន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពរបស់ស្តាលីននៅឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣ លោក[[នីគីតា គ្រូឆេវ]]បានឡើងកាន់តំណែងជាមេដឹកនាំបន្តដោយលោកបានអនុវត្តនូវគោលនយោបាយរបស់ស្តាលីនដដែរ។<ref name="warpop"/> អ្នកនយោបាយកុម្មុយនីស្តសូវៀតបេឡារុសម្នាក់ឈ្មោះ[[អានឌ្រី ក្រូម៉ៃកា]]បានចូលបម្រើការជារដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការបរទេសសូវៀត (១៩៥៧–៨៥) និងជាប្រធាននៃ[[គណៈប្រធានសូវៀតកំពូល]] (១៩៨៥–៨៨) ដោយលោកជាអ្នកនយោបាយសញ្ជាតិបេឡារុសដ៏សំខាន់បំផុតនាសម័យនោះនិងជាអ្នកទទួលខុសត្រូវលើគោលនយោបាយការបរទេសសូវៀតស្ទើរទាំងស្រុង។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Remnick |first1=David |title=Andrei Gromyko Dies, Was Soviet Diplomat for 50 Years |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/07/04/andrei-gromyko-dies-was-soviet-diplomat-for-50-years/dd9bf045-b8e8-4c1c-8527-4e8d079f10e4/ |work=The Washington Post |date=4 July 1989}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៨៦ បរិយាកាសនៃរដ្ឋបេឡារុសបានទទួលនូវ[[ការធ្លាក់វិទ្យុសកម្មនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]]ច្រើនបំផុត (៧០%) ពីបន្ទុះរោងចក្រថាមពលនៅ[[ឈើណូប៊ីល]]ដែលមានចម្ងាយ ១៦ គីឡូម៉ែត្រពីទឹកដី[[សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតអ៊ុយក្រែន|អ៊ុយក្រែន]]។<ref name="Gorby">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/12.htm|title=Belarus- Perestroika|access-date=26 March 2007|last=Fedor|first=Hele|work=Belarus: A Country Study|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2020|title=Belarus: Five things you may not know about the country|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53727243|access-date=16 August 2020|website=BBC}}</ref> នៅចុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ សេរីភាវូបនីយកម្មនយោបាយបាននាំឱ្យឥទ្ធិពលជាតិនិយមងើបឡើងវិញ ដោយមាន[[រណសិរ្សប្រជាជនបេឡារុស]]ជាកម្លាំងគាំទ្រឯករាជ្យដ៏សំខាន់មួយ។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1066125.html|title=Post-Soviet Belarus: A Timeline|website=rferl.org|date=24 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17941637|title=Belarus profile – Timeline|website=BBC News|date=20 August 2018}}</ref> ===ឯករាជ្យភាព=== [[File:RIAN archive 848095 Signing the Agreement to eliminate the USSR and establish the Commonwealth of Independent States.jpg|thumb|upright=1|មេដឹកនាំរុស្ស៊ី អ៊ុយក្រែន និងបេឡារុសកំពុងអង្គុយចុះហត្ថលេខាលើ[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងបេឡាវេហ្សា]]ដែលនឹងរំលាយសហភាពសូវៀតជាផ្លូវការ, ៨ ធ្នូ ១៩៩១]] នៅខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ ការបោះឆ្នោតដើម្បីអាសនៈនៅក្នុងសភាកំពូលសូវៀតនៃ សសស បេឡារុសត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។ ទោះបីជា[[រណសិរ្សប្រជាជនបេឡារុស]]បានដណ្តើមអាសនៈបានតែ ១០% ក៏ដោយតែប្រជាជនភាគច្រើនបានចូលរួមគាំទ្រដល់ចលនាមួយនេះ ជាពិសេសគឺសមាជិកដែលបានជ្រើសតាំងនៅក្នុងសភា។<ref name="byind">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/39.htm|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Prelude to Independence|access-date=22 December 2007|last=Fedor|first=Helen|work=Belarus: A Country Study|publisher=[[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> រដ្ឋបេឡារុសបានប្រកាសពីអធិបតេយ្យភាពរបស់ខ្លួននៅថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣ តាមរយៈការចេញប្រកាសនូវ[[សេចក្តីប្រកាសស្តីពីអធិបតេយ្យភាពរដ្ឋនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតបេឡារុស]]។<ref>{{cite web |title=History, Belarus |url=https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/history |website=Belarus.by |access-date=6 April 2021 |archivedate=2 មេសា 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402173018/https://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/history |url-status=dead }}</ref> ដោយមានការគាំទ្រពីបក្សកុម្មុយនិស្ត ឈ្មោះផ្លូវការរបស់ប្រទេសនេះត្រូវបានប្តូរមក សាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស នៅថ្ងៃទី២៥ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១។<ref name="byind"/> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ ប្រធាននៃសភាកំពូលសូវៀតបេឡារុសលោក[[ស្តានីស្លាវ ស៊ូសកេវិច]]បានជួបជាមួយនឹងមេដឹកនាំរុស្ស៊ីលោក[[បូរីស យែលស៊ីន]]និងមេដឹកនាំអ៊ុយក្រែនលោក[[ឡេអូនីត ក្រាវឈូក]]ដណ្តើមចុះហត្ថលេខាលើកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងរំលាយសហភាពសូវៀតចោលជាផ្លូវការនិងការបង្កើត[[សហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ]]ឡើង។<ref name="byind"/> [[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុស|រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញជាតិ]]មួយត្រូវបានអនុម័តនៅខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ ដោយមុខងារនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីពីមុនត្រូវបានប្រគល់មកឱ្យ[[ប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុស]] ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅចំនួនពីរលើក (២៤ មិថុនា ១៩៩៤ និង ១០ កក្កដា ១៩៩៤)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950026.txt|title=World Factbook: Belarus|access-date=21 December 2007|date=20 October 1994|format=TXT|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archivedate=26 កក្កដា 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726033957/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact94/wf950026.txt|url-status=dead}}</ref> ហើយជាលទ្ធផល លោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]ក៏បានជាប់ឆ្នោតក្លាយជាមេដឹកនាំនៃប្រជាជាតិថ្មីមួយនេះដោយលោកបានទទួលសម្លេងឆ្នោត ៤៥% ក្នុងដំណើរបោះឆ្នោតលើកទីមួយរួចទទួលបាន ៨០%<ref name="byind"/> ក្នុងដំណើរបោះឆ្នោតលើកទីពីរ។ លូកាសិនកូបានជាប់ឆ្នោតម្តងហើយម្តងទៀតជាបន្តបន្ទាប់គ្នានៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០១|ការបោះឆ្នោតឆ្នាំ២០០១]], [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៦|២០០៦]], [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០១០|២០១០]] និង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០១៥|ឆ្នាំ២០១៥]]។ ជាយូរណាស់មកហើយ រដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកខាងលិចមួយចំនួន<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.international.gc.ca/media/aff/news-communiques/2012/09/25a.aspx?view=d|title=Standing up for Free and Fair Elections in Belarus|access-date=7 January 2013|author1=Foreign Affairs |author2=International Trade Canada|date=25 September 2012|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref>រួមជាមួយ[[អង្គការលើកលែងទោសអន្តរជាតិ]]<ref name=amnesty/> និង[[អង្គការឃ្លាំមើលសិទ្ធិមនុស្ស]]<ref name="HRW">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/01/13/belaru9878.htm |title=Essential Background&nbsp;– Belarus |access-date=26 មីនា 2006 |publisher=អង្គការឃ្លាំមើលសិទ្ធិមនុស្ស}}</ref>បានរិះគន់រដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកលូកាសិនកូយ៉ាងខ្លាំងដោយចោតប្រកាន់ថាជារដ្ឋាភិបាលផ្តាច់ការ។ [[File:Alexander Lukashenko, opening of Slavianski Bazar 2014.jpg|thumb|upright=1|លោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]បានគ្រប់គ្រងប្រទេសបេឡារុសចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤។]] ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០១៤ បន្ទាប់ពីបានទទួលឥទ្ធិពលពីប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីអស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនឆ្នាំមកទីបំផុតលោកលូកាសិនកូក៏បានសម្រេចចិត្តជំរុញនិងគាំទ្រនូវអត្តសញ្ញាណជាតិបេឡារុស។ ជាលើកដំបូង លោកលូកាសិនកូបានថ្លែងសុន្ទរកថាជាភាសាបេឡារុស (ជាជាងភាសារុស្ស៊ីដែលប្រជាជនបេឡារុសមួយចំនួនធំបាននិយាយប្រើប្រាស់ដូចភាសាចម្បងរបស់ពួកគេអញ្ចឹង)។ ក្នុងសុន្ទរកថានោះផងដែរ លោកលូកាសិនកូបានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា "យើងមិនមែនជាប្រជាជនរុស្ស៊ីទេ—តែយើងជាជនជាតិបេឡារុស" ហើយបន្ទាប់មកលោកបានលើកទឹកចិត្តប្រជាជនទាំងឡាយឱ្យប្រើប្រាស់ភាសាបេឡារុសឱ្យកាន់តែច្រើន។ ជម្លោះពាណិជ្ជកម្ម វិវាទព្រំដែន និងឥរិយាបថថ្មីរបស់ពួកមន្ត្រីដែលចាប់ផ្តើមស្តាប់និងយល់ព្រមនឹងសំលេងប្រឆាំងគឺសុទ្ធតែជាផ្នែកមួយនៃទំនាក់ទំនងដែលកំពុងធ្លាក់ចុះដុនដាបជាមួយរុស្ស៊ីនាពេលនោះ។<ref>[https://globalvoices.org/2017/02/21/the-strange-death-of-russias-closest-alliance/ The Strange Death of Russia's Closest Alliance], [[Global Voices Online|Global Voices]], 21 February 2017</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០១៩ លោកលូកាសិនកូបានជួបពិភាក្សាទ្វេភាគីជាមួយប្រធានាធិបតីរុស្ស៊ីលោក[[វ្លាឌឺមៀរ ពូទីន|ពូទីន]]នៅឯទីក្រុង[[សូឈី]] ប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីហើយបានប្រកាសថាប្រទេសទាំងពីរ"អាចបង្រួបបង្រួមនៅថ្ងៃស្អែកដោយគ្មានបញ្ហា"។<ref name="moscow-times-bel">{{cite news |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/02/15/were-ready-unite-with-russia-belarus-leader-lukashenko-says |newspaper=[[The Moscow Times]] |title=Belarus Ready to 'Unite' With Russia, Lukashenko Says |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217194147/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/02/15/were-ready-unite-with-russia-belarus-leader-lukashenko-says |archive-date=17 February 2019 |url-status=live |date=15 February 2019}}</ref> វាគឺជាគំនិតមួយដែលពូទីនតែងតែគាំទ្រកន្លងមក អ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍បានចាត់ទុកផែនការនេះថាជាបំណងប្រាថ្នារបស់ពូទីនដោយវាអាចជួយឱ្យលោកបន្តកាន់អំណាចលើសពីឆ្នាំ២០២៤ ទៅទៀត។<ref name="newsweek-02-19">{{cite news |last1=Brennan |first1=David |title=Russia May Absorb Belarus: 'We're Ready to Unite,' President Says |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-belarus-unite-absorb-union-vladimir-putin-alexander-lukashenko-1333800 |access-date=17 February 2019 |work=Newsweek |date=16 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216173032/https://www.newsweek.com/russia-belarus-unite-absorb-union-vladimir-putin-alexander-lukashenko-1333800 |archive-date=16 February 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា អ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនយោបាយមួយរូបឈ្មោះ[[មីខាអ៊ីល វីណូក្រាដូវ]]បានពន្យល់ថា"លូកាសិនកូនឹងសម្តែងជាអ្នកមាំមួនក្លាហាននៅមុខសាធារណជនខ្លួនតែបែរជាព្យាយាមធ្វើខ្លួនខ្សោយនៅមុខពូទីន" លោកអាតយូម ស្ត្រៃម៉ាន់ដែលមកពី[[មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលម៉ូស្គូកាណេជី]]បានលើកឡើងថា"ម៉ូស្គូអាចទំនងជាបរាជ័យនៅក្នុងការរកមូលដ្ឋានរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុងចំណោមប្រជាជនបេឡារុស"។<ref name="dw-02">{{cite news |last1=Sherwin |first1=Emily |title=Could Russia and Belarus trade oil for national sovereignty? |url=https://p.dw.com/p/3DJWp |access-date=17 February 2019 |work=[[Deutsche Welle|DW]] |date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213221155/https://www.dw.com/en/could-russia-and-belarus-trade-oil-for-national-sovereignty/a-47502343 |archive-date=13 February 2019 |url-status=live |location=Moscow}}</ref> [[បាតុកម្មនៅបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០២០–២១|បាតុកម្មដ៏ធំមួយ]]បានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅពាសពេញផ្ទៃប្រទេសបន្ទាប់ពីការចេញនូវលទ្ធផលនៃ[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០២០]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Belarus's Protests Aren't Particularly Anti-Putin |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/19/belarus-protest-not-anti-russian-putin-interfere/ |work=Foreign Policy |date=19 August 2020}}</ref> ដោយគេឃើញថាលោកលូកាសិនកូនឹងកាន់អំណាចមួយអាណត្តិបន្តទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |title=Protests in Belarus continue despite challenger's departure |url=https://apnews.com/dc7ec04bfb73782a094c18ed4e63feaa |work=Associated Press |date=11 August 2020}}</ref> មេដឹកនាំរុស្ស៊ីនិងសហភាពអឺរ៉ុបបានព្រមានថាអាចនឹងមានការចូលធ្វើអន្តរាគមន៍ពីសំណាក់អន្តរជាតិនៅក្នុងកិច្ចការផ្ទៃក្នុងរបស់បេឡារុស។<ref>{{cite news |title=EU leaders to warn Russia against Belarus interference |url=https://euobserver.com/foreign/149166 |work=EUobserver |date=18 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Putin warns western leaders over 'meddling' in Belarus |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f96fdf91-6826-4af2-923d-ff14947fcd15 |work=Financial Times |date=18 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Russian FM in Syria, meets Assad in first visit since 2012 |publisher=Associated Press |date=7 September 2020 |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/russian-fm-syria-meets-assad-115535854.html |access-date=7 September 2020 }}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលលីទុយអានីបានយល់ព្រមផ្តល់នូវទីកន្លែងជ្រកកោនដល់បេក្ខជនបក្សប្រឆាំងបេឡារុសសំខាន់ៗដូចលោកស្រី[[ស្វីតឡាណា ទីកាណូវស្កាយ៉ា]] និងសមាជិកក្រុមប្រឆាំងដទៃទៀត។<ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus asks Lithuania to extradite opposition leader Tsikhanouskaya |url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/03/05/belarus-asks-lithuania-to-extradite-opposition-leader-tsikhanouskaya |publisher=Euronews |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Lithuania to Belarus: 'Rather watch hell freeze over' than deliver Tsikhanouskaya |url=https://www.dw.com/en/lithuania-to-belarus-rather-watch-hell-freeze-over-than-deliver-tsikhanouskaya/a-56787250 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Headquarters of Tsikhanouskaya, Coordination Council and National Anti-Crisis Management |url=https://www.voiceofbelarus.com/headquarters-of-tsikhanouskaya/ |publisher=Voice of Belarus |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref> ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញក៏បានគាំទ្រក្រុមបក្សប្រឆាំងទាំងនោះផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Belarus protests: Why Poland is backing the opposition |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54090389 |work=BBC News |date=10 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Belarus opposition leader: Foreign mediation may be needed |url=https://apnews.com/c70e47ca9c2c3526324c89982c1bac26 |work=Associated Press |date=9 September 2020}}</ref> ក្រោយពីការបោះឆ្នោត លូកាសិនកូមិនត្រូវបានសហភាពអឺរ៉ុបនិងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកទទួលស្គាល់ថាជាប្រធានាធិបតីស្របច្បាប់របស់បេឡារុសតទៅទៀតឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title=El Pais interview with HR/VP Borrell: "Lukashenko is like Maduro. We do not recognize him but we must deal with him" |url=https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/84346/el-pais-interview-hrvp-borrell-%E2%80%9Clukashenko-maduro-we-do-not-recognize-him-he-must-deal-him%E2%80%9D_en |publisher=eeas.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>Dave Lawler, [https://www.axios.com/us-lukashenko-president-belarus-353ed235-98f7-446f-919a-6a6cdab81975.html U.S. no longer recognizes Lukashenko as legitimate president of Belarus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221151140/https://www.axios.com/us-lukashenko-president-belarus-353ed235-98f7-446f-919a-6a6cdab81975.html |date=2021-12-21 }}, ''Axios'' (24 September 2020).</ref> មិនតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ សហភាពអឺរ៉ុបនិងអាមេរិកបានរួមគ្នាដាក់ទណ្ឌកម្មនយោបាយលើមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់បេឡារុសមួយចំនួនដោយចោតប្រកាន់មន្ត្រីទាំងនោះថាបានលួចបន្លំសន្លឹកឆ្នោតនិងគាបសង្កត់មកលើបាតុករ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2020 |title= U.S., EU Sanction Belarus in Coordinated Western Action |url= https://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-leaders-agree-to-adopt-sanctions-on-belarus-officials-11601596533 |publisher= The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> ==ភូមិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ភូមិសាស្ត្របេឡារុស}} ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺស្ថិតនៅរយៈទទឹង [[ខ្សែស្របខាងជើងទី៥១|ជ ៥១°]] និង [[ខ្សែស្របខាងជើងទី៥៧|៥៧°]] និងរយៈបណ្តោយ [[ខ្សែវណ្ឌខាងកើតទី២៣|ក ២៣°]] និង [[ខ្សែវណ្ឌខាងកើតទី៣៣|៣៣°]]។ ទឹកដីបេឡារុសពីជើងទៅត្បូងគឺមានចម្ងាយ ៥៦០ គម រីឯពីលិចទៅកើតគឺមានចម្ងាយ ៦៥០ គម។<ref name="statistics">{{cite web|url=http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html|title=Coordinates of the extreme points of the state frontier. Main Geographic Characteristics of the Republic of Belarus|publisher=the Scientific and Production State Republican Unitary Enterprise "National Cadastre Agency" of the State Property Committee of the Republic of Belarus|website=Land of Ancestors|access-date=11 កញ្ញា 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053717/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html|archive-date=21 កញ្ញា 2013|url-status=dead|archivedate=2013-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053717/http://landofancestors.com/travel/statistics/geography/235-coordinates-of-the-extreme-points-of-the-state-frontier.html}}</ref> ប្រទេសនេះមិនមានព្រំដែនជាប់នឹងសមុទ្រអ្វីនោះទេហើយសណ្ឋានដីគឺមានលក្ខណៈជាខ្ពង់រាបដែលសម្បូរទៅដោយ[[វាលភក់|ដីភក់]]ច្រើន។<ref name="ciageo">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Geography|access-date=7 November 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|work=The World Factbook|archivedate=9 មករា 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ផ្ទៃដីបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ៤០% គឺគ្របដណ្តប់ទៅដោយព្រៃឈើ។<ref name="key facts"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf|title=Belarus: Window of Opportunity (see Table 15, page 66)|publisher=United Nations|access-date=22 កញ្ញ 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001230713/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf|archive-date=1 តុលា 2008|url-status=dead|archivedate=2015-01-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110193052/http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/nationalreports/europethecis/belarus/belarus_2005_en.pdf}}</ref> ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺស្ថិតនៅក្នុងតំបន់អេកូឡូស៊ីចំនួន ២ គឺ៖ [[ព្រៃចម្រុះសាម៉ាទិច]]និង[[ព្រៃចម្រុះអឺរ៉ុបកណ្តាល]]។<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> បឹងធំតូចចំនួន ១១,០០០ និងអូរជាច្រើនត្រូវបានរកឃើញក្នុងប្រទេសបេឡារុស។<ref name="ciageo"/> ទន្លេធំៗចំនួនបីបានហូរឆ្លងកាត់ប្រទេសនេះមាន៖ [[ទន្លេណេម៉ាន់]] [[ទន្លេព្រីបយ៉ាត់|ព្រីបយ៉ាត់]] និង[[ទន្លេឌីណេព័រ]]។ ទន្លេណាម៉ាន់គឺហូរទៅកាន់ទិសខាងលិចឆ្ពោះទៅសមុទ្របាល់ទិករីឯទន្លេព្រីបយ៉ាត់គឺហូរសម្តៅទៅឌីណេព័រហើយទន្លេឌីណេព័របន្តហូរឆ្ពោះទៅទិសខាងត្បូងចូលទៅក្នុង[[សមុទ្រខ្មៅ]]។<ref name="bell">{{cite book|last=Bell|first=Imogen|title=Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2002|page=132|isbn=1-85743-137-5}}</ref> [[File:Strusta Lake - Panorama.jpg|thumb|upright=|[[បឹងស៊្រូស្តា]]នៅក្នុង[[តំបន់វីតិបស្ក៍]]]] ចំណុចខ្ពស់បំផុតក្នុងប្រទេសនេះគឺ[[ភ្នំឌីស៊ែរជីនស្គី]] (៣៤៥ ម៉ែត្រ) រីឯចំណុចទាបបំផុតគឺស្ថិតនៅលើទន្លេណេម៉ាន់ (៩០ ម៉ែត្រ)។<ref name="ciageo"/> កម្ពស់មធ្យមរបស់បេឡារុសគឺ ១៦០ ម៉ែត្រ[[កម្ពស់លើនីវ៉ូទឹក|លើនីវ៉ូទឹក]]។<ref>{{harvnb|Zaprudnik|1993|p=xix}}</ref> អាកាសធាតុក្នុងប្រទេសនេះមានលក្ខណៈជាអាកាសធាតុត្រជាក់មធ្យមនិងត្រជាក់ខ្លាំងដោយនៅខែមករាមានសីតុណ្ហភាពអប្បបរមាចាប់ពី -៤°C នៅតំបន់និរតីទៅ -៨°C នៅតំបន់ពាយព្យ។ ប្រទេសនេះក៏មានរដូវក្តៅសើមផងដែរដោយមានសីតុណ្ហភាពជាមធ្យម ១៨°C។<ref name="locclimate">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/15.htm |title=Belarus&nbsp;– Climate |access-date=22 December 2007 |last=Fedor |first=Helen |work=Belarus: A Country Study |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> ប្រទេសបេឡារុសទទួលទឹកភ្លៀងជាមធ្យមពី ៥៥០ ទៅ ៧០០ [[មីល្លីម៉ែត្រ]] (mm) ជារៀងរាល់ឆ្នាំ។<ref name="locclimate"/> ធនធានធម្មជាតិនៅក្នុងប្រទេសនេះមានដូចជា៖ [[រុក្ខជាតិពុក]] ចំនួនបរិមាណតិចតួចនៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិ [[ថ្មក្រានីត]] [[ថ្មកំបោរ]] ដីស ដីខ្សាច់ ដីក្រួស និងដីឥដ្ឋ។ល។<ref name="ciageo"/> ឥទ្ធិពលវិទ្យុសកម្មប្រហែល ៧០% ពី[[គ្រោះមហន្តរាយឈើណូប៊ីល|បទ្ទវហេតុនុយក្លេអ៊ែរទីក្រុងឈើណូប៊ីល]]នៅប្រទេសអ៊ុយក្រែនបានរសាត់ចូលមកក្នុងប្រទេសបេឡារុសដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យផ្ទៃដីបេឡារុសមួយភាគប្រាំ (ដីស្រែចម្ការនិងព្រៃឈើនៅតំបន់ភាគអាគ្នេយ៍) ទទួលរងផលប៉ះពាល់ខ្លាំង។<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4485003.stm|work=BBC News|title=Belarus cursed by Chernobyl|first=Sarah|last=Rainsford|date=26 April 2005|access-date=26 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424152147/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4485003.stm| archive-date= 24 April 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនិងទីភ្ញាក់ងារផ្សេងៗទៀតបានចាត់វិធានការកាត់បន្ថយកម្រិតវិទ្យុសកម្មនៅក្នុងតំបន់ដែលរងផលប៉ះពាល់ ជាពិសេសគឺតាមរយៈការប្រើប្រាស់ធាតុ[[សេស្យូម]]និងការដាំដុះគ្រាប់កាណូឡាដើម្បីកាត់បន្ថយកម្រិត[[សេស្យូម-១៣៧]] នៅក្នុងផ្ទៃដី។<ref name="uncher">{{cite web|url=http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/belarus.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084709/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/belarus.html|archive-date=6 May 2008|publisher=United Nations|title=The United Nations and Chernobyl&nbsp;– The Republic of Belarus|access-date=4 October 2007|archivedate=6 ឧសភា 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506084709/http://chernobyl.undp.org/english/belarus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="iaea">{{cite news|first=Marilyn|last=Smith|title=Ecological reservation in Belarus fosters new approaches to soil remediation|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|url=http://tc.iaea.org/tcweb/news_archive/Chernobyl/ecoreserve/default.asp|access-date=19 December 2007}}</ref> បេឡារុសមានព្រំដែនជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[ឡេតូនី]]នៅភាគខាងជើង ប្រទេស[[លីទុយអានី]]នៅភាគពាយព្យ ប្រទេស[[ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ|ប៉ូឡូញ]]នៅភាគខាងលិច ប្រទេស[[រុស្ស៊ី]]នៅភាគខាងជើងនិងកើត និងប្រទេស[[អ៊ុយក្រែន]]នៅភាគខាងត្បូង។ សន្ធិសញ្ញាឆ្នាំ១៩៩៥ និងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦ បានកំណត់ព្រំដែនបេឡារុសជាមួយនឹងប្រទេសឡេតូនីនិងលីទុយអានី ហើយបន្ទាប់មក បេឡារុសបានធ្វើសច្ចាប័នលើសន្ធិសញ្ញាឆ្នាំ១៩៩៧ ដោយបង្កើតបានព្រំដែនបេឡារុស–អ៊ុយក្រែននៅឆ្នាំ២០០៩។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uef.fi/documents/428549/854028/countryreport-belarus-borders.pdf/751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7|title=Country Report: Belarus Borders: Borders and policy in Belarus|author=Larissa Titarenko|access-date=9 February 2017|publisher=University of Eastern Finland|page=14}}</ref> បេឡារុសនិងលីទុយអានីបានធ្វើសច្ចាប័នជាលើកចុងក្រោយលើឯកសារកំណត់ព្រំដែននៅខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០០៧។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uef.fi/documents/428549/854028/countryreport-belarus-borders.pdf/751f5e6f-b72f-468e-999e-e1988a790aa7|title=Country Report: Belarus Borders|author=Larissa Titarenko|access-date=12 November 2018|publisher=[[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យហ្វាំងឡង់ខាងកើត]]}}</ref> ==រដ្ឋាភិបាល== {{Main|នយោបាយនៅបេឡារុស}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | caption_align = center | image1 = Alexander Lukashenko (2020-09-03) 01.jpg | caption1 = '''[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]'''<br />{{small|[[ប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុស|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]}} | width1 = 115 | image2 = Roman Golovchenko (2020-09-03)(portrait).jpg | caption2 = '''[[រ៉ូម៉ាំង ហ្គូលូវឆិនកូ]]'''<br />{{small|[[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីបេឡារុស|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]]}} | width2 = 120 | total_width = }} [[File:House of Representatives of Belarus.jpg|thumb|[[វិមានរដ្ឋាភិបាល (មីនស្កឹ)|វិមានរដ្ឋាភិបាល]], រដ្ឋធានីមីនស្កឹ]] បេឡារុសគឺជាសាធារណរដ្ឋ[[ប្រព័ន្ធប្រធានាធិបតី|ប្រធានាធិបតីនិយម]]ដែលដឹកនាំដោយ[[ប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុស|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]និង[[រដ្ឋសភាជាតិបេឡារុស|រដ្ឋសភា]]។ ប្រធានាធិបតីនីមួយៗអាចបម្រើការបានរយៈពេលប្រាំឆ្នាំក្នុងមួយអាណត្តិ។ នៅក្រោមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាចបម្រើការបានតែពីរឆ្នាំប៉ុណ្ណោះប៉ុន្តែ[[ប្រជាមតិបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៤|កំណែប្រែរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ]]នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៤ បានលុបចោលនូវការកំណត់អាណត្តិនោះ។<ref name="bbclukapro">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3882843.stm|title=Profile: Alexander Lukashenko|access-date=30 April 2010|date=9 January 2007|work=BBC News|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420191928/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3882843.stm| archive-date=20 April 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> លោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]បានបម្រើការជាប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ មកម្លេះ។ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៩៦ លោកលូកាសិនកូបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតចម្រូងចម្រាសមួយដើម្បីពន្យាររយៈពេលនៃអាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីពី ៥ ឆ្នាំទៅ ៧ ឆ្នាំហើយជាលទ្ធផល[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០១|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតី]]ដែលត្រូវបានគេរំពឹងថានឹងប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៩ ត្រូវបានរុញច្រានមកនៅឆ្នាំ២០០១ ទៅវិញ។ [[ប្រជាមតិបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦|ប្រជាមតិក្នុងការពន្យាអាណត្តិ]]នោះត្រូវបានប្រធានការិយាល័យបោះឆ្នោតលោក[[វិចទ័រ ហាន់ឆា]]ប្រកាសថាមានការក្លែងបន្លំដ៏"អស្ចារ្យ" ដោយឮដូច្នេះ មន្ត្រីរដ្ឋាភិបាលបានដកលោកចេញពីតំណែងភ្លាមៗ។<ref>{{cite book|author=Jeffries, Ian|year=2004|title=The countries of the former Soviet Union at the turn of the twenty-first century: the Baltic and European states in transition|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-25230-X|page=274}}</ref> រដ្ឋសភាជាតិគឺជា[[ប្រព័ន្ធសភាពីរថ្នាក់|សភាពីរថ្នាក់]]ដែលមានសមាជិក[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្របេឡារុស|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]]ចំនួន ១១០ រូប (សភាជាន់ទាប) និងសមាជិក[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សារដ្ឋនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋ]]ចំនួន ៦៤ រូប (សភាជាន់ខ្ពស់)។<ref>[[Constitution of Belarus]] Chapter 4, Art. 90 and 91</ref> [[File:Victory square, Minsk 01.jpg|thumb|[[ទីជ័យជម្នះ (មីនស្កឹ)|ទីជ័យជម្នះនៅទីក្រុងមីនស្ក៍]]]] សភាតំណាងរាស្រ្តមានអំណាចក្នុងការតែងតាំងនាយករដ្ឋមន្រ្តី ធ្វើវិសោធនកម្មរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ អំពាវនាវឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតទុកចិត្តលើនាយករដ្ឋមន្រ្តី និងផ្តល់យោបល់លើគោលនយោបាយការបរទេសនិងក្នុងស្រុក។<ref>{{cite web|title=Belarus 1994 (rev. 2004)|url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Belarus_2004?lang=en|website=Constitute|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋគឺមានអំណាចក្នុងការជ្រើសរើសមន្រ្តីរដ្ឋាភិបាលផ្សេងៗ ធ្វើការប្តឹងប្តលប្រធានាធិបតី និងទទួលយកឬបដិសេធវិក័យប័ត្រដែលអនុម័តដោយសភាតំណាងរាស្រ្ត។ អង្គជំនុំជម្រះនីមួយៗមានសមត្ថភាពក្នុងការបដិសេធនូវច្បាប់ណាមួយដែលបានអនុម័តដោយមន្រ្តីមូលដ្ឋានប្រសិនបើវាផ្ទុយនឹងរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ។<ref name="conby">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19332.html#doc|title=Section&nbsp;IV:The President, Parliament, Government, the Courts|access-date=22 December 2007|work=[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុស]]|publisher=Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217035445/http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19332.html|archive-date=17 ធ្នូ 2007}}</ref> ទីស្តីការគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីគឺជារដ្ឋាភិបាលនៃប្រទេសបេឡារុសដែលដឹកនាំដោយនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនិងឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីចំនួន ៥ រូប។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.government.by/en/eng_sostav1.html|title=(អង់គ្លេស) ឧបនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|access-date=21 មេសា 2010|publisher=ទីស្តីការគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304020325/http://www.government.by/en/eng_sostav1.html|archive-date=4 មីនា 2010|archivedate=2010-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304020325/http://www.government.by/en/eng_sostav1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> សមាជិកគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីគឺត្រូវតែងតាំងដោយប្រធានាធិបតីហើយពួកគេមិនចាំបាច់ជាសមាជិកសភានោះឡើយ។ ស្ថាប័នតុលាការមានតុលាការកំពូលនិងតុលាការសំខាន់ៗមួយចំនួនដូចតុលាការធម្មនុញ្ញជាដើមដែលមានតួនាទីដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាទាក់ទងនឹងរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញនិងច្បាប់ធុរកិច្ចផ្សេងៗ។ ចៅក្រមនៃតុលាការជាតិគឺត្រូវបានតែងតាំងដោយប្រធានាធិបតីនិងត្រូវទទួលយល់ព្រមពីក្រុមប្រឹក្សានៃសាធារណរដ្ឋ។ តុលាការដែលទទួលខុសត្រូវលើករណីព្រហ្មទណ្ឌគឺតុលាការកំពូល។ រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុសបានហាមឃាត់មិនឱ្យមានវត្តមានតុលាការក្រៅប្រព័ន្ធពិសេសនោះទេ។<ref name="conby"/> ===ការបោះឆ្នោត=== [[File:Solidarity with Belarus concert.jpg|thumb|អតីតទង់ជាតិបេឡារុស (ធ្លាប់បានប្រើនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩១៨, ១៩៤៣–៤៤ និង ១៩៩១–១៩៩៥) សព្វថ្ងៃវាគឺជានិមិត្តសញ្ញានៃការប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកលូកាសិនកូ។]] ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយខ្លះៗនិងរួមទាំងអ្នកនយោបាយមួយចំនួនបានចាត់ទុកប្រទេសបេឡារុសថាជា"ប្រទេសផ្តាច់ការចុងក្រោយបង្អស់នៃទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប"<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/07/belarus-inside-europes-last-dictatorship|access-date=7 August 2014 |title=Belarus: inside Europe's last dictatorship |location=London |work=The Guardian|first=Sigrid|last=Rausing|date=7 October 2012}}</ref><ref name="reuters1">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | work=[[Reuters]] | title=Belarus's Lukashenko: 'Better a dictator than gay' | quote=...German Foreign Minister's branding him 'Europe's last dictator' | location=Berlin | date=4 March 2012 | access-date=30 June 2017 | archive-date=6 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006194656/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/04/us-belarus-dicator-idUSTRE8230T320120304 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Liabedzka |first1=Anatoly |title=Europe's Last Dictatorship |journal=European View |date=2008 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1007/s12290-008-0029-7|s2cid=154655219 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marples |first1=David R |title=Europe's Last Dictatorship: The Roots and Perspectives of Authoritarianism in 'White Russia' |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |date=2005 |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=895–908 |doi=10.1080/1080/09668130500199509|s2cid=153436132 }}</ref> ចំណែកឯលូកាសិនកូវិញបានអះអាងនិងចាត់ទុករដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកថាជារដ្ឋាភិបាលប្រជាធិបតេយ្យដែលមាន"របៀបដឹកនាំបែបផ្តាច់ការ"។<ref name="bbclukapro"/> [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាអឺរ៉ុប]]បានដកប្រទេសបេឡារុសចេញពីថ្នាក់រដ្ឋសង្កតការណ៍របស់ខ្លួនចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩៧ មកម្លេះបន្ទាប់ពីយល់ឃើញថាការបោះឆ្នោតឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦ មានភាពមិនប្រក្រតី។<ref name="CoE">{{cite web |url=http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a(97).htm |title=Belarus suspended from the Council of Europe |date=17 January 1997 |publisher=Press Service of the Council of Europe |access-date=26 March 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426062531/http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a%2897%29.htm |archive-date=26 April 2006 |archivedate=26 មេសា 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060426062531/http://press.coe.int/cp/97/11a%2897%29.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/belarus/Belarus-04.htm |title=Republic of Belarus |work=[[Human Rights Watch]] |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> ដើម្បីក្លាយជាសមាជិកពេញលេញ ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាអឺរ៉ុបបានតម្រូវឱ្យរដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុសចូលគោរព[[សិទ្ធិមនុស្ស]] [[នីតិរដ្ឋ]] និងលទ្ធិប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/programmes/belarus |title=Belarus – Office of the Directorate General of Programmes |website=coe.int |access-date=9 December 2020}}</ref> នៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៤|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាឆ្នាំ២០០៤]] គ្មានគណបក្សប្រឆាំងនិងគណបក្សគាំទ្រលូកាសិនកូណាដណ្តើមបានអាសនៈសម្បីតែមួយ។ [[អង្គការដើម្បីសន្តិសុខនិងសហប្រតិបត្ដិការអឺរ៉ុប]] (OSCE) បានសម្រេចថាការបោះឆ្នោតនោះមិនមានភាពយុត្តិធម៌នោះទេពីព្រោះបេក្ខជនខាងបក្សប្រឆាំងត្រូវបានរដ្ឋាភិបាលបដិសេដមិនឱ្យចូលរួមហើយដំណើរនៃការបោះឆ្នោតត្រូវបានរៀបចំឡើងដើម្បីតែគាំទ្រអ្នកកាន់អំណាចប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="OSCE">{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/belarus/38658|format=PDF|title=OSCE Report on the October 2004 parliamentary elections|date=December 2004|publisher=Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|access-date=21 March 2007|archivedate=6 មិថុនា 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606092902/http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/belarus/38658|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីឆ្នាំ២០០៦]] លូកាសិនកូត្រូវបានតវ៉ាប្រឆាំងដោយលោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ មីលីនកេវិច]]ដែលជាអ្នកតំណាងក្រុមសម្ព័ន្ធនៃបក្សប្រឆាំង និងលោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ កាស៊ូលីន]]នៃបក្សសង្គមប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ។ លោកកាស៊ូលីនត្រូវបានកងកម្លាំងនគរបាលវាយដំនិងចាប់ខ្លួននៅអំឡុងព្រឹត្តិការណ៍បាតុកម្មនៅជុំវិញ[[សភាប្រជាជនបេឡារុសរួម]]។ លោកលូកាសិនកូក៏បានជាប់ឆ្នោតនាឆ្នាំនោះដែរដោយទទួលបានសម្លេងគាំទ្រប្រមាណ ៨០%, សហព័ន្ធរុស្ស៊ីនិងបណ្តាប្រទេស [[សហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ|ស.រ.ឯ]] បានចាត់ទុកការបោះឆ្នោតនោះជាការបោះឆ្នោតត្រឹមត្រូវនិងយុត្តិធម៌<ref>{{cite web|url=http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FWorkingDocs%2FDoc06%2FEDOC10890.pdf|title=Belarus in the aftermath of the Presidential election of 19 March 2006|access-date=25 May 2010|date=11 April 2006|publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111084334/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FWorkingDocs%2FDoc06%2FEDOC10890.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|archivedate=11 មករា 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111084334/http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=%2FDocuments%2FWorkingDocs%2FDoc06%2FEDOC10890.pdf}}</ref> ខណៈដែល OSCE និងអង្គការមួយចំនួនទៀតបានគិតផ្ទុយទៅវិញដោយរួមគ្នាហៅការបោះឆ្នោតនោះថាអយុត្តិធម៌និងមិនស្មើភាព។<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4766024.stm|date=2 March 2006|title=Belarus rally marred by arrests|work=BBC News|access-date=26 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060313155728/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4766024.stm|archive-date=13 March 2006|url-status=live}}</ref> លោកលូកាសិនកូបានទទួលសម្លេងគាំទ្រប្រមាណ ៨០% ម្តងទៀតនៅក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០២០|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីឆ្នាំ២០២០]] ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យលោកបន្តកាន់អំណាចក្នុងនាមជាប្រធានាធិបតី។ បេក្ខជនខាងបក្សប្រឆាំងគឺលោក[[អានឌ្រី សាននីកូវ]]បានទទួលសម្លេងគាំទ្របានតែ ៣% ប៉ុណ្ណោះខណៈដែលអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍ឯករាជ្យនិងអ្នកតំណាងប្រទេសផ្សេងៗបាននិយាយរិះគុណការបោះឆ្នោតនេះថាមានការបន្លំសន្លឹកឆ្នោតធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។ ជាការឆ្លើយតបទៅនឹងលទ្ធផល ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសរាប់ពាន់នាក់បាននាំគ្នាចេញទៅធ្វើបាតុកម្មនៅឯទីក្រុងមីនស្កឹ។ បាតុករនិងបេក្ខជនបក្សប្រឆាំងជាច្រើនរូបត្រូវបានកម្លាំងកងជីវពលរដ្ឋបង្ក្រាបនិងចាប់ដាក់ពន្ធនាគារហើយខ្លះត្រូវបានចាប់ដាក់ឃុំឃាំងនៅតាមគេហដ្ឋានរៀងៗខ្លួន។<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belarus/8224956/Police-guard-threatened-to-rape-Belarus-Free-Theatre-director-after-election-protest.html|title=Police guard threatened to rape Belarus Free Theatre director after election protest|last=Oliphant|first=Roland|date=25 December 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=22 April 2011|location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311053243/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/belarus/8224956/Police-guard-threatened-to-rape-Belarus-Free-Theatre-director-after-election-protest.html|archive-date=11 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SannikovSentenced">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-13400666 Belarus opposition leader Andrei Sannikov jailed], [[BBC News Online]] (14 May 2011)</ref><ref name="kyi">{{cite news|url=http://www.kyivpost.com/news/russia/detail/93334|title=Belarus: 7 presidential candidates face 15 years|newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]]|date=22 December 2010|access-date=23 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119193447/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/russia/detail/93334|archive-date=19 January 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> ===ទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេស=== {{Main|ទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេសរបស់បេឡារុស}} [[File:Putin with Alexander Lukashenko 2015.jpg|thumb|right|ប្រធានាធិបតីបេឡារុសលោក[[អាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ]]ជាមួយនឹង[[ប្រធានាធិបតីរុស្ស៊ី]]លោក[[វ្លាឌឺមៀរ ពូទីន]], ២០១៥]] សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតបេឡារុសគឺជារដ្ឋមួយក្នុងចំណោមសាធារណរដ្ឋសូវៀតចំនួនពីរ (រួមជាមួយអ៊ុយក្រែន) ដែលបានចុះចូលជាសមាជិកអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិដំបូងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៤៥។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2006/org1469.doc.htm|title=UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES &#124; Meetings Coverage and Press Releases|website=www.un.org}}</ref> ចាប់តាំងពីពេលបែកបាក់ពីសហភាពសូវៀតមក បេឡារុសនិងប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានរក្សាទំនាក់ទំនងជាដៃគូពាណិជ្ជកម្មនិងជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តការទូតដ៏ជិតស្និទ្ធ។ បេឡារុសច្រើនពឹងផ្អែកលើប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីសម្រាប់ការនាំចូលវត្ថុធាតុដើមនិងសម្រាប់ទីផ្សារនាំចេញរបស់ខ្លួន។<ref name="stategov">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5371.htm|title=Background Note: Belarus|access-date=7 វិច្ឆិកា 2007|publisher=ក្រសួងការបរទេសសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក|author=រដ្ឋាភិបាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}</ref> [[សហភាពរដ្ឋ|សម្ព័ន្ធភាពរុស្ស៊ីនិងបេឡារុស]]គឺជាសម្ព័ន្ធភាពកំពូលមួយដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅរវាងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦–៩៩ បន្ទាប់ពីប្រទេសទាំងពីរបានយល់ព្រមចុះហត្ថលេខាលើសន្ធិសញ្ញាមួយចំនួនដែលអំពាវនាវឱ្យមានសហភាពរូបិយវត្ថុ សិទ្ធិស្មើភាពគ្នា សញ្ជាតិតែមួយ គោលនយោបាយការបរទេសនិងការការពារជាតិរួម។ ទោះយ៉ាងណា អនាគតនៃសម្ព័ន្ធភាពនេះត្រូវបានគេកើតការសង្ស័យថានឹងអាចដួលរលំដោយសារតែការពន្យារពេលម្តងហើយម្តងទៀតនៃសហភាពរូបិយវត្ថុពីខាងបេឡារុស កង្វះកាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការធ្វើប្រជាមតិសម្រាប់សេចក្តីព្រាងរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ និងជម្លោះស្តីពីពាណិជ្ជកម្មប្រេងកាត។<ref name=stategov/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/russia-belarus-relations-future-union-state-65288|title=Russia-Belarus relations: The future of the union state|last=|first=|website=orfonline.org|language=en|accessdate=2025-11-23}}</ref> បេឡារុសក៏ជាសមាជិកស្ថាបនិកនៃ[[សហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ]] (ស.រ.ឯ) មួយដែរ។<ref name="cisstrained">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/6e49cd34-6c37-40ff-87f4-a6557e84f7e9.html|title=CIS: Foreign Ministers, Heads Of State Gather In Minsk For Summit|access-date=7 វិច្ឆិកា 2007|4=|author=វិទ្យុអឺរ៉ុបសេរី|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116014000/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/6e49cd34-6c37-40ff-87f4-a6557e84f7e9.html|archive-date=16 វិច្ឆិកា 2007|url-status=dead|archivedate=2007-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071116014000/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/6e49cd34-6c37-40ff-87f4-a6557e84f7e9.html}}</ref> បេឡារុសគឺនូវតែរក្សាទំនាក់ទំនងពាណិជ្ជកម្មជាមួយបណ្តាប្រទេសជាសមាជិកសហភាពអឺរ៉ុប (ទោះជាជម្លោះរវាងមេដឹកនាំបេឡារុសនិងមេដឹកនាំប្រទេសសមាជិកសហភាពអឺរ៉ុបខ្លះកំពុងតែកើនឡើងក្តៅគគុកក្តី)<ref name="euban">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2492939.stm|title=EU imposes Belarus travel ban|access-date=3 ធ្នូ 2007|publisher=BBC |date=19 November 2002|work=BBC News}}</ref> មានដូចជា ឡេតូនី លីទុយអានី និងប៉ូឡូញ។ល។<ref name="foreignrelations">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217002512/http://mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/|archive-date=17 កុម្ភៈ 2008|title=(អង់គ្លេស) គោលនយោបាយការបរទេស|access-date=22 ធ្នូ 2007||publisher=ក្រសួងការបរទេសនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស}}</ref> សហភាពអឺរ៉ុបបានលើកការហាមឃាត់នៃការធ្វើដំណើរលើរដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកលូកាសិនកូចេញវិញដើម្បីឱ្យលោកលូកាសិនកូអាចចូលរួមក្នុងកិច្ចប្រជុំការទូតឬក្នុងកិច្ចពិភាក្សាផ្សេងៗរវាងរដ្ឋាភិបាលលោកនិងបក្សពួកប្រឆាំង។<ref name="Belarus president visits Vatican">{{cite news|title=Belarus president visits Vatican|date=27 April 2009|publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation|url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8021513.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=30 April 2010}}</ref> [[File:Normandy format talks in Minsk (February 2015) 03.jpeg|thumb|left|មេដឹកនាំនៃប្រទេសបេឡារុស រុស្ស៊ី អាល្លឺម៉ង់ បារាំង និងអ៊ុយក្រែននៅក្នុងកិច្ចប្រជុំកំពូលមួយនៅ[[ពិធីការនៃទីក្រុងមីនស្កឹ|ទីក្រុងមីនស្កឹ]], ១១–១២ កុម្ភៈ ២០១៥]] ទំនាក់ទំនងទ្វេភាគីរបស់បេឡារុសជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកសព្វថ្ងៃគឺមានភាពតានតឹងណាស់។ ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០០៧ មក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកគឺមិនដែលមានឯកអគ្គរដ្ឋទូតនៅទីក្រុងមីនស្កឹទេហើយបេឡារុសវិញក៏មិនដែលមានឯកអគ្គរដ្ឋទូតនៅទីក្រុងវ៉ាស៊ីនតោនដែរចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០០៨ មក។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/08/12/belarus-lukashenko-elections-protests-united-states-diplomatic-relations/|title=The U.S. Was Set to Send an Ambassador to Belarus. Then Came the Crackdown.|first=Robbie Gramer, Amy|last=Mackinnon}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jamestown.org/program/modest-advances-us-belarus-relations/|title=Modest Advances in US-Belarus Relations|website=Jamestown}}</ref> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៤ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានអនុម័ត[[ច្បាប់ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០០៤|ច្បាប់ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យបេឡារុស]]ដែលនឹងផ្តល់មូលនិធិទៅកាន់អង្គការក្រៅរដ្ឋាភិបាលដើម្បីប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុសហើយហាមឃាត់ប្រាក់កម្ចីទៅឱ្យរដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុសលើកលែងតែក្នុងករណីមនុស្សធម៌។<ref>{{cite news|title=Belarus Democracy Act Will Help Cause of Freedom, Bush Says|date=22 October 2007|publisher=United States State Department|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/Oct/22-739373.html|work=USINO|access-date=22 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016052521/http://usinfo.state.gov/dhr/Archive/2004/Oct/22-739373.html|archive-date=16 October 2007}}</ref> ទំនាក់ទំនងចិន–បេឡារុសបានទទួលការលូតលាស់ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០០៥ មកម្លេះ<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/feedarticle/9003481|title=China's Xi promises Belarus $1 billion in loans|newspaper=Guardian|access-date=4 March 2016|location=London|date=7 May 2008}}</ref>ពោលគឺនៅពេលដែលលោកលូកាសិនកូបានទៅធ្វើទស្សនកិច្ចនៅសាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាមានិតចិន។<ref>{{cite news|first=Letian|last=Pan|title=China, Belarus agree to upgrade economic ties|date=6 December 2005|publisher=Xinhua News Agency|url=http://english.gov.cn/2005-12/06/content_119410.htm|access-date=22 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011456/http://english.gov.cn/2005-12/06/content_119410.htm|archive-date=28 September 2007}}</ref> ប្រទេសបេឡារុសក៏មានទំនាក់ទំនងជិតស្និទ្ធជាមួយប្រទេស[[ស៊ីរី]]ផងដែរ<ref>{{cite news|title=Syria and Belarus agree to promote trade|date=13 March 1998|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/65106.stm|work=BBC News|access-date=22 December 2007}}</ref>ដោយបានចាត់ទុកស៊ីរីជាដៃគូដ៏សំខាន់មួយនៅតំបន់បជ្ឈឹមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite news|title=Belarus-Syria report substantial progress in trade and economic relations|date=31 August 2007|publisher=Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus|url=http://www.president.gov.by/en/press32193.html|access-date=22 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120063008/http://www.president.gov.by/en/press32193.html|archive-date=20 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ក្រៅពីសមាជិក ស.រ.ឯ ប្រទេសនេះក៏ជាសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសំខាន់ៗមួយចំនួនផងដែរដូចជា៖ [[សហភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ចអឺរ៉ុបអាស៊ី]] (អឺរ៉ាស៊ី) [[អង្គការសន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិសុខរួម]]<ref name="foreignrelations"/> [[ចលនាមិនចូលបក្សសម្ព័ន្ធ]] (ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩៨)<ref name="byintorgs">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/international-organizations/a25183575d762f8b.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205033317/http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/international-organizations/a25183575d762f8b.html |archive-date=5 December 2007 |title=(អង់គ្លេស) សមាជិកភាពនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុសនៅក្នុងអង្គការអន្តរជាតិ|access-date=4 វិច្ឆិកា 2007|author=ក្រសួងការបរទេសនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស}}</ref> និង[[អង្គការដើម្បីសន្តិសុខ​និងសហ​ប្រតិបត្តិការ​នៅអឺរ៉ុប]]។ល។ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបញ្ចូលក្នុង[[គោលនយោបាយសង្កាត់អឺរ៉ុប]] (European Neighbourhood Policy–ENP) របស់សហភាពអឺរ៉ុបដោយគោលដៅនៃគោលនយោបាយនេះគឺបង្រួមប្រជាជាតិអឺរ៉ុបទាំងឡាយឱ្យកាន់តែជិតស្និទ្ធលើវិស័យសេដ្ឋកិច្ចនិងភូមិសាស្រ្តនយោបាយ។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/international-affairs/european-neighbourhood-policy_en|title=European Neighbourhood Policy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110131542/https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/international-affairs/european-neighbourhood-policy_en|archivedate=2017-01-10}}</ref> ===យោធា=== {{Main|កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធបេឡារុស}} [[File:RIAN archive 1047080 Work of "Kamenyuki" frontier post on Belarus border with Poland.jpg|thumb|ទាហានល្បាតនៅរវាងព្រំដែនបេឡារុស–ប៉ូឡូញ។]] បច្ចុប្បន្ន លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍ឯក[[វីចទ័រ ក្រេនីន]]គឺជារដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការពារជាតិខណៈដែលលោកអាឡិចសាន់ដឺ លូកាសិនកូ (ប្រធានាធិបតី) មានងារជាអង្គមេបញ្ជាការ។<ref name="conby"/> កងកម្លាំងជាតិបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩២ បន្ទាប់ពីផ្តាច់ខ្លួនចេញពី[[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធសូវៀត]]។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩៧ កងកម្លាំងនេះបានឆ្លងកាត់កំណែទម្រង់រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធជាច្រើនដោយមានទាហានសរុបចំនួន ៣០,០០០ នាក់។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mod.mil.by/7okrugarmia.html|title=(ភាសារុស្ស៊ី) ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ|access-date=22 ធ្នូ 2007|publisher=ក្រសួងការពារជាតិនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217010640/http://www.mod.mil.by/7okrugarmia.html|archive-date=17 ធ្នូ 2007|url-status=dead|archivedate=2007-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217010640/http://www.mod.mil.by/7okrugarmia.html}}</ref> សមាជិកបម្រើសេវាយោធាភាគច្រើនជាមនុស្សដែលកេណ្ឌ (មិនស្ម័គ្រចិត្ត) អ្នកដែលមានការអប់រំថ្នាក់ខ្ពស់អាចបម្រើការបានរយៈពេល ១២ ខែ (ពេញ ១ ឆ្នាំ) ចំណែកអ្នកដែលមានការអប់រំថ្នាក់ទាបត្រូវចូលបម្រើការរយៈពេល ១៨ ខែ។<ref>Routledge, [[International Institute for Strategic Studies|IISS]] Military Balance 2007, pp. 158–59</ref> ដោយសារតែចំនួនប្រជាជនធ្លាក់ចុះទើបបានបង្កឱ្យមានការកេណ្ឌយុទ្ធជនមិនគ្រប់គ្រាន់ ដូច្នេះ សារៈសំខាន់នៃទាហានជាប់កិច្ចសន្យាបានកើនឡើងដោយមានកម្លាំងចំនួន ១២,០០០ នាក់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០១។<ref name="conscripts">{{cite web|url=http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/5-2001/dp/mdafb|title=Military Development and the Armed Forces of Belarus|access-date=9 October 2007|last=Bykovsky|first=Pavel|author2=Alexander Vasilevich|date=May 2001|work=Moscow Defense Brief|archivedate=5 កក្កដា 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705204122/http://mdb.cast.ru/mdb/5-2001/dp/mdafb/|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៥ ផលិតផលក្នុងស្រុកសរុបរបស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ១.៤% ត្រូវបានចំណាយទៅលើផ្នែកយោធា។<ref name="ciabymil">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Military|access-date=9 តុលា 2007|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archivedate=2021-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ប្រទេសបេឡារុសមិនដែលបង្ហាញពីបំណងចង់ចូល[[អង្គការសន្ធិសញ្ញាអាត្លង់ទិកខាងជើង|អង្គការណាតូ]]នោះទេប៉ុន្តែធ្លាប់បានចូលរួមក្នុងកម្មវិធីភាពជាដៃគូឯកត្តលក្ខណៈចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩៧។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/multilateral/c21ec980e0def482.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130171113/http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/foreign-policy/multilateral/c21ec980e0def482.html |archive-date=30 វិច្ឆិកា 2007 |title=(អង់គ្លេស) បេឡារុស និងណាតូ|access-date=9 តុលា 2007|publisher=ក្រសួងការបរទេសនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស}}</ref> បេឡារុសបានចាប់ផ្តើមធ្វើកិច្ចសហប្រតិបត្តិការដំបូងជាមួយអង្គការណាតូបន្ទាប់ពីបានចុះហត្ថលេខាលើឯកសារដើម្បីចូលរួមក្នុងភាពជាដៃគូសម្រាប់កម្មវិធីសន្តិភាពក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៥។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/c6f560f2f8d745ee.html|title=NATO Council adopted individual partnership program with Belarus|access-date=30 April 2010|date=11 March 2002|publisher=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus}}</ref> បេឡារុសអាចចូលជាសមាជិកណាតូបានលុះត្រាតែខ្លួនត្រូវចុះចេញពីអង្គការសន្ធិសញ្ញាសន្តិសុខរួមជាមុនសិន។ ភាពតានតឹងរវាងណាតូនិងប្រទេសបេឡារុសបានឈានចូលដល់កម្រិតកំពូលនៅអំឡុងឆ្នាំ២០០៦ ដែលជាលទ្ធផលនៃការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីនាឆ្នាំនោះ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020091957/http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 October 2013|title=Nato and Belarus: partnership, past tensions and future possibilities|access-date=25 November 2010|date=21 November 2010|author=Laurie Walker|archivedate=6 មីនា 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306080201/http://ru.forsecurity.org/nato-and-belarus-partnership-past-tensions-and-future-possibilities}}</ref> ===សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនិងអំពើពុករលួយ=== {{Further|សិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅបេឡារុស}} ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់[[សន្ទស្សន៍ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]]របស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺទាបបំផុតនៅក្នុងចំណោមបណ្តាប្រទេសទាំងអស់នៅទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុបនិងត្រូវបានអង្គការ [[:en:Freedom House|Free House]] សម្តៅលើថា"គ្មានសេរីភាព"។ មិនត្រឹមតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ [[សន្ទស្សន៍សេរីភាពសេដ្ឋកិច្ច]]ក៏បានដាក់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសនៅក្នុងចំណាត់ថ្នាក់"គាបសង្កត់"ផងដែរហើយម្យ៉ាងវិញទៀត បេឡារុសត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាប្រទេសដែលមានសេរីភាពសារព័ត៌មានទាបបំផុតប្រចាំទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុបនៅក្នុង[[សន្ទស្សន៍សេរីភាពសារព័ត៌មាន|សន្ទស្សន៍សេរីភាពសារព័ត៌មានឆ្នាំ២០១៣–១៤]] បោះផ្សាយដោយ [[:en:Reporters Without Borders|Reporters Without Borders]] ដោយឈរនៅលេខរៀងទី ១៥៧ ក្នុងចំណោមប្រទេសចំនួន ១៨០។<ref>{{citation| publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]]| title=Press Freedom Index 2013/2014| date=January 2014| url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014| access-date=6 March 2014| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php| archive-date=14 February 2014| df=dmy-all| archivedate=14 កុម្ភៈ 2014| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214120404/http://rsf.org/index2014/en-index2014.php| deadurl=yes}}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុសតែងតែត្រូវទទួលរងការរិះគន់ជារឿយៗចំពោះការរំលោភសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនិងការធ្វើទុក្ខបុកម្នេញលើអង្គការក្រៅរដ្ឋាភិបាល អ្នកសារព័ត៌មានឯករាជ្យ ជនជាតិភាគតិច និងអ្នកនយោបាយប្រឆាំង។ល។<ref name="amnesty"/><ref name="HRW"/> បេឡារុសគឺជាប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបតែមួយប៉ុណ្ណោះដែលនូវប្រកាន់ខ្ជាប់ច្បាប់កាត់[[ទោសប្រហារជីវិត]]ដោយបានអនុវត្តទោសប្រហារជីវិតចុងក្រោយគេបង្អស់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១១។<ref>[https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/001/2012/en/ Death sentences and executions in 2011] Amnesty International March 2012</ref> ប្រព័ន្ធតុលាការនៅប្រទេសនេះគឺនូវមានកង្វះឯករាជ្យភាពហើយច្រើនទាក់ទងទៅនឹងរឿងនយោបាយ។<ref>{{cite web|title=2012 Human Rights Reports: Belarus|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2012/eur/204263.htm|work=The US Department of State|publisher=The US Department of State|access-date=17 November 2013}}</ref> អំពើពុករលួយមានដូចជាការសូកប៉ាន់ជាដើមដែលច្រើនប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងនៅអំឡុងពេលដំណើរការដេញថ្លៃ ការការពារអ្នកស៊ើបអង្កេតជាតិ និងកង្វះមន្ត្រីស៊ើបការណ៍នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធប្រឆាំងអំពើពុករលួយរបស់ប្រទេស។<ref>{{cite web|title=Snapshot of the Belarus Country Profile|url=http://www.business-anti-corruption.com/country-profiles/europe-central-asia/belarus/snapshot.aspx|work=Business Anti-Corruption Portal|publisher=GAN Integrity Solutions}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ [[ការិយាល័យឧត្ដមស្នងការអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិទទួលបន្ទុកសិទ្ធិមនុស្ស]]បានប្រកាសថាអ្នកជំនាញរបស់ខ្លួនបានទទួលរបាយការណ៍ចំនួន ៤៥០ ករណីនៃការធ្វើទារុណកម្មនិងការធ្វើទុក្ខទោសដល់មនុស្សដែលត្រូវបានចាប់ខ្លួនក្នុងអំឡុងពេលបាតុកម្មតវ៉ាប្រឆាំងនឹង[[បាតុកម្មនៅបេឡារុសឆ្នាំ២០២០–២០២១|លទ្ធផលការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតី]]។ ក្នុងរបាយការណ៍របស់អ្នកជំនាញទាំងនោះក៏មានករណីហិង្សាច្រើនគួរសមដែលត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិមកលើស្ត្រីនិងកុមាររួមទាំងការរំលោភបំពានផ្លូវភេទនិងការរំលោភសេពសន្ថវៈផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26199&LangID=E |title=UN human rights experts: Belarus must stop torturing protesters and prevent enforced disappearances |date=1 September 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020 |website=[[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]}}</ref> ===បំណែកចែករដ្ឋបាល=== {{Further|តំបន់នៃបេឡារុស|ភូមិភាគនៃបេឡារុស}} [[File:Belarus, administrative divisions - en - colored.png|thumb|ផែនទីបំណែកចែករដ្ឋបាលនៃប្រទេសបេឡារុស]] ប្រទេសបេឡារុសត្រូវបានបែងចែកទៅជា ៦ [[តំបន់នៃបេឡារុស|តំបន់]] ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]៖ вобласць) ហើយតំបន់នីមួយៗគឺមានឈ្មោះតាមទីក្រុងនានាដែលបម្រើការជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលរដ្ឋបាលនៃតំបន់នោះមានដូចជា៖ [[ប្រេស្ត]] [[កូមែល]] [[ហ្គ្រតណូ]] [[ម៉ូហ្គីលេវ]] [[មីនស្កឹ]] (ឬអាចសរសេរបានថា"មីនស្ក៍") និង[[វីទិបស្ក៍]]។<ref name="s1">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|title=Section&nbsp;I: Principles of the Constitutional System. Published 1994, amended in 1996|access-date=22 December 2007|work=[[Constitution of Belarus]]|publisher=Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217035739/http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19329.html|archive-date=17 December 2007|archivedate=29 វិច្ឆិកា 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121129071008/http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19329.html%23doc|url-status=dead}}</ref> តំបន់នីមួយៗមានអាជ្ញាធរនីតិប្បញ្ញត្តិថ្នាក់ខេត្តដែលហៅថា"ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាតំបន់" ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]៖ абласны Савет Дэпутатаў) ហើយសមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាម្នាក់ៗត្រូវបានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសដោយប្រជាជនរស់នៅតាមតំបន់នីមួយៗនិងរួមទាំងអាជ្ញាធរប្រតិបត្តិខេត្តហៅថា"រដ្ឋបាលតំបន់" ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]៖ абласны выканаўчы камітэт), ប្រធាននៃរដ្ឋបាលតំបន់គឺត្រូវជ្រើសតាំងដោយប្រធានាធិបតីផ្ទាល់។<ref name="s5">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.gov.by/en/press19333.html|title=Section&nbsp;V: Local government and self-government|access-date=22 December 2007|work=[[Constitution of Belarus]]|publisher=Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105204240/http://president.gov.by/en/press19333.html|archive-date=5 November 2007}}</ref> ក្នុងតំបន់នីមួយៗត្រូវបានបែងចែកទៅជា"ភូមិភាគ" (ស្រុក) តូចៗជាច្រើនទៀត ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]៖ раён)។<ref name="s1"/> ភូមិភាគនីមួយៗគឺមានអាជ្ញាធរនីតិប្បញ្ញត្តិរៀងៗខ្លួនឬត្រូវបានហៅថា"ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាភូមិភាគ" ([[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]៖ раённы Савет Дэпутатаў), សមាជិកម្នាក់ៗគឺត្រូវបានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសដោយប្រជាជនរស់នៅតាមភូមិភាគចំណែកឯអាជ្ញាធរប្រតិបត្តិឬរដ្ឋបាលភូមិភាគត្រូវបានតែងតាំងដោយអំណាចប្រតិបត្តិជាន់ខ្ពស់។ តំបន់ទាំងប្រាំមួយមានភូមិភាគសរុបចំនួន ១១៨។<ref name="key facts">{{cite web|title=Key Facts|publisher=Press Service of the President of the Republic of Belarus|url=http://president.gov.by/en/facts-en/|access-date=2021-06-24|archivedate=2020-11-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125091057/http://president.gov.by/en/facts-en/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ទីក្រុងមីនស្កឹត្រូវបានគេបែងចែកបន្តទៅជា ៩ សង្កាត់និងជាតំបន់ដ៏ពិសេសមួយក្នុងនាមជារដ្ឋធានីនៃប្រទេស។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minsk.gov.by/en/tempage/minsk|title=About Minsk|access-date=27 April 2010|date=16 December 2009|publisher=Minsk City Executive Committee|archivedate=22 ឧសភា 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522052906/http://minsk.gov.by/en/tempage/minsk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ទីក្រុងនេះត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងដោយគណៈកម្មាធិការប្រតិបត្តិហើយគេបានផ្តល់សិទ្ធិឱ្យដឹកនាំដោយផ្ទាល់។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minsk.gov.by/cgi-bin/gor_ind.pl?lang=eng|title=About Minsk|access-date=20 December 2007|publisher=Minsk City Executive Committee}}</ref> ==សេដ្ឋកិច្ច== {{Main|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចបេឡារុស}} ប្រទេសបេឡារុសមានទំនាក់ទំនងពាណិជ្ជកម្មជាមួយប្រទេសជាង ១៨០ នៅទូទាំងពិភពលោក។ ដៃគូពាណិជ្ជកម្មចម្បងរបស់បេឡារុសគឺប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីដោយការនាំចេញនិងការនាំចូលភាគច្រើនគឺប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅរវាងប្រទេសទាំងពីរនេះខណៈពេលដែលសហភាពអឺរ៉ុបទទួលបានការនាំចេញ ២៥% និងការនាំចូល ២០%។ នៅឆ្នាំ២០១៩ ចំណែកនៃផលិតកម្មនៅក្នុងផលិតផលក្នុងស្រុកសរុបមាន ៣១% ដោយជាងពីរភាគបីនៃចំនួននេះគឺស្ថិតនៅក្នុងផលិតកម្មឧស្សាហកម្ម។ ក្នុងចំណោមប្រជាជនធ្វើការទាំងអស់ មាន ៣៧.៤% ជាអ្នកធ្វើការក្នុងវិស័យឧស្សាហកម្ម។<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Neill |first1=Aaron |title=Belarus GDP Distribution Across Economic Sectors |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/446138/belarus-gdp-distribution-across-economic-sectors/ |website=Statista |access-date=6 មេសា 2021}}</ref> អត្រាកំណើនគឺទាបជាងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទាំងមូលប្រហែល ២.២% ក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២១។ បន្ទាប់បានបែកបាក់ពីសហភាពសូវៀតនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩១ បេឡារុសគឺធ្លាប់ជារដ្ឋមួយក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋដែលមានការអភិវឌ្ឍឧស្សាហកម្មខ្ពស់បំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោកដោយគិតជាភាគរយនៃ ផសស ហើយក៏ត្រូវជារដ្ឋសមាជិក ស.រ.ឯ ដែលមានបំផុតផងដែរ។<ref name="wb97">[[ធនាគារពិភពលោក]]. "Belarus: Prices, Markets, and Enterprise Reform," [https://books.google.com/books?id=0jCvjCHPHpcC&pg=PA83&dq=ISBN0821339761#PPA1,M1 p. 1]. World Bank, 1997; {{ISBN|0-8213-3976-1}}</ref> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៥ ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ៣៩.៣% គឺធ្វើការនៅក្នុងក្រុមហ៊ុនគ្រប់គ្រងដោយរដ្ឋខណៈដែល ៥៧.២% ធ្វើការឱ្យក្រុមហ៊ុនឯកជន (ក្នុងនេះ រដ្ឋាភិបាលមានភាគហ៊ុន ២១.១%) និង ៣.៥% ធ្វើការនៅក្នុងក្រុមហ៊ុនបរទេស។<ref name="econstats">{{Cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/statistical-publications-data-books-bulletins/public_compilation/index_4921/|title=Belarus in Figures, 2016|website=www.belstat.gov.by|access-date=2021-06-25|archivedate=2021-02-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221122356/https://www.belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/statistical-publications-data-books-bulletins/public_compilation/index_4921/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ប្រទេសនេះគឺច្រើនពឹងផ្អែកលើប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីក្នុងការនាំចូលផលិតផលមួយចំនួនដូចជាប្រេងកាត។<ref name="natotrade">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/martinsen.pdf|title=The Russian-Belarusian Union and the Near Abroad|access-date=7 November 2007|publisher=ណាតូ|author= Kaare Dahl Martinsen|work=វិទ្យាស្ថានន័រវែសសម្រាប់ការសិក្សាការពារជាតិ| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127003300/http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/99-01/martinsen.pdf|archive-date=27 វិច្ឆិកា 2007|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Russia may cut oil supplies to ally Belarus&nbsp;– Putin|date=25 October 2006|work=Reuters|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/25/energy-russia-belarus-idUKL2556634020061025|access-date=8 October 2007|archive-date=24 ធ្នូ 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224114942/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2006/10/25/energy-russia-belarus-idUKL2556634020061025|url-status=dead}}</ref> ផលិតផលកសិកម្មសំខាន់ៗរួមមាន៖ ដំឡូង និងអនុផលគោក្របីមានសាច់ជាដើម។<ref name="ciaecon"/> នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ ផលិតផលនាំចេញសំខាន់ៗរបស់បេឡារុសរួមមាន គ្រឿងម៉ាស៊ីនធុនធ្ងន់ (ពិសេសគឺត្រាក់ទ័រ) ផលិតផលកសិកម្ម និងផលិតផលថាមពល។<ref name="byexports">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/36.htm|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Exports|access-date=4 November 2007|author=Library of Congress|work=Country Studies}}</ref> និយាយជារួម នៅខាងផ្នែកសេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រទេសនេះច្រើនទាក់ទងជាមួយ ស.រ.ឯ [[សហគមន៍សេដ្ឋកិច្ចអឺរ៉ុបអាស៊ី]] និង[[រដ្ឋសហភាព|សម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តរុស្ស៊ី]]។ល។<ref>{{cite web |title=Belarus and CIS countries and Georgia |url=https://mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral/cis/ |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus |access-date=6 មេសា 2021 |archivedate=2021-04-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418001701/https://mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral/cis/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> នៅដើមទស្សវត្តឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ ផលិតកម្មឧស្សាហកម្មបានថយចុះដោយសារតែការធ្លាក់ចុះការនាំចូលការ ការវិនិយោគ និងតម្រូវការផលិតផលបេឡារុសពីដៃគូពាណិជ្ជកម្មរបស់ខ្លួន។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/30.htm|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Industry|access-date=8 October 2007|work=Country Studies|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> ផសស បានចាប់ផ្តើមមានកំណើនឡើងវិញនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦<ref name="bybriefwb06">{{cite web|url=http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/eca/eca.nsf/2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97/8ec2dc1ef03aed3e85256d5d0067dc90?OpenDocument|title=Belarus&nbsp;– Country Brief 2003|access-date=9 November 2007|author=ធនាគារពិភពលោក|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210182026/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ECA/eca.nsf/2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97/8ec2dc1ef03aed3e85256d5d0067dc90?OpenDocument|archive-date=10 ធ្នូ 2007|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 ធ្នូ 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210182026/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/ECA/eca.nsf/2656afe00bc5f02185256d5d005dae97/8ec2dc1ef03aed3e85256d5d0067dc90?OpenDocument}}</ref> ដែលធ្វើឱ្យបេឡារុសក្លាយជាប្រទេសដែលមានសេដ្ឋកិច្ចលូតលាស់លឿនជាងគេនៅក្នុងចំណោមអតីតសាធារណរដ្ឋសូវៀតទាំងអស់។<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bDx0Ak4xnOQC&q=Belarus+GDP+1996&pg=PA328|title=Transition: The First Decade|first1=Mario I.|last1=Bléjer|first2=Director of the Centre for Central Banking Studies Mario I.|last2=Blejer|first3=Marko|last3=Skreb|date=9 May 2001|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=9780262025058|via=Google Books}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៦ ផសស បានកើនឡើងដល់ ៨៣.១ ពាន់លានដុល្លារក្នុង[[យុគភាពនៃអំណាចទិញ]] (PPP) ឬប្រហែល ៨,១០០ ដុល្លារក្នុងមនុស្សម្នាក់ៗ។<ref name="ciaecon">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=The World Factbook&nbsp;– Belarus&nbsp;– Economy|access-date=8 October 2007|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|archivedate=9 មករា 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៥ ផសស បានកើនឡើង ៩.៩% ខណៈដែលអត្រាអតិផរណាជាមធ្យមស្មើនឹង ៩.៥%។<ref name="ciaecon"/> ចាប់តាំងពីសហភាពសូវៀតបានដួលរលំមក ប្រទេសបេឡារុសដែលស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់លូកាសិនកូបានរក្សាការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលលើឧស្សាហកម្មសំខាន់ៗនិងបានត្រួតត្រាឯកជនភាវូបនីយកម្មខ្នាតធំ។ រឿងស្រដៀងៗគ្នាត្រូវបានគេមើលឃើញកើតមាននៅក្នុងអតីតសាធារណរដ្ឋសូវៀតមួយចំនួនទៀតផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharon |first1=Omondi |title=What Are The Biggest Industries In Belarus? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-biggest-industries-in-belarus.html |website=World Atlas |access-date=6 April 2021}}</ref> ដោយសារតែការបរាជ័យក្នុងការការពារសិទ្ធិការងារនិងរួមទាំងការអនុម័តច្បាប់ហាមឃាត់ការគ្មានការងារធ្វើឬការធ្វើការងារនៅក្រៅវិស័យគ្រប់គ្រងដោយរដ្ឋ<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/no-job-pay-up-belarus-imposes-fines-for-being-unemployed/518581.html|title=(អង់គ្លេស) No Job? Pay Up. Belarus Imposes Fines for Being Unemployed – News|work=The Moscow Times}}</ref> ប្រទេសបេឡារុសបានបាត់បង់ឋានៈ[[ប្រព័ន្ធអនុគ្រោះពន្ធទូទៅ]]របស់][សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]]នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យបេឡារុសតម្លើងអត្រាពន្ធលើប្រទេសដែលខ្លួនពេញចិត្តជាងគេ។<ref name="eutrade">{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/belarus/pdf/belarus_trade_en.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325112636/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/belarus/pdf/belarus_trade_en.pdf|title=The EU's Relationship With Belarus&nbsp;– Trade|archive-date=25 មីនា 2009}}</ref> បេឡារុសបានដាក់ពាក្យចូលជាសមាជិកនៃ[[អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wto.org/English/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_belarus_e.htm|title=Accessions – Belarus|publisher=Wto.org|access-date=16 តុលា 2021}}</ref> កម្លាំងពលកម្មរបស់ប្រទេសមានចំនួនជាង ៤ លាននាក់ដែលក្នុងនោះស្ត្រីមានការងារធ្វើច្រើនជាងបុរសបន្តិច។<ref name="econstats"/> នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៥ ប្រជាជនជិតមួយភាគបួនត្រូវបានជួលឱ្យធ្វើការនៅក្នុងរោងចក្រឧស្សាហកម្ម។ អត្រាចំនួនអ្នកធ្វើការនៅក្នុងវិស័យកសិកម្ម ផលិតកម្ម ជំនួញទំនិញ និងការអប់រំគឺមានកម្រិតខ្ពស់នៅក្នុងប្រទេសនេះ។ យោងតាមស្ថិតិរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលបានឱ្យដឹងថា អត្រាអ្នកឥតការងារធ្វើមានប្រមាណ ១,៥% ត្រឹមក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៥។ អ្នកគ្មានការងារធ្វើចំនួន ៦៧៩,០០០ នាក់ដែលពីរភាគបីជាស្ត្រី។ អត្រាគ្មានការងារធ្វើបានធ្លាក់ចុះចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០០៣ មកហើយអត្រាការងារសរុបគឺមានកម្រិតខ្ពស់បំផុតចាប់តាំងពីស្ថិតិត្រូវបានចងក្រងដំបូងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៥។<ref name="econstats"/> រូបិយប័ណ្ណប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺ[[រូបបេឡារុស]]។ រូបិយប័ណ្ណនេះត្រូវបានគេណែនាំឱ្យប្រើប្រាស់នៅខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ១៩៩២ ដើម្បីជំនួសលុយរូបរបស់សូវៀត។ កាក់ដំបូងនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុសត្រូវបានចេញឱ្យប្រើប្រាស់នៅថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ១៩៩៦។<ref>{{cite web|title=(អង់គ្លេស) Banknotes and Coins of the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus|url=http://www.nbrb.by/engl/CoinsBanknotes/|publisher=ធនាគារជាតិនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស}}</ref> ប្រាក់រូបត្រូវបានណែនាំឡើងវិញជាមួយតម្លៃថ្មីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០០ ហើយត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ជាសកម្មចាប់តាំងពីពេលនោះមក។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrb.by/engl/CoinsBanknotes|title=(អង់គ្លេស) History of the Belarusian ruble|publisher=ធនាគារជាតិនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស|access-date=16 តុលា 2021}}</ref> ក្នុងនាមជា[[រដ្ឋសហភាព|សមាជិកសហភាពជាមួយរុស្ស៊ី]] រដ្ឋទាំងពីរធ្លាប់បានពិភាក្សាគ្នាអំពីការប្រើប្រាស់រូបិយវត្ថុតែមួយដូចគ្នានឹងប្រាក់អឺរ៉ូដែរ។ ទាំងនេះបាននាំឱ្យមានសំណើស្នើឱ្យជំនួសលុយរូបបេឡារុសជាមួយលុយរូបរបស់រុស្ស៊ីវិញ (RUB) ដោយចាប់ផ្តើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០០៨។ [[ធនាគារជាតិបេឡារុស]]បានទម្លាក់ចោលផែនការប្តូរប្រាក់រូបបេឡារុសទៅជាប្រាក់រូបរបស់រុស្ស៊ីនៅអំឡុងខែសីហានៃឆ្នាំ២០០៧។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/world/ussr/23-08-2007/96292-belarus_russia-0|title=Belarus abandons pegging its currency to Russian ruble|publisher=English.pravda.ru|date=23 August 2007|access-date=16 តុលា 2021}}</ref> រូបិយប័ណ្ណថ្មីត្រូវបានណែនាំនៅខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ២០១៦ ជំនួសលុយបេឡារុសចាស់ក្នុងអត្រា ១:១០,០០០ (១០,០០០ រូបចាស់ = ១ រូបថ្មី)។<ref name="currency-iso.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.currency-iso.org/dam/downloads/dl_currency_iso_amendment_161.docx |format=DOC |title=ISO 4217 Amendment Number 161 |website=Currency-iso.org |access-date=16 តុលា 2021}}</ref> ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១ ខែកក្កដា រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ២០១៦ រូបិយប័ណ្ណចាស់និងថ្មីកំពុងចរាចរស្របគ្នានិងស៊េរីក្រដាសប្រាក់និងកាក់ឆ្នាំ២០០០ អាចប្តូរបានសម្រាប់លុយស៊េរីឆ្នាំ២០០៩ ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០១៧ រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ២០២១។<ref name="currency-iso.org"/> ទង្វើបែបនេះអាចចាត់ទុកថាជាកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីប្រយុទ្ធប្រឆាំងនឹងអត្រាអតិផរណាខ្ពស់ដែលខ្លួនកំពុងជួបប្រទះ។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mrik.gov.by/ru/republic-ru/view/mezhdunarodnoe-oboznachenie-belorusskogo-rublja-menjaetsja-na-byn-posle-denominatsii-7686/|title=(រុស្ស៊ី) Международное обозначение белорусского рубля меняется на BYN после деноминации – Новости республики – Минский район-Минск-Новости Минска-Новости Минского района-Минский райисполком|access-date=16 តុលា 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023542/http://www.mrik.gov.by/ru/republic-ru/view/mezhdunarodnoe-oboznachenie-belorusskogo-rublja-menjaetsja-na-byn-posle-denominatsii-7686/|archive-date=25 មីនា 2016|archivedate=2016-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325023542/http://www.mrik.gov.by/ru/republic-ru/view/mezhdunarodnoe-oboznachenie-belorusskogo-rublja-menjaetsja-na-byn-posle-denominatsii-7686/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://president.gov.by/ru/news_ru/view/kommentarij-k-ukazu-450-ot-4-nojabrja-2015-g-12489/|title=(រុស្ស៊ី) Новости – Официальный интернет-портал Президента Республики Беларусь|access-date=2021-10-16|archivedate=2016-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316165641/http://president.gov.by/ru/news_ru/view/kommentarij-k-ukazu-450-ot-4-nojabrja-2015-g-12489|url-status=dead}}</ref> ប្រព័ន្ធធនាគារបេឡារុសមានពីរកម្រិតគឺ៖ ធនាគារកណ្តាល (ធនាគារជាតិនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស) និងធនាគារពាណិជ្ជចំនួន ២៥។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Belarus|title=Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom&nbsp;– Belarus|access-date=16 តុលា 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223175533/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Belarus|archive-date=23 កុម្ភៈ 2007|archivedate=2007-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070223175533/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/country.cfm?id=Belarus|url-status=dead}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ២០១១ តម្លៃប្រាក់បេឡារុសបានធ្លាក់ចុះ ៥៦% បើធៀបនឹងប្រាក់ដុល្លារអាមេរិក។ តំហយតម្លៃនៅលើទីផ្សារងងឹតគឺមានលក្ខណៈកាន់តែធ្ងន់ធ្ងរឡើងហើយការដួលរលំផ្នែកហិរញ្ញវត្ថុហាក់ដូចជាខិតជិតមកដល់ខណៈដែលប្រជាពលរដ្ឋនីមួយៗបានប្រញាប់ប្រញាល់ចេញដូរប្រាក់រូបរបស់ខ្លួនទៅជាប្រាក់ដុល្លារ អឺរ៉ូ ឬទំនិញប្រើប្រាស់និងផលិតផលកំប៉ុងផ្សេងៗ។<ref>{{cite news|author=Yuras Karmanau |url=http://seattletimes.com/html/businesstechnology/2015143616_apeubelaruscrisis.html|title=(អង់គ្លេស) Belarus devaluation spreads panic|newspaper=Seattle Times|date=25 May 2011|access-date=16 តុលា 2021}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១១ បេឡារុសបានស្នើសុំកញ្ចប់ជំនួយសេដ្ឋកិច្ចពី[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]]។<ref>[http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110601/CP01/306019917/-1/sag08/with-economy-in-tatters-belarus-appeals-to-imf-for-rescue-loan-of-up&template=cpArt With economy in tatters, Belarus appeals to IMF for rescue loan of up to $8&nbsp;billion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140114172921/http://www.stalbertgazette.com/article/GB/20110601/CP01/306019917/-1/sag08/with-economy-in-tatters-belarus-appeals-to-imf-for-rescue-loan-of-up%26template%3DcpArt |date=14 January 2014 }}, Associated Press, 1 June 2011; ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃទី16 តុលា 2021</ref><ref>[https://news.yahoo.com/belarus-appeals-imf-8bln-rescue-loan-161455781.html Belarus Appeals To IMF For $8bln Rescue Loan.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307072633/http://news.yahoo.com/belarus-appeals-imf-8bln-rescue-loan-161455781.html |date=7 March 2016 }} Associated Press, 1 June 2011; ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃទី16 តុលា 2021</ref> ==ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ប្រជាសាស្ត្របេឡារុស}} យោងទៅតាមជំរឿនប្រជាជនឆ្នាំ២០១៩ ប្រទេសបេឡារុសមានប្រជាជនចំនួន ៩,៤១ លាននាក់<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Национальный состав населения Республики Беларусь|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_18090/|access-date=17 តុលា 2021|website=www.belstat.gov.by|archivedate=2021-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017054127/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_18090/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ដោយក្នុងនោះមានជនជាតិបេឡារុសប្រមាណ ៨៤,៩%។<ref name=":0" /> ក្រុមជនជាតិភាគតិចនៅក្នុងប្រទេសនេះរួមមាន៖ [[ជនជាតិរុស្ស៊ី|រុស្ស៊ី]] (៧.៥%), [[ជនជាតិប៉ូឡូញ|ប៉ូឡូញ]] (៣.១%) និង[[ជនជាតិអ៊ុយក្រែន|អ៊ុយក្រែន]] (១.៧%)។ បេឡារុសមានដង់ស៊ីតេប្រជាជនប្រហែល ៥០ នាក់ក្នុងមួយគីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េដោយ ៧០% នៃប្រជាជនសរុបរស់នៅតំបន់ទីប្រជុំជន។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population|title=About Belarus&nbsp;– Population|access-date=17 តុលា 2021|publisher=United Nations Office in Belarus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017223223/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population|archive-date=17 តុលា 2007|archivedate=2007-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017223223/http://un.by/en/aboutbelarus/population|url-status=dead}}</ref> ទីក្រុង[[មីនស្កឹ]]គឺជារដ្ឋធានីនិងជាទីក្រុងធំបំផុតហើយមានប្រជាជនរស់នៅចំនួន ១,៩៣៧,៩០០ នាក់បើគិតត្រឹមឆ្នាំ២០១៥។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/operativnaya-informatsiya_1/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii-v-yanvare-marte-2015-g/|title=(រុស្ស៊ី) О демографической ситуации в январе-марте 2015 г.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504020547/http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/operativnaya-informatsiya_1/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii-v-yanvare-marte-2015-g/|archive-date=4 ឧសភា 2015|access-date=2021-10-17|archivedate=2015-05-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517235651/http://belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/otrasli-statistiki/naselenie/demografiya_2/operativnaya-informatsiya_1/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii/o-demograficheskoi-situatsii-v-yanvare-marte-2015-g|url-status=dead}}</ref> ទីក្រុងធំៗបន្ទាប់មានដូចជា៖ [[កូមែល]] (៤៨១,០០០), [[ម៉ូគីលេវ]] (៣៦៥,១០០), [[វីទិបស្ក៍]] (៣៤២,៤០០), [[រ្ហូដណា]] (៣១៤,៨០០) និង[[ប្រេសត៍ (បេឡារុស)|ប្រេសត៍]] (២៩៨,៣០០)។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-43&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|title=Largest Cities of Belarus (2007)|publisher=World-gazetteer.com|access-date=17 តុលា 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000814/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-43&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|archive-date=1 តុលា 2007|archivedate=2007-10-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000814/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&geo=-43&srt=npan&col=aohdq&pt=c&va=&srt=pnan|url-status=dead}}</ref> បេឡារុសមានអត្រាកំណើនប្រជាជនអវិជ្ជមាននិងអត្រាកំណើនធម្មជាតិអវិជ្ជមានដូចនឹងបណ្តាប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបខាងកើតដទៃទៀតដែរដោយនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ចំនួនប្រជាជនបេឡារុសបានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ០,៤១% ហើយ[[អត្រាលទ្ធភាពមានកូនសរុប|អត្រាលទ្ធភាពមានកូន]]របស់ប្រទេសនេះគឺស្មើនឹង ១,២២<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|title=CIA World Factbook (2007)&nbsp;– Belarus&nbsp;– People|access-date=17 តុលា 2021|archivedate=2021-01-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ដែលជាចំនួនទាបជាង[[លទ្ធភាពមានកូនជំនួស|អត្រាលទ្ធភាពកូនជំនួស]]ទៅទៀត។ [[អត្រាធ្វើចំណាកស្រុកអសទិសភាព]]បេឡារុសគឺស្មើនឹង +០.៣៨ ក្នុងមនុស្សចំនួន ១,០០០ នាក់ នេះបានបង្ហាញថាបេឡារុសមានជនអន្តោប្រវេសន៍ចូលស្រុកច្រើនជាងអ្នកធ្វើចំណាកស្រុកបន្តិច។ គិតត្រឹមឆ្នាំ២០១៥ ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសដែលមានអាយុពី ១៤ ទៅ ៦៤ ឆ្នាំមានចំនួនស្មើនឹង ៦៩,៩% នៃប្រជាជនសរុប, អ្នកអាយុក្រោម ១៤ ឆ្នាំមាន ១៥.៥% និងអ្នកដែលមានអាយុ ៦៥ ឆ្នាំឬលើសពីនេះមាន ១៤.៦%។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php|title=International Programs: International Data Base|access-date=17 តុលា 2021|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208114205/http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/informationGateway.php|archive-date=8 កុម្ភៈ 2017}}</ref> [[ភាពរំពឹងនៃអាយុ]]ក្នុងប្រទេសនេះគឺ ៧២.១៥ ឆ្នាំ (៦៦.៥៣ ឆ្នាំចំពោះបុរស និង ៧៨.១ ឆ្នាំចំពោះស្ត្រី)។<ref name="demographics"/> ប្រជាជនបេឡារុសជាង ៩៩% ដែលមានអាយុចាប់ពី ១៥ ឆ្នាំឡើងទៅគឺសុទ្ធតែចេះអាននិងសរសេរអក្សរ។<ref name="demographics"/> ===សាសនា និងភាសា=== {{Main|សាសនានៅបេឡារុស|ភាសានៃបេឡារុស}} [[File:Полацк. Сафійскі сабор.jpg|thumb|[[ព្រះវិហារសាំងសូហ្វីយ៉ា]]គឺជាវិហារគ្រិស្តដ៏ចំណាស់ជាងគេនៅក្នុងប្រទេសបេឡារុស]] យោងតាមជំរឿនឆ្នាំ២០១១ បានបង្ហាញថា៖ ៥៨.៩% នៃប្រជាជនបេឡារុសទាំងអស់បានប្រកាន់ខ្ជាប់នូវជំនឿសាសនាអ្វីមួយ។ នៅក្នុងចំណោមនោះ អ្នកកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនា[[ព្រះសហគមន៍អូស្សូដក់បេឡារុស|និកាយអូស្សូដក់]]ខាងកើត មានប្រមាណ ៨២%។<ref name="mfa"/> [[និកាយរ៉ូម៉ាំងកាតូលិកនៅបេឡារុស|និកាយរ៉ូម៉ាំងកាតូលិក]]ត្រូវបានអនុវត្តភាគច្រើននៅក្នុងតំបន់ភាគខាងលិច ហើយប្រទេសនេះក៏មានវត្តមាននៃប្រភេទនិកាយប្រូតេស្តង់ខុសៗពីគ្នាផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=00B6wxgftH8C&q=belarus+catholics&pg=PA39|title=Understanding Belarus and how Western Foreign Policy Misses the Mark|isbn=9780742555587|last1=Ioffe|first1=Grigoriĭ Viktorovich|last2=Ioffe|first2=Grigorij V.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/country/bo-belarus/rel-religion|title=Belarusian Religion statistics, definitions and sources|website=Nation Master|access-date=19 មករា 2022}}</ref> ប្រជាជនភាគតិចបានអនុវត្ត[[លទ្ធិកាតូលិកក្រិក]] លទ្ធិយូដា ឥស្លាមសាសនា និងនិកាយប៉ាកានីសសម័យជាដើម។ សរុបមក ប្រជាជនប្រមាណ ៤៨.៣% នៃប្រជាជនសរុបគឺប្រកាន់គ្រិស្តសាសនាអូស្សូដក់, ៤១.១% មិនមានជំនឿសាសនា, ៧.១% ជាអ្នកកាន់និកាយកាតូលិក និង ៣.៣% ជាអ្នកកាន់សាសនាក្រៅផ្សេងទៀត។<ref name=mfa/> ប្រជាជនកាតូលិកនៃប្រទេសបេឡារុសច្រើនប្រមូលផ្តុំគ្នារស់នៅក្នុងទឹកដីភាគខាងលិចនៃប្រទេស ជាពិសេសនៅជុំវិញទីក្រុង[[ហ្រូដណា]] ហើយពួកគេនីមួយៗអាចជាជនជាតិបេឡារុស ឬជនជាតិភាគតិចប៉ូឡូញ និងលីទុយអានីជាដើម។<ref name="Belarus – Religion">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/belarus/20.htm|title=Belarus – Religion|publisher=Country Studios}}</ref> បេឡារុសធ្លាប់ជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលដ៏សំខាន់សម្រាប់ជនជាតិយូដានៅទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុបដោយវាបានដើរតួជាជម្រកដល់ជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វប្រមាណ ១០% នៅទូទាំងពិភពលោកកាលនុះ។ ប៉ុន្តែចាប់តាំងពីពាក់កណ្តាលសតវត្សទី២០ ចំនួនជនជាតិយូដាឬជ្វីហ្វត្រូវបានកាត់បន្ថយគួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់ដែលបណ្តាលមកពីមូលហេតុចម្បងៗដូចជា ការសម្លាប់រង្គាល ការនិរទេស និងការធ្វើចំណាកស្រុកដោយបង្ខំ។ សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ បេឡារុសមានជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វក្រោមមួយភាគរយប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>Minsk Jewish Campus [http://www.meod.by/en/belarus-info/jewish-belarus.html Jewish Belarus] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130824171216/http://www.meod.by/en/belarus-info/jewish-belarus.html|date=24 August 2013}}; ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃ 19 មករា 2021.</ref> ជនជាតិភាគតិច[[តាតារបាល់ទិក (ជនជាតិ)|តាតារតំបន់បាល់ទិក]]ដែលមានចំនួនជាង ១៥,០០០ នាក់គឺជាក្រុមប្រកាន់សាសនាឥស្លាម។ យោងតាមមាត្រា ១៦ នៃរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបេឡារុសបានបញ្ជាក់ថា ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺមិនមានសាសនាផ្លូវការនោះទេ។ ខណៈពេលដែលសេរីភាពនៃការគោរពជំនឿសាសនាត្រូវបានកត់ត្រានៅក្នុងក្រមមាត្រាជាមួយគ្នា រីឯអង្គការសាសនាណាដែលចាត់ទុកថាមានគ្រោះថ្នាក់ដល់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ឬសណ្តាប់ធ្នាប់សង្គមអាចត្រូវបានហាមឃាត់។<ref name="s1"/> ភាសាពីរផ្លូវការរបស់ប្រទេសបេឡារុសគឺ [[ភាសារុស្ស៊ី]] និង[[ភាសាបេឡារុស]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/languages/european_languages/languages/belarusian.shtml|title=Languages across Europe.|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|access-date=19 មករា 2022}}</ref> ដោយភាសារុស្សីជាភាសាសាមញ្ញបំផុតដែលច្រើនប្រើនៅតាមគេហដ្ឋាន ៧០% ខណៈភាសាបេឡារុសវិញដែលត្រូវជាភាសាផ្លូវការទីមួយ ត្រូវបានគេអនុវត្តនិយាយនៅតាមគេហដ្ឋានតែ ២៣% ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="2009-census-languages" /> ជនជាតិភាគតិចបេឡារុសក៏អាចនិយាយ[[ភាសាប៉ូឡូញ]] [[ភាសាអ៊ុយក្រែន|អ៊ុយក្រែន]] និង[[យីឌីសខាងកើត]]បានដែរ។<ref>Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, TX: SIL International. Online version: [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Ethnologue.com].</ref> ភាសាបេឡារុស ថ្វីត្បិតតែមិនត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ទូលំទូលាយដូចភាសារុស្សីក្តីប៉ុន្តែវាជាភាសាកំណើតរបស់ប្រជាជនប្រមាណ ៥៣.២% ចំណែកឯភាសារុស្សីមានត្រឹមតែ ៤១.៥% ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="2009-census-languages">{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/population-classified-by-knowledge-of-the-belarusian-and-russian-languages-by-region-and-minsk-city|title=Population classified by knowledge of the Belarusian and Russian languages by region and Minsk City|website=Belstat.gov.by|access-date=19 មករា 2022|archivedate=2017-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803170716/http://www.belstat.gov.by/en/perepis-naseleniya/perepis-naseleniya-2009-goda/main-demographic-and-social-characteristics-of-population-of-the-republic-of-belarus/population-classified-by-knowledge-of-the-belarusian-and-russian-languages-by-region-and-minsk-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==វប្បធម៌== {{Main|វប្បធម៌បេឡារុស}} [[File:Нацыянальны акадэмічны Вялікі тэатар опэры і балету г. Менск 2.jpg|thumb|[[ល្ខោនអូប៉េរ៉ានិងរបាំបាឡេជាតិបេឡារុស|រោងល្ខោនអូប៉េរ៉ានិងរបាំបាឡេ]]នៅទីក្រុងមីនស្កិ៍]] ចាប់តាំងពីទទួលឯករាជ្យមក រដ្ឋាភិបាលបេឡារុសតែងតែឧបត្ថម្ភពិធីបុណ្យវប្បធម៌ប្រចាំឆ្នាំមានដូចជា បុណ្យ[[ស្លាវានស្គីបាហ្សារនៅទីក្រុងវីទិបស្កិ៍]]ជាដើម<ref>{{cite web|title=The Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk amazes with its artistic atmosphere, popular artistes, hundreds of events and thousands of reasons to enjoy|url=http://www.sb.by/en-belarus-magazine/culture/article/vitebsk-of-all-times.html|website=sb.by|access-date=20 មករា 2022}}</ref> ដែលក្នុងពិធីបុណ្យនេះគេតែងតែបង្ហាញសិល្បៈសម្តែងមានការចូលរួមពី សិល្បករ អ្នកនិពន្ធ តន្ត្រីករ និងតារាសម្ដែងជនជាតិបេឡារុសជាច្រើន។ ថ្ងៃឈប់សម្រាករបស់រដ្ឋមានដូចជា៖ ទិវាឯករាជ្យជាតិ និង[[ទិវាជ័យជម្នះ (៩ ឧសភា)|ទិវាជ័យជំនះ]]។ល។ ទិវាទាំងនោះបានទាក់ទាញហ្វូងមនុស្សយ៉ាងច្រើនកុះករ ហើយជារឿយៗរួមបញ្ចូលសកម្មភាពសម្តែងដូចជា ការបាញ់កាំជ្រួច និងក្បួនដង្ហែរយោធាជាដើម ជាពិសេសគឺនៅទីក្រុងវីទិបស្កិ៍ និងរដ្ឋធានីមីនស្កឹ។<ref name="festivals">{{cite web|url=http://www.belarusembassy.org/belarus/culture.htm|title=Belarusian National Culture|publisher=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the United States of America|access-date=20 មករា 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060210203549/http://www.belarusembassy.org/belarus/culture.htm|archive-date=10 កុម្ភៈ 2006|archivedate=2009-02-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213020222/http://www.belarusembassy.org/belarus/culture.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ម្ហូបអាហារ=== [[File:Potato pancakes.jpg|thumb|right|[[ផេនខេកដំឡូង|ដ្រានិគី]], ជាអាហារជាតិបេឡារុស]] ម្ហូបអាហាររបស់បេឡារុសច្រើនផ្សំឡើងពីបន្លែ សាច់ (ជាពិសេសសាច់ជ្រូក) និងនំប៉័ង។ អាហារជាធម្មតាត្រូវបានចម្អិនឱ្យយូរ ឬចំហុយ។ ជាធម្មតា ជនជាតិបេឡារុសតែងទទួលទានអាហារពេលព្រឹកស្រាលៗ និងអាហារចម្អែតក្រពះពីរពេលក្រោយៗ។ [[ស្រូវសាលី]] និងនំបុ័ង[[រ៉ៃ]] ត្រូវបានគេនិយមបរិភោគនៅក្នុងប្រទេសបេឡារុស ប៉ុន្តែអាហារផលិតពីស្រូវរ៉ៃគឺគេនិយមបំផុតព្រោះតែលក្ខខណ្ឌអាកាសធាតុនៅក្នុងតំបន់មិនសូវជាមានអំណោយផលសម្រាប់ការដាំដុះស្រូវសាលី។ ដើម្បីបង្ហាញបដិសណ្ឋារកិច្ច ម្ចាស់ផ្ទះតែងតែប្រគល់ថ្វាយ[[នំប៉័ងនិងអំបិល|នំប៉័ង និងអំបិល]]ទុកជាការស្វាគមន៍ភ្ញៀវ អ្នកមកលេង។<ref>Canadian Citizenship and Immigration&nbsp;– [http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/belarus/eating.html Cultures Profile Project&nbsp;– Eating the Belarusian Way] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320041709/http://www.cp-pc.ca/english/belarus/eating.html |date=20 March 2007 }} (1998); ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃ 20 មករា 2022.</ref> ===កីឡា=== [[បាល់ទាត់]]គឺជាកីឡាដ៏ពេញនិយមជាងគេនៅប្រទេសបេឡារុស។ [[ក្រុមបាល់ទាត់ជម្រើសជាតិបេឡារុស|ក្រុមជម្រើសជាតិបេឡារុស]]មិនដែលបានចូលរួមនៅក្នុងពានរង្វាន់ធំៗនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែសម្រាប់[[ក្លិបបាល់ទាត់បេតបូរីសូវ]]របស់ប្រទេសនេះវិញធ្លាប់បានចូលរួមប្រកួតនៅក្នុងពានរង្វាន់[[យូអេហ្វាឆាមពានលីគ|ឆាមពានលីគ]]ដែលជាកម្មវិធីប្រកួតកីឡាបាល់ទាត់រវាងក្លិបធំៗមកពីគ្រប់ជ្រុងជ្រោយនៃទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប។ កីឡានិយមប្រជាប្រិយបន្ទាប់ពីបាល់ទាត់គឺកីឡា[[ហុកគីទឹកកក]]។ ==មើលផងដែរ== *[[រដ្ឋសហភាព]] *[[រុស្ស៊ី]] ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} {{notelist}} ==គន្ថនិទ្ទេស== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book|last=Birgerson|first=Susanne Michele|title=After the Breakup of a Multi-Ethnic Empire|publisher=Praeger/Greenwood|year=2002|isbn=0-275-96965-7}} * {{Cite book|last=Minahan|first=James|title=Miniature Empires: A Historical Dictionary of the Newly Independent States|publisher=Greenwood|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSxt-JB-PDkC&q=White+Rus&pg=PA35|isbn=0-313-30610-9}} * {{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=James Stuart|first2=Lee Brigance|last2=Pappas|first3=Nicholas C. J.|last3=Pappas|title=Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1994|isbn=0-313-27497-5}} * {{Cite book|last=Plokhy|first=Serhii|title=The Cossacks and Religion in Early Modern Ukraine|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzzxNisc1MC&q=white+rus+commonwealth&pg=PA327|isbn=0-19-924739-0}} * {{Cite book|last=Richmond|first=Yale|title=From Da to Yes: Understanding the East Europeans|publisher=Intercultural Press|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y8GNIp42ysC&q=Byelorussia+name&pg=PA260|isbn=1-877864-30-7}} * {{Cite book|last1=Vauchez|first1=André|first2=Richard Barrie|last2=Dobson|first3=Michael|last3=Lapidge|title=Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtgotOF0MKQC&q=White+Ruthenia&pg=PA163|isbn=1-57958-282-6}} * {{Cite book|last=Zaprudnik|first=Jan|title=Belarus: At a Crossroads in History|publisher=Westview Press|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&q=Belarusia+name&pg=PA1|isbn=0-8133-1794-0|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502113012/https://books.google.com/books?id=qtnTh3-2Ki8C&pg=PA1&dq=Belarusia+name&cd=3#v=onepage|archive-date=2 ឧសភា 2016}}{{Dead link|date=មករា 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{refend}} ==អានបន្ថែម== '''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''' {{refbegin}} * Bennett, Brian M. ''The Last Dictatorship in Europe: Belarus under Lukashenko'' (Columbia University Press, 2011) * Frear, Matthew. ''Belarus Under Lukashenka: Adaptive Authoritarianism'' (Routledge, 2015) * Korosteleva, Elena A. (June 2016). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13510347.2015.1005009 "The European Union and Belarus: Democracy Promotion by Technocratic Means?"] ''Democratization'' '''23''': 4 pp.&nbsp;678–698. {{doi|10.1080/13510347.2015.1005009}}. * {{Cite book|last1=Levy|first1=Patricia|first2=Michael|last2=Spilling|title=Belarus|publisher=Benchmark Books|year=2009|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTwkKhg1BbsC&q=Belarusian+name&pg=PA95|isbn=978-0-7614-3411-5|ref=none}} * Marples, David. '''Our Glorious Past': Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War'' (Columbia University Press, 2014) * Parker, Stewart. ''The Last Soviet Republic: Alexander Lukashenko's Belarus'' (Trafford Publishing, 2007) * Rudling, Pers Anders. ''The Rise and Fall of Belarusian Nationalism, 1906–1931'' (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2014) 436 pages * {{Cite book|last=Ryder|first=Andrew|title=Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&q=Belarus+name+law+1991&pg=PA183|isbn=1-85743-058-1|ref=none}} * {{cite book|author1=Silitski, Vitali|author2=Jan Zaprudnik|name-list-style=amp|title=The A to Z of Belarus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQXyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=9781461731740|ref=none}} * Snyder, Timothy (2004). [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/The_Reconstruction_of_Nations/xSpEynLxJ1MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover ''The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999''] * {{Cite book|last=Szporluk|first=Roman|title=Russia, Ukraine, and the Breakup of the Soviet Union|publisher=Hoover Institution Press|year=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oLWeUoWEAGgC&q=Belorussia&pg=PA113|isbn=0-8179-9542-0|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|last1=Treadgold|first1=Donald|first2=Herbert J.|last2=Ellison|title=Twentieth Century Russia|publisher=Westview Press|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xs8sYy1vIS0C&q=belorussia+nationalists+name&pg=PA230|isbn=0-8133-3672-4|ref=none}}{{Dead link|date=មករា 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. ''Belorussia: The Making of a Nation: A Case Study'' (Harvard UP, 1956). * Vakar, Nicholas Platonovich. ''A Bibliographical Guide to Belorussia'' (Harvard UP, 1956) {{refend}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== {{Sister project links|voy=Belarus|បេឡារុស|collapsible=collapsed}} * [http://www.belarus.by/en/ គេហទំព័រនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋបេឡារុស] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115201716/http://www.belarus.by/en/ |date=2018-01-15 }} ដោយទីភ្ញាក់ងារសារព័ត៌មាន[[ទីភ្ញាក់ងារទូរលេខបេឡារុស|ប៊ែលតា]] * [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/ Belarus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109091720/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/belarus/ |date=2021-01-09 }}. ''[[The World Factbook]]''. [[ទីភ្ញាក់ងារស៊ើបការសម្ងាត់]]. * [http://www.fao.org/countryprofiles/index.asp?lang=en&iso3=BLR&subj=1&paia= FAO Country Profiles: Belarus] {{បណ្តាប្រទេសនៅ​ទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:បេឡារុស| ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបខាងកើត]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកសហគមន៍នៃរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋ]] ffa854hrphbl0schwf7wgfi5xirihds 0 44587 336437 336252 2026-06-09T17:18:33Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ប្រទេស | conventional_long_name = រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន | common_name = ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន | native_name = {{nobold|دولة فلسطين {{small|([[ភាសាអារ៉ាប់]])}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg | flag_type = [[ទង់ជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ទង់ជាតិ]] | image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg | symbol_type = [[វរលញ្ឆករប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|វរលញ្ឆករ]] | symbol_width = 70px | national_anthem = "{{big|[[ហ្វីដាអ៊ី|فدائي]]}}"<br />{{lower|0.1em|"អ្នកចម្បាំងហ្វេដាយ៉ី"<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 មីនា 2014 |format=includes audio |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"> </div> | image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = ទឹកដីដែលអះអាងថាជារបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (បៃតង)<ref name=only1967 /><br />ទឹកដីដែលអះអាងថាជារបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល (បៃតងខ្ចី) | capital_type = រដ្ឋធានី | capital = [[យេរូសាឡឹម]] ([[ស្ថានភាពនៃទីក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹម|ការទទួលស្គាល់មានកំណត់]]){{refn|group=ស|name=capital|[[សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យភាពរបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]បានថែងថា៖ "រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនថ្មីបានបង្កើតនៅលើទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្ររបស់យើងដោយមានរដ្ឋធានីនៅយេរូសាឡឹម (អាល់-កូតស៍ អាស-សារីហ្វ)"។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺជាប្រទេសដែលមានការគ្រប់គ្រងជាក់ស្តែងលើទីក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹម ប៉ុន្តែការទាមទាររដ្ឋធានីរបស់ប្រទេសទាំងពីរមិនត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយ[[សហគមន៍អន្តរជាតិ]]នោះទេ។ [[រ៉ាំអាឡា]]គឺជាធានីរដ្ឋបាលដែលមានវត្តមានស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋាភិបាល និងការិយាល័យតំណាងបរទេស ខណៈដែលប្រទេសនៅលើពិភពលោកភាគច្រើនរក្សាស្ថានទូតប្រចាំប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែលរបស់ពួកគេនៅទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីវ]]។}} | admin_center = [[រ៉ាំអាឡា]] | admin_center_type = មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលរដ្ឋបាល | status = [[បញ្ជីរាយរដ្ឋដែលការទទួលស្គាល់មានកំណត់|រដ្ឋទទួលស្គាល់ខ្លះៗ]] [[អង្គសង្កេតការណ៍មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ|រដ្ឋសង្កេតការណ៍ អសប]]<br />[[ការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ទទួលស្គាល់ដោយរដ្ឋសមាជិក អសប ចំនួន ១៣៨]] | largest_city = [[ទីក្រុងហ្កាហ្សា]] | official_languages = [[ភាសាអារ៉ាប់]] | government_type = [[ឯកត្តរដ្ឋ]] [[សាធារណរដ្ឋ]]ប្រកាន់[[ប្រព័ន្ធពាក់កណ្តាលប្រធានាធិបតី]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{cite web |title=(អង់គ្លេស) សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យ (១៩៨៨) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |access-date=1 មករា 2021 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 មិថុនា 2014 |url-status=dead |publisher=អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ |archivedate=8 មិថុនា 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_name1 = [[ម៉ះមូដ អាបាស់]]^a | leader_title2 = [[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]] | leader_name2 = [[មហាម៉ាដ ស្តៃយ៉េ]] | leader_title3 = [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ប្រធានសភា]] | leader_name3 = [[សាលីម សានូន]] | legislature = [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិ]] | sovereignty_type = [[រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន#ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ|និម្មិតកម្ម]] | established_event2 = [[សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ប្រកាសឯករាជ្យ]] | established_date2 = ១៥ វិច្ឆិកា ១៩៨៨ | established_event3 = [[ដំណោះស្រាយមហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ៦៧/១៩|សេចក្តីសម្រេចក្លាយជារដ្ឋសង្កេតការណ៍ អសប]] | established_date3 = ២៩ វិច្ឆិកា ២០១២ | established_event4 = ជម្លោះអធិបតេយ្យភាពជាមួយ[[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] | established_date4 = [[ជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|កំពុងកើតមាន]]^b{{refn|name=control|group=ស}}<ref>{{cite web|first1=Maayana |last1=Miskin |title=PA Weighs 'State of Palestine' Passport |date=5 December 2012 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |website=israelnationalnews.com |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844#.U5TD6vmICm6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207082503/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/162844 |archive-date=7 ធ្នូ 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=Arutz Sheva }}</ref><ref name="Limitations">{{cite news|title=State of Palestine name change shows limitations|url=https://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html|agency=AP|date=17 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110025703/http://news.yahoo.com/state-palestine-name-change-shows-limitations-200641448.html |archive-date=10 មករា 2013 }}</ref> | area_size = 1 E7 | area_km2 = ៦,០២០ | area_rank = ទី១៦៣ <!-- ឱ្យស្របទៅតាម[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប]] --> | percent_water = ៣.៥<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: West Bank |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=7 April 2014 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archivedate=22 កក្កដា 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722231029/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/west-bank/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | area_label2 = [[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] | area_data2 = ៥,៦៥៥ គម{{smallsup|២}} | area_label3 = [[ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]] | area_data3 = ៣៦៥ គម{{smallsup|២}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip/ |title=The World Factbook: Middle East: Gaza Strip |website=cia.gov |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=12 May 2014 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archivedate=12 មករា 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112082940/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/gaza-strip |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_estimate = ៥,៤៨៣,៤៥០<ref name="census">{{cite web| url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&table_id=676| title=Estimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate, 1997–2026| publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics| access-date=1 June 2026| archive-date=7 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207112233/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&table_id=676| url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = ២០២៣ | population_estimate_rank = ទី១២១ | population_census_year = | population_density_km2 = ៧៣១ | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} ៣៦.៣៩១ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=487,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Palestine) |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]] |date=10 October 2023 |access-date=1 June 2026 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023133432/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=487,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = ២០២៣ | GDP_PPP_rank = ទី១៣៨ | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ៦,៦៤២ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PS" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ទី១៤០ | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} ១៨.១០៩ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PS" /> | GDP_nominal_year = ២០២៣ | GDP_nominal_rank = ទី១២១ | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ៣,៤៦៤ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PS" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ទី១៣១ |Gini_year = ២០១៦ |Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = ៣៣.៧ |Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{cite web|title=GINI index coefficient: West Bank & Gaza|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison|publisher=CIA Factbook|access-date=1 ធ្នូ 2021|archivedate=2021-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210630032239/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI = ០.៧០៨ | HDI_year = ២០១៩ | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref =<ref name="UNHDR">{{cite book|title=(អង់គ្លេស) Human Development Report 2020 The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|date=15 December 2020|publisher=កម្មវិធីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ|isbn=978-92-1-126442-5|pages=343–346|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|access-date=1 មករា 2022}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ទី១១៥ | currency = {{unbulleted list |[[ផោនអេហ្ស៊ីប]] ([[ISO ៤២១៧|EGP]]) |[[ស៊ីគែលថ្មីអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] (ILS) |[[ឌីណាហ្សកដានី]] (JOD)<ref>យោងទៅតាម [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Gaza-Jericho+Agreement+Annex+IV+-+Economic+Protoco.htm មាត្រា 4 នៃកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងប៉ារីសឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065601/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%2BProcess/Guide%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BProcess/Gaza-Jericho%2BAgreement%2BAnnex%2BIV%2B-%2BEconomic%2BProtoco.htm |date=1 October 2016 }}. កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យអាជ្ញាធរប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទទួលស្គាល់រូបិយប័ណ្ណច្រើនជាងមួយឬពីរ។ នៅតំបន់[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] ស៊ីគែលថ្មីអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងឌីណាហ្សកដានីត្រូវបានគេប្រើប្រាស់និងទទួលស្គាល់យ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយ ខណៈនៅឯ[[ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]វិញ គេច្រើនទទួលស្គាល់ស៊ីគែលថ្មីអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងផោនអេហ្ស៊ីប។</ref>| (សូមមើល[[រូបិយវត្ថុប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]])}} | time_zone = [[ម៉ោងស្តង់ដាប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] | utc_offset = +២ | utc_offset_DST = +៣ | time_zone_DST = [[ម៉ោងរដូវក្តៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy<!--numeric dates (dd-mm-yyyy, yyyy.mm.dd, etc.) plus era (CE, AD, AH, etc.)--> | drives_on = ស្តាំ | calling_code = [[លេខទូរស័ព្ទនៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|+៩៧០]] | iso3166code = PS | cctld = [[.ps]] | footnote_a = ក៏ត្រូវជាមេដឹកនាំនៃរដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់រដ្ឋផងដែរ។{{refn|group=ស|name=PLOchair}} | footnote_b = តំបន់ដែលបានទាមទារគឺកំពុងស្ថិតនៅក្រោម[[ទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែល|ការកាន់កាប់របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]។ | today = | wikidata = Q219060 }} '''ប្រទេសប៉ាឡេស្ទីន'''{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាអារ៉ាប់]]៖ فلسطين, {{audio|LL-Q13955 (ara)-AlNatiq-فلسطين.wav|ស្តាប់}}}}{{refn|group=ស|name=naming|គួរកត់សម្គាល់ផងដែរថាឈ្មោះ[[ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (តំបន់)|ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]អាចត្រូវបានគេសម្តៅលើអតីតទឹកដីទាំងមូលនៃ[[ម៉ាន់ដាតប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ម៉ាន់ដាតប្រឺតាញ]]ដែលសព្វថ្ងៃត្រូវបានបញ្ចូលជាទឹកដីអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តទាក់ទងនឹងវានេះត្រូវបានបង្ហាញដោយលោកម៉ះមូដ អាបាសនៅក្នុងសុន្ទរកថានៃខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ២០១១ របស់គាត់ទៅកាន់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិថា៖ "... ពួកយើងបានយល់ព្រមបង្កើតរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅលើទឹកដីប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រប៉ាឡេស្ទីនតែ ២២% ប៉ុណ្ណោះ – បើធៀបទៅនឹងទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទាំងអស់ដែលអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកាន់កាប់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧។"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385|title=Full transcript of Abbas speech at UN General Assembly|date=23 September 2011|work=Haaretz.com|access-date=1 មករា 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152707/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385|archive-date=30 កញ្ញា 2011|url-status=dead|archivedate=30 កញ្ញា 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930152707/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/full-transcript-of-abbas-speech-at-un-general-assembly-1.386385}}</ref> ឈ្មោះ​នេះ​ក៏​ត្រូវ​បាន​ប្រើប្រាស់​ជា​​ទម្រង់​ខ្លី​ដើម្បីសម្តៅ​លើ​រដ្ឋ​ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន<ref name=Bissiop433>{{cite book |title=The World: A Third World Guide 1995–96 |editor=Bissio, Robert Remo |location=[[Montevideo]] |publisher=[[ITeM|Instituto del Tercer Mundo]] |year=1995 |page=443 |isbn=978-0-85598-291-1}}</ref> ហើយពាក្យសទិសសព្ទទាំងឡាយគួរតែមានការសម្គាល់ច្បាស់លាស់ដើម្បីជៀសវាងការភាន់ច្រឡំគ្នា មានដូចជា អាជ្ញាធរប៉ាឡេស្ទីន<ref name=Pagep161>{{cite book|url={{Google books |id=78ACLNgHdf4C |page=161 |plainurl=yes }} |title=Middle East Review |author=Baroud, Ramzy |editor=[[Kogan Page]]|edition=27th |location=London |publisher=[[Kogan Page]] |year=2004 |page=161 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4}}</ref> អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន<ref name=GA43177 /> និងប្រធានបទផ្សេងទៀតទាក់ទងនឹងការបង្កើតរដ្ឋ"ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន"។}} ដោយមានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការថា '''រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន'''{{refn|group=ស|ភាសាអារ៉ាប់៖ دولة فلسطين}} គឺជាប្រទេសមួយស្ថិតនៅតំបន់[[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]]។ រដ្ឋនេះត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងជាផ្លូវការដោយ[[អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PLO) និងមានទឹកដីទាមទារនៅ[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] និង[[ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]។ បរិពន្ធភូមិចំនួន ១៦៥ នៅតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង ត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងដោយ[[អាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PNA) ខណៈដែលតំបន់ហ្កាហ្សាកំពុងស្ថិតនៅក្រោមក្រុម[[ហាម៉ាស់]]។{{refn|group=ស|name = control|អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យ PNA អនុវត្តមុខងារមួយចំនួននៅក្នុងទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនអាស្រ័យលើ[[បំណែងចែករដ្ឋបាលនៃកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូ|ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់តំបន់]]។ វាមានអន្តរាគមន៍តិចតួច (រក្សាការគ្រប់គ្រងតាមព្រំដែនដូចជា៖ ផ្លូវអាកាស<ref name=GazaSeaAir>[http://www.btselem.org/english/Gaza_Strip/Control_on_Air_space_and_territorial_waters.asp Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605005942/http://www.btselem.org/english/Gaza_Strip/Control_on_Air_space_and_territorial_waters.asp |date=5 June 2011 }}.</ref> ដែនសមុទ្រហួសពី[[ផ្ទៃទឹកខាងក្នុង]],<ref name=GazaSeaAir /><ref>[http://dissidentvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Gaza-map-08s-fishing-limits-20090119.jpg Map of Gaza fishing limits, "security zones"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726000805/http://dissidentvoice.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Gaza-map-08s-fishing-limits-20090119.jpg |date=26 July 2011 }}.</ref> [[បេសកកម្មជំនួយព្រំដែនសហភាពអឺរ៉ុបនៅរ៉ាហ្វា|ដីគោក]]<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Israels+Disengagement+Plan-+Renewing+the+Peace+Process+Apr+2005.htm Israel's Disengagement Plan: Renewing the Peace Process] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070302014936/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%20Process/Guide%20to%20the%20Peace%20Process/Israels%20Disengagement%20Plan-%20Renewing%20the%20Peace%20Process%20Apr%202005.htm |date=2 March 2007 }}: "Israel will guard the perimeter of the Gaza Strip, continue to control Gaza air space, and continue to patrol the sea off the Gaza coast. ... Israel will continue to maintain its essential military presence to prevent arms smuggling along the border between the Gaza Strip and Egypt (Philadelphi Route), until the security situation and cooperation with Egypt permit an alternative security arrangement."</ref>) នៅដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា (ផ្នែកខាងក្នុងរបស់វា និងតំបន់ព្រំដែនគោកជាប់ប្រទេសអេហ្ស៊ីបគឺស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់) និងអន្តរាគមន៍កម្រិតផ្សេងៗគ្នានៅកន្លែងផ្សេងទៀត។<ref name=HumanRightsWatch>{{cite web |title=Israel: 'Disengagement' Will Not End Gaza Occupation |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]] |date=29 October 2004 |url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm |archive-date=1 វិច្ឆិកា 2008 |url-status=dead |archivedate=1 វិច្ឆិកា 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101210931/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/10/29/isrlpa9577.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=[[Dore Gold|Gold, Dore]] |title=Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza Is Still 'Occupied' Even After Israel Withdraws |journal=Jerusalem Issue Brief |volume=5 |issue=3 |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |date=26 August 2005 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |archive-date=21 មិថុនា 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Bell, Abraham |title=International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense |journal=Jerusalem Issue Brief |volume=7 |issue=29 |publisher=[[Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs]] |date=28 January 2008 |url=http://www.jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621082606/http://jcpa.org/brief/brief005-3.htm |archive-date=21 មិថុនា 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=Transcript |title=Address by FM Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference |publisher=[[ក្រសួងកិច្ចការបរទេស (អ៊ីស្រាអែល)|ក្រសួងកិច្ចការបរទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] |date=22 January 2008 |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2008/Address+by+FM+Livni+to+the+8th+Herzliya+Conference+22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026025009/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches%2Bby%2BIsraeli%2Bleaders/2008/Address%2Bby%2BFM%2BLivni%2Bto%2Bthe%2B8th%2BHerzliya%2BConference%2B22-Jan-2008.htm?DisplayMode=print |archive-date=26 តុលា 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Salih, Zak M. |title=Panelists Disagree Over Gaza's Occupation Status |publisher=[[សាលាច្បាប់នៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យវឺជីញ៉ា]] |date=17 November 2005 |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm |archive-date=3 មីនា 2016 |url-status=dead |archivedate=3 មីនា 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200844/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2005_fall/gaza.htm }}</ref> សូមមើល[[តំបន់កាន់កាប់របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]។}} បើទោះបីជាប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានអះអាងក្រុង[[យេរូសាឡឹម]]ថាជារដ្ឋធានីរបស់ខ្លួនពិតក៏មែនក្តីប៉ុន្តែទីក្រុងនេះសព្វថ្ងៃគឺកំពុងស្ថិតនៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ការទាមទារអះអាងរបស់ភាគីទាំងពីរចំពោះទីក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹមគឺមិនត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយសហគមន៍អន្តរជាតិនោះទេ។ ទឹកដីទាំងប៉ុន្មាន​ដែល​រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន​កំពុងទាមទារ​គឺត្រូវ​បាន​អ៊ីស្រាអែល​កាន់កាប់​តាំង​ពី​បញ្ចប់[[សង្គ្រាមប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃ]]នៅ​ក្នុង​ឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ មកម្លេះ។<ref name=Limitations /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tahhan |first1=Zena |title=The Naksa: How Israel occupied the whole of Palestine in 1967 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/50-years-israeli-occupation-longest-modern-history-170604111317533.html |website=www.aljazeera.com |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228012831/https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2017/06/50-years-israeli-occupation-longest-modern-history-170604111317533.html |archive-date=28 ធ្នូ 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនសព្វថ្ងៃមានប្រជាជនចំនួន ៥,០៥១,៩៥៣ នាក់បើគិតត្រឹមខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២០ ដែលធ្វើឱ្យវាក្លាយជាប្រទេសដែលមានប្រជាជនច្រើនបំផុតទី ១២១ នៅលើពិភពលោក។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/|title=(អង់គ្លេស) State of Palestine Population (2020) – Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info|access-date=1 មករា 2022}}</ref> នៅក្រោយ[[សង្គ្រាមលោកលើកទី២]] នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៤៧ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបានអនុម័តផែនការបែងចែកទឹកដី[[ម៉ាន់ដាតប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]ដោយផ្តល់អនុសាសន៍ឱ្យបង្កើតរដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់និងជ្វីហ្វឯករាជ្យពីរនិងទឹកដីអន្តរជាតិមួយនៅក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹម។<ref name="181(II)">{{cite web |url=https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine |date=29 November 1947 |publisher=United Nations |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090147/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 |archive-date=10 តុលា 2017 |url-status=dead |archivedate=10 តុលា 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090147/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253 }}</ref> ផែនការបែងចែកទឹកដីនេះត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយជនជាតិយូដា (ជ្វីហ្វ) ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានបដិសេធដោយពួកអារ៉ាប់។ ភ្លាមៗបន្ទាប់ពីការអនុម័តសេចក្តីសម្រេចចប់ដោយមហាសន្និបាត អសប [[សង្គ្រាមផ្ទៃក្នុងនៅម៉ាន់ដាតប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឆ្នាំ១៩៤៧–១៩៤៨|សង្រ្គាមស៊ីវិលមួយ]]ក៏បានផ្ទុះឡើង<ref name="Britannica2002">Article "History of Palestine", ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (2002 edition), article section written by Walid Ahmed Khalidi and Ian J. Bickerton.</ref> ហើយផែនការនេះក៏ត្រូវបានដកលែងអនុវត្តវិញ។<ref name="Galnoor1995">{{cite book|author=Itzhak Galnoor|title=The Partition of Palestine: Decision Crossroads in the Zionist Movement|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nvUNlwD9cd0C&pg=PA289|access-date=3 July 2012|year=1995|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2193-2|pages=289–}}</ref> រយៈពេលមួយថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ពីបានបង្កើតរដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅថ្ងៃទី១៤ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel |date=14 May 1948 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116103234/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace+Process/Guide+to+the+Peace+Process/Declaration+of+Establishment+of+State+of+Israel.htm |archive-date=16 មករា 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Brenner|first1=Michael| last2=Frisch|first2=Shelley|title=Zionism: A Brief History|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|date=April 2003|page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+David+Ben-Gurion.htm|title=Zionist Leaders: David Ben-Gurion 1886–1973|access-date=1 មករា 2022|publisher=ក្រសួងកិច្ចការបរទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113000200/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/History/Modern+History/Centenary+of+Zionism/Zionist+Leaders-+David+Ben-Gurion.htm|archive-date=13 វិច្ឆិកា 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> កងទ័ពរួមអារ៉ាប់ជិតខាងបានសម្រុក[[សង្គ្រាមអារ៉ាប់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨|ចូលឈ្លានពាន]]អតីតម៉ាន់ដាតរបស់អង់គ្លេស និងបានប្រឈមប្រយុទ្ធគ្នាជាមួយនឹងកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>[https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war The Arab-Israeli War of 1948 (US Department of State, Office of the Historian)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616085329/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/arab-israeli-war |date=16 June 2017 }}"Arab forces joining the Palestinian Arabs in attacking territory in the former Palestinian mandate."</ref><ref>[[Yoav Gelber]], ''Palestine 1948'', 2006 – Chap. 8 "The Arab Regular Armies' Invasion of Palestine".</ref> ក្រោយមក [[រដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីនរួម]]ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយ[[សម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់]]នៅថ្ងៃទី២២ ខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨ ដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រងតំបន់បរិពន្ធភូមិហ្កាហ្សា។ រដ្ឋាភិបាលនោះត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយសមាជិកសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់ទាំងអស់ លើកលែងតែ[[ហ្សកដានី|ត្រង់ហ្សកដានី]]។ ទោះបីជាយុត្តាធិការរបស់វាត្រូវបានប្រកាសថាគ្របដណ្តប់លើម៉ាន់ដាតប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទាំងមូលមែន ប៉ុន្តែតាមការពិតយុត្តាធិការរបស់វាត្រូវបានកំណត់តែចំពោះតំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សាប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="gelber177">Gelber, Y. ''Palestine, 1948''. pp. 177–78</ref> អ៊ីស្រាអែលក្រោយមកបានដណ្តើមកាន់កាប់តំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា និង[[ឧបទ្វីបស៊ីណៃ]]ពីប្រទេសអេហ្ស៊ីប តំបន់[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] (រួមទាំងក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹមខាងកើត) ពីហ្សកដានី និង[[កំពូលហ្កូឡាន]]ពីប្រទេស[[ស៊ីរី]]នៅក្នុងខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ នៃអំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃ]]។ នៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ នៅទីក្រុង[[អាល់ហ្សែរ]] លោក[[យ៉ាសែរ អារ៉ាហ្វាត់]] ប្រធានអង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (PLO) បានប្រកាសពី[[សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ការបង្កើតរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]ឡើង។ មួយឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់ពីការចុះហត្ថលេខាលើ[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូ]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣ [[អាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]ក៏បានបង្កើតឡើងដើម្បីគ្រប់គ្រង (ក្នុងកម្រិតផ្សេងៗគ្នា) តំបន់ A និង B នៅវ៉េសប៊ែងដែលរួមមាន"កោះ"ចំនួន ១៦៥ និងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សាទាំងមូល។ បន្ទាប់ពីក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានក្លាយជាគណបក្សឈានមុខគេនៅក្នុង[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|សភា PNA]] នៅក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោតថ្មីៗបំផុត (២០១៦) [[សមរភូមិហ្កាហ្សា (២០០៧)|ជម្លោះថ្មីមួយ]]ក៏បានផ្ទុះឡើងរវាងខ្លួននិងគណបក្ស[[ហ្វាតា]] ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យហ្កាហ្សាត្រូវធ្លាក់ក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៧ (ពោលគឺពីរឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់ពីការផ្តាច់ខ្លួនចេញរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល)។ រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រូវបាន[[ការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ទទួលស្គាល់ដោយរដ្ឋចំនួន ១៣៨ នៅក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋសមាជិកសរុប ១៩៣ របស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] ហើយចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០១២ មក វាមានស្ថានភាពជា[[រដ្ឋសង្កេតការណ៍មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ|រដ្ឋអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍]]ក្នុង[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]។<ref name="UNStatehoodBid2012accepted" /><ref name="Charbonneau">{{cite web|first1=Louis |last1=Charbonneau |title=Palestinians win implicit U.N. recognition of sovereign state |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605091657/https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/29/us-palestinians-statehood-idUSBRE8AR0EG20121129 |archive-date=5 មិថុនា 2014 |url-status=live |publisher=Thomson Reuters }}</ref><ref name="Lederer">{{cite web |first1=Edith M |last1=Lederer |title=Live Stream: Palestine asks United Nations for a 'birth certificate' ahead of vote |date=30 November 2012 |access-date=1 មករា 2022 |website=www.3news.com |url=http://www.3news.co.nz/LIVE-STREAM-Palestine-asks-United-Nations-for-a-birth-certificate-ahead-of-vote/tabid/417/articleID/278702/Default.aspx#ixzz345WDjipj |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116091340/http://www.3news.co.nz/LIVE-STREAM-Palestine-asks-United-Nations-for-a-birth-certificate-ahead-of-vote/tabid/417/articleID/278702/Default.aspx#ixzz345WDjipj |archive-date=16 មករា 2013 |url-status=dead |publisher=MediaWorks TV |location=New Zealand |archivedate=16 មករា 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116091340/http://www.3news.co.nz/LIVE-STREAM-Palestine-asks-United-Nations-for-a-birth-certificate-ahead-of-vote/tabid/417/articleID/278702/Default.aspx#ixzz345WDjipj }}</ref> ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនជាសមាជិកនៃ[[សម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់]] [[អង្គការសហប្រតិបត្តិការឥស្លាម]] [[ហ្សេ ៧៧]] [[គណៈកម្មាធិការអូឡាំពិកអន្តរជាតិ]] ក៏ដូចជាអង្គការ[[យូណេស្កូ]] [[សន្និសីទអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិស្តីពីពាណិជ្ជកម្ម និងការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍]] និង[[តុលាការឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មអន្តរជាតិ]]។ល។<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mofa.pna.ps/en-us/mediaoffice/membership-of-the-state-of-palestine-in-international-organizations-as-of-25-may-2018|title=Membership of the State of Palestine in international organizations (as of 25 May 2018)|website=MOFAE}}</ref> ==និរុត្តិសាស្ត្រ== ដូចឈ្មោះប្រទេស និងរដ្ឋភាគច្រើនផ្សេងទៀតនៅក្នុង[[ភាសាខ្មែរ]]យើងអញ្ចឹង ពាក្យ"ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន"គឺជាពាក្យកម្ចីពី[[ភាសាបារាំង]]ហៅ "Palestine" (ប្រកប ប៉ា-លេ-ស្ទីន)។ ពាក្យ[[ភាសាអង់គ្លេស|អង់គ្លេស]]គឺសរសេរទម្រង់ដូចគ្នា គ្រាន់តែការបញ្ចេញសំឡេងមានលក្ខណៈខុសគ្នាបន្តិចដោយភាសាអង់គ្លេសគេប្រកបថា "ផា-លេស-ស្តែន"។ ទឹកដីនៃ[[ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (តំបន់)|តំបន់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] និងវិសាលភាពភូមិសាស្រ្តរបស់វាមានភាពខុសៗប្លែកពីគ្នាទៅតាមសម័យកាលប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនីមួយៗ ហើយបច្ចុប្បន្ននេះ តំបន់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាបានគួបផ្សំឡើងពីរដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែលបច្ចុប្បន្ន តំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង និងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។<ref>Rubin, 1999, {{Google books |id=A9FVtIjyFtYC |page=186 |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Arab World }}</ref> ការប្រើប្រាស់ជាទូទៅនៃពាក្យ "ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ឬពាក្យទាក់ទងនឹងតំបន់នៅជ្រុងភាគអាគ្នេយ៍នៃសមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ានេ ក្បែរប្រទេសស៊ីរី បានកើតឡើងតាំងពីសម័យ[[ក្រិកបុរាណ]]មកម្លេះដោយមានលោក[[អេរ៉ូដូតឺស]]ដែលជាអ្នកសរសេរប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រដំបូងគេនៅសតវត្សទីប្រាំមុន គ.ស ជាអ្នកសម្គាល់បញ្ជាក់។ លោកបានសរសេរនៅក្នុងកំណត់ត្រា[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ (អេរ៉ូដូតឺស)|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ]]របស់លោកថា "ស្រុកមួយនៃប្រទេសស៊ីរីហៅថា ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (Palaistine)" ដែលជនជាតិ[[ព្យូនិក]]បានធ្វើទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយនិងរួមទាំងប្រជាជននៅតាមដែនសមុទ្រផ្សេងៗទៀត។<ref name="Masalha2018">{{cite book|author=Nur Masalha|title=Palestine: A Four Thousand Year History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNvVAQAACAAJ|date=15 August 2018|publisher=Zed Books Limited|page=22|isbn=978-1-78699-273-4}}</ref><ref>''Herodotus, Volume 4''. p. 21. 1806. Rev. William Beloe translation.</ref> ពាក្យ "ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" (ជា[[ភាសាឡាតាំង]]ថា Palæstina) ត្រូវគេគិតថាជាពាក្យបង្កើតដោយជនជាតិក្រិកបុរាណសម្រាប់សម្តៅលើតំបន់ដែលកាន់កាប់ដោយពួក[[ភីលីស្ទីន]] ប៉ុន្តែនេះគ្រាន់តែជាទ្រឹស្តីមួយប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>''Ancient History Encyclopædia'', Mark, Joshua J., [https://www.worldhistory.org/palestine/ "Palestine"]</ref> ===បច្ចេកសព្ទសាស្ត្រ=== អត្ថបទនេះបានប្រើពាក្យ "ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" "រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" "ទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ឆ្លាស់គ្នាអាស្រ័យទៅលើបរិបទ។ ជាពិសេស ពាក្យថា "ទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" គឺសម្តៅទាំងស្រុងទៅលើទឹកដីភូមិសាស្ត្ររបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដែលប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកាន់កាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧។ រាល់ករណីទាំងអស់ គ្រប់ឯកសារសម្អាងទាក់ទងនឹងទឹកដីគឺចង់សម្តៅទៅលើដីដែលទាមទារដោយរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CCA_Report_En.pdf|title=(អង់គ្លេស) Common Country Analysis 2016: Leave No One Behind: A Perspective on Vulnerability and Structural Disadvantage in Palestine |publisher=United Nations Country Team Occupied Palestinian Territory |date=2016 |page=9}}</ref> ==ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្ររដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} {{See also|ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៤៧ អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ (អសប) បានអនុម័តផែនការបែងចែកសម្រាប់ដំណោះស្រាយរដ្ឋចំនួនពីរនៅលើទឹកដីម៉ាន់ដាត។ ផែនការនេះត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ដោយមេដឹកនាំជនជាតិជ្វីហ្វ ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានបដិសេធដោយមេដឹកនាំអារ៉ាប់ ហើយចំណែកចក្រភពអង់គ្លេសវិញក៏បានបដិសេដមិនអនុវត្តផែនការនេះដែរ។ នៅមុនថ្ងៃនៃការដកខ្លួនចុងក្រោយរបស់អង់គ្លេស [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារជ្វីហ្វសម្រាប់អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានប្រកាសបង្កើតរដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែលតាមផែនការដែលបានស្នើឡើងរបស់ អសប។ គណៈកម្មាធិការកំពូលអារ៉ាប់មិនបានប្រកាសបង្កើតរដ្ឋរបស់ខ្លួននោះទេតែផ្ទុយទៅវិញ ប្រទេស[[អេហ្ស៊ីប]]រួមជាមួយ[[ហ្សកដានី|ត្រង់ហ្សកដានី]] និងសមាជិកដទៃទៀតនៃ[[សម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់]]នាពេលនោះ បានចាប់ផ្តើមធ្វើសកម្មភាពយោធាដែលជាហេតុបណ្តាលឱ្យផ្ទុះ[[សង្រ្គាមអារ៉ាប់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ១៩៤៨]]។ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលសង្រ្គាម អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានដណ្តើមយកទឹកដីបន្ថែមដែល អសប ធ្លាប់បានកំណត់ជាផ្នែកនៃរដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់។ អេហ្ស៊ីបដំបូងបានគាំទ្រការបង្កើតរដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីនរួម ប៉ុន្តែបានបោះបង់គំនិតនេះចោលនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៩។ ត្រង់ហ្សកដានីមិនដែលទទួលស្គាល់រដ្ឋាភិបាលនេះទេ ហើយថែមទាំងបានសម្រេចចិត្តកាត់បញ្ចូលតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងជាទឹកដីរបស់ខ្លួនទៀតដើម្បីបង្កើតរដ្ឋហ្សកដានី។ ការកាត់បញ្ចូលទឹកដីនេះត្រូវបានផ្តល់សច្ចាប័ននៅឆ្នាំ១៩៥០ ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានច្រានចោលដោយសហគមន៍អន្តរជាតិ។ [[សង្គ្រាមប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃ]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ ដែលជាពេលអ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រយុទ្ធតបទល់ជាមួយអេហ្ស៊ីប ហ្សកដានី និង[[ស៊ីរី]] បានបញ្ចប់ដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែលចូលកាន់កាប់ទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដូចជាតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង និងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/six-day-war|title=Six-Day War|first=History com|last=Editors|website=HISTORY}}</ref> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៦៤ នៅពេលដែលហ្សកដានីចូលគ្រប់គ្រងតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងម្តងទៀត [[អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PLO) ក៏ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅទីនោះដោយមានគោលដៅប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ [[ធម្មនុញ្ញជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]នៃ PLO បានកំណត់ព្រំដែនប៉ាឡេស្ទីនជាទឹកដីទាំងមូលដែលបន្សល់ពីម៉ាន់ដាតរបស់អង់គ្លេសដែលក្នុងនោះក៏មានទាំងរដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែលផងដែរ។ បន្ទាប់ពីសង្គ្រាមប្រាំមួយថ្ងៃបានបញ្ចប់ PLO បានផ្លាស់ទៅជ្រកនៅប្រទេសហ្សកដានី ប៉ុន្តែក្រោយមកបានផ្លាស់ទៅប្រទេសលីបង់វិញនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧១។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/plo|title=PLO|first=History com|last=Editors|website=HISTORY}}</ref> [[កិច្ចប្រជុំកំពូលសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៤|កិច្ចប្រជុំកំពូលសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់]]នៅខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៤ បានកំណត់ PLO ថាជា "តំណាងស្របច្បាប់តែមួយគត់របស់ប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ហើយបានបញ្ជាក់សារជាថ្មីថា "ពួកគេមានសិទ្ធិផ្ទាល់ក្នុងការបង្កើតរដ្ឋឯករាជ្យមួយជាបន្ទាន់"។<ref>{{cite book |last=al Madfai |first=Madiha Rashid |authorlink=Madiha Rashid Al-Madfai |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Jordan, the United States and the Middle East Peace Process, 1974–1991 |series=Cambridge Middle East Library |volume=28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-41523-1 |page=21}}</ref> នៅខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៤ PLO ត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ថាមានសមត្ថភាពលើការដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាទាក់ទងនឹងប្រធានបទប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដោយ[[មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ផ្តល់ឋានៈសង្កេតការណ៍របស់ពួកគេជា "អង្គភាពមិនមែនរដ្ឋ" នៅអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ។<ref name=GA3237>{{UN document |docid=A/RES/3237(XXIX) |body=A |type=R |session=29 |resolution_number=3237 (XXIX) |title=Observer status for the Palestine Liberation Organization |date=22 November 1974 |meeting=2296th plenary meeting |accessdate=4 មករា 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis |series=Cambridge Studies in International Relations |volume=15 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isolatedstatesco0000geld/page/155 155] |author=Geldenhuys, Deon |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-40268-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/isolatedstatesco0000geld/page/155 }}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបានទទួលស្គាល់ជាផ្លូវការនូវសេចក្តីប្រកាសនេះ ហើយបានសម្រេចចិត្តប្រើឈ្មោះ "ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ជំនួសឱ្យ "អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" នៅក្នុងក្របខណ្ឌអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ។<ref name=GA43177>{{UN document |docid=A/RES/43/117 |body=A |type=R |session=43 |resolution_number=43/117 |title=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=8 December 1988 |meeting=75th plenary meeting |accessdate=4 មករា 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Tim |last1=Hillier |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |date=1998 |isbn=978-1-84314-380-2 |access-date=4 មករា 2022 |url={{Google books |id=ukWq9mMUeesC |page=205 |plainurl=yes }} |pages=205 |publisher=Cavendish Publishing |edition=Cavendish Publishing sourcebook series}}</ref> ទោះបីជាមានការសម្រេចនេះក៏ដោយ PLO មិនដែលបានចូលរួមនៅអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិក្នុងនាមជារដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឡើយ។<ref>{{UN document |docid=A/55/PV.54 |body=A |type=A |session=55 |document_number=36 |title=(អារ៉ាប់) Bethlehem 2000 Draft resolution (A/55/L.3) |page=10 |meeting=54th plenary meeting |date=7 November 2000 |meetingtime=3 p.m. |speakername=Al-Kidwa, Nasser |speakernation=រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន{{!}}Palestine |accessdate=4 មករា 2022}}</ref> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩ តាមរយៈ[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងកាំដេវីដ]] អេហ្ស៊ីបបានសម្រេចចុះហត្ថលេខាបញ្ចប់ការទាមទារទឹកដីរបស់ខ្លួនលើតំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។ នៅខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ ហ្សកដានីបានលះបង់ការទាមទាររបស់ខ្លួននៅវ៉េសប៊ែងទៅឱ្យ PLO។ នៅអំឡុងខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ សភានីតិបញ្ញត្តិនិរទេសរបស់ PLO បានប្រកាសបង្កើត"រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន"ឡើង។ នៅខែបន្ទាប់ រដ្ឋនេះត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់ភ្លាមៗដោយរដ្ឋដទៃជាច្រើន រួមទាំងអេហ្ស៊ីប និងហ្សកដានីផង។ នៅក្នុងសេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យរបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន គេបានចែងថា រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅលើ "ទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ដោយមិនមានការបញ្ជាក់ច្បាស់លាស់បន្ថែមទៀតនោះទេ។ ដោយហេតុនេះ ទើបប្រទេសមួយចំនួនដែលបានទទួលស្គាល់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានសម្តៅកិច្ចទទួលស្គាល់របស់ពួកគេទៅលើ "ព្រំដែនឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧" ដូច្នេះប្រទេសទាំងអស់នោះបានទទួលស្គាល់ទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រឹមតែជាទឹកដីក្រោមការកាន់កាប់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ មិនមែនទឹកដីរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនោះទេ។ ការដាក់ពាក្យសុំចូលជាសមាជិកអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិដែលដាក់ជូនដោយរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនក៏បានបញ្ជាក់ផងដែរថាវាបានផ្អែកខ្លួនលើ "ព្រំដែនឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧"។<ref name="only1967">{{cite web|date=23 September 2011|title=Ban sends Palestinian application for UN membership to Security Council|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39722#.VfMZaZeM-ao|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010151934/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=39722#.VfMZaZeM-ao|archive-date=10 តុលា 2015|access-date=5 មករា 2022|website=United Nations News Centre}}</ref> នៅអំឡុងពេលចរចាក្នុងកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូ PLO បានប្រកាសទទួលស្គាល់សិទ្ធិអត្ថិភាពរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហើយអ៊ីស្រាអែលក៏បានទទួលស្គាល់ PLO ថាជាអ្នកតំណាងរបស់ប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីនវិញដែរ។ សេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យរបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ បានរួមបញ្ចូលនូវការអំពាវនាវរបស់ PNC សម្រាប់ការចរចាបែបពហុភាគីលើមូលដ្ឋាននៃ[[ដំណោះស្រាយក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ២៤២|ដំណោះស្រាយលេខ ២៤២ របស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ដែលក្រោយមកត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថា "កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf |title=(អង់គ្លេស) The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution |author=PLO Negotiations Affairs Department |date=13 November 2008 |access-date=5 មករា 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf |archive-date=26 មេសា 2012 |archivedate=26 មេសា 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf }}</ref> ដោយវាបង្ហាញពីការទទួលយកដំណោះស្រាយរដ្ឋចំនួនពីរ ហើយលែងចោទសួរពីភាពស្របច្បាប់នៃរដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name=Quigleyp212>Quigley, 2005, p. 212.</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានដណ្តើម និងកាន់កាប់តំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងពីហ្សកដានី និងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សាពីអេហ្ស៊ីប រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីស្រាអែលក៏ចាប់ផ្តើមបញ្ជូនប្រជាជនខ្លួនឱ្យចូលទៅរស់នៅទីនោះ។ ការគ្រប់គ្រងប្រជាជនអារ៉ាប់លើទឹកដីទាំងនេះត្រូវបានអនុវត្តដោយ[[ក្រុមសម្របសម្រួលសកម្មភាពរដ្ឋាភិបាលនៅក្នុងដែនដី]]នៃ[[រដ្ឋបាលស៊ីវិលអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] និងដោយក្រុមប្រឹក្សាក្រុងក្នុងតំបន់ដែលមានវត្តមានតាំងពីមុនពេលការកាន់កាប់របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ អ៊ីស្រាអែល​បាន​សម្រេច​​បញ្ឈប់​ការ​បោះ​ឆ្នោត​​ក្រុម​ប្រឹក្សា ហើយ​បង្កើត"សម្ព័ន្ធភូមិ"ដើម្បីជំនួសក្រុមប្រឹក្សាទាំងនោះដោយ​មន្ត្រីនៃសម្ព័ន្ធភូមិថ្មីនេះគឺសុទ្ធតែស្ថិត​ក្រោម​ឥទ្ធិពល​របស់​អ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ក្រោយបន្តិចមក គំរូថ្មីនេះក៏បាត់បង់ប្រសិទ្ធភាពសម្រាប់អ៊ីស្រាអែល និងព្រមទាំងប៉ាឡេស្ទីនផង ហើយសម្ព័ន្ធភូមិបានចាប់ផ្តើមបែកបាក់ដួលរលំដោយសម្ព័ន្ធភូមិចុងក្រោយហៅ"ហេប្រុន"បានរំលាយនៅអំឡុងខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arij.org/atlas40/chapter2.3.html|title=40 Years Of Israeli Occupation|work=arij.org|access-date=5 មករា 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718173049/http://www.arij.org/atlas40/chapter2.3.html|archive-date=18 កក្កដា 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៩៩៣ នៅក្នុងកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានទទួលស្គាល់ក្រុមចរចារបស់ PLO ថាជា "តំណាងប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ជាថ្នូរនឹង PLO ទទួលស្គាល់សិទ្ធិរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងការរក្សាសន្តិភាព ការទទួលយកដំណោះស្រាយរបស់ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ២៤២ និង ៣៣៨ និងការឈុំប្រកាន់"អំពើហឹង្សា និងអំពើភេរវកម្ម"លើអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{cite web|first1=Kim |last1=Murphy |title=Israel and PLO, in Historic Bid for Peace, Agree to Mutual Recognition : Mideast: After decades of conflict, accord underscores both sides' readiness to coexist. Arafat reaffirms the renunciation of violence in strong terms. |date=10 September 1993 |access-date=5 មករា 2022 |website=Los Angeles Times |url=https://articles.latimes.com/1993-09-10/news/mn-33546_1_mutual-recognition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423205723/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-09-10/news/mn-33546_1_mutual-recognition |archive-date=23 មេសា 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៤ PLO បានបង្កើតរដ្ឋបាលដែនដីមួយហៅ[[អាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (ហៅកាត់ថា PNA ឬ PA) ដោយវាមានមុខងារអនុវត្តកិច្ចការមួយចំនួនរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលនៅក្នុងផ្នែកខ្លះនៃតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងនិងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។<ref name=GA52250>{{UN document |docid=A/RES/52/250 |body=A |type=R |session=52 |resolution_number=52/250 |title=Participation of Palestine in the work of the United Nations |date=13 July 1998}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Written Statement Submitted by Palestine |date=30 January 2004 |access-date=5 មករា 2022 |website=[[International Court of Justice]] (ICJ) |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1555.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004758/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1555.pdf |archive-date=5 February 2009 |url-status=dead |pages=44–49 |postscript=none |archivedate=5 កុម្ភៈ 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205004758/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/131/1555.pdf }}, in {{cite web |title=Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Index) |date=10 December 2003 |access-date=5 មករា 2022 |website=International Court of Justice |url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=mwp&case=131&k=5a&p3=0 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007033944/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=mwp&case=131&k=5a&p3=0 |archive-date=7 តុលា 2012 |url-status=dead |format=PDF |postscript=none |archivedate=7 តុលា 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007033944/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=4&code=mwp&case=131&k=5a&p3=0 }}, referred to the ICJ by {{UN document |docid=A/RES/ES-10/14 |body=A |type=R |resolution_number=ES-10/14 |document_number=Agenda item 5 |title=Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory |date=12 December 2003 |meeting=Tenth emergency special session; 23rd plenary meeting |accessdate=5 មករា 2022}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០០៧ ក្រុម[[ហាម៉ាស់]]បានឡើងកាន់កាប់តំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា ហើយទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនក៏ត្រូវបែងចែកជាពីរដោយបន្សល់ទុកគណបក្ស[[ហ្វាតា]]របស់លោក[[ម៉ះមូដ អាបាស់|អាបាស់]]ឱ្យគ្រប់គ្រងតំបន់[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]]<ref name=alarabiya0701>{{cite news|title=Hamas leader's Tunisia visit angers Palestinian officials |date=7 January 2012 |access-date=6 មករា 2022 |website=Al Arabiya News |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/07/186930.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120108052540/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/07/186930.html |archive-date=8 មករា 2012 |url-status=live |agency=Agence France-Presse (AFP) }}</ref> ខណៈក្រុមហាម៉ាស់នៅគ្រប់គ្រងតំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។ នៅអំឡុងខែមេសា ឆ្នាំ២០១១ ក្រុមភាគីនយោបាយប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទាំងអស់បានចុះហត្ថលេខាលើកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងមួយនៃដំណើរផ្សះផ្សា ប៉ុន្តែការប្រកាសអនុវត្តជាផ្លូវការនៃសន្ធិសញ្ញានេះត្រូវផ្អាក<ref name=alarabiya0701 /> រហូតដល់ថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០១៤ នៅពេលដែល[[រដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឆ្នាំ២០១៤|រដ្ឋាភិបាលរួបរួម]]មួយត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើង។<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian unity government sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas |date=2 June 2014 |access-date=6 មករា 2022 |website=BBC News Middle East |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140603033348/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27660218 |archive-date=3 មិថុនា 2014 |url-status=live |publisher=BBC }}</ref> [[File:Demonstration against road block, Kafr Qaddum, March 2012 3.JPG|thumb|បាតុកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងការបិទផ្លូវធ្វើដំណើរនៅក្រុង[[កាហ្វ្ររកាដដុំ]], មីនា ២០១២]] ដូចដែលបានឃើញនៅក្នុងកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូកន្លងមក អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យ PLO បង្កើតស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋបាលបណ្តោះអាសន្ននៅក្នុងទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដែលមានទម្រង់ជាការគ្រប់គ្រងដោយអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។ អាជ្ញាធរនេះត្រូវបានផ្តល់ការគ្រប់គ្រងជាលក្ខណៈស៊ីវិលនៅក្នុងតំបន់ B និងទាំងការគ្រប់គ្រងស៊ីវិល និងសន្តិសុខនៅក្នុងតំបន់ A ប៉ុន្តែពួកគេមិនមានជាប់ពាក់ព័ន្ធអ្វីនឹង[[តំបនសេ (វ៉េសប៊ែង)|តំបន់ C]] នោះទេ។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៥ បន្ទាប់ពីការអនុវត្តផែនការផ្តាច់ខ្លួនជាឯកតោភាគីរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល អាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានទទួលការគ្រប់គ្រងពេញលេញលើតំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា លើកលែងតែនៅតាមព្រំដែន ដែនអាកាស និងដែនទឹករបស់វា។{{refn||group=ស|name=control}} បន្ទាប់ពី[[ជម្លោះហ្វាតា–ហាម៉ាស់|ជម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុងប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]បានកន្លងផុតទៅនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៦ ក្រុម[[ហាម៉ាស់]]បានឡើងកាន់កាប់តំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សាដោយទុកឱ្យហ្វាតារក្សាការគ្រប់គ្រងនៅតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង។ ចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ២០០៧ មក តំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សាត្រូវបានគ្រប់គ្រងដោយក្រុមហាម៉ាស់ និងតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងដោយហ្វាតា។<ref name=Guardian>{{cite news |title=Hamas takes control of Gaza |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/15/israel4 |access-date=6 មករា 2022 |newspaper=Guardian |date=15 June 2007 |location=London |first1=Ian |last1=Black |first2=Mark |last2=Tran}}</ref> ==ការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិ== {{Main|ការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រូវបាន[[ការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ទទួលស្គាល់ដោយរដ្ឋចំនួន ១៣៨ នៅក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋសមាជិកសរុប ១៩៣]] របស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ហើយចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០១២ ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានស្ថានភាពជា[[អង្គសង្កេតការណ៍មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ|រដ្ឋអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍-មិនមែនជាសមាជិក]]នៅក្នុងអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ។<ref name="UNStatehoodBid2012accepted" /><ref name="Charbonneau"/><ref name="Lederer"/> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ២០១២ ក្នុងលទ្ធផលបោះឆ្នោត ១៣៨–៩ (ដោយមានរដ្ឋអនុបវាទចំនួន ៤១ និងរដ្ឋអវត្តមានចំនួនប្រាំ)<ref name=GA11317>{{cite web|title=United Nations Sixty-seventh General Assembly: General Assembly Plenary, 44th & 45th Meetings (PM & Night). GA/11317: General Assembly Votes Overwhelmingly to Accord Palestine 'Non-Member Observer State' Status in United Nations |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=7 មករា 2022 |website=un.org |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/ga11317.doc.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130083931/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2012/ga11317.doc.htm |archive-date=30 វិច្ឆិកា 2012 |url-status=live |publisher=អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ }}</ref> មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបានអនុម័តដំណោះស្រាយលេខ ៦៧/១៩ ដោយតម្លើងស្ថានការណ៍ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនពី "អង្គសង្កេតការណ៍" មក "រដ្ឋសង្កេតការណ៍-មិនមែនសមាជិក" នៅក្នុងប្រព័ន្ធអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ដែលនេះត្រូវបានខ្លះចាត់ទុកថាជាការទទួលស្គាល់នូវអធិបតេយ្យភាពរបស់អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref name=Charbonneau /><ref name="Lederer" /><ref>{{cite news|title=General Assembly grants Palestine non-member observer State status at UN |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43640&Cr=palestin&Cr1=#.ULx5U4agTeo |publisher=United Nations News Centre |date=29 November 2012 |access-date=7 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102181348/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=43640&Cr=palestin&Cr1= |archive-date=2 មករា 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=A67L28>{{UN document |docid=A/67/L.28 |body=A |type=A |session=67 |document_number=37 |title=Question of Palestine |date=26 November 2012 |accessdate=7 មករា 2022}} and {{UN document |docid=A/RES/67/19 |body=A |type=R |session=67 |resolution_number=67/19 |title=Status of Palestine in the United Nations |date=29 November 2012 |accessdate=7 មករា 2022}}</ref><ref name=AljazeeraNmChng /> អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបានអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដាក់ងារការិយាល័យតំណាងរបស់ខ្លួនប្រចាំអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិជា "បេសកកម្មអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍អចិន្ត្រៃយ៍នៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនប្រចាំអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ"<ref name="un.int">{{Cite web|url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131073609/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/|url-status=dead|title=Website of the State of Palestine's Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations|archive-date=31 មករា 2013|access-date=2022-01-01|archivedate=2013-01-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131073609/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/}}</ref> ហើយប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានណែនាំអ្នកការទូតរបស់ខ្លួនឱ្យធ្វើជាតំណាងផ្លូវការនៃ "រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន" ដោយលែងតំណាងឱ្យអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទៀតឡើយ។<ref name=AljazeeraNmChng /> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែធ្នូ ឆ្នាំ២០១២ ប្រធានពិធីសាររបស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលោកយេអូឆេអូល យូនបានប្រកាសថា "ឈ្មោះរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដែលបានកំណត់នឹងត្រូវយកមកប្រើប្រាស់ដោយលេខាធិការដ្ឋាននៅក្នុងឯកសារផ្លូវការរបស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិទាំងអស់"។<ref name=Gharib>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/12/20/u-n-adds-new-name-state-of-palestine.html|title=U.N. Adds New Name: "State of Palestine"|last=Gharib|first=Ali|date=20 December 2012|access-date=7 មករា 2022|website=The Daily Beast|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221170726/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/12/20/u-n-adds-new-name-state-of-palestine.html|archive-date=21 ធ្នូ 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ២០១៩ រដ្ឋសមាជិកចំនួន ១៣៨ (៧១.៥%) នៃរដ្ឋសមាជិកសរុប ១៩៣ នៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបានទទួលស្គាល់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref name=A67L28 /> ប្រទេសមួយចំនួនមិនបានទទួលស្គាល់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមែនប៉ុន្តែពួកគេបានទទួលស្គាល់ PLO ជា "តំណាងនៃប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីន"។ គណៈកម្មាធិការប្រតិបត្តិរបស់ PLO ត្រូវបានផ្តល់សិទ្ធិអំណាចដោយក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដើម្បីបំពេញមុខងារជារដ្ឋាភិបាលនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref name=GiE>{{Cite book|title=Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993|first1=Yezid|last1=Sayigh|edition=illustrated|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=624|isbn=978-0-19-829643-0}} </ref> ==ភូមិសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ភូមិសាស្ត្ររដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} ទីតាំងភូមិសាស្ត្ររបស់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺស្ថិតនៅក្នុងតំបន់[[ឡេវ៉ាន]]។ [[ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]មានព្រំប្រទល់ជាប់សមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ានេនៅភាគខាងលិច ប្រទេសអេហ្ស៊ីបនៅភាគខាងត្បូង និងប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅភាគខាងជើង និងកើត។ ចំណែកឯតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងវិញមានព្រំប្រទល់ជាប់នឹងប្រទេសហ្សកដានីនៅភាគខាងកើត ហើយនិងប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅភាគខាងជើង ត្បូង និងលិច។ ដូចនេះ តំបន់​ទាំងពីររបស់​រដ្ឋ​ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមិនមាន​ព្រំដែន​ភូមិសាស្ត្រ​ជាប់ជាមួយ​គ្នា​នោះទេដោយ​វាត្រូវបាន​បំបែក​ដោយទឹកដី​អ៊ីស្រាអែល។ បើរាប់ទឹកដីទាំងពីរបញ្ចូលគ្នា រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីននឹងក្លាយជាប្រទេសធំជាងគេទី ១៦៣ នៅលើពិភពលោក។<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx/_Images/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=State+of+Palestine|title=UNdata &#124; country profile &#124; State of Palestine|website=data.un.org}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/state-of-palestine-population/|title=State of Palestine Population (2020) – Worldometer|website=www.worldometers.info}}</ref> បច្ចុប្បន្ន ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនកំពុងតែប្រឈមនឹងបញ្ហាបរិស្ថានជាច្រើន ពិសេសនៅតំបន់ហ្កាហ្សាដែលមានបញ្ហាដូចជា៖ [[វាលលំហកម្ម]] កំណើននៃកម្រិតបរិមាណអំបិលនៅក្នុងទឹកសាប ទឹកសម្អុយ ជំងឺក្នុងទឹក គុណភាពដីធ្លាក់ចុះ តំហយ និងកំណើនជាតិពុលក្នុងធនធានទឹកក្រោមដី។ នៅតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងក៏ជួបបញ្ហាស្រដៀងៗគ្នានេះដែរ ហើយទោះបីជាប្រភពទឹកសាបមានច្រើនជាងនៅតំបន់ហ្កាហ្សាក្តី ប៉ុន្តែមធ្យោបាយប្រើប្រាស់នូវមានកំណត់នៅឡើយដោយសារតែជម្លោះកំពុងតែកើតមានក្នុងតំបន់។<ref name="al Haq">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alhaq.org/search|title=Search|website=www.alhaq.org|access-date=2022-01-09|archivedate=2022-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223092458/https://www.alhaq.org/search|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===អាកាសធាតុ=== សីតុណ្ហភាពនៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានការប្រែប្រួលខ្លាំង។ អាកាសធាតុនៅតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងភាគច្រើនមានលក្ខណៈដូចអាកាសធាតុសមុទ្រមេឌីទែរ៉ានេដោយតំបន់ខ្ពង់រាបរាងត្រជាក់ជាងតំបន់ឆ្នេរសមុទ្រភាគខាងលិចបន្តិច។ នៅភាគខាងកើត តំបន់មួយផ្នែកនៃវ៉េសប៊ែងត្រូវបានគ្របដណ្តប់ដោយ[[វាលលំហជូឌី]] ឯតំបន់ភាគខាងលិចជាប់នឹង[[សមុទ្រដេដស៊ី|សមុទ្រមរណៈ]]ដោយមានលក្ខណៈអាកាសធាតុស្ងួតហែង និងក្តៅ។ ហ្កាហ្សាមាន[[អាកាសធាតុក្តៅពាក់កណ្តាលស្ងួតហែង]] ជាមួយនឹងរដូវរងាកម្រិតស្រាល។<ref name="GS">{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/palestine/gaza.htm |title=Gaza |publisher=Global Security |access-date=9 មករា 2022}}</ref> និទាឃរដូវកើតមាននៅចន្លោះខែមីនា ដល់ខែមេសា ហើយខែដែលក្តៅបំផុតគឺរវាងខែកក្កដា និងខែសីហាដែលសីតុណ្ហភាពខ្ពស់ជាមធ្យមគឺ ៣៣°C ។ ខែដែលត្រជាក់បំផុតគឺខែមករាដោយមានសីតុណ្ហភាពជាធម្មតា ៧°C ។ ភ្លៀងគឺកម្រមានធ្លាក់ណាស់ ហើយជាទូទៅភ្លៀងមានធ្លាក់នៅចន្លោះខែវិច្ឆិកា និងខែមីនាជាមួយនឹងអត្រាទឹកភ្លៀងប្រចាំឆ្នាំប្រហែល ១១៦ មម។<ref name="MSN">{{cite web |url=http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3a11884&q=Gaza%2c+Gaza+Strip&setunit=C |title=Monthly Averages for Gaza, Gaza Strip |publisher=MSN Weather |access-date=9 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210101355/http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx |archive-date=10 កុម្ភៈ 2009 |url-status=dead |archivedate=2009-02-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210101355/http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx }}</ref> ==រដ្ឋាភិបាល និងនយោបាយ== {{Main|រដ្ឋាភិបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} [[File:PalestinianLegislativeCouncilGazaCity.jpg|thumb|អគារ​[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​នីតិបញ្ញត្តិ​ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​នីតិ]]ត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញនៅក្នុង[[ជម្លោះ​ហ្កាហ្សា–​អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]។]] រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានស្ថាប័ននយោបាយដូចខាងក្រោមដែលមានទំនាក់ទំនងខ្ពស់ជាមួយនឹង[[អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PLO)៖ *[[ប្រធានាធិបតីនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref>{{cite web |author=[[រដ្ឋាភិបាលនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋដូមីនីកេន]] |title=Comunicado Conjunto para Establecimiento Relaciones Diplomaticas entre la Republica Dominican y el Estado de Palestina |trans-title=(ជាភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ អង់គ្លេស និងអារ៉ាប់) Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Dominican Republic and the State of Palestine |url=http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/Attachments/70/Palestina.pdf |date=15 July 2009 |publisher=ក្រសួងការបរទេសនៃ[[សាធារណរដ្ឋដូមីនីកេន]] |access-date=9 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815175157/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/Attachments/70/Palestina.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2011 |quote=''Presidente del Estado de Palestina'' [ប្រធានរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]. |url-status=dead |archivedate=15 សីហា 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815175157/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/Attachments/70/Palestina.pdf }}</ref>{{refn|group=ស|name=PLOchair|រហូតមកដល់សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ប្រធានាធិបតីសរុបទាំងពីរនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺលោក[[យ៉ាស៊ែរ អារ៉ាហ្វាត់]] និងអ្នកស្នងតំណែងរបស់គាត់លោក[[ម៉ះមូដ អាបាស់]]សុទ្ធតែត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជា[[ប្រធានគណៈកម្មាធិការប្រតិបត្តិនៃអង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]ពីដំបូងមុននឹងក្លាយជាប្រធានាធិបតី។<ref name=A67L28 /><ref name=GiE /> សូមមើល[[ថ្នាក់ដឹកនាំស្ថាប័នប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]។}} – តែងតាំងដោយ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាកណ្តាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref name="p2008">[http://www.miftah.org/PrinterF.cfm?DocId=18244 PLO Body Elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901155712/http://www.miftah.org/PrinterF.cfm?DocId=18244 |date=1 September 2017 }} 25 November 2008. Agence France-Presse (via ''MIFTAH''). ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃ 9 មករា 2022. </ref> *[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] – សភាដែលបង្កើតរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឡើង<ref name=declaration1988 /> *[[គណៈកម្មាធិការប្រតិបត្តិនៃអង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] – អនុវត្តមុខងាររបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលនិរទេស<ref name=A67L28 /><ref name=GiE /><ref name=unescogie>{{cite web |author=គណៈកម្មការប្រតិបត្តិអង្គការ[[យូណេស្កូ]] |title=(អង់គ្លេស) Hundred and Thirty-First Session&nbsp;– Item 9.4 of the Provisional Agenda&nbsp;– Request for the Admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State |page=18, Annex II |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf |publisher=[[យូណេស្កូ]] |date=12 May 1989 |access-date=9 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728145954/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf |archive-date=28 កក្កដា 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian National Council (PNC) |access-date=9 មករា 2022 |website=(អង់គ្លេស) European Institute for Research on Mediterranean and Euro-Arab Cooperation |url=http://www.medea.be/en/countries/occupied-palestinian-territories/palestinian-national-council-pnc-l/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806202216/http://www.medea.be/en/countries/occupied-palestinian-territories/palestinian-national-council-pnc-l/ |archive-date=6 សីហា 2011 |url-status=dead |publisher=Medea Institute |archivedate=2011-08-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806202216/http://www.medea.be/en/countries/occupied-palestinian-territories/palestinian-national-council-pnc-l/ }}</ref> រក្សាបណ្តាញទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេស។ ស្ថាប័នទាំងនេះគឺមិនស្ថិតនៅក្រោម[[អាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]នោះទេហើយជាទូទៅអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានស្ថាប័នដូចជា [[ប្រធានអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PLC) និង[[គណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|គណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអាជ្ញាធរ]]។ ឯកសារបង្កើតរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺសេចក្តីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យភាពប៉ាឡេស្ទីន<ref name=declaration1988 /> ហើយវាមានលក្ខណៈខុសគ្នាពី[[កតិកាសញ្ញាជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] និង[[ច្បាប់មូលដ្ឋានអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]។ {{multiple image |align=right |direction=vertical |image1=Zones A and B in the occupied palestinian territories.svg |caption1=ផែនទីនៃអាជ្ញាធរជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនដែលបង្ហាញពីទឹកដីបរិពន្ធភូមិរបស់រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (ពណ៌ក្រហម) ([[តំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែងក្នុងកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូលើកទី២|តំបន់ A និង B]]) |image2=West Bank and Gaza Strip location map.svg |caption2=ផែនទីរដ្ឋបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (ផ្លូវការ) }} ===បំណែងចែករដ្ឋបាល=== {{ផ្នែកទទេ}} ===ទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេស=== [[អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]គឺជាអ្នកតំណាងឱ្យរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅថ្នាក់អន្តរជាតិ។ អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានលក្ខណៈជាអ្នកតំណាងរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគ្រប់រូបភាពនៅក្នុងអង្គការអន្តរជាតិនានាមានដូចជា សមាជិក សហការី ឬអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍ជាដើម។ ===ច្បាប់ និងសន្តិសុខ=== {{Main|សេវាសន្តិសុខប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានកងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខមួយចំនួនរួមមាន [[កងកម្លាំងនគរបាលស៊ីវិលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|កងកម្លាំងនគរបាលស៊ីវិល]] [[កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខជាតិ]] និងសេវាស៊ើបការណ៍សម្ងាត់ជាដើម ដែលស្ថាប័នទាំងនេះសុទ្ធតែមានមុខងាររក្សាសន្តិសុខ និងការពារប្រជាពលរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន និងរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនជារួម។ ==ប្រជាសាស្ត្រ== {{Main|ប្រជាសាស្ត្រនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} {|class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px" ! colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;"|ចំនួនប្រជាជន{{UN Population|ref}} |- ! style="background:#cfb;"|ឆ្នាំ ! style="background:#cfb;"|គិតជាលាន |- |style="text-align:left;"|១៩៥០ ||style="text-align:right;"|០.៩ |- |style="text-align:left;"|២០០០ ||style="text-align:right;"|៣.២ |- |style="text-align:left;"|២០១៨ ||style="text-align:right;"|៤.៩ |} យោងតាមការិយាល័យស្ថិតិកណ្តាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានឱ្យដឹងថា រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានប្រជាជនចំនួន ៤,៤២០,៥៤៩ នាក់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៣។<ref name="census">{{cite web | url=http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population | title=ការិយាល័យស្ថិតិកណ្តាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន | publisher=រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន | access-date=10 មករា 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population | archive-date=10 មិថុនា 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all | archivedate=2015-06-10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population }}</ref> នៅក្នុងទឹកដីប្រមាណ ៦,០២០ គីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េ ដង់ស៊ីតេប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានប្រហែល ៨២៧ នាក់ក្នុងមួយគីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េ។<ref name="auto1" /> ===សុខភាព=== {{Main|វិស័យសុខាភិបាលនៃរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} យោងតាមក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានឱ្យដឹងថា គិតត្រឹមឆ្នាំ២០១៧ រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលថែទាំសុខភាពបឋមចំនួន ៧៤៣ (៥៨៣ នៅវ៉េសប៊ែង និង ១៦០ នៅហ្កាហ្សា) និងមន្ទីរពេទ្យចំនួន ៨១ (៥១ នៅវ៉េសប៊ែង និង ៣០ នៅហ្កាហ្សា)។<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pniph.org/en/about/overview-of-public-health-in-palestine|title= Overview of Public Health in Palestine|date= 2018|publisher= Palestinian National Institute of Public Health|access-date= 11 មករា 2022|archivedate= 2020-08-12|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200812000103/https://pniph.org/en/about/overview-of-public-health-in-palestine|url-status= dead}}</ref> ក្នុងប្រតិបត្តិការក្រោមការឧបត្ថម្ភពី[[អង្គការសុខភាពពិភពលោក]] (WHO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/health-cluster/about/en/|title=WHO &#124; About Us|website=WHO}}</ref> ក្រុមការងារសុខាភិបាលនៅលើទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (oPt) ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៩ និងតំណាងឱ្យភាពជាដៃគូរបស់អង្គការមិនមែនរដ្ឋាភិបាលក្នុងស្រុក និងអន្តរជាតិជាង ៧០ និងទីភ្នាក់ងារអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ដែលបានផ្តល់ក្របខ័ណ្ឌសម្រាប់បុគ្គលិកសុខភាពដែលចូលរួមក្នុងកិច្ចការមនុស្សធម៌នៅ oPt។ ក្រុមសុខាភិបាលទាំងនោះត្រូវមានក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលជាសហប្រធានដើម្បីធានាឱ្យអ្វីៗស្របទៅនឹងគោលនយោបាយ និងផែនការជាតិ។<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://healthclusteropt.org/pages/1/what-is-health-cluster|title=Health Cluster OPT|website=healthclusteropt.org}}</ref> ===ការអប់រំ=== {{Main|វិស័យអប់រំនៅរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} អត្រាអក្ខរកម្មរបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺ ៩៦.៣% បើយោងតាមរបាយការណ៍ពីឆ្នាំ២០១៤ របស់កម្មវិធីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ដែលនេះជាអត្រាដ៏ខ្ពស់តាមស្តង់ដារអន្តរជាតិ។ ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមាអសទិសភាពខាងអក្ខរកម្មតាមភេទដោយក្នុងនោះស្ត្រីដែលមានអាយុលើសពី ១៥ ឆ្នាំប្រមាណ ៥.៩% ត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកថាមិនចេះអក្សរបើប្រៀបធៀបទៅនឹងបុរស ១.៦%។<ref name="undp_palestine_education_2014">{{cite web|title=Education (2014)|url=http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|website=United Nations Development Programme|publisher=United Nations|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023628/http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf|archive-date=11 March 2017|url-status=dead|archivedate=11 មីនា 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311023628/http://www.ps.undp.org/content/dam/papp/docs/Publications/UNDP-papp-research-PHDR2015Education.pdf}}</ref> អនក្ខរភាពក្នុងចំណោមស្ត្រីបានធ្លាក់ចុះពី ២០.៣% នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៩៧ មកតិចជាង ៦% នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៤។<ref name="undp_palestine_education_2014" /> ===សាសនា=== ៩៣% នៃប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីនសរុបគឺជាឥស្លាមសាសនិក<ref>{{cite web|title=Are all Palestinians Muslim?|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|work=[[Institute for Middle East Understanding]]|access-date=11 មករា 2022|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142345/http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml|archive-date=13 មេសា 2014|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413142345/http://imeu.net/news/article0042.shtml}}</ref>ដែលពួកគេភាគច្រើនជាអ្នកកាន់និកាយស៊ុននីឥស្លាម<ref>Lybarger, 2007, p. 114.</ref> ហើយបូករួមទាំងមានមនុស្សភាគតិចមួយចំនួនទៀតដែលកាន់និកាយ[[អាម៉ាឌីស]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137789#.U1vh-_ldUdk | title=PA's Moderate Muslims Face Threats | date=31 May 2010 | access-date=11 មករា 2022 | publisher=Israel National News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235429/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/137789#.U1vh-_ldUdk | archive-date=26 មេសា 2014 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> និងក្នុងនោះផងដែរមាន ១៥% ជាអ្នកកាន់សាសនាឥស្លាមគ្មាននិកាយ។<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims |date=9 August 2012 |publisher=Pewforum.org |access-date=11 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |archive-date=26 ធ្នូ 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> គ្រិស្តសាសនិកប៉ាឡេស្ទីនតំណាងឱ្យក្រុមសាសនា ៦% ហើយបន្ទាប់មកមានសហគមន៍សាសនាតូចៗជាច្រើន រួមទាំង[[ឌ្រុស]] និង[[សាមារីតង់]]ជាដើម។<ref name="Salome2010">{{cite book|author=Louis J. Salome|title=Violence, Veils and Bloodlines: Reporting from War Zones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymUfFZ_eHLwC&pg=PA77|year=2010|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5584-3|pages=77–}}</ref> ==សេដ្ឋកិច្ច== {{Main|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} ===ទេសចរណ៍=== ទេសចរណ៍នៅ​ក្នុង​ទឹកដី​​រដ្ឋ​ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន​​គឺ​ចង់សម្តៅទៅ​លើ​ទេសចរណ៍​នៅ​ក្រុង[[យេរូសាឡឹម​ខាង​កើត]] តំបន់[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] និង[[ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]។ នៅឆ្នាំ២០១០ មនុស្សចំនួន ៤.៦ លាននាក់បានដើរលេងកម្សាន្តលើទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីន បើទៅធៀបនឹង ២.៦ លាននាក់នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៩។ ក្នុងនោះ មនុស្សចំនួន ២.២ លាននាក់ជាភ្ញៀវទេសចរបរទេស ខណៈដែល ២.៧ លាននាក់ជាភ្ញៀវក្នុងស្រុក។<ref name="PCBS">{{cite news|url=http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=423693|title=PCBS: Marked increase in West Bank tourism in 2010|date=26 September 2011|work=M'aan|access-date=12 មករា 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618070556/http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=423693|archive-date=18 មិថុនា 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> អ្នកទេសចរភាគច្រើនបានមកកម្សាន្តត្រឹមតែពីរបីម៉ោងប៉ុណ្ណោះ ឬជាផ្នែកនៃដំណើរកម្សាន្តរយៈពេលមួយថ្ងៃ។ ក្នុងត្រីមាសចុងក្រោយនៃឆ្នាំ២០១២ ភ្ញៀវជាង ១៥០,០០០ នាក់បានស្នាក់នៅតាមសណ្ឋាគារនៅតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង។ ប្រហែល ៤០% នៃភ្ញៀវទេសចរទាំងអស់ជាជនជាតិអឺរ៉ុប និង ៩% មកពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងប្រទសកាណាដា។<ref>{{cite web |author1=Imtiaz Muqbil |author2=Sana Muqbil |url=http://www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/03/europeans-dominate-visitor-arrivals-to-palestine-in-2012/#story3 |title=Europeans Dominate Visitor Arrivals to Palestine in 2012 |publisher=Travel-impact-newswire.com |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=12 មករា 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829174016/https://www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/03/europeans-dominate-visitor-arrivals-to-palestine-in-2012/#story3 |archive-date=29 សីហា 2016 |url-status=dead |archivedate=29 សីហា 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829174016/https://www.travel-impact-newswire.com/2013/03/europeans-dominate-visitor-arrivals-to-palestine-in-2012/#story3 }}</ref><ref name=":0">Israel and the Palestinian Territories. p. 254. Lonely Planet Publications. 2012</ref> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៣ រដ្ឋមន្ដ្រីក្រសួងទេសចរណ៍របស់អាជ្ញាធរប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺលោកស្រី រូឡា ម៉ាអៃយ៉ា បានថ្លែងថា រដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់លោកស្រីមានគោលបំណងលើកទឹកចិត្តនិងជម្រុញឱ្យមានដំណើរទស្សនកិច្ចអន្តរជាតិមកកាន់ប្រទេសប៉ាឡេស្ទីន ប៉ុន្តែការកាន់កាប់នេះគឺជាកត្តាចម្បងដែលរារាំងវិស័យទេសចរណ៍មិនឱ្យក្លាយជាប្រភពចំណូលដ៏សំខាន់សម្រាប់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.wafa.ps/page.aspx?id=xZ3bnwa21530556366axZ3bnw|title=Tourism in Palestine an Act of Solidarity, says Minister of Tourism|access-date=12 មករា 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812211609/http://english.wafa.ps/page.aspx?id=xZ3bnwa21530556366axZ3bnw|archive-date=12 សីហា 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> នៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺមិនមានលក្ខខណ្ឌទិដ្ឋាការដាក់លើជនបរទេសក្រៅពីលក្ខខណ្ឌដែលកំណត់ដោយគោលនយោបាយទិដ្ឋាការរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលទេ។ មធ្យោបាយចូលទៅកាន់ក្រុងយេរូសាឡឹម វ៉េសប៊ែង និងហ្កាហ្សាត្រូវបានស្ថិតនៅក្រោមរដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីស្រាអែលទាំងស្រុង។ ការចូលទៅកាន់ទឹកដីកាន់កាប់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនគឺតម្រូវឱ្យតែមានលិខិតឆ្លងដែនអន្តរជាតិដែលមានសុពលភាពប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html |title=Entering and Exiting Jerusalem, The west Bank, and Gaza |access-date=12 មករា 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318053118/http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html |archive-date=18 មីនា 2014 |archivedate=2014-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318053118/http://jerusalem.usconsulate.gov/border-crossings.html }}</ref> ===គមនាគមន៍=== {{Main|គមនាគមន៍នៅរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} [[ការិយាល័យស្ថិតិកណ្តាលប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PCBS) និង[[ក្រសួងទូរគមនាគមន៍ និងព័ត៌មានវិទ្យា]] បានថ្លែងថា ប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានអតិថិជនទូរស័ព្ទចល័តចំនួន ៤.២ លាននាក់បើប្រៀបធៀបទៅនឹងចំនួន ២.៦ លាននាក់នៅចុងឆ្នាំ២០១០ ខណៈដែលចំនួនអតិថិជន ADSL នៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីនបានកើនឡើងដល់ប្រហែល ៣៦៣ ពាន់នាក់នៅចុងឆ្នាំ២០១៩ បើធៀបនឹង ១១៩ ពាន់នាក់ក្នុងរយៈពេលជាមួយគ្នា។ ៩៧% នៃគ្រួសារប៉ាឡេស្ទីនទាំងអស់យ៉ាងហោចណាស់មានទូរសព្ទចល័តមួយ ខណៈពេលដែលទូរសព្ទដៃយ៉ាងតិចណាស់មួយត្រូវបានកាន់ដោយ ៨៦% នៃគ្រួសារទាំងនោះ (៩១% នៅវ៉េសប៊ែង និង ៧៨% នៅដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា)។ ប្រហែល ៨០% នៃគ្រួសារប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមានបណ្តាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតនៅក្នុងផ្ទះរបស់ពួកគេ ហើយប្រហែលមួយភាគបីមានកុំព្យូទ័រ។<ref>{{cite news |title=4.2 million cellular mobile subscriptions in Palestine, says Bureau of Statistics|url=http://english.wafa.ps/page.aspx?id=oPyqzLa117117013662aoPyqzL|publisher=WAFA|date=17 May 2020|access-date=12 មករា 2022}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ ធនាគារពិភពលោកបានអនុម័តផ្តល់ជំនួយថវិកាចំនួន ១៥ លានដុល្លារសម្រាប់គម្រោងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាសម្រាប់យុវជន និងការងារ (TechStart) ក្នុងគោលបំណងជួយដល់វិស័យព័ត៌មានវិទ្យានៅប៉ាឡេស្ទីន បង្កើនសមត្ថភាពរបស់ក្រុមហ៊ុន និងបង្កើតការងារដែលមានគុណភាពខ្ពស់បន្ថែមទៀត។ លោកខានថាន សាំនការដែលជានាយកធនាគារពិភពលោកប្រចាំតំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង និងហ្កាហ្សា បាននិយាយថា "វិស័យព័ត៌មានវិទ្យាមានសក្តានុពលក្នុងការចូលរួមចំណែកយ៉ាងរឹងមាំដល់កំណើនសេដ្ឋកិច្ច។ វាអាចផ្តល់ឱកាសថ្មីដល់យុវជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីន ដែលស្មើនឹង ៣០% នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុប និងកំពុងទទួលរងពីភាពអត់ការងារធ្វើធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ"។<ref>{{cite news |title=(អង់គ្លេស) US$15 Million Investment in Information Technology to Boost High-Skilled Jobs for Palestinian Youth|url=http://english.wafa.ps/page.aspx?id=BTuQq8a117427285140aBTuQq8|publisher=WAFA|date=15 June 2020|access-date=12 មករា 2022}}</ref> ===សេវាកម្មហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ=== [[អាជ្ញាធររូបិយវត្ថុប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]បានចេញសេចក្តីណែនាំសម្រាប់ប្រតិបត្តិការ និងការផ្តល់សេវាទូទាត់តាមអេឡិចត្រូនិក រួមទាំងកាបូបអេឡិចត្រូនិក និងកាតបង់ប្រាក់ជាមុន។<ref>{{cite news|title=Palestine Monetary Authority: Starting to Provide Electronic Payment Services in Palestine|url=http://english.pnn.ps/2020/05/05/palestine-monetary-authority-starting-to-provide-electronic-payment-services-in-palestine/|publisher=PNN|date=May 2020|access-date=13 មករា 2022|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202212008/http://english.pnn.ps/2020/05/05/palestine-monetary-authority-starting-to-provide-electronic-payment-services-in-palestine/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===ដំណឹកជញ្ជូន=== {{Main|ដំណឹកជញ្ជូននៅរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} ===ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹក និងអនាម័យ=== ជាទូទៅ ទឹកនៅតំបន់ហ្កាហ្សាគឺមានគុណភាពអន់ បើប្រៀបធៀបទៅនឹងវ៉េសប៊ែង។ ប្រហែលមួយភាគបីទៅពាក់កណ្តាលនៃទឹកដែលបានចែកចាយនៅក្នុងទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនត្រូវបានបាត់បង់នៅក្នុងបណ្តាញចែកចាយទឹក។ ការបិទផ្លូវដំណើរដ៏យូរអង្វែងនៅដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា បូករួមជាមួយនឹង[[សង្រ្គាមហ្កាហ្សា]] បានបង្កឱ្យមានការខូចខាតយ៉ាងធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដល់ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធនៅក្នុងតំបន់មួយនេះ។<ref name="UN Gaza">{{cite web | last = United Nations | author-link = United Nations | title = Gaza water crisis prompts UN call for immediate opening of crossings | date = 3 September 2009 |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31927 | access-date = 13 មករា 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608054238/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=31927 | archive-date = 8 មិថុនា 2010 | url-status=live | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22026701~menuPK:294370~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:294365,00.html|title = Gaza Strip Water and Sanitation Situation|date = 2009|publisher = Worldbank|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180222212143/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22026701~menuPK:294370~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:294365,00.html|archive-date = 22 កុម្ភៈ 2018|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all|access-date = 2022-01-13|archivedate = 2018-02-22|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20180222212143/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/WESTBANKGAZAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22026701~menuPK:294370~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:294365,00.html}}</ref> ទាក់ទងនឹងទឹកសំណល់ រោងចក្រប្រព្រឹត្តិកម្មដែលមានស្រាប់មិនមានសមត្ថភាពចម្រាញ់ទឹកសំណល់ដែលបានផលិតទាំងអស់នោះឡើយ ដែលជាហេតុបណ្តាលឱ្យមានការបំពុលទឹកធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។<ref>{{cite journal|title = Urban Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation for Agricultural Irrigation: The situation in Morocco and Palestine|date = 2005|doi=10.1007/s10669-005-0998-x|volume=24|issue = 4|pages=227–236 | last1 = Fatta | first1 = D. |journal=The Environmentalist|s2cid = 85346288}}</ref> ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍វិស័យនេះគឺពឹងផ្អែកយ៉ាងខ្លាំងទៅលើហិរញ្ញប្បទានពីខាងក្រៅ។<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/internationalepolitik/GIP11_Palestine_Karen_Assaf.pdf|title = Water as a human right: The understanding of water in Palestine|date = 2004|website = Boell.de|last = Assaf|first = Karen|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222949/http://www.boell.de/sites/default/files/assets/boell.de/images/download_de/internationalepolitik/GIP11_Palestine_Karen_Assaf.pdf|archive-date = 23 កញ្ញា 2015|url-status=live|df = dmy-all}}</ref> ==វប្បធម៌== {{Main|វប្បធម៌ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} ==មើលផងដែរ== *[[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] *[[ទង់ជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] *[[ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (តំបន់)]] ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{reflist|group=ស}} ==ឯកសារយោង== ===អាគតដ្ឋាន=== {{reflist|30em}} ===គន្ថនិទ្ទេស=== {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=The SAGE Handbook of Conflict Resolution |author1=Bercovitch, Jacob |author2=Zartman, I. William |editor1=Bercovitch, Jacob |editor2=Kremenyuk, Victor |editor3=Zartman, I. William |edition=illustrated |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-4129-2192-3}} * {{Cite book |title=The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie |author1=Brownlie, Ian |author2=Goodwin-Gill, Guy S. |author3=Talmon, Stefan |author4= Jennings, Robert |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FcO3hLQbGXwC |isbn=978-0-19-826837-6 }} * Gerson, Allan (1978). ''Israel, the West Bank and International Law''. London: Frank Cass. {{ISBN|978-0-7146-3091-5}} * {{Cite book |last=Grant |first=Thomas D. |title=The Recognition of States: Law and Practice in Debate and Evolution |url={{Google books |id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC |plainurl=yes }} |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-275-96350-7}} * {{Cite book |title=Sourcebook on Public International Law |first1=Tim |last1=Hillier |edition=illustrated |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-85941-050-9 }} * {{Cite book |title=The Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1989 |first1=Anis F. |last1=Kassim |edition=illustrated |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |year=1997 |isbn=978-90-411-0342-0 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoRru2_pAkQC&pg=PA49#v=onepage&f=false p.&nbsp;49] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoRru2_pAkQC&pg=PA279#v=onepage&q&f=false p.&nbsp;279] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoRru2_pAkQC&pg=PA291#v=onepage&q&f=false p.&nbsp;291] [https://books.google.com/books?id=LoRru2_pAkQC&pg=PA294#v=onepage&q&f=false p.&nbsp;294] * {{Cite book |title=Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century |last=Kellerman |first=Aharo n|location=Albany, New York |isbn=978-0-7914-1295-4 |url={{Google books |id=XI6uIZJQnU8C |plainurl=yes }} |page=352 |year=1993 }} * {{cite book |url={{Google books |id=NYszJtC66FAC |page=161 |plainurl=yes }} |title=Middle East Review |author=Kogan Page |edition=27th, illustrated |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7494-4066-4 |publisher=Kogan Page }} * {{cite book |title=International Assistance to the Palestinians After Oslo: Political Guilt, Wasted Money |first1=Anne |last1=Le More |edition=illustrated |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-415-45385-1 |url={{Google books |id=gnbdQ4k3meIC |page=27 |plainurl=yes }} }} * {{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements |author1=[[អែដមុន អូស្មង់ឈីក|Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan]] |author2=Mango, Anthony |edition=3rd |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-415-93921-8 }} * {{Cite book |title=The Case for Palestine: An International Law Perspective |author=[[ចន ប៊ី ឃ្វីងលី|Quigley, John B.]] |edition=2nd, revised |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-8223-3539-9}} * {{cite book |title=The World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre: The Arab World |first1=Don |last1=Rubin |isbn=978-0-415-05932-9 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |edition=illustrated, reprint |year=1999 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi0002unse_j6c2 }} * {{Cite book |title=Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949–1993 |author=[[យឺស៊ីដ សាយីង|Sayigh, Yezid]] |edition=illustrated |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-829643-0 }} * {{Cite book |title=Philosophical Perspectives on the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict |editor=Tomis Kapitan |author=Segal, Jerome M. |edition=illustrated |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-56324-878-8 }} * {{Cite book |last1=Silverburg |first1=Sanford R. |title=Palestine and International Law: Essays on Politics and Economics |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson, North Carolina |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7864-1191-7 }} {{refend}} ==អានបន្ថែម== '''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''' {{refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book |title=Refugees into Citizens: Palestinians and the End of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |author=[[ដនណា អារ្តស៍|Arzt, Donna E.]] |edition=illustrated |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-87609-194-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/refugeesintociti00arzt }} * {{Cite book |title=Law, Power, and the Sovereign State: The Evolution and Application of the Concept of Sovereignty |first1=Michael |last1=Fowler |first2=Julie Marie |last2=Bunck |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-271-01471-5 |url={{Google books |id=oAp_97VvpMIC |page=59 |plainurl=yes }} }} * {{cite book |title=Israel and Africa: The Problematic Friendship |first1=Joel |last1=Peters |edition=illustrated |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=1992 |isbn=978-1-870915-10-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelafricap00pete }} * Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of Tom Segev, ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'', Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., {{ISBN|978-1-78954-462-6}}), ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp. 37–38, 40–42. "Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary [[ជាតិនិយម|nationalism]], [[សង្គ្រាម|war]] and [[ពូជសាសន៍និយម|racism]] were to [[ដាវីដ ប៊ិន-ហ្គូរាន|Ben-Gurion]]'s vision of the [[ជាតិភូមុជ្វីហ្វ|Jewish homeland]] in [[ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន (តំបន់)|Palestine]], and how contemptuous he was not only of the [[Arabs]] but of Jewish life outside [[Zion]]. [Liberal Jews] may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p. 42 of Shatz's review.) * {{Cite book |url={{Google books |id=pP315Mw3S9EC |page=1328 |plainurl=yes }} |title=The Middle East and North Africa 2004: 2004 |last1=Taylor & Francis Group |first2=Lucy |last2=Dean |edition=illustrated |publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85743-184-1 }} * {{cite book |title=A History of the Israeli–Palestinian Conflict |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofisraeli00tess_0 |url-access=registration |first1=Mark A. |last1=Tessler |edition=2nd, illustrated |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=1994|isbn=978-0-253-35848-6}} * {{Cite book |title=The Oslo Accords: International Law and the Israeli–Palestinian Peace Agreements |first1=Geoffrey R. |last1=Watson |edition=illustrated |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-829891-5 }} {{refend}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== '''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''' * [http://www.dipublico.com.ar/english/status-of-palestine-in-the-united-nations-ares6719-full-text/ ស្ថានភាពរបស់ប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ (A/RES/67/19) Full Text] * Cross, Tony (24 September 2011). [http://www.english.rfi.fr/americas/20110924-after-abbass-un-bid-are-palestinians-closer-having-state "After Abbas's UN Bid Are Palestinians Closer To Having a State?"]. [[វិទ្យុបារាំងអន្តរជាតិ]]. ដក់ស្រង់នៅថ្ងៃ១៣ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២២ * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311092036/http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=1&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=582&PID=2225&IID=5441&TTL=Recognition_of_a_Palestinian_State_%E2%80%93_Premature,_Legally_Invalid,_and_Undermining_any_Bona_F Recognition of a Palestinian state Premature Legally Invalid and Undermining any Bona Fide Negotiation Process] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010420191313/http://www.al-bab.com/arab/docs/pal/pal4.htm Political Statement accompanying Palestinian Declaration of Independence] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130131073609/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/ Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426022554/http://www.carim.org/public/polsoctexts/PS2PAL005_EN.pdf The Historic Compromise: The Palestinian Declaration of Independence and the Twenty-Year Struggle for a Two-State Solution] * [http://www.jcpa.org/art/becker1.htm International Recognition of a Unilaterally Declared Palestinian State: Legal and Policy Dilemmas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115062634/https://www.jcpa.org/art/becker1.htm |date=2022-01-15 }}, by Tal Becker [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន| ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ឡេវ៉ាន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រតិបត្តិការឥស្លាម]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសដើមបូព៌ា]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសអាស៊ីខាងលិច]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសង្កេតការណ៍មហាសន្និបាតអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសមានការទទួលស្គាល់មានកំណត់]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅអាស៊ី]] iibzy3urz1krd5jdy0e3u8w2azdfqa2 0 48956 336433 332381 2026-06-09T15:41:27Z TheRandomGoober 27248 Updates infobox 336433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ប្រទេស | conventional_long_name = សាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ | native_name = {{nobold|República del Perú ([[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]])<br/>{{small|Piruw Ripuwlika ([[ភាសាកេជូរ៉ា]])<br/>Piruwxa Ripuwlika ([[ភាសាអៃម៉ារ៉ា]])}}}} | common_name = ប៉េរូ | image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg | flag_type = [[ទង់ជាតិប៉េរូ|ទង់ជាតិ]] | image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg | symbol_type = [[វរលញ្ឆករប៉េរូ|វរលញ្ឆករ]] | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;">[[File:Gran Sello de la República del Perú.svg|100px]]</div>[[វរលញ្ឆករប៉េរូ|Gran Sello del Estado]] (អេស្ប៉ាញ)<br />មហាត្រានៃរដ្ឋប៉េរូ | other_symbol_type = [[ត្រា (និមិត្តសញ្ញា)|ត្រាជាតិ]] | national_motto = ''[[ព្រះ និងសហព័ន្ធ|Firme y feliz por la unión]]''<br />("ម៉ឺងម៉ាត់ និងសុភមង្គលដល់សហភាព") | national_anthem = [[ចម្រៀងជាតិប៉េរូ|Himno Nacional del Perú]] (អេស្ប៉ាញ)<br/>("ភ្លេងជាតិប៉េរូ")<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - Marcha Nacional del Perú.ogg]]}}</div> | march = <br />[[ទង់ជាតិប៉េរូ#ភ្លេងយាត្រានៃទង់ជ័យ|Marcha de Banderas]] (អេស្ប៉ាញ)<br />"ភ្លេងយាត្រានៃទង់ជ័យ"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">{{center|[[File:Marcha de banderas (José Sabas Libornio Ibarra, 1895).ogg]]}}</div> | image_map = Peru on the globe (Peru centered).svg | map_caption = ទីតាំងប្រទេសប៉េរូ (ក្រហម) នៅលើភូគោល | capital_type = រដ្ឋធានី | capital = [[លីម៉ា]] | coordinates = {{Coord|12|2.6|S|77|1.7|W|region:PE-LIM_type:city(9,500,000)}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[ភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ|អេស្ប៉ាញ]] | languages_type = សហភាសាផ្លូវការ{{refn|name=b|ក្នុងតំបន់ដែលគេនិយមប្រើប្រាស់ភាសាទាំងនោះ។|group=ស}} | languages = {{Plainlist| * [[ភាសាកេជូរ៉ា]] * [[ភាសាអៃម៉ារ៉ា]] * [[ភាសានៃប៉េរូ|ភាសាជនជាតិដើមដទៃៗទៀត]] }} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list |៦០.២០% [[ជនជាតិពហុសាសន៍|ចម្រុះ]] |២៥.៧៥% [[ជនជាតិដើមនៅប៉េរូ|ជនជាតិដើម]] |៥.៨៩% [[ជនជាតិប៉េរូដើមកំណើតអឺរ៉ុប|ស្បែកស]] |៣.៥៧% [[ជនជាតិប៉េរូស្បែកខ្មៅ|ស្បែកខ្មៅ]] |០.១៦% [[ជនជាតិអាស៊ីប៉េរូ|អាស៊ីបូព៌ា]] |១.១០% ជនជាតិផ្សេងៗទៀត |៣.៣២% មិនបញ្ជាក់ }} | ethnic_groups_year = ២០១៧ | ethnic_groups_ref = {{refn|name=c|[[ជំរឿនប៉េរូឆ្នាំ២០១៧|ជំរឿនជាតិឆ្នាំ២០១៧]] ដោយជាលើកដំបូងបានលើកយកសំណួរចោទអត្តសញ្ញាណជនជាតិដើមភាគតិច រួមទាំងបុគ្គលដែលមានអាយុចាប់ពី ១២ ឆ្នាំឡើង ដោយកត់បញ្ចូលលក្ខខណ្ឌដូចជា ពូជពង្ស ទំនៀមទម្លាប់ និងប្រភពដើមនៃគ្រួសារនីមួយៗ ដើម្បីឱ្យយល់ដឹងកាន់តែច្បាស់អំពីតថភាពនៃវប្បធម៌ប្រទេសជាតិ។|group=ស}} | religion = {{unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} *៩៤.៥% [[សាសនានៅប៉េរូ#គ្រិស្តសាសនា|គ្រិស្តសាសនា]] **៧៦.០% [[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិកនៅប៉េរូ|កាតូលិក]] **១៨.៥% និកាយគ្រិស្តសាសនាផ្សេងៗទៀត {{Tree list/end}} |៥.១% គ្មានជំនឿសាសនា|០.៤% សាសនាផ្សេងៗទៀត}} | religion_year = ២០១៧{{refn|name=d|សំណួរទាក់ទិននឹងជំនឿសាសនានៅក្នុង[[ជំរឿនប៉េរូឆ្នាំ២០១៧|ជំរឿនជាតិឆ្នាំ២០១៧]] បានចោទសួរទៅរាល់បុគ្គលលើសពីអាយុ ១២ ឆ្នាំឡើង។|group=ស}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico |page=231 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211135110/https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | government_type = [[ឯកត្តរដ្ឋ]] [[ប្រព័ន្ធពាក់កណ្ដាលប្រធានាធិបតី|សាធារណរដ្ឋអាស្រ័យពាក់កណ្ដាលប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_title1 = [[ប្រធានាធិបតីប៉េរូ|ប្រធានាធិបតី]] | leader_name1 = [[ហូសេ ម៉ារីយ៉ា បាល់កាហ្សារ]] | leader_title2 = [[អនុប្រធានាធិបតីប៉េរូ|អនុប្រធានាធិបតីទីមួយ]] | leader_name2 = ''ទំនេរ'' | leader_title3 = [[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីប៉េរូ|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]] | leader_name3 = [[លូអ៊ីស អារ៉ូយ៉ូ សាន់ឆេស]] | leader_title4 = [[ប្រធានសមាជនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ|ប្រធានសមាជជាតិ]] | leader_name4 = [[ហ៊្វែណានដូ រ៉ូស្ពីយីអូស៊ី]] (ស្ដីទី) | legislature = [[សមាជនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ|សមាជនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋ]] | upper_house = [[ព្រឹទ្ធសភា (ប៉េរូ)|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា]] | lower_house = [[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (ប៉េរូ)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] | sovereignty_type = [[សង្គ្រាមឯករាជ្យភាពប៉េរូ|ទទួលឯករាជ្យ]]ពី[[អេស្ប៉ាញ]] | established_event2 = ប្រកាស[[សេចក្ដីប្រកាសឯករាជ្យភាពប៉េរូ|ឯករាជ្យភាព]] | established_date2 = ២៨​ កក្កដា​ ១៨២១ | established_event3 = [[សមរភូមិអៃយ៉ាគូឆូ|បង្រួបបង្រួម]] | established_date3 = ៩ ធ្នូ ១៨២៤ | established_event4 = ទទួលស្គាល់ | established_date4 = ១៤ សីហា ១៨៧៩ | area_km2 = ១,២៨៥,២១៦ | area_size = 1 E7 | area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru/#geography|title=Peru|date=27 February 2023|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|via=CIA.gov|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography|url-status=dead|archivedate=10 មករា 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/peru#geography}}</ref><ref name="IfKRF">{{cite web|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&time=2023|title=Population, including UN projections, 2023|author=United Nations|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226040947/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&time=2023|url-status=live}}</ref> | area_rank = ទី១៩ | percent_water = ០.៤១% | population_estimate = ៣៤,៣៥២,៧២០<ref name="IfKRF" /> | population_estimate_year = ២០២៣ | population_estimate_rank = ទី៤៣ | population_density_km2 = ​​២៣ | population_density_rank = ទី១៩៧ | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $៦៩៩.០៨៣ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PE">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database (Peru) |url=https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/PER |publisher=April 14, 2026 }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = ទី៤៦ | GDP_PPP_year = ២០២៦ | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} ២០,១១៦ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = ទី៩៩ | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} ៣៨០.៩០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" /> | GDP_nominal_rank = ទី៤៦ | GDP_nominal_year = ២០២៦ | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} ១០,៩៦០ ដុល្លារ<ref name="IMFWEO.PE" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank =​ ទី៨៦ | Gini_year = ២០២១ | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = ៤០.២ | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |title=Gini Index |publisher=[[ធនាគារពិភពលោក]] |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303115916/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=PE |url-status=live}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = ២០២២ | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = ០.៧៦២ | HDI_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|publisher=[[កម្មវិធីអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សហប្រជាជាតិ]]|date=13 March 2024|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=13 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = ទី៨៧ | currency = [[សូលប៉េរូ]]​ | currency_code = PEN | country_code = | time_zone = [[ម៉ោងនៅប៉េរូ|PET]] | utc_offset = −៥ | time_zone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | date_format = | drives_on = ស្ដាំ | calling_code = [[លេខទូរស័ព្ទនៅប៉េរូ|+៥១]] | iso3166code = PE | cctld = [[.pe]] | today = | wikidata = Q419 }} '''ប្រទេសប៉េរូ''' ដោយមានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការ '''សាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ''' គឺជាប្រទេសមួយស្ថិតនៅភាគខាងលិចនៃទ្វីប[[អាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]]។ ប៉េរូមានព្រំប្រទល់ខាងជើងជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[អេក្វាឌ័រ]] និង[[កូឡុំប៊ី]] នៅខាងកើតជាប់នឹង ប្រទេស[[ប្រេស៊ីល]] នៅភាគអាគ្នេយ៍ជាប់នឹងប្រទេស[[បូលីវី]] ខាងត្បូងជាប់ប្រទេស[[ឈីលី]] ហើយនៅភាគខាងត្បូង និងខាងលិចជាប់[[មហាសមុទ្រប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិក]]។ ប្រទេសប៉េរូគឺជា[[ប្រទេសមហាចម្រុះ]]មួយពោលគឺគ្របដណ្ដប់ដោយតំបន់ភូមិសាស្ត្រខុសៗគ្នា មានចាប់ពីវាលទំនាបស្ងួតនៃតំបន់ឆ្នេរប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិកនៅឯភាគខាងលិច ដល់កំពូល[[ភ្នំអាន់ដេស]] ដែលលាតសន្ធឹងពីភាគខាងជើងទៅភាគអាគ្នេយ៍នៃប្រទេសរហូតដល់តំបន់ត្រូពិចនៃ[[ព្រៃត្រូពិចអាម៉ាហ្សូន]] នៅភាគខាងកើតជាមួយនឹង[[ទន្លេអាម៉ាហ្សូន]]។ ប្រទេសប៉េរូមានប្រជាជនរស់នៅសរុប ៣២ លាននាក់ ខណៈរដ្ឋធានី និងទីក្រុងធំបំផុតមានឈ្មោះថា [[លីម៉ា]]។ ប៉េរូគ្របដណ្ដប់លើផ្ទៃដីសរុប ១,២៨៥,២១៦ គីឡូម៉ែត្រការ៉េ ដែលនាំឱ្យប៉េរូជាប្រទេសមាន[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប|ផ្ទៃដីធំជាងគេទី១៩ នៅលើពិភពលោក]] និង[[បញ្ជីរាយប្រទេសនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូងតាមក្រឡាផ្ទៃសរុប|ធំជាងគេទីបីនៅទ្វីបអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]]។ ទឹកដីប៉េរូគឺជាទីកំណើតនៃវប្បធម៌ជាច្រើនកាលពីសម័យបុរាណ និងមជ្ឈិមសម័យ ហើយមានប្រវត្តិអរិយធម័ដ៏ចំណាស់បំផុតមួយអាយុកាលតាំងពីសហស្សវត្សរ៍ទី ១០ មុន គ.ស.។ វប្បធម៌ និងអរិយធម៌មុនសម័យអាណានិគមដ៏គួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់រួមមាន៖ [[អរិយធម៌ការ៉ាល់–ស៊ូប៉េ]] (អរិយធម៌ដំបូងបំផុតនៅទ្វីបអាមេរិក និងចាត់ទុកថាជាទីកំណើតមួយនៃអរិយធម៌មនុស្សជាតិ) [[វប្បធម៌ណាតកា]] [[ចក្រភពវ័រី]] និង[[ទីអាវ័នណាក]] [[ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រគូស្កូ|រាជាណាចក្រគូស្កូ]] និង[[ចក្រភពអ៊ីងកា]] ដែលត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជារដ្ឋធំបំផុតនៅទ្វីបអាមេរិកមុនសម័យកូឡុំ។ [[ចក្រភពអេស្ប៉ាញ]]បានចូលមកកាន់កាប់ទឹកដីប៉េរូនិងតំបន់ជុំវិញនៅក្នុងសតវត្សរ៍ទី១៦ ហើយព្រះបាទ[[ឆាលស៍ទី៤]] ក៏បានបង្រួមទឹកដីទាំងនោះដាក់ក្រោមអធិបតេយ្យភាពនៃ[[ព្រះអនុរាជាណាចក្រប៉េរូ|អនុរាជាណាចក្រ]]ថ្មីមួយ ដែលមានឈ្មោះផ្លូវការថា ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រប៉េរូ ជាមួយនឹងរាជធានីនៅ[[លីម៉ា]]។ ប៉េរូបានប្រកាសឯករាជ្យជាផ្លូវការនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៨២១ បន្ទាប់ពីបិទបញ្ចប់យុទ្ធនាការយោធាដឹកនាំដោយលោក[[ប៊ែណារដូ អូហ៊ីហ្គីងស៍]] លោក[[ហូសេ ដេសានម៉ាទីន]] និង[[ស៊ីម៉ន បូលីវ៉ា]] និងជាពិសេស [[សមរភូមិអៃយ៉ាគូឆូ]] ដោយនាំឱ្យប៉េរូទទួលឯករាជ្យភាពពេញលេញនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៨២៤។ ក្នុងប៉ុន្មានឆ្នាំបន្តបន្ទាប់ ប្រទេសប៉េរូឯករាជ្យថ្មីថ្មោងត្រូវប្រឈមនឹងអស្ថិរភាពនយោបាយ មុនពេលអាជីវកម្មក្វាណូបានធ្វើឱ្យសេដ្ឋកិច្ចជាតិ និងនយោបាយមានស្ថិរភាពឡើងវិញ។ មកដល់សតវត្សរ៍ទី២០ ប៉េរូត្រូវស៊ូទ្រាំនឹងអស្ថិរភាពនយោបាយ និងសេដ្ឋកិច្ចម្តងទៀត រួមមាន[[ជុំម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុងនៅប៉េរូ|ជម្លោះផ្ទៃក្នុង]]ជាមួយនឹងក្រុមប្រឆាំងតាមតំបន់ព្រៃភ្នំ។ មកដល់ទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ ប្រទេសប៉េរូបានសម្របខ្លួនចូលទីផ្សារនវសេរីតាមរយៈការអនុវត្ត''[[ផែនការវែរដេ]]''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Back |first1=Michele |url=https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |title=Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú |last2=Zavala |first2=Virginia |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |pages=286–291 |access-date=24 December 2024 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804105110/https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/ |date=4 សីហា 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Alfredo Schulte-Bockholt |title=The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5 |pages=114–118 |chapter=Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru }}</ref> ក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់លោក[[អាល់ប៊ឺតូ ហ្វូជីម៉ូរី]] និងលោក[[វ្លាឌីំមីរ៉ូ ម៉ុងតេស៊ីណូស]]។ នៅក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ២០០០ សេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រទេសប៉េរូបានរីកលូតលាស់យ៉ាងរលូន ខណៈអត្រានៃភាពក្រីក្ររបស់ប្រជាជនបានថយចុះជាបណ្ដើរៗ។ ក៏ប៉ុន្តែតាំងពីទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ២០១០ មក ប្រទេសមួយនេះត្រូវរងនឹងវិបត្តិសង្គមនយោបាយដ៏យូរអន្លាយ បង្កឡើងដោយ[[សមាជនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ|សមាជជាតិ]] និងថ្មីៗនេះដោយ[[ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ-១៩ នៅប៉េរូ|ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ-១៩]]។ ប្រទេសប៉េរូគឺជាសាធារណរដ្ឋ[[ប្រជាធិបតេយ្យតំណាង]] ដែលបែងចែកទៅជា[[បំណែងចែករដ្ឋបាលប៉េរូ| ២៥ តំបន់]]។ វិស័យជំរុញសេដ្ឋកិច្ចចម្បងរបស់ប្រទេសនេះរួមមាន អាជីវកម្មរ៉ែ ផលិតកម្ម កសិកម្ម នេសាទ និងបូករួមជាមួយវិស័យដែលកំពុងរីកលូតលាស់មួយចំនួនទៀតដូចជា ទូរគមនាគមន៍ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាជីវសាស្រ្តជាដើម។<ref>{{cite web |url=http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |title=(ជាភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) Módulo de capacitación en recursos genéticos y bioseguridad |publisher=Ministerio del Medio Ambiente |author=David E. Castro Garro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2018 |access-date=24 ធ្នូ 2024 |archivedate=24 មេសា 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424072625/http://biocanperu.minam.gob.pe/ciisbPeru/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/2-MD-AQP-Biotecnologia-moderna-y-bioseg.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ប៉េរូសមាជិកដ៏សកម្មមួយ[[កិច្ចសហប្រតិបត្តិការសេដ្ឋកិច្ចអាស៊ីប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិក]] [[សម្ព័ន្ធប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិក]] [[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទូលំទូលាយ និងគ្រប់ជ្រុងជ្រោយសម្រាប់ភាពជាដៃគូអន្តរប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិក]] និង[[អង្គការពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក]]ជាដើម ហើយបច្ចុប្បន្នត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកថាជា[[មហាអំណាចកណ្តាល]]។<ref>{{cite book|last1=McKercher|first1=B. J. C.|title=Routledge Handbook of Diplomacy and Statecraft|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136664366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|access-date=24 December 2024|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417043716/https://books.google.com/books?id=EtCoAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{Reflist|group=ស}} == ឯកសារយោង == {{Reflist}} {{Stub}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប៉េរូ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សហគមន៍អាន់ដេស]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេសនៅអាមេរិកខាងត្បូង]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អតីតអាណានិគមអេស្ប៉ាញ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រដ្ឋសមាជិកនៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សាធារណរដ្ឋ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ប្រទេស និងដែនដីនិយមភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទីកំណើតនៃអរិយធម៌]] sdvvdqw0997czb1eh8d35bx5h1k0tju 0 49641 336443 336126 2026-06-09T23:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន គណបក្សនយោបាយ | country = ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន | name = ចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាម | native_name = {{nobold|حركة المقاومة الإسلامية}} | logo = [[File:Emblem of Hamas Dark Green Variant Vector Graphic.svg|200px]] | leader1_title = ប្រធានការិយាល័យនយោបាយ | leader1_name = [[គណៈកម្មាធិការហាម៉ាស់បណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hamas to be temporarily led by five-member ruling committee |url=https://thearabweekly.com/hamas-be-temporarily-led-five-member-ruling-committee |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Arab Weekly }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Who will lead Hamas after killing of Yahya Sinwar? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c04p04lq27ko |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=BBC }}</ref> | leader2_name = ''ទំនេរ'' | leader2_title = មេដឹកនាំនៅដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា | leader3_title = ប្រធានការិយាល័យនយោបាយនៅដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា | leader3_name = [[ហាលីល អាល់-អៃយ៉ះ]] | leader4_name = ''ទំនេរ'' | leader4_title = មេបញ្ជាការយោធា | leader5_title = | leader5_name = | wing1_title = សាខាយោធា | wing1 = [[កងពលតូចអ៊ីសអាដ-ឌីន អាល់-កាសាំ]] | foundation = ១០ ធ្នូ ១៩៨៧ | ideology = {{ubl|class=nowrap| | [[ជាតិប៉ាឡេស្ទីននិយម]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}} |[[ឥស្លាមនិយម]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Dunning|2016|p=270}} |[[ជាតិឥស្លាមនិយម]]{{sfn|Dalacoura|2012|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Stepanova|2008|p=113}}{{refn|group=ស|"ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់ចាត់ទុក[[រដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]ជាជួរប្រយុទ្ធនៃ ''ជីហាដ'' និងមើលឃើញការបះបោរខ្លួនជាមធ្យោបាយបែបឥស្លាមក្នុងការប្រយុទ្ធប្រឆាំងនឹងជនកាន់កាប់។ មេដឹកនាំនៃអង្គការនេះបានប្រកែកថា សាសនាឥស្លាមបានផ្តល់ឱ្យប្រជាជនប៉ាឡេស្ទីននូវពលានុភាពដើម្បីប្រឈមនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល ហើយបានពណ៌នាចលនាបះបោរ (អ៊ីនធីហ្វីដា) ថាជាការបង្វិលមហាជនទៅរកសាសនាឥស្លាម។ តាំង​ពីស្ថាបនាឡើងមក ក្រុម​ហាម៉ាស់​បាន​ព្យាយាម​ផ្សះផ្សា​ជាតិ​និយម និង​សាសនា​ឥស្លាម។ [...] ហាម៉ាស់បានចេញនិយាយអះអាង​ក្នុង​នាម​ជា​ចលនា​ជាតិនិយមមួយ ប៉ុន្តែ​ជា​អ្នក​ជាតិ​និយម​ឥស្លាម ជាជាង​អ្នក​ជាតិនិយម​មិនប្រកាន់សាសនា។"{{sfn|Cheema|2008|p=465}}}}{{refn|group=ស|"ជាចម្បង ហាម៉ាស់គឺជាចលនាសាសនាដែលទស្សនៈជាតិនិយមក្នុងពិភពលោករបស់ពួកគេត្រូវបានចារជារូបរាងដោយមនោគមវិជ្ជាសាសនារបស់ខ្លួន។"{{sfn|Litvak|2004|pp=156–57}}}} |[[លទ្ធិប្រឆាំងហ្ស៊ីយ៉ន]] |[[លទ្ធិប្រឆាំងចក្រពត្តិនិយម]]<ref name="auto1">{{cite book|title=Between the Lines|page=297|chapter=10: Expanding Regionally, Resisting Locally|year=2007|first1=Tikva|last1=Honig-Parnass |first2=Toufic |last2=Haddad |publisher= Haymarket Books | isbn=978-1931859-44-8}}</ref> }} | position = | religion = [[ឥស្លាមស៊ុននី]] | split = [[ភាតរភាពឥស្លាមសាសនិក]] | headquarters = [[ហ្កាហ្សា|ទីក្រុងហ្កាហ្សា]], [[ដែនជ្រោយកាសា|ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]] | membership = ២០,០០០–២៥,០០០<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dni.gov/nctc/ftos/hamas_fto.html|title=National Counterterrorism Center &#124; FTOs|website=www.dni.gov}}</ref> | affiliation1_title = [[សម្ព័ន្ធភាពនយោបាយ]] | affiliation1 = [[សម្ព័ន្ធភាពនៃកម្លាំងប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] | colours = {{color box|#008000|border=darkgray}} [[បៃតង]] | seats1_title = អាសនៈភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (ឆ្នាំ២០០៦) | seats1 = {{composition bar|74|132|hex=#008000}} | website = {{URL|1=hamas.ps/en|2=hamas.ps}} | flag = [[File:Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg|border|200px]] }} {{Infobox militant organization | name = | active = | ideology = | clans = | headquarters = [[ហ្កាហ្សា|ទីក្រុងហ្កាហ្សា]], [[ដែនជ្រោយកាសា|ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]] | size = | partof = | predecessor = | successor = | allies = '''សម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តជារដ្ឋ៖''' * {{flag|កាតា}}<ref name="allies">{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/who-is-hamas/a-57537872|title=What is Hamas and who supports it?|author=Ehl, David|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=May 15, 2021}}</ref> * {{flag|តួកគី}}<ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hamas-leader-visit-turkey-talks-with-erdogan-2024-04-17/|title=Hamas leader to visit Turkey for talks with Erdogan &#124; Reuters|website=Reuters }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2024/04/22/hamas-chief-meets-turkish-president-considers-move-from-qatar-to-turkey/ | title=Hamas Chief Meets Turkish President, Considers Move from Qatar to Turkey | date=22 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/erdogan-defends-hamas-says-members-are-being-treated-turkish-hospitals-2024-05-13/|title=Erdogan defends Hamas, says members are being treated in Turkish hospitals &#124; Reuters|website=Reuters }}</ref> * {{flag|ស៊ូដង់}} ([[រដ្ឋប្រហារស៊ូដង់ឆ្នាំ២០១៩|ត្រឹមឆ្នាំ២០១៩]] និងម្តងម្កាលចាប់ពីឆ្នាំ២០២៣)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Abdelaziz |first1=Khalid |last2=Eltahir |first2=Nafisa |last3=Irish |first3=John |title=Sudan closes door on support for Hamas |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/after-fall-bashir-sudan-closes-door-support-hamas-2021-09-23/ |publisher=Reuters |date=September 23, 2021 |access-date=October 18, 2023}}</ref><ref name="allies"/><ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20231014-qatar-iran-turkey-and-beyond-the-galaxy-of-hamas-supporters|title=Qatar, Iran, Turkey and beyond: Hamas's network of allies|date=October 14, 2023|website=France 24}}</ref> * {{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Adviser to Iran's Khamenei expresses support for Palestinian attacks: Report |publisher=AFP|via=al-Aribaya|date=October 7, 2023|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2023/10/07/Adviser-to-Iran-s-Khamenei-expresses-support-for-Palestinian-attacks-Report |website=Al Arabiya}}</ref> * {{flag|អេហ្ស៊ីប}} (២០១១–២០១៣)<ref>{{cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |title=Egyptian army questions Mohamed Morsi over alleged Hamas terror links |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jul/26/egyptian-army-question-morsi-hamas-links |website=The Guardian |date=July 26, 2013 |access-date=15 January 2023}}</ref> '''សម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមិនមែនជារដ្ឋ៖''' * [[ហេសបុលឡា]] * {{flagicon image|Houthis Logo.png}} [[ហ៊ូទី]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2021/01/yemen-houthis-release-saudi-palestinian-hamas-prisoners.html|title=Houthis, Hamas merge diplomacy around prisoner releases – Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=5 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jns.org/hamas-awards-shield-of-honor-to-houthi-representative-in-yemen-sparking-outrage-in-saudi-arabia/ |title=Hamas awards 'Shield of Honor' to Houthi representative in Yemen, sparking outrage in Saudi Arabia |website=JNS.org |date=16 June 2021}}</ref> * [[ជីហាដឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|ជីហាដឥស្លាម]]<ref name="toi9oct">{{cite web |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |title=Officer, 2 soldiers killed in clash with terrorists on Lebanon border; mortars fired|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=The Times of Israel |archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009170223/https://www.timesofisrael.com/mortars-fired-from-lebanon-infiltrators-killed-as-6-israelis-hurt-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live}}</ref> * [[ប្រជារណសិរ្សដើម្បីរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] (PFLP)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) الجبهة الشعبية: قرار الإدارة الأمريكية بتوفير الدعم للكيان هدفه تطويق النتائج الاستراتيجية لمعركة طوفان الأقصى |website=alahednews.com.lb |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=9 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009000624/https://www.alahednews.com.lb/fastnewsdetails.php?fstid=217239 |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine.svg}} [[រណសិរ្សប្រជាធិបតេយ្យដើម្បីរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] | opponents = '''សត្រូវជារដ្ឋ៖''' * {{flag|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/23916266/us-israel-support-ally-gaza-war-aid | title=How the US became Israel's closest ally | date=October 13, 2023 }}</ref> * {{flag|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} * {{flag|អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម}}<ref name="time"/> * {{flag|អេហ្ស៊ីប}}<ref name="time"/> '''សត្រូវមិនមែនជារដ្ឋ៖''' * {{flagicon|ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន}} [[ហ្វាតា]] (កំពុងចរចាសម្របសម្រួល) * {{flagicon image|Islamic State flag.svg}} [[រដ្ឋឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់និងឡេវ៉ាន|រដ្ឋឥស្លាម]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/15/578172703/what-effect-isis-declaration-of-war-against-hamas-could-have-in-the-middle-east|title=What Effect ISIS' Declaration Of War Against Hamas Could Have In The Middle East|publisher=NPR}}</ref><ref name="Hamas arrests Salafi…">{{cite web |last1=AFP |title=Hamas arrests Salafi sheikh over alleged Islamic State ties - Radical cleric Adnan Khader Mayat detained on Sunday by Gaza security forces |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/hamas-arrests-salafi-sheikh-over-alleged-islamic-state-ties/ |website=Times of Israel |access-date=15 January 2024}}</ref> | designated_as_terror_group_by = * {{flag|អាហ្សង់ទីន}}<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|url=https://frenteacano.com.ar/el-gobierno-argentino-incluira-al-grupo-hamas-en-la-lista-de-organizaciones-terroristas/|title=El gobierno argentino incluirá al grupo Hamás en la lista de organizaciones terroristas – frente a Cano}}</ref> * {{flag|អូស្ត្រាលី}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-02-17/hamas-palestinian-listed-as-terrorist-group-australia-government/100839262 |title=Entirety of Hamas to be listed as a terrorist organisation |publisher=ABC News |date=February 17, 2022}}</ref> * {{flag|កាណាដា}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/ntnl-scrt/cntr-trrrsm/lstd-ntts/crrnt-lstd-ntts-en.aspx |title=Currently listed entities |date=December 21, 2018}}</ref> * {{flag|សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/26/eu-court-upholds-hamas-terror-listing |title=EU court upholds Hamas terror listing |website=The Guardian |date=July 26, 2017}}</ref> * {{flag|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}}<ref>[http://www.mod.gov.il/Defence-and-Security/Fighting_terrorism/Documents/teror16.11.xls Fighting terrorism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402122133/http://www.mod.gov.il/Defence-and-Security/Fighting_terrorism/Documents/teror16.11.xls |date=2015-04-02 }}.</ref> * {{flag|ប៉ារ៉ាគ្វេ}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20190820-paraguay-adds-hamas-hezbollah-to-terrorism-list/ |title=Paraguay adds Hamas, Hezbollah to terrorism list |date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> * {{flag|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version|title=Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations|website=GOV.UK}}</ref> * {{flag|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/foreign-terrorist-organizations/|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations}}</ref> | battles = {{plainlist| * [[ជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] * [[ជម្លោះហ្វាតា–ហាម៉ាស់]] }} }} '''ហាម៉ាស់''' ([[ភាសាអារ៉ាប់]]៖ حماس) ដោយមានឈ្មោះជាផ្លូវការថា '''ចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាម''' (حركة المقاومة الإسلامية) គឺជាអង្គការនយោបាយ និងយោធានិយមឥស្លាមស៊ុននី ដែលបច្ចុប្បន្នកំពុងគ្រប់គ្រង[[ដែនជ្រោយកាសា|ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]នៃ[[ទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]។{{sfn|Kear|2018|p=22}} ហាម៉ាស់មានទីស្នាក់ការកណ្តាលនៅ[[ហ្កាហ្សា|ទីក្រុងហ្កាហ្សា]] និងវត្តមានតូចនៅតំបន់[[វ៉េសប៊ែង]] (ទឹកដីប៉ាឡេស្ទីនធំបន្ទាប់ពីហ្កាហ្សា) ដែលជាតំបន់គ្រប់គ្រងដោយ[[ហ្វាតា]]។ ហាម៉ាស់​ត្រូវ​បាន​គេ​ចាត់​ទុក​យ៉ាង​ទូលំទូលាយ​ថា​ជា "កម្លាំង​នយោបាយ​ដែល​មាន​ឥទ្ធិពល" នៅ​លើ​ទឹកដី​ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។<ref name=":122">{{Cite web |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel |last2=Palmer |first2=Alexander |date=October 7, 2023 |title=What You Need to Know About the Israel-Hamas Violence |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007230520/https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/10/07/hamas-attack-israel-declares-war-gaza-why-explained/ |archive-date=October 7, 2023 |access-date=October 11, 2023 |website=Foreign Policy }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Urquhart |first=Conal |date=January 10, 2007 |title=Hamas leader acknowledges 'reality' of Israel |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jan/10/israel1 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aviad |first=G. |date=2009 |title=‘Hamas’ Military Wing in the Gaza Strip: Development, Patterns of Activity, and Forecast’ |url=https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/FILE1272778269-1.pdf |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=Military and Strategic Affairs }}</ref> សត្រូវនយោបាយចម្បងរបស់ក្រុមនេះគឺ [[ជីហាដឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] និងហ្វាតា។<ref name=":1" /> នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៧ ភ្លាមៗបន្ទាប់ពី[[អ៊ីនធីហ្វដាលើកទី១|ការបោះបោរលើកទីមួយ]]ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានផ្ទុះឡើង ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់ក៏ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយអ្នកនយោបាយប៉ាឡេស្ទីនមួយរូបឈ្មោះ [[អាម៉េដ យ៉ាស៊ីន]]។ ក្រុមនេះបានផុសចេញពី[[មូចាម៉ា អាល់-អ៊ីស្លាមីយ៉ា]] (ស្ថាបនាដោយលោកយ៉ាស៊ីនដូចគ្នា) នៅទីក្រុងហ្កាហ្សាក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៣ ដែលជាអង្គការសប្បុរសធម៌សាសនាមានទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយក្រុម[[ភាតរភាពឥស្លាមសាសនិក]]ដែលមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅប្រទេស[[អេហ្ស៊ីប]]។<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last=Higgins |first=Andrew |date=January 24, 2009 |title=How Israel Helped to Spawn Hamas |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123275572295011847 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926212507/http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123275572295011847.html |archive-date=September 26, 2009 }}</ref> ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានចូលដៃកាន់តែខ្លាំងឡើងទៅក្នុង[[ជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]នៅចុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៩០<ref name="barel2">[http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/afghanistan-in-palestine-1.165006 Afghanistan in Palestine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015233322/http://www.haaretz.com/culture/arts-leisure/afghanistan-in-palestine-1.165006 |date=2015-10-15 }}, by Zvi Bar'el, ''Haaretz'', July 26, 2005</ref> ហើយបានជំទាស់ប្រឆាំងនឹង[[លិខិតទទួលស្គាល់នៃអ៊ីស្រាអែល–អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|លិខិតទទួលស្គាល់អញ្ញមញ្ញរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល–អង្គការរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] និងក៏ដូចជា[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងអូស្លូ]] ដែលបានគូសបញ្ជាក់ពីការបោះបង់នូវ "បម្រើបម្រាស់អំពើភេរវកម្ម និងអំពើហឹង្សាផ្សេងៗ" ដោយក្រុមហ្វាតា និងការចាប់ដៃជាមួយអ៊ីស្រាអែលដើម្បីស្វែងរក[[ដំណោះស្រាយរដ្ឋពីរ|ដំណោះស្រាយផ្សះផ្សាគ្នា]]។ ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បាន​បន្ត​ជ្រុមជ្រែងឱ្យមានចលនាតស៊ូប្រដាប់អាវុធដើម្បី​បញ្ចប់​ការ​កាន់កាប់​របស់​អ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានយកឈ្នះក្នុង[[ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឆ្នាំ២០០៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០៦]]{{sfn|Charrett|2020|pp=129–37}} ដោយទទួលបានសំឡេងភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សានីតិបញ្ញត្តិប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref name="SMF22">{{cite news |author=Madelene Axelsson |date=January 27, 2006 |title=(ជាភាសាស៊ុយអែត) Islamistisk politik vinner mark |publisher=Stockholms Fria Tidning |url=http://www.stockholmsfria.nu/artikel/6296 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927034525/http://www.stockholmsfria.nu/artikel/6296 |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> និងក្រោយមកបាន[[សមរភូមិហ្កាហ្សា (២០០៧)|ឡើងកាន់កាប់តំបន់ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា]]ពីក្រុមហ្វាតានៅឆ្នាំ២០០៧។{{sfn|Davis|2016|pp=67–69}}{{sfn|Mukhimer|2012|pp=vii, 58}} ចាប់តាំងពីឆ្នាំ២០០៧ មក ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានធ្វើ[[ជម្លោះហ្កាហ្សា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល|សង្គ្រាមជាច្រើនលើកច្រើនសាជាមួយអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]។{{sfn|Sinai|2019|pp=273–90}} ជាយូរណាស់មកហើយ គោលបំណងចម្បងរបស់ក្រុមនេះគឺចង់បង្កើតរដ្ឋឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅលើទឹកដីរួមរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលពោលគឺ តំបន់វ៉េសប៊ែង និងដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា ដោយបដិសេធដំណោះស្រាយផ្សះផ្សារវាងរដ្ឋទាំងពីរ និងការចរចាទាំងឡាយជាមួយអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{Cite news |last=May |first=Tiffany |date=October 8, 2023 |title=A Quick Look at Hamas |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/08/world/middleeast/hamas-military-gaza-explained.html |access-date=October 12, 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=The |date=October 9, 2023 |title=Two-state solution: Israeli-Palestinian history |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/two-state-solution |access-date=October 12, 2023 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica }}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០១៧ ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានយល់ព្រមទទួលស្គាល់ព្រំដែនរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីនឆ្នាំ១៩៦៧ ប៉ុន្តែនៅបន្តមិនទទួលស្គាល់រដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{cite news|title=What does Israel’s declaration of war mean for Palestinians in Gaza?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/9/what-does-israels-declaration-of-war-mean-for-palestinians-in-gaza}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=What will the Israeli-Palestinian conflict look like in 30 years?|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-760004}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hamas accepts Palestinian state with 1967 borders|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/5/2/hamas-accepts-palestinian-state-with-1967-borders}}</ref> នៅក្រោមគោលគំនិតមនោគមវិជ្ជានៃសាសនាឥស្លាម ហាម៉ាស់បានលើកតម្កើនគំនិតជាតិនិយមប៉ាឡេស្ទីននៅក្នុងបរិបទឥស្លាម។ លើសពីនេះ វាបានបន្តគោលនយោបាយជីហាដ (ការតស៊ូប្រដាប់អាវុធ) ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។{{refn|group=ស|"ហាម៉ាស់ គឺជាអង្គការឥស្លាមជ្រុលនិយម ដែលវាបានបញ្ជាក់ផ្ទាល់ថា អាទិភាពចម្បងបង្អស់របស់ខ្លួនគឺ ជីហាដ ដើម្បីរំដោះប៉ាឡេស្ទីន។"{{sfn|Cordesman|2002|p=243}}}} រដ្ឋាភិបាលហាម៉ាស់មានសាខាសេវាកម្មសង្គមហៅថា [[ដាវ៉ា]] និងសាខាយោធាហៅ [[កងពលតូចអ៊ីសអាដ-ឌីន អាល់-កាសាំ]]។ ចាប់តាំងពីពាក់កណ្តាលទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៩០ មក<ref name=":0" /> ក្រុមហាម៉ាស់បានទទួលនូវប្រជាប្រិយភាព និងការគាំទ្រយ៉ាងពេញទំហឹងនៅក្នុងសង្គមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន ក៏ព្រោះតែអំពើពុករលួយក្នុងក្រុមនេះមានកម្រិតទាប និងគោលជំហរយ៉ាងរឹងម៉ាំប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |last=Krauss |first=Joseph |date=June 15, 2021 |title=Poll finds dramatic rise in Palestinian support for Hamas |url=https://apnews.com/article/hamas-middle-east-science-32095d8e1323fc1cad819c34da08fd87 |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=AP News }}</ref>{{sfn|Phillips|2011|p=75}} ប្រទេស[[លោកខាងលិច]]ជាច្រើន និងសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តរបស់ពួកគេបានចាត់ទុកក្រុមហាម៉ាស់ជាអង្គការភេរវករ ដោយលើកឡើងពីការប្រើប្រាស់[[ខែលមនុស្ស]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=i24NEWS |date=October 8, 2023 |title=Hamas plans to use Israeli civilian hostages as human shields |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/middle-east/palestinian-territories/1696753484-hamas-plans-to-use-israeli-civilian-hostages-as-human-shields |access-date=October 13, 2023 |website=I24news }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dupret |first=Baudouin |title=Law at Work: Studies in Legal Ethnomethods |last2=Lynch |first2=Michael |last3=Berard |first3=Tim |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2015 |isbn=9780190210243 |pages=279}}</ref> វិធីចាប់ជនស៊ីវិលធ្វើជាចំណាប់ខ្មាំង និងប្រវត្តិនៃអំពើហឹង្សាលើអ្នកមិនកាន់អាវុធ រួមមានការសម្លាប់រង្គាលលើជនស៊ីវិល ការបំផ្ទុះគ្រាប់បែកអត្តឃាត និងការវាយប្រហារដោយគ្រាប់រ៉ុក្កែតមិនរើសមុខទៅលើទីកន្លែងប្រមូលផ្ដុំប្រជាជនអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{Cite news |last=Erlanger |first=Steven |date=2023-10-09 |title=Attack Ends Israel’s Hope That Hamas Might Come to Embrace Stability |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/09/world/middleeast/hamas-gaza-israel.html |access-date=2023-10-13 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ២០១៨ មានគេបានព្យាយាមថ្កោលទោសក្រុមហាម៉ាស់សម្រាប់ "អំពើភេរវកម្ម" នៅឯអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបានបរាជ័យ។{{refn|group=ស|ដើម្បីអនុម័តញត្តិនេះបាន គេត្រូវការសំឡេងភាគច្រើនពីរភាគបី។ នៅក្នុងនោះមានសំឡេងគាំទ្រចំនួន ៨៧, សំឡេងប្រឆាំង ៥៨, រដ្ឋអនុប្បវាទចំនួន ៣២ និង រដ្ឋមិនចូលរួមចំនួន ១៦។{{sfn|DW|2018}}}} អ្នកវិវេចនាជាច្រើនបានបដិសេធរាល់ការចោទប្រកាន់ទាំងឡាយលើក្រុមហាម៉ាស់ថាជាអង្គការភេរវករ ដោយផ្ទុយទៅវិញបានសម្ដៅលើក្រុមនេះថាជា ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធដើម្បីសេរីភាព ឬគ្រាន់តែជា ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title= Condemnation and calls for restraint after Hamas attack on Israel |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/07/condemnation-and-calls-for-restraint-after-hamas-attack-on-israel |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 October 2023 |title= BBC defends policy not to call Hamas 'terrorists' after criticism |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-67076341 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=BBC News }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Simpson |first=John |date=11 October 2023 |title= Why BBC doesn't call Hamas militants 'terrorists' - John Simpson |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-67083432 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=BBC News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ២០២៣ ហាម៉ាស់បានចាប់ផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការប្រដាប់អាវុធដ៏ធំមួយដែលមានឈ្មោះថា "[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ហាម៉ាស់ឆ្នាំ២០២៣|ប្រតិបត្តិការរលកអាល់-អាកសា]]" ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការនេះ ហាម៉ាស់បានវាយទម្លុះ[[របាំងព្រំដែនហ្កាហ្សា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] ហើយបានសម្លាប់ជនស៊ីវិល វាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងព្រមទាំងចាប់ជំរិតជនស៊ីវិល និងទាហានអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name=":122" /> សកម្មភាពនេះ​បាន​ជំរុញ​ឱ្យ​អ៊ីស្រាអែល​ធ្វើការប្រកាស​សង្គ្រាម ហើយ​ក៏​បង្ក​ឱ្យ​ផ្ទុះការ​ប្រយុទ្ធ​សម្លាប់គ្នា​នៅទូទាំង​រដ្ឋអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង​តំបន់​ដែនជ្រោយហ្កាហ្សា។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Saul |first2=Jonathan |date=October 8, 2023 |title=How Israel was duped as Hamas planned devastating assault |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009020650/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/how-israel-was-duped-hamas-planned-devastating-assault-2023-10-08/ |archive-date=October 9, 2023}}</ref> == កំណត់សម្គាល់ និងឯកសារយោង == === កំណត់សម្គាល់ === {{Reflist|group=ស}} {{Notelist}} === អាគតដ្ឋាន === {{Reflist}} === ប្រភព === ==== សៀវភៅ ==== {{Refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book |title=The EU, Hamas and the 2006 Palestinian Elections: A Performance in Politics |last=Charrett |first=Catherine |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jOoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT245 |isbn=978-1351611794 }} * {{Cite book |last=Dalacoura |first=Katerina |year=2012 |chapter=Islamist Terrorism and National Liberation: Hamas and Hizbullah |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PlTKrMFyawoC&pg=PA66 |title=Islamist Terrorism and Democracy in the Middle East |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=66–96 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511977367.004 |isbn=9780511977367 |lccn=2010047275 |s2cid=150958046 }} * {{Cite book |title=Hamas, Popular Support and War in the Middle East: Insurgency in the Holy Land |last=Davis |first=Richard |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmaFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT68 |isbn=978-1317402589 }} * {{Cite book |title=Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine |last=Dunning |first=Tristan |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vTp-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT270 |isbn=978-1317384946 }} * {{Cite book |title=Hamas and Palestine: The Contested Road to Statehood |last=Kear |first=Martin |publisher=Routledge |year=2018 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yfl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT22 |isbn=978-0429999406 }} * {{cite book |title=Hamas Rule in Gaza: Human Rights Under Constraint |last=Mukhimer |first=Tariq |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ktH7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |isbn=978-1137310194 }} * {{cite book |chapter=Israel and terrorism: assessing the effectiveness of Netanyahu's "combating terrorism strategy" (CTS) |last=Sinai |first=Joshua |title=Israel Under Netanyahu: Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy |editor-last=Freeman |editor-first=Robert O. |publisher=Routledge |year=2019 |pages=273–90 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FR7CDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT257 |isbn=978-1000751765 }} * {{cite book |title=Terrorism in Asymmetrical Conflict: Ideological and Structural Aspects |last=Stepanova |first=Ekaterina |publisher=SIPRI / Oxford University Press |year=2008 |url=http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |isbn=978-0199533558 |access-date=October 12, 2023 |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310143530/http://books.sipri.org/files/RR/SIPRIRR23.pdf |date=មីនា 10, 2016 }} {{refend}} ==== អត្ថបទសារព័ត៌មាន ==== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite journal|last=Filiu|first=Jean-Pierre|date=2012|title=The Origins of Hamas: Militant Legacy or Israeli Tool?|url=https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03473857|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=41|issue=3|pages=54–70|doi=10.1525/jps.2012.XLI.3.54}} {{refend}} == តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ == {{sister project links|d=Q38799|c=Category:Hamas|n=no|wikt=Hamas|species=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|b=no|v=no}} * [https://hamas.ps/ គេហទំព័រផ្លូវការ] (ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) * [https://hamas.ps/en/ គេហទំព័រផ្លូវការ] (ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327103910/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9811/hamas_leaders.html មេដឹកនាំហាម៉ាស់] [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាទំនាក់ទំនងបរទេស|Council on Foreign Relations]] (CFR) * [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/hamas.asp ធម្មនុញ្ញហាម៉ាស់] * [http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm សន្មតិសញ្ញានៃចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាម (ហាម៉ាស់) (រួមបញ្ចូលទាំងបំណកស្រាយ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901180015/http://www.mideastweb.org/hamas.htm |date=2017-09-01 }} * [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/world/middleeast/24gaza.html Hamas Shifts From Rockets to Public Relations] ''The New York Times'', July 23, 2009 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100728103620/http://www.qassam.ps/statement-1319-Twenty_two_years_on_the_start_of_Hamas_movement.html 22 years on the start of Hamas] [[កងពលតូចអ៊ីសអាដ-ឌីន អាល់-កាសាំ|Al-Qassam Brigades]]' Information Office * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720065737/http://www.phrmg.org/Fatah%20and%20hamas%20abuses%20since%20June%202007%20report%20_2_.pdf Fatah and Hamas Human Rights Violations in the Palestinian Occupied Territories in 2007] by Elizabeth Freed of [[ក្រុមឃ្លាំមើលសិទ្ធិមនុស្សប៉ាឡេស្ទីន|Palestinian Human Rights Monitoring Group]] * Sherifa Zuhur, [https://fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf Hamas and Israel: Conflicting Strategies of Group-Based Politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621222004/https://fas.org/man/eprint/zuhur.pdf |date=2023-06-21 }} (PDF file) December 2008 * [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3343944,00.html "Hamas threatens attacks on US: Terrorist warns 'Middle East is full of American targets{{'"}}] ''Ynetnews''. December 24, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2014. [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ហាម៉ាស់| ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ឥស្លាមនិយមនៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ឥស្លាមនិយននៅរដ្ឋប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:គណបក្សនយោបាយឥស្លាម]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:មូលដ្ឋានឥស្លាមនិយម]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ក្រុមជីហាដ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ភាតរភាពឥស្លាមសាសនិក]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ចលនារំដោះជាតិ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:គណបក្សជាតិនិយមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:គណបក្សនយោបាយប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ចលនាតស៊ូ]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ក្រុមឥស្លាមស៊ុននី]] opet04vetvd6as36ax9yw1065sn2r0s 1 52407 336451 321918 2026-06-10T08:31:11Z ~2026-34159-54 51479 /* */ ការឆ្លើយតប 336451 wikitext text/x-wiki សួស្តី [[ពិសេស:ការរួមចំណែក/149.88.166.52|149.88.166.52]] ម៉ោង១០:៥៣ ថ្ងៃពុធ ទី១១ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ (UTC) :សួស្ដី [[ពិសេស:ការរួមចំណែក/&#126;2026-34159-54|&#126;2026-34159-54]] ([[ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:&#126;2026-34159-54|ពិភាក្សា]]) ម៉ោង០៨:៣១ ថ្ងៃពុធ ទី១០ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ (UTC) l8e4bzlomelsr50ve1z9rqsey3v98t2 1 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ម៉ោង១៣:០៩ ថ្ងៃពុធ ទី២៨ ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ (UTC) == ខ្ញុំត្រូវការលុយ199999.9999$ == [[ទ្រឹស្ដីនៃពណ៌]] [[អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:GGVO|GGVO]] ([[ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:GGVO|ការពិភាក្សា]]) ម៉ោង១០:០១ ថ្ងៃច័ន្ទ ទី២៧ ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ (UTC) == VEASNA == VEASNA 0978263250 [[ពិសេស:ការរួមចំណែក/&#126;2026-15808-68|&#126;2026-15808-68]] ([[ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:&#126;2026-15808-68|ពិភាក្សា]]) ម៉ោង១៤:១០ ថ្ងៃសុក្រ ទី១៣ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ (UTC) == VEASNA == VEASNA 0978263250 15000$ [[ពិសេស:ការរួមចំណែក/&#126;2026-24056-96|&#126;2026-24056-96]] ([[ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:&#126;2026-24056-96|ពិភាក្សា]]) ម៉ោង០៣:៣១ ថ្ងៃច័ន្ទ ទី២០ ខែមេសា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ (UTC) :@[[អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:~2026056-96|~2026-24056-96]] <u>'''VEASNA'''</u> :0978263250 [[ពិសេស:ការរួមចំណែក/&#126;2026-34183-31|&#126;2026-34183-31]] ([[ការពិភាក្សារបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់:&#126;2026-34183-31|ពិភាក្សា]]) ម៉ោង២២:២០ ថ្ងៃអង្គារ ទី០៩ ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ (UTC) icjz83dcknh054sqt8ttslti770xpki 0 53236 336432 336268 2026-06-09T15:31:36Z TheRandomGoober 27248 /* មិថុនា */ 336432 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" |'''[[បញ្ជីនៃទសវត្សរ៍ សតវត្ស និងសហស្សវត្សរ៍|សហស្សវត្សរ៍]]''' |[[សហស្សវត្សរ៍ទី ៣]] |- |'''[[បញ្ជីនៃទសវត្សរ៍ សតវត្សរ៍ និងសហស្សវត្សរ៍|សតវត្សរ៍]]''' |[[សតវត្សរ៍ទី ២១]] |- |'''[[បញ្ជីនៃទសវត្សរ៍ សតវត្សរ៍ និងសហស្សវត្សរ៍|ទសវត្សរ៍]]''' |[[ទសវត្សរ៍ ២០២០|ឆ្នាំ ២០២០]] |- |'''[[បញ្ជីឆ្នាំ|ឆ្នាំ]]''' | [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៣|២០២៣]] • [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៤|២០២៤]] • [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៥|២០២៥]] • [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៦|គ.ស. ២០២៦]] • [[ឆ្នាំ​ ២០២៧|២០២៧]] • [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៨|២០២៨]] • [[ឆ្នាំ ២០២៩|២០២៩]] |} {| class="infobox" style="width:20em;" |- style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" style="background: #ABCDEF;" |ឆ្នាំ ២០២៦ ក្នុង​ប្រតិទិន​ផ្សេងៗ |- |'''[[ពុទ្ធសករាជ]]''' |២៥៧០ |- style="vertical-align:top;" |'''[[ប្រតិទិនហ្គ្រេហ្គោរៀន|ប្រតិទិនគ្រីកូរី]]''' |២០២៦ ''MMXXVI'' |- |'''[[Ab urbe condita]]''' |២៧៧៩ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអាមេនី]]''' |១៤៧៥ ԹՎ ՌՆՀԵ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអាស៊ីរី]]''' |៦៧៧៦ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនបាហៃ]]''' |១៨២–១៨៣ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនសាកាបាលី]]''' |១៩៤៧–១៩៤៨ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនបេងហ្កាល់]]''' |១៤៣៣ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនប៊ែប៊ែរ]]''' |២៩៧៦ |- |'''[[រាជ្យឆ្នាំស្តេចអង់គ្លេស|រាជ្យឆ្នាំអង់គ្លេស]]''' |៤ [[ឆាលស៍ទី៣|Cha. ៣]] – ៥ [[ឆាលស៍ទី៣|Cha. ៣]] |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនភូមា]]''' |១៣៨៨ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនប៊ីហ្សង់តាំង]]''' |៧៥៣៤–៧៥៣៥ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនចិន]]''' |甲辰年 <small>([[រោង]] ធាតុឈើ)</small> ៤៧២៣ ឬ ៤៥១៦   ''— ដល់ —'' 乙巳年 <small>([[មមី]] ធាតុភ្លើង)</small> ៤៧២៤ ឬ ៤៥១៧ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនកូបទិក]]''' |១៧៤២–១៧៤៣ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនឌីស្កតដ៍]]''' |៣១៩២ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអេត្យូពី]]''' |២០១៨–២០១៩ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនហេប្រឺ]]''' |៥៧៨៦–៥៧៨៧ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនហិណ្ឌូ]]''' |២០៨២–២០៨៣ <small>([[វិក្រមសម្វត]])</small> ១៩៤៧–១៩៤៨ <small>([[ប្រតិទិនជាតិឥណ្ឌា|សកសម្វត]])</small> ៥១២៦–៥១២៧ <small>([[កលិយុគ]])</small> |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអូឡូសែន]]''' |១២០២៦ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអ៊ីហ្គបូ]]''' |១០២៦–១០២៧ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]''' |១៤០៤–១៤០៥ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនឥស្លាម]]''' |១៤៤៧–១៤៤៨ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនជប៉ុន]]''' |[[រេវ៉ា|សករាជរេវ៉ា ៨]] <small>(令和８年)</small> |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនជ្វា]]''' |១៩៥៩–១៩៦០ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនជូឆេ]]''' |១១៥ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនជូលាន]]''' |គ្រីកូរីដក ១៣ ថ្ងៃ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនកូរ៉េ]]''' |៤៣៥៩ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនសាធារណរដ្ឋចិន|ប្រតិទិនមីនគួ]]''' |ROC ១១៥ <small>民國115年</small> |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនណានក្សាហ៊ី]]''' |៥៥៨ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនសុរិយគតិថៃ]]''' |២៥៦៩ |- |'''[[ប្រតិទិនទីបេ]]''' |ཤིང་མོ་སྦྲུལ་ལོ <small>([[រោង]]ញីធាតុឈើ)</small> ២១៥២ ឬ ១៧៧១ ឬ ៩៩៩    ''— ដល់ —'' མེ་ཕོ་རྟ་ལོ་ <small>([[មមី]]ញីធាតុឈើ)</small> ២១៥៣ ឬ ១៧៧២ ឬ ១០០០ |- |'''[[ម៉ោងយូនីក|ម៉ោងយូនីក]]''' |១៧៦៧២២៥៦០០ – ១៧៩៨៧៦១៤៩៩ |} '''គ.ស. ២០២៦''' ត្រូវ​នឹង ព.ស. ២៥៧០ ជាឆ្នាំសកលចាប់ផ្តើមនៅថ្ងៃព្រហស្បតិ៍ តាម[[ប្រតិទិនគ្រីកូរី]] ហើយជាឆ្នាំទី ២០២៦ នៃ[[សកលសករាជ]] និង[[គ្រិស្តសករាជ]]។ * ឆ្នាំ[[មមី]] អដ្ឋស័ក ចុល្លសករាជ ១៣៨៨ (ថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា ជាថ្ងៃឡើងស័ក)។ * ឆ្នាំទី ៧ ក្នុង[[ទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ ២០២០]], ឆ្នាំទី ២៦ ក្នុង[[សតវត្សរ៍ទី២១]] និងឆ្នាំទី ២៥ ក្នុង[[សហស្សវត្សរ៍ទី ៣]]។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំនេះ គេសង្កេតឃើញមានជម្លោះប្រដាប់អាវុធថ្មីៗផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុងទ្វីបអាមេរិក និងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។ នៅដើមខែមករា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើម[[អន្តរគមន៍សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនៅវេណេស៊ុយអេឡាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ប្រតិបត្តិការយោធា]]នៅក្នុងប្រទេសវេណេស៊ុយអេឡា និងជាលទ្ធផល​បានចាប់ខ្លួនប្រធានាធិបតីកំពុងកាន់អំណាច លោក[[នីកូឡាស ម៉ាឌូរ៉ូ]]។ អន្តរាគមន៍នេះបានបង្កឱ្យមានការបិទផ្លូវនាំចេញប្រេងរបស់ប្រទេសវេណេស៊ុយអេឡា ដែលបន្តរុញច្រានឱ្យកើតមាន[[វិបត្តិគុយបាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិប្រេង]]នៅក្នុងប្រទេសគុយបា។ ចូលមកដល់ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថានបានបើកការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសចូលក្នុងប្រទេសអាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន ដែលនាំឱ្យផ្ទុះ[[សង្គ្រាមប៉ាគីស្ថាន–អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជម្លោះបើកចំហរ]]វាងប្រទេសទាំងពីរ។ ជាប្រតិកម្មនឹងការបង្ក្រាបរបស់អាជ្ញាធរអ៊ីរ៉ង់លើ[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ចលនាបាតុកម្មមហាជន]] សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានរួមគ្នាផ្តើម[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ជាមួយនឹង[[ឃាតកម្មលើអាលី ហាមេនៃ|ការធ្វើឃាតមេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]][[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]] ហើយជាលទ្ធផលនៃជម្លោះនេះ សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពិភពលោកត្រូវទទួលរងនូវសោកនាដកម្មធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ ក្រោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់ប្រហារសងសឹកលើប្រទេសក្នុងតំបន់ជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តអាមេរិក ក៏ដូចជាការបិទ[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]។ នៅក្នុងវិស័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនិងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាវិញ បេសកកម្មហោះកាត់ឋានព្រះច័ន្ទ [[អារតេមីស ២]] របស់[[អង្គការណាសា|ណាសា]]បានក្លាយជាប្រធានបទដ៏ពេញនិយមមួយ ដោយវាត្រូវជាបេសកកម្មដែលពាំនាំមនុស្សចេញពីគន្លងផែនដីទាបដំបូងគេចាប់តាំងពីបេសកកម្ម[[អាប៉ូឡូ ១៧]] កាលពីឆ្នាំ១៩៧២ មក។ [[បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិត]]បានបន្តអភិវឌ្ឍទៅមុខ ដោយមានការផ្តោតច្រើនឡើងៗលើមាត្រដ្ឋានម៉ូឌែល ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ និងកម្មវិធីពាណិជ្ជកម្មផ្សេងៗ។ ខណៈពេលដែលគម្រោងប្រជាប្រិយមួយចំនួនដូចជា [[សូរ៉ា]] របស់[[អូផិនអេអាយ]]ត្រូវបានបញ្ឈប់ដំណើរការពិតមែនក្ដី យ៉ាងណា[[បញ្ញាសិប្បនិម្មិតជំនាន់ថ្មី]] រួមទាំងគំរូវាយអក្សរបង្កើតជាវីដេអូ នៅតែបន្តវិវត្តទៅមុខដដែរ។ ==មេដឹកនាំកម្ពុជា== {{ដើមចំបង|បញ្ជីមេដឹកនាំរដ្ឋប្រចាំសតវត្សរ៍ទី២១}} {| class="wikitable" !ព្រះ​ឆាយា​ល័ក្ខណ៍/រូបថត !តំណែង !នាម |- |[[File:Ceremonial Reception of the King of Cambodia, Norodom Sihamoni on May 30, 2023 (3x4 cropped).jpg|115x115px]] |[[ព្រះមហាក្សត្រកម្ពុជា|ព្រះមហាក្សត្រនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា]] |'''[[នរោត្តម សីហមុនី|ព្រះបាទសម្តេចព្រះបរមនាថ នរោត្តម សីហមុនី]]''' |- |[[File:Hun Manet on May 30, 2025 (cropped 2).jpg|124x124ភីកសែល]] |[[នាយករដ្ឋមន្រ្តីនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា]] |'''[[ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត|សម្ដេចមហាបវរធិបតី ហ៊ុន ម៉ាណែត]]''' |} ==ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍សំខាន់ៗ== ===មករា=== * ១ មករា ** ប្រទេស[[ប៊ុលហ្ការី]]​បាន​ចាប់អនុម័ត​ប្រើ[[អឺរ៉ូ|ប្រាក់​អឺរ៉ូ]] ដោយ​ក្លាយ​ខ្លួនជា​រដ្ឋ​សមាជិក​ទី ២១ នៃ​[[ហ្សូន​អឺរ៉ូ]]។<ref>{{cite press release |title=Bulgaria ready to use the euro from 1 January 2026: Council takes final steps |date=July 8, 2025 |publisher=Council of the European Union |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/08/bulgaria-ready-to-use-the-euro-from-1-january-2026-council-takes-final-steps/}}</ref> ** ប្រទេស[[ស៊ីប]]បានចាប់ផ្តើមតួនាទីក្នុងនាមជា[[ប្រធានក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-31 |title=Cyprus promises 'new approach' during EU Council presidency |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-ato/4075519-cyprus-promises-new-approach-during-eu-council-presidency.html |access-date=2026-01-01 |website=www.ukrinform.net }}</ref> ** មនុស្សចំនួន ៤១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្សប្រមាណ ១១៦ នាក់ទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួសនៅក្នុង[[គ្រោះអគ្គិភ័យបារនីយដ្ឋាននៅក្រង់ម៉ុងតាណាឆ្នាំ២០២៥|គ្រោះអគ្គិភ័យឆាបឆេះបារនីយដ្ឋាន]]មួយកន្លែងក្នុងក្រុង[[ក្រង់-ម៉ុងតាណា]]នៃប្រទេស[[ស្វីស]]។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/01/several-dead-and-injured-in-explosion-swiss-ski-resort-town-crans-montana-police-say |title=Several dead and injured in explosion at Swiss ski resort town Crans-Montana, police say |work=The Guardian|accessdate=3 January 2026|date=1 January 2026}}</ref> * ៣ មករា ** [[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]បានបើក[[ការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកលើវេណេស៊ុយអេឡាឆ្នាំ២០២៥|ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស]]ជាច្រើនសារទៅលើទីតាំងយ៉ាងច្រើនកន្លែងនៅទូទាំងតំបន់ភាគខាងជើងនៃប្រទេស[[វេណេស៊ុយអេឡា]] ហើយបានចាប់ខ្លួនប្រធានាធិបតីវេណេស៊ុយអេឡា លោក[[នីកូឡាស ម៉ាឌូរ៉ូ]] រួមជាមួយនឹងភរិយាគឺលោកស្រី[[ស៊ីលីយ៉ា ហ្វ្លរ៉េស]]។<ref>{{cite web|title=Trump says Venezuela's Maduro captured after strikes|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/loud-noises-heard-venezuela-capital-southern-area-without-electricity-2026-01-03/|access-date=2026-01-03|publisher=Reuters}}</ref> ** ប្រទេស[[គីនេអេក្វាទ័រ]]បានផ្លាស់ប្ដូររដ្ឋធានីពី[[ម៉ាឡាបូ]]ទៅ[[ស៊ីយូដាដដេឡាប៉ាស]]។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2026/01/04/equatorial-guinea-relocates-capital-to-ciudad-de-la-paz_6749064_4.html|title=Equatorial Guinea relocates capital to Ciudad de la Paz|date=January 4, 2026|via=Le Monde}}</ref> * ៥ មករា – លោកស្រី[[ឌែលស៊ី រ៉ូឌ្រីហ្គែស]]បានស្បថឡើងកាន់តំណែងជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីវេណេស៊ុយអេឡា|ប្រធានាធិបតីស្តីទី]]ផ្លូវការនៃប្រទេសវេណេស៊ុយអេឡា ក្រោយពីការចាប់ខ្លួនលោកនីកូឡាស ម៉ាឌូរ៉ូ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 January 2026 |title=Delcy Rodriguez formally sworn in as Venezuela's interim presiden |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/delcy-rodriguez-formally-sworn-venezuelas-interim-president-2026-01-05/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> * ៦ មករា – [[ការវាយលុកស៊ីរីភាគឦសានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការប្រយុទ្ធគ្នា]]បានផ្ទុះឡើងរវាងកងកម្លាំងនៃរដ្ឋាភិបាលស៊ីរី និងក្រុមប្រដាប់អាវុធឃឺដគឺ [[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាធិបតេយ្យស៊ីរី]]។<ref>{{cite web | title=SYRIA Displacement resulting from conflict escalation in Aleppo | url=https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20260115_ACAPS_Syria_-_escalation_of_conflict.pdf | access-date=2026-02-12}}</ref> * ៧ មករា – សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានស្ទាក់ចាប់និងរឹបអូសនាវាដឹកប្រេង[[នាវាស្រមោល|ស្រមោល]]ចំនួនពីរគ្រឿង ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាននាវារុស្ស៊ីមួយគ្រឿង នៅកំឡុង[[ប្រតិបត្តិការលំពែងខាងត្បូង]] ដែលជាដំណើរការបិទផ្លូវរត់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មប្រេងចេញចូលប្រទេសវេណេស៊ុយអេឡាដោយអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite web |title=Venezuela Updates: U.S. Forces Seize Two Tankers; Rubio Lays Out Plan for American Control |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/01/07/world/venezuela-us-trump |access-date=12 January 2026 |publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> * ៨ មករា – លោក[[ថងលូន ស៊ីស៊ូលីត]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំងម្តងទៀតជា[[អគ្គលេខាធិការបក្សប្រជាជនបដិវត្តន៍ឡាវ]] នៅក្នុងកិច្ចប្រជុំលើកដំបូងនៃ[[គណៈកម្មាធិការមជ្ឈិមបក្សប្រជាជនបដិវត្តន៍ឡាវលើកទី១២|គណៈកម្មាធិការមជ្ឈិមបក្សលើកទី១២]]។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2026/01/lao-communist-party-chief-reappointed-for-second-term-at-national-congress/|title=Lao Communist Party Chief Reappointed For Second Term at National Congress|date=9 January 2026|access-date=12 February 2026|last1=Strangio|first1=Sebastian|publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref> * ៨–៩ មករា – [[រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]បានពង្រាយកងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខដើម្បីបង្ក្រាប[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|បាតុកម្មមហាជនប្រឆាំងនឹងរបបឥស្លាម]] ដោយមានមនុស្សប្រមាណរាប់ពាន់នាក់ត្រូវបានគេរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិត បើរាប់គិតត្រឹមតែថ្ងៃទី៨ និងទី៩ ហើយមានមនុស្សរាប់ពាន់នាក់ទៀតត្រូវបានអាជ្ញាធរចាប់ខ្លួនឃុំឃាំង។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=Deaths from Iran protests reach more than 500, rights group says |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/confronting-protests-iran-vows-strike-back-if-us-attacks-2026-01-11/ |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> * ៩ មករា – [[យុទ្ធនាការ​​យេម៉ែនខាងត្បូងឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦]]៖ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សា​អន្តរកាលខាងត្បូង]]បានប្រកាស​រំលាយខ្លួន បន្ទាប់ពីបានបាត់បង់​ទឹកដី រួមទាំង​រដ្ឋធានី[[អាតាក]]​របស់ខ្លួន​។<ref>{{cite news |title=Yemeni southern separatists in Riyadh announce disputed disbanding of STC |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/9/yemens-separatist-southern-transitional-council-announces-its-dissolution |access-date=17 January 2026 |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2026}}</ref> * ១១ មករា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាបេណាំងឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាបេណាំង]]ត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref name="ElectionObservation">{{Cite web |title=Election Observation Benin – BRIDGE |url=https://bridge-project.org/event/election-observation/ |access-date=2026-01-12 }}</ref> * ១៤ មករា – [[ប្រតិបត្តិការអំណត់អាកទិក]] ត្រូវបានបើកដំណើរការឡើងដោយប្រទេស[[ដាណឺម៉ាក]] ដោយមានការចូលរួមពីបណ្ដាប្រទេសអឺរ៉ុបជាច្រើនក្នុងការការពារកោះ[[ក្រូអិនឡង់]] ពីការគំរាមកំហែងឈ្លានពាន ឬការកាត់មហាកោះមួយនេះដោយប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិកលោកដូណាល់ ត្រាំ។<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Danish Armed Forces expand their presence and continue exercises in Greenland in close cooperation with allies |url=https://www.fmn.dk/en/news/2025/the-danish-armed-forces-expand-their-presence-and-continue-exercises-in-greenland-in-close-cooperation-with-allies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115214727/https://www.fmn.dk/en/news/2025/the-danish-armed-forces-expand-their-presence-and-continue-exercises-in-greenland-in-close-cooperation-with-allies |archive-date=2026-01-15 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Ministry of Defence |archivedate=2026-01-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115214727/https://www.fmn.dk/en/news/2025/the-danish-armed-forces-expand-their-presence-and-continue-exercises-in-greenland-in-close-cooperation-with-allies |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ១៥–១៦ មករា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលអ៊ូកង់ដាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលអ៊ូកង់ដា]]៖ ប្រធានាធិបតីកាន់អំណាចគឺលោក[[យ៉ូវែរី មូសេវេនី]]បានជាប់ឆ្នោតបន្តកាន់អំណាច ខណៈ[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ូកង់ដាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បាតុកម្ម]]ចោទប្រកាន់អំពីការក្លែងបន្លំសន្លឹកឆ្នោតបានផ្ទុះឡើង នាំឱ្យបាតុករស្លាប់រាប់សិបនាក់ រីឯបេក្ខជនបក្សប្រឆាំងលោក[[បូប៊ី វ៉ែញ]]វិញវិះនឹងត្រូវបានអាជ្ញាធរចាប់ជំរិតទៅហើយ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-17 |title=Uganda: Opposition Leader Bobi Wine Forcibly Taken By Army Helicopter After Contentious Election Loss To Yoweri Museveni |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/world/uganda-opposition-leader-bobi-wine-arrested-forcibly-taken-by-army-helicopter-after-contentious-election-loss-to-yoweri-museveni-article-153461219 |access-date=2026-01-17 |website=Times Now }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uganda election descends into deadly violence as President Yoweri Museveni looks to cling to power |url=https://news.sky.com/story/uganda-election-descends-into-deadly-violence-as-president-yoweri-museveni-looks-to-cling-to-power-13495081 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Sky News }}</ref> * ១៨ មករា​ – មនុស្សចំនួន ៤៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្សប្រមាណ ២៩១ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស បន្ទាប់ពីរថភ្លើងពីរគ្រឿងបានធ្លាក់ចេញពីផ្លូវរត់នៅក្បែរក្រុង[[អាដាមូស]]នៅភាគខាងត្បូងប្រទេសអេស្ប៉ាញ។<ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/world/spain/least-20-dead-dozens-injured-high-speed-trains-collide-spain-rcna254725 At least 39 dead, dozens injured after high-speed trains collide in Spain]</ref> * ១៩–២៣ មករា – [[វេទិកាសេដ្ឋកិច្ចពិភពលោក]]លើកទី ៥៦ បានប្រារព្ធធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[ដាវ៉ូស]] ប្រទេសស្វីស។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2026/01/davos-2026-annual-meeting-what-to-expect/|title=Davos 2026: What to expect, who's coming and how to follow|website=World Economic Forum}}</ref> * ២០ មករា – [[រដ្ឋាភិបាលអន្តរកាលស៊ីរី]]បានវាយដណ្តើមកាន់កាប់[[រដ្ឋបាលស្វយ័តប្រជាធិបតេយ្យស៊ីរីខាងជើង និងកើត|ទឹកដីមួយភាគធំ]]ដែលធ្លាប់ស្ថិតនៅក្រោម[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាធិបតេយ្យស៊ីរី]] បន្ទាប់ពី[[ការវាយលុកស៊ីរីភាគឦសានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|យុទ្ធនាការវាយលុក]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិទៅអស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនថ្ងៃ មុនពេលបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវបានព្រមព្រៀងចូលជាធរមាន។<ref>{{cite news |title=Syria-SDF ceasefire hangs in balance after renewed clashes, faltering talks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/20/syria-sdf-ceasefire-hangs-in-balance-after-renewed-clashes-faltering-talks |work=Al Jazeera |date=20 January 2026}}</ref> * ២២ មករា – [[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]បានដកខ្លួនចេញជាផ្លូវការពី[[អង្គការសុខភាពពិភពលោក]]។<ref>{{cite web | title=United States Completes WHO Withdrawal | website=HHS.gov | date=2026-01-23 | url=https://www.hhs.gov/press-room/united-states-completes-who-withdrawal.html | access-date=2026-01-26}}</ref> * ២៣ មករា ** [[មហាសន្និបាតជាតិលើកទី១៤ នៃបក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តវៀតណាម|មហាសន្និបាតជាតិ]]បានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសលោក[[តូ ឡឹម]]ឱ្យបន្តកាន់អំណាចក្នុងនាមជា[[អគ្គលេខាធិការបក្សកុម្មុយនីស្តវៀតណាម]]។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/vietnam-congress-communist-to-5bdceb29f3e95bf612b04f35fc329e8f|title=Vietnam’s ruling Communist Party re-elects To Lam as general secretary|date=23 January 2026|access-date=26 January 2026|last1=Ghosal|first1=Aniruddha|publisher=AP News}}</ref> ** លោកស្រី[[អ៊ីលីយ៉ាណា យូតូវ៉ា]]បានក្លាយខ្លួនជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីប៊ុលហ្ការី|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]ស្ត្រីនៃប្រទេស[[ប៊ុលហ្ការី]]ដំបូងគេ បន្ទាប់ពីអតីតប្រធានាធិបតីលោក[[រូមែន រ៉ាដេហ្វ]]បានលាឈប់ពីតំណែង។<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-23 |last1=Nenov |first1=Stoyan |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bulgarian-court-approves-president-radevs-resignation-2026-01-23/ |title=Bulgaria's Radev steps down as president, expected to launch own party |website=Reuters |access-date=26 January 2026}}</ref> * ២៥ មករា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]]៖ នៅក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោតដែលត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកថាមិនសេរីនិងយុត្តិធម៌ [[គណបក្សសាមគ្គីភាព និងអភិវឌ្ឍន៍សហភាព]] ដែលគាំទ្រដោយក្រុមយោធាមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា បានដណ្ដើមអាសនៈភាគច្រើនលើសលប់ទាំងនៅក្នុង[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] និង[[រដ្ឋសភា (មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា)|រដ្ឋសភា]]។<ref>{{cite web |date=2026-01-11 |title=Myanmar’s military holds second phase of elections amid civil war |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/11/myanmars-military-holds-second-phase-of-elections-amid-civil-war |access-date=26 January 2026 |publisher=Al-Jazeera}}</ref> * ២៧ មករា – [[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងពាណិជ្ជកម្មសេរីឥណ្ឌា–សហភាពអឺរ៉ុប]] ត្រូវបានចុះជាធរមានបន្ទាប់ពីឆ្លងកាត់ការចរចាអស់រយៈពេលជិតពីរទសវត្សរ៍ ដោយកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនេះបានលុបបំបាត់ពន្ធនាំចូលនាំចេញចំពោះផលិតផល និងសេវាកម្មជាច្រើនប្រភេទរវាងភាគីទាំងសងខាង។<ref>{{cite web | title=India and EU announce 'mother of all trade deals' | website=BBC News | date=27 January 2026 | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/crrnee01r9jo | access-date=2 February 2026}}</ref> * ២៨ មករា – ការបាក់រលំ[[អណ្តូងរ៉ែរូបាយ៉ា|អណ្តូងរ៉ែកូលតង់រូបាយ៉ា]] នៅភាគខាងកើតនៃ[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ]] បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សជាង ៤០០ នាក់។<ref>{{cite web | title=More than 200 killed in mine collapse in eastern DR Congo | website=Al Jazeera | date=2026-01-31 | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/31/more-than-200-killed-in-mine-collapse-in-eastern-dr-congo-report | access-date=2026-02-02}}</ref> * ២៩ មករា ** [[ជម្លោះស៊ីវិលអេត្យូពី (២០១៨–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ជម្លោះស៊ីវិលអេត្យូពី]]៖ ការប៉ះទង្គិចប្រដាប់អាវុធបានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុង[[តំបន់ធីក្រេ]]នៃប្រទេស[[អេត្យូពី]]រវាង[[កងកម្លាំងការពារធីក្រេ|ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធធីក្រេ]] និង[[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអេត្យូពី|កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធជាតិអេត្យូពី]]។<ref>{{Cite web|title=Clashes between government troops and Tigrayan forces erupt in Ethiopia|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/29/clashes-between-government-troops-and-tigrayan-forces-erupt-in-ethiopia|website=Al Jazeera|access-date=5 February 2026|first=|last=|date=29 January 2026}}</ref> ** [[កុបកម្មនៅបាឡូឈីស្ថាន]]៖ ការផ្ទុះអាវុធដាក់គ្នារវាង[[កងទ័ពរំដោះបាឡូឈីស្ថាន]] និង[[កងកម្លាំងប្រដាប់អាវុធប៉ាគីស្ថាន]]នៅក្នុងស្រុកមួយចំនួននៃ[[ខេត្តបាឡូឈីស្ថាន]] ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន បានបង្កឱ្យមានមនុស្សស្លាប់យ៉ាងតិច ២២៥ នាក់។<ref name="dawn">{{cite web |last=Zehri Shahid|first=Abdullah|title=Security forces kill 22 more terrorists in Balochistan, taking 48-hour total tally to 177|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1970602/balochistan-residents-face-difficulties-as-mobile-internet-services-remain-suspended-for-3rd-day|website=Dawn|access-date=5 February 2026|date=2 February 2026}}</ref> * ៣០ មករា – ឯកសារ[[សំណុំរឿងអែបស្ទីន]]ប្រមាណជាងបីលានទំព័រត្រូវបាន[[ក្រសួងយុត្តិធម៌ (សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក)|ក្រសួងយុត្តិធម៌អាមេរិក]]បញ្ចេញផ្សាយជាសាធារណៈ ដោយក្នុងនោះមានលេច[[បញ្ជីរាយនាមបុគ្គលមាននៅក្នុងសំណុំរឿងអែបស្ទីន|ឈ្មោះឥស្សរជនល្បីៗជាច្រើន]]នៅជុំវិញពិភពលោក។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-30 |title=Millions of Jeffrey Epstein files released by US justice department |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cevnmxyy4wjo |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=BBC News }}</ref> ===កុម្ភៈ=== * ១ កុម្ភៈ – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលកូស្តារីកាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលកូស្តារីកា]]៖ លោកស្រី[[លៅរ៉ា ហ៊្វែរណាន់ដេសឌែលហ្កាដូ]]បានជាប់ឆ្នោតក្លាយជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីកូស្តារីកា|ប្រធានាធិបតីថ្មីនៃប្រទេសកូស្តារីកា]] ហើយ[[គណបក្សអធិបតេយ្យប្រជាជន (កូស្តារីកា)|គណបក្ស]]របស់លោកស្រីផងដែរបានបន្តយកឈ្នះអាសនៈភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[សភានីតិបញ្ញត្តិកូស្តារីកា|សភានីតិបញ្ញត្តិ]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mora |first=Carlos |date=2024-11-28 |title=(ជាភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) TSE fija cronograma para elecciones nacionales de 2026 |url=https://crhoy.com/tse-fija-cronograma-para-elecciones-nacionales-de-2026/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=CR Hoy }}</ref> * ៣ កុម្ភៈ – ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធនិយមឥស្លាមហៅ [[បូកូហារ៉ាម]] បានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទៅលើភូមិចំនួនពីរនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋ[[ក្វារ៉ា]]នៃប្រទេស[[នីហ្សេរីយ៉ា]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ចំនួន ១៦២ នាក់។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-04 |title=Islamic militants kill at least 162 people in attacks on 2 villages in Nigeria, lawmaker says |url=https://apnews.com/article/nigeria-attack-katsina-security-north-057f3997877d7e2cf9e79dfcd596f868 |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=AP News }}</ref> * ៥ កុម្ភៈ – សន្ធិសញ្ញា[[ស្តាតថ្មី]] (''New START'') កំណត់ចំនួន[[អាវុធយុទ្ធសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]]រវាងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងរុស្ស៊ីបានផុតសុពលភាព។<ref name="n935">{{Cite web |date=February 4, 2024 |title=New START to Expire in Two Years as Russia Refuses Talks |url=https://www.armscontrol.org/blog/2024-02/nuclear-disarmament-monitor |access-date=2026-02-04 |publisher=Arms Control Association}}</ref> * ៦ កុម្ភៈ – មនុស្សប្រមាណ ៣១ នាក់បានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត និងប្រមាណ ១០០ នាក់ទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួសនៅក្នុងហេតុការណ៍បំផ្ទុះគ្រាប់បែកអត្តឃាតមួយនៅឯព្រះវិហារឥស្លាមខាឌីចាទូលគូប្រានៅទីក្រុង[[ឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]] ប្រទេស[[ប៉ាគីស្ថាន]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-06 |title=More than 20 killed in blast at Pakistan mosque, officials say |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cg7y7gz2835o |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.bbc.com }}</ref> * ៦–២២ កុម្ភៈ – [[កីឡាអូឡាំពិករដូវរងាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|កីឡាអូឡាំពិករដូវរងា]]បានប្រារព្ធធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[មីឡាន]] និង[[កូរទីណាដាំប៉ែតហ្សូ]] ប្រទេស[[អ៊ីតាលី]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dreier |first=Frederick |date=2026-02-05 |title=We’re Watching the 2026 Winter Olympics for These Thrilling Events |url=https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/snow-sports/cortina-winter-olympics-events/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=Outside }}</ref> * ៨ កុម្ភៈ ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលជប៉ុនឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលជប៉ុន]]៖ លោកស្រី[[សាណាអិ តាកាអ៊ិឈិ]]ដែលជានាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកំពុងកាន់អំណាច បានឈ្នះសំឡេងឆ្នោតភ្លូកទឹកភ្លូកដី និងបានកាន់កាប់អាសនៈមួយភាគធំនៅក្នុង[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (ជប៉ុន)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រជប៉ុន]]។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Tamiyuki |last1=Kihara |first2=Yoshifumi |last2=Takemoto |first3=John |last3=Geddie |date=14 January 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/japan-pm-takaichi-mulls-feb-8-snap-election-yomiuri-reports-2026-01-13/ |title=Japan PM readies snap election, February 8 ballot eyed |publisher=Reuters |location=Tokyo |access-date=9 February 2026}}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលថៃឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកល]] និង[[ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញថៃឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញថៃ]]៖ នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[អនុទិន ជាញវីរកូល]]បានឈ្នះអាសនៈភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (ថៃ)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] ខណៈប្រជាមតិដើម្បីចាប់ផ្តើមព្រាង[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញថៃ|រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញ]]ថ្មីត្រូវបានអនុម័ត។<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tanakasempipat |first=Patpicha |date=2025-12-11 |title=Thailand Heads for Election as PM Set to Dissolve Parliament |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-12-11/thai-pm-plans-to-dissolve-parliament-to-pave-way-for-early-vote?taid=693ae483812a0300017aa4a0 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Bloomberg }}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីព័រទុយហ្កាល់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីព័រទុយហ្កាល់]]៖ បេក្ខជន[[គណបក្សសង្គមនិយម (ព័រទុយហ្កាល់)|គណបក្សសង្គមនិយម]] លោក[[អាន់តូនីញ៉ូ​ ចូសេសេគូរូ]] ត្រូវបានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីព័រទុយហ្កាល់]]ថ្មីនៅក្នុងការបោះឆ្នោតជុំទីពីរ ដោយបានផ្តួលមេដឹកនាំគណបក្សស្ដាំនិយម[[ឆ្កេហ្កា]]គឺ លោក[[អានដ្រេ វេនធូរ៉ា]]។<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Khalip |first1=Andrei |last2=Goncalves |first2=Sergio |date=2026-02-08 |title=Portugal elects Socialist as president by landslide |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/portugal-votes-presidential-runoff-with-socialist-poised-victory-2026-02-08/ |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=Reuters }}</ref> * ១១ កុម្ភៈ – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលបាបាដឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលបាបាដ]]៖ នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី​កាន់អំណាច លោកស្រី[[មីយ៉ា មត្លីយ៍]] និង[[គណបក្សពលករបាបាដ]]របស់លោកស្រីបានដណ្ដើមយកឈ្នះ​អាសនៈ​ទាំងអស់នៅក្នុង[[រដ្ឋសភា (បាបាដ)|រដ្ឋ​សភា​ជាតិ]]។<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Duncan |first1=Natricia |last2=Mounsey |first2=Calville |date=2026-02-11 |title=Mia Amor Mottley on course for third term, as Barbados heads to the polls |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/feb/11/mia-amor-mottley-on-course-for-third-term-as-barbados-heads-to-the-polls |access-date=2026-02-13 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> * ១២ កុម្ភៈ – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលបង់ក្លាដែសឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកល]] និង[[ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបង់ក្លាដែសឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញបង់ក្លាដែស]]៖ [[គណបក្សជាតិនិយមបង់ក្លាដែស]]ដឹកនាំដោយលោក[[តារីគ រ៉ះម៉ាន់]]បានឈ្នះអាសនៈភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[សភាជាតិ (បង់ក្លាដែស)|សភាជាតិ]] ខណៈប្រជាមតិ​លើ​[[ធម្មនុញ្ញ​ខែកក្កដា]]​ត្រូវបាន​អនុម័ត។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Julhas |last2=Saaliq |first2=Sheikh |last3=español |first3=SHONAL GANGULY Leer en |date=2026-02-12 |title=Bangladesh votes in its first election since the 2024 Gen Z uprising that ousted Hasina |url=https://apnews.com/article/bangladesh-election-hasina-bnp-3662258dc5c44535c839e7bcc4baed43 |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=AP News }}</ref> * ១៣–១៥ កុម្ភៈ – [[សន្និសីទសន្តិសុខទីក្រុងមុយនិចលើកទី៦២]] បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://securityconference.org/en/|title=Munich Security Conference|website=securityconference.org}}</ref> * ១៧ កុម្ភៈ – [[ប្រធានាធិបតីប៉េរូ]] លោក[[ហូសេ ហេរី]]ត្រូវបាន[[សមាជនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋប៉េរូ|សមាជជាតិ]]បោះឆ្នោតដកសិទ្ធិអំណាចជាប្រធានាធិបតី ខណៈលោក[[ហូសេ ម៉ារីយ៉ា បាល់កាហ្សារ]]ត្រូវបានសមាជបោះឆ្នោតតែងតាំងជាប្រធានាធិបតីថ្មីនៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Peru’s leader José Jerí ousted over ‘Chifa-gate’ scandal, as presidential ‘curse’ strikes again |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/17/americas/peru-president-jose-jeri-ousted-intl-latam |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Elliott |first1=Lucinda |last2=Siniawski |first2=Natalia |title=Peru installs Jose Balcazar as interim president after Jeri ousted in political upheaval |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peru-congress-elects-jose-balcazar-new-interim-president-2026-02-19/ |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=19 February 2026}}</ref> * ២២ កុម្ភៈ ** [[គីម ជុងអ៊ុន]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំងបន្តជា[[អគ្គលេខាធិការនៃគណបក្សពលករកូរ៉េ]] នៅក្នុង[[សមាជនៃគណបក្សពលករកូរ៉េលើកទី៩|សមាជជាតិលើកទី៩]]។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cvg18588mdko|title=Kim Jong Un re-appointed leader of North Korea's ruling party|date=23 February 2026|access-date=24 February 2026|last1=Koh|first1=Ewe|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាឡាវឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាឡាវ]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lao PDR Sets February 22, 2026, for National and Provincial Elections |url=https://kpl.gov.la/detail.aspx?id=95854 |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=KPL }}</ref> ** [[ប្រតិបត្តិការហាលីស្កូឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ប្រតិបត្តិការហាលីស្កូ]]៖ ប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាដែលគាំទ្រដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនៅក្រុង[[តាប៉ាល់បា]] រដ្ឋ[[ហាលីស្កូ]] ប្រទេស[[ម៉ិកស៊ិក]] បានសម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតមេដឹកនាំក្រុម[[ការតែលហាលីស្កូជំនាន់ថ្មី]]ឈ្មោះ [[ណេមេស៊ីអូ អូសេហ្គេរ៉ា ស៊ែរវ៉ាន់តេស|ណេមេស៊ីអូ អូសេហ្គេរ៉ា "អែលមេនឆូ" ស៊ែរវ៉ាន់តេស]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCluskey |first=Fidel Gutierrez, Mitchell |date=2026-02-22 |title=Mexico's most-wanted drug leader 'El Mencho' killed in military operation as violent clashes erupt across country |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/22/americas/mexico-kill-drug-mencho-latam-intl |access-date=2026-02-23 |website=CNN }}</ref> * ២៣ កុម្ភៈ –​ បន្ទាប់ពីឆ្លងកាត់[[និម្មិតកម្មគណៈរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីហុល្លង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ដំណើរការនិម្មិតកម្មរដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]]តាំងពីចុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥ មក ទីបំផុត លោក[[រ៉ូប យ៉ែធិន]]ក៏បានធ្វើសច្ចាប្រណិធានចូលកាន់តំណែងជា[[នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីហុល្លង់|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី]]នៃប្រទេស[[ហុល្លង់]] ក្នុងនាមជាប្រមុខរដ្ឋាភិបាលភាគតិចក្នុងសភា។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Corder |first=Mike |date=2026-02-23 |title=Netherlands' coalition government takes office led by youngest-ever premier Rob Jetten |url=https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-new-government-hague-jetten-524182c2237409d249e263248cd57d35 |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=Associated Press }}</ref> * ២៦ កុម្ភៈ – [[សង្គ្រាមប៉ាគីស្ថាន–អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមប៉ាគីស្ថាន–អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន]]៖ ប្រទេស[[ប៉ាគីស្ថាន]]បានប្រកាសសង្គ្រាម "បើកចំហ" ប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាល[[តាលីបង់]]នៃប្រទេស[[អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន]] ក្រោយជាប់ដៃគ្នាក្នុងជម្លោះតាមព្រំដែនអស់ជាច្រើនខែ។<ref>{{cite web | title=Pakistan bombs Kabul, declares ‘open war’ with Afghanistan after months of border clashes | website=France 24 | date=2026-02-26 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20260226-pakistan-vows-immediate-response-after-afghanistan-launches-retaliatory-attacks | access-date=2026-02-27}}</ref> * ២៨ កុម្ភៈ – [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសហការគ្នាបើកការវាយប្រហារទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយបានសម្លាប់មន្ត្រីថ្នាក់ដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើនរូប ក្នុងនោះរួមមាន មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]ផងដែរ។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t|title=US and Israel carry out joint attack on Iran as Tehran launches retaliatory strikes |date=28 February 2026 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយបើកការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសសម្ដៅលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស|ឈូងសមុទ្រ]]។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2026/feb/28/israel-attacks-iran-as-blasts-heard-in-tehran-live-updates?page=with:block-69a2c4c98f08e575db5bd4de#block-69a2c4c98f08e575db5bd4de|title=US and Israel attack Iran as Trump says ‘major combat operations’ under way – live |date=28 February 2026 |publisher=The Guardian |access-date=March}}</ref> ===មីនា=== * ២​ មីនា ** មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ១៦៩ នាក់បានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៥០ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស នៅពេលដែលក្រុមយុវជនប្រដាប់អាវុធមកពី[[រដ្ឋរួបរួម]] បានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារលើ[[ស្រុកអាប៊ីអឹមណូម]] ក្នុងប្រទេស[[ស៊ូដង់ខាងត្បូង]]។<ref>{{cite web | title=Nearly 170 killed, 50 injured in armed youth attack on South Sudan county | website=Anadolu Ajansı | date=2026-03-02 | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/nearly-170-killed-50-injured-in-armed-youth-attack-on-south-sudan-county/3846437 | access-date=2026-03-03}}</ref> ** [[ជម្លោះហេសបុលឡា-អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជម្លោះហេសបុលឡា-អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]៖ ក្រុមសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធ[[ហេសបុលឡា]]នៃប្រទេស[[លីបង់]] បានចាប់ផ្តើមបើកវាយប្រហារប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដើម្បីសងសឹកចំពោះ[[ឃាតកម្មអាលី ហាមេនៃ|ឃាតកម្ម]]មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]។<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah Claims Rocket, Drone Strike On Israeli Missile Defence Site Near Haifa|url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php/?id=2529362|access-date=11 March 2026 |agency=Bernama}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=3 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah says targeted 3 Israeli bases after strikes on Lebanon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260303-hezbollah-says-targeted-3-israeli-bases-after-strikes-on-lebanon|access-date=11 March 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=France 24}}</ref> * ៤ មីនា – [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រើនាវាមុជទឺកបាញ់ពន្លិចនាវាចម្បាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយគ្រឿងឈ្មោះ ''ដេណា'' នៅ[[មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]]។ កងនាវានៃប្រទេសស្រីលង្កាបានរាយការណ៍ថា នាវា ''ដេណា'' បានលិចទៅបាតសមុទ្រ ដោយមាននាវិកប្រមាណ ១៤០ នាក់បានបាត់ខ្លួនជាលទ្ធផល។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/c62gg44d53xt?post=asset%3A607bbc27-c19c-441c-9f02-522ce39f2c6b#post|title=US sinks Iranian warship with torpedo in Indian Ocean - Hegseth|date=4 March 2026 |publisher=BBC News|access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref> * ៥ មីនា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលនេប៉ាល់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលនេប៉ាល់]]៖ [[គណបក្សរាស្ត្រិយស្វតានត្រា]]ដឹកនាំដោយលោក[[បាឡិន​ ឆាហ៍]] បានឈ្នះសំឡេងឆ្នោតភ្លួកទឹកភ្លូកដី។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-16 |title=EC begins preliminary preparations for March elections |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ec-begins-preliminary-preparations-for-march-elections |access-date=2026-03-05 |website=The Himalayan Times }}</ref> * ៦–១៥ មីនា – [[កីឡាប៉ារ៉ាឡាំពិករដូវរងាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|កីឡាប៉ារ៉ាឡាំពិករដូវរងា]]បានប្រារព្ធធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុងមីឡាន និងកូរទីណាដាំប៉ែតហ្សូ ប្រទេសអ៊ីតាលី។<ref>{{cite web |last=Faulkner |first=Ruth |title=Milano Cortina 2026 Paralympic Winter Games open with stunning ceremony |url=https://www.paralympic.org/news/milano-cortina-2026-opening-ceremony |publisher=International Paralympic Committee |access-date=11 March 2026 |date=6 March 2026}}</ref> * ៨ មីនា ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងមេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងមេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ កូនប្រុស[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]] គឺលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសរើសជា[[មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]។<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូឡុំប៊ីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូឡុំប៊ី]]​៖ គណបក្សរបស់លោកប្រធានាធិបតី[[ហ្គូស្តាវ៉ូ​ ប៉េត្រូ]]គឺ [[កតិកាសញ្ញាប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ]] បានដណ្ដើមឈ្នះ​អាសនៈ​មួយភាគធំ​នៅ​ក្នុង​[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (កូឡុំប៊ី)|សភា​តំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] និង[[ព្រឹទ្ធសភា (កូឡុំប៊ី)|​ព្រឹទ្ធសភាកូឡុំប៊ី]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-06 |title=(ជាភាសាអេស្ប៉ាញ) Así quedó el calendario para las elecciones del 2026: fechas clave |url=https://www.eluniversal.com.co/colombia/2025/03/06/asi-quedo-el-calendario-para-las-elecciones-del-2026-fechas-clave/ |access-date=2026-03-11 |website=El Universal }}</ref> * ១៥ មីនា ** [[ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញកាហ្សាក់ស្ថានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ប្រជាមតិរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញកាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន]]៖ ប្រជាជនកាហ្សាក់ស្ថានប្រមាណ​ ៩០% បានបោះឆ្នោតទទួលយក[[រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញកាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន|រដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញថ្មីនៃប្រទេសកាហ្សាក់ស្ថាន]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2025 |title=President of Kazakhstan calls for drastic parliamentary reform including abolition of Senate |url=https://www.commonspace.eu/news/president-kazakhstan-calls-drastic-parliamentary-reform-including-abolition-senate |access-date=18 March 2026 |website=commonspace.eu }}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូរ៉េខាងជើងឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូរ៉េខាងជើង]]៖ [[គណបក្សពលករកូរ៉េ]]កំពុងកាន់អំណាចបានបន្តឈ្នះអាសនៈភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[សភាប្រជាជនកំពូល]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Park |first=Boram |date=4 March 2026 |title=N. Korea to elect representatives to Supreme People's Assembly this month following key party congress |url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20260304000851315?section=nk/nk |website=Yonhap News Agency|access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិវៀតណាមឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិវៀតណាម]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/1718049/na-approves-shortened-term-sets-2026-election-date.html|title=NA approves shortened term, sets 2026 election date|website=Viet Nam News|date=21 May 2025}}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីសាធារណរដ្ឋកុងហ្គោឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីសាធារណរដ្ឋកុងហ្គោ]]៖ ប្រធានាធិបតីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[ដេនីស សាស៊្សូ អ៊ិនហ្គេស្សូ]]បានឈ្នះសំឡេងគាំទ្រភ្លួកទឹកភ្លូកដី។<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2025 |title=Congo president Sassou Nguesso to seek re-election in March 2026 |publisher=France 2 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20251230-congo-president-sassou-nguesso-seeks-re-election-2026}}</ref> * ១៧ មីនា – [[សង្គ្រាមប៉ាគីស្ថាន–អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថានឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមប៉ាគីស្ថាន–អាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន]]៖ មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៤០០​ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងមន្ទីរពេទ្យមួយកន្លែងក្នុងរដ្ឋធានី[[កាប៊ុល]]នៃប្រទេសអាហ្វហ្កានីស្ថាន បន្ទាប់ពីមន្ទីរពេទ្យនោះបានរងគ្រាប់បាញ់ប្រហារពីប៉ាគីស្ថាន។<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=From sponsor to enemy: What's behind Pakistan's attack on Afghan Taliban? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/sponsor-enemy-whats-behind-pakistans-attack-afghan-taliban-2026-03-17/ |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> * ២២ មីនា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាស្លូវេនីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាស្លូវេនី]]៖ នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[រ៉ូប៊ឺត ហ្កូឡូប]] និងគណបក្ស[[ចលនាសេរីភាព (ស្លូវេនី)|ចលនាសេរីភាព]]របស់លោកបានដណ្ដើមអាសនៈបានមួយភាគធំនៅក្នុង[[រដ្ឋសភា (ស្លូវេនី)|រដ្ឋសភា]]។<ref>{{Cite news |title=Slovenia’s liberals and populists neck and neck, preliminary results show |url=https://apnews.com/article/slovenia-election-liberals-populists-6e24d78054ea2c3072c9b79b80ddd586 |date=22 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=AP |last=Zerdin |first=Ali |url-status=live |archive-date=22 មីនា 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260322210319/https://apnews.com/article/slovenia-election-liberals-populists-6e24d78054ea2c3072c9b79b80ddd586 }}</ref> * ២៤ មីនា ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលដាណឺម៉ាកឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលដាណឺម៉ាក]]៖ សម្ព័ន្ធភាពនយោបាយរបស់នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី[[មិតេ ហ្វ្រេដឺរីកសិន]]បានបាត់បង់អាសនៈភាគច្រើនរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុង[[ហ្វុលកេទីង]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-26 |title=(ជាភាសាដាណឺម៉ាក) Mette Frederiksen udskriver folketingsvalg |url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2026-02-26-mette-frederiksen-udskriver-folketingsvalg |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=nyheder.tv2.dk }}</ref> ** [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ [[ក្រសួងការបរទេស (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)|ក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]បានថ្លែងនៅក្នុងលិខិតមួយផ្ញើទៅកាន់[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ថា នាវាដឹកជញ្ជូនដែលមិនជាប់ពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ឬអ៊ីស្រាអែល អាចឆ្លងកាត់[[ច្រកសមុទ្រអ័រមូស]]បាន។<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eavis |first=Peter |date=2026-03-25 |title=Iran Says 'Non-Hostile' Ships Can Sail Through the Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/24/world/middleeast/iran-strait-of-hormuz-ships.html |access-date=2026-03-26 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ===មេសា=== * ១ មេសា – [[អង្គការណាសា]]បានចាប់ផ្តើមបេសកកម្ម[[អារតេមីស ២]] ដែលជាដំណើរពាំនាំមនុស្សហោះកាត់ឋានព្រះច័ន្ទជាលើកដំបូងចាប់តាំងពីបេសកកម្ម[[អាប៉ូឡូ ១៧]] កាលក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧២។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Low |first=Lauren E. |date=2026-04-01 |title=Liftoff! NASA Launches Astronauts on Historic Artemis Moon Mission |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/liftoff-nasa-launches-astronauts-on-historic-artemis-moon-mission/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=NASA}}</ref> * ៦ មេសា – ក្រុមអវកាសយានិកនៃបេសកកម្មអារតេមីស ២ បានបំបែកឯតទគ្គកម្មសម្រាប់ការនៅឃ្លាតឆ្ងាយបំផុតរបស់មនុស្សពីភពផែនដី ពោលដោយស្ថិតក្នុងចម្ងាយអតិបរមា ៤០៦,៧៧៣ គីឡូម៉ែត្រ ខណៈពួកគេបានធ្វើដំណើរជុំវិញដល់ផ្នែកខាងក្រោយនៃព្រះច័ន្ទ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-06 |title=Artemis astronauts travel further from Earth than any humans before - watch live |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/clyr8k06jv7t |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=ទីបំផុតពួកគេធ្វើបានសម្រេចហើយ! គោចរកៀកព្រះចន្ទ និងឆ្ងាយពីផែនដីបំផុត (វីដេអូ) |url=https://cambospace-world.com/?p=26499 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Cambo Space}}</ref> * ៧ មេសា ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីវៀតណាមឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីវៀតណាម]]៖ [[រដ្ឋសភាជាតិវៀតណាម|រដ្ឋសភាវៀតណាម]]បានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងលោក[[តូ ឡឹម]]ជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីវៀតណាម|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]ថ្មីជំនួសលោក[[លឿង កឿង]]។<ref>{{cite web | url=https://english.news.cn/20260407/ed18537e45de4a1dabae914f80d5a145/c.html | title=Vietnamese party chief elected state president | publisher=Xinhua | work=english.news.cn | date=7 April 2026 | accessdate=8 April 2026}}</ref> ** [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្រមព្រៀងគ្នាទទួល[[កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ (២០២៦)|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-07 |title=Trump agrees to two-week ceasefire if Iran opens Strait of Hormuz - follow live |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=BBC News }}</ref> * ១០ មេសា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធីបតីជីប៊ូទីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធីបតីជីប៊ូទី]]៖ ប្រធានាធិបតីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល អូមារ ហ្គីឡេហ៍]]បានជាប់ឆ្នោតបន្តជា[[ប្រធានាធិបតីជីប៊ូទី|ប្រធានាធិបតី]]ក្នុងអាណត្តិទីប្រាំមួយរបស់លោក។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-13 |title=Djibouti Installs Electoral Commission Paving Way for April Presidential Vote |url=https://dawan.africa/news/djibouti-installs-electoral-commission-paving-way-for-april-presidential-vote |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Dawan Africa }}</ref> * ១១ មេសា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]]៖ សភាអ៊ីរ៉ាក់បានបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសតាំងលោក[[នីហ្សារ អាមីឌី]]ពីគណបក្ស[[សហភាពស្នេហាជាតិឃឺឌីស្ថាន]]ជាប្រធានាធិបតីថ្មី។<ref>{{cite news |title=PUK's Nizar Amedi elected Iraqi president in session boycotted by KDP |url=https://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/110420261 |work=Rudaw |date=11 April 2026 |access-date=20 April 2026}}</ref> * ១២ មេសា ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាហុងគ្រីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាហុងគ្រី]]៖ ក្រោយកាន់អំណាចអស់រយៈពេល ១៦ ឆ្នាំ​ នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលោក[[វិចទ័រ អ័របាន]]ត្រូវបានផ្តួលដោយលោក[[ពីទ័រ ម៉ាកឌ្យ៉ា]]នៃ[[គណបក្សទីសហ្សា]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2026 |title=Hungary sets April 12 election date as Orbán faces tough challenge |url=https://apnews.com/article/hungary-election-scheduled-orban-challenge-magyar-71b54205f00252ca7c466eb5407a2aa1 |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=AP News }}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេណាំងឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតប្រធានាធិបតីបេណាំង]]៖ បេក្ខជនឯករាជ្យ លោក[[រ៉ូមូអាល់ដ៍ វ៉ាដាញី]]បានឈ្នះឆ្នោតដោយទទួលសំឡេងគាំទ្រលើសលប់សរុប ៩៤%។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Benin – CENA releases 2026 general election timetable |url=https://wadr.org/benin-cena-releases-2026-general-election-timetable/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=WADR }}</ref> * ១៣ មេសា – [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្ដើមបិទផ្លូវទឹកចូលកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយលោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានព្រមានថា នាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយណាដែលព្យាយាមបំពានចូលតំបន់ហាមឃាត់នឹងត្រូវ "កម្ចាត់ចោលភ្លាមៗ"។ អាជ្ញាធរដែនសមុទ្របានណែនាំគ្រប់នាវានៅក្នុងតំបន់ឱ្យមានភាពប្រុងប្រយ័ត្នខ្ពស់ពីកំណើនសកម្មភាពយោធា និងនីតិវិធីស្ទាក់ចាប់ដែលអាចកើតមានពីសំណាក់ភាគីជម្លោះ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-13 |title=US blockade of Iranian ports takes effect as Trump threatens to destroy 'attack ships' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cp9vm5ezxz4t |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=BBC News}}</ref> * ១៩ មេសា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាប៊ុលហ្ការីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាប៊ុលហ្ការី]]៖ គណបក្ស[[វឌ្ឍនភាពប៊ុលហ្ការី]] ដែលដឹកនាំដោយអតីតប្រធានាធិបតី[[រូមែន រ៉ាដេហ្វ]] បានឈ្នះអាសនៈមួយភាគធំនៅក្នុង[[រដ្ឋសភា (ប៊ុលហ្ការី)|រដ្ឋសភា]]។<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dariknews.bg/novini/bylgariia/kabinetyt-zheliazkov-podade-ostavka-video-2439765|title=Кабинетът „Желязков“ подаде оставка (ВИДЕО)|date=December 11, 2025|website=dariknews.bg|accessdate=April 20, 2026|archive-date=January 21, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121125547/https://dariknews.bg/novini/bylgariia/kabinetyt-zheliazkov-podade-ostavka-video-2439765|url-status=live}}</ref> * ២១ មេសា​ – [[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោកដូណាល់ ត្រាំបានប្រកាសពន្យារការអនុវត្តបទឈប់បាញ់បន្តបន្ថែមទៀត រហូតដល់សំណើរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានដាក់ជូន ហើយរាល់ការសន្ទនាត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ទៅតាមសំណើស្នើសុំដោយប៉ាគីស្ថាន។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-21 |title=Trump says the United States is extending ⁠its ⁠ceasefire with Iran at mediator Pakistan's request to allow more time for Tehran to put forward its proposal.|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/4/21/iran-war-live-tehran-shuns-talks-trump-says-us-blockade-to-remain |access-date=2026-04-27 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> * ២៥ មេសា – [[ការវាយប្រហារនៅម៉ាលីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការវាយប្រហារនៅម៉ាលី]]៖ ក្រុម[[រណសិរ្សរំដោះអាហ្សាវ៉ាដ]] និង[[ក្រុមគាំទ្រឥស្លាម និងមូស្លីម]] បានបើកការវាយប្រហារទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំជាច្រើនលើកទៅលើទីក្រុងធំៗសំខាន់ៗនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសម៉ាលី ដោយក្នុងនោះ ពួកគេបានដណ្តើមកាន់កាប់ទីក្រុង[[គីដាល់]] និងមួយផ្នែកខ្លះនៃទីក្រុង[[ហ្គៅ]] [[មុបធី]] និង[[សេវ៉ារ៉េ]]។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/4/25/armed-groups-stage-simultaneous-attacks-across-mali |title=Armed groups stage simultaneous attacks across Mali |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=25 April 2026 }}</ref> ===ឧសភា=== * ១ ឧសភា – [[អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម]]​បានដើរចេញ​ពី[[អង្គការនៃបណ្តាប្រទេសនាំចេញប្រេងកាត]] ដោយ​បិទបញ្ចប់ជំពូកក្នុងនាមជា​សមាជិក​រយៈពេល​ប្រាំមួយ​ទសវត្សរ៍ ដោយអង្គការនេះត្រូវបាត់បង់​ប្រទេសសមាជិក​ផលិត​ប្រេង​ធំ​បំផុត​មួយ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title= OPEC just lost one of its biggest players — here's the inside story of the UAE's exit and what the Saudi-UAE split really means for OPEC's market power |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/international/us/opec-just-lost-one-of-its-biggest-players-heres-the-inside-story-of-the-uaes-exit-and-what-the-saudi-uae-split-really-means-for-opecs-market-power/amp_articleshow/130634333.cms |access-date=2026-05-02 |website=The Economic Times }}</ref> * ៤​ ឧសភា –​ រោងចក្រផលិតកាំជ្រួចមួយកន្លែងបានផ្ទុះឆេះនៅក្នុងទីក្រុង[[លីវយ៉ាង]] ខេត្ត[[ហ៊ូណាន]] ប្រទេសចិន ដោយបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សចំនួន ៣៧ នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ៥១ នាក់បន្ថែម។<ref name="China fireworks:0">{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Liz |last2=Bu |first2=Shi |date=8 May 2026 |editor-last=Coghill |editor-first=Kim |title=Death toll rises to 37 in China fireworks factory blast |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/death-toll-rises-37-china-fireworks-factory-blast-2026-05-08/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=Reuters}}</ref> * ១២ ឧសភា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលបាហាម៉ាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលបាហាម៉ា]]៖ នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[ហ្វីលីព ដាវីស]]បានឈ្នះឆ្នោតបន្តអាណត្តិទីពីររបស់លោក។<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bahamas prime minister re-elected in early election victory |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/bahamas-prime-minister-re-elected-early-election-victory-2026-05-13/ |date=13 May 2026 |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=Reuters }}</ref> * ១២–១៦ ឧសភា – [[កម្មវិធីប្រឡងចម្រៀងយូរ៉ូវីស្យិនឆ្នាំ២០២៥|កម្មវិធីប្រឡងចម្រៀងយូរ៉ូវីស្យិន]] ត្រូវបាន​ប្រារព្ធធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[វីយែន]] ប្រទេសអូទ្រីស។<ref>{{cite web|last=Schumacher|first=Elizabeth|title=Eurovision: Vienna to host European Song Contest 2026|url=https://www.dw.com/en/eurovision-vienna-to-host-european-song-contest-2026/a-73697370|publisher=Deutsche Welle|access-date=19 May 2026 |archive-date=August 22, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250822033113/https://www.dw.com/en/eurovision-vienna-to-host-european-song-contest-2026/a-73697370|url-status=live}}</ref> បេក្ខជនមកពីប្រទេសប៊ុលហ្ការីឈ្មោះ [[ដារ៉ា]] បានឈ្នះកម្មវិធីឆ្នាំនេះជាមួយនឹងបទចម្រៀងចំណងជើងថា "[[:en:Bangaranga|Bangaranga]]"។<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2026 |title=Bulgaria wins Eurovision Song Contest, Israel comes second again |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/eurovision-song-contest-final-takes-stage-amid-gaza-boycott-2026-05-16/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> * ១៦ ឧសភា – [[ជំងឺរាតត្បាតអេបូឡាក្នុងខេត្តអ៊ីទូរីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជំងឺរាតត្បាតអេបូឡាក្នុងខេត្តអ៊ីទូរី]]៖ [[អង្គការសុខភាពពិភពលោក]]បានប្រកាសពីការផ្ទុះឡើងនៃ[[ជំងឺអ៊ីបូឡា]]ដែលបង្កដោយប្រភេទ[[វីរុសអេបូឡាប៊ុនឌីប៊ូហ្គីយូ]]នៅក្នុង[[សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ]] និងប្រទេស[[អ៊ូហ្កង់ដា]] ហើយបានប្រកាសវាជាភាពអាសន្នសុខភាពសាធារណៈ។<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2026 |title=Epidemic of Ebola Disease caused by Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda determined a public health emergency of international concern |url=https://www.who.int/news/item/17-05-2026-epidemic-of-ebola-disease-in-the-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-and-uganda-determined-a-public-health-emergency-of-international-concern |access-date=17 May 2026 |website=[[អង្គការសុខភាពពិភពលោក]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2026 |title=សេចក្តីប្រកាសព័ត៌មាន ស្តីពីការការពារខ្លួនពីការឆ្លងជំងឺអេបូឡា (Ebola) |url=https://moh.gov.kh/kh/notice/detail/526 |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=[[ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាល|ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលនៃព្រះរាជាណាចក្រកម្ពុជា]]}}</ref> * ១៧​ ឧសភា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកាប់វែរឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកាប់វែរ]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-12 |title=The electoral calendar for the 2026 legislative elections is now available. (ចំណងជើងប្រែជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស) |url=https://cne.cv/sala_de_imprensa_/calendario-eleitoral-das-eleicoes-legislativas-2026-ja-disponivel/ |access-date=2026-05-19 |website=Comissão Nacional de Eleições (CNE) }}</ref> * ២២​ ឧសភា – [[ការផ្ទុះឧស្ម័ននៅអណ្តូងរ៉ែធ្យូងថ្មលីវសិនយូ]]ក្នុង[[ខេត្តសានស៊ី]] ប្រទេសចិន បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សចំនួន ៨២ នាក់។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-23 |title=At least 82 killed in Chinese coal mine explosion|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y0ve18qlko |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=BBC News }}</ref> * ២៤ ឧសភា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិស៊ីបឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតនីតិបញ្ញត្តិស៊ីប]]៖ គណបក្ស[[កម្លាំងរួបរួមប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ]]ដឹកនាំដោយលោកស្រី[[អានីតា ឌីមីទ្រីយ៉ូ]]បានដណ្ដើមអាសនៈបានមួយភាគធំនៅក្នុងសភា។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-20 |title=Parliamentary elections set for May 24 next year |url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/05/20/parliamentary-elections-set-for-may-24-next-year |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=cyprus-mail.com |language=en |archive-date=January 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116185359/https://cyprus-mail.com/2025/05/20/parliamentary-elections-set-for-may-24-next-year |url-status=live }}</ref> * ៣០ ឧសភា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលម៉ាល់តាឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលម៉ាល់តា]]៖ [[គណបក្សពលករ (ម៉ាល់តា)|គណបក្សពលករ]]ដឹកនាំដោយនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីកាន់អំណាច លោក[[រ៉ូប៊ឺត អាបេឡា]] បានឈ្នះការបោះឆ្នោតបួនអាណត្តិជាប់ៗគ្នា។<ref>{{Cite news |last=Borg |first=Neville |date=2026-04-27 |title=Robert Abela announces snap election for May 30 |url=https://timesofmalta.com/article/abela-announces-election-date.1126985 |access-date=2026-06-02 |work=Times of Malta }}</ref> * ៣១ ឧសភា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាគីនេឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាគីនេ]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{cite news |work=Le360Afrique |date=22 February 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាបារាំង) Guinée: les élections législatives et communales prévues le 24 mai |url=https://afrique.le360.ma/politique/guinee-les-elections-legislatives-et-communales-prevues-le-24-mai_LPQ3R2EQ3NHY7G26CB5CPJB5CU/|access-date=2 June 2026|}}</ref> ===មិថុនា=== * ១​ មិថុនា – [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលអេត្យូពីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលអេត្យូពី]]បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើង។<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ethiopia sets June 1, 2026, for general election amid credibility concerns|url=https://eastleighvoice.co.ke/ethiopia/230279/ethiopia-sets-june-1-2026-for-general-election-amid-credibility-concerns|work=The Eastleigh Voice News|date=2025-10-23|access-date=2026-06-02​ }}</ref> * ៧ មិថុនា ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាអាមេនីឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាអាមេនី]]៖ ​គណបក្ស[[កិច្ចសន្យាពលរដ្ឋ]]ក្រោមការដឹកនាំរបស់លោកនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី[[នីកុល​ ប៉ាស្ហ៊ីនយ៉ាន]]បានឈ្នះឆ្នោតកាន់អំណាចមួយអាណត្តិទៀត។<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title=Next Parliamentary elections will be held on June 7, 2026: Alen Simonyan |url=https://www.1lurer.am/en/2025/06/07/Next-Parliamentary-elections-will-be-held-on-June-7-2026-Alen-Simonyan/1326754 |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=First News Channel}} </ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូសូវ៉ូឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសភាកូសូវ៉ូ]]៖ ថ្វីបើនយោបាយជាតិកំពុងជាប់គាំង គណបក្ស[[វ៉េតេវិនដូស្យេ]]របស់លោកនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី[[អាល់ប៊ីន គួរធី]]បានដណ្ដើមកាន់កាប់អាសនៈបានមួយភាគធំ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2026 |title=Kosovo heads to elections after failure to elect president |url=https://www.koha.net/en/arberi/kosova-shkon-ne-zgjedhje-pas-deshtimit-per-president |access-date=9 June 2026 |work=Koha}}</ref> ** [[ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលប៉េរូឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការបោះឆ្នោតសកលប៉េរូ]]៖ ដំណើរបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសប្រធានាធិបតីបានឈានចូលដល់ជុំទីពីរដោយសល់បេក្ខភាពពីររូបគឺលោកស្រី[[កីកូ ហ្វូជីម៉ូរី]] និងលោក[[រ៉ូប៊ឺតូ សាន់ឆេស]]។ គណបក្សឆ្វេងនិយមបានកើបសំឡេងបានភាគច្រើននៅក្នុង[[សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ (ប៉េរូ)|សភាតំណាងរាស្ត្រ]] ប៉ុន្តែបានទទួលសំឡេងស្មើនឹងក្រុមស្ដាំនិយមនៅក្នុង[[ព្រឹទ្ធសភា (ប៉េរូ)|ព្រឹទ្ធសភា]]ដែលទើបនឹងបង្កើតថ្មី។<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2025 |title=Deeply unpopular Peruvian president calls for general elections in April 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/peru-elections-declared-2026-president-boluarte-dabea7cd70b6288542317b080b99c8aa |access-date=9 June 2025 |website=AP NEWS }}</ref> * ៨​ មិថុនា – [[គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីមីនដាណាវឆ្នាំ២០២៦|គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីកម្រិត ៧.៨ រ៉ិចទ័រ]] បានវាយអង្រួនប្រទេសហ្វីលីពីន ដោយវាត្រូវជាគ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីដ៏ខ្លាំងសាហាវបំផុតមួយចាប់តាំងពី[[គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីលូហ្សុនឆ្នាំ២០២៦|គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីកាលពីឆ្នាំ១៩៩០]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magramo |first=Kathleen |date=2026-06-08 |title=7.8 magnitude earthquake hits southern Philippines |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/06/07/asia/southern-philippines-mindanao-earthquake-intl-hnk |access-date=2026-06-09 |website=CNN }}</ref> == ថ្ងៃ​មរណភាព == {{Main|មរណភាពក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ឆ្នាំ ២០២៦]] cwk73jk4qj5gydpaqtjkfl8ez4tpcm0 0 53651 336440 336377 2026-06-09T20:30:53Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|សង្គ្រាមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥|សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ}} {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ជម្លោះយោធា | conflict = សង្ក្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ | partof = [[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] | image = [[File:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|300px]] | caption = '''មើលពីលើចុះក្រោមតាមត្រនិចនាឡិកា៖'''<br/>{{bulleted list | | ក្រុមនាវាចម្បាំងនាមអេប្រាហាម លីនខឹននៅសមុទ្រអារ៉ាប់, ៦ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង ''Super Hornet'' ហោះចេញពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះ ''[[យូអេសអេស អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន (CVN-៧២)|អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន]]'', ២៧ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៦ របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលមួយកង កំពុងហោះសម្ដៅទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៤ មីនា ២០២៦ | ហាយនភាពនៃកីឡដ្ឋានក្នុងសាលអាហ្សាឌីនៅរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់, ៥ មីនា ២០២៦ | សំណល់អគារបាក់បែងក្នុងក្រុង[[ឃើម៉ាន់ឆាហ៍]], ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | ទិដ្ឋភាពសាលារៀនមួយនៅ[[មីណាប]]ក្រោយ[[ការវាយប្រហារផ្លូវអាកាសលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|រងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីល]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | ផ្សែងក្រមៅហើរឡើងចូលបរិយាកាសនៅតេហេរ៉ង់, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | មីស៊ីលតូម៉ាហក (''Tomahawk'') ហោះចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំង ''[[យូអេសអេស ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក|ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក]]'', ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ }} | date = ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ – បច្ចុប្បន្ន | place = {{hlist | [[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]] | [[មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] }} | status = គាំងដំណើរ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/us-reviews-latest-iranian-proposal-to-end-war-stalemate|title=US reviews latest Iranian proposal to end war stalemate|date=April 28, 2026|agency=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]|work=The Straits Times}}</ref> <br>{{bulleted list|[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់បណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]]|[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]|[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការវិវត្តនៃជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ហេស្បុលឡា]]|[[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចសកលត្រូវរំខាន]]រួមទាំង[[វិបត្តឥន្ធនៈសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិឥន្ធនៈ]]}} | combatant1 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}} * {{flag|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} {{tree list/end}} |combatant1a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|កាតា}} |{{flag|គុយវ៉ែត}} |{{flag|តួកគី}} |{{flag|បារ៉ែន}} |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory 2026.svg}} [[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] * {{flagicon|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} [[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]] |{{flag|ស៊ីរី}} |{{flag|ហ្សកដានី}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[តំបន់ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]] |{{flag|អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត}} |{{flag|អាស៊ែបៃសង់}} |{{flag|អូម៉ង់}} |{{flag|អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម}} }} {{tree list/end}} | combatant2 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[ហ៊ូទី]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=Joining war, Yemen’s Houthis launch ballistic missile attack on southern Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/joining-war-yemens-houthis-launch-ballistic-missile-attack-on-southern-israel/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[ចលនាអាម៉ាល់]]{{refn|ចលនាអាម៉ាល់បានដើរតួនាទីយ៉ាងសកម្មនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]]រួមជាមួយក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Involvement of the Amal Movement in the Fighting Against Israel Alongside Hezbollah |url=https://israel-alma.org/involvement-of-the-amal-movement-in-the-fighting-against-israel-alongside-hezbollah/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=Alma Research and Education Center}}</ref>|group=ស}} * {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} [[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]<ref>{{cite web|title=US embassy in Baghdad attacked as US-Israel war on Iran escalates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/us-embassy-in-baghdad-attacked-as-us-israel-war-on-iran-escalates|date=7 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} [[ចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាមនៅអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] {{tree list/end}} |combatant2a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sancha |first=Natalia |date=2026-03-27 |title=Iraq mourns its dead after worst strike against its army since the start of the war: ‘Why did the Americans attack us?’ |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-03-27/iraq-mourns-its-dead-after-worst-strike-against-its-army-since-the-start-of-the-war-why-did-the-americans-attack-us.html |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=EL PAÍS English }}</ref> |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg}} [[ក្រុមឥស្លាម (លីបង់)|ក្រុមឥស្លាម]]<ref name=MuslimBrothers>{{cite​ news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888730|title=Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes|work=The Jerusalem Post|author=Seth J. Frantzman|date=March 4, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> |{{flag|ហាម៉ាស់}}<ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-05|title=Israel strikes Beirut, Hamas official reportedly killed|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308031532/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-date=2026-03-08|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> |{{flagicon image|InfoboxPIJ.svg}} [[ជីហាដឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2 March 2026|title=Palestinian Islamic Jihad armed wing says Lebanon commander killed in Israeli strikes|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411183622/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=L'Orient Today}}</ref> }} {{tree list/end}} | commander1 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ភីត ហេកសិត]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដាន​ ខេន]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ (ឧត្តមនាវីឯក)|ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ អ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[អីយ៉ាល់ ហ្សាមៀរ]] {{endplainlist}} | commander2 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមីនៃ}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Helena |date=2026-03-11 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei was hurt in strike that killed his father, Iran’s Cyprus ambassador confirms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/11/mojtaba-khamenei-was-hurt-in-strike-that-killed-his-father-irans-cyprus-ambassador-confirms |access-date=2026-05-12 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាស៊ាហ្សាដេហ៍]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[អាប់ឌុលម៉ាលីគ អាល់ហ៊ូទី]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ណាអ៊ីម កាស្ស៊ែម]] {{endplainlist}} | casualties1 = {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៥ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៥៣៨ នាក់បានរងរបួស *** ទីតាំង ១២+ កន្លែងបានរងការខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/03/11/world/middleeast/iran-us-military-bases-strikes-map.html|title=At Least 17 U.S. Sites Damaged in War With Iran, Analysis Shows|date=11 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ** {{flagu|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៩ នាក់ និងអ្នកម៉ៅការ ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** របួស ៨,៥៩៨ នាក់ (រួមមានបុគ្គលិកយោធា ៧៦៤ នាក់) {{endplainlist}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** ៣,៤៦៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត ** ២៦,៥០០​ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស * '''ផ្អែកតាមប្រភពក្នុងស្រុក''' ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astih |first1=Paula |title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000 |url=https://infoweb-newsbank-com.srv-proxy1.library.tamu.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1A7909E3F07F63D8 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al-Sharq al-Awsat |agency=NewsBank: Access World News Research Collection |date=17 April 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} ចលនាអាម៉ាល់៖ ** វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite web |title=NNA: Two paramedics from the Islamic Risala Scout Association – Civil Defense and the Islamic Health Authority have been killed in an airstrike on Sawwana |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/Local/1666035/nna--two-paramedics-from-the-islamic-risala-scout-association---civil-defense-and-the-islamic-health-authority-have-been-killed-in-an-airstrike-on-sawwana |website=MTV Lebanon |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) The "Al-Risala Scouts" mourned their five martyred paramedics in the Zawtar raid. |url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/news/423125/%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1-2 |website=NNA |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|flag of Hamas.svg}} ហាម៉ាស់៖ ** សមាជិក ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2026/03/israel-eliminates-3-hamas-members-operating-in-lebanon.php|title=Israel eliminates 3 Hamas members operating in Lebanon|first=Joe|last=Truzman|date=22 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ៨០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង​ ២៧០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saba.ye/en/news3682770.htm|title=Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq: 80 Martyrs & over 270 injured in Israeli–U.S. aggression}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាម[[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖'''<br>៣,៦៣៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត (រួមមាន បុគ្គលិកយោធា ១,២២១ នាក់, ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១,៧០១ នាក់, និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតមិនបញ្ជាក់)<ref>{{cite web|date=7 April 2026|title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads|url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409042630/https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-date=9 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=HRANA (en-hrana.org)}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៦,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref name="Bohbot150326>{{cite news|last1=Bohbot|first1=Amir|title= Over 6,000 IRGC members killed, 15,000 wounded since the start of Operation Roaring Lion, IDF says|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|access-date=15 March 2026|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315115157/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|archive-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ~១៥,០០០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> ** ឧបករណ៍បាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក ១៩០+ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច<ref name=MakoBelieve>{{cite news|title=(ជាភាសាហេប្រឺ)בכיר צבאי: "האמריקנים לא האמינו שנצליח בעריפה; איראן סופרת מעל 10,000 נפגעים"|url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2026_q1/Article-f92fae09426ec91027.htm?Partner=searchResults|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> ** នាវាចម្បាំង ១៥៥ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច ឬខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-war-with-iran-by-numbers-energy-drinks-to-targets-2026-4|title=Epic Fury strikes on Iran were fueled by 2 million energy drinks, about a million gallons of coffee, and nicotine, top general says}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,៩០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-severely-wounded-as-hezbollah-drones-target-troops-in-southern-lebanon/|title=IDF soldier severely wounded as Hezbollah drones target troops in southern Lebanon}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} | casualties3 = <div style="text-align: centre;"> លីបង់៖ មនុស្ស ២,៧៥៩ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៨,៥១២ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2026 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon nears 2,760 — Health Ministry|url=https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509020136/https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-date=9 May 2026|website=Tass}}</ref><br>អ៊ីរ៉ាក់៖ ទាហាន ២៦ នាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្ស ១៨០ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន៖ មនុស្ស ១៤ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៥ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Imad |last1=Isseid |first2=Melanie |last2=Lidman |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-settlers-violence-900ad24fd46e0ca5ae0de07c0328c960 |title=3 Palestinians killed in West Bank clash, bringing toll from week of violence to 6 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/15/g-s1-113834/israeli-soldiers-fire-on-family-car-in-occupied-west-bank-killing-4 |title=Israeli soldiers fire on family car in occupied West Bank, killing 4 |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=David D. |date=19 March 2026 |title=Four Palestinian women killed during Iranian missile attack in West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319152352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |url-status=live}}</ref> <br>អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម៖ ទាហាន ២ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត,{{refn|group=ស|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fatalities in the UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates#blogCarde8acf01e-a59b-4710-bc38-6378ec82b68c |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Khaleej Times |date=17 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2026/03/24/uae-defense-ministry-says-civilian-contractor-killed-in-bahrain|title=UAE defense ministry says civilian contractor killed in Bahrain|date=March 24, 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/26/world/middleeast/iran-missile-strikes-abu-dhabi.html|title=Two Killed in Abu Dhabi as Gulf States Face Fresh Attacks|first=Ismaeel|last=Naar|location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates|date=March 26, 2026|website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>}} ២២៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409124738/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|archive-date=April 9, 2026|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/three-injured-in-drone-attack-at-fujairah-oil-zone-1.500528878|title=Three injured in drone attack at Fujairah oil zone}}</ref> <br>គុយវ៉ែត៖ ទាហាន ៤ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត, ទាហាន ៧៧ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៣២ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>[[កងកម្លាំងអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបណ្ដោះអាសន្ននៅលីបង់]]៖ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|រួមមានជនជាតិឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ីចំនួន ៤ នាក់ និងបារាំងចំនួន ២ នាក់<ref name="AP24042026">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Munir |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |last3=Keaten |first3=Jamey |date=24 April 2026 |title=Trump dispatches Witkoff and Kushner to Pakistan for new talks with Iran's foreign minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-war-hormuz-israel-pakistan-ceasefire-april-24-2026-313e19ff213738620abe31c96eb38368 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026 }}</ref>|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|រួមមានជនជាតិហ្កាណា ៤ នាក់,<ref name="BBC09032026">{{Cite news |last=Nunoo |first=Favour |date=9 March 2026 |title=Ghana calls on Commonwealth to condemn attack on its peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyg07vqdrdo |work=BBC |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី ៤ នាក់,<ref name="AJ30032026">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Two more UN peacekeepers killed in explosion in southern Lebanon: UNIFIL |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/30/two-more-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-southern-lebanon-unifil |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="UNNews">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=UN condemns killing of two more peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167222 |work=UN News}}</ref><ref name="AP24042026" /> និងបារាំង ៣ នាក់។<ref name="AP-18042026">{{Cite news |last1=Mroue |first1=Bassem |last2=Petrequin |first2=Samuel |date=18 April 2026 |title=French soldier killed and 3 others wounded in an attack on peacekeepers in Lebanon, Macron says |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-france-peacekeepers-5856353ddea6c1654c38c8aadf803ed7 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="f24-22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026 |title=French soldier dies of wounds after attack on UN force in Lebanon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/french-soldier-dies-of-wounds-after-attack-on-un-force-in-lebanon |work=France 24 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) UNIFIL: One of our soldiers was injured after our position near the town of Mays al-Jabal was targeted. |url= https://www.tayyar.org/news/Lebanon/711208/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84 |website=tayyar.org }}</ref> <br>បារ៉ែន៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៤២ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref name="Stepansky-2026">{{Cite web|first1=Joseph|last1=Stepansky|first2=Zaid|last2=Sabah|title=US, Israel attack Iran live: Trump vows to avenge 3 American soldiers|date=2 March 2026|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/2/us-israel-attack-iran-live|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-09|title=At least 32 injured in Bahrain after drone attack - state media|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cz0g2yg3579t?post=asset%3A58cf09e3-4413-41d4-ad38-c6d229cbe729#post|access-date=2026-05-12|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qna.org.qa/en/news/news-details?id=bahraini-ministry-of-interior-says-four-injured-from-falling-debris-of-intercepted-iranian-drone&date=4/04/2026|title=Bahraini Ministry of Interior Says Four Injured from Falling Debris of Intercepted Iranian Drone|date=April 4, 2026|website=Qatar news agency}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ២៣ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|title=Two killed, 12 injured after projectile fell on residential location in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/two-killed-12-injured-after-projectile-fell-residential-location-saudi-arabia-2026-03-08/|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Reuters|date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410010538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|archive-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អូម៉ង់៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=hindustan260302>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2026|title=3 Indians killed in Iranian attacks off Oman; 20 injured across West Asia|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indians-killed-in-iranian-attacks-off-oman-20-injured-across-west-asia-101772473983914.html|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301150802/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-date=1 March 2026 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref><ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Two drones crash in Oman, killing two workers amid U.S.-Israeli-Iran conflict |url=https://sana.sy/en/international/2302291/ |website=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref> <br>បារាំង៖ ទាហាន ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|មិនរាប់បញ្ចូលទាហានបារាំងពីរនាក់នៃកងកម្លាំងរក្សាសន្តិភាពបណ្តោះអាសន្ននៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅប្រទេសលីបង់ឡើយ។|group=ស|name="France"}} និង ៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|group=ស|name="France"}}<ref name="trt13march">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Drone attack in Iraq's Erbil region kills 1, injures 7 French soldiers at military base |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/b846f9d0d45d |work=TRT World |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> <br>ស៊ីរី៖ ១​ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407080953/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country’s south|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>កាតា៖ ២០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="The Peninsula Newspaper-2026">{{cite web|date=1 March 2026|title=Ministry of Interior announces 8 new injuries resulting from Iranian attack|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/01/03/2026/ministry-of-interior-announces-8-new-injuries-resulting-from-iranian-attack|access-date=12 May 2026|website=The Peninsula Newspaper|agency=QNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407230957/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>ហ្សកដានី៖ ១៩ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite​ news|title=Army says Iran fired 119 missiles, drones in one week directly targeting Jordan|url=http://en.royanews.tv/news/68214|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Roya TV|date=7 March 2026}}</ref> <br>អាស៊ែបៃសង់៖ ៤ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=ynet260305>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan says Iran fired two drones at its territory, injuring two people|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjo00ualfbl|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Ynet|date=5 March 2026}}</ref> }} ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ [[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] និង[[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានចូលដៃគ្នាប្រឡូកក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាមួយប្រទេស[[អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនៅក្នុងតំបន់របស់ខ្លួន។ ជម្លោះនេះបានចាប់ផ្ទុះឡើងនៅពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបើកការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយកំណត់គោលដៅលើទីតាំងយោធានិងរដ្ឋាភិបាល ហើយថែមទាំង[[បញ្ជីរាយនាមមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដេលបានស្លាប់កំឡុងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ធ្វើឃាតមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើននាក់]]ទៀតផង រួមមានមេដឹកនាំកំពូល[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]ជាដើម។ ការវាយប្រហារដ៏គួរឱ្យភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលនោះត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងស្របគ្នានឹងពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងជាប់ចរចាទាក់ទងនឹង[[កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយបាញ់ប្រហារមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិក និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់[[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ថែមទាំងបានប្រើកម្លាំង[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ផងដែរ ដែលបង្កជាការរំខានដល់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]បានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៣ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន[[ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បាញ់មីស៊ីលប្រហារគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៤ ហើយម្តងទៀតនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]]នៅខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ ដោយលើកទីពីរនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចេញមុខវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ នៅក្នុងខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាន[[ការសម្លាប់រង្គាលនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលខ្លួនរាប់ពាន់នាក់]]ក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការបង្ក្រាបលើ[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ហ្វូងពួកបាតុករតវ៉ាប្រឆាំងដ៏ធំបំផុត]]ដែលមិនធ្លាប់មាននៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មកម៉្លេះ។ ជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពសម្លាប់បាតុករដោយកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានឆ្លើយតបដោយព្រមាននឹងប្រើកម្លាំងយោធា ហើយបន្ទាប់មក លោកក៏បានដាក់បញ្ជាឱ្យយោធាអាមេរិកចល័តប្រមូលកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុងតំបន់ ដែលត្រូវជាការចល័តទ័ពដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់នេះចាប់តាំងពី[[ការឈ្លានពានអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ឆ្នាំ២០០៣|ការឈ្លានពានប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់កាលឆ្នាំ២០០៣]] មក។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2026 |title=US-Iran talks end with no deal but potential signs of progress |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-iran-nuclear-talks-resume-geneva-against-backdrop-military-threat-2026-02-26/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសដោយអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់មូលដ្ឋានយោធា អគាររដ្ឋាភិបាល​ សាលារៀន មន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងទីតំបន់បេតិកភណ្ឌជាច្រើនកន្លែង ហើយបានបណ្តាលឱ្យប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលស្លាប់ និងរបួសជាច្រើននាក់ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Paul |last2=Sardarizadeh |first2=Shayan |last3=Murphy |first3=Matt |title=Iranian schools, hospital and landmarks among civilian sites hit during US-Israeli strikes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpw004xqxnjo |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=BBC Verify |date=6 March 2026}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលផ្លោងរាប់រយគ្រាប់ និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ជាច្រើនគ្រឿងចូលទៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជិតខាងរួមមាន ប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែត]] [[បារ៉ែន]] [[ហ្សកដានី]] [[អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត]] [[អូម៉ង់]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |last4=Ducroquet |first4=Simon |date=28 February 2026 |title=See where U.S., Israeli strikes have hit Iran and where Iran has retaliated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/02/28/where-us-attack-iran-images-video/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ និង​ក្រុមបក្សពួកសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្ត​របស់ខ្លួន​ក៏បាន​បើក​ការបាញ់ប្រហារ​លើ​[[តំបន់​ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]]​ក្នុងប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ផងដែរ។ ដ្រូន ឬ​គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេសង្កេតឃើញ​ហោះសម្ដៅ​​ទៅក្នុង​ប្រទេស​[[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]] [[តួកគី]] និង​មូលដ្ឋាន​យោធាអាក្រូទីរីរបស់ចក្រភព​អង់គ្លេស​នៅ​ប្រទេស​ស៊ីបទៀតផង​។<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2026 |title=Azerbaijan threatens to respond after Iranian drones hit airport and near school |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/azerbaijan-threatens-to-respond-after-iranian-drones-hit-airport-and-near-school/ |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name=attoncyprus>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Two drones intercepted heading for RAF base, Cyprus says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2r0q310e3o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅដំណាលគ្នានេះ [[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ជម្លោះរវាងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានវិវត្តកើតទៅជា[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល និងសមាជិកពួកសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធជាង ២,០០០ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims responsibility for attack on Israel |url=https://aje.news/wwomw4?update=4353584 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> [[អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ|រដ្ឋបាលត្រាំ]]បានផ្តល់សេចក្ដីពន្យល់ផ្សេងៗគ្នាជុំវិញមូលហេតុនៃការផ្តើមសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើង ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ប្រតិកម្មរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហាររំពឹងមុន កម្ទេចធនធានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រារាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់កុំឱ្យកសាង[[អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] រឹបអូស[[ធនធានប្រេងបម្រុងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ធនធានប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ឬផ្លាស់ប្តូររបបដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានថ្លែងថា ខណៈដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានការចុះត្រួតពិនិត្យទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដែលរងខូចខាតកាលពី[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|សង្គ្រាមក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥]] នោះមែន ប៉ុន្តែបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺគ្មានភស្តុតាងណាមួយដែលបានបញ្ជាក់ពីដំណើរការនៃកម្មវិធីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran Has No Structured Program to Build Nuclear Weapons, IAEA Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-us-strikes-2026/card/iaea-chief-says-iran-has-no-structured-program-to-build-nuclear-weapons-currently-1IYdJPyg8uIZqlGS8Gni |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal​ }}</ref> អគ្គលេខាធិការ[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] លោក[[អាន់តូនីអូ ហ្គូតេរ៉េស]] និងប្រទេសដែលមិនពាក់ព័ន្ធមួយចំនួន បានថ្កោលទោសសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល ខណៈ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]វិញបានអនុម័ត[[សេចក្ដីសម្រេចក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ២៨១៧|សេចក្តីសម្រេចមួយ]]ថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរដ្ឋឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=How the world has reacted to US and Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yj9kr31y7o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref> អ្នករិះគន់សង្គ្រាម រួមទាំងអ្នកជំនាញផ្នែកច្បាប់ និងទំនាក់ទំនងអន្តរជាតិ បានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកថាជាអំពើខុសច្បាប់ក្រោមច្បាប់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ជាទង្វើ[[ចក្រពត្តិនិយម]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Martin|first1=Peter|last2=Martin|first2=Eric|date=1 March 2026|title=Trump's Iran Strikes Usher in an Era of Unrestrained American Power|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2026-03-01/iran-attack-khamenei-killing-maduro-capture-begin-trump-imperialism-era|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> និង​ជាការរំលោភ​លើ​អធិបតេយ្យភាព​របស់​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ក្រោម​ច្បាប់​អន្តរជាតិ។<ref name="guardian2march">{{cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=2 March 2026 |title=What is the legality of the US and Israeli attacks on Iran? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2026/mar/02/legality-us-israel-attacks-iran-uk |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចនៃសង្គ្រាម]]នេះរួមមាន ការរំខានដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបំផុតដល់ប្រព័ន្ធផ្គត់ផ្គង់នៅក្នុងទីផ្សារប្រេងសកល ក៏ដូចជាការរំខានដល់ឧស្សាហកម្មឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិ ជីជីវជាតិ អាកាសចរណ៍ និងទេសចរណ៍ ព្រមទាំងបម្រែបម្រួលនៅក្នុងទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។ ការដឹកជញ្ជូនប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នត្រូវបានរំខានដោយការបិទ[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើបណ្ដារោងចក្រថាមពលនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref name="uf">{{cite web |last=Nevitt |first=Mark |date=15 March 2026 |title=Legal and Operational Issues in the Strait of Hormuz: Transit Passage Under Fire |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/133996/legal-operational-strait-hormuz-transit-passage/ |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Just Security }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើសង្គ្រាមរបស់យោធាអាមេរិកត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួន ១៨ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិក<ref name="guardianCost">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2026/mar/19/us-iran-war-cost |title=The war on Iran cost the US $12.7bn by day six. Here's how it's been spent – in charts |date=19 March 2026 |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ហើយ[[មន្ទីរបញ្ចកោណ]]បានស្នើតម្រូវការ ២០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិកបន្ថែមទៀត។<ref name="i598">{{cite news |title=White House seeks $200bn in military funding in wake of Iran war |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y73gwk1qdo |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួនជាង ១២០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ។<ref name="arabCountriesCost">{{cite news |title=One month of war on Iran cost Arab countries up to $194bn: UNDP |work=Al Jazeera English |date=31 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/one-month-of-war-in-middle-east-cost-arab-states-up-to-194bn-undp |access-date=13 May 2026}}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយតម្លៃការខូចខាតសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនដោយមានតម្លៃយ៉ាងតិចស្មើ ៣០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ ហើយអាចបន្តឡើងរហូតដល់ ១ ទ្រីលានដុល្លារគិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/11/world/middleeast/iran-economy-war.html |title=Iran Tries to Grasp Economic Devastation of War, and Find a Way Past It |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 April 2026}}</ref> លោកត្រាំបានអះអាងថាខ្លួនបានទទួលជ័យជម្នះជាច្រើនលើកច្រើនសារ ហើយបានអះអាងបន្ថែមថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺ "គ្មានសល់អ្វីនៅក្នុងជួរយោធាទៀតទេ"។<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says "the war is very complete," and he's considering taking over Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-iran-cbs-news-the-war-is-very-complete-strait-hormuz/ |work=CBS News |date=9 March 2026}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍]] ដែលបានសម្របសម្រួលដោយប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ហើយបានចូលជាធរមាននៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា<ref name="Pager-2026">{{Cite news |last= |date=7 April 2026 |title=U.S., Iran and Israel Agree to Cease-Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/07/world/iran-war-trump-news/f1657559-8135-50c9-ad7f-63636e6a5106?smid=url-share |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ខណៈ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់]]វិញបានចាប់ផ្តើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា។ បទឈប់បាញ់នៃសង្គ្រាមនេះបានឈានចូលដល់ភាពតានតឹង នៅពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ លុះត្រាតែអ៊ីស្រាអែលបញ្ឈប់ប្រតិបត្តិការវាយលុករបស់គេនៅក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[កិច្ចចរចាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ|កិច្ចចរចាក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]]បានបរាជ័យ លោកត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ខ្លួនលោកលែងខ្វល់ពីការចរចាអ្វីទៀតហើយ រួចលោកក៏បានប្រកាសបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសាតទៅ<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says US will blockade strait of Hormuz after Iran peace talks fail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/apr/12/trump-says-us-will-blockade-strait-of-hormuz-as-iran-peace-talks-fail |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=12 April 2026}}</ref> ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យមានការបិទផ្លូវទឹកពីរផ្នែក ដោយកម្លាំងជើងទឹកអាមេរិកបានកំពុងបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយអ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងបិទ[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបានបន្តពន្យារបទឈប់បាញ់ដោយគ្មានកំណត់រយៈពេល ប៉ុន្តែការបាញ់ប្រហារគ្នាតាមផ្លូវអាកាសនៅតែបន្តកើតឡើងដដែរ។ ==ផ្ទៃរឿង== {{Further|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)}} ===ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== {{Further|ទំនាក់ទំនងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} ដោយសារតែគោលនយោបាយ[[ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងកាត]]ក្រោមនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ ម៉ូសាដឌេក]] ដូចនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអង់គ្លេសក៏បានផ្តួចផ្ដើមគាំទ្រ[[រដ្ឋប្រហារអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣|រដ្ឋប្រហារ]]ទម្លាក់រូបលោកនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣ ហើយអំណាចត្រូវបានបង្វែរទៅ[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា​ ប៉ាហ្លាវី]] ដែលត្រូវជាព្រះរាជាពែរ្សនាពេលនោះ។ ដោយឃើញព្រះមហាក្សត្ររបស់ខ្លួនអត់ឱនលំទោនបំពេញផលប្រយោជន៍ឱ្យលោកខាងលិចដូច្នេះ ក៏ដូចជាត្រូវរស់នៅក្រោមរបបផ្តាច់ការរបស់ព្រះអង្គទៀតនោះ មហាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានរើបម្រះបះបោរបន្ទុះចេញជា[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] ដោយផ្ដួលរំលំរបបប៉ាហ្លាវី ហើយជំនួសមកវិញដោយរបប[[សាធារណរដ្ឋឥស្លាម]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourcade |first=Bernard |date=March 2026 |title=What prospects for a new Iran? |url=https://mondediplo.com/2026/03/04iran |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ទំនាក់ទំនងការទូតជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលចោល បង្កើតបានជា[[វិបត្តិចំណាប់ខ្មាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វិបត្តិការទូត]]ដែលបានអូសបន្លាយពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំ។<ref name="News1828">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=From 1953 Coup To 2026 Strikes: The Long Road To US-Iran War |url=https://www.news18.com/world/from-1953-coup-to-2026-strikes-the-long-road-to-us-iran-war-ws-l-9935056.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=News18}}</ref> ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ហើយនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ នាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងត្រូវទទួលរងការខូចខាតដោយសារមីនក្រោមសមុទ្ររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយធ្វើ[[ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្រេយីងមែនធីស|ការវាយប្រហារលើកងនាវា]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ប៉ុន្មានខែក្រោយមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់នូវ[[ជើងហោះហើរអាកាសចរណ៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់លេខ ៦៥៥|យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]មួយគ្រឿងដោយអចេតនា។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926">{{cite news |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Neil |title=A Timeline of the Tensions Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/15/world/middleeast/united-states-iran-history.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2026}}</ref> ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ាក់មកលើទីប្រជុំជនរបស់ខ្លួន អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានប្ដេជ្ញាចាប់ផ្តើមកម្មវិធីផលិតមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក។<ref name="Al-MarashiCon">{{cite web |last=Al-Marashi |first=Ibrahim |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran and the US have been at war for decades – and there's no end in sight |url=https://theconversation.com/iran-and-the-us-have-been-at-war-for-decades-and-theres-no-end-in-sight-277284 |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> ចាប់ផ្តើមនៅក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានចាប់ផ្តើមប្រឡូកចូលក្នុងជម្លោះតំណាងនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។ នៅក្នុងនោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]នៅប្រទេសលីបង់ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងកំឡុង និងក្រោយ[[សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលលីបង់]]។ ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុមកងជីវពលដែលជាគូបដិបក្ខនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ដោយគួបផ្សំជាមួយក្រុម[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៅយេម៉ែន និងក្រុមប្រដាប់អាវុធដទៃទៀតនៅស៊ីរីនិងប៉ាឡេស្ទីន អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តដែលប្តេជ្ញាប្រឆាំងនឹងឥទ្ធិពលរបស់អាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនៅក្នុងតំបន់។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០២ ដំណើរពង្រីកកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដោយសម្ងាត់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានទម្លាយចេញជាសាធារណៈ។ ចូលមកដល់ឆ្នាំ២០០៦ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ទីបំផុតបានចេញប្រតិកម្មដោយប្រកាសអនុវត្ត[[ទណ្ឌកម្មអន្តរជាតិប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ខណៈសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាស[[ទណ្ឌកម្មសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន]]ផងដែរប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ តាំងពីពេលនោះមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានខិតខំអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការអូឡាំពិកហ្គេម|យុទ្ធនាការសង្គ្រាមកិច្ចសាយប័រ]]ក្នុងគោលដៅបង្អាកប្រតិបត្តិការរោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈដែលអ៊ីស្រាអែលវិញបានធ្វើ[[ឃាតកម្មលើអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃាតក្រុមអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]]កំពូលៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើននាក់។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926"/><ref name="Le Monde Assassinations">{{cite web |last1=Imbert |last2=Golshiri |last3=Mas |first1=Louis |first2=Ghazal |first3=Liselotte |title=How Israel tracked down and assassinated scientists involved in Iran's nuclear program |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/07/08/how-israel-tracked-down-and-assassinated-scientists-involved-in-iran-s-nuclear-program_6743166_4.html |website=lemonde.fr |publisher=Le Monde |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> ជម្លោះ​នេះ​បានវិវត្តទៅមួយដំណាក់កាលទៀតនៅក្នុង​ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ នៅពេល​ដែល​ប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបាន​បញ្ជាឱ្យមានការធ្វើឃាត​លើលោក[[កាស៊ឹម សូលីម៉ានី]] ដែលត្រូវជាមេបញ្ជាការនៃ​[[កងកម្លាំងឃូដស៍]]។<ref name="News1828"/><ref name="Al-MarashiCon"/> កំណើននៃភាពតានតឹងបានហក់ឡើងមួយកម្រិតទៀតបន្ទាប់ពី[[ការលុកលុយអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយហាម៉ាស់ឆ្នាំ២០២៣|ការវាយលុកថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែតុលា]] មកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដែលនាំឱ្យផ្ទុះ[[សង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សា]]ឡើង។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានប្រយុទ្ធប្រឆាំងនឹងបក្សពួកប្រដាប់អាវុធជាច្រើនក្រុមនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដែលមានអ៊ីរ៉ង់គាំទ្រនៅពីក្រោយ ដោយនៅក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[ហាម៉ាស់]] [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] និង[[ហ៊ូទី]]។ នៅក្នុងខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការ[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]] ដោយបើកការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធានិងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់វាយប្រហារតបតវិញ។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកក៏បាន[[ការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋាននុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ក្នុងកំឡុងសង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃដែរ មុនពេលវាត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ដោយ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|បទឈប់បាញ់]]។<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> ===បញ្ហានុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== អ៊ីស្រាអែលត្រូវបានគេជឿយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយថាមានប្រដាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ដោយមានស្តុកក្បាលគ្រាប់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរចន្លោះពី ៩០ ទៅ ៤០០ គ្រាប់។{{refn|ចំនួនស្មាននៃទំហំស្តុកគ្រាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺមានប្រភពខុសៗគ្នា។ តួលេខនៅក្នុងអត្ថបទនេះគឺអាស្រ័យតាមប្រភពចំនួនស្មានដូចតទៅ៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Norris |first2=Robert S. |year=2014 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2014 |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/70/6/97.full.pdf+html |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=70 |number=6 |pages=97–115 |doi=10.1177/0096340214555409 |bibcode=2014BuAtS..70f..97K |doi-access=free}} |2= {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/colin-powell-leaked-emails-nuclear-weapons-israel-iran-obama-deal-a7311626.html |title=Colin Powell leaked emails: Israel has '200 nukes all pointed at Iran', former US secretary of state says |last=Revesz |first=Rachael |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |3= {{cite journal |last=Brower |first=Kenneth S |title=A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review |type=special report |number=14 |date=February 1997 |pages=14–15}} |4= {{cite book |title=Israel and the Bomb |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |last=Cohen |first=Avner |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-231-10482-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelbomb00cohe |page=349}} |5= {{cite web |first=Mohamed |last=ElBaradei |url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Transcripts/2004/alahram27072004.html |title=Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=27 July 2004 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |6= {{cite web |url=https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/ |title=Status of World Nuclear Forces |website=Federation Of American Scientists}} }}</ref>}} ម្យ៉ាងទៀត អ៊ីស្រាអែលក៏ជាប្រទេសដែលមានអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរតែមួយគត់ផងដែរ ដែលមិនទទួលស្គាល់ថាខ្លួនមានកម្មសិទ្ធិអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref name="Kristensen-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=2 January 2022 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2021 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |bibcode=2022BuAtS..78a..38K |issn=0096-3402 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ្នកប្រាជ្ញបញ្ញវន្តមួយចំនួនបានអះអាងថា អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺជាហេតុផលដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់អភិវឌ្ឍកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួន ដោយបានបង្កឱ្យមានតុល្យភាពនៃការទប់ស្កាត់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ឬការប្រណាំងប្រជែងសព្វាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2008 |title=An Israel-Iran Balance of Nuclear Deterrence: Seeds of Instability |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-iran-balance-nuclear-deterrence-seeds-instability/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=INSS }}</ref> ដោយ​លើកហេតុផលពីហានិភ័យផ្នែក​សន្តិសុខ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន​បដិសេធ​មិនទទួលយកការអំពាវនាវពីសហគមន៍​អន្តរជាតិ​ឱ្យខ្លួនចុះ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុង​[[សន្ធិសញ្ញា​ស្តីពី​ការមិនរីកសាយភាយ​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] ឬ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុងកិច្ចចរចា​អំពី[[​តំបន់​គ្មាន​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ​នៅ​មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]ឡើយ។<ref name="s316">{{cite news |date=29 May 2010 |title=Israel rejects call to join anti-nuclear treaty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/israel-rejects-call-to-join-anti-nuclear-treaty-idUSTRE64S1ZN/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ==ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាម== {{Main|ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} [[File:President Donald J. Trump Welcomes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the White House (cropped b).jpg|thumb|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោក[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលត្រាំដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងការចូលអន្តរាគមន៍យោធាប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។]] ==អរិភាព== {{Main|ខ្សែកាលនៃសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} ===សប្តាហ៍ដំបូង (២៨ កុម្ភៈ – ៦ មីនា)=== [[File:President Donald J. Trump on the United States Military Major Combat Operations in Iran.webm|thumb|២៨ កុម្ភៈ៖​ ត្រាំកំពុងថ្លែងដំណឹងទៅកាន់ប្រជាជាតិរបស់លោកអំពីដំណើរការវាយប្រហាររបស់អាមេរិក។]] នៅម៉ោង ៣:៣៨ រសៀល ([[តំបន់ម៉ោងខាងកើត|ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក]] ឬត្រូវនឹងម៉ោង ១១:០៨ យប់នៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) នៃថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានចេញបញ្ជាឱ្យចាប់ផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការអេផិកហ្យូរី (''Epic Fury'')។<ref name="FT01">{{cite news |title=Inside the plan to kill Ali Khamenei |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf998c69-ab46-4fa3-aae4-8f18f7387836 |work=Financial Times |access-date=21 May 2026 |date=2 March 2026}}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល ដ្រូនអាមេរិក និងយន្តហោះចម្បាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលជាច្រើនគ្រឿង បានផ្តើមការវាយប្រហារមកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ នាវេលាម៉ោងប្រមាណ ៩:៤៥ ព្រឹក ម៉ោងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ (ឬម៉ោង ១:១៥ រំលងអធ្រាត្រ ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក)។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-weapons-used-to-attack-iran-fend-off-retaliation-2026-2?IR=T |title=Here are the weapons America used to strike Iran — and shield against retaliation |work=Business Insider |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> វេលាផ្ដើមការវាយប្រហារនេះបានកើតឡើងនៅដំណាលស្របនឹងពេលកំពុងតែមានកិច្ចចរចាជុំវិញកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says he's unsure why U.S. attacked during nuclear talks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/iran-attack-us-israel-regime-change-trump-netanyahu-araghchi-rcna261124 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=NBC News }}</ref> ប្រតិបត្តិការនេះដែរត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រសិទ្ធនាមថា ប្រតិបត្តិការតោគ្រហឹម។{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាហេប្រឺ]]៖ מִבְצַע שְׁאָגַת הָאֲרִי}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Munitz |first=Shmuel |date=6 March 2026 |title=From ancient Israel to modern Iran: the enduring symbolism of the lion |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/sk0ujovk11l |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> [[កងទ័ពអាកាសអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានថ្លែងថា កម្លាំងខ្លួនបានបើកវាយប្រហារលើគោលដៅយោធាចំនួន ៥០០ កន្លែងនៅភាគខាងលិច និងកណ្តាលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយនេះត្រូវជាសមយុទ្ធប្រយុទ្ធដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=28 February 2026 |title=IDF says 200 jets involved in Air Force's largest-ever attack sortie |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-200-jets-involved-in-air-forces-largest-ever-attack-sortie/ |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ខណៈកងនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងនូវការវាយប្រហារទាំងនេះផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show Iranian warship burning after US Israel strikes |date=28 February 2026 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/satellite-images-show-iranian-warship-burning-after-us-israel-strikes-2026-2 |work=Business Insider |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> ក្រោយមក អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបញ្ជាក់ថា ដំណើរវាយប្រហារដំបូងរបស់ខ្លួនបានប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកជាង ១,២០០ គ្រាប់នៅក្នុងរយៈពេល ២៤ ម៉ោង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel claims to have dropped over 1,200 bombs on Iran in one day |url=https://aje.news/p4rw7y?update=4349719 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=21 May 2026 }}</ref> មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកម្នាក់បាននិយាយថា ការវាយប្រហាររាប់សិបលើករបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានអនុវត្តដោយយន្តហោះចម្បាំងដែលចេញពីមូលដ្ឋានយោធានៅជុំវិញតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា និងពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះមួយ ឬច្រើនគ្រឿង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Eric Schmitt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/5df7d9a6-2d1a-577e-9c63-d40948472442 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន Iran International ដែលដកស្រង់សម្តីរបស់[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មាននិស្សិតអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បុគ្គលិកដែលបម្រើការក្នុង[[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]ប្រមាណរាប់ពាន់នាក់ រួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់មួយចំនួនផងដែរ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Senior Revolutionary Guards commanders killed in US-Israel strikes – Reuters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284254 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់ ឬត្រូវរងរបួស ខណៈដែលមូលដ្ឋានយោធាជាច្រើនកន្លែងបានរងការវាយប្រហារ។<ref name="Iran International-2026a">{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Live – Israel and US launch strikes on Iran as Tehran prepares retaliation |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ទាំងត្រាំ​ និង[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានព្រមានអំពីហានិភ័យដែលអាចកើតមានពីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចូលរួមជាធ្លុងដើម្បីផ្តួលរំលំរដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់គេ។<ref name="CBS Major-Combat-Operations">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Trump announces "major combat operations" in Iran. Watch the full video and read his statement. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-full-statement-on-us-iran-attack-major-combat-operations/ |work=CBS News |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> បន្ថែមពីលើការវាយប្រហារដោយអាវុធ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងការវាយប្រហារតាមបណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតផងដែរទៅលើប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងកម្មវិធីទូរស័ព្ទរបស់ខ្លួន រួមជាមួយនឹងសារដែលអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ងើបឡើងរើបម្រះប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលខ្លួន។<ref name = "JPost hack">{{cite news |last=Gal |first=Itai |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel plunges Iran into darkness with largest cyberattack in history during attack against Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-888271 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Jerusalem Post }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអ៊ីនធឺណិតនោះថែមទាំងបានផ្ដាច់ចរន្តអគ្គិសនីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ស្ទើរតែទាំងស្រុងទៀតផង ដោយវាបានអូសបន្លាយជាង ៦០ ម៉ោង បង្កជាការរំខានដល់ទំនាក់ទំនងរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋ និងសេវាកម្មសាធារណៈផ្សេងៗ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=The digital front: Iran's internet down for second day amid reports of U.S.-Israel cyberattacks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/02/irans-internet-down-amid-reports-of-us-israel-cyberattacks.html |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=CNBC}}</ref><ref name = "JPost hack"/> ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃផ្ទុះសង្គ្រាមនេះមក អាជ្ញាធរអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរឹតបន្តឹងការចូលប្រើប្រាស់បណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតរបស់ប្រជាជនខ្លួន ដោយអនុញ្ញាតការប្រើប្រាស់ចំពោះតែអ្នកដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលទទួលស្គាល់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="bm">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran's 'chosen users' get 'privileged access' despite internet blackout for masses |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/03/17/iran_internet_blackout/ |work=The Register}}</ref> [[File:US bases in the Middle East.svg|thumb|[[បញ្ជីរាយឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក|មូលដ្ឋាននិងឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក]]ធំៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា រួមមានមូលដ្ឋានដែលបើកការវាយប្រហារទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់ផងដែរ]] កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញក្នុងរយៈពេលតែប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងប៉ុណ្ណោះដោយការបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក។ ​​អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានដាក់រហស្សនាមប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាវាយតបតរបស់ខ្លួនថា [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន]]។{{refn|group=ស|អ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាប់បានប្រកាសនិងអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីមួយ]] [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីពីរ|ពីរ]] និង[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន|បី]]រួចទៅហើយ តែប្រតិបត្តិការទាំងបីគឺស្ថិតក្នុងទ្រង់ទ្រាយតូចប៉ុណ្ណោះ។}}{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាពែរ្ស]]៖ عملیات وعده صادق ۴}} ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្ដៅលើសង្គ្រាមនេះថា "សង្គ្រាមរ៉ាម៉ាដាន" ក៏ព្រោះតែដំណើរវាយប្រហាររួមរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកើតឡើងនៅកំឡុងខែរ៉ាម៉ាដាន។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran to mark Eid Al-Fitr on Saturday: state TV |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2636982/middle-east |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Arab News |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> គោលដៅវាយតបតរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាចម្បងសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ពិសេសចំពោះទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]និង[[ហៃហ្វា]]<ref name="BBC Tehran response">{{cite news |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)جنگ آمریکا و اسرائیل با ایران؛ چرا واکنش تهران این‌بار تنها چند ساعت طول کشید؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/ce94dk4yy2eo |work=BBC News Persian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសមួយចំនួនទៀតនៅក្នុងតំបន់ជាប់ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស។ គោលដៅសំខាន់ៗដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហាររួមមាន រាជធានី[[ម៉ាណាណា]]របស់ប្រទេសបារ៉ែន<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Isaac |last2=Rebane |first2=Teele |date=28 February 2026 |title=Videos show smoke rising near US Navy facility in Bahrain |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64k1hv00003b6rj8g5hm4u |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិគុយវ៉ែត]] រាជធានី[[អាប៊ូដាប៊ី]]របស់អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Explosions reported in Kuwait and UAE |url=https://news.am/eng/news/932924.html |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Armenia News }}</ref> និងរាជធានី[[រីយ៉ាដ]]និង[[ខេត្តខាងកើត (អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត)|ខេត្តខាងកើត]]របស់អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតជាដើម។ល។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Ismaeel Naar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c23471fd-1ceb-5a75-93a8-a56a199d6b1f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> មិនតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://france24.com/en/middle-east/20260228-what-we-know-about-us-military-bases-mideast-gulf-targeted-iran-retaliatory-strikes |title=Iran targets US military bases in the Middle East with retaliatory strikes |date=28 February 2026 |work=France 24 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់<ref name="Reuters-2026">{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=More strikes aimed at Iran after Khamenei's death, Trump issues new warning |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/more-strikes-aimed-iran-after-us-israeli-assault-kills-supreme-leader-2026-03-01/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនតបតវិញទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហ្សកដានី គុយវ៉ែត កាតា អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Lidman |first2=Melanie |last3=Boak |first3=Josh |first4=Eric |last4=Tucker |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran fires missiles at Israel and Gulf states after US-Israeli strike kills Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-israel-us-03-01-2026-693bc30bbbc98660d81f4a13f65ca10f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសកាតាបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះទម្លាក់គ្រាប់បែកប្រភេទ [[ស៊ូខយស៊ូ-២៤|ស៊ូ-២៤]] របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួនពីរគ្រឿង ដែលនាំឱ្យកាតាក្លាយជាប្រទេសដំបូងដែលបានបាញ់យន្តហោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទម្លាក់ដោយជោគជ័យនៅក្នុងជម្លោះនេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Kent |first2=Lauren |date=2 March 2026 |title=Qatar says it shot down two Iranian bomber aircraft |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-israel-us-attack-03-02-26-intl-hnk?post-id=cmm9dkjpf00003b6ps4g5qwvo |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ខណៈយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-15E ចំនួនបីគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់ដោយការភាន់ច្រឡំដោយគ្នាឯង។<ref name="Reals">{{cite news |last=Reals |first=Tucker |date=2 March 2026 |title=Live updates: U.S. military confirms 4 troops killed in Iran war; Kuwait downs 3 U.S. jets in 'friendly fire' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/iran-us-war-day-3-american-deaths-israel-gulf-allies-hit-missile-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានោះ ក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]បានចាប់ផ្តើមបាញ់រ៉ុក្កែត និងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅលើអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយអះអាងថាវាជា "សកម្មភាពការពារខ្លួន" បន្ទាប់ពីរង[[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលអស់រយៈពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំនៅលីបង់ថ្វីបើ[[កិច្ចព្រមពៀងបទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បទឈប់បាញ់កាលឆ្នាំ២០២៤]] កំពុងចូលជាធរមានក្ដី។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims attack on Israel was 'defensive act' after year of Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-claims-attack-on-israel-was-defensive-act-after-year-of-israeli-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> [[File:Epic Fury Strike compilation (997855).webm|thumb|២ មីនា៖ ឃ្លីបវីដេអូខ្លីៗអំពីការវាយប្រហារដោយ[[បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោកអ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍បានអនុញ្ញាតបើក[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការឈ្លានពានចូលក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់]]។<ref>{{cite news |last=McShane |first=Asher |date=3 March 2026 |title=Israel launches ground invasion of Lebanon and Trump warns 'hardest hits were yet to come' |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/article/israel-launches-ground-invasion-of-lebanon-and-trump-issues-new-warning-5HjdTm8_2/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=LBC }}</ref>​ ក្រៅពីនេះ មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកបានថ្លែងថា កងកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួនបានបំផ្លាញកងនាវារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើន ពិសេសនៅក្នុង[[ឈូងសមុទ្រអូម៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាមូលដ្ឋានជើងទឹកសំខាន់ៗផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2 March 2026 |title=US Strikes Destroy Iran's Main Naval Assets |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/03/us-strikes-destroy-irans-main-naval-assets/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=Naval News }}</ref> ចូលមកថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា អាមេរិកបានប្រកាសថានឹងបន្ថែមការវាយប្រហារលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់កាន់តែខ្លាំងជាងមុន ហើយនៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយចំទីស្នាក់ការកណ្តាលរបស់កងកម្លាំង[[បាស៊ីគ]]​ ខណៈលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]បានរួចផុតពីការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=4 March 2026 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei, seen as possible next Supreme Leader, has survived attacks on Iran, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/mojtaba-khamenei-seen-possible-next-supreme-leader-has-survived-assault-iran-2026-03-04/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកមួយគ្រាប់ដែលបាញ់ចេញពីទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសរួមរបស់ណាតូ ខណៈវាបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈតួកគីបានព្រមានថាខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិការពារអធិបតេយ្យភាពខ្លួន រីឯអង្គការណាតូវិញបានថ្លែងពីការប្តេជ្ញាចូលរួមការពារប្រទេសតួកគីដែលជាសមាជិក។<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Secretary General Mark Rutte condemns violation of Turkish airspace |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_2026_03_05.htm |website=NATO Official Website}}</ref> [[File:Indian Ocean Iranian vessel (998184).webm|thumb|៤ មីនា៖ វីដេអូបង្ហាញពីការបាញ់ពន្លិចនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ''ដេណា'' ពីនាវាមុជទឹកអាមេរិក ''ឆារលត្ត'']] នាវាចម្បាំង​មួយគ្រឿង​របស់​កងទ័ពជើងទឹក​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ឈ្មោះ ''ដេណា'' ត្រូវបានបាញ់ពន្លិច​នៅក្នុង​មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា​ដោយ​នាវាមុជទឹកឈ្មោះឆារលត្តរបស់អាមេរិក ក្នុងចម្ងាយ​ប្រមាណ ៧៤ គីឡូម៉ែត្រពីភាគខាងត្បូង​ទីក្រុង[[កាល្លេ]] ប្រទេស​ស្រីលង្កា បន្ទាប់ពីនាវាមួយ​នេះ​បានកំពុង​វិលត្រឡប់​ទៅ​ប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​វិញ​ក្រោយបានចូលរួម​សមយុទ្ធ​កងនាវា​អន្តរជាតិនៅទីក្រុង[[វិសាខបណម]]នៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា។<ref>{{cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2 March 2026 |title=Sri Lanka responds to distress call from Iranian warship returning from Vizag Fleet Review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/04/sri-lanka-responds-to-distress-call-from-iranian-warship-returning-from-vizag-fleet-review |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref> យោងតាមកងទ័ពអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នាវិកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួន ១០៤ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់ និង ៣២ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងហេតុការណ៍លិចនាវានេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magee |first1=Caolán |last2=Kelliher |first2=Fiona |date=8 March 2026 |title='Projectile' kills 2 in Saudi Arabia as Iran attacks on the Gulf continue |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីពីរ (៧–១៣ មីនា)=== [[File:P20260307DT-1619 The Dignified Transfer of Remains of Six U.S. Soldiers.jpg|thumb|249x249px|សាកសពទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំពីរនាក់កំពុងត្រូវបញ្ជូនទៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកវិញ, ៧ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជូននាវាដឹកយន្តហោះទីបីរបស់ខ្លួនមកមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |first=Ilgar |last=Khudiyev |title=US said expected to deploy 3rd aircraft carrier to the Middle East |url=https://en.apa.az/america/us-said-expected-to-deploy-3rd-aircraft-carrier-to-the-middle-east-495510 |access-date=23 May 2026 |website=Azerbaijani Press Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោកប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់បានប្រាប់អ្នកយកព័ត៌មានថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងឈប់វាយប្រហារប្រទេសជិតខាងចាប់ពីថ្ងៃនោះតទៅទៀត ប៉ុន្តែលុះត្រាតែការវាយប្រហារមកលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់លែងមានប្រភពចេញពីទឹកដីរបស់ប្រទេសជិតខាងទាំងនោះ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃ]]ក្រោយមកបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iranian drone attack suspends flights at Dubai International airport |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/03/07/iranian-drone-attack-suspends-flights-at-dubai-international-airport |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Euronews }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា កូនប្រុសទីពីររបស់លោកហាមេនៃគឺលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ|មោជតាបា]]ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=9 March 2026 |title=What to know about Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/nx-s1-5742375/mojtaba-khamenei-iran-supreme-leader |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> ឃ្លាំងស្តុកប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅក្បែររដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារ ខណៈភ្លើងឆេះពីការវាយប្រហារនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផ្សែងពពកខ្មៅក្រាស់គ្របដណ្ដប់ស្ទើរពេញទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងថែមទាំងបណ្ដាលឱ្យកើតមានភ្លៀងអាស៊ីតពុលខ្មៅធ្លាក់នៅតំបន់ជុំវិញនោះផងដែរ។<ref name="b673">{{cite magazine |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |first2=Kay Armin |last2=Serjoie |last3=Jamalpour |first3=Fatemeh |title='The Air is Unbreathable': Tehran Shrouded in Toxic Cloud After Israel Strikes Fuel Depots |magazine=Time |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://time.com/7383099/iran-news-oil-strikes-tehran/ |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់សមាជិកយោធាអាមេរិកទីប្រាំពីរក្រោយត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=US troop dies from wounds sustained in Iran attack |url=https://aje.news/64yl8m?update=4379695 |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម[[សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] សាលារៀនសរុបចំនួន ៦៥ និងមណ្ឌលសុខភាពចំនួន ៣២ (ដូចជាមន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងឱសថស្ថាន) ត្រូវបានរងការវាយប្រហារចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះឡើង ហើយទីតាំងស៊ីវិលជាង ១០,០០០ កន្លែងត្រូវរងការខូចខាត។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=More on civilian sites attacked in Iran: Red Crescent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue?update=4379534 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា អង្គការណាតូបានបញ្ជាក់ពីករណីស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកទីពីរមកលើដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=NATO intercepts second Iranian ballistic missile fired toward Turkey |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-second-iranian-ballistic-missile-shot-down-by-nato-defences-in-airspace |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=The Straits Times |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> ខណៈតួកគីបានបញ្ជូនយន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-16 ចំនួនប្រាំមួយគ្រឿង និងប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសទៅ[[ស៊ីបខាងជើង]]ក្នុងគោលបំណងការពារសន្តិសុខ។<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាតួកគី) MSB: 6 Türk F-16'sı KKTC'ye konuşlandırıldı |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/msb-6-turk-f-16si-kktcye-konuslandirildi-937063.html |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=TRT Haber }}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|{{center|ដំណើរដឹកជញ្ជូនឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍បានធ្លាក់ចុះគួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់ចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title=Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website=PortWatch |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]] |access-date=23 May 2026 |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>}}]] ការគាំងប្រព័ន្ធផ្កាយរណបនាវាចរណ៍សកលដែលមិនមានប្រភពដើមច្បាស់លាស់បានបង្កជាការរំខានដល់នាវាចរណ៍នៅក្បែរច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ហើយបង្កឱ្យកើតមានករណីគ្រោះថ្នាក់ជាច្រើនដល់នាវាដឹកប្រេងនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ewwlx9e1xo |title=GPS jamming: The invisible battle in the Middle East |last=Baraniuk |first=Chris |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១០ ខែមីនា មេបញ្ជាការជាន់ខ្ពស់ម្នាក់នៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបាននិយាយថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងប្រើប្រាស់បាញ់តែគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលខ្លួនដែលមានទម្ងន់ចាប់ពី ១០០០ គីឡូក្រាមឡើងទៅប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="ndtv10march">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-israel-war-iran-1000kg-1-ton-missile-warheads-iran-fires-khorramshahr-kheibar-shekan-missiles-11193972 |title=With Missiles Carrying 1,000 kg Explosives, A New Tactical Phase For Iran |work=NDTV |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |last=Srinivasan |first=Chandrashekar}}</ref> ឧត្តមនាវីឯកអាមេរិក លោក[[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា អត្រាបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៩០% បើប្រៀបនឹងថ្ងៃដំបូងៗនៃសង្គ្រាម ហើយអត្រាបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនរបស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់ចុះ ៨៣%។<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2026 |title=Iranian missile attacks down 90% since 1st day of war: CENTCOM |url=https://abc11.com/live-updates/iran-live-updates-trump-says-major-combat-operations-have-begun/18660347/entry/18681719 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា អង្គការ[[យូនីសេហ្វ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា កុមារជាង ១,១០០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស ឬត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត (២០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៩១ នាក់នៅលីបង់, ៤ នាក់នៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង ១ នាក់នៅគុយវ៉ែត) ខណៈកុមាររាប់រយពាន់នាក់ត្រូវបង្ខំផ្លាស់ប្ដូរទីលំនៅ រីឯរាប់លាននាក់ទៀតមិនអាចចូលរៀនបានដោយភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមកំពុងបានឆាបឆេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Sabah |first2=Zaid |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran sets three conditions for peace; oil tankers in Iraqi port attacked |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/12/iran-war-live-oil-tankers-hit-in-iraq-tehran-sets-3-conditions-for-peace |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Salalah Port Ablaze.jpg|thumb|រូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដែលបង្ហាញពីផ្សែងខ្មៅហុយឡើងចេញពី[[កំពង់ផែសាឡាឡោះ]]ក្នុងប្រទេសអូម៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ដើម្បីជួយដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាសេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រេង សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានដកបម្រាមរឹតបន្តឹងលើការទិញប្រេងពីរុស្ស៊ីជាបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន ប៉ុន្តែយ៉ាងណា តម្លៃប្រេងមិនបានផ្លាស់ប្ដូរអ្វីច្រើននោះទេ។<ref name="Cooper">{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Ward |first3=Euan |last4=Torbati |first4=Yeganeh |last5=Reiss |first5=Johnatan |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Refueling Plane Crashes in Iraq, Military Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/12/world/iran-war-news-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់រលកមីស៊ីល និងដ្រូនជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសនៃតំបន់ឈូងសមុទ្រ ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងកើនឡើងកាន់តែខ្ពស់។ ប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានរាយការណ៍អំពីការវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងស្តុកទុកប្រេងរបស់ខ្លួន។ អាជ្ញាធរគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានរាយការណ៍បញ្ជាក់ថា គ្រឿងឧបករណ៍ការពារមីស៊ីលនិងអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិរបស់ខ្លួនត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈសូរសំឡេងផ្ទុះគ្រាប់ត្រូវបានឮរំពងនៅជាយទីក្រុងឌូបៃ ហើយទីប្រជុំជនស្ទើរទាំងអស់ក្នុងប្រទេសហ្សកដានីបានបន្លឺស៊ីរ៉ែនព្រមានពីការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran targets Gulf nations with missiles, drones as oil prices soar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/12/iran-targets-gulf-nations-with-missiles-drones-as-oil-prices-soar |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាលើកទីបីនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកប៉ុន្មានគ្រាប់ទៀតបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី មុនពេលត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារ ដោយសំឡេងផ្ទុះពីវាអាចត្រូវបានស្ដាប់ឮបានដោយប្រជាជនដែលរស់នៅក្នុងនិងជុំវិញទីក្រុង[[អាដាណា]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Nato shoots down Iranian missile as explosions heard at Turkish air base |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/nato-incirlik-air-base-missile-iran-war-b2937948.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The Independent }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបី (១៤–២០ មីនា)=== [[File:جزیره خارک- طبیعت و صنعت-10.jpg|thumb|[[កោះខាក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៥ ភ្លើងដែលបាញ់ចេញពីបំពង់នៅក្នុងរូបភាពនេះគឺជាលទ្ធផលនៃដំណើរការធម្មតានៃការចម្រាញ់ប្រេងប៉ុណ្ណោះ]] គិតត្រឹមសប្តាហ៍ទីបី អ្នកជំនាញវិភាគមិនសូវជាបានរកឃើញពីភស្តុតាងអ្វីដែលបញ្ជាក់ពីការផ្តាច់ខ្លួន ឬការរត់ចោលជួរនៅក្នុងកងយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះទេ{{refn|ដោយយោងតាមប្រភពជាច្រើនដូចជា៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |title=We attacked Iran with no clear plan for regime change, Israeli security sources say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/12/israel-iran-us-attack-no-plan-for-regime-change-security-sources |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2026 }} |2= {{cite news |title=Iran war becomes contest of who can take most pain |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/iran-war-becomes-contest-of-who-can-take-most-pain |work=The Pioneer |date=12 March 2026 |quote=So far, the Islamic Republic has been able to keep its leadership and military cohesive and in control}} |3= {{cite web |title=Is the stability of the Iranian regime in danger? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/social_media/is-the-stability-of-the-iranian-regime-in-danger/ |website=Institute for National Security Studies |date=12 March 2026 |quote=However, it seems that at this stage, these strikes are not sufficient to undermine the internal cohesion among the security forces, their ability to function}} |4= {{cite news |title=US intelligence says Iran government is not at risk of collapse, say sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-intelligence-says-iran-government-is-not-risk-collapse-say-sources-2026-03-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 March 2026 |quote=The intelligence reporting underscores the cohesion of Iran's clerical leadership}} |5= {{cite web |last1=Karlin |first1=Mara |title=Can Iran's regime survive the war? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/can-irans-regime-survive-the-war/ |website=Brookings Institution |date=11 March 2026 }} |6= {{cite news |title=A long road to the end: The death throes of Iran's regime could last for years |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-long-road-to-the-end-the-death-throes-of-irans-regime-could-last-for-years/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |quote=for now, there have been no significant defections from the army or other security forces}} }}</ref>}} ខណៈដែលការផ្តាច់ខ្លួនផ្នែកយោធានេះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាលក្ខខណ្ឌចាំបាច់ដើម្បីបង្កើតជាចលនាប្រឆាំងនឹងរបបឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite |news |last=Jansen |first=Michael |title=Regime change in Iran unlikely without mass defections from military |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2026/02/28/regime-change-in-iran-unlikely-without-mass-defections-from-military/ |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំមួយមកលើ[[កោះខាក]] ដែលត្រូវជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងដ៏សំខាន់មួយរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយ ៩០ ភាគរយនៃប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺត្រូវនាំចេញតាមរយៈកោះមួយនេះ។ ទន្ទឹមគ្នានេះដែរ តម្លៃប្រេងបានកើនឡើងជាង ៤០ ភាគរយចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Broadwater |first1=Luke |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Cooper |first3=Helene |last4=Pérez-Peña |first4=Richard |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Military Attacks Kharg Island, Iran's Oil Export Hub, Trump Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/13/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Missile interception fragments of an Iranian missile hit Haifa oil refineries in Haifa Bay, March, 19 2026.jpg|thumb|right|250px|មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយគ្រាប់បានធ្លាក់លើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងហៃហ្វានៅឆកហៃហ្វា, ១៩ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមីនា ទាំងប្រទេសចិន និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសសមាជិកណាតូនៅអឺរ៉ុបដែលស្និទនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរួមគ្នាបដិសេធការអំពាវនាវរបស់ត្រាំក្នុងការផ្តល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រផ្នែកយោធា ដើម្បីដាក់សម្ពាធបង្ខំអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Trump demands NATO and China police the Strait of Hormuz. So far they aren't joining |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/16/nx-s1-5749109/trump-threatens-nato-strait-hormuz-iran-war |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល ត្រាំបានស្តីបន្ទោសសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តណាតូ ដោយហៅការសម្រេចចិត្តរបស់ពួកគេថាជា "កំហុសដ៏ល្ងង់ខ្លៅមួយ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump says NATO's refusal to help on Iran is "very foolish mistake" |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានសរសេរលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា លោកបានដកការសុំជំនួយពីណាតូវិញហើយ និងក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយចំនួនក្នុងតំបន់ឥណ្ឌូ-ប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិកផងដែរដូចជា ជប៉ុន កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង និង[[អូស្ត្រាលី]]ជាដើម ដោយស្ថិតនៅក្រោមហេតុផលថាពួកគេបានបដិសេធមិនចូលរួមការវាយប្រហាររួមជាមួយអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=NATO countries don't want to get involved in Iran operation, Trump says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116245182325726375 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=Truth Social }}</ref> នៅក្នុងលិខិតសរសេរដដែរនោះ ត្រាំបានបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកគឺ "[មិនត្រូវការ] ជំនួយពីនរណា" នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump: 'We do not need the help of anyone' |url=https://news.sky.com/video/trump-we-do-not-need-the-help-of-anyone-13520909 |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Sky News }}</ref> នៅព្រឹកព្រលឹមថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុន្មានរូប រួមមានលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] និងប្រធានកងកម្លាំងបាស៊ីគ លោក[[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]]ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="sk">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran confirms security chief Larijani, Basij commander Soleimani killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/israel-says-it-has-killed-ali-larijani-irans-top-security-official |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ដែលបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលអ៊ីស្រាអែលចំនួនពីរនាក់នៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាន់]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Elderly couple killed in Iranian revenge strike on Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/18/iran-war-latest-news-ali-larijani-death-tel-aviv-strikes/ |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះផងដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការឈ្លានពានដីគោកចូលទៅក្នុង[[លីបង់ខាងត្បូង|ទឹកដីភាគខាងត្បូង]]នៃប្រទេសលីបង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peled |first1=Anat |last2=Abdel-Baqui |first2=Omar |title=Israel Invades Lebanon, Opening New Front Against Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-invades-lebanon-opening-new-front-against-iran-f5e29555 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=16 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៨ ខែមីនា សង្គ្រាមនេះបានវិវត្តកាន់តែធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើតំបន់ឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិផារស៍ខាងត្បូងនៅក្នុងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស និងព្រមទាំងរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងក្បែរៗនោះរបស់ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។<ref name="oj">{{cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Robert |last2=Kelly |first2=Maxine |last3=Wells |first3=Peter |last4=Provan |first4=Sarah |last5=Cash |first5=Kieran |date=18 March 2026 |title=Middle East war live: Oil jumps after Iran says energy industry attacked |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6112e127-3ee2-4fce-acfc-f7644e5c6c30?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយរោងចក្រផលិតឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវដ៏ធំជាងគេបំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោកដែលមានទីតាំងនៅក្នុងប្រទេសកាតា។ ត្រាំបានអះអាងថា រូបលោកមិនបានដឹងអ្វីអំពីការវាយប្រហារនៅផារស៍ខាងត្បូងទេ ហើយលោកបានសន្យាថានឹងលែងមានការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែលណាទៀតទៅលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ និងថែមទាំងបានគំរាមកំហែងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបញ្ឈប់ការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធថាមពលរបស់កាតាទៀត។<ref name=blowup>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |date=19 March 2026 |title=Trump threatens to 'blow up' all of Iran's South Pars gasfield if Tehran strikes Qatar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/19/iran-war-trump-south-pars-threat-if-tehran-strikes-qatar |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីចារកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] តាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាសទាំងយប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran president confirms intelligence minister Khatib killed in strike |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603187564 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> [[File:F-35 Lightning II fighter jet hit over Iran 2026.webm|thumb|right|250x250px|thumbtime=00:06||វីដេអូដែលបញ្ចេញដោយ[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារសារព័ត៌មានតាស្នីម]]នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ដែលបង្ហាញពីការវាយប្រហារដោយសង្ស័យពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់លើយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-៣៥ របស់អាមេរិក ដោយនេះបានចាត់ទុកជាករណីដំបូងនៃយន្តហោះចម្បាំងបំបាំងកាយដែលត្រូវរងការខូចខាតនៅក្នុងសមរភូមិប្រយុទ្ធ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា យន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-៣៥ របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងបានធ្វើការចុះចតជាបន្ទាន់ ក្រោយសង្ស័យថាត្រូវរងគ្រាប់ទង្គិចដែលបាញ់ដោយកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="cnn19march">{{cite news |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/19/politics/f-35-damage-iran-war |title=US F-35 damaged by suspected Iranian fire makes emergency landing, sources say |work=CNN }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងនាវានិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅឯច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ក្នុងកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកដំណើរការផ្លូវដឹកជញ្ជូនអន្តរជាតិឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cloud |first1=David S. |last2=Seligman |first2=Lara |last3=Gordon |first3=Michael R. |date=20 March 2026 |title=U.S. War Planes and Helicopters Kick Off Battle to Reopen Hormuz |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-war-planes-and-helicopters-kick-off-battle-to-reopen-hormuz-530cdb78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបួន (២១–២៧ មីនា)=== {{Further|យុទ្ធនាការច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទៅលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ដោយប្រើគ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋាន។ ប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហារនេះដោយហៅវាថាជា "ការរំលោភបំពានច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិយ៉ាងច្បាស់ជាក់ស្ដែង" ខណៈដែល[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានជំរុញឱ្យមានការអត់ធ្មត់ផ្នែកយោធា "ដើម្បីជៀសវាងហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះថ្នាក់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran says US and Israel attacked Natanz nuclear facility |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/21/iran-says-us-and-israel-attacked-natanz-nuclear-facility |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហារទីក្រុង[[ឌីម៉ូណា]]នៃភាគខាងត្បូងអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៧៨ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Missiles injure 160 in towns near Israeli nuclear site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qdvnv13qdo |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ដោយដកស្រង់សម្តីមន្ត្រីអាមេរិកដែលមិនបញ្ចេញឈ្មោះ សារព័ត៌មាន CNN និង ''The Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្យាយាមវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានយោធារួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស ពោលគឺមូលដ្ឋាន[[ឌីអេហ្គោ​ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា]]នៅលើ[[ប្រជុំកោះឆាហ្គោស]]ក្នុង[[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបរាជ័យបន្ទាប់ពីមីស៊ីលមួយគ្រាប់បានបែកផ្ទុះក្នុងកំឡុងពេលហោះហើរ និងមួយទៀតត្រូវចាប់ស្ទាក់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាស SM-៣ ដែលមានប្រភពចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran targeted but did not hit Diego Garcia base with missiles, WSJ reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-targeted-did-not-hit-diego-garcia-base-with-missiles-wsj-reports-2026-03-21/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran fires 2 ballistic missiles towards US, UK military bases in Diego Garcia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/international/iran-fires-2-ballistic-missiles-towards-us-uk-military-bases-in-diego-garcia/articleshow/129711819.cms |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធពីការបាញ់មីស៊ីលសម្ដៅទៅមូលដ្ឋានឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ខណៈគ្មានភស្តុតាងច្បាស់លាស់ណាមួយដែលបញ្ជាក់ថាមានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅជិតឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ឬមានការហោះស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vine |first1=David |title=Did Iran Attack Diego Garcia? |url=https://fpif.org/did-iran-attack-diego-garcia/ |website=fpif.org |publisher=Foreign Policy in Focus |access-date=26 May 2026 |date=25 March 2026}}</ref> ក្រៅពីនេះ ក្រុមចលនា[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៃប្រទេស[[យេម៉ែន]]បានព្រមានថា ខ្លួននឹងចូលដៃនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជួយគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ប្រសិនបើមានការបន្តវាយប្រហារបន្ថែមទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=21 March 2026 |title=Houthi rebels say they will respond to any escalation against Iran |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-21-2026#0000019d-1258-dbe1-abff-3bfb86300000 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> [[File:Operation-Roaring-Lion-0065.jpg|thumb|កងទាហានអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅក្បែរព្រំដែនប្រទេសលីបង់, ២១ មីនា ២០២៦]] ត្រាំបានចេញឱសានវាទមួយដល់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយគំរាមថាអាមេរិកនឹងវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លុះត្រាតែសាមីខ្លួនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេដច្រានចោលឱសានវាទនោះ ដោយគំរាមវិញថា ខ្លួនឹងបិទច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ "ទាំងស្រុង" និងបើកការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសំខាន់ៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់ដូចជារោងចក្រផលិតថាមពលនិងរោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃជាដើម។<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2026 |title=Iran threatens to 'completely' close Strait of Hormuz and hit power plants after Trump's ultimatum |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-22-2026-16cc60862529b873666ce4c1f6529d78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> ចូល ២៤ ម៉ោងនៃឱសានវាទនោះ ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថារូបលោកបានពន្យារពេលវាយប្រហារទៅលើរោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅដល់រយៈពេលប្រាំថ្ងៃ ហើយបាននិយាយថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងតែចរចាជាមួយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដើម្បីរកផ្លូវបញ្ចប់សង្គ្រាម។<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Trump claims US has held talks with Iran |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-war-trump-claims-us-has-held-talks-with-iran/live-76478747 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=dw.com }}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធពីអត្ថិភាពនៃកាចរចានោះ ដោយបានហៅត្រាំថាជាប្រធានាធិបតី "បោកប្រាស់"<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=No talks are underway between Tehran and Washington, Iran says |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603237530 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ហើយថែមទាំងបានបដិសេធមិនទទួលផែនការសន្តិភាព ១៥ ចំណុចរបស់អាមេរិកទៀតផង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានអះអាងថាដើម្បីឱ្យការចរចាអាចប្រព្រឹត្តទៅបាន លុះត្រាតែមានការរាប់បញ្ចូល[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជម្លោះលីបង់]]ចូលជាលក្ខខណ្ឌមួយនៅក្នុងសំណើបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Gebeily |first3=Maya |date=25 March 2026 |title=Iran wants Lebanon included in any ceasefire, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-wants-lebanon-included-any-ceasefire-sources-say-2026-03-25/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៦ ខែមីនា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់លោក[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] ដែលជាមេបញ្ជាការទ័ពជើងទឹកកំពូលម្នាក់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយចោទថាលោកនេះហើយគឺជាអ្នកទទួលខុសត្រូវដោយចម្បងចំពោះការបិទខ្ទប់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រហូម្ស៍។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2026 |title=Israel says it has killed Iran's navy chief overseeing Strait of Hormuz blockade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy81p99x07no |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅបំបុក[[មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់]]របស់អាមេរិក បង្កឱ្យទាហានអាមេរិកយ៉ាងតិច​ ១៥ នាក់រងរបួស និងនាំឱ្យមានការខូចខាតដល់យន្តហោះប្រភេទ[[បូអ៊ីង អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី|អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី]]មួយគ្រឿង។<ref name="apnews27march">{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim responsibility for missile attack on Israel, their first since war started |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-27-2026-195444c54cbb7545d0a77f8ffbc0e4c0 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> អ្នកវិភាគយោធា លោកសេឌ្រីក លៃតុនបានចាត់ទុកការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរទៅដល់សមត្ថភាពស៊ើបការណ៍ឃ្លាំមើលតាមអាកាសរបស់ [សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]"។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/30/middleeast/us-air-force-awacs-jet-destroyed-saudi-arabia-intl-hnk-ml |title=Destruction of vital US radar aircraft could hamper ability to spot Iran threats, analysts say |first1=Brad |last1=Lendon |first2=Isaac |last2=Yee |first3=Thomas |last3=Bordeaux |date=30 March 2026 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> ចំណែកឯអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញគឺមិនបានបង្ហាញពីសញ្ញាដកថយការត្រួតត្រាលើច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញនោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/27/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |title=Iran War Live Updates: Tehran Moves to Assert Its Control Over Strait of Hormuz |work=The New York Times |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំ (២៨ មីនា – ៣ មេសា)=== ក្រុមហ៊ូទីបានចូលរួមក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាផ្លូវការនៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ដោយបាញ់ស្រោបមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ចលនាហ៊ូទីនេះបាននិយាយថាខ្លួនឹងបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកសម្ដៅចូលទីតាំងយោធាសំខាន់ៗរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហើយនឹងមិនឈប់ឡើយលុះត្រាតែអរិភាពនៅគ្រប់ជួរប្រយុទ្ធបានបញ្ឈប់។ ជាប្រតិកម្ម [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំប្រធានាធិបតី|រដ្ឋាភិបាលយេម៉ែន]] ដែលមានការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិ បានថ្កោលទោស ​​"សកម្មភាពរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលប៉ុនប៉ងអូសទាញយេម៉ែន" ឱ្យចូលក្នុងជម្លោះ "តាមរយៈសម្ព័ន្ធក្រុមភេរវកររបស់ខ្លួន"។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |last2=Sampson |first2=Eve |date=28 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis Fire at Israel and Vow Further Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/28/world/middleeast/yemen-houthis-attack-israel-war.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ កងម៉ារីនអាមេរិកចំនួន ២,៥០០ នាក់មកពីអង្គភាពបេសកកម្មម៉ារីនទី៣១ បានធ្វើដំណើរចូលមកដល់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដោយពួកគេត្រូវបានបម្រុងទុកជាកម្លាំងចលករជួយជំរុញកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូស្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=Update from Helene Cooper |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/06cca092-ddd6-5d3a-a460-2e70367fefe2?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតនិងបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញទីលំនៅដ្ឋាននិងអគារស៊ីវិលជាច្រើន ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baskar |first1=Pranav |last2=Hakim |first2=Shirin |date=28 March 2026 |title=Airstrikes batter a university and residential zones in Tehran. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឆ្លើយតបវិញដោយការគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើមហាវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2026 |title=Update from Sanam Mahoozi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/29/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/9b3c6f7c-33ca-5d8e-aab0-912c41dc5b1c?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានថ្លែងពីបំណង "វាយយករ៉ែប្រេងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់" ដូចជា មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងនៅ[[កោះខាក]] ដោយអះអាងថា វាគឺអាចដណ្ដើមបាន "យ៉ាងងាយស្រួល" ហើយបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា អាមេរិកអាចបន្តកាន់កាប់វាមួយរយៈធំប្រសិនបើធ្វើមែន។<ref name="ft30march">{{cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Donald Trump says US could 'take the oil in Iran' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3bd9fb6c-2985-4d24-b86b-23b7884031f5?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Financial Times }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣០ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបានសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា ប្រសិនបើគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនិងការបើកច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងពេលឆាប់ៗនេះទេ នុះអាមេរិកនឹងវាយបំផ្លាញរោងចក្រថាមពល អណ្តូងប្រេង កោះខាក និងអាចគ្រប់រោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bohner |first1=Athina |last2=Berry |first2=Alex |last3=Oelofse |first3=Louise |agency=AP, AFP, dpa, Reuters, EFE |date=30 March 2026 |title=Trump again threatens to 'obliterate' Iranian power plants, oil wells and Kharg Island |url=https://p.dw.com/p/5BNQw |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រទេសតួកគីនិងសម្ព័ន្ធណាតូបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលលើកទីបួន ដែលបានតម្រង់ចូលក្នុងទឹកដីប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធការបាញ់មីស៊ីលនោះដោយអះអាងថាមានការបន្លំអត្តសញ្ញាណ។<ref>{{cite |news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Reports of Iranian Missile Launch Toward Turkey Are Completely Baseless |url=https://wanaen.com/reports-of-iranian-missile-launch-toward-turkey-are-completely-baseless/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=WANA News Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមេសា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបើកការវាយប្រហារចំនួនពីរលើកទៅលើ[[ស្ពានការ៉ាជ ប៊ី-១|ស្ពានប៊ី ១]] នៅរវាងទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងទីក្រុង[[ការ៉ាជ]] ដែលត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាស្ពានដ៏ខ្ពស់បំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា បង្កឱ្យមានមនុស្សស្លាប់ចំនួន ៨ នាក់ និងរបួស ៩៥ នាក់ ខណៈស្ពាននោះត្រូវបាក់រលំមួយផ្នែក។<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Trump announces destruction of Iran's tallest bridge |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2026/04/trump-announces-destruction-irans-tallest-bridge |access-date=27 May 2026 |agency=Agence France Presse |website=Al-Monito }}</ref> ជាបន្ទាប់ ត្រាំបានអួតអាងចំពោះសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារនោះ ដែលអ្នកជំនាញបានវាយតម្លៃថាអាចជាប់ជា[[ឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មសង្គ្រាម]]។<ref name="france24-2april">{{cite news |title=Trump gloats on possible war crimes in Iran, but punishment distant |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260402-trump-gloats-on-possible-war-crimes-in-iran-but-punishment-distant |work=France 24 |date=2 April 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៥E របស់អាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿង ដោយវាបានធ្លាក់ទៅក្នុង[[ខេត្តកុះហ្គីលូយេហ៍ និងបូយែរ-អះម៉ាដ]]នៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈអាមេរិកបានផ្ដើមបេសកកម្មស្វែងរក និងជួយសង្គ្រោះអ្នកបើកយន្តហោះចម្បាំងនោះ ដោយបានសង្គ្រោះពួកគេដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។<ref name="ap-f515e-rescue">{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Seung Min |date=5 April 2026 |title=A mountain hideout and aircraft under fire: US carries out daring rescue of service member in Iran |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-pilot-military-rescue-fde473d07fb59e871a71cd2ad2ffe4fe |access-date=27 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យឆាហ៊ីដ បាហេស្ថី]]នៃទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ ត្រូវរងវាយប្រហារពីអាកាស ដែលនាំឱ្យចំនួនសាកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលរងការវាយប្រហារសរុបកើនដល់ជាង ៣០ នេះបើយោងតាមរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranian Minister of Science: U.S.-Israeli strikes targeted 30 Universities since start of war |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/iranian-minister-of-science-us-israeli-strikes-targeted-30-universities-since-start-of-war |work=Hawar News |date=4 April 2026 |access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំមួយ (៤–៧ មេសា)=== [[File:2026-04-07 Trump – A whole civilization will die tonight 2026-04-07 192815.png|thumb|សារសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គម ''Truth Social'' របស់ត្រាំនៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា ដែលបានគំរាមថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងត្រូវវិនាសបាត់នៅយប់នេះ ហើយនឹងគ្មានថ្ងៃអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញបានទៀតឡើយ"។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមេសា មានករណីផ្ទុះជាច្រើនដងនៅអគារបម្រុងនៃ[[រោងចក្រថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរប៊ូឈែហរ៍]] ក៏ដូចជាតំបន់ប្រេងគីមីពិសេសម៉ះឆាហរ៍ក្នុងទីក្រុងម៉ះឆាហរ៍ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news |title=U.S. Rescues Downed Air Force Officer Deep Inside Iran, Trump Says |first1=Greg |last1=Jaffe |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Helene |last3=Cooper |date=4 April 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅម៉ះឆាហរ៍ បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិចចំនួនប្រាំនាក់ និងបង្ករបួសបន្ថែមដល់មនុស្ស ១៧០ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2026 |title=Update from Shirin Hakim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news/f8c31573-78bc-5053-a5a0-99ce0bf46017?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានប្រកាសថា ប្រធានអង្គការចារកម្មរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi">{{cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=IRGC intelligence chief killed in attack, Guards say |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604065252 |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៣៤ នាក់ រួមទាំងកុមារ ៦ នាក់ ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រួមមានការវាយប្រហារលើ[[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យបច្ចេកវិទ្យាឆារីហ្វ]] និងតំបន់លំនៅដ្ឋានប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាច្រើនទៀតផង។ អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងជាអ្នកនយោបាយកំណែទម្រង់និយម លោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា អារ៉េហ្វ]] និងត្រូវជាអតីតនិស្សិតនៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យនោះ បានសម្ដៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋានក្នុងការវាយប្រហារនោះថាជា "និមិត្តរូបនៃភាពឆ្កួតលីលា និងអវិជ្ជារបស់ត្រាំ"។<ref name="aljazeera6april">{{cite news |date=6 April 2026 |title=Iran's top university, oil facility bombed as US, Israel intensify attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/6/irans-top-university-bombed-as-us-israel-intensify-attacks-34-killed |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Members of the Tehran Jewish community navigating the site where the Rafi'-Nia synagogue was destroyed.webm|thumb|right|200px|វីដេអូខ្លីបង្ហាញពីសមាជិក​សហគមន៍​ជ្វីហ្វ​នៃទីក្រុង​តេហេរ៉ង់​កំពុង​ដើរប្រមើលទីតាំងវិហារ​សាសនា​រ៉ាហ្វី នីយ៉ា ក្រោងត្រូវ​រងការបំផ្លិច​បំផ្លាញ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា វិហារសាសនាយូដារ៉ាហ្វីនីយ៉ានៅកណ្តាលទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ បានរងការបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដោយការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាននិយាយថា អគារសាសនានេះត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញដោយសារតែត្រូវប៉ះទង្គិចនឹងការវាយប្រហារដែលសម្ដៅលើទីតាំងផ្សេងក្បែរនោះប៉ុណ្ណោះ ហើយវាមិនដែលជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួនឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ben Ari |first1=Lior |last2=Eichner |first2=Itamar |date=7 April 2026 |title=IDF confirms Tehran strike targeted Iranian commander, synagogue hit was 'collateral damage' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/sjouxfz211g |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> សារសរសេររបស់ត្រាំនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមដែលថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងវិនាសនៅយប់នេះ ហើយមិនអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញទៀត" នោះបានបង្កការព្រួយបារម្ភជាអន្តរជាតិ ដោយមានគេសង្ស័យថាត្រាំប៉ងចង់ប្រើគ្រាប់បែកនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។ អគ្គលេខាធិការនៃ[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ]]បានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា សាររបស់ត្រាំ "អាចជាការគំរាមប្រព្រឹត្តអំពើប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍"។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran: President Trump's apocalyptic threats of large-scale civilian devastation demand urgent global action to prevent atrocity crimes |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/04/iran-president-trumps-apocalyptic-threats-of-large-scale-civilian-devastation-demand-urgent-global-action-to-prevent-atrocity-crimes/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ|Amnesty International​]] }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ សេតវិមានបានចេញបដិសេធអំពីលទ្ធភាពប្រើប្រាស់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran war latest: We'll destroy Iran — but we won't use nuclear weapons, US says |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-rejects-peace-deadline-trump-gz662zx0h |work=The Times |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> ===បទឈប់បាញ់ (៨ មេសា – បច្ចុប្បន្ន)=== {{Main|បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|កិច្ចពិភាក្សាសន្ទនាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ}} នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា នាវេលាម៉ោង ៦:៣២ ល្ងាចនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក (ត្រូវនឹងថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា ម៉ោង ១:៣២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងម៉ោង ២:០២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមរបស់លោកថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឈានដល់កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងមួយដោយផ្អែកលើសំណើ ១០ ចំណុច ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីប៉ាគីស្ថានគឺលោក[[ស្ហេបាហ៍ ស្ហារីហ្វ]] និងលោកសេនាប្រមុខ[[អាស៊ីម មូនារ]]។<ref>{{cite news |title=Live updates: Trump agrees to two-week ceasefire after threatening massive attacks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/live-blog/live-updates-iran-war-trump-deadline-hormuz-infrastructure-ceasefire-rcna267039 |work=NBC News |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្រមគ្នាលើបទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍ ដែលក្រោមកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនេះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=What we know about the US and Iran's ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce84z6y3ke4o |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវបានប្រកាស រោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងនៅលើ[[កោះឡាវ៉ាន]] និងរោងចក្រនាំចេញប្រេងឆៅនៅ[[កោះស៊ីរី]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានរងការវាយប្រហារ ដោយគ្មានភាគីណាមួយចេញមុខមកទទួលខុសត្រូវ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Iranian Oil Refining Company confirms attack on Lavan refinery, Shana reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iranian-oil-refining-company-confirms-attack-lavan-refinery-shana-reports-2026-04-08/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនចូលទៅក្នុងបណ្ដារដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់នៅជុំវិញឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=S Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain report attacks after Iran-US truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/uae-kuwait-bahrain-report-attacks-despite-iran-us-ceasefire |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ក្រោយមកទើបគេបានបង្ហាញថាការវាយប្រហារលើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះគឺបានធ្វើឡើងជាសម្ងាត់ដោយអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref name="WSJUAEStrikes">{{Cite news |last1=Holliday |first1=Shelby |last2=Said |first2=Summer |date=11 May 2026 |title=The U.A.E. Has Been Secretly Carrying Out Attacks on Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-u-a-e-has-been-secretly-carrying-out-attacks-on-iran-f1745a0d |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> លក្ខខណ្ឌដាក់បញ្ចូលលីបង់ទៅក្នុងឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវជួបនឹងការខ្វែងគំនិតគ្នា<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Netanyahu says US-Iran ceasefire 'does not include Lebanon' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/netanyahu-says-us-iran-ceasefire-does-not-include-lebanon |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធំមួយមិនធ្លាប់មានចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានកើតមកលើប្រទេសលីបង់ក្នុងគោលដៅកម្ទេចទីតាំងឈរជើងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel pounds Lebanon with heaviest airstrikes of the war as Hezbollah pauses attacks |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-pauses-attacks-under-us-iran-ceasefire-sources-close-group-say-2026-04-08/}}</ref> មនុស្សយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ៣៥៧ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្សប្រមាណជាង ១,២០០ នាក់ទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួសជាលទ្ធផល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Israeli attacks across Lebanon kill at least 254 after Iran-US ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/hundreds-of-casualties-across-lebanon-after-israel-says-it-hit-100-sites |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:8 April 2026 Isreali attacks on Beirut (2).jpg|thumb|right|ទិដ្ឋភាពអគារមួយកន្លែងនៅបៃរូត ប្រទេសលីបង់ ក្រោយត្រូវអ៊ីស្រាអែលវាយប្រហារ, ៨ មេសា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា កងកម្លាំងអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើម "បោសសម្អាត" ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍។ កាសែត ''Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា នាវាចម្បាំងពិឃាតជាច្រើនគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកបានចូលទៅក្នុងច្រកសមុទ្រនេះជាលើកដំបូងចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះមក។<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. Warships Transit Hormuz as U.S.-Iran Meet Face-to-Face for Peace Talks |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-latest-news-israel-us-lebanon-2026?mod=lc_navigation |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> រីឯរដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញត្រូវបានគេរាយការណ៍ថាបានគំរាមវាយប្រហារនាវាចម្បាំងទាំងនោះ ដោយចោទអាមេរិកថាកំពុងរំលោភបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ កិច្ចចរចារវាងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជាកិច្ចពិភាក្សាកម្រិតខ្ពស់បំផុតរវាងប្រទេសទាំងពីរចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមនៃឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មក បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[ឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]] ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដែលមានរយៈពេល ២១ ម៉ោង ប៉ុន្តែគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងអ្វីត្រូវបានសម្រេចឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=No Deal: U.S.-Iran peace talks in Islamabad collapse |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/12/nx-s1-5782538/u-s-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-collapse |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=NPR News }}</ref> ====ការបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដោយអាមេរិក==== ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា កងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកនឹងចាប់ផ្តើមបិទផ្លូវហាមឃាត់ "នាវាទាំងអស់ដែលព្យាយាមចូល ឬចាកចេញពីច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍" ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា តទៅ។ យ៉ាងណា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជាក់ក្រោយថា ការបិទផ្លូវមួយនេះនឹងត្រូវអនុវត្តតែលើនាវាដែលធ្វើដំណើរទៅ ឬមកពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Trump announces naval blockade of Iran after Islamabad talks yield no deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/04/12/iran-us-talks-ceasefire-vance/ |access-date=29 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[កងឆ្មាំជើងទឹកបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា នាវាយោធាណាមួយដែលចូលមកជិតច្រកសមុទ្រនឹងត្រូវចាត់ទុកថាជាការរំលោភលើបទឈប់បាញ់ ហើយនឹងត្រូវប្រឈមនឹង "ការឆ្លើយតបដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ" ពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Update by Parin Behrooz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/12/world/iran-war-trump-talks-pakistan/d43e91d7-9511-5fb7-b3de-26e6da723f33?smid=url-share |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការចម្រុះ លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ដាន​ ខេន]]បានប្រកាសថា នាវាដឹកប្រេងចំនួន ១៣ គ្រឿង ដែលបានធ្វើដំណើរចូលនិងចេញពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានកងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកស្ទាក់ចាប់ ហើយនាវាទាំងអស់បានគោរពតាមបញ្ជារបស់នាវាអាមេរិកនិងបានប្ដូរគោលដៅរបស់គេ។<ref name="DOD-16042026">{{Cite web |title=Secretary of War Pete Hegseth and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Dan Caine Hold a Press Briefing |date=16 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=U.S. Department of Defense |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4462029/secretary-of-war-pete-hegseth-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff-gen-dan/}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងលីបង់បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេល ១០ថ្ងៃ]]។<ref name="aljazeera16april">{{Cite news |date=16 April 2026 |title=Trump says Israel and Lebanon agree to temporary ceasefire|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/trump-says-israel-and-lebanon-agree-to-temporary-ceasefire |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផលនៃបទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមេសា បានប្រកាសអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានចរាចរណ៍នាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មនៅច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញក្នុងកំឡុងបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ការបិទផ្លូវនាវាដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនឹងនៅតែបន្ត ខណអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសឆ្លើយតបវិញថា ខ្លួននឹងរឹតបន្តឹងបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2026/04/17/iran-war-ceasefire-lebanon-trump-updates--live/89652291007/ |title=Strait of Hormuz won't reopen, Iranian leader tells Trump |first1=Michael |last1=Loria |first2=Christopher |last2=Cann |first3=Andrea |last3=Riquier |work=USA Today |date=17 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមេសា ពោលគឺប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងមុនពេលបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវផុតកំណត់ ត្រាំបានសម្រេចចិត្តបន្តពន្យាបទឈប់បាញ់ ដោយលើកឡើងថាលោកបានធ្វើដូច្នេះទៅតាមការស្នើសុំរបស់ប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដើម្បីទុកពេលវេលាឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់រៀបចំបញ្ជូនសំណើរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref name="aljazeera21april">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2026 |title=Trump says the United States is extending ⁠its ⁠ceasefire with Iran at mediator Pakistan's request to allow more time for Tehran to put forward its proposal.|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/4/21/iran-war-live-tehran-shuns-talks-trump-says-us-blockade-to-remain |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនិងអូម៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ពួកគេបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក មីស៊ីលល្បឿនមធ្យម និងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Strikes in U.A.E., Oman and at Sea Strain Iran Truce to the Breaking Point |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/04/world/middleeast/iran-trump-ships-hormuz-strait.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបាននិយាយទៀតថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនមកវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រកែច្នៃប្រេងមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[ហ្វូចៃរ៉ា]] ដោយបង្កជាអគ្គីភ័យឆាបឆេះ និងបណ្តាលឱ្យពលករឋឥណ្ឌាបីនាក់ទទួលរងរបួស។ នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបានចេញមកនិយាយបន្ថែមទៀតថា ខ្លួនបានត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនបន្ថែមពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងរយៈពេលពីរថ្ងៃជាប់ៗគ្នា ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធដោយថាខ្លួនមិនបានវាយប្រហារទៅលើអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនោះទេនៅក្នុងរយៈពេលប៉ុន្មានថ្ងៃថ្មីៗកន្លងមក។<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE air defences engage missiles, drones; Tehran denies attacking UAE |url=https://www.internazionale.it/ultime-notizie-reuters/2026/05/05/uae-air-defences-engage-missiles-drones-tehran-denies-attacking-uae |agency=Reuters |website=Internazionale |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមិថុនា ជាប្រតិកម្មនឹងសកម្មភាពបន្តឈ្លានពានរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅលីបង់ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទីកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយចាត់ទុកវាជាការព្រមាន ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានឆ្លើយតបវិញភ្លាមៗដោយបាញ់ប្រហារតបវិញចូលទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់មីស៊ីលមួយនេះបានធ្វើឱ្យបទឈប់បាញ់កាន់តែស្ដួចស្តើងជាងមុន។<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-06-08 |title=IDF says it struck military targets in western and central Iran following missile attacks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-struck-military-targets-in-western-and-central-iran-following-missile-attacks/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ==សហេតុភាព== {{Main|សហេតុភាពសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់}} ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកម្ចាត់មេបញ្ជាការនិងមេដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើនរូបនៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម តាមរយៈការបន្លំឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជឿថាមិនការវាយប្រហារកើតឡើងភ្លាមៗពីសត្រូវរបស់គេ។ ដោយហេតុនេះ ក្រុមមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើនរូបបាននៅបន្តជួបប្រជុំជាមួយនឹងគ្នាដោយផ្ទាល់ ខណៈទីកន្លែងនៃកិច្ចប្រជុំទាំងនោះបានក្លាយជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារក្ដៅៗរបស់អាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="Estrin-2026">{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=11 March 2026 |title=Old-school tricks and AI tech are weapons in the Iran war |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/10/nx-s1-5741726/israel-iran-war-cyber-ai |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> [[File:Ali Khamenei 2026.02.12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|រូបលោកអាលី ហាមេនៃ ដែលបានថតនៅថ្ងៃទី១២​ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ពោលគឺ ១៦ ថ្ងៃមុនឃាតកម្មលើរូបលោក។]] នៅថ្ងៃទ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ លោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]] ដែលជា[[មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់|មេដឹកនាំកំពូលនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែល[[ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមេនៃ|ធ្វើឃាតតាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាស]] ហើយដល់ថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទើបប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)اطلاعیه شهادت حضرت آیت‌الله العظمی سیدعلی حسینی خامنه‌ای رهبر انقلاب اسلامی |work=[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល|Supreme National Security Council]] |via=KHAMENEI.ir |date=1 March 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301023337/https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មានហ្វារស៍]] ដែលគ្រប់គ្រងដោយកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម បានប្រកាសបន្ថែមថា កូនស្រី កូនប្រុសប្រសារ ចៅ និងកូនស្រីប្រសាររបស់លោកហាមេនៃក៏បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Khamenei family members killed in attacks, Fars news agency reports |url=https://apnews.com/live/live-updates-israel-iran-february-28-2026#0000019c-a724-d479-ad9e-f76cb5b90000 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសកាន់ទុក្ខរយៈពេល ៤០ ថ្ងៃ។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t?post=asset%3Add3db3f8-29d3-4420-a511-9b544b2ea1b0#post |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ====មន្ត្រី និងយោធា==== {{multiple image| | image1 = Aziz Nasirzadeh (February 2026).jpg | caption1 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការពារជាតិ [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] | image2 = محمد پاکپور1.jpg | caption2 = បញ្ជាការ ឆ.ប.ឥ.អ. [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] | image3 = Shamkhani.jpg | caption3 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ [[អាលី ស្យាមខានី]] | image4 = The new head of the Basij Organization 29 (portrait crop).jpg | caption4 = ប្រមុខការិយាល័យយោធានៃមេដឹកនាំកំពូល [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ​ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] | image5 = Iranian drone exercise in 2022 - Day 2 (50).jpg | caption5 = ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការកម្លាំងប្រដាប់ [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] | direction = horizontal | width = 60 | footer = | width4 = | total_width = 290 | perrow = 3 / 3 / 3 | image_gap = 3 | image6 = Ali Larijani, 2021-01-12 (cropped).jpg | caption6 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] | image7 = Gholamreza Soleimani 01 (1).jpg | caption7 = ប្រធានកងកម្លាំងយោធាប្រតិព័ន្ធបាស៊ីគ [[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]] | image8 = Ashtiani-Khatib-Rahimi 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg | caption8 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងចារកិច្ច [[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] | image9 = علیرضا تنگسیری1.jpg | caption9 = មេបញ្ជាការឆ្មាំជើងទឹក ប.ឥ.អ. [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] }} មរណភាពមន្រ្តីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដំបូងៗគេគឺរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អាហ្ស៊ីស​ ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់[[ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)|ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច]]ចំនួនបួនរូបទៀត។<ref>{{cite web |title=Four senior intelligence ministry officials killed in airstrikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284598 |website=Iran International |date=28 February 2026 |publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់បន្ថែមទៀតដូចជា លោក[[សាឡាហ៍ អាសាឌី]] ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃបញ្ជាការដ្ឋានសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] ប្រធានការិយាល័យយោធារបស់មេដឹកនាំកំពូល<ref name="Iran International-2026a"/> លោក[[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីប្រមាណ ៤០ នាក់ទៀតសុទ្ធតែត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោមការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស បើយោងតាមបណ្ដាប្រភពការសម្ងាត់និងយោធា។<ref>{{cite news |last=LaPorta |first=James |date=28 February 2026 |title=About 40 Iranian officials killed in strikes, sources say |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា [[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថា ទាហាននិងមេបញ្ជាការអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចន្លោះពី ៣,០០០ ទៅ ៤,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Israeli military says 4,000–5,000 Iranian forces killed in strikes so far |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603135117 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> រំលងមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានធ្វើឃាតលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] ដែលជាលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="sk"/> មេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] និងលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ]] លោក[[អាលី ស្យាំខានី]]ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅចុងខែមីនានោះ។<ref>{{cite news |title='Decimated'? The Iranian leaders killed in Israeli-US war |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260320-decimated-the-iranian-leaders-killed-in-israeli-us-war |access-date=31 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=France 24 |date=20 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ទូរទស្សន៍សារព័ត៌មាន ''Iran International'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់យ៉ាងហោចចំនួន ៤,៧០០ នាក់ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=Over 4,700 security forces killed in US-Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603313227 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]ត្រូវបានធ្វើឃាតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi" /> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា [[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] (HRANA) ដែលជាអង្គការមិនមែនរដ្ឋាភិបាលមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ខាងភាគីអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមថាមានចំនួន ៣,៦៣៦ នាក់ ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានជនស៊ីវិលចំនួន ១,៧០១ នាក់ បុគ្គលិកយោធាចំនួន ១,២២១ នាក់ និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតនៅមិនទាន់កំណត់អត្តសញ្ញាណ ឬហេតុផលស្លាប់ច្បាស់លាស់។ យោងទៅតាមអង្គការដដែរនេះ "សាមីខ្លួនជឿថា ចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់ និងរបួសខាងយោធាជាក់ស្ដែងគឺខ្ពស់ជាងតួលេខនៅក្នុងរបាយការណ៍របស់ខ្លួន" ដោយសារការបញ្ជាក់នៃចំនួនតួលេខក្នុងរបាយការណ៍នោះគឺអាស្រ័យទៅលើទិន្នន័យរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ណាមួយ ចំនួនដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលបានបញ្ចេញនោះភាគច្រើនគ្របដណ្ដប់តែលើបុគ្គលិកយោធាដែលបានពលីនៅក្នុងតំបន់ទីប្រជុំជនប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="HRANA">{{cite web |date=7 April 2026 |title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=HRANA }}</ref> ====ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល==== [[File:Shajareh Tayyebeh school in Minab photos from Mehr (3).jpg|thumb|ក្រុមអ្នកជួយសង្គ្រោះ និងជនស៊ីវិលកំពុងជីកកកាយគំនរបាក់បែកនៃសាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីនៅមីណាប ក្រោយត្រូវវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] យោងតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម សាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីមួយកន្លែងក្នុងទីក្រុងមីណាប ត្រូវរង[[ការវាយប្រហារលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ដោយអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Over 50 killed in strike on girls' elementary school in Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228192239/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សាលារៀនមួយនេះដែរមានទីតាំងនៅជិតបរិវេណយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយកន្លែង ហើយក៏ធ្លាប់ជាផ្នែកមួយនៃបរិវេណយោធានោះផងដែរ។<ref name="Browne-2026">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Livni |first2=Ephrat |last3=Mahoozi |first3=Sanam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Strike on Girls' School Kills at Least 175, Iranian State Media Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/world/middleeast/girls-school-strike-iran-video.html |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Angelovski |first1=Ivan |last2=Szeto |first2=Eric |last3=Bilhete |first3=Britnei |date=4 March 2026 |title=Who bombed a girls' school in Iran? A visual investigation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/iran-school-bombing-investigation-9.7114994 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBC News }}</ref> ខណៈពេលដែលចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់មិនត្រូវបានបញ្ជាក់ដោយឯករាជ្យ ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាង ១៧៥ នាក់ ដែលភាគច្រើនជាកុមារ ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត ខណៈដែលមនុស្ស ៩៥ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Mekhennet |first2=Souad |author-link2=Souad Mekhennet |last3=Kelly |first3=Meg |last4=Horton |first4=Alex |last5=Geroge |first5=Susannah |date=11 March 2026 |title=Iranian school was on U.S. target list, may have been mistaken as military site |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2026/03/11/us-strike-iran-elementary-school-ai-target-list/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref> ការស៊ើបអង្កេតដោយយោធាអាមេរិកបានរកឃើញជាបឋមថា ការវាយប្រហារចំសាលារៀននេះគឺកើតឡើងចេញពីលំយោងលើទិន្នន័យចាស់ហួសសម័យ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=United States was "likely" responsible for bombing of girls' school in Iran, per early U.S. assessment |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-iran-war-bombing-girls-school-assessment/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> [[File:Damages caused by attacks on Tehran 22 Avash 25 esfand 1404.webp|thumb|ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលរងការខូចខាតនៅតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាង ៦០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-death-toll-reaches-555-as-us-israel-escalate-attacks |title=Iran death toll reaches 555 as US, Israel escalate attacks |date=2 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ខណៈ HRANA បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ជនស៊ីវិលរហូតដល់ទៅ ១,០៩៧ នាក់។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/the-fourth-day-of-the-u-s-israel-war-on-iran-strikes-continue-in-western-regions-of-the-country/ |title=The Fourth Day of the U.S.–Israel War on Iran: Strikes Continue in Western Regions of the Country |work=HRANA |date=4 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា អឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមបានរាយការណ៍បន្ថែមទៀតថា "អង្គភាព" ស៊ីវិលជាង ៦,៦៦៨ ទីតាំងត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានទីលំនៅដ្ឋានចំនួន ៥,៥៣៥ កន្លែង អង្គភាពពាណិជ្ជកម្មចំនួន ១,០៤១ កន្លែង មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រចំនួន ១៤ ទីតាំង សាលារៀនចំនួន ៦៥ កន្លែង និងមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាប់ទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមចំនួន ១៣ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=US-Israeli strikes targeted at least 6,668 civilian units: Red Crescent |url=https://aje.news/ozn6u2?update=4374430 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែមីនា HRANA បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាជនរងគ្រោះពីសង្គ្រាមយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ១៥% មានអាយុស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ១៨ ឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2026 |title=Day 23 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: More Than 15% of the Total Fatalities Are Children |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-23-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-more-than-15-of-the-total-fatalities-are-children/ |website=Human Rights Activists News Agency}}</ref> គិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថាសង្គ្រាមបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទីតាំងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ]]យ៉ាងតិច ១២០ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Iran Says US, Israeli Strikes Damage 120 Museums, Historic Buildings |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/5255868 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Asharq Al-Awsat​ }}</ref> ===សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== ការវិភាគលើរូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដោយកាសែត ''The Washington Post'' បានបង្ហាញពីរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ ឬឧបករណ៍យោធាជាតួលេខយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ២២៨ នៅតាមមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្សដែលត្រូវបានរងការខូចខាត ដោយតួលេខនេះគឺច្រើនជាងអ្វីដែលរដ្ឋបាលត្រាំធ្លាប់បានអះអាង។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Ley |first2=Jarrett |last3=Horton |first3=Alex |last4=Copp |first4=Tara |last5=Lamothe |first5=Dan |author5-link=Dan Lamothe |title=Iran has hit far more U.S. military assets than reported, satellite images show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/05/06/iran-us-bases-satellite-images/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងចំណោមអ្នករងរបួសជាង ៣០ នាក់ដោយការវាយប្រហារពីដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្បែរជំរុំយោធា[[ជំរុំអារីហ្វយ៉ាន|អារីហ្វយ៉ាន]]ក្នុងកំពង់ផែស៊ូអាយបា ប្រទេស[[គុយវ៉ែត]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Meg |last2=Horton |first2=Alex |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |date=4 March 2026 |title=U.S. troops had little protection from drone strike that killed 6, imagery shows |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325132717/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |url-status=live |via=MSN}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា កងម៉ារីនសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកម្នាក់ឋានៈពលបាលឯក បានស្លាប់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត ក្នុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលមិនជាប់ទាក់ទងនឹងអរិភាពដែលកំពុងកើតមាននៅមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref name="RC1">{{cite news |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/a-dignified-transfer-of-the-remains-of-us-marine-corps-lance-corporal-kevin-melendez-in-dover/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFaNVNORw?previouslyViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFBMUJJSA&position=2 |title=A dignified transfer of the remains of U.S. Marine Corps Lance Corporal Kevin Melendez, in Dover |work=Reuters Connect |date=4 March 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=មិថុនា 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានរាយការណ៍ថា ទាហាននៃកងឆ្មាំជាតិម្នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្នុងកំឡុងពេលមានអាសន្នបញ្ហាសុខភាព។<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=9 March 2026 |title=US military reviewing National Guard member's death in Kuwait in health-related incident |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5774793-nypd-officer-kuwait-incident |work=The Hill}}</ref> ទាហានអាមេរិកម្នាក់ទៀតនៃ[[កងពលតូចអវកាសទីមួយ]] ដែលបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតក្នុងថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា បានស្លាប់ដោយសាររបួសនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacecom.mil/Newsroom/News/Article-Display/Article/4428548/statement-by-commander-of-united-states-space-command-on-loss-of-usasmdc-soldie/ |title=Statement by Commander of United States Space Command on Loss of USASMDC Soldier in Support of Operation Epic Fury |date=9 March 2026 |website=United States Space Command}}</ref> ទាហានអាកាសអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់បានស្លាប់នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា នៅពេលដែលយន្តហោះចាក់សាំងលើអាកាសប្រភេទ [[បូអ៊ីង ខេស៊ី-១៣៥ ស្ត្រាតូធែងខឺរ|ខេស៊ី-១៣៥]] របស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់នៅភាគខាងលិចប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់។ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលបាននិយាយថា ការធ្លាក់យន្តហោះមួយគ្រឿងនេះគឺមិនមែនជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារអរិភាពណាទេ ប៉ុន្តែបានកើតឡើងក្នុងកំឡុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងយន្តហោះអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងទៀត។ នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា យោធាអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសជាសាធារណៈថា ទាហានអាមេរិកប្រមាណ ១៤០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref name="AP1">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-tanker-aircraft-crash-iraq-kc135-c337359a58be6280dc96fdbf1cb48a5b |title=All 6 crew members on a US refueling plane that crashed in Iraq are dead, US military says |first1=Konstantin |last1=Toropin |first2=Ben |last2=Finley |first3=Kim |last3=Tong-Hyung |work=Associated Press |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> [[ម៉ាហ្កេន ដាវីដ​ អាដុំ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា ការវាយប្រហារដំបូងៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបណ្តាលឱ្យមនុស្ស ៨៩ នាក់រងរបួស ដោយក្នុងនោះមានមនុស្សបីនាក់បានរងរបួសដោយផ្ទាល់នឹងការវាយប្រហារនោះ រីឯប៉ុន្មាននាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសដោយប្រយោល ហើយភាគច្រើនជាប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medics-treat-89-people-during-iranian-strikes-most-lightly-hurt-running-for-shelter/ |title=Medics treat 89 people during Iranian strikes, most lightly hurt running for shelter |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ការបាញ់មីស៊ីលចូលទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្លាប់ស្ត្រីម្នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ២២ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត ដោយក្នុងនោះមានម្នាក់បានរងរបួសធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bj3sy0gt11l |title=Woman killed, 22 injured in direct strike in Tel Aviv after siren sounded late |work=Ynet |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា វិហារសាសនាមួយ និងអគារលំនៅដ្ឋានមួយក្នុងទីក្រុង[[ប៊ីតឆេម៉ែស]]ត្រូវបានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាក់ពីលើ ដោយបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៩ នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ៤៩ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Heidi |last2=Soroka |first2=Lior |last3=Chason |first3=Rachel |date=2 March 2026 |title=From the scene where nine people were killed in central Israel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/03/01/trump-iran-israel-khamenei-strikes-live-updates/#link-CEXNRF6AGRFYLF2OSFT4GSVMEA |access-date=3 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា កម្មករពីរនាក់ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅទីក្រុង[[យ៉េហ៊ូដ]] នៅខាងក្រៅទីក្រុងតែលអាវីហ្វ បន្ទាប់ពីពួកគេបានប៉ះនឹងគ្រាប់តូចៗពីមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលបំពាក់ដោយក្បាលគ្រាប់បែកចង្កោម។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/second-victim-dies-after-mondays-iranian-cluster-missile-strike-in-central-israel/ |title=Second victim dies after Monday's Iranian cluster missile strike in central Israel |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមមួយគ្រាប់ពីក្បាលមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយបានហោះមកបំបុកចូលអគារអាផាតមិនមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាំន]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សពីរនាក់។ សេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយពីកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការសងសឹកឱ្យលោកអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានីនិងសហការីលោក" ដែលត្រូវបានសម្លាប់កាលពីមួយថ្ងៃមុនដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran launches 'revenge' missile attack on Israel after assassinations |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/18/iran-launches-revenge-missile-attack-on-israel-after-assassinations |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន ​​CNN ការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមគឺជាការរំលោភលើច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិ។ លោក N.R. Jenzen-Jones មកពី ''Armament Research Services'' បាននិយាយថា គ្រាប់ប្រភេទនេះកំពុងត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ "ជាចម្បងដើម្បីបង្កភាពភ័យខ្លាចដល់ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល"។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jeremy |last1=Diamond |first2=Gianluca |last2=Mezzofiore |first3=Zeena |last3=Saifi |date=12 March 2026 |title=How Iran's use of cluster munitions is challenging Israel's air defenses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/12/middleeast/iran-cluster-munition-israel-defenses-intl-cmd |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ===ប្រទេសដទៃ=== នៅប្រទេស[[លីបង់]] មនុស្សជាង ២,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត និងជាង ៤,០០០ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសក្រោមការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល<ref name="AnadoluDeaths">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/death-toll-from-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-since-march-2-exceeds-2-000/3902329 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon since March 2 exceeds 2,000 |first=Rania |last=Abushamala |date=11 April 2026 |work=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> ហើយអាជ្ញាធររដ្ឋលីបង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាងមួយលាននាក់ ដែលស្មើនឹង ១/៦ នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុប បានបង្ខំផ្លាស់ទីលំនៅ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=Live updates: Iran's president says nation 'will not bow' to pressure from US and Israel |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-08-2026 |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម [[កងកម្លាំងបណ្តោះអាសន្នអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅលីបង់]]ចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស។{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org"/> នៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់វិញ សមាជិកពីររូបនៃ[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]] ដែលគាំទ្រដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងបីនាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅថ្ងៃទី ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ខណៈរបាយការណ៍ក្រោយៗបានអះអាងថាមានអ្នកស្លាប់ចំនួនបីនាក់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/2f9b79e6-a28e-5d7b-b67c-5b95621d953b |first=Erika |last=Solomon |work=The New York Times |title=U.S. Attacks Iran as Trump Calls for Overthrow of Government |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:EAS warning sent to phones during the Iranian stikes.png|thumb|250x250px|សារជូនដំណឹងបន្ទាន់ដែលបានផ្ញើទៅកាន់ប្រជាជននៃអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម ភ្លាមៗក្រោយអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារនៅវេលាម៉ោងប្រហែល ១២:៣០ ព្រឹក, ២៨ កុម្ភៈ]] ក្រៅពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារប្រឆាំងនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជាច្រើនទៀតដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite news |first1=Abbas |last1=Al Lawati |first2=Laura |last2=Sharman |date=1 March 2026 |title=Passengers flee smoke-filled Dubai airport as Iran attacks major Gulf travel hubs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/dubai-airport-uae-iran-attacks-intl-hnk |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានសម្លាប់ទាហានបួននាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលបួននាក់<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Drone Attack Causes Damage, Panic at Kuwait Airport |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-strikes-2026/card/drone-attack-causes-damage-panic-at-kuwait-airport-GjmmBnex7j6G69nMUfSR |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារនៅអូម៉ង់បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Oman port and tanker hit as US-Israeli attacks on Iran widen regional war |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/563181/World/Region/Oman-port-and-tanker-hit-as-USIsraeli-attacks-on-I.aspx |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> ហើយនៅអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតមានពីរនាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwivedi |first=Vinay |date=3 March 2026 |title=Iran war live updates: U.S. embassy in Riyadh hit by drones, Trump promises response 'soon' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/03/us-iran-war-live-updates.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNBC }}</ref> ចំពោះអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមវិញ សាមីខ្លួនបានបាត់បង់ទាហានចំនួនពីរនាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់។<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Day 18 of war: One dead as shrapnel falls in UAE; distance learning to continue for 2 weeks |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់រួមបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ច្រើនធ្ងន់ធ្ងរជាងគេ បើប្រៀបទៅនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ផ្សេងៗនៅក្នុងតំបន់ នេះក៏ព្រោះតែអារ៉ាប់រួមមានទំនាក់ទំនងជិតស្និទ្ធបំផុតជាមួយនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់ទាំងអស់។​​ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមក៏ជាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់តែមួយផងដែរ ដែលបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារតបតលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញជាសម្ងាត់ បន្ថែមពីលើយុទ្ធនាការអ៊ីស្រាអែល-អាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick|date=17 May 2026 |title=UAE's secret attack on Iran risks drawing Gulf states into the war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/may/12/uae-secret-attack-iran-risks-gulf-states-regional-conflict |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានហោះទៅនឹងប៉ះនឹងប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]]<ref name=ynet260305/> និងទឹកដី[[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]]របស់អង់គ្លេសក្នុងប្រទេស[[ស៊ីប]]ផងដែរ។<ref name=attoncyprus/> ===សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ=== {| class="wikitable col1left" |+សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ !ប្រទេស !ចំនួនស្លាប់ !ចំនួនរបួស |- !សរុប !៧,១៤៤–៩,៦៧៦+ !៤៦,៩៦៥ |- |អ៊ីរ៉ង់ | data-sort-value="3636" |៣,៤៦៨–៦,០០០+<br />៣,៤៦៨ (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)<ref name="aje3468">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2026|title=Over 1,000 apartments in Tel Aviv left uninhabitable by Iranian strikes|url=https://aje.news/w7b54q?update=4503817|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />៣,៦៣៦ (HRANA)<ref name="HRANA"/><br />៦,០០០+ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> |​១៥,០០០-២៦,៥០០<br />២៦,៥០០ ([[ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]])<ref name="aj260329">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026|title=Iran's death toll reaches 2,076|url=https://aje.news/zgevw1?update=4444031|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />១៥,០០០ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326" /> |- |លីបង់ |៣,៤៣៣ ([[ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈ (លីបង់)|ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈលីបង់]])<ref name="Lebanon">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=Lebanon death toll since March 2 reaches 3,433 |url=https://aje.news/xhk3kr?update=4617978 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Lebanon21April">{{Cite news|date=21 April 2026|title=Lebanon Raises Israel-Hezbollah War Death Toll to 2,454|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5265042-lebanon-raises-israel-hezbollah-war-death-toll-2454|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,០០០ ([[ហេស្បុលឡា]])<ref name="Hezbollah1">{{Cite news|last1=Astih|first1=Paula|date=17 April 2026|title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5263615-hezbollah-tallies-its-dead-israel-war-estimates-exceed-1000|work=Asharq Al-Awsa|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,៧០០ ([[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]])<ref name="Hezbollah2">{{Cite news|last1=Horovitz|first1=Michael|last2=Levaton|first2=Stav|date=16 April 2026|title=Opposition, northern mayors decry imposed ceasefires as Lebanon truce declared|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/opposition-northern-mayors-decry-imposed-ceasefires-as-lebanon-truce-declared/|work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |១០,៣៩៥ (ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលលីបង់)<ref name="Lebanon21April" /><ref name="Hezbollah1" /><ref name="Hezbollah2" /><ref name="Lebanon" /> |- |អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ |១១៩+<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09|title=US-Iran war: Thousands killed and billions spent as fragile ceasefire takes effect|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-israel-us-war-death-toll-b2953551.html|access-date=2026-04-24|website=The Independent}}</ref> |៣៧០<ref name="pmfiraq">{{cite news|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Security/PMF-reports-80-killed-270-wounded-since-start-of-US-Iran-war|title=PMF reports 80 killed, 270 wounded since start of US-Iran war}}</ref> |- |អ៊ីស្រាអែល |៥៧<ref name="Israeli military personnel 1">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=16 Israeli soldiers killed, 690 wounded since Feb. 28: Army|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260419-16-israeli-soldiers-killed-690-wounded-since-feb-28-army/|work=Middle East Monitor|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Fabian01">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |last2=Agencies |date=2026-04-26 |title=IDF soldier killed in south Lebanon drone attack as Israel, Hezbollah trade fire and blame |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-killed-in-south-lebanon-drone-attack-as-israel-hezbollah-trade-blame/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name="Fabian02">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2026-04-28 |title=Israeli Defense Ministry contractor killed in Hezbollah drone attack in southern Lebanon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-defense-ministry-contractor-killed-in-hezbollah-drone-attack-in-southern-lebanon/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> |៨,៩៧០<ref name="Israeli military personnel 2">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=Israel reports nearly 700 soldiers wounded in Lebanon operations|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Israel-reports-nearly-700-soldiers-wounded-in-Lebanon-operations|work=Shafaq News|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |- |សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក |១៥<ref name="United States killed in combat">{{Cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Ava|title=These are the casualties and cost of the war in Iran 2 weeks into the conflict|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/14/nx-s1-5746623/iran-war-cost-deaths|access-date=6 June 2026|agency=NPR|date=14 March 2026}}</ref> |៥៤៣<ref name="AP1"/> |- |វ៉េសប៊ែង |១៤<ref name="Palestine killed 2">{{Cite news|url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/168435|title=Death toll from missile strike on Hebron town rises to four|work=Wafa}}</ref> |1១៥<ref name="Palestine killed 2" /> |- |អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម |១៣<ref name="United Arab Emirates">{{Cite news |title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|date=8 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> |២២៧<ref name="United Arab Emirates" /> |- |គុយវ៉ែត |១១<ref name="Kuwait 3">{{Cite web |title=Six injured after debris from Iranian attack falls in northern Kuwait|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604062863|date=6 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> |១៨២<ref name="Kuwait 3" /> |- |ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី |៦<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Peacekeeper dies of wounds suffered in Lebanon last month, UNIFIL says |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425033809/https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-date=2026-04-25 |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=euronews |url-status=live }}</ref> |១<ref name=":0" /> |- |បារ៉ែន |៣<ref name="Sabah">{{Cite news |last=Sabah|first=Zaid|date=9 March 2026|title=Iran's president, military and police pledge allegiance to Mojtaba Khamenei|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/9/iran-war-live-mojtaba-khamenei-named-supreme-leader-israel-bombs-tehran|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> |៤២<ref name="Sabah" /> |- |អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត |៣<ref name="Saudi Arabia">{{Cite news |title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|date=9 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="Saudi Arabia" /> |- |អូម៉ង់ |៣<ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) سقوط طائرتيْن مُسيرتين في ولاية صُحار |url=https://omannews.gov.om/topics/ar/3/show/464802/ona |date=13 March 2026 |website=Oman News Agency}}</ref> |១៧<ref name="Oman" /> |- |បារាំង |៣<ref name="lot22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026|title=Attack on UNIFIL in Ghandourieh: French peacekeeper succumbs to injuries|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1504524/attack-on-unifil-in-ghandourieh-french-peacekeeper-succumbs-to-injuries.html|work=L'Orient Today​|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |៩<ref name="lot22april" /> |- |ស៊ីរី |២<ref name="syr">{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country's south|date=4 April 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Syrian man killed, wife injured in Israeli attack on Lebanon’s Tyre |url=https://aje.news/p6a948?update=4565270 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |១<ref name=":1" /> |- |ហ្វីលីពីន |២<ref name="phil">{{Cite web |last=Cupin|first=Bea|date=7 April 2026|title=Filipina dies in missile strike on Israel|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/filipina-dies-missile-strike-haifa-israel/|access-date=4 June 2026|website=RAPPLER }}</ref> |០<ref name="phil" /> |- |ស៊ែប៊ី |១<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2026-06-04 |title=Serbian UN peacekeeper killed in south Lebanon |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/middle-east/2026/0604/1576721-unifil-troops-shooting-lebanon/ }}</ref> |០<ref name=":2" /> |- |ហ្សកដានី |០<ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="aj260305" /> |- |កាតា |០<ref name="qat">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|first=Huda|last=Ata|first2=Lekshmy|last2=Pavithran|first3=Jay|last3=Hilotin|date=8 April 2026|website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref> |២០<ref name="qat" /> |- |អាស៊ែបៃសង់ |០<ref name="azer">{{Cite news |last=Sauer|first=Pjotr|date=5 March 2026|title=Azerbaijan accuses Iran of 'terrorist' drone attack on airport that injured four people|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/05/azerbaijan-accuses-iran-drone-attack-airport-injured-people|access-date=4 June 2026|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |៤<ref name="azer" /> |- |អេស្ប៉ាញ |០<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Spain denounces attacks in Lebanon after UN peacekeepers injured |url=https://aje.news/dud2nk?update=4626497 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |២<ref name=":3" /> |} ==ផលប៉ះពាល់== ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== {{multiple image| | image1 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image2 = Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i 2023 (Cropped).jpg | image3 = Alireza Arafi 13990824 0146818 crop.jpg | perrow = 3 | footer = សមាជិកទាំងបីនៃ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]] – លោកប្រធានាធិបតី[[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] លោកប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល[[ហ្កូឡាំហូសេន ម៉ូសេនីអេជេអ៊ី]] និងអាយ៉ាតុល្លា[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា អារ៉ាហ្វី]] | total_width = 350}} មរណភាពរបស់អាលី ហាមេនៃបានបើកផ្លូវជំរុញឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មី។ យោងតាមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញអ៊ីរ៉ង់ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្តោះអាសន្ន]] ដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា គឺត្រូវកាន់មុខងារដើរតួជាប្រមុខរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់រហូតដល់មេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំង។<ref name="Reuters-2026"/> លោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំងនៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា ក្នុងនាមជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីជំនួសឱ្យឪពុករបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=8 March 2026 |title=Ali Khamenei's son Mojtaba chosen as Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/08/ali-khameneis-son-mojtaba-chosen-as-irans-new-supreme-leader |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែឧសភា លោកហាមេនៃនៅកំពុងសម្ងំលាក់ខ្លួននៅឡើយ ខណៈមេដឹកនាំប្រទេសជាក់ស្តែងនៅគេមិនទាន់ប្រាកដប្រជានៅឡើយ។ បច្ចុប្បន្ន លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[អះម៉ាដ វ៉ាហ៊ីឌី]] ដែលជាអគ្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាអ្នកកំពុងដឹកនាំប្រទេសដោយផ្ទាល់ ក៏ដូចជាអ្នកបញ្ជាប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងកំណត់គោលជំហរចរចារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Think Tank: Ahmad Vahidi, Key Figure Behind Iran's Hardline Stance in Negotiations |url=https://iranwire.com/en/news/152695-us-think-tank-ahmad-vahidi-key-figure-behind-irans-hardline-stance-in-negotiations/ |work=IranWire |date=21 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Associated Press: This hard-line Iranian general is a major player in talks with US over war |url=https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/associated-press-this-hard-line-iranian-general-is-a-major-player-in-talks-with-us-over-war/ |work=Institute for the Study of War |date=21 May 2026}}</ref> [[File:Tehran - The Fourth Day of War 4 Avash.webp|thumb|ផ្សែងហុយចេញពីតំបន់ស៊ីវិលនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយត្រូវមីស៊ីលអ៊ីស្រាអែលធ្លាក់ចំ, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦]] ក្រោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក ទីក្រុង[[តេហេរ៉ង់]] រដ្ឋធានីរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានក្លាយជាទីស្ងាត់ជ្រងំ ដោយមនុស្សជាច្រើនមិនហ៊ានចេញក្រៅទៅប្រកបរបររបស់ខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=Bombardment unleashes terror in Tehran with no sign of protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bombardment-unleashes-terror-tehran-with-no-sign-protests-2026-03-03 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈគ្រប់សាលារៀនត្រូវបិទទ្វារ រីឯស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋាភិបាលនិងធនាគារបានកាត់បន្ថយសកម្មភាពរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Streets empty and shops close as US strikes confirm Iranian fears |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260228-streets-empty-and-shops-close-as-us-strikes-confirm-iranian-fears |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=France 24 }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម ''NetBlocks'' បានឱ្យដឹងថា​ សកម្មភាពអ៊ីនធឺណិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៤% បើប្រៀបធៀបទៅរាល់ដង ក្រោយពីត្រូវបានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាល។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mastodon.social/@netblocks/116147264437940657 |title=NetBlocks (@netblocks@mastodon.social) |date=28 February 2026 |website=Mastodon}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ឃ្លីបវីដេអូបានបង្ហាញពី[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603299955 |title=Video: Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces in Abadan |date=29 March 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> យោងតាមកាសែត ''The Wall Street Journal'' ត្រាំធ្លាប់បានបើកចំហចំពោះការផ្ដល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រដល់កងជីវពលប្រដាប់អាវុធ[[ជនជាតិឃឺដនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃឺដនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ដែលកំពុងមាន[[ជម្លោះឃឺដ–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះជាមួយទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់]]អស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនទសវត្សរ៍មកហើយ ហើយក៏ជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយក្នុងតំបន់របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=CIA working to arm Kurdish forces to spark uprising in Iran, sources say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/03/politics/cia-arming-kurds-iran |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ លោកត្រាំក្រោយមកបាននិយាយវិញថា លោកគ្មានបំណងចង់បញ្ជូនជនជាតិឃឺដចូលប្រយុទ្ធក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Trump rules out sending Kurds into Iran |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/07/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-israel-donald-trump-us-invasion/?msockid=27188584bb6c64923cfa9292ba0c6563 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ===សេដ្ឋកិច្ច=== សង្គ្រាមនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផលវិបាកជាច្រើនដល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពិភពលោកដូចជានាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នកើនឡើង ប៉ះពាល់វិស័យអាកាសចរណ៍និងទេសចរណ៍ ក៏ដូចជាបានរង្គោះរង្គើទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-conflict-poses-new-risk-us-economic-resilience-2026-03-02 |title=Iran conflict poses new risk to US economic resilience |work=Reuters |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[File:2020- Price of oil.svg|thumb|តារាងបង្ហាញពីកំណើននៃតម្លៃប្រេងសកលបង្កឡើងដោយព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ពិភពលោកសំខាន់ៗដូចជា [[ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ ១៩]] [[ការឈ្លានពានរបស់រុស្ស៊ីលើអ៊ុយក្រែន|សង្គ្រាមរុស្ស៊ី-អ៊ុយក្រែនក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២២]] និងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦<ref name=EIA_OilPriceData>{{cite web |title=Petroleum & Other Liquids / Data ▼ / Download series history |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605153644/https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |archive-date=5 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] តម្លៃប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិបានកើនឡើងភ្លាមៗក្រោយពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើនាវាដឹកប្រេងនិងកប៉ាល់ដទៃទៀត ហើយនិងការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរោងចក្រប្រេងនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេសផលិតប្រេងក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/mar/02/middle-east-crisis-oil-prices-inflation-us-iran-interest-rates-growth |title=Middle East crisis pushes up oil prices – and could drive inflation rises too |work=The Guardian |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> ២០% នៃការដឹកជញ្ជូនផលិតកម្មប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នសកលគឺជារឿយៗត្រូវឆ្លងកាត់តាម[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]។<ref name="Buchanan-2026">{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Naomi |title=There's a major inflation risk lurking for the economy as the Iran war drags on, and it's not oil |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/food-inflation-oil-prices-fertilizer-farmers-iran-war-shipping-hormuz-2026-3 |work=Business Insider |date=11 March 2026}}</ref> ខណៈភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមនៅបន្តឆាបឆេះ តម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នបានធ្លាក់និងកើនទៅតាមស្ថានភាព ខណៈទីផ្សារបានព្យាយាមវាស់វែងតម្លៃទៅតាមលទ្ធភាពដែលជម្លោះអាចបញ្ចប់។ តម្លៃប្រេងនៅមុនសង្គ្រាមគឺស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ៧០ ដុល្លារក្នុងមួយបារ៉ែល<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brent Crude Oil Prices (1987-2026) |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/2480/brent-crude-oil-prices-10-year-daily-chart |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Macrotrends}}</ref> តែបើគិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនាវិញ តម្លៃវាបានហក់ឡើងរហូតដល់ ១៣៩ ដុល្លារឯណោះ<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qi |last2=Hu |first2=Yi |last3=Jiao |first3=Jianbin |last4=Wang |first4=Shouyang |date=2 January 2024 |title=The impact of Russia–Ukraine war on crude oil prices: an EMC framework |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.1057/s41599-023-02526-9 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> រីឯតម្លៃឧស្ម័នក៏បានស្ទុះឡើងខ្ពស់ដូចគ្នា។<ref name="bloomberg4march">{{cite web |last1=Stapczynski |first1=Stephen |last2=Liao |first2=Ruth |last3=El Wardany |first3=Salma |date=4 March 2026 |title=Qatar's Hard-Won Reputation as Safest Gas Supplier Lost in Days |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-04/iran-war-dents-qatar-s-reputation-as-lng-s-safest-bet |website=Bloomberg News}}</ref> មកដល់ចុងខែមីនា កង្វះផលិតផលប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេស[[អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍]]បានកំពុងកើនឡើង ខណៈដែលស្តុកបម្រុងកំពុងធ្លាក់ចុះ។<ref name=bbc-20260324>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1450zj6n48o |title=Everyday life in Asia is being upended by Iran war fuel crisis |last1=Ewe |first1=ByKoh |last2=Drury |first2=Flora |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក]]របស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ និងក្រុមអ្នកវិភាគសេដ្ឋកិច្ចផ្សេងៗបានព្រមានថា សង្គ្រាមនេះកំពុងជំរុញឱ្យតម្លៃស្បៀងអាហារសកលកើនឡើង ហើយអាចក្នុងរយៈពេលយូរ។<ref>{{cite web |title=WFP warns rising food and fuel prices risk pushing global hunger higher as humanitarian needs grow |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-warns-rising-food-and-fuel-prices-risk-pushing-global-hunger-higher-humanitarian-needs |website=[[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក|World Food Programme]] |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===អាកាសចរណ៍=== [[File:Grounded airliners at Manchester Airport Feb 2026.jpg|thumb|យន្តហោះនៃ[[កាតាអ៊ែរវ៉េ|ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែតអ៊ែរវ៉េ|គុយវ៉ែត]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតស៍ (អាកាសចរណ៍)|អេមីរ៉ាត]]កំពុងជាប់គាំងក្នុង[[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានមែនឈេស្ទ័រ]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦]] ដែនអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរហោះហើររបស់យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលក្នុងកំឡុងពេលជម្លោះ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's skies empty after strikes as regional states close airspace |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284853 |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> ខណៈដែលប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ អ៊ីស្រាអែល គុយវ៉ែត កាតា ស៊ីរី និងអារ៉ាប់រួមបានបិទដែនអាកាសរបស់ពួកគេរៀងៗខ្លួន។<ref>{{cite news |last=Yosef |first=Eugenia |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel closes airspace after strikes on Iran |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5yjlf6000v3b6parlqyd31 |access-date=7 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq shuttering airspace after US, Israel strike Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iraq-shuttering-airspace-after-us-israel-strike-iran/ |first=Noam |last=Lehmann |date=28 February 2026 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍មួយចំនួនវិញបានផ្អាកសេវាកម្មហោះហើរចូលតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាតែម្តង។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Frederico |last1=Maccioni |first2=Joanna |last2=Plucinska |title=Travel in chaos as airlines cancel flights after US, Israel strikes on Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-suspend-middle-east-flights-after-us-israel-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/ |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> ការរំខានដល់ប្រព័ន្ធវិស័យផ្គត់ផ្គង់ប្រេងឥន្ធនៈសកល ដែលបណ្តាលមកពីការបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍នោះ ក៏បាននាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងសាំងយន្តហោះហក់ឡើងថ្លៃផងដែរ ខណៈតម្លៃសំបុត្រយន្តហោះវិញបានកើនទៅតាមគ្នាទាំងសម្រាប់ជើងហោះហើរក្នុងស្រុក និងអន្តរជាតិ។ ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍បានប្រតិកម្មដោយតម្លើងថ្លៃសំបុត្រ និងកែសម្រួលកាលវិភាគហោះហើរមួយចំនួន ដើម្បីទប់ទល់នឹងថ្លៃប្រេងឥន្ធនៈកើនឡើងខ្ពស់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iacurci |first=Greg |date=2 May 2026 |title=Airfare amid Iran war: Buy now or wait out the conflict? Experts weigh the risks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/02/iran-war-airfare-travel-airlines-plane-tickets-when-to-buy.html |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=CNBC }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2026 |title=Iran war, jet fuel concerns cloud airlines' summer holiday plans |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/iran-war-jet-fuel-concerns-cloud-airlines-summer-holiday-plans-2026-04-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> ===ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍=== ចរាចរណ៍ដឹកជញ្ជូនតាមសមុទ្រឆ្លងកាត់[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]] ដែលជាចំណុចផ្លូវសមុទ្រដ៏សំខាន់មួយសម្រាប់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មថាមពលពិភពលោក ត្រូវបានអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប្រើប្រាស់កម្លាំងបិទចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ មកម៉្លេះ ក្រោយពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកសង្គ្រាមផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងបានធ្វើឃាតមេដឹកនាំកំពូលរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]។ ដើម្បីជាការសងសឹក អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដារដ្ឋដទៃក្នុងតំបន់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ [[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម|កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បានប្រកាសចេញនូវសារព្រមានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រខាងលើ ហើយខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិឡើងពិនិត្យ​ ឬវាយប្រហារនាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មណាមិនស្ដាប់បង្គាប់ ហើយខ្លួនបានដាក់ពង្រាយមីនក្រោមសមុទ្រនៅក្នុងបរិវេណនៃច្រកសមុទ្រនោះផងដែរ។ ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា ដល់ថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបិទច្រកនិងផ្លូវសមុទ្រចូលទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងពេលដំណាលគ្នា។ នៅមុនពេលសង្គ្រាមអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះផ្ទុះឡើង ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ត្រូវបានបើកចំហដោយសេរី ហើយប្រមាណ ២៥% នៃពាណិជ្ជកម្មប្រេងពិភពលោកតាមផ្លូវសមុទ្រនិង ២០% នៃឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវ ពិភពលោកបានឆ្លងកាត់ចេញចូលតាមច្រកមួយនេះឯង។ ==ប្រតិកម្ម== ===ភាគីសង្គ្រាម=== ====អ៊ីរ៉ង់==== ក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសន្យាថានឹងមានការឆ្លើយតបទៅវិញ ខណៈដែលកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានមមាញឹកវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026|title=Iran targets US bases across Persian Gulf states, IRGC-aligned outlet says|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304145112/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-date=4 March 2026|access-date=8 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយ "ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្លូវអាកាសដ៏ឃោរឃៅមួយ" ក្រោមថ្វីដៃសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងបានបន្ថែមទៀតថា "រឿងនេះបានកើតឡើងជាថ្មីទៀតហើយខណៈពេលកិច្ចចរចាកំពុងដំណើរការ ហើយសត្រូវយើងពួកគេដេកស្រមៃថា ប្រជាជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដ៏រឹងមាំមួយនេះនឹងចុះចូលយល់ព្រមទទួលសំណើរបស់ពួកគេតាមរយៈសកម្មភាពវាយគំរាមដ៏ថោកទាបបែបនេះ"។<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marsi|first1=Federica|last2=Mohamed|first2=Edna|title=US, Israel launch attack on Iran, explosions across Tehran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|access-date=8 June 2026|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228070906/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|url-status=live}}</ref> ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{reflist|group=ស}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q138503695|m=yes}} '''''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''''' * {{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=What we know about the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Tehran's retaliation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=CNN}} * [https://www.rfi.fr/km/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B9%E1%9F%87/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B/ អានព័ត៌មានអំពីសង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សានៅ RFI ខេមរភាសា] * [https://www.c-span.org/liveEvent/?Iran U.S. and Israeli Strikes on Iran], [[C-SPAN]] * [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:56.4/centery:26.5/zoom:9 Tracking of traffic in the Strait of Hormuz] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាស៊ីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ]] odit5tn9rnq67l5sl77qpxoob0f60eb 336447 336440 2026-06-10T01:40:12Z TheRandomGoober 27248 /* ប្រតិកម្ម */ 336447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|សង្គ្រាមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥|សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ}} {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ជម្លោះយោធា | conflict = សង្ក្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ | partof = [[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] | image = [[File:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|300px]] | caption = '''មើលពីលើចុះក្រោមតាមត្រនិចនាឡិកា៖'''<br/>{{bulleted list | | ក្រុមនាវាចម្បាំងនាមអេប្រាហាម លីនខឹននៅសមុទ្រអារ៉ាប់, ៦ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង ''Super Hornet'' ហោះចេញពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះ ''[[យូអេសអេស អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន (CVN-៧២)|អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន]]'', ២៧ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៦ របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលមួយកង កំពុងហោះសម្ដៅទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៤ មីនា ២០២៦ | ហាយនភាពនៃកីឡដ្ឋានក្នុងសាលអាហ្សាឌីនៅរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់, ៥ មីនា ២០២៦ | សំណល់អគារបាក់បែងក្នុងក្រុង[[ឃើម៉ាន់ឆាហ៍]], ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | ទិដ្ឋភាពសាលារៀនមួយនៅ[[មីណាប]]ក្រោយ[[ការវាយប្រហារផ្លូវអាកាសលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|រងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីល]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | ផ្សែងក្រមៅហើរឡើងចូលបរិយាកាសនៅតេហេរ៉ង់, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | មីស៊ីលតូម៉ាហក (''Tomahawk'') ហោះចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំង ''[[យូអេសអេស ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក|ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក]]'', ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ }} | date = ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ – បច្ចុប្បន្ន | place = {{hlist | [[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]] | [[មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] }} | status = គាំងដំណើរ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/us-reviews-latest-iranian-proposal-to-end-war-stalemate|title=US reviews latest Iranian proposal to end war stalemate|date=April 28, 2026|agency=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]|work=The Straits Times}}</ref> <br>{{bulleted list|[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់បណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]]|[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]|[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការវិវត្តនៃជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ហេស្បុលឡា]]|[[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចសកលត្រូវរំខាន]]រួមទាំង[[វិបត្តឥន្ធនៈសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិឥន្ធនៈ]]}} | combatant1 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}} * {{flag|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} {{tree list/end}} |combatant1a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|កាតា}} |{{flag|គុយវ៉ែត}} |{{flag|តួកគី}} |{{flag|បារ៉ែន}} |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory 2026.svg}} [[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] * {{flagicon|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} [[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]] |{{flag|ស៊ីរី}} |{{flag|ហ្សកដានី}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[តំបន់ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]] |{{flag|អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត}} |{{flag|អាស៊ែបៃសង់}} |{{flag|អូម៉ង់}} |{{flag|អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម}} }} {{tree list/end}} | combatant2 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[ហ៊ូទី]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=Joining war, Yemen’s Houthis launch ballistic missile attack on southern Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/joining-war-yemens-houthis-launch-ballistic-missile-attack-on-southern-israel/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[ចលនាអាម៉ាល់]]{{refn|ចលនាអាម៉ាល់បានដើរតួនាទីយ៉ាងសកម្មនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]]រួមជាមួយក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Involvement of the Amal Movement in the Fighting Against Israel Alongside Hezbollah |url=https://israel-alma.org/involvement-of-the-amal-movement-in-the-fighting-against-israel-alongside-hezbollah/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=Alma Research and Education Center}}</ref>|group=ស}} * {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} [[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]<ref>{{cite web|title=US embassy in Baghdad attacked as US-Israel war on Iran escalates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/us-embassy-in-baghdad-attacked-as-us-israel-war-on-iran-escalates|date=7 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} [[ចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាមនៅអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] {{tree list/end}} |combatant2a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sancha |first=Natalia |date=2026-03-27 |title=Iraq mourns its dead after worst strike against its army since the start of the war: ‘Why did the Americans attack us?’ |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-03-27/iraq-mourns-its-dead-after-worst-strike-against-its-army-since-the-start-of-the-war-why-did-the-americans-attack-us.html |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=EL PAÍS English }}</ref> |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg}} [[ក្រុមឥស្លាម (លីបង់)|ក្រុមឥស្លាម]]<ref name=MuslimBrothers>{{cite​ news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888730|title=Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes|work=The Jerusalem Post|author=Seth J. Frantzman|date=March 4, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> |{{flag|ហាម៉ាស់}}<ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-05|title=Israel strikes Beirut, Hamas official reportedly killed|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308031532/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-date=2026-03-08|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> |{{flagicon image|InfoboxPIJ.svg}} [[ជីហាដឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2 March 2026|title=Palestinian Islamic Jihad armed wing says Lebanon commander killed in Israeli strikes|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411183622/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=L'Orient Today}}</ref> }} {{tree list/end}} | commander1 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ភីត ហេកសិត]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដាន​ ខេន]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ (ឧត្តមនាវីឯក)|ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ អ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[អីយ៉ាល់ ហ្សាមៀរ]] {{endplainlist}} | commander2 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមីនៃ}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Helena |date=2026-03-11 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei was hurt in strike that killed his father, Iran’s Cyprus ambassador confirms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/11/mojtaba-khamenei-was-hurt-in-strike-that-killed-his-father-irans-cyprus-ambassador-confirms |access-date=2026-05-12 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាស៊ាហ្សាដេហ៍]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[អាប់ឌុលម៉ាលីគ អាល់ហ៊ូទី]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ណាអ៊ីម កាស្ស៊ែម]] {{endplainlist}} | casualties1 = {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៥ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៥៣៨ នាក់បានរងរបួស *** ទីតាំង ១២+ កន្លែងបានរងការខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/03/11/world/middleeast/iran-us-military-bases-strikes-map.html|title=At Least 17 U.S. Sites Damaged in War With Iran, Analysis Shows|date=11 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ** {{flagu|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៩ នាក់ និងអ្នកម៉ៅការ ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** របួស ៨,៥៩៨ នាក់ (រួមមានបុគ្គលិកយោធា ៧៦៤ នាក់) {{endplainlist}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** ៣,៤៦៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត ** ២៦,៥០០​ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស * '''ផ្អែកតាមប្រភពក្នុងស្រុក''' ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astih |first1=Paula |title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000 |url=https://infoweb-newsbank-com.srv-proxy1.library.tamu.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1A7909E3F07F63D8 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al-Sharq al-Awsat |agency=NewsBank: Access World News Research Collection |date=17 April 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} ចលនាអាម៉ាល់៖ ** វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite web |title=NNA: Two paramedics from the Islamic Risala Scout Association – Civil Defense and the Islamic Health Authority have been killed in an airstrike on Sawwana |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/Local/1666035/nna--two-paramedics-from-the-islamic-risala-scout-association---civil-defense-and-the-islamic-health-authority-have-been-killed-in-an-airstrike-on-sawwana |website=MTV Lebanon |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) The "Al-Risala Scouts" mourned their five martyred paramedics in the Zawtar raid. |url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/news/423125/%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1-2 |website=NNA |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|flag of Hamas.svg}} ហាម៉ាស់៖ ** សមាជិក ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2026/03/israel-eliminates-3-hamas-members-operating-in-lebanon.php|title=Israel eliminates 3 Hamas members operating in Lebanon|first=Joe|last=Truzman|date=22 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ៨០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង​ ២៧០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saba.ye/en/news3682770.htm|title=Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq: 80 Martyrs & over 270 injured in Israeli–U.S. aggression}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាម[[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖'''<br>៣,៦៣៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត (រួមមាន បុគ្គលិកយោធា ១,២២១ នាក់, ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១,៧០១ នាក់, និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតមិនបញ្ជាក់)<ref>{{cite web|date=7 April 2026|title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads|url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409042630/https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-date=9 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=HRANA (en-hrana.org)}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៦,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref name="Bohbot150326>{{cite news|last1=Bohbot|first1=Amir|title= Over 6,000 IRGC members killed, 15,000 wounded since the start of Operation Roaring Lion, IDF says|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|access-date=15 March 2026|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315115157/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|archive-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ~១៥,០០០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> ** ឧបករណ៍បាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក ១៩០+ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច<ref name=MakoBelieve>{{cite news|title=(ជាភាសាហេប្រឺ)בכיר צבאי: "האמריקנים לא האמינו שנצליח בעריפה; איראן סופרת מעל 10,000 נפגעים"|url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2026_q1/Article-f92fae09426ec91027.htm?Partner=searchResults|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> ** នាវាចម្បាំង ១៥៥ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច ឬខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-war-with-iran-by-numbers-energy-drinks-to-targets-2026-4|title=Epic Fury strikes on Iran were fueled by 2 million energy drinks, about a million gallons of coffee, and nicotine, top general says}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,៩០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-severely-wounded-as-hezbollah-drones-target-troops-in-southern-lebanon/|title=IDF soldier severely wounded as Hezbollah drones target troops in southern Lebanon}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} | casualties3 = <div style="text-align: centre;"> លីបង់៖ មនុស្ស ២,៧៥៩ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៨,៥១២ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2026 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon nears 2,760 — Health Ministry|url=https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509020136/https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-date=9 May 2026|website=Tass}}</ref><br>អ៊ីរ៉ាក់៖ ទាហាន ២៦ នាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្ស ១៨០ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន៖ មនុស្ស ១៤ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៥ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Imad |last1=Isseid |first2=Melanie |last2=Lidman |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-settlers-violence-900ad24fd46e0ca5ae0de07c0328c960 |title=3 Palestinians killed in West Bank clash, bringing toll from week of violence to 6 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/15/g-s1-113834/israeli-soldiers-fire-on-family-car-in-occupied-west-bank-killing-4 |title=Israeli soldiers fire on family car in occupied West Bank, killing 4 |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=David D. |date=19 March 2026 |title=Four Palestinian women killed during Iranian missile attack in West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319152352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |url-status=live}}</ref> <br>អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម៖ ទាហាន ២ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត,{{refn|group=ស|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fatalities in the UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates#blogCarde8acf01e-a59b-4710-bc38-6378ec82b68c |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Khaleej Times |date=17 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2026/03/24/uae-defense-ministry-says-civilian-contractor-killed-in-bahrain|title=UAE defense ministry says civilian contractor killed in Bahrain|date=March 24, 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/26/world/middleeast/iran-missile-strikes-abu-dhabi.html|title=Two Killed in Abu Dhabi as Gulf States Face Fresh Attacks|first=Ismaeel|last=Naar|location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates|date=March 26, 2026|website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>}} ២២៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409124738/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|archive-date=April 9, 2026|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/three-injured-in-drone-attack-at-fujairah-oil-zone-1.500528878|title=Three injured in drone attack at Fujairah oil zone}}</ref> <br>គុយវ៉ែត៖ ទាហាន ៤ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត, ទាហាន ៧៧ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៣២ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>[[កងកម្លាំងអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបណ្ដោះអាសន្ននៅលីបង់]]៖ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|រួមមានជនជាតិឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ីចំនួន ៤ នាក់ និងបារាំងចំនួន ២ នាក់<ref name="AP24042026">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Munir |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |last3=Keaten |first3=Jamey |date=24 April 2026 |title=Trump dispatches Witkoff and Kushner to Pakistan for new talks with Iran's foreign minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-war-hormuz-israel-pakistan-ceasefire-april-24-2026-313e19ff213738620abe31c96eb38368 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026 }}</ref>|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|រួមមានជនជាតិហ្កាណា ៤ នាក់,<ref name="BBC09032026">{{Cite news |last=Nunoo |first=Favour |date=9 March 2026 |title=Ghana calls on Commonwealth to condemn attack on its peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyg07vqdrdo |work=BBC |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី ៤ នាក់,<ref name="AJ30032026">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Two more UN peacekeepers killed in explosion in southern Lebanon: UNIFIL |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/30/two-more-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-southern-lebanon-unifil |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="UNNews">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=UN condemns killing of two more peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167222 |work=UN News}}</ref><ref name="AP24042026" /> និងបារាំង ៣ នាក់។<ref name="AP-18042026">{{Cite news |last1=Mroue |first1=Bassem |last2=Petrequin |first2=Samuel |date=18 April 2026 |title=French soldier killed and 3 others wounded in an attack on peacekeepers in Lebanon, Macron says |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-france-peacekeepers-5856353ddea6c1654c38c8aadf803ed7 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="f24-22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026 |title=French soldier dies of wounds after attack on UN force in Lebanon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/french-soldier-dies-of-wounds-after-attack-on-un-force-in-lebanon |work=France 24 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) UNIFIL: One of our soldiers was injured after our position near the town of Mays al-Jabal was targeted. |url= https://www.tayyar.org/news/Lebanon/711208/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84 |website=tayyar.org }}</ref> <br>បារ៉ែន៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៤២ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref name="Stepansky-2026">{{Cite web|first1=Joseph|last1=Stepansky|first2=Zaid|last2=Sabah|title=US, Israel attack Iran live: Trump vows to avenge 3 American soldiers|date=2 March 2026|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/2/us-israel-attack-iran-live|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-09|title=At least 32 injured in Bahrain after drone attack - state media|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cz0g2yg3579t?post=asset%3A58cf09e3-4413-41d4-ad38-c6d229cbe729#post|access-date=2026-05-12|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qna.org.qa/en/news/news-details?id=bahraini-ministry-of-interior-says-four-injured-from-falling-debris-of-intercepted-iranian-drone&date=4/04/2026|title=Bahraini Ministry of Interior Says Four Injured from Falling Debris of Intercepted Iranian Drone|date=April 4, 2026|website=Qatar news agency}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ២៣ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|title=Two killed, 12 injured after projectile fell on residential location in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/two-killed-12-injured-after-projectile-fell-residential-location-saudi-arabia-2026-03-08/|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Reuters|date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410010538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|archive-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អូម៉ង់៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=hindustan260302>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2026|title=3 Indians killed in Iranian attacks off Oman; 20 injured across West Asia|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indians-killed-in-iranian-attacks-off-oman-20-injured-across-west-asia-101772473983914.html|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301150802/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-date=1 March 2026 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref><ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Two drones crash in Oman, killing two workers amid U.S.-Israeli-Iran conflict |url=https://sana.sy/en/international/2302291/ |website=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref> <br>បារាំង៖ ទាហាន ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|មិនរាប់បញ្ចូលទាហានបារាំងពីរនាក់នៃកងកម្លាំងរក្សាសន្តិភាពបណ្តោះអាសន្ននៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅប្រទេសលីបង់ឡើយ។|group=ស|name="France"}} និង ៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|group=ស|name="France"}}<ref name="trt13march">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Drone attack in Iraq's Erbil region kills 1, injures 7 French soldiers at military base |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/b846f9d0d45d |work=TRT World |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> <br>ស៊ីរី៖ ១​ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407080953/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country’s south|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>កាតា៖ ២០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="The Peninsula Newspaper-2026">{{cite web|date=1 March 2026|title=Ministry of Interior announces 8 new injuries resulting from Iranian attack|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/01/03/2026/ministry-of-interior-announces-8-new-injuries-resulting-from-iranian-attack|access-date=12 May 2026|website=The Peninsula Newspaper|agency=QNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407230957/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>ហ្សកដានី៖ ១៩ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite​ news|title=Army says Iran fired 119 missiles, drones in one week directly targeting Jordan|url=http://en.royanews.tv/news/68214|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Roya TV|date=7 March 2026}}</ref> <br>អាស៊ែបៃសង់៖ ៤ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=ynet260305>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan says Iran fired two drones at its territory, injuring two people|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjo00ualfbl|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Ynet|date=5 March 2026}}</ref> }} ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ [[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] និង[[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានចូលដៃគ្នាប្រឡូកក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាមួយប្រទេស[[អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនៅក្នុងតំបន់របស់ខ្លួន។ ជម្លោះនេះបានចាប់ផ្ទុះឡើងនៅពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបើកការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយកំណត់គោលដៅលើទីតាំងយោធានិងរដ្ឋាភិបាល ហើយថែមទាំង[[បញ្ជីរាយនាមមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដេលបានស្លាប់កំឡុងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ធ្វើឃាតមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើននាក់]]ទៀតផង រួមមានមេដឹកនាំកំពូល[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]ជាដើម។ ការវាយប្រហារដ៏គួរឱ្យភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលនោះត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងស្របគ្នានឹងពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងជាប់ចរចាទាក់ទងនឹង[[កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយបាញ់ប្រហារមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិក និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់[[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ថែមទាំងបានប្រើកម្លាំង[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ផងដែរ ដែលបង្កជាការរំខានដល់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]បានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៣ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន[[ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បាញ់មីស៊ីលប្រហារគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៤ ហើយម្តងទៀតនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]]នៅខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ ដោយលើកទីពីរនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចេញមុខវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ នៅក្នុងខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាន[[ការសម្លាប់រង្គាលនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលខ្លួនរាប់ពាន់នាក់]]ក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការបង្ក្រាបលើ[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ហ្វូងពួកបាតុករតវ៉ាប្រឆាំងដ៏ធំបំផុត]]ដែលមិនធ្លាប់មាននៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មកម៉្លេះ។ ជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពសម្លាប់បាតុករដោយកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានឆ្លើយតបដោយព្រមាននឹងប្រើកម្លាំងយោធា ហើយបន្ទាប់មក លោកក៏បានដាក់បញ្ជាឱ្យយោធាអាមេរិកចល័តប្រមូលកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុងតំបន់ ដែលត្រូវជាការចល័តទ័ពដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់នេះចាប់តាំងពី[[ការឈ្លានពានអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ឆ្នាំ២០០៣|ការឈ្លានពានប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់កាលឆ្នាំ២០០៣]] មក។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2026 |title=US-Iran talks end with no deal but potential signs of progress |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-iran-nuclear-talks-resume-geneva-against-backdrop-military-threat-2026-02-26/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសដោយអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់មូលដ្ឋានយោធា អគាររដ្ឋាភិបាល​ សាលារៀន មន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងទីតំបន់បេតិកភណ្ឌជាច្រើនកន្លែង ហើយបានបណ្តាលឱ្យប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលស្លាប់ និងរបួសជាច្រើននាក់ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Paul |last2=Sardarizadeh |first2=Shayan |last3=Murphy |first3=Matt |title=Iranian schools, hospital and landmarks among civilian sites hit during US-Israeli strikes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpw004xqxnjo |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=BBC Verify |date=6 March 2026}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលផ្លោងរាប់រយគ្រាប់ និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ជាច្រើនគ្រឿងចូលទៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជិតខាងរួមមាន ប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែត]] [[បារ៉ែន]] [[ហ្សកដានី]] [[អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត]] [[អូម៉ង់]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |last4=Ducroquet |first4=Simon |date=28 February 2026 |title=See where U.S., Israeli strikes have hit Iran and where Iran has retaliated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/02/28/where-us-attack-iran-images-video/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ និង​ក្រុមបក្សពួកសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្ត​របស់ខ្លួន​ក៏បាន​បើក​ការបាញ់ប្រហារ​លើ​[[តំបន់​ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]]​ក្នុងប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ផងដែរ។ ដ្រូន ឬ​គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេសង្កេតឃើញ​ហោះសម្ដៅ​​ទៅក្នុង​ប្រទេស​[[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]] [[តួកគី]] និង​មូលដ្ឋាន​យោធាអាក្រូទីរីរបស់ចក្រភព​អង់គ្លេស​នៅ​ប្រទេស​ស៊ីបទៀតផង​។<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2026 |title=Azerbaijan threatens to respond after Iranian drones hit airport and near school |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/azerbaijan-threatens-to-respond-after-iranian-drones-hit-airport-and-near-school/ |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name=attoncyprus>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Two drones intercepted heading for RAF base, Cyprus says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2r0q310e3o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅដំណាលគ្នានេះ [[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ជម្លោះរវាងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានវិវត្តកើតទៅជា[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល និងសមាជិកពួកសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធជាង ២,០០០ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims responsibility for attack on Israel |url=https://aje.news/wwomw4?update=4353584 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> [[អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ|រដ្ឋបាលត្រាំ]]បានផ្តល់សេចក្ដីពន្យល់ផ្សេងៗគ្នាជុំវិញមូលហេតុនៃការផ្តើមសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើង ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ប្រតិកម្មរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហាររំពឹងមុន កម្ទេចធនធានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រារាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់កុំឱ្យកសាង[[អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] រឹបអូស[[ធនធានប្រេងបម្រុងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ធនធានប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ឬផ្លាស់ប្តូររបបដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានថ្លែងថា ខណៈដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានការចុះត្រួតពិនិត្យទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដែលរងខូចខាតកាលពី[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|សង្គ្រាមក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥]] នោះមែន ប៉ុន្តែបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺគ្មានភស្តុតាងណាមួយដែលបានបញ្ជាក់ពីដំណើរការនៃកម្មវិធីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran Has No Structured Program to Build Nuclear Weapons, IAEA Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-us-strikes-2026/card/iaea-chief-says-iran-has-no-structured-program-to-build-nuclear-weapons-currently-1IYdJPyg8uIZqlGS8Gni |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal​ }}</ref> អគ្គលេខាធិការ[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] លោក[[អាន់តូនីអូ ហ្គូតេរ៉េស]] និងប្រទេសដែលមិនពាក់ព័ន្ធមួយចំនួន បានថ្កោលទោសសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល ខណៈ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]វិញបានអនុម័ត[[សេចក្ដីសម្រេចក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ២៨១៧|សេចក្តីសម្រេចមួយ]]ថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរដ្ឋឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=How the world has reacted to US and Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yj9kr31y7o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref> អ្នករិះគន់សង្គ្រាម រួមទាំងអ្នកជំនាញផ្នែកច្បាប់ និងទំនាក់ទំនងអន្តរជាតិ បានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកថាជាអំពើខុសច្បាប់ក្រោមច្បាប់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ជាទង្វើ[[ចក្រពត្តិនិយម]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Martin|first1=Peter|last2=Martin|first2=Eric|date=1 March 2026|title=Trump's Iran Strikes Usher in an Era of Unrestrained American Power|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2026-03-01/iran-attack-khamenei-killing-maduro-capture-begin-trump-imperialism-era|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> និង​ជាការរំលោភ​លើ​អធិបតេយ្យភាព​របស់​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ក្រោម​ច្បាប់​អន្តរជាតិ។<ref name="guardian2march">{{cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=2 March 2026 |title=What is the legality of the US and Israeli attacks on Iran? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2026/mar/02/legality-us-israel-attacks-iran-uk |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចនៃសង្គ្រាម]]នេះរួមមាន ការរំខានដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបំផុតដល់ប្រព័ន្ធផ្គត់ផ្គង់នៅក្នុងទីផ្សារប្រេងសកល ក៏ដូចជាការរំខានដល់ឧស្សាហកម្មឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិ ជីជីវជាតិ អាកាសចរណ៍ និងទេសចរណ៍ ព្រមទាំងបម្រែបម្រួលនៅក្នុងទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។ ការដឹកជញ្ជូនប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នត្រូវបានរំខានដោយការបិទ[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើបណ្ដារោងចក្រថាមពលនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref name="uf">{{cite web |last=Nevitt |first=Mark |date=15 March 2026 |title=Legal and Operational Issues in the Strait of Hormuz: Transit Passage Under Fire |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/133996/legal-operational-strait-hormuz-transit-passage/ |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Just Security }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើសង្គ្រាមរបស់យោធាអាមេរិកត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួន ១៨ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិក<ref name="guardianCost">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2026/mar/19/us-iran-war-cost |title=The war on Iran cost the US $12.7bn by day six. Here's how it's been spent – in charts |date=19 March 2026 |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ហើយ[[មន្ទីរបញ្ចកោណ]]បានស្នើតម្រូវការ ២០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិកបន្ថែមទៀត។<ref name="i598">{{cite news |title=White House seeks $200bn in military funding in wake of Iran war |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y73gwk1qdo |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួនជាង ១២០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ។<ref name="arabCountriesCost">{{cite news |title=One month of war on Iran cost Arab countries up to $194bn: UNDP |work=Al Jazeera English |date=31 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/one-month-of-war-in-middle-east-cost-arab-states-up-to-194bn-undp |access-date=13 May 2026}}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយតម្លៃការខូចខាតសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនដោយមានតម្លៃយ៉ាងតិចស្មើ ៣០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ ហើយអាចបន្តឡើងរហូតដល់ ១ ទ្រីលានដុល្លារគិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/11/world/middleeast/iran-economy-war.html |title=Iran Tries to Grasp Economic Devastation of War, and Find a Way Past It |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 April 2026}}</ref> លោកត្រាំបានអះអាងថាខ្លួនបានទទួលជ័យជម្នះជាច្រើនលើកច្រើនសារ ហើយបានអះអាងបន្ថែមថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺ "គ្មានសល់អ្វីនៅក្នុងជួរយោធាទៀតទេ"។<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says "the war is very complete," and he's considering taking over Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-iran-cbs-news-the-war-is-very-complete-strait-hormuz/ |work=CBS News |date=9 March 2026}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍]] ដែលបានសម្របសម្រួលដោយប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ហើយបានចូលជាធរមាននៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា<ref name="Pager-2026">{{Cite news |last= |date=7 April 2026 |title=U.S., Iran and Israel Agree to Cease-Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/07/world/iran-war-trump-news/f1657559-8135-50c9-ad7f-63636e6a5106?smid=url-share |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ខណៈ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់]]វិញបានចាប់ផ្តើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា។ បទឈប់បាញ់នៃសង្គ្រាមនេះបានឈានចូលដល់ភាពតានតឹង នៅពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ លុះត្រាតែអ៊ីស្រាអែលបញ្ឈប់ប្រតិបត្តិការវាយលុករបស់គេនៅក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[កិច្ចចរចាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ|កិច្ចចរចាក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]]បានបរាជ័យ លោកត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ខ្លួនលោកលែងខ្វល់ពីការចរចាអ្វីទៀតហើយ រួចលោកក៏បានប្រកាសបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសាតទៅ<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says US will blockade strait of Hormuz after Iran peace talks fail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/apr/12/trump-says-us-will-blockade-strait-of-hormuz-as-iran-peace-talks-fail |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=12 April 2026}}</ref> ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យមានការបិទផ្លូវទឹកពីរផ្នែក ដោយកម្លាំងជើងទឹកអាមេរិកបានកំពុងបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយអ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងបិទ[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបានបន្តពន្យារបទឈប់បាញ់ដោយគ្មានកំណត់រយៈពេល ប៉ុន្តែការបាញ់ប្រហារគ្នាតាមផ្លូវអាកាសនៅតែបន្តកើតឡើងដដែរ។ ==ផ្ទៃរឿង== {{Further|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)}} ===ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== {{Further|ទំនាក់ទំនងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} ដោយសារតែគោលនយោបាយ[[ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងកាត]]ក្រោមនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ ម៉ូសាដឌេក]] ដូចនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអង់គ្លេសក៏បានផ្តួចផ្ដើមគាំទ្រ[[រដ្ឋប្រហារអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣|រដ្ឋប្រហារ]]ទម្លាក់រូបលោកនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣ ហើយអំណាចត្រូវបានបង្វែរទៅ[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា​ ប៉ាហ្លាវី]] ដែលត្រូវជាព្រះរាជាពែរ្សនាពេលនោះ។ ដោយឃើញព្រះមហាក្សត្ររបស់ខ្លួនអត់ឱនលំទោនបំពេញផលប្រយោជន៍ឱ្យលោកខាងលិចដូច្នេះ ក៏ដូចជាត្រូវរស់នៅក្រោមរបបផ្តាច់ការរបស់ព្រះអង្គទៀតនោះ មហាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានរើបម្រះបះបោរបន្ទុះចេញជា[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] ដោយផ្ដួលរំលំរបបប៉ាហ្លាវី ហើយជំនួសមកវិញដោយរបប[[សាធារណរដ្ឋឥស្លាម]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourcade |first=Bernard |date=March 2026 |title=What prospects for a new Iran? |url=https://mondediplo.com/2026/03/04iran |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ទំនាក់ទំនងការទូតជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលចោល បង្កើតបានជា[[វិបត្តិចំណាប់ខ្មាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វិបត្តិការទូត]]ដែលបានអូសបន្លាយពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំ។<ref name="News1828">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=From 1953 Coup To 2026 Strikes: The Long Road To US-Iran War |url=https://www.news18.com/world/from-1953-coup-to-2026-strikes-the-long-road-to-us-iran-war-ws-l-9935056.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=News18}}</ref> ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ហើយនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ នាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងត្រូវទទួលរងការខូចខាតដោយសារមីនក្រោមសមុទ្ររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយធ្វើ[[ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្រេយីងមែនធីស|ការវាយប្រហារលើកងនាវា]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ប៉ុន្មានខែក្រោយមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់នូវ[[ជើងហោះហើរអាកាសចរណ៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់លេខ ៦៥៥|យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]មួយគ្រឿងដោយអចេតនា។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926">{{cite news |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Neil |title=A Timeline of the Tensions Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/15/world/middleeast/united-states-iran-history.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2026}}</ref> ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ាក់មកលើទីប្រជុំជនរបស់ខ្លួន អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានប្ដេជ្ញាចាប់ផ្តើមកម្មវិធីផលិតមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក។<ref name="Al-MarashiCon">{{cite web |last=Al-Marashi |first=Ibrahim |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran and the US have been at war for decades – and there's no end in sight |url=https://theconversation.com/iran-and-the-us-have-been-at-war-for-decades-and-theres-no-end-in-sight-277284 |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> ចាប់ផ្តើមនៅក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានចាប់ផ្តើមប្រឡូកចូលក្នុងជម្លោះតំណាងនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។ នៅក្នុងនោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]នៅប្រទេសលីបង់ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងកំឡុង និងក្រោយ[[សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលលីបង់]]។ ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុមកងជីវពលដែលជាគូបដិបក្ខនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ដោយគួបផ្សំជាមួយក្រុម[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៅយេម៉ែន និងក្រុមប្រដាប់អាវុធដទៃទៀតនៅស៊ីរីនិងប៉ាឡេស្ទីន អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តដែលប្តេជ្ញាប្រឆាំងនឹងឥទ្ធិពលរបស់អាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនៅក្នុងតំបន់។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០២ ដំណើរពង្រីកកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដោយសម្ងាត់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានទម្លាយចេញជាសាធារណៈ។ ចូលមកដល់ឆ្នាំ២០០៦ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ទីបំផុតបានចេញប្រតិកម្មដោយប្រកាសអនុវត្ត[[ទណ្ឌកម្មអន្តរជាតិប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ខណៈសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាស[[ទណ្ឌកម្មសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន]]ផងដែរប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ តាំងពីពេលនោះមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានខិតខំអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការអូឡាំពិកហ្គេម|យុទ្ធនាការសង្គ្រាមកិច្ចសាយប័រ]]ក្នុងគោលដៅបង្អាកប្រតិបត្តិការរោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈដែលអ៊ីស្រាអែលវិញបានធ្វើ[[ឃាតកម្មលើអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃាតក្រុមអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]]កំពូលៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើននាក់។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926"/><ref name="Le Monde Assassinations">{{cite web |last1=Imbert |last2=Golshiri |last3=Mas |first1=Louis |first2=Ghazal |first3=Liselotte |title=How Israel tracked down and assassinated scientists involved in Iran's nuclear program |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/07/08/how-israel-tracked-down-and-assassinated-scientists-involved-in-iran-s-nuclear-program_6743166_4.html |website=lemonde.fr |publisher=Le Monde |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> ជម្លោះ​នេះ​បានវិវត្តទៅមួយដំណាក់កាលទៀតនៅក្នុង​ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ នៅពេល​ដែល​ប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបាន​បញ្ជាឱ្យមានការធ្វើឃាត​លើលោក[[កាស៊ឹម សូលីម៉ានី]] ដែលត្រូវជាមេបញ្ជាការនៃ​[[កងកម្លាំងឃូដស៍]]។<ref name="News1828"/><ref name="Al-MarashiCon"/> កំណើននៃភាពតានតឹងបានហក់ឡើងមួយកម្រិតទៀតបន្ទាប់ពី[[ការលុកលុយអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយហាម៉ាស់ឆ្នាំ២០២៣|ការវាយលុកថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែតុលា]] មកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដែលនាំឱ្យផ្ទុះ[[សង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សា]]ឡើង។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានប្រយុទ្ធប្រឆាំងនឹងបក្សពួកប្រដាប់អាវុធជាច្រើនក្រុមនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដែលមានអ៊ីរ៉ង់គាំទ្រនៅពីក្រោយ ដោយនៅក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[ហាម៉ាស់]] [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] និង[[ហ៊ូទី]]។ នៅក្នុងខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការ[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]] ដោយបើកការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធានិងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់វាយប្រហារតបតវិញ។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកក៏បាន[[ការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋាននុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ក្នុងកំឡុងសង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃដែរ មុនពេលវាត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ដោយ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|បទឈប់បាញ់]]។<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> ===បញ្ហានុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== អ៊ីស្រាអែលត្រូវបានគេជឿយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយថាមានប្រដាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ដោយមានស្តុកក្បាលគ្រាប់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរចន្លោះពី ៩០ ទៅ ៤០០ គ្រាប់។{{refn|ចំនួនស្មាននៃទំហំស្តុកគ្រាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺមានប្រភពខុសៗគ្នា។ តួលេខនៅក្នុងអត្ថបទនេះគឺអាស្រ័យតាមប្រភពចំនួនស្មានដូចតទៅ៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Norris |first2=Robert S. |year=2014 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2014 |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/70/6/97.full.pdf+html |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=70 |number=6 |pages=97–115 |doi=10.1177/0096340214555409 |bibcode=2014BuAtS..70f..97K |doi-access=free}} |2= {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/colin-powell-leaked-emails-nuclear-weapons-israel-iran-obama-deal-a7311626.html |title=Colin Powell leaked emails: Israel has '200 nukes all pointed at Iran', former US secretary of state says |last=Revesz |first=Rachael |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |3= {{cite journal |last=Brower |first=Kenneth S |title=A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review |type=special report |number=14 |date=February 1997 |pages=14–15}} |4= {{cite book |title=Israel and the Bomb |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |last=Cohen |first=Avner |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-231-10482-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelbomb00cohe |page=349}} |5= {{cite web |first=Mohamed |last=ElBaradei |url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Transcripts/2004/alahram27072004.html |title=Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=27 July 2004 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |6= {{cite web |url=https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/ |title=Status of World Nuclear Forces |website=Federation Of American Scientists}} }}</ref>}} ម្យ៉ាងទៀត អ៊ីស្រាអែលក៏ជាប្រទេសដែលមានអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរតែមួយគត់ផងដែរ ដែលមិនទទួលស្គាល់ថាខ្លួនមានកម្មសិទ្ធិអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref name="Kristensen-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=2 January 2022 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2021 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |bibcode=2022BuAtS..78a..38K |issn=0096-3402 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ្នកប្រាជ្ញបញ្ញវន្តមួយចំនួនបានអះអាងថា អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺជាហេតុផលដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់អភិវឌ្ឍកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួន ដោយបានបង្កឱ្យមានតុល្យភាពនៃការទប់ស្កាត់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ឬការប្រណាំងប្រជែងសព្វាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2008 |title=An Israel-Iran Balance of Nuclear Deterrence: Seeds of Instability |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-iran-balance-nuclear-deterrence-seeds-instability/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=INSS }}</ref> ដោយ​លើកហេតុផលពីហានិភ័យផ្នែក​សន្តិសុខ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន​បដិសេធ​មិនទទួលយកការអំពាវនាវពីសហគមន៍​អន្តរជាតិ​ឱ្យខ្លួនចុះ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុង​[[សន្ធិសញ្ញា​ស្តីពី​ការមិនរីកសាយភាយ​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] ឬ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុងកិច្ចចរចា​អំពី[[​តំបន់​គ្មាន​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ​នៅ​មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]ឡើយ។<ref name="s316">{{cite news |date=29 May 2010 |title=Israel rejects call to join anti-nuclear treaty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/israel-rejects-call-to-join-anti-nuclear-treaty-idUSTRE64S1ZN/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ==ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាម== {{Main|ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} [[File:President Donald J. Trump Welcomes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the White House (cropped b).jpg|thumb|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោក[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលត្រាំដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងការចូលអន្តរាគមន៍យោធាប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។]] ==អរិភាព== {{Main|ខ្សែកាលនៃសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} ===សប្តាហ៍ដំបូង (២៨ កុម្ភៈ – ៦ មីនា)=== [[File:President Donald J. Trump on the United States Military Major Combat Operations in Iran.webm|thumb|២៨ កុម្ភៈ៖​ ត្រាំកំពុងថ្លែងដំណឹងទៅកាន់ប្រជាជាតិរបស់លោកអំពីដំណើរការវាយប្រហាររបស់អាមេរិក។]] នៅម៉ោង ៣:៣៨ រសៀល ([[តំបន់ម៉ោងខាងកើត|ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក]] ឬត្រូវនឹងម៉ោង ១១:០៨ យប់នៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) នៃថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានចេញបញ្ជាឱ្យចាប់ផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការអេផិកហ្យូរី (''Epic Fury'')។<ref name="FT01">{{cite news |title=Inside the plan to kill Ali Khamenei |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf998c69-ab46-4fa3-aae4-8f18f7387836 |work=Financial Times |access-date=21 May 2026 |date=2 March 2026}}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល ដ្រូនអាមេរិក និងយន្តហោះចម្បាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលជាច្រើនគ្រឿង បានផ្តើមការវាយប្រហារមកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ នាវេលាម៉ោងប្រមាណ ៩:៤៥ ព្រឹក ម៉ោងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ (ឬម៉ោង ១:១៥ រំលងអធ្រាត្រ ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក)។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-weapons-used-to-attack-iran-fend-off-retaliation-2026-2?IR=T |title=Here are the weapons America used to strike Iran — and shield against retaliation |work=Business Insider |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> វេលាផ្ដើមការវាយប្រហារនេះបានកើតឡើងនៅដំណាលស្របនឹងពេលកំពុងតែមានកិច្ចចរចាជុំវិញកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says he's unsure why U.S. attacked during nuclear talks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/iran-attack-us-israel-regime-change-trump-netanyahu-araghchi-rcna261124 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=NBC News }}</ref> ប្រតិបត្តិការនេះដែរត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រសិទ្ធនាមថា ប្រតិបត្តិការតោគ្រហឹម។{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាហេប្រឺ]]៖ מִבְצַע שְׁאָגַת הָאֲרִי}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Munitz |first=Shmuel |date=6 March 2026 |title=From ancient Israel to modern Iran: the enduring symbolism of the lion |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/sk0ujovk11l |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> [[កងទ័ពអាកាសអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានថ្លែងថា កម្លាំងខ្លួនបានបើកវាយប្រហារលើគោលដៅយោធាចំនួន ៥០០ កន្លែងនៅភាគខាងលិច និងកណ្តាលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយនេះត្រូវជាសមយុទ្ធប្រយុទ្ធដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=28 February 2026 |title=IDF says 200 jets involved in Air Force's largest-ever attack sortie |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-200-jets-involved-in-air-forces-largest-ever-attack-sortie/ |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ខណៈកងនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងនូវការវាយប្រហារទាំងនេះផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show Iranian warship burning after US Israel strikes |date=28 February 2026 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/satellite-images-show-iranian-warship-burning-after-us-israel-strikes-2026-2 |work=Business Insider |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> ក្រោយមក អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបញ្ជាក់ថា ដំណើរវាយប្រហារដំបូងរបស់ខ្លួនបានប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកជាង ១,២០០ គ្រាប់នៅក្នុងរយៈពេល ២៤ ម៉ោង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel claims to have dropped over 1,200 bombs on Iran in one day |url=https://aje.news/p4rw7y?update=4349719 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=21 May 2026 }}</ref> មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកម្នាក់បាននិយាយថា ការវាយប្រហាររាប់សិបលើករបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានអនុវត្តដោយយន្តហោះចម្បាំងដែលចេញពីមូលដ្ឋានយោធានៅជុំវិញតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា និងពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះមួយ ឬច្រើនគ្រឿង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Eric Schmitt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/5df7d9a6-2d1a-577e-9c63-d40948472442 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន Iran International ដែលដកស្រង់សម្តីរបស់[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មាននិស្សិតអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បុគ្គលិកដែលបម្រើការក្នុង[[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]ប្រមាណរាប់ពាន់នាក់ រួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់មួយចំនួនផងដែរ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Senior Revolutionary Guards commanders killed in US-Israel strikes – Reuters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284254 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់ ឬត្រូវរងរបួស ខណៈដែលមូលដ្ឋានយោធាជាច្រើនកន្លែងបានរងការវាយប្រហារ។<ref name="Iran International-2026a">{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Live – Israel and US launch strikes on Iran as Tehran prepares retaliation |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ទាំងត្រាំ​ និង[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានព្រមានអំពីហានិភ័យដែលអាចកើតមានពីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចូលរួមជាធ្លុងដើម្បីផ្តួលរំលំរដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់គេ។<ref name="CBS Major-Combat-Operations">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Trump announces "major combat operations" in Iran. Watch the full video and read his statement. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-full-statement-on-us-iran-attack-major-combat-operations/ |work=CBS News |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> បន្ថែមពីលើការវាយប្រហារដោយអាវុធ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងការវាយប្រហារតាមបណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតផងដែរទៅលើប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងកម្មវិធីទូរស័ព្ទរបស់ខ្លួន រួមជាមួយនឹងសារដែលអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ងើបឡើងរើបម្រះប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលខ្លួន។<ref name = "JPost hack">{{cite news |last=Gal |first=Itai |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel plunges Iran into darkness with largest cyberattack in history during attack against Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-888271 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Jerusalem Post }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអ៊ីនធឺណិតនោះថែមទាំងបានផ្ដាច់ចរន្តអគ្គិសនីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ស្ទើរតែទាំងស្រុងទៀតផង ដោយវាបានអូសបន្លាយជាង ៦០ ម៉ោង បង្កជាការរំខានដល់ទំនាក់ទំនងរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋ និងសេវាកម្មសាធារណៈផ្សេងៗ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=The digital front: Iran's internet down for second day amid reports of U.S.-Israel cyberattacks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/02/irans-internet-down-amid-reports-of-us-israel-cyberattacks.html |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=CNBC}}</ref><ref name = "JPost hack"/> ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃផ្ទុះសង្គ្រាមនេះមក អាជ្ញាធរអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរឹតបន្តឹងការចូលប្រើប្រាស់បណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតរបស់ប្រជាជនខ្លួន ដោយអនុញ្ញាតការប្រើប្រាស់ចំពោះតែអ្នកដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលទទួលស្គាល់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="bm">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran's 'chosen users' get 'privileged access' despite internet blackout for masses |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/03/17/iran_internet_blackout/ |work=The Register}}</ref> [[File:US bases in the Middle East.svg|thumb|[[បញ្ជីរាយឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក|មូលដ្ឋាននិងឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក]]ធំៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា រួមមានមូលដ្ឋានដែលបើកការវាយប្រហារទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់ផងដែរ]] កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញក្នុងរយៈពេលតែប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងប៉ុណ្ណោះដោយការបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក។ ​​អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានដាក់រហស្សនាមប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាវាយតបតរបស់ខ្លួនថា [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន]]។{{refn|group=ស|អ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាប់បានប្រកាសនិងអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីមួយ]] [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីពីរ|ពីរ]] និង[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន|បី]]រួចទៅហើយ តែប្រតិបត្តិការទាំងបីគឺស្ថិតក្នុងទ្រង់ទ្រាយតូចប៉ុណ្ណោះ។}}{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាពែរ្ស]]៖ عملیات وعده صادق ۴}} ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្ដៅលើសង្គ្រាមនេះថា "សង្គ្រាមរ៉ាម៉ាដាន" ក៏ព្រោះតែដំណើរវាយប្រហាររួមរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកើតឡើងនៅកំឡុងខែរ៉ាម៉ាដាន។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran to mark Eid Al-Fitr on Saturday: state TV |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2636982/middle-east |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Arab News |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> គោលដៅវាយតបតរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាចម្បងសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ពិសេសចំពោះទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]និង[[ហៃហ្វា]]<ref name="BBC Tehran response">{{cite news |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)جنگ آمریکا و اسرائیل با ایران؛ چرا واکنش تهران این‌بار تنها چند ساعت طول کشید؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/ce94dk4yy2eo |work=BBC News Persian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសមួយចំនួនទៀតនៅក្នុងតំបន់ជាប់ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស។ គោលដៅសំខាន់ៗដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហាររួមមាន រាជធានី[[ម៉ាណាណា]]របស់ប្រទេសបារ៉ែន<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Isaac |last2=Rebane |first2=Teele |date=28 February 2026 |title=Videos show smoke rising near US Navy facility in Bahrain |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64k1hv00003b6rj8g5hm4u |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិគុយវ៉ែត]] រាជធានី[[អាប៊ូដាប៊ី]]របស់អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Explosions reported in Kuwait and UAE |url=https://news.am/eng/news/932924.html |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Armenia News }}</ref> និងរាជធានី[[រីយ៉ាដ]]និង[[ខេត្តខាងកើត (អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត)|ខេត្តខាងកើត]]របស់អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតជាដើម។ល។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Ismaeel Naar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c23471fd-1ceb-5a75-93a8-a56a199d6b1f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> មិនតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://france24.com/en/middle-east/20260228-what-we-know-about-us-military-bases-mideast-gulf-targeted-iran-retaliatory-strikes |title=Iran targets US military bases in the Middle East with retaliatory strikes |date=28 February 2026 |work=France 24 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់<ref name="Reuters-2026">{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=More strikes aimed at Iran after Khamenei's death, Trump issues new warning |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/more-strikes-aimed-iran-after-us-israeli-assault-kills-supreme-leader-2026-03-01/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនតបតវិញទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហ្សកដានី គុយវ៉ែត កាតា អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Lidman |first2=Melanie |last3=Boak |first3=Josh |first4=Eric |last4=Tucker |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran fires missiles at Israel and Gulf states after US-Israeli strike kills Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-israel-us-03-01-2026-693bc30bbbc98660d81f4a13f65ca10f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសកាតាបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះទម្លាក់គ្រាប់បែកប្រភេទ [[ស៊ូខយស៊ូ-២៤|ស៊ូ-២៤]] របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួនពីរគ្រឿង ដែលនាំឱ្យកាតាក្លាយជាប្រទេសដំបូងដែលបានបាញ់យន្តហោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទម្លាក់ដោយជោគជ័យនៅក្នុងជម្លោះនេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Kent |first2=Lauren |date=2 March 2026 |title=Qatar says it shot down two Iranian bomber aircraft |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-israel-us-attack-03-02-26-intl-hnk?post-id=cmm9dkjpf00003b6ps4g5qwvo |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ខណៈយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-15E ចំនួនបីគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់ដោយការភាន់ច្រឡំដោយគ្នាឯង។<ref name="Reals">{{cite news |last=Reals |first=Tucker |date=2 March 2026 |title=Live updates: U.S. military confirms 4 troops killed in Iran war; Kuwait downs 3 U.S. jets in 'friendly fire' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/iran-us-war-day-3-american-deaths-israel-gulf-allies-hit-missile-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានោះ ក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]បានចាប់ផ្តើមបាញ់រ៉ុក្កែត និងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅលើអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយអះអាងថាវាជា "សកម្មភាពការពារខ្លួន" បន្ទាប់ពីរង[[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលអស់រយៈពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំនៅលីបង់ថ្វីបើ[[កិច្ចព្រមពៀងបទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បទឈប់បាញ់កាលឆ្នាំ២០២៤]] កំពុងចូលជាធរមានក្ដី។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims attack on Israel was 'defensive act' after year of Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-claims-attack-on-israel-was-defensive-act-after-year-of-israeli-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> [[File:Epic Fury Strike compilation (997855).webm|thumb|២ មីនា៖ ឃ្លីបវីដេអូខ្លីៗអំពីការវាយប្រហារដោយ[[បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោកអ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍បានអនុញ្ញាតបើក[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការឈ្លានពានចូលក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់]]។<ref>{{cite news |last=McShane |first=Asher |date=3 March 2026 |title=Israel launches ground invasion of Lebanon and Trump warns 'hardest hits were yet to come' |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/article/israel-launches-ground-invasion-of-lebanon-and-trump-issues-new-warning-5HjdTm8_2/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=LBC }}</ref>​ ក្រៅពីនេះ មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកបានថ្លែងថា កងកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួនបានបំផ្លាញកងនាវារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើន ពិសេសនៅក្នុង[[ឈូងសមុទ្រអូម៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាមូលដ្ឋានជើងទឹកសំខាន់ៗផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2 March 2026 |title=US Strikes Destroy Iran's Main Naval Assets |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/03/us-strikes-destroy-irans-main-naval-assets/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=Naval News }}</ref> ចូលមកថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា អាមេរិកបានប្រកាសថានឹងបន្ថែមការវាយប្រហារលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់កាន់តែខ្លាំងជាងមុន ហើយនៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយចំទីស្នាក់ការកណ្តាលរបស់កងកម្លាំង[[បាស៊ីគ]]​ ខណៈលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]បានរួចផុតពីការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=4 March 2026 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei, seen as possible next Supreme Leader, has survived attacks on Iran, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/mojtaba-khamenei-seen-possible-next-supreme-leader-has-survived-assault-iran-2026-03-04/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកមួយគ្រាប់ដែលបាញ់ចេញពីទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសរួមរបស់ណាតូ ខណៈវាបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈតួកគីបានព្រមានថាខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិការពារអធិបតេយ្យភាពខ្លួន រីឯអង្គការណាតូវិញបានថ្លែងពីការប្តេជ្ញាចូលរួមការពារប្រទេសតួកគីដែលជាសមាជិក។<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Secretary General Mark Rutte condemns violation of Turkish airspace |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_2026_03_05.htm |website=NATO Official Website}}</ref> [[File:Indian Ocean Iranian vessel (998184).webm|thumb|៤ មីនា៖ វីដេអូបង្ហាញពីការបាញ់ពន្លិចនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ''ដេណា'' ពីនាវាមុជទឹកអាមេរិក ''ឆារលត្ត'']] នាវាចម្បាំង​មួយគ្រឿង​របស់​កងទ័ពជើងទឹក​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ឈ្មោះ ''ដេណា'' ត្រូវបានបាញ់ពន្លិច​នៅក្នុង​មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា​ដោយ​នាវាមុជទឹកឈ្មោះឆារលត្តរបស់អាមេរិក ក្នុងចម្ងាយ​ប្រមាណ ៧៤ គីឡូម៉ែត្រពីភាគខាងត្បូង​ទីក្រុង[[កាល្លេ]] ប្រទេស​ស្រីលង្កា បន្ទាប់ពីនាវាមួយ​នេះ​បានកំពុង​វិលត្រឡប់​ទៅ​ប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​វិញ​ក្រោយបានចូលរួម​សមយុទ្ធ​កងនាវា​អន្តរជាតិនៅទីក្រុង[[វិសាខបណម]]នៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា។<ref>{{cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2 March 2026 |title=Sri Lanka responds to distress call from Iranian warship returning from Vizag Fleet Review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/04/sri-lanka-responds-to-distress-call-from-iranian-warship-returning-from-vizag-fleet-review |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref> យោងតាមកងទ័ពអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នាវិកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួន ១០៤ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់ និង ៣២ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងហេតុការណ៍លិចនាវានេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magee |first1=Caolán |last2=Kelliher |first2=Fiona |date=8 March 2026 |title='Projectile' kills 2 in Saudi Arabia as Iran attacks on the Gulf continue |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីពីរ (៧–១៣ មីនា)=== [[File:P20260307DT-1619 The Dignified Transfer of Remains of Six U.S. Soldiers.jpg|thumb|249x249px|សាកសពទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំពីរនាក់កំពុងត្រូវបញ្ជូនទៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកវិញ, ៧ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជូននាវាដឹកយន្តហោះទីបីរបស់ខ្លួនមកមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |first=Ilgar |last=Khudiyev |title=US said expected to deploy 3rd aircraft carrier to the Middle East |url=https://en.apa.az/america/us-said-expected-to-deploy-3rd-aircraft-carrier-to-the-middle-east-495510 |access-date=23 May 2026 |website=Azerbaijani Press Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោកប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់បានប្រាប់អ្នកយកព័ត៌មានថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងឈប់វាយប្រហារប្រទេសជិតខាងចាប់ពីថ្ងៃនោះតទៅទៀត ប៉ុន្តែលុះត្រាតែការវាយប្រហារមកលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់លែងមានប្រភពចេញពីទឹកដីរបស់ប្រទេសជិតខាងទាំងនោះ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃ]]ក្រោយមកបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iranian drone attack suspends flights at Dubai International airport |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/03/07/iranian-drone-attack-suspends-flights-at-dubai-international-airport |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Euronews }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា កូនប្រុសទីពីររបស់លោកហាមេនៃគឺលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ|មោជតាបា]]ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=9 March 2026 |title=What to know about Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/nx-s1-5742375/mojtaba-khamenei-iran-supreme-leader |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> ឃ្លាំងស្តុកប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅក្បែររដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារ ខណៈភ្លើងឆេះពីការវាយប្រហារនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផ្សែងពពកខ្មៅក្រាស់គ្របដណ្ដប់ស្ទើរពេញទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងថែមទាំងបណ្ដាលឱ្យកើតមានភ្លៀងអាស៊ីតពុលខ្មៅធ្លាក់នៅតំបន់ជុំវិញនោះផងដែរ។<ref name="b673">{{cite magazine |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |first2=Kay Armin |last2=Serjoie |last3=Jamalpour |first3=Fatemeh |title='The Air is Unbreathable': Tehran Shrouded in Toxic Cloud After Israel Strikes Fuel Depots |magazine=Time |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://time.com/7383099/iran-news-oil-strikes-tehran/ |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់សមាជិកយោធាអាមេរិកទីប្រាំពីរក្រោយត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=US troop dies from wounds sustained in Iran attack |url=https://aje.news/64yl8m?update=4379695 |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម[[សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] សាលារៀនសរុបចំនួន ៦៥ និងមណ្ឌលសុខភាពចំនួន ៣២ (ដូចជាមន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងឱសថស្ថាន) ត្រូវបានរងការវាយប្រហារចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះឡើង ហើយទីតាំងស៊ីវិលជាង ១០,០០០ កន្លែងត្រូវរងការខូចខាត។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=More on civilian sites attacked in Iran: Red Crescent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue?update=4379534 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា អង្គការណាតូបានបញ្ជាក់ពីករណីស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកទីពីរមកលើដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=NATO intercepts second Iranian ballistic missile fired toward Turkey |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-second-iranian-ballistic-missile-shot-down-by-nato-defences-in-airspace |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=The Straits Times |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> ខណៈតួកគីបានបញ្ជូនយន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-16 ចំនួនប្រាំមួយគ្រឿង និងប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសទៅ[[ស៊ីបខាងជើង]]ក្នុងគោលបំណងការពារសន្តិសុខ។<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាតួកគី) MSB: 6 Türk F-16'sı KKTC'ye konuşlandırıldı |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/msb-6-turk-f-16si-kktcye-konuslandirildi-937063.html |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=TRT Haber }}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|{{center|ដំណើរដឹកជញ្ជូនឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍បានធ្លាក់ចុះគួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់ចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title=Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website=PortWatch |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]] |access-date=23 May 2026 |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>}}]] ការគាំងប្រព័ន្ធផ្កាយរណបនាវាចរណ៍សកលដែលមិនមានប្រភពដើមច្បាស់លាស់បានបង្កជាការរំខានដល់នាវាចរណ៍នៅក្បែរច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ហើយបង្កឱ្យកើតមានករណីគ្រោះថ្នាក់ជាច្រើនដល់នាវាដឹកប្រេងនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ewwlx9e1xo |title=GPS jamming: The invisible battle in the Middle East |last=Baraniuk |first=Chris |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១០ ខែមីនា មេបញ្ជាការជាន់ខ្ពស់ម្នាក់នៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបាននិយាយថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងប្រើប្រាស់បាញ់តែគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលខ្លួនដែលមានទម្ងន់ចាប់ពី ១០០០ គីឡូក្រាមឡើងទៅប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="ndtv10march">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-israel-war-iran-1000kg-1-ton-missile-warheads-iran-fires-khorramshahr-kheibar-shekan-missiles-11193972 |title=With Missiles Carrying 1,000 kg Explosives, A New Tactical Phase For Iran |work=NDTV |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |last=Srinivasan |first=Chandrashekar}}</ref> ឧត្តមនាវីឯកអាមេរិក លោក[[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា អត្រាបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៩០% បើប្រៀបនឹងថ្ងៃដំបូងៗនៃសង្គ្រាម ហើយអត្រាបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនរបស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់ចុះ ៨៣%។<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2026 |title=Iranian missile attacks down 90% since 1st day of war: CENTCOM |url=https://abc11.com/live-updates/iran-live-updates-trump-says-major-combat-operations-have-begun/18660347/entry/18681719 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា អង្គការ[[យូនីសេហ្វ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា កុមារជាង ១,១០០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស ឬត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត (២០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៩១ នាក់នៅលីបង់, ៤ នាក់នៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង ១ នាក់នៅគុយវ៉ែត) ខណៈកុមាររាប់រយពាន់នាក់ត្រូវបង្ខំផ្លាស់ប្ដូរទីលំនៅ រីឯរាប់លាននាក់ទៀតមិនអាចចូលរៀនបានដោយភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមកំពុងបានឆាបឆេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Sabah |first2=Zaid |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran sets three conditions for peace; oil tankers in Iraqi port attacked |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/12/iran-war-live-oil-tankers-hit-in-iraq-tehran-sets-3-conditions-for-peace |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Salalah Port Ablaze.jpg|thumb|រូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដែលបង្ហាញពីផ្សែងខ្មៅហុយឡើងចេញពី[[កំពង់ផែសាឡាឡោះ]]ក្នុងប្រទេសអូម៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ដើម្បីជួយដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាសេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រេង សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានដកបម្រាមរឹតបន្តឹងលើការទិញប្រេងពីរុស្ស៊ីជាបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន ប៉ុន្តែយ៉ាងណា តម្លៃប្រេងមិនបានផ្លាស់ប្ដូរអ្វីច្រើននោះទេ។<ref name="Cooper">{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Ward |first3=Euan |last4=Torbati |first4=Yeganeh |last5=Reiss |first5=Johnatan |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Refueling Plane Crashes in Iraq, Military Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/12/world/iran-war-news-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់រលកមីស៊ីល និងដ្រូនជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសនៃតំបន់ឈូងសមុទ្រ ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងកើនឡើងកាន់តែខ្ពស់។ ប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានរាយការណ៍អំពីការវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងស្តុកទុកប្រេងរបស់ខ្លួន។ អាជ្ញាធរគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានរាយការណ៍បញ្ជាក់ថា គ្រឿងឧបករណ៍ការពារមីស៊ីលនិងអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិរបស់ខ្លួនត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈសូរសំឡេងផ្ទុះគ្រាប់ត្រូវបានឮរំពងនៅជាយទីក្រុងឌូបៃ ហើយទីប្រជុំជនស្ទើរទាំងអស់ក្នុងប្រទេសហ្សកដានីបានបន្លឺស៊ីរ៉ែនព្រមានពីការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran targets Gulf nations with missiles, drones as oil prices soar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/12/iran-targets-gulf-nations-with-missiles-drones-as-oil-prices-soar |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាលើកទីបីនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកប៉ុន្មានគ្រាប់ទៀតបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី មុនពេលត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារ ដោយសំឡេងផ្ទុះពីវាអាចត្រូវបានស្ដាប់ឮបានដោយប្រជាជនដែលរស់នៅក្នុងនិងជុំវិញទីក្រុង[[អាដាណា]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Nato shoots down Iranian missile as explosions heard at Turkish air base |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/nato-incirlik-air-base-missile-iran-war-b2937948.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The Independent }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបី (១៤–២០ មីនា)=== [[File:جزیره خارک- طبیعت و صنعت-10.jpg|thumb|[[កោះខាក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៥ ភ្លើងដែលបាញ់ចេញពីបំពង់នៅក្នុងរូបភាពនេះគឺជាលទ្ធផលនៃដំណើរការធម្មតានៃការចម្រាញ់ប្រេងប៉ុណ្ណោះ]] គិតត្រឹមសប្តាហ៍ទីបី អ្នកជំនាញវិភាគមិនសូវជាបានរកឃើញពីភស្តុតាងអ្វីដែលបញ្ជាក់ពីការផ្តាច់ខ្លួន ឬការរត់ចោលជួរនៅក្នុងកងយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះទេ{{refn|ដោយយោងតាមប្រភពជាច្រើនដូចជា៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |title=We attacked Iran with no clear plan for regime change, Israeli security sources say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/12/israel-iran-us-attack-no-plan-for-regime-change-security-sources |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2026 }} |2= {{cite news |title=Iran war becomes contest of who can take most pain |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/iran-war-becomes-contest-of-who-can-take-most-pain |work=The Pioneer |date=12 March 2026 |quote=So far, the Islamic Republic has been able to keep its leadership and military cohesive and in control}} |3= {{cite web |title=Is the stability of the Iranian regime in danger? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/social_media/is-the-stability-of-the-iranian-regime-in-danger/ |website=Institute for National Security Studies |date=12 March 2026 |quote=However, it seems that at this stage, these strikes are not sufficient to undermine the internal cohesion among the security forces, their ability to function}} |4= {{cite news |title=US intelligence says Iran government is not at risk of collapse, say sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-intelligence-says-iran-government-is-not-risk-collapse-say-sources-2026-03-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 March 2026 |quote=The intelligence reporting underscores the cohesion of Iran's clerical leadership}} |5= {{cite web |last1=Karlin |first1=Mara |title=Can Iran's regime survive the war? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/can-irans-regime-survive-the-war/ |website=Brookings Institution |date=11 March 2026 }} |6= {{cite news |title=A long road to the end: The death throes of Iran's regime could last for years |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-long-road-to-the-end-the-death-throes-of-irans-regime-could-last-for-years/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |quote=for now, there have been no significant defections from the army or other security forces}} }}</ref>}} ខណៈដែលការផ្តាច់ខ្លួនផ្នែកយោធានេះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាលក្ខខណ្ឌចាំបាច់ដើម្បីបង្កើតជាចលនាប្រឆាំងនឹងរបបឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite |news |last=Jansen |first=Michael |title=Regime change in Iran unlikely without mass defections from military |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2026/02/28/regime-change-in-iran-unlikely-without-mass-defections-from-military/ |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំមួយមកលើ[[កោះខាក]] ដែលត្រូវជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងដ៏សំខាន់មួយរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយ ៩០ ភាគរយនៃប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺត្រូវនាំចេញតាមរយៈកោះមួយនេះ។ ទន្ទឹមគ្នានេះដែរ តម្លៃប្រេងបានកើនឡើងជាង ៤០ ភាគរយចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Broadwater |first1=Luke |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Cooper |first3=Helene |last4=Pérez-Peña |first4=Richard |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Military Attacks Kharg Island, Iran's Oil Export Hub, Trump Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/13/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Missile interception fragments of an Iranian missile hit Haifa oil refineries in Haifa Bay, March, 19 2026.jpg|thumb|right|250px|មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយគ្រាប់បានធ្លាក់លើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងហៃហ្វានៅឆកហៃហ្វា, ១៩ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមីនា ទាំងប្រទេសចិន និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសសមាជិកណាតូនៅអឺរ៉ុបដែលស្និទនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរួមគ្នាបដិសេធការអំពាវនាវរបស់ត្រាំក្នុងការផ្តល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រផ្នែកយោធា ដើម្បីដាក់សម្ពាធបង្ខំអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Trump demands NATO and China police the Strait of Hormuz. So far they aren't joining |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/16/nx-s1-5749109/trump-threatens-nato-strait-hormuz-iran-war |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល ត្រាំបានស្តីបន្ទោសសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តណាតូ ដោយហៅការសម្រេចចិត្តរបស់ពួកគេថាជា "កំហុសដ៏ល្ងង់ខ្លៅមួយ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump says NATO's refusal to help on Iran is "very foolish mistake" |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានសរសេរលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា លោកបានដកការសុំជំនួយពីណាតូវិញហើយ និងក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយចំនួនក្នុងតំបន់ឥណ្ឌូ-ប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិកផងដែរដូចជា ជប៉ុន កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង និង[[អូស្ត្រាលី]]ជាដើម ដោយស្ថិតនៅក្រោមហេតុផលថាពួកគេបានបដិសេធមិនចូលរួមការវាយប្រហាររួមជាមួយអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=NATO countries don't want to get involved in Iran operation, Trump says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116245182325726375 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=Truth Social }}</ref> នៅក្នុងលិខិតសរសេរដដែរនោះ ត្រាំបានបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកគឺ "[មិនត្រូវការ] ជំនួយពីនរណា" នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump: 'We do not need the help of anyone' |url=https://news.sky.com/video/trump-we-do-not-need-the-help-of-anyone-13520909 |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Sky News }}</ref> នៅព្រឹកព្រលឹមថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុន្មានរូប រួមមានលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] និងប្រធានកងកម្លាំងបាស៊ីគ លោក[[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]]ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="sk">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran confirms security chief Larijani, Basij commander Soleimani killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/israel-says-it-has-killed-ali-larijani-irans-top-security-official |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ដែលបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលអ៊ីស្រាអែលចំនួនពីរនាក់នៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាន់]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Elderly couple killed in Iranian revenge strike on Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/18/iran-war-latest-news-ali-larijani-death-tel-aviv-strikes/ |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះផងដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការឈ្លានពានដីគោកចូលទៅក្នុង[[លីបង់ខាងត្បូង|ទឹកដីភាគខាងត្បូង]]នៃប្រទេសលីបង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peled |first1=Anat |last2=Abdel-Baqui |first2=Omar |title=Israel Invades Lebanon, Opening New Front Against Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-invades-lebanon-opening-new-front-against-iran-f5e29555 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=16 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៨ ខែមីនា សង្គ្រាមនេះបានវិវត្តកាន់តែធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើតំបន់ឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិផារស៍ខាងត្បូងនៅក្នុងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស និងព្រមទាំងរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងក្បែរៗនោះរបស់ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។<ref name="oj">{{cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Robert |last2=Kelly |first2=Maxine |last3=Wells |first3=Peter |last4=Provan |first4=Sarah |last5=Cash |first5=Kieran |date=18 March 2026 |title=Middle East war live: Oil jumps after Iran says energy industry attacked |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6112e127-3ee2-4fce-acfc-f7644e5c6c30?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយរោងចក្រផលិតឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវដ៏ធំជាងគេបំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោកដែលមានទីតាំងនៅក្នុងប្រទេសកាតា។ ត្រាំបានអះអាងថា រូបលោកមិនបានដឹងអ្វីអំពីការវាយប្រហារនៅផារស៍ខាងត្បូងទេ ហើយលោកបានសន្យាថានឹងលែងមានការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែលណាទៀតទៅលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ និងថែមទាំងបានគំរាមកំហែងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបញ្ឈប់ការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធថាមពលរបស់កាតាទៀត។<ref name=blowup>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |date=19 March 2026 |title=Trump threatens to 'blow up' all of Iran's South Pars gasfield if Tehran strikes Qatar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/19/iran-war-trump-south-pars-threat-if-tehran-strikes-qatar |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីចារកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] តាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាសទាំងយប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran president confirms intelligence minister Khatib killed in strike |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603187564 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> [[File:F-35 Lightning II fighter jet hit over Iran 2026.webm|thumb|right|250x250px|thumbtime=00:06||វីដេអូដែលបញ្ចេញដោយ[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារសារព័ត៌មានតាស្នីម]]នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ដែលបង្ហាញពីការវាយប្រហារដោយសង្ស័យពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់លើយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-៣៥ របស់អាមេរិក ដោយនេះបានចាត់ទុកជាករណីដំបូងនៃយន្តហោះចម្បាំងបំបាំងកាយដែលត្រូវរងការខូចខាតនៅក្នុងសមរភូមិប្រយុទ្ធ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា យន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-៣៥ របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងបានធ្វើការចុះចតជាបន្ទាន់ ក្រោយសង្ស័យថាត្រូវរងគ្រាប់ទង្គិចដែលបាញ់ដោយកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="cnn19march">{{cite news |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/19/politics/f-35-damage-iran-war |title=US F-35 damaged by suspected Iranian fire makes emergency landing, sources say |work=CNN }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងនាវានិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅឯច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ក្នុងកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកដំណើរការផ្លូវដឹកជញ្ជូនអន្តរជាតិឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cloud |first1=David S. |last2=Seligman |first2=Lara |last3=Gordon |first3=Michael R. |date=20 March 2026 |title=U.S. War Planes and Helicopters Kick Off Battle to Reopen Hormuz |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-war-planes-and-helicopters-kick-off-battle-to-reopen-hormuz-530cdb78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបួន (២១–២៧ មីនា)=== {{Further|យុទ្ធនាការច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទៅលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ដោយប្រើគ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋាន។ ប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហារនេះដោយហៅវាថាជា "ការរំលោភបំពានច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិយ៉ាងច្បាស់ជាក់ស្ដែង" ខណៈដែល[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានជំរុញឱ្យមានការអត់ធ្មត់ផ្នែកយោធា "ដើម្បីជៀសវាងហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះថ្នាក់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran says US and Israel attacked Natanz nuclear facility |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/21/iran-says-us-and-israel-attacked-natanz-nuclear-facility |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហារទីក្រុង[[ឌីម៉ូណា]]នៃភាគខាងត្បូងអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៧៨ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Missiles injure 160 in towns near Israeli nuclear site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qdvnv13qdo |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ដោយដកស្រង់សម្តីមន្ត្រីអាមេរិកដែលមិនបញ្ចេញឈ្មោះ សារព័ត៌មាន CNN និង ''The Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្យាយាមវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានយោធារួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស ពោលគឺមូលដ្ឋាន[[ឌីអេហ្គោ​ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា]]នៅលើ[[ប្រជុំកោះឆាហ្គោស]]ក្នុង[[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបរាជ័យបន្ទាប់ពីមីស៊ីលមួយគ្រាប់បានបែកផ្ទុះក្នុងកំឡុងពេលហោះហើរ និងមួយទៀតត្រូវចាប់ស្ទាក់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាស SM-៣ ដែលមានប្រភពចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran targeted but did not hit Diego Garcia base with missiles, WSJ reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-targeted-did-not-hit-diego-garcia-base-with-missiles-wsj-reports-2026-03-21/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran fires 2 ballistic missiles towards US, UK military bases in Diego Garcia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/international/iran-fires-2-ballistic-missiles-towards-us-uk-military-bases-in-diego-garcia/articleshow/129711819.cms |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធពីការបាញ់មីស៊ីលសម្ដៅទៅមូលដ្ឋានឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ខណៈគ្មានភស្តុតាងច្បាស់លាស់ណាមួយដែលបញ្ជាក់ថាមានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅជិតឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ឬមានការហោះស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vine |first1=David |title=Did Iran Attack Diego Garcia? |url=https://fpif.org/did-iran-attack-diego-garcia/ |website=fpif.org |publisher=Foreign Policy in Focus |access-date=26 May 2026 |date=25 March 2026}}</ref> ក្រៅពីនេះ ក្រុមចលនា[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៃប្រទេស[[យេម៉ែន]]បានព្រមានថា ខ្លួននឹងចូលដៃនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជួយគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ប្រសិនបើមានការបន្តវាយប្រហារបន្ថែមទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=21 March 2026 |title=Houthi rebels say they will respond to any escalation against Iran |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-21-2026#0000019d-1258-dbe1-abff-3bfb86300000 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> [[File:Operation-Roaring-Lion-0065.jpg|thumb|កងទាហានអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅក្បែរព្រំដែនប្រទេសលីបង់, ២១ មីនា ២០២៦]] ត្រាំបានចេញឱសានវាទមួយដល់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយគំរាមថាអាមេរិកនឹងវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លុះត្រាតែសាមីខ្លួនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេដច្រានចោលឱសានវាទនោះ ដោយគំរាមវិញថា ខ្លួនឹងបិទច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ "ទាំងស្រុង" និងបើកការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសំខាន់ៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់ដូចជារោងចក្រផលិតថាមពលនិងរោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃជាដើម។<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2026 |title=Iran threatens to 'completely' close Strait of Hormuz and hit power plants after Trump's ultimatum |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-22-2026-16cc60862529b873666ce4c1f6529d78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> ចូល ២៤ ម៉ោងនៃឱសានវាទនោះ ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថារូបលោកបានពន្យារពេលវាយប្រហារទៅលើរោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅដល់រយៈពេលប្រាំថ្ងៃ ហើយបាននិយាយថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងតែចរចាជាមួយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដើម្បីរកផ្លូវបញ្ចប់សង្គ្រាម។<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Trump claims US has held talks with Iran |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-war-trump-claims-us-has-held-talks-with-iran/live-76478747 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=dw.com }}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធពីអត្ថិភាពនៃកាចរចានោះ ដោយបានហៅត្រាំថាជាប្រធានាធិបតី "បោកប្រាស់"<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=No talks are underway between Tehran and Washington, Iran says |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603237530 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ហើយថែមទាំងបានបដិសេធមិនទទួលផែនការសន្តិភាព ១៥ ចំណុចរបស់អាមេរិកទៀតផង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានអះអាងថាដើម្បីឱ្យការចរចាអាចប្រព្រឹត្តទៅបាន លុះត្រាតែមានការរាប់បញ្ចូល[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជម្លោះលីបង់]]ចូលជាលក្ខខណ្ឌមួយនៅក្នុងសំណើបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Gebeily |first3=Maya |date=25 March 2026 |title=Iran wants Lebanon included in any ceasefire, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-wants-lebanon-included-any-ceasefire-sources-say-2026-03-25/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៦ ខែមីនា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់លោក[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] ដែលជាមេបញ្ជាការទ័ពជើងទឹកកំពូលម្នាក់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយចោទថាលោកនេះហើយគឺជាអ្នកទទួលខុសត្រូវដោយចម្បងចំពោះការបិទខ្ទប់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រហូម្ស៍។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2026 |title=Israel says it has killed Iran's navy chief overseeing Strait of Hormuz blockade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy81p99x07no |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅបំបុក[[មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់]]របស់អាមេរិក បង្កឱ្យទាហានអាមេរិកយ៉ាងតិច​ ១៥ នាក់រងរបួស និងនាំឱ្យមានការខូចខាតដល់យន្តហោះប្រភេទ[[បូអ៊ីង អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី|អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី]]មួយគ្រឿង។<ref name="apnews27march">{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim responsibility for missile attack on Israel, their first since war started |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-27-2026-195444c54cbb7545d0a77f8ffbc0e4c0 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> អ្នកវិភាគយោធា លោកសេឌ្រីក លៃតុនបានចាត់ទុកការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរទៅដល់សមត្ថភាពស៊ើបការណ៍ឃ្លាំមើលតាមអាកាសរបស់ [សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]"។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/30/middleeast/us-air-force-awacs-jet-destroyed-saudi-arabia-intl-hnk-ml |title=Destruction of vital US radar aircraft could hamper ability to spot Iran threats, analysts say |first1=Brad |last1=Lendon |first2=Isaac |last2=Yee |first3=Thomas |last3=Bordeaux |date=30 March 2026 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> ចំណែកឯអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញគឺមិនបានបង្ហាញពីសញ្ញាដកថយការត្រួតត្រាលើច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញនោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/27/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |title=Iran War Live Updates: Tehran Moves to Assert Its Control Over Strait of Hormuz |work=The New York Times |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំ (២៨ មីនា – ៣ មេសា)=== ក្រុមហ៊ូទីបានចូលរួមក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាផ្លូវការនៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ដោយបាញ់ស្រោបមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ចលនាហ៊ូទីនេះបាននិយាយថាខ្លួនឹងបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកសម្ដៅចូលទីតាំងយោធាសំខាន់ៗរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហើយនឹងមិនឈប់ឡើយលុះត្រាតែអរិភាពនៅគ្រប់ជួរប្រយុទ្ធបានបញ្ឈប់។ ជាប្រតិកម្ម [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំប្រធានាធិបតី|រដ្ឋាភិបាលយេម៉ែន]] ដែលមានការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិ បានថ្កោលទោស ​​"សកម្មភាពរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលប៉ុនប៉ងអូសទាញយេម៉ែន" ឱ្យចូលក្នុងជម្លោះ "តាមរយៈសម្ព័ន្ធក្រុមភេរវកររបស់ខ្លួន"។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |last2=Sampson |first2=Eve |date=28 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis Fire at Israel and Vow Further Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/28/world/middleeast/yemen-houthis-attack-israel-war.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ កងម៉ារីនអាមេរិកចំនួន ២,៥០០ នាក់មកពីអង្គភាពបេសកកម្មម៉ារីនទី៣១ បានធ្វើដំណើរចូលមកដល់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដោយពួកគេត្រូវបានបម្រុងទុកជាកម្លាំងចលករជួយជំរុញកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូស្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=Update from Helene Cooper |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/06cca092-ddd6-5d3a-a460-2e70367fefe2?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតនិងបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញទីលំនៅដ្ឋាននិងអគារស៊ីវិលជាច្រើន ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baskar |first1=Pranav |last2=Hakim |first2=Shirin |date=28 March 2026 |title=Airstrikes batter a university and residential zones in Tehran. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឆ្លើយតបវិញដោយការគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើមហាវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2026 |title=Update from Sanam Mahoozi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/29/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/9b3c6f7c-33ca-5d8e-aab0-912c41dc5b1c?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានថ្លែងពីបំណង "វាយយករ៉ែប្រេងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់" ដូចជា មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងនៅ[[កោះខាក]] ដោយអះអាងថា វាគឺអាចដណ្ដើមបាន "យ៉ាងងាយស្រួល" ហើយបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា អាមេរិកអាចបន្តកាន់កាប់វាមួយរយៈធំប្រសិនបើធ្វើមែន។<ref name="ft30march">{{cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Donald Trump says US could 'take the oil in Iran' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3bd9fb6c-2985-4d24-b86b-23b7884031f5?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Financial Times }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣០ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបានសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា ប្រសិនបើគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនិងការបើកច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងពេលឆាប់ៗនេះទេ នុះអាមេរិកនឹងវាយបំផ្លាញរោងចក្រថាមពល អណ្តូងប្រេង កោះខាក និងអាចគ្រប់រោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bohner |first1=Athina |last2=Berry |first2=Alex |last3=Oelofse |first3=Louise |agency=AP, AFP, dpa, Reuters, EFE |date=30 March 2026 |title=Trump again threatens to 'obliterate' Iranian power plants, oil wells and Kharg Island |url=https://p.dw.com/p/5BNQw |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រទេសតួកគីនិងសម្ព័ន្ធណាតូបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលលើកទីបួន ដែលបានតម្រង់ចូលក្នុងទឹកដីប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធការបាញ់មីស៊ីលនោះដោយអះអាងថាមានការបន្លំអត្តសញ្ញាណ។<ref>{{cite |news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Reports of Iranian Missile Launch Toward Turkey Are Completely Baseless |url=https://wanaen.com/reports-of-iranian-missile-launch-toward-turkey-are-completely-baseless/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=WANA News Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមេសា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបើកការវាយប្រហារចំនួនពីរលើកទៅលើ[[ស្ពានការ៉ាជ ប៊ី-១|ស្ពានប៊ី ១]] នៅរវាងទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងទីក្រុង[[ការ៉ាជ]] ដែលត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាស្ពានដ៏ខ្ពស់បំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា បង្កឱ្យមានមនុស្សស្លាប់ចំនួន ៨ នាក់ និងរបួស ៩៥ នាក់ ខណៈស្ពាននោះត្រូវបាក់រលំមួយផ្នែក។<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Trump announces destruction of Iran's tallest bridge |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2026/04/trump-announces-destruction-irans-tallest-bridge |access-date=27 May 2026 |agency=Agence France Presse |website=Al-Monito }}</ref> ជាបន្ទាប់ ត្រាំបានអួតអាងចំពោះសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារនោះ ដែលអ្នកជំនាញបានវាយតម្លៃថាអាចជាប់ជា[[ឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មសង្គ្រាម]]។<ref name="france24-2april">{{cite news |title=Trump gloats on possible war crimes in Iran, but punishment distant |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260402-trump-gloats-on-possible-war-crimes-in-iran-but-punishment-distant |work=France 24 |date=2 April 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៥E របស់អាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿង ដោយវាបានធ្លាក់ទៅក្នុង[[ខេត្តកុះហ្គីលូយេហ៍ និងបូយែរ-អះម៉ាដ]]នៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈអាមេរិកបានផ្ដើមបេសកកម្មស្វែងរក និងជួយសង្គ្រោះអ្នកបើកយន្តហោះចម្បាំងនោះ ដោយបានសង្គ្រោះពួកគេដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។<ref name="ap-f515e-rescue">{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Seung Min |date=5 April 2026 |title=A mountain hideout and aircraft under fire: US carries out daring rescue of service member in Iran |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-pilot-military-rescue-fde473d07fb59e871a71cd2ad2ffe4fe |access-date=27 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យឆាហ៊ីដ បាហេស្ថី]]នៃទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ ត្រូវរងវាយប្រហារពីអាកាស ដែលនាំឱ្យចំនួនសាកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលរងការវាយប្រហារសរុបកើនដល់ជាង ៣០ នេះបើយោងតាមរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranian Minister of Science: U.S.-Israeli strikes targeted 30 Universities since start of war |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/iranian-minister-of-science-us-israeli-strikes-targeted-30-universities-since-start-of-war |work=Hawar News |date=4 April 2026 |access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំមួយ (៤–៧ មេសា)=== [[File:2026-04-07 Trump – A whole civilization will die tonight 2026-04-07 192815.png|thumb|សារសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គម ''Truth Social'' របស់ត្រាំនៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា ដែលបានគំរាមថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងត្រូវវិនាសបាត់នៅយប់នេះ ហើយនឹងគ្មានថ្ងៃអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញបានទៀតឡើយ"។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមេសា មានករណីផ្ទុះជាច្រើនដងនៅអគារបម្រុងនៃ[[រោងចក្រថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរប៊ូឈែហរ៍]] ក៏ដូចជាតំបន់ប្រេងគីមីពិសេសម៉ះឆាហរ៍ក្នុងទីក្រុងម៉ះឆាហរ៍ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news |title=U.S. Rescues Downed Air Force Officer Deep Inside Iran, Trump Says |first1=Greg |last1=Jaffe |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Helene |last3=Cooper |date=4 April 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅម៉ះឆាហរ៍ បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិចចំនួនប្រាំនាក់ និងបង្ករបួសបន្ថែមដល់មនុស្ស ១៧០ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2026 |title=Update from Shirin Hakim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news/f8c31573-78bc-5053-a5a0-99ce0bf46017?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានប្រកាសថា ប្រធានអង្គការចារកម្មរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi">{{cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=IRGC intelligence chief killed in attack, Guards say |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604065252 |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៣៤ នាក់ រួមទាំងកុមារ ៦ នាក់ ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រួមមានការវាយប្រហារលើ[[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យបច្ចេកវិទ្យាឆារីហ្វ]] និងតំបន់លំនៅដ្ឋានប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាច្រើនទៀតផង។ អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងជាអ្នកនយោបាយកំណែទម្រង់និយម លោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា អារ៉េហ្វ]] និងត្រូវជាអតីតនិស្សិតនៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យនោះ បានសម្ដៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋានក្នុងការវាយប្រហារនោះថាជា "និមិត្តរូបនៃភាពឆ្កួតលីលា និងអវិជ្ជារបស់ត្រាំ"។<ref name="aljazeera6april">{{cite news |date=6 April 2026 |title=Iran's top university, oil facility bombed as US, Israel intensify attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/6/irans-top-university-bombed-as-us-israel-intensify-attacks-34-killed |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Members of the Tehran Jewish community navigating the site where the Rafi'-Nia synagogue was destroyed.webm|thumb|right|200px|វីដេអូខ្លីបង្ហាញពីសមាជិក​សហគមន៍​ជ្វីហ្វ​នៃទីក្រុង​តេហេរ៉ង់​កំពុង​ដើរប្រមើលទីតាំងវិហារ​សាសនា​រ៉ាហ្វី នីយ៉ា ក្រោងត្រូវ​រងការបំផ្លិច​បំផ្លាញ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា វិហារសាសនាយូដារ៉ាហ្វីនីយ៉ានៅកណ្តាលទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ បានរងការបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដោយការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាននិយាយថា អគារសាសនានេះត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញដោយសារតែត្រូវប៉ះទង្គិចនឹងការវាយប្រហារដែលសម្ដៅលើទីតាំងផ្សេងក្បែរនោះប៉ុណ្ណោះ ហើយវាមិនដែលជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួនឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ben Ari |first1=Lior |last2=Eichner |first2=Itamar |date=7 April 2026 |title=IDF confirms Tehran strike targeted Iranian commander, synagogue hit was 'collateral damage' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/sjouxfz211g |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> សារសរសេររបស់ត្រាំនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមដែលថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងវិនាសនៅយប់នេះ ហើយមិនអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញទៀត" នោះបានបង្កការព្រួយបារម្ភជាអន្តរជាតិ ដោយមានគេសង្ស័យថាត្រាំប៉ងចង់ប្រើគ្រាប់បែកនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។ អគ្គលេខាធិការនៃ[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ]]បានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា សាររបស់ត្រាំ "អាចជាការគំរាមប្រព្រឹត្តអំពើប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍"។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran: President Trump's apocalyptic threats of large-scale civilian devastation demand urgent global action to prevent atrocity crimes |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/04/iran-president-trumps-apocalyptic-threats-of-large-scale-civilian-devastation-demand-urgent-global-action-to-prevent-atrocity-crimes/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ|Amnesty International​]] }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ សេតវិមានបានចេញបដិសេធអំពីលទ្ធភាពប្រើប្រាស់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran war latest: We'll destroy Iran — but we won't use nuclear weapons, US says |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-rejects-peace-deadline-trump-gz662zx0h |work=The Times |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> ===បទឈប់បាញ់ (៨ មេសា – បច្ចុប្បន្ន)=== {{Main|បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|កិច្ចពិភាក្សាសន្ទនាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ}} នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា នាវេលាម៉ោង ៦:៣២ ល្ងាចនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក (ត្រូវនឹងថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា ម៉ោង ១:៣២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងម៉ោង ២:០២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមរបស់លោកថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឈានដល់កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងមួយដោយផ្អែកលើសំណើ ១០ ចំណុច ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីប៉ាគីស្ថានគឺលោក[[ស្ហេបាហ៍ ស្ហារីហ្វ]] និងលោកសេនាប្រមុខ[[អាស៊ីម មូនារ]]។<ref>{{cite news |title=Live updates: Trump agrees to two-week ceasefire after threatening massive attacks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/live-blog/live-updates-iran-war-trump-deadline-hormuz-infrastructure-ceasefire-rcna267039 |work=NBC News |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្រមគ្នាលើបទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍ ដែលក្រោមកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនេះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=What we know about the US and Iran's ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce84z6y3ke4o |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវបានប្រកាស រោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងនៅលើ[[កោះឡាវ៉ាន]] និងរោងចក្រនាំចេញប្រេងឆៅនៅ[[កោះស៊ីរី]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានរងការវាយប្រហារ ដោយគ្មានភាគីណាមួយចេញមុខមកទទួលខុសត្រូវ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Iranian Oil Refining Company confirms attack on Lavan refinery, Shana reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iranian-oil-refining-company-confirms-attack-lavan-refinery-shana-reports-2026-04-08/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនចូលទៅក្នុងបណ្ដារដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់នៅជុំវិញឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=S Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain report attacks after Iran-US truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/uae-kuwait-bahrain-report-attacks-despite-iran-us-ceasefire |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ក្រោយមកទើបគេបានបង្ហាញថាការវាយប្រហារលើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះគឺបានធ្វើឡើងជាសម្ងាត់ដោយអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref name="WSJUAEStrikes">{{Cite news |last1=Holliday |first1=Shelby |last2=Said |first2=Summer |date=11 May 2026 |title=The U.A.E. Has Been Secretly Carrying Out Attacks on Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-u-a-e-has-been-secretly-carrying-out-attacks-on-iran-f1745a0d |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> លក្ខខណ្ឌដាក់បញ្ចូលលីបង់ទៅក្នុងឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវជួបនឹងការខ្វែងគំនិតគ្នា<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Netanyahu says US-Iran ceasefire 'does not include Lebanon' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/netanyahu-says-us-iran-ceasefire-does-not-include-lebanon |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធំមួយមិនធ្លាប់មានចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានកើតមកលើប្រទេសលីបង់ក្នុងគោលដៅកម្ទេចទីតាំងឈរជើងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel pounds Lebanon with heaviest airstrikes of the war as Hezbollah pauses attacks |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-pauses-attacks-under-us-iran-ceasefire-sources-close-group-say-2026-04-08/}}</ref> មនុស្សយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ៣៥៧ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្សប្រមាណជាង ១,២០០ នាក់ទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួសជាលទ្ធផល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Israeli attacks across Lebanon kill at least 254 after Iran-US ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/hundreds-of-casualties-across-lebanon-after-israel-says-it-hit-100-sites |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:8 April 2026 Isreali attacks on Beirut (2).jpg|thumb|right|ទិដ្ឋភាពអគារមួយកន្លែងនៅបៃរូត ប្រទេសលីបង់ ក្រោយត្រូវអ៊ីស្រាអែលវាយប្រហារ, ៨ មេសា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា កងកម្លាំងអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើម "បោសសម្អាត" ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍។ កាសែត ''Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា នាវាចម្បាំងពិឃាតជាច្រើនគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកបានចូលទៅក្នុងច្រកសមុទ្រនេះជាលើកដំបូងចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះមក។<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. Warships Transit Hormuz as U.S.-Iran Meet Face-to-Face for Peace Talks |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-latest-news-israel-us-lebanon-2026?mod=lc_navigation |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> រីឯរដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញត្រូវបានគេរាយការណ៍ថាបានគំរាមវាយប្រហារនាវាចម្បាំងទាំងនោះ ដោយចោទអាមេរិកថាកំពុងរំលោភបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ កិច្ចចរចារវាងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជាកិច្ចពិភាក្សាកម្រិតខ្ពស់បំផុតរវាងប្រទេសទាំងពីរចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមនៃឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មក បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[ឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]] ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដែលមានរយៈពេល ២១ ម៉ោង ប៉ុន្តែគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងអ្វីត្រូវបានសម្រេចឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=No Deal: U.S.-Iran peace talks in Islamabad collapse |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/12/nx-s1-5782538/u-s-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-collapse |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=NPR News }}</ref> ====ការបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដោយអាមេរិក==== ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា កងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកនឹងចាប់ផ្តើមបិទផ្លូវហាមឃាត់ "នាវាទាំងអស់ដែលព្យាយាមចូល ឬចាកចេញពីច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍" ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា តទៅ។ យ៉ាងណា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជាក់ក្រោយថា ការបិទផ្លូវមួយនេះនឹងត្រូវអនុវត្តតែលើនាវាដែលធ្វើដំណើរទៅ ឬមកពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Trump announces naval blockade of Iran after Islamabad talks yield no deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/04/12/iran-us-talks-ceasefire-vance/ |access-date=29 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[កងឆ្មាំជើងទឹកបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា នាវាយោធាណាមួយដែលចូលមកជិតច្រកសមុទ្រនឹងត្រូវចាត់ទុកថាជាការរំលោភលើបទឈប់បាញ់ ហើយនឹងត្រូវប្រឈមនឹង "ការឆ្លើយតបដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ" ពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Update by Parin Behrooz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/12/world/iran-war-trump-talks-pakistan/d43e91d7-9511-5fb7-b3de-26e6da723f33?smid=url-share |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការចម្រុះ លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ដាន​ ខេន]]បានប្រកាសថា នាវាដឹកប្រេងចំនួន ១៣ គ្រឿង ដែលបានធ្វើដំណើរចូលនិងចេញពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានកងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកស្ទាក់ចាប់ ហើយនាវាទាំងអស់បានគោរពតាមបញ្ជារបស់នាវាអាមេរិកនិងបានប្ដូរគោលដៅរបស់គេ។<ref name="DOD-16042026">{{Cite web |title=Secretary of War Pete Hegseth and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Dan Caine Hold a Press Briefing |date=16 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=U.S. Department of Defense |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4462029/secretary-of-war-pete-hegseth-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff-gen-dan/}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងលីបង់បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេល ១០ថ្ងៃ]]។<ref name="aljazeera16april">{{Cite news |date=16 April 2026 |title=Trump says Israel and Lebanon agree to temporary ceasefire|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/trump-says-israel-and-lebanon-agree-to-temporary-ceasefire |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផលនៃបទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមេសា បានប្រកាសអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានចរាចរណ៍នាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មនៅច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញក្នុងកំឡុងបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ការបិទផ្លូវនាវាដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនឹងនៅតែបន្ត ខណអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសឆ្លើយតបវិញថា ខ្លួននឹងរឹតបន្តឹងបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2026/04/17/iran-war-ceasefire-lebanon-trump-updates--live/89652291007/ |title=Strait of Hormuz won't reopen, Iranian leader tells Trump |first1=Michael |last1=Loria |first2=Christopher |last2=Cann |first3=Andrea |last3=Riquier |work=USA Today |date=17 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមេសា ពោលគឺប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងមុនពេលបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវផុតកំណត់ ត្រាំបានសម្រេចចិត្តបន្តពន្យាបទឈប់បាញ់ ដោយលើកឡើងថាលោកបានធ្វើដូច្នេះទៅតាមការស្នើសុំរបស់ប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដើម្បីទុកពេលវេលាឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់រៀបចំបញ្ជូនសំណើរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref name="aljazeera21april">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2026 |title=Trump says the United States is extending ⁠its ⁠ceasefire with Iran at mediator Pakistan's request to allow more time for Tehran to put forward its proposal.|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/4/21/iran-war-live-tehran-shuns-talks-trump-says-us-blockade-to-remain |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនិងអូម៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ពួកគេបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក មីស៊ីលល្បឿនមធ្យម និងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Strikes in U.A.E., Oman and at Sea Strain Iran Truce to the Breaking Point |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/04/world/middleeast/iran-trump-ships-hormuz-strait.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបាននិយាយទៀតថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនមកវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រកែច្នៃប្រេងមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[ហ្វូចៃរ៉ា]] ដោយបង្កជាអគ្គីភ័យឆាបឆេះ និងបណ្តាលឱ្យពលករឋឥណ្ឌាបីនាក់ទទួលរងរបួស។ នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបានចេញមកនិយាយបន្ថែមទៀតថា ខ្លួនបានត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនបន្ថែមពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងរយៈពេលពីរថ្ងៃជាប់ៗគ្នា ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធដោយថាខ្លួនមិនបានវាយប្រហារទៅលើអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនោះទេនៅក្នុងរយៈពេលប៉ុន្មានថ្ងៃថ្មីៗកន្លងមក។<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE air defences engage missiles, drones; Tehran denies attacking UAE |url=https://www.internazionale.it/ultime-notizie-reuters/2026/05/05/uae-air-defences-engage-missiles-drones-tehran-denies-attacking-uae |agency=Reuters |website=Internazionale |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមិថុនា ជាប្រតិកម្មនឹងសកម្មភាពបន្តឈ្លានពានរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅលីបង់ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទីកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយចាត់ទុកវាជាការព្រមាន ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានឆ្លើយតបវិញភ្លាមៗដោយបាញ់ប្រហារតបវិញចូលទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់មីស៊ីលមួយនេះបានធ្វើឱ្យបទឈប់បាញ់កាន់តែស្ដួចស្តើងជាងមុន។<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-06-08 |title=IDF says it struck military targets in western and central Iran following missile attacks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-struck-military-targets-in-western-and-central-iran-following-missile-attacks/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ==សហេតុភាព== {{Main|សហេតុភាពសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់}} ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកម្ចាត់មេបញ្ជាការនិងមេដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើនរូបនៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម តាមរយៈការបន្លំឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជឿថាមិនការវាយប្រហារកើតឡើងភ្លាមៗពីសត្រូវរបស់គេ។ ដោយហេតុនេះ ក្រុមមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើនរូបបាននៅបន្តជួបប្រជុំជាមួយនឹងគ្នាដោយផ្ទាល់ ខណៈទីកន្លែងនៃកិច្ចប្រជុំទាំងនោះបានក្លាយជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារក្ដៅៗរបស់អាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="Estrin-2026">{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=11 March 2026 |title=Old-school tricks and AI tech are weapons in the Iran war |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/10/nx-s1-5741726/israel-iran-war-cyber-ai |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> [[File:Ali Khamenei 2026.02.12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|រូបលោកអាលី ហាមេនៃ ដែលបានថតនៅថ្ងៃទី១២​ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ពោលគឺ ១៦ ថ្ងៃមុនឃាតកម្មលើរូបលោក។]] នៅថ្ងៃទ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ លោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]] ដែលជា[[មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់|មេដឹកនាំកំពូលនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែល[[ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមេនៃ|ធ្វើឃាតតាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាស]] ហើយដល់ថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទើបប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)اطلاعیه شهادت حضرت آیت‌الله العظمی سیدعلی حسینی خامنه‌ای رهبر انقلاب اسلامی |work=[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល|Supreme National Security Council]] |via=KHAMENEI.ir |date=1 March 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301023337/https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មានហ្វារស៍]] ដែលគ្រប់គ្រងដោយកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម បានប្រកាសបន្ថែមថា កូនស្រី កូនប្រុសប្រសារ ចៅ និងកូនស្រីប្រសាររបស់លោកហាមេនៃក៏បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Khamenei family members killed in attacks, Fars news agency reports |url=https://apnews.com/live/live-updates-israel-iran-february-28-2026#0000019c-a724-d479-ad9e-f76cb5b90000 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសកាន់ទុក្ខរយៈពេល ៤០ ថ្ងៃ។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t?post=asset%3Add3db3f8-29d3-4420-a511-9b544b2ea1b0#post |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ====មន្ត្រី និងយោធា==== {{multiple image| | image1 = Aziz Nasirzadeh (February 2026).jpg | caption1 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការពារជាតិ [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] | image2 = محمد پاکپور1.jpg | caption2 = បញ្ជាការ ឆ.ប.ឥ.អ. [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] | image3 = Shamkhani.jpg | caption3 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ [[អាលី ស្យាមខានី]] | image4 = The new head of the Basij Organization 29 (portrait crop).jpg | caption4 = ប្រមុខការិយាល័យយោធានៃមេដឹកនាំកំពូល [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ​ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] | image5 = Iranian drone exercise in 2022 - Day 2 (50).jpg | caption5 = ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការកម្លាំងប្រដាប់ [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] | direction = horizontal | width = 60 | footer = | width4 = | total_width = 290 | perrow = 3 / 3 / 3 | image_gap = 3 | image6 = Ali Larijani, 2021-01-12 (cropped).jpg | caption6 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] | image7 = Gholamreza Soleimani 01 (1).jpg | caption7 = ប្រធានកងកម្លាំងយោធាប្រតិព័ន្ធបាស៊ីគ [[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]] | image8 = Ashtiani-Khatib-Rahimi 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg | caption8 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងចារកិច្ច [[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] | image9 = علیرضا تنگسیری1.jpg | caption9 = មេបញ្ជាការឆ្មាំជើងទឹក ប.ឥ.អ. [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] }} មរណភាពមន្រ្តីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដំបូងៗគេគឺរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អាហ្ស៊ីស​ ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់[[ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)|ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច]]ចំនួនបួនរូបទៀត។<ref>{{cite web |title=Four senior intelligence ministry officials killed in airstrikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284598 |website=Iran International |date=28 February 2026 |publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់បន្ថែមទៀតដូចជា លោក[[សាឡាហ៍ អាសាឌី]] ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃបញ្ជាការដ្ឋានសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] ប្រធានការិយាល័យយោធារបស់មេដឹកនាំកំពូល<ref name="Iran International-2026a"/> លោក[[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីប្រមាណ ៤០ នាក់ទៀតសុទ្ធតែត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោមការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស បើយោងតាមបណ្ដាប្រភពការសម្ងាត់និងយោធា។<ref>{{cite news |last=LaPorta |first=James |date=28 February 2026 |title=About 40 Iranian officials killed in strikes, sources say |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា [[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថា ទាហាននិងមេបញ្ជាការអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចន្លោះពី ៣,០០០ ទៅ ៤,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Israeli military says 4,000–5,000 Iranian forces killed in strikes so far |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603135117 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> រំលងមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានធ្វើឃាតលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] ដែលជាលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="sk"/> មេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] និងលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ]] លោក[[អាលី ស្យាំខានី]]ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅចុងខែមីនានោះ។<ref>{{cite news |title='Decimated'? The Iranian leaders killed in Israeli-US war |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260320-decimated-the-iranian-leaders-killed-in-israeli-us-war |access-date=31 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=France 24 |date=20 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ទូរទស្សន៍សារព័ត៌មាន ''Iran International'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់យ៉ាងហោចចំនួន ៤,៧០០ នាក់ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=Over 4,700 security forces killed in US-Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603313227 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]ត្រូវបានធ្វើឃាតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi" /> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា [[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] (HRANA) ដែលជាអង្គការមិនមែនរដ្ឋាភិបាលមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ខាងភាគីអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមថាមានចំនួន ៣,៦៣៦ នាក់ ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានជនស៊ីវិលចំនួន ១,៧០១ នាក់ បុគ្គលិកយោធាចំនួន ១,២២១ នាក់ និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតនៅមិនទាន់កំណត់អត្តសញ្ញាណ ឬហេតុផលស្លាប់ច្បាស់លាស់។ យោងទៅតាមអង្គការដដែរនេះ "សាមីខ្លួនជឿថា ចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់ និងរបួសខាងយោធាជាក់ស្ដែងគឺខ្ពស់ជាងតួលេខនៅក្នុងរបាយការណ៍របស់ខ្លួន" ដោយសារការបញ្ជាក់នៃចំនួនតួលេខក្នុងរបាយការណ៍នោះគឺអាស្រ័យទៅលើទិន្នន័យរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ណាមួយ ចំនួនដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលបានបញ្ចេញនោះភាគច្រើនគ្របដណ្ដប់តែលើបុគ្គលិកយោធាដែលបានពលីនៅក្នុងតំបន់ទីប្រជុំជនប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="HRANA">{{cite web |date=7 April 2026 |title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=HRANA }}</ref> ====ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល==== [[File:Shajareh Tayyebeh school in Minab photos from Mehr (3).jpg|thumb|ក្រុមអ្នកជួយសង្គ្រោះ និងជនស៊ីវិលកំពុងជីកកកាយគំនរបាក់បែកនៃសាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីនៅមីណាប ក្រោយត្រូវវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] យោងតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម សាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីមួយកន្លែងក្នុងទីក្រុងមីណាប ត្រូវរង[[ការវាយប្រហារលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ដោយអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Over 50 killed in strike on girls' elementary school in Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228192239/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សាលារៀនមួយនេះដែរមានទីតាំងនៅជិតបរិវេណយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយកន្លែង ហើយក៏ធ្លាប់ជាផ្នែកមួយនៃបរិវេណយោធានោះផងដែរ។<ref name="Browne-2026">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Livni |first2=Ephrat |last3=Mahoozi |first3=Sanam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Strike on Girls' School Kills at Least 175, Iranian State Media Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/world/middleeast/girls-school-strike-iran-video.html |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Angelovski |first1=Ivan |last2=Szeto |first2=Eric |last3=Bilhete |first3=Britnei |date=4 March 2026 |title=Who bombed a girls' school in Iran? A visual investigation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/iran-school-bombing-investigation-9.7114994 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBC News }}</ref> ខណៈពេលដែលចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់មិនត្រូវបានបញ្ជាក់ដោយឯករាជ្យ ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាង ១៧៥ នាក់ ដែលភាគច្រើនជាកុមារ ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត ខណៈដែលមនុស្ស ៩៥ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Mekhennet |first2=Souad |author-link2=Souad Mekhennet |last3=Kelly |first3=Meg |last4=Horton |first4=Alex |last5=Geroge |first5=Susannah |date=11 March 2026 |title=Iranian school was on U.S. target list, may have been mistaken as military site |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2026/03/11/us-strike-iran-elementary-school-ai-target-list/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref> ការស៊ើបអង្កេតដោយយោធាអាមេរិកបានរកឃើញជាបឋមថា ការវាយប្រហារចំសាលារៀននេះគឺកើតឡើងចេញពីលំយោងលើទិន្នន័យចាស់ហួសសម័យ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=United States was "likely" responsible for bombing of girls' school in Iran, per early U.S. assessment |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-iran-war-bombing-girls-school-assessment/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> [[File:Damages caused by attacks on Tehran 22 Avash 25 esfand 1404.webp|thumb|ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលរងការខូចខាតនៅតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាង ៦០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-death-toll-reaches-555-as-us-israel-escalate-attacks |title=Iran death toll reaches 555 as US, Israel escalate attacks |date=2 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ខណៈ HRANA បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ជនស៊ីវិលរហូតដល់ទៅ ១,០៩៧ នាក់។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/the-fourth-day-of-the-u-s-israel-war-on-iran-strikes-continue-in-western-regions-of-the-country/ |title=The Fourth Day of the U.S.–Israel War on Iran: Strikes Continue in Western Regions of the Country |work=HRANA |date=4 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា អឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមបានរាយការណ៍បន្ថែមទៀតថា "អង្គភាព" ស៊ីវិលជាង ៦,៦៦៨ ទីតាំងត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានទីលំនៅដ្ឋានចំនួន ៥,៥៣៥ កន្លែង អង្គភាពពាណិជ្ជកម្មចំនួន ១,០៤១ កន្លែង មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រចំនួន ១៤ ទីតាំង សាលារៀនចំនួន ៦៥ កន្លែង និងមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាប់ទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមចំនួន ១៣ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=US-Israeli strikes targeted at least 6,668 civilian units: Red Crescent |url=https://aje.news/ozn6u2?update=4374430 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែមីនា HRANA បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាជនរងគ្រោះពីសង្គ្រាមយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ១៥% មានអាយុស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ១៨ ឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2026 |title=Day 23 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: More Than 15% of the Total Fatalities Are Children |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-23-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-more-than-15-of-the-total-fatalities-are-children/ |website=Human Rights Activists News Agency}}</ref> គិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថាសង្គ្រាមបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទីតាំងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ]]យ៉ាងតិច ១២០ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Iran Says US, Israeli Strikes Damage 120 Museums, Historic Buildings |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/5255868 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Asharq Al-Awsat​ }}</ref> ===សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== ការវិភាគលើរូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដោយកាសែត ''The Washington Post'' បានបង្ហាញពីរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ ឬឧបករណ៍យោធាជាតួលេខយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ២២៨ នៅតាមមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្សដែលត្រូវបានរងការខូចខាត ដោយតួលេខនេះគឺច្រើនជាងអ្វីដែលរដ្ឋបាលត្រាំធ្លាប់បានអះអាង។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Ley |first2=Jarrett |last3=Horton |first3=Alex |last4=Copp |first4=Tara |last5=Lamothe |first5=Dan |author5-link=Dan Lamothe |title=Iran has hit far more U.S. military assets than reported, satellite images show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/05/06/iran-us-bases-satellite-images/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងចំណោមអ្នករងរបួសជាង ៣០ នាក់ដោយការវាយប្រហារពីដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្បែរជំរុំយោធា[[ជំរុំអារីហ្វយ៉ាន|អារីហ្វយ៉ាន]]ក្នុងកំពង់ផែស៊ូអាយបា ប្រទេស[[គុយវ៉ែត]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Meg |last2=Horton |first2=Alex |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |date=4 March 2026 |title=U.S. troops had little protection from drone strike that killed 6, imagery shows |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325132717/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |url-status=live |via=MSN}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា កងម៉ារីនសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកម្នាក់ឋានៈពលបាលឯក បានស្លាប់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត ក្នុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលមិនជាប់ទាក់ទងនឹងអរិភាពដែលកំពុងកើតមាននៅមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref name="RC1">{{cite news |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/a-dignified-transfer-of-the-remains-of-us-marine-corps-lance-corporal-kevin-melendez-in-dover/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFaNVNORw?previouslyViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFBMUJJSA&position=2 |title=A dignified transfer of the remains of U.S. Marine Corps Lance Corporal Kevin Melendez, in Dover |work=Reuters Connect |date=4 March 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=មិថុនា 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានរាយការណ៍ថា ទាហាននៃកងឆ្មាំជាតិម្នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្នុងកំឡុងពេលមានអាសន្នបញ្ហាសុខភាព។<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=9 March 2026 |title=US military reviewing National Guard member's death in Kuwait in health-related incident |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5774793-nypd-officer-kuwait-incident |work=The Hill}}</ref> ទាហានអាមេរិកម្នាក់ទៀតនៃ[[កងពលតូចអវកាសទីមួយ]] ដែលបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតក្នុងថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា បានស្លាប់ដោយសាររបួសនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacecom.mil/Newsroom/News/Article-Display/Article/4428548/statement-by-commander-of-united-states-space-command-on-loss-of-usasmdc-soldie/ |title=Statement by Commander of United States Space Command on Loss of USASMDC Soldier in Support of Operation Epic Fury |date=9 March 2026 |website=United States Space Command}}</ref> ទាហានអាកាសអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់បានស្លាប់នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា នៅពេលដែលយន្តហោះចាក់សាំងលើអាកាសប្រភេទ [[បូអ៊ីង ខេស៊ី-១៣៥ ស្ត្រាតូធែងខឺរ|ខេស៊ី-១៣៥]] របស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់នៅភាគខាងលិចប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់។ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលបាននិយាយថា ការធ្លាក់យន្តហោះមួយគ្រឿងនេះគឺមិនមែនជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារអរិភាពណាទេ ប៉ុន្តែបានកើតឡើងក្នុងកំឡុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងយន្តហោះអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងទៀត។ នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា យោធាអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសជាសាធារណៈថា ទាហានអាមេរិកប្រមាណ ១៤០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref name="AP1">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-tanker-aircraft-crash-iraq-kc135-c337359a58be6280dc96fdbf1cb48a5b |title=All 6 crew members on a US refueling plane that crashed in Iraq are dead, US military says |first1=Konstantin |last1=Toropin |first2=Ben |last2=Finley |first3=Kim |last3=Tong-Hyung |work=Associated Press |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> [[ម៉ាហ្កេន ដាវីដ​ អាដុំ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា ការវាយប្រហារដំបូងៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបណ្តាលឱ្យមនុស្ស ៨៩ នាក់រងរបួស ដោយក្នុងនោះមានមនុស្សបីនាក់បានរងរបួសដោយផ្ទាល់នឹងការវាយប្រហារនោះ រីឯប៉ុន្មាននាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសដោយប្រយោល ហើយភាគច្រើនជាប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medics-treat-89-people-during-iranian-strikes-most-lightly-hurt-running-for-shelter/ |title=Medics treat 89 people during Iranian strikes, most lightly hurt running for shelter |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ការបាញ់មីស៊ីលចូលទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្លាប់ស្ត្រីម្នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ២២ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត ដោយក្នុងនោះមានម្នាក់បានរងរបួសធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bj3sy0gt11l |title=Woman killed, 22 injured in direct strike in Tel Aviv after siren sounded late |work=Ynet |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា វិហារសាសនាមួយ និងអគារលំនៅដ្ឋានមួយក្នុងទីក្រុង[[ប៊ីតឆេម៉ែស]]ត្រូវបានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាក់ពីលើ ដោយបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៩ នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ៤៩ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Heidi |last2=Soroka |first2=Lior |last3=Chason |first3=Rachel |date=2 March 2026 |title=From the scene where nine people were killed in central Israel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/03/01/trump-iran-israel-khamenei-strikes-live-updates/#link-CEXNRF6AGRFYLF2OSFT4GSVMEA |access-date=3 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា កម្មករពីរនាក់ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅទីក្រុង[[យ៉េហ៊ូដ]] នៅខាងក្រៅទីក្រុងតែលអាវីហ្វ បន្ទាប់ពីពួកគេបានប៉ះនឹងគ្រាប់តូចៗពីមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលបំពាក់ដោយក្បាលគ្រាប់បែកចង្កោម។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/second-victim-dies-after-mondays-iranian-cluster-missile-strike-in-central-israel/ |title=Second victim dies after Monday's Iranian cluster missile strike in central Israel |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមមួយគ្រាប់ពីក្បាលមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយបានហោះមកបំបុកចូលអគារអាផាតមិនមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាំន]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សពីរនាក់។ សេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយពីកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការសងសឹកឱ្យលោកអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានីនិងសហការីលោក" ដែលត្រូវបានសម្លាប់កាលពីមួយថ្ងៃមុនដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran launches 'revenge' missile attack on Israel after assassinations |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/18/iran-launches-revenge-missile-attack-on-israel-after-assassinations |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន ​​CNN ការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមគឺជាការរំលោភលើច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិ។ លោក N.R. Jenzen-Jones មកពី ''Armament Research Services'' បាននិយាយថា គ្រាប់ប្រភេទនេះកំពុងត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ "ជាចម្បងដើម្បីបង្កភាពភ័យខ្លាចដល់ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល"។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jeremy |last1=Diamond |first2=Gianluca |last2=Mezzofiore |first3=Zeena |last3=Saifi |date=12 March 2026 |title=How Iran's use of cluster munitions is challenging Israel's air defenses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/12/middleeast/iran-cluster-munition-israel-defenses-intl-cmd |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ===ប្រទេសដទៃ=== នៅប្រទេស[[លីបង់]] មនុស្សជាង ២,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត និងជាង ៤,០០០ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសក្រោមការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល<ref name="AnadoluDeaths">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/death-toll-from-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-since-march-2-exceeds-2-000/3902329 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon since March 2 exceeds 2,000 |first=Rania |last=Abushamala |date=11 April 2026 |work=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> ហើយអាជ្ញាធររដ្ឋលីបង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាងមួយលាននាក់ ដែលស្មើនឹង ១/៦ នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុប បានបង្ខំផ្លាស់ទីលំនៅ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=Live updates: Iran's president says nation 'will not bow' to pressure from US and Israel |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-08-2026 |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម [[កងកម្លាំងបណ្តោះអាសន្នអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅលីបង់]]ចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស។{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org"/> នៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់វិញ សមាជិកពីររូបនៃ[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]] ដែលគាំទ្រដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងបីនាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅថ្ងៃទី ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ខណៈរបាយការណ៍ក្រោយៗបានអះអាងថាមានអ្នកស្លាប់ចំនួនបីនាក់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/2f9b79e6-a28e-5d7b-b67c-5b95621d953b |first=Erika |last=Solomon |work=The New York Times |title=U.S. Attacks Iran as Trump Calls for Overthrow of Government |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:EAS warning sent to phones during the Iranian stikes.png|thumb|250x250px|សារជូនដំណឹងបន្ទាន់ដែលបានផ្ញើទៅកាន់ប្រជាជននៃអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម ភ្លាមៗក្រោយអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារនៅវេលាម៉ោងប្រហែល ១២:៣០ ព្រឹក, ២៨ កុម្ភៈ]] ក្រៅពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារប្រឆាំងនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជាច្រើនទៀតដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite news |first1=Abbas |last1=Al Lawati |first2=Laura |last2=Sharman |date=1 March 2026 |title=Passengers flee smoke-filled Dubai airport as Iran attacks major Gulf travel hubs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/dubai-airport-uae-iran-attacks-intl-hnk |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានសម្លាប់ទាហានបួននាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលបួននាក់<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Drone Attack Causes Damage, Panic at Kuwait Airport |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-strikes-2026/card/drone-attack-causes-damage-panic-at-kuwait-airport-GjmmBnex7j6G69nMUfSR |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារនៅអូម៉ង់បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Oman port and tanker hit as US-Israeli attacks on Iran widen regional war |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/563181/World/Region/Oman-port-and-tanker-hit-as-USIsraeli-attacks-on-I.aspx |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> ហើយនៅអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតមានពីរនាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwivedi |first=Vinay |date=3 March 2026 |title=Iran war live updates: U.S. embassy in Riyadh hit by drones, Trump promises response 'soon' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/03/us-iran-war-live-updates.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNBC }}</ref> ចំពោះអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមវិញ សាមីខ្លួនបានបាត់បង់ទាហានចំនួនពីរនាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់។<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Day 18 of war: One dead as shrapnel falls in UAE; distance learning to continue for 2 weeks |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់រួមបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ច្រើនធ្ងន់ធ្ងរជាងគេ បើប្រៀបទៅនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ផ្សេងៗនៅក្នុងតំបន់ នេះក៏ព្រោះតែអារ៉ាប់រួមមានទំនាក់ទំនងជិតស្និទ្ធបំផុតជាមួយនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់ទាំងអស់។​​ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមក៏ជាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់តែមួយផងដែរ ដែលបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារតបតលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញជាសម្ងាត់ បន្ថែមពីលើយុទ្ធនាការអ៊ីស្រាអែល-អាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick|date=17 May 2026 |title=UAE's secret attack on Iran risks drawing Gulf states into the war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/may/12/uae-secret-attack-iran-risks-gulf-states-regional-conflict |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានហោះទៅនឹងប៉ះនឹងប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]]<ref name=ynet260305/> និងទឹកដី[[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]]របស់អង់គ្លេសក្នុងប្រទេស[[ស៊ីប]]ផងដែរ។<ref name=attoncyprus/> ===សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ=== {| class="wikitable col1left" |+សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ !ប្រទេស !ចំនួនស្លាប់ !ចំនួនរបួស |- !សរុប !៧,១៤៤–៩,៦៧៦+ !៤៦,៩៦៥ |- |អ៊ីរ៉ង់ | data-sort-value="3636" |៣,៤៦៨–៦,០០០+<br />៣,៤៦៨ (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)<ref name="aje3468">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2026|title=Over 1,000 apartments in Tel Aviv left uninhabitable by Iranian strikes|url=https://aje.news/w7b54q?update=4503817|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />៣,៦៣៦ (HRANA)<ref name="HRANA"/><br />៦,០០០+ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> |​១៥,០០០-២៦,៥០០<br />២៦,៥០០ ([[ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]])<ref name="aj260329">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026|title=Iran's death toll reaches 2,076|url=https://aje.news/zgevw1?update=4444031|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />១៥,០០០ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326" /> |- |លីបង់ |៣,៤៣៣ ([[ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈ (លីបង់)|ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈលីបង់]])<ref name="Lebanon">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=Lebanon death toll since March 2 reaches 3,433 |url=https://aje.news/xhk3kr?update=4617978 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Lebanon21April">{{Cite news|date=21 April 2026|title=Lebanon Raises Israel-Hezbollah War Death Toll to 2,454|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5265042-lebanon-raises-israel-hezbollah-war-death-toll-2454|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,០០០ ([[ហេស្បុលឡា]])<ref name="Hezbollah1">{{Cite news|last1=Astih|first1=Paula|date=17 April 2026|title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5263615-hezbollah-tallies-its-dead-israel-war-estimates-exceed-1000|work=Asharq Al-Awsa|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,៧០០ ([[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]])<ref name="Hezbollah2">{{Cite news|last1=Horovitz|first1=Michael|last2=Levaton|first2=Stav|date=16 April 2026|title=Opposition, northern mayors decry imposed ceasefires as Lebanon truce declared|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/opposition-northern-mayors-decry-imposed-ceasefires-as-lebanon-truce-declared/|work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |១០,៣៩៥ (ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលលីបង់)<ref name="Lebanon21April" /><ref name="Hezbollah1" /><ref name="Hezbollah2" /><ref name="Lebanon" /> |- |អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ |១១៩+<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09|title=US-Iran war: Thousands killed and billions spent as fragile ceasefire takes effect|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-israel-us-war-death-toll-b2953551.html|access-date=2026-04-24|website=The Independent}}</ref> |៣៧០<ref name="pmfiraq">{{cite news|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Security/PMF-reports-80-killed-270-wounded-since-start-of-US-Iran-war|title=PMF reports 80 killed, 270 wounded since start of US-Iran war}}</ref> |- |អ៊ីស្រាអែល |៥៧<ref name="Israeli military personnel 1">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=16 Israeli soldiers killed, 690 wounded since Feb. 28: Army|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260419-16-israeli-soldiers-killed-690-wounded-since-feb-28-army/|work=Middle East Monitor|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Fabian01">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |last2=Agencies |date=2026-04-26 |title=IDF soldier killed in south Lebanon drone attack as Israel, Hezbollah trade fire and blame |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-killed-in-south-lebanon-drone-attack-as-israel-hezbollah-trade-blame/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name="Fabian02">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2026-04-28 |title=Israeli Defense Ministry contractor killed in Hezbollah drone attack in southern Lebanon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-defense-ministry-contractor-killed-in-hezbollah-drone-attack-in-southern-lebanon/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> |៨,៩៧០<ref name="Israeli military personnel 2">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=Israel reports nearly 700 soldiers wounded in Lebanon operations|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Israel-reports-nearly-700-soldiers-wounded-in-Lebanon-operations|work=Shafaq News|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |- |សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក |១៥<ref name="United States killed in combat">{{Cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Ava|title=These are the casualties and cost of the war in Iran 2 weeks into the conflict|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/14/nx-s1-5746623/iran-war-cost-deaths|access-date=6 June 2026|agency=NPR|date=14 March 2026}}</ref> |៥៤៣<ref name="AP1"/> |- |វ៉េសប៊ែង |១៤<ref name="Palestine killed 2">{{Cite news|url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/168435|title=Death toll from missile strike on Hebron town rises to four|work=Wafa}}</ref> |1១៥<ref name="Palestine killed 2" /> |- |អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម |១៣<ref name="United Arab Emirates">{{Cite news |title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|date=8 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> |២២៧<ref name="United Arab Emirates" /> |- |គុយវ៉ែត |១១<ref name="Kuwait 3">{{Cite web |title=Six injured after debris from Iranian attack falls in northern Kuwait|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604062863|date=6 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> |១៨២<ref name="Kuwait 3" /> |- |ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី |៦<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Peacekeeper dies of wounds suffered in Lebanon last month, UNIFIL says |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425033809/https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-date=2026-04-25 |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=euronews |url-status=live }}</ref> |១<ref name=":0" /> |- |បារ៉ែន |៣<ref name="Sabah">{{Cite news |last=Sabah|first=Zaid|date=9 March 2026|title=Iran's president, military and police pledge allegiance to Mojtaba Khamenei|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/9/iran-war-live-mojtaba-khamenei-named-supreme-leader-israel-bombs-tehran|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> |៤២<ref name="Sabah" /> |- |អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត |៣<ref name="Saudi Arabia">{{Cite news |title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|date=9 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="Saudi Arabia" /> |- |អូម៉ង់ |៣<ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) سقوط طائرتيْن مُسيرتين في ولاية صُحار |url=https://omannews.gov.om/topics/ar/3/show/464802/ona |date=13 March 2026 |website=Oman News Agency}}</ref> |១៧<ref name="Oman" /> |- |បារាំង |៣<ref name="lot22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026|title=Attack on UNIFIL in Ghandourieh: French peacekeeper succumbs to injuries|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1504524/attack-on-unifil-in-ghandourieh-french-peacekeeper-succumbs-to-injuries.html|work=L'Orient Today​|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |៩<ref name="lot22april" /> |- |ស៊ីរី |២<ref name="syr">{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country's south|date=4 April 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Syrian man killed, wife injured in Israeli attack on Lebanon’s Tyre |url=https://aje.news/p6a948?update=4565270 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |១<ref name=":1" /> |- |ហ្វីលីពីន |២<ref name="phil">{{Cite web |last=Cupin|first=Bea|date=7 April 2026|title=Filipina dies in missile strike on Israel|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/filipina-dies-missile-strike-haifa-israel/|access-date=4 June 2026|website=RAPPLER }}</ref> |០<ref name="phil" /> |- |ស៊ែប៊ី |១<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2026-06-04 |title=Serbian UN peacekeeper killed in south Lebanon |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/middle-east/2026/0604/1576721-unifil-troops-shooting-lebanon/ }}</ref> |០<ref name=":2" /> |- |ហ្សកដានី |០<ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="aj260305" /> |- |កាតា |០<ref name="qat">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|first=Huda|last=Ata|first2=Lekshmy|last2=Pavithran|first3=Jay|last3=Hilotin|date=8 April 2026|website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref> |២០<ref name="qat" /> |- |អាស៊ែបៃសង់ |០<ref name="azer">{{Cite news |last=Sauer|first=Pjotr|date=5 March 2026|title=Azerbaijan accuses Iran of 'terrorist' drone attack on airport that injured four people|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/05/azerbaijan-accuses-iran-drone-attack-airport-injured-people|access-date=4 June 2026|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |៤<ref name="azer" /> |- |អេស្ប៉ាញ |០<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Spain denounces attacks in Lebanon after UN peacekeepers injured |url=https://aje.news/dud2nk?update=4626497 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |២<ref name=":3" /> |} ==ផលប៉ះពាល់== ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== {{multiple image| | image1 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image2 = Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i 2023 (Cropped).jpg | image3 = Alireza Arafi 13990824 0146818 crop.jpg | perrow = 3 | footer = សមាជិកទាំងបីនៃ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]] – លោកប្រធានាធិបតី[[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] លោកប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល[[ហ្កូឡាំហូសេន ម៉ូសេនីអេជេអ៊ី]] និងអាយ៉ាតុល្លា[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា អារ៉ាហ្វី]] | total_width = 350}} មរណភាពរបស់អាលី ហាមេនៃបានបើកផ្លូវជំរុញឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មី។ យោងតាមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញអ៊ីរ៉ង់ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្តោះអាសន្ន]] ដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា គឺត្រូវកាន់មុខងារដើរតួជាប្រមុខរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់រហូតដល់មេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំង។<ref name="Reuters-2026"/> លោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំងនៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា ក្នុងនាមជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីជំនួសឱ្យឪពុករបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=8 March 2026 |title=Ali Khamenei's son Mojtaba chosen as Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/08/ali-khameneis-son-mojtaba-chosen-as-irans-new-supreme-leader |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែឧសភា លោកហាមេនៃនៅកំពុងសម្ងំលាក់ខ្លួននៅឡើយ ខណៈមេដឹកនាំប្រទេសជាក់ស្តែងនៅគេមិនទាន់ប្រាកដប្រជានៅឡើយ។ បច្ចុប្បន្ន លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[អះម៉ាដ វ៉ាហ៊ីឌី]] ដែលជាអគ្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាអ្នកកំពុងដឹកនាំប្រទេសដោយផ្ទាល់ ក៏ដូចជាអ្នកបញ្ជាប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងកំណត់គោលជំហរចរចារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Think Tank: Ahmad Vahidi, Key Figure Behind Iran's Hardline Stance in Negotiations |url=https://iranwire.com/en/news/152695-us-think-tank-ahmad-vahidi-key-figure-behind-irans-hardline-stance-in-negotiations/ |work=IranWire |date=21 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Associated Press: This hard-line Iranian general is a major player in talks with US over war |url=https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/associated-press-this-hard-line-iranian-general-is-a-major-player-in-talks-with-us-over-war/ |work=Institute for the Study of War |date=21 May 2026}}</ref> [[File:Tehran - The Fourth Day of War 4 Avash.webp|thumb|ផ្សែងហុយចេញពីតំបន់ស៊ីវិលនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយត្រូវមីស៊ីលអ៊ីស្រាអែលធ្លាក់ចំ, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦]] ក្រោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក ទីក្រុង[[តេហេរ៉ង់]] រដ្ឋធានីរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានក្លាយជាទីស្ងាត់ជ្រងំ ដោយមនុស្សជាច្រើនមិនហ៊ានចេញក្រៅទៅប្រកបរបររបស់ខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=Bombardment unleashes terror in Tehran with no sign of protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bombardment-unleashes-terror-tehran-with-no-sign-protests-2026-03-03 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈគ្រប់សាលារៀនត្រូវបិទទ្វារ រីឯស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋាភិបាលនិងធនាគារបានកាត់បន្ថយសកម្មភាពរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Streets empty and shops close as US strikes confirm Iranian fears |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260228-streets-empty-and-shops-close-as-us-strikes-confirm-iranian-fears |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=France 24 }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម ''NetBlocks'' បានឱ្យដឹងថា​ សកម្មភាពអ៊ីនធឺណិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៤% បើប្រៀបធៀបទៅរាល់ដង ក្រោយពីត្រូវបានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាល។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mastodon.social/@netblocks/116147264437940657 |title=NetBlocks (@netblocks@mastodon.social) |date=28 February 2026 |website=Mastodon}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ឃ្លីបវីដេអូបានបង្ហាញពី[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603299955 |title=Video: Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces in Abadan |date=29 March 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> យោងតាមកាសែត ''The Wall Street Journal'' ត្រាំធ្លាប់បានបើកចំហចំពោះការផ្ដល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រដល់កងជីវពលប្រដាប់អាវុធ[[ជនជាតិឃឺដនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃឺដនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ដែលកំពុងមាន[[ជម្លោះឃឺដ–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះជាមួយទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់]]អស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនទសវត្សរ៍មកហើយ ហើយក៏ជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយក្នុងតំបន់របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=CIA working to arm Kurdish forces to spark uprising in Iran, sources say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/03/politics/cia-arming-kurds-iran |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ លោកត្រាំក្រោយមកបាននិយាយវិញថា លោកគ្មានបំណងចង់បញ្ជូនជនជាតិឃឺដចូលប្រយុទ្ធក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Trump rules out sending Kurds into Iran |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/07/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-israel-donald-trump-us-invasion/?msockid=27188584bb6c64923cfa9292ba0c6563 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ===សេដ្ឋកិច្ច=== សង្គ្រាមនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផលវិបាកជាច្រើនដល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពិភពលោកដូចជានាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នកើនឡើង ប៉ះពាល់វិស័យអាកាសចរណ៍និងទេសចរណ៍ ក៏ដូចជាបានរង្គោះរង្គើទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-conflict-poses-new-risk-us-economic-resilience-2026-03-02 |title=Iran conflict poses new risk to US economic resilience |work=Reuters |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[File:2020- Price of oil.svg|thumb|តារាងបង្ហាញពីកំណើននៃតម្លៃប្រេងសកលបង្កឡើងដោយព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ពិភពលោកសំខាន់ៗដូចជា [[ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ ១៩]] [[ការឈ្លានពានរបស់រុស្ស៊ីលើអ៊ុយក្រែន|សង្គ្រាមរុស្ស៊ី-អ៊ុយក្រែនក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២២]] និងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦<ref name=EIA_OilPriceData>{{cite web |title=Petroleum & Other Liquids / Data ▼ / Download series history |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605153644/https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |archive-date=5 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] តម្លៃប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិបានកើនឡើងភ្លាមៗក្រោយពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើនាវាដឹកប្រេងនិងកប៉ាល់ដទៃទៀត ហើយនិងការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរោងចក្រប្រេងនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេសផលិតប្រេងក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/mar/02/middle-east-crisis-oil-prices-inflation-us-iran-interest-rates-growth |title=Middle East crisis pushes up oil prices – and could drive inflation rises too |work=The Guardian |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> ២០% នៃការដឹកជញ្ជូនផលិតកម្មប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នសកលគឺជារឿយៗត្រូវឆ្លងកាត់តាម[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]។<ref name="Buchanan-2026">{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Naomi |title=There's a major inflation risk lurking for the economy as the Iran war drags on, and it's not oil |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/food-inflation-oil-prices-fertilizer-farmers-iran-war-shipping-hormuz-2026-3 |work=Business Insider |date=11 March 2026}}</ref> ខណៈភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមនៅបន្តឆាបឆេះ តម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នបានធ្លាក់និងកើនទៅតាមស្ថានភាព ខណៈទីផ្សារបានព្យាយាមវាស់វែងតម្លៃទៅតាមលទ្ធភាពដែលជម្លោះអាចបញ្ចប់។ តម្លៃប្រេងនៅមុនសង្គ្រាមគឺស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ៧០ ដុល្លារក្នុងមួយបារ៉ែល<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brent Crude Oil Prices (1987-2026) |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/2480/brent-crude-oil-prices-10-year-daily-chart |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Macrotrends}}</ref> តែបើគិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនាវិញ តម្លៃវាបានហក់ឡើងរហូតដល់ ១៣៩ ដុល្លារឯណោះ<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qi |last2=Hu |first2=Yi |last3=Jiao |first3=Jianbin |last4=Wang |first4=Shouyang |date=2 January 2024 |title=The impact of Russia–Ukraine war on crude oil prices: an EMC framework |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.1057/s41599-023-02526-9 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> រីឯតម្លៃឧស្ម័នក៏បានស្ទុះឡើងខ្ពស់ដូចគ្នា។<ref name="bloomberg4march">{{cite web |last1=Stapczynski |first1=Stephen |last2=Liao |first2=Ruth |last3=El Wardany |first3=Salma |date=4 March 2026 |title=Qatar's Hard-Won Reputation as Safest Gas Supplier Lost in Days |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-04/iran-war-dents-qatar-s-reputation-as-lng-s-safest-bet |website=Bloomberg News}}</ref> មកដល់ចុងខែមីនា កង្វះផលិតផលប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេស[[អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍]]បានកំពុងកើនឡើង ខណៈដែលស្តុកបម្រុងកំពុងធ្លាក់ចុះ។<ref name=bbc-20260324>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1450zj6n48o |title=Everyday life in Asia is being upended by Iran war fuel crisis |last1=Ewe |first1=ByKoh |last2=Drury |first2=Flora |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក]]របស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ និងក្រុមអ្នកវិភាគសេដ្ឋកិច្ចផ្សេងៗបានព្រមានថា សង្គ្រាមនេះកំពុងជំរុញឱ្យតម្លៃស្បៀងអាហារសកលកើនឡើង ហើយអាចក្នុងរយៈពេលយូរ។<ref>{{cite web |title=WFP warns rising food and fuel prices risk pushing global hunger higher as humanitarian needs grow |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-warns-rising-food-and-fuel-prices-risk-pushing-global-hunger-higher-humanitarian-needs |website=[[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក|World Food Programme]] |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===អាកាសចរណ៍=== [[File:Grounded airliners at Manchester Airport Feb 2026.jpg|thumb|យន្តហោះនៃ[[កាតាអ៊ែរវ៉េ|ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែតអ៊ែរវ៉េ|គុយវ៉ែត]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតស៍ (អាកាសចរណ៍)|អេមីរ៉ាត]]កំពុងជាប់គាំងក្នុង[[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានមែនឈេស្ទ័រ]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦]] ដែនអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរហោះហើររបស់យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលក្នុងកំឡុងពេលជម្លោះ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's skies empty after strikes as regional states close airspace |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284853 |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> ខណៈដែលប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ អ៊ីស្រាអែល គុយវ៉ែត កាតា ស៊ីរី និងអារ៉ាប់រួមបានបិទដែនអាកាសរបស់ពួកគេរៀងៗខ្លួន។<ref>{{cite news |last=Yosef |first=Eugenia |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel closes airspace after strikes on Iran |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5yjlf6000v3b6parlqyd31 |access-date=7 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq shuttering airspace after US, Israel strike Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iraq-shuttering-airspace-after-us-israel-strike-iran/ |first=Noam |last=Lehmann |date=28 February 2026 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍មួយចំនួនវិញបានផ្អាកសេវាកម្មហោះហើរចូលតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាតែម្តង។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Frederico |last1=Maccioni |first2=Joanna |last2=Plucinska |title=Travel in chaos as airlines cancel flights after US, Israel strikes on Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-suspend-middle-east-flights-after-us-israel-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/ |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> ការរំខានដល់ប្រព័ន្ធវិស័យផ្គត់ផ្គង់ប្រេងឥន្ធនៈសកល ដែលបណ្តាលមកពីការបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍នោះ ក៏បាននាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងសាំងយន្តហោះហក់ឡើងថ្លៃផងដែរ ខណៈតម្លៃសំបុត្រយន្តហោះវិញបានកើនទៅតាមគ្នាទាំងសម្រាប់ជើងហោះហើរក្នុងស្រុក និងអន្តរជាតិ។ ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍បានប្រតិកម្មដោយតម្លើងថ្លៃសំបុត្រ និងកែសម្រួលកាលវិភាគហោះហើរមួយចំនួន ដើម្បីទប់ទល់នឹងថ្លៃប្រេងឥន្ធនៈកើនឡើងខ្ពស់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iacurci |first=Greg |date=2 May 2026 |title=Airfare amid Iran war: Buy now or wait out the conflict? Experts weigh the risks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/02/iran-war-airfare-travel-airlines-plane-tickets-when-to-buy.html |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=CNBC }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2026 |title=Iran war, jet fuel concerns cloud airlines' summer holiday plans |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/iran-war-jet-fuel-concerns-cloud-airlines-summer-holiday-plans-2026-04-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> ===ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍=== ចរាចរណ៍ដឹកជញ្ជូនតាមសមុទ្រឆ្លងកាត់[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]] ដែលជាចំណុចផ្លូវសមុទ្រដ៏សំខាន់មួយសម្រាប់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មថាមពលពិភពលោក ត្រូវបានអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប្រើប្រាស់កម្លាំងបិទចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ មកម៉្លេះ ក្រោយពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកសង្គ្រាមផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងបានធ្វើឃាតមេដឹកនាំកំពូលរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]។ ដើម្បីជាការសងសឹក អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដារដ្ឋដទៃក្នុងតំបន់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ [[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម|កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បានប្រកាសចេញនូវសារព្រមានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រខាងលើ ហើយខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិឡើងពិនិត្យ​ ឬវាយប្រហារនាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មណាមិនស្ដាប់បង្គាប់ ហើយខ្លួនបានដាក់ពង្រាយមីនក្រោមសមុទ្រនៅក្នុងបរិវេណនៃច្រកសមុទ្រនោះផងដែរ។ ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា ដល់ថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបិទច្រកនិងផ្លូវសមុទ្រចូលទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងពេលដំណាលគ្នា។ នៅមុនពេលសង្គ្រាមអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះផ្ទុះឡើង ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ត្រូវបានបើកចំហដោយសេរី ហើយប្រមាណ ២៥% នៃពាណិជ្ជកម្មប្រេងពិភពលោកតាមផ្លូវសមុទ្រនិង ២០% នៃឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវ ពិភពលោកបានឆ្លងកាត់ចេញចូលតាមច្រកមួយនេះឯង។ ==ប្រតិកម្ម== ===ភាគីសង្គ្រាម=== ====អ៊ីរ៉ង់==== ក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសន្យាថានឹងមានការឆ្លើយតបទៅវិញ ខណៈដែលកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានមមាញឹកវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026|title=Iran targets US bases across Persian Gulf states, IRGC-aligned outlet says|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304145112/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-date=4 March 2026|access-date=8 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយ "ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្លូវអាកាសដ៏ឃោរឃៅមួយ" ក្រោមថ្វីដៃសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងបានបន្ថែមទៀតថា "រឿងនេះបានកើតឡើងជាថ្មីទៀតហើយខណៈពេលកិច្ចចរចាកំពុងដំណើរការ ហើយសត្រូវយើងពួកគេដេកស្រមៃថា ប្រជាជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដ៏រឹងមាំមួយនេះនឹងចុះចូលយល់ព្រមទទួលសំណើរបស់ពួកគេតាមរយៈសកម្មភាពវាយគំរាមដ៏ថោកទាបបែបនេះ"។<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marsi|first1=Federica|last2=Mohamed|first2=Edna|title=US, Israel launch attack on Iran, explosions across Tehran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|access-date=8 June 2026|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228070906/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|url-status=live}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា អ្នកនាំពាក្យក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល បាហ្កាយី]]បានចោទប្រកាន់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលពី "សកម្មភាពភេរវកម្ម" ជុំវិញការស្លាប់របស់ឥស្សរជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពូលៗ ដោយហៅការវាយប្រហារទាំងនោះថាជា "សង្គ្រាមខុសច្បាប់"។<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Paul |title=Iranian deputy foreign minister labels US 'terrorists' and issues warning to Australia |work=ABC News |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-19/iran-deputy-foreign-minister-esmaeil-baghaei-accuses-australia/106466122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260320060049/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-19/iran-deputy-foreign-minister-esmaeil-baghaei-accuses-australia/106466122 |archive-date=20 March 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2026 }}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ផងដែរបាន​បដិសេធថាខ្លួនបានកំណត់គោលដៅវាយប្រហារ​លើប្រទេសអាស៊ែបៃសង់ តួកគី និង​អូម៉ង់ទេ ដោយចាត់ទុកវាជាការបោកបញ្ឆោតរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលទម្លាក់កំហុសមកអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2026 |title=Khamenei Denies Iran Role in Turkey, Oman Attacks, Calls Them "False Flag" Operations |url=https://www.paturkey.com/news/2026/khamenei-denies-iran-role-in-turkey-oman-attacks-calls-them-false-flag-operations-28983/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=PA Turkey }}</ref> អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា អារ៉េហ្វ]]បានសម្ដៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋានមកលើសាកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ថាជា "និមិត្តសញ្ញានៃភាពឆ្កួតលីលា និងអវិជ្ជារបស់ត្រាំ"។<ref name="aljazeera6april"/> អនុរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការបរទេស លោក[[កាសឹម ហ្ការីបាបាឌី]]បានថ្កោលទោសចំពោះសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារម្តងហើយម្តងទៀតមកលើទីតាំងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនិងវប្បធម៌នៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ថាជា "ការវាយប្រហារលើផ្នែកមួយនៃអត្តសញ្ញាណអរិយធម៌ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់"។<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=Update from Sanam Mahoozi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/15/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel/9ea71226-dc34-5ca7-b79e-bd630e37319b?smid=url-share |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ====អ៊ីស្រាអែល==== ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{reflist|group=ស}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q138503695|m=yes}} '''''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''''' * {{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=What we know about the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Tehran's retaliation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=CNN}} * [https://www.rfi.fr/km/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B9%E1%9F%87/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B/ អានព័ត៌មានអំពីសង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សានៅ RFI ខេមរភាសា] * [https://www.c-span.org/liveEvent/?Iran U.S. and Israeli Strikes on Iran], [[C-SPAN]] * [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:56.4/centery:26.5/zoom:9 Tracking of traffic in the Strait of Hormuz] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាស៊ីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ]] ozxbusxcjmpzmxe6so0e7ayohcpcjn6 336450 336447 2026-06-10T02:05:19Z TheRandomGoober 27248 /* ប្រតិកម្ម */ 336450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|សង្គ្រាមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥|សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ}} {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន ជម្លោះយោធា | conflict = សង្ក្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ | partof = [[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] | image = [[File:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|300px]] | caption = '''មើលពីលើចុះក្រោមតាមត្រនិចនាឡិកា៖'''<br/>{{bulleted list | | ក្រុមនាវាចម្បាំងនាមអេប្រាហាម លីនខឹននៅសមុទ្រអារ៉ាប់, ៦ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង ''Super Hornet'' ហោះចេញពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះ ''[[យូអេសអេស អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន (CVN-៧២)|អេប្រាហាម លីនខឹន]]'', ២៧ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៦ របស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលមួយកង កំពុងហោះសម្ដៅទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៤ មីនា ២០២៦ | ហាយនភាពនៃកីឡដ្ឋានក្នុងសាលអាហ្សាឌីនៅរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់, ៥ មីនា ២០២៦ | សំណល់អគារបាក់បែងក្នុងក្រុង[[ឃើម៉ាន់ឆាហ៍]], ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | ទិដ្ឋភាពសាលារៀនមួយនៅ[[មីណាប]]ក្រោយ[[ការវាយប្រហារផ្លូវអាកាសលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|រងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីល]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ | ផ្សែងក្រមៅហើរឡើងចូលបរិយាកាសនៅតេហេរ៉ង់, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦ | មីស៊ីលតូម៉ាហក (''Tomahawk'') ហោះចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំង ''[[យូអេសអេស ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក|ឌែលប៊ឺត ឌី. ប៊្លែក]]'', ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ }} | date = ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦ – បច្ចុប្បន្ន | place = {{hlist | [[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]] | [[មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] }} | status = គាំងដំណើរ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/us-reviews-latest-iranian-proposal-to-end-war-stalemate|title=US reviews latest Iranian proposal to end war stalemate|date=April 28, 2026|agency=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]|work=The Straits Times}}</ref> <br>{{bulleted list|[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់បណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]]|[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]|[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការវិវត្តនៃជម្លោះអ៊ីស្រាអែល–ហេស្បុលឡា]]|[[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សេដ្ឋកិច្ចសកលត្រូវរំខាន]]រួមទាំង[[វិបត្តឥន្ធនៈសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|វិបត្តិឥន្ធនៈ]]}} | combatant1 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}} * {{flag|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} {{tree list/end}} |combatant1a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|កាតា}} |{{flag|គុយវ៉ែត}} |{{flag|តួកគី}} |{{flag|បារ៉ែន}} |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of the British Indian Ocean Territory 2026.svg}} [[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] * {{flagicon|សហរាជាណាចក្រ}} [[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]] |{{flag|ស៊ីរី}} |{{flag|ហ្សកដានី}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[តំបន់ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]] |{{flag|អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត}} |{{flag|អាស៊ែបៃសង់}} |{{flag|អូម៉ង់}} |{{flag|អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម}} }} {{tree list/end}} | combatant2 = {{tree list}} * {{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[ហ៊ូទី]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fabian |first1=Emanuel |title=Joining war, Yemen’s Houthis launch ballistic missile attack on southern Israel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/joining-war-yemens-houthis-launch-ballistic-missile-attack-on-southern-israel/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} [[ចលនាអាម៉ាល់]]{{refn|ចលនាអាម៉ាល់បានដើរតួនាទីយ៉ាងសកម្មនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]]រួមជាមួយក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2026 |title=Involvement of the Amal Movement in the Fighting Against Israel Alongside Hezbollah |url=https://israel-alma.org/involvement-of-the-amal-movement-in-the-fighting-against-israel-alongside-hezbollah/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=Alma Research and Education Center}}</ref>|group=ស}} * {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} [[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]<ref>{{cite web|title=US embassy in Baghdad attacked as US-Israel war on Iran escalates|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/us-embassy-in-baghdad-attacked-as-us-israel-war-on-iran-escalates|date=7 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Shiite Resistance flag.svg}} [[ចលនាតស៊ូឥស្លាមនៅអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] {{tree list/end}} |combatant2a = {{tree list}} {{collapsible list|title=ភាគីដទៃ៖ |{{flag|លីបង់}} |{{flag|អ៊ីរ៉ាក់}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sancha |first=Natalia |date=2026-03-27 |title=Iraq mourns its dead after worst strike against its army since the start of the war: ‘Why did the Americans attack us?’ |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2026-03-27/iraq-mourns-its-dead-after-worst-strike-against-its-army-since-the-start-of-the-war-why-did-the-americans-attack-us.html |access-date=2026-05-12 |website=EL PAÍS English }}</ref> |{{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.svg}} [[ក្រុមឥស្លាម (លីបង់)|ក្រុមឥស្លាម]]<ref name=MuslimBrothers>{{cite​ news |url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/article-888730|title=Lebanon Islamic Group claims headquarters targeted by IDF strikes|work=The Jerusalem Post|author=Seth J. Frantzman|date=March 4, 2026|access-date=May 12, 2026}}</ref> |{{flag|ហាម៉ាស់}}<ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-05|title=Israel strikes Beirut, Hamas official reportedly killed|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260308031532/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/03/05/israel-strikes-beirut-lebanon-state-media-says-hamas-official-killed|archive-date=2026-03-08|access-date=2026-05-12|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref> |{{flagicon image|InfoboxPIJ.svg}} [[ជីហាដឥស្លាមប៉ាឡេស្ទីន]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2 March 2026|title=Palestinian Islamic Jihad armed wing says Lebanon commander killed in Israeli strikes|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260411183622/https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1496991/palestinian-islamic-jihad-armed-wing-says-lebanon-commander-killed-in-israeli-strikes.html|archive-date=11 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=L'Orient Today}}</ref> }} {{tree list/end}} | commander1 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ភីត ហេកសិត]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ដាន​ ខេន]] * {{flagdeco|សហរដ្ឋ}} [[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ (ឧត្តមនាវីឯក)|ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[ អ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} [[អីយ៉ាល់ ហ្សាមៀរ]] {{endplainlist}} | commander2 = {{plainlist}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមីនៃ}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Helena |date=2026-03-11 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei was hurt in strike that killed his father, Iran’s Cyprus ambassador confirms |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/11/mojtaba-khamenei-was-hurt-in-strike-that-killed-his-father-irans-cyprus-ambassador-confirms |access-date=2026-05-12 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]]{{Assassinated|ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាស៊ាហ្សាដេហ៍]]{{KIA}} * {{flagdeco|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}} [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]]{{KIA}} * {{flagicon image|Slogan of the Houthi Movement.svg}} [[អាប់ឌុលម៉ាលីគ អាល់ហ៊ូទី]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} [[ណាអ៊ីម កាស្ស៊ែម]] {{endplainlist}} | casualties1 = {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៥ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៥៣៨ នាក់បានរងរបួស *** ទីតាំង ១២+ កន្លែងបានរងការខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2026/03/11/world/middleeast/iran-us-military-bases-strikes-map.html|title=At Least 17 U.S. Sites Damaged in War With Iran, Analysis Shows|date=11 March 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|work=The New York Times}}</ref> ** {{flagu|អ៊ីស្រាអែល}}៖ *** ទាហាន ១៩ នាក់ និងអ្នកម៉ៅការ ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត *** របួស ៨,៥៩៨ នាក់ (រួមមានបុគ្គលិកយោធា ៧៦៤ នាក់) {{endplainlist}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** ៣,៤៦៨ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត ** ២៦,៥០០​ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស * '''ផ្អែកតាមប្រភពក្នុងស្រុក''' ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |last1=Astih |first1=Paula |title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000 |url=https://infoweb-newsbank-com.srv-proxy1.library.tamu.edu/apps/news/document-view?p=AWNB&docref=news/1A7909E3F07F63D8 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al-Sharq al-Awsat |agency=NewsBank: Access World News Research Collection |date=17 April 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of the Amal Movement.svg}} ចលនាអាម៉ាល់៖ ** វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite web |title=NNA: Two paramedics from the Islamic Risala Scout Association – Civil Defense and the Islamic Health Authority have been killed in an airstrike on Sawwana |url=https://www.mtv.com.lb/en/news/Local/1666035/nna--two-paramedics-from-the-islamic-risala-scout-association---civil-defense-and-the-islamic-health-authority-have-been-killed-in-an-airstrike-on-sawwana |website=MTV Lebanon |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=13 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) The "Al-Risala Scouts" mourned their five martyred paramedics in the Zawtar raid. |url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/news/423125/%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%B1-2 |website=NNA |access-date=12 May 2026 |date=28 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|flag of Hamas.svg}} ហាម៉ាស់៖ ** សមាជិក ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2026/03/israel-eliminates-3-hamas-members-operating-in-lebanon.php|title=Israel eliminates 3 Hamas members operating in Lebanon|first=Joe|last=Truzman|date=22 March 2026}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|PMF infobox.png}} កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ៨០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង​ ២៧០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite news|url=https://saba.ye/en/news3682770.htm|title=Popular Mobilization Forces in Iraq: 80 Martyrs & over 270 injured in Israeli–U.S. aggression}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាម[[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]៖'''<br>៣,៦៣៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត (រួមមាន បុគ្គលិកយោធា ១,២២១ នាក់, ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១,៧០១ នាក់, និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតមិនបញ្ជាក់)<ref>{{cite web|date=7 April 2026|title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads|url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409042630/https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/|archive-date=9 April 2026|access-date=12 May 2026|website=HRANA (en-hrana.org)}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} ---- {{indented plainlist}} * '''ផ្អែកតាមអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល''' ** {{flagu|អ៊ីរ៉ង់}}៖ ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ៦,០០០+ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref name="Bohbot150326>{{cite news|last1=Bohbot|first1=Amir|title= Over 6,000 IRGC members killed, 15,000 wounded since the start of Operation Roaring Lion, IDF says|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|access-date=15 March 2026|publisher=The Jerusalem Post|date=15 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260315115157/https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iran-news/article-889964|archive-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ** បុគ្គលិកយោធា ~១៥,០០០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> ** ឧបករណ៍បាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក ១៩០+ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច<ref name=MakoBelieve>{{cite news|title=(ជាភាសាហេប្រឺ)בכיר צבאי: "האמריקנים לא האמינו שנצליח בעריפה; איראן סופרת מעל 10,000 נפגעים"|url=https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2026_q1/Article-f92fae09426ec91027.htm?Partner=searchResults|access-date=2026-05-12}}</ref> ** នាវាចម្បាំង ១៥៥ គ្រឿងបានកម្ទេច ឬខូចខាត<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-war-with-iran-by-numbers-energy-drinks-to-targets-2026-4|title=Epic Fury strikes on Iran were fueled by 2 million energy drinks, about a million gallons of coffee, and nicotine, top general says}}</ref> ** {{flagicon image|Flag of Hezbollah (thumbnail placeholder).svg}} ហេស្បុលឡា៖ ** យុទ្ធជន ១,៩០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-severely-wounded-as-hezbollah-drones-target-troops-in-southern-lebanon/|title=IDF soldier severely wounded as Hezbollah drones target troops in southern Lebanon}}</ref> {{endplainlist}} | casualties3 = <div style="text-align: centre;"> លីបង់៖ មនុស្ស ២,៧៥៩ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៨,៥១២ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 May 2026 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon nears 2,760 — Health Ministry|url=https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260509020136/https://tass.com/world/2128625|archive-date=9 May 2026|website=Tass}}</ref><br>អ៊ីរ៉ាក់៖ ទាហាន ២៦ នាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ២៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្ស ១៨០ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>ប៉ាឡេស្ទីន៖ មនុស្ស ១៤ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៥ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite news |first1=Imad |last1=Isseid |first2=Melanie |last2=Lidman |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-west-bank-settlers-violence-900ad24fd46e0ca5ae0de07c0328c960 |title=3 Palestinians killed in West Bank clash, bringing toll from week of violence to 6 |work=Associated Press}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/15/g-s1-113834/israeli-soldiers-fire-on-family-car-in-occupied-west-bank-killing-4 |title=Israeli soldiers fire on family car in occupied West Bank, killing 4 |work=NPR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=David D. |date=19 March 2026 |title=Four Palestinian women killed during Iranian missile attack in West Bank |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260319152352/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/19/three-palestinian-women-killed-during-iranian-missile-attack-in-west-bank |url-status=live}}</ref> <br>អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម៖ ទាហាន ២ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ១១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត,{{refn|group=ស|<ref>{{cite news |title=Fatalities in the UAE |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates#blogCarde8acf01e-a59b-4710-bc38-6378ec82b68c |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Khaleej Times |date=17 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/gulf/2026/03/24/uae-defense-ministry-says-civilian-contractor-killed-in-bahrain|title=UAE defense ministry says civilian contractor killed in Bahrain|date=March 24, 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/26/world/middleeast/iran-missile-strikes-abu-dhabi.html|title=Two Killed in Abu Dhabi as Gulf States Face Fresh Attacks|first=Ismaeel|last=Naar|location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates|date=March 26, 2026|website=NYTimes.com}}</ref>}} ២២៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260409124738/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|archive-date=April 9, 2026|website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/three-injured-in-drone-attack-at-fujairah-oil-zone-1.500528878|title=Three injured in drone attack at Fujairah oil zone}}</ref> <br>គុយវ៉ែត៖ ទាហាន ៤ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត, ទាហាន ៧៧ នាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៣២ នាក់បានរងរបួស <br>[[កងកម្លាំងអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិបណ្ដោះអាសន្ននៅលីបង់]]៖ ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|រួមមានជនជាតិឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ីចំនួន ៤ នាក់ និងបារាំងចំនួន ២ នាក់<ref name="AP24042026">{{Cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Munir |last2=Gambrell |first2=Jon |last3=Keaten |first3=Jamey |date=24 April 2026 |title=Trump dispatches Witkoff and Kushner to Pakistan for new talks with Iran's foreign minister |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-war-hormuz-israel-pakistan-ceasefire-april-24-2026-313e19ff213738620abe31c96eb38368 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026 }}</ref>|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|រួមមានជនជាតិហ្កាណា ៤ នាក់,<ref name="BBC09032026">{{Cite news |last=Nunoo |first=Favour |date=9 March 2026 |title=Ghana calls on Commonwealth to condemn attack on its peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwyg07vqdrdo |work=BBC |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី ៤ នាក់,<ref name="AJ30032026">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Two more UN peacekeepers killed in explosion in southern Lebanon: UNIFIL |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/30/two-more-un-peacekeepers-killed-in-southern-lebanon-unifil |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="UNNews">{{Cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=UN condemns killing of two more peacekeepers in Lebanon |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167222 |work=UN News}}</ref><ref name="AP24042026" /> និងបារាំង ៣ នាក់។<ref name="AP-18042026">{{Cite news |last1=Mroue |first1=Bassem |last2=Petrequin |first2=Samuel |date=18 April 2026 |title=French soldier killed and 3 others wounded in an attack on peacekeepers in Lebanon, Macron says |url=https://apnews.com/article/lebanon-israel-france-peacekeepers-5856353ddea6c1654c38c8aadf803ed7 |work=Associated Press |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref><ref name="f24-22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026 |title=French soldier dies of wounds after attack on UN force in Lebanon |url=https://www.france24.com/en/french-soldier-dies-of-wounds-after-attack-on-un-force-in-lebanon |work=France 24 |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref>|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org">{{Cite news |date=14 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) UNIFIL: One of our soldiers was injured after our position near the town of Mays al-Jabal was targeted. |url= https://www.tayyar.org/news/Lebanon/711208/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84-%D8%A5%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84 |website=tayyar.org }}</ref> <br>បារ៉ែន៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ៤២ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref name="Stepansky-2026">{{Cite web|first1=Joseph|last1=Stepansky|first2=Zaid|last2=Sabah|title=US, Israel attack Iran live: Trump vows to avenge 3 American soldiers|date=2 March 2026|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/2/us-israel-attack-iran-live|access-date=12 May 2026|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=2026-03-09|title=At least 32 injured in Bahrain after drone attack - state media|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cz0g2yg3579t?post=asset%3A58cf09e3-4413-41d4-ad38-c6d229cbe729#post|access-date=2026-05-12|website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qna.org.qa/en/news/news-details?id=bahraini-ministry-of-interior-says-four-injured-from-falling-debris-of-intercepted-iranian-drone&date=4/04/2026|title=Bahraini Ministry of Interior Says Four Injured from Falling Debris of Intercepted Iranian Drone|date=April 4, 2026|website=Qatar news agency}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ២៣ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|<ref>{{cite news|title=Two killed, 12 injured after projectile fell on residential location in Saudi Arabia|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/two-killed-12-injured-after-projectile-fell-residential-location-saudi-arabia-2026-03-08/|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Reuters|date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260410010538/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|archive-date=10 April 2026}}</ref>|group=ស}} <br>អូម៉ង់៖ ៣ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និង ១៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=hindustan260302>{{Cite news|date=2 March 2026|title=3 Indians killed in Iranian attacks off Oman; 20 injured across West Asia|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/3-indians-killed-in-iranian-attacks-off-oman-20-injured-across-west-asia-101772473983914.html|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301150802/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker |archive-date=1 March 2026 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref><ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Two drones crash in Oman, killing two workers amid U.S.-Israeli-Iran conflict |url=https://sana.sy/en/international/2302291/ |website=Syrian Arab News Agency}}</ref> <br>បារាំង៖ ទាហាន ១ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|មិនរាប់បញ្ចូលទាហានបារាំងពីរនាក់នៃកងកម្លាំងរក្សាសន្តិភាពបណ្តោះអាសន្ននៃអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅប្រទេសលីបង់ឡើយ។|group=ស|name="France"}} និង ៧ នាក់បានរងរបួស{{refn|group=ស|name="France"}}<ref name="trt13march">{{Cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Drone attack in Iraq's Erbil region kills 1, injures 7 French soldiers at military base |url=https://www.trtworld.com/article/b846f9d0d45d |work=TRT World |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> <br>ស៊ីរី៖ ១​ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407080953/https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country’s south|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>កាតា៖ ២០ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name="The Peninsula Newspaper-2026">{{cite web|date=1 March 2026|title=Ministry of Interior announces 8 new injuries resulting from Iranian attack|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/01/03/2026/ministry-of-interior-announces-8-new-injuries-resulting-from-iranian-attack|access-date=12 May 2026|website=The Peninsula Newspaper|agency=QNA}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260407230957/https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|archive-date=7 April 2026}}</ref> <br>ហ្សកដានី៖ ១៩ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref>{{cite​ news|title=Army says Iran fired 119 missiles, drones in one week directly targeting Jordan|url=http://en.royanews.tv/news/68214|access-date=12 May 2026|work=Roya TV|date=7 March 2026}}</ref> <br>អាស៊ែបៃសង់៖ ៤ នាក់បានរងរបួស<ref name=ynet260305>{{cite news|title=Azerbaijan says Iran fired two drones at its territory, injuring two people|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/rjo00ualfbl|access-date=12 May 2026|publisher=Ynet|date=5 March 2026}}</ref> }} ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ [[សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] និង[[អ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានចូលដៃគ្នាប្រឡូកក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាមួយប្រទេស[[អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនៅក្នុងតំបន់របស់ខ្លួន។ ជម្លោះនេះបានចាប់ផ្ទុះឡើងនៅពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបើកការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយកំណត់គោលដៅលើទីតាំងយោធានិងរដ្ឋាភិបាល ហើយថែមទាំង[[បញ្ជីរាយនាមមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដេលបានស្លាប់កំឡុងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ធ្វើឃាតមន្ត្រីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើននាក់]]ទៀតផង រួមមានមេដឹកនាំកំពូល[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]ជាដើម។ ការវាយប្រហារដ៏គួរឱ្យភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលនោះត្រូវបានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងស្របគ្នានឹងពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងជាប់ចរចាទាក់ទងនឹង[[កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|កម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយបាញ់ប្រហារមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិក និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់[[អាស៊ីខាងលិច]]។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ថែមទាំងបានប្រើកម្លាំង[[វិបត្តិច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ផងដែរ ដែលបង្កជាការរំខានដល់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មពិភពលោក។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]បានផ្ទុះឡើងនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៣ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន[[ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បាញ់មីស៊ីលប្រហារគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៤ ហើយម្តងទៀតនៅក្នុង[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]]នៅខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ ដោយលើកទីពីរនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចេញមុខវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ នៅក្នុងខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាន[[ការសម្លាប់រង្គាលនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលខ្លួនរាប់ពាន់នាក់]]ក្នុងយុទ្ធនាការបង្ក្រាបលើ[[បាតុកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៥–២០២៦|ហ្វូងពួកបាតុករតវ៉ាប្រឆាំងដ៏ធំបំផុត]]ដែលមិនធ្លាប់មាននៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មកម៉្លេះ។ ជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពសម្លាប់បាតុករដោយកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានឆ្លើយតបដោយព្រមាននឹងប្រើកម្លាំងយោធា ហើយបន្ទាប់មក លោកក៏បានដាក់បញ្ជាឱ្យយោធាអាមេរិកចល័តប្រមូលកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួននៅក្នុងតំបន់ ដែលត្រូវជាការចល័តទ័ពដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់នេះចាប់តាំងពី[[ការឈ្លានពានអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ឆ្នាំ២០០៣|ការឈ្លានពានប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់កាលឆ្នាំ២០០៣]] មក។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2026 |title=US-Iran talks end with no deal but potential signs of progress |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/us-iran-nuclear-talks-resume-geneva-against-backdrop-military-threat-2026-02-26/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសដោយអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់មូលដ្ឋានយោធា អគាររដ្ឋាភិបាល​ សាលារៀន មន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងទីតំបន់បេតិកភណ្ឌជាច្រើនកន្លែង ហើយបានបណ្តាលឱ្យប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលស្លាប់ និងរបួសជាច្រើននាក់ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Paul |last2=Sardarizadeh |first2=Shayan |last3=Murphy |first3=Matt |title=Iranian schools, hospital and landmarks among civilian sites hit during US-Israeli strikes |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpw004xqxnjo |access-date=12 May 2026 |website=BBC Verify |date=6 March 2026}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលផ្លោងរាប់រយគ្រាប់ និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ជាច្រើនគ្រឿងចូលទៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជិតខាងរួមមាន ប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែត]] [[បារ៉ែន]] [[ហ្សកដានី]] [[អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត]] [[អូម៉ង់]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Piper |first1=Imogen |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |last4=Ducroquet |first4=Simon |date=28 February 2026 |title=See where U.S., Israeli strikes have hit Iran and where Iran has retaliated |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/02/28/where-us-attack-iran-images-video/ |access-date=12 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ និង​ក្រុមបក្សពួកសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្ត​របស់ខ្លួន​ក៏បាន​បើក​ការបាញ់ប្រហារ​លើ​[[តំបន់​ឃឺឌីស្ថាន]]​ក្នុងប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ផងដែរ។ ដ្រូន ឬ​គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេសង្កេតឃើញ​ហោះសម្ដៅ​​ទៅក្នុង​ប្រទេស​[[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]] [[តួកគី]] និង​មូលដ្ឋាន​យោធាអាក្រូទីរីរបស់ចក្រភព​អង់គ្លេស​នៅ​ប្រទេស​ស៊ីបទៀតផង​។<ref>{{cite news |date=5 March 2026 |title=Azerbaijan threatens to respond after Iranian drones hit airport and near school |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/azerbaijan-threatens-to-respond-after-iranian-drones-hit-airport-and-near-school/ |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref><ref name=attoncyprus>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Two drones intercepted heading for RAF base, Cyprus says |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2r0q310e3o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅដំណាលគ្នានេះ [[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ជម្លោះរវាងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានវិវត្តកើតទៅជា[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|សង្គ្រាមលីបង់]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់ផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល និងសមាជិកពួកសកម្មប្រយុទ្ធជាង ២,០០០ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims responsibility for attack on Israel |url=https://aje.news/wwomw4?update=4353584 |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> [[អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ|រដ្ឋបាលត្រាំ]]បានផ្តល់សេចក្ដីពន្យល់ផ្សេងៗគ្នាជុំវិញមូលហេតុនៃការផ្តើមសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើង ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ប្រតិកម្មរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហាររំពឹងមុន កម្ទេចធនធានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រារាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់កុំឱ្យកសាង[[អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] រឹបអូស[[ធនធានប្រេងបម្រុងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ធនធានប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ឬផ្លាស់ប្តូររបបដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានថ្លែងថា ខណៈដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានការចុះត្រួតពិនិត្យទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដែលរងខូចខាតកាលពី[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|សង្គ្រាមក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៥]] នោះមែន ប៉ុន្តែបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺគ្មានភស្តុតាងណាមួយដែលបានបញ្ជាក់ពីដំណើរការនៃកម្មវិធីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran Has No Structured Program to Build Nuclear Weapons, IAEA Says |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-israel-us-strikes-2026/card/iaea-chief-says-iran-has-no-structured-program-to-build-nuclear-weapons-currently-1IYdJPyg8uIZqlGS8Gni |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal​ }}</ref> អគ្គលេខាធិការ[[អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]] លោក[[អាន់តូនីអូ ហ្គូតេរ៉េស]] និងប្រទេសដែលមិនពាក់ព័ន្ធមួយចំនួន បានថ្កោលទោសសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល ខណៈ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]វិញបានអនុម័ត[[សេចក្ដីសម្រេចក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិលេខ ២៨១៧|សេចក្តីសម្រេចមួយ]]ថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរដ្ឋឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=How the world has reacted to US and Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yj9kr31y7o |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=BBC News}}</ref> អ្នករិះគន់សង្គ្រាម រួមទាំងអ្នកជំនាញផ្នែកច្បាប់ និងទំនាក់ទំនងអន្តរជាតិ បានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកថាជាអំពើខុសច្បាប់ក្រោមច្បាប់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក ជាទង្វើ[[ចក្រពត្តិនិយម]]<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Martin|first1=Peter|last2=Martin|first2=Eric|date=1 March 2026|title=Trump's Iran Strikes Usher in an Era of Unrestrained American Power|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2026-03-01/iran-attack-khamenei-killing-maduro-capture-begin-trump-imperialism-era|website=Bloomberg}}</ref> និង​ជាការរំលោភ​លើ​អធិបតេយ្យភាព​របស់​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ក្រោម​ច្បាប់​អន្តរជាតិ។<ref name="guardian2march">{{cite news |last=Siddique |first=Haroon |date=2 March 2026 |title=What is the legality of the US and Israeli attacks on Iran? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/law/2026/mar/02/legality-us-israel-attacks-iran-uk |access-date=12 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> [[ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពីសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ផលប៉ះពាល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចនៃសង្គ្រាម]]នេះរួមមាន ការរំខានដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបំផុតដល់ប្រព័ន្ធផ្គត់ផ្គង់នៅក្នុងទីផ្សារប្រេងសកល ក៏ដូចជាការរំខានដល់ឧស្សាហកម្មឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិ ជីជីវជាតិ អាកាសចរណ៍ និងទេសចរណ៍ ព្រមទាំងបម្រែបម្រួលនៅក្នុងទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។ ការដឹកជញ្ជូនប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នត្រូវបានរំខានដោយការបិទ[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើបណ្ដារោងចក្រថាមពលនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref name="uf">{{cite web |last=Nevitt |first=Mark |date=15 March 2026 |title=Legal and Operational Issues in the Strait of Hormuz: Transit Passage Under Fire |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/133996/legal-operational-strait-hormuz-transit-passage/ |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Just Security }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើសង្គ្រាមរបស់យោធាអាមេរិកត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួន ១៨ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិក<ref name="guardianCost">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2026/mar/19/us-iran-war-cost |title=The war on Iran cost the US $12.7bn by day six. Here's how it's been spent – in charts |date=19 March 2026 |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> ហើយ[[មន្ទីរបញ្ចកោណ]]បានស្នើតម្រូវការ ២០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារអាមេរិកបន្ថែមទៀត។<ref name="i598">{{cite news |title=White House seeks $200bn in military funding in wake of Iran war |work=BBC News |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c5y73gwk1qdo |access-date=12 May 2026}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ការចំណាយលើប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ត្រូវបានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាមានចំនួនជាង ១២០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ។<ref name="arabCountriesCost">{{cite news |title=One month of war on Iran cost Arab countries up to $194bn: UNDP |work=Al Jazeera English |date=31 March 2026 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/31/one-month-of-war-in-middle-east-cost-arab-states-up-to-194bn-undp |access-date=13 May 2026}}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយតម្លៃការខូចខាតសេដ្ឋកិច្ចរបស់ខ្លួនដោយមានតម្លៃយ៉ាងតិចស្មើ ៣០០ ពាន់លានដុល្លារ ហើយអាចបន្តឡើងរហូតដល់ ១ ទ្រីលានដុល្លារគិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/04/11/world/middleeast/iran-economy-war.html |title=Iran Tries to Grasp Economic Devastation of War, and Find a Way Past It |newspaper=The New York Times |date=11 April 2026}}</ref> លោកត្រាំបានអះអាងថាខ្លួនបានទទួលជ័យជម្នះជាច្រើនលើកច្រើនសារ ហើយបានអះអាងបន្ថែមថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺ "គ្មានសល់អ្វីនៅក្នុងជួរយោធាទៀតទេ"។<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says "the war is very complete," and he's considering taking over Strait of Hormuz |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-iran-cbs-news-the-war-is-very-complete-strait-hormuz/ |work=CBS News |date=9 March 2026}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍]] ដែលបានសម្របសម្រួលដោយប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ហើយបានចូលជាធរមាននៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា<ref name="Pager-2026">{{Cite news |last= |date=7 April 2026 |title=U.S., Iran and Israel Agree to Cease-Fire |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/07/world/iran-war-trump-news/f1657559-8135-50c9-ad7f-63636e6a5106?smid=url-share |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ខណៈ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់]]វិញបានចាប់ផ្តើមនៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា។ បទឈប់បាញ់នៃសង្គ្រាមនេះបានឈានចូលដល់ភាពតានតឹង នៅពេលដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធមិនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ លុះត្រាតែអ៊ីស្រាអែលបញ្ឈប់ប្រតិបត្តិការវាយលុករបស់គេនៅក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់។ បន្ទាប់ពី[[កិច្ចចរចាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ|កិច្ចចរចាក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]]បានបរាជ័យ លោកត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ខ្លួនលោកលែងខ្វល់ពីការចរចាអ្វីទៀតហើយ រួចលោកក៏បានប្រកាសបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសាតទៅ<ref>{{cite news |title=Trump says US will blockade strait of Hormuz after Iran peace talks fail |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/apr/12/trump-says-us-will-blockade-strait-of-hormuz-as-iran-peace-talks-fail |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=12 April 2026}}</ref> ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យមានការបិទផ្លូវទឹកពីរផ្នែក ដោយកម្លាំងជើងទឹកអាមេរិកបានកំពុងបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយអ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងបិទ[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបានបន្តពន្យារបទឈប់បាញ់ដោយគ្មានកំណត់រយៈពេល ប៉ុន្តែការបាញ់ប្រហារគ្នាតាមផ្លូវអាកាសនៅតែបន្តកើតឡើងដដែរ។ ==ផ្ទៃរឿង== {{Further|វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)}} ===ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== {{Further|ទំនាក់ទំនងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទំនាក់ទំនងអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល}} ដោយសារតែគោលនយោបាយ[[ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជាតូបនីយកម្មនៃឧស្សាហកម្មប្រេងកាត]]ក្រោមនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីលោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ ម៉ូសាដឌេក]] ដូចនេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអង់គ្លេសក៏បានផ្តួចផ្ដើមគាំទ្រ[[រដ្ឋប្រហារអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣|រដ្ឋប្រហារ]]ទម្លាក់រូបលោកនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៥៣ ហើយអំណាចត្រូវបានបង្វែរទៅ[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា​ ប៉ាហ្លាវី]] ដែលត្រូវជាព្រះរាជាពែរ្សនាពេលនោះ។ ដោយឃើញព្រះមហាក្សត្ររបស់ខ្លួនអត់ឱនលំទោនបំពេញផលប្រយោជន៍ឱ្យលោកខាងលិចដូច្នេះ ក៏ដូចជាត្រូវរស់នៅក្រោមរបបផ្តាច់ការរបស់ព្រះអង្គទៀតនោះ មហាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានរើបម្រះបះបោរបន្ទុះចេញជា[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] ដោយផ្ដួលរំលំរបបប៉ាហ្លាវី ហើយជំនួសមកវិញដោយរបប[[សាធារណរដ្ឋឥស្លាម]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hourcade |first=Bernard |date=March 2026 |title=What prospects for a new Iran? |url=https://mondediplo.com/2026/03/04iran |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=Le Monde diplomatique }}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ទំនាក់ទំនងការទូតជាមួយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលចោល បង្កើតបានជា[[វិបត្តិចំណាប់ខ្មាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វិបត្តិការទូត]]ដែលបានអូសបន្លាយពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំ។<ref name="News1828">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=From 1953 Coup To 2026 Strikes: The Long Road To US-Iran War |url=https://www.news18.com/world/from-1953-coup-to-2026-strikes-the-long-road-to-us-iran-war-ws-l-9935056.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=News18}}</ref> ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ហើយនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៩៨៨ នាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងត្រូវទទួលរងការខូចខាតដោយសារមីនក្រោមសមុទ្ររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រតិកម្មវិញដោយធ្វើ[[ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្រេយីងមែនធីស|ការវាយប្រហារលើកងនាវា]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ប៉ុន្មានខែក្រោយមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់នូវ[[ជើងហោះហើរអាកាសចរណ៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់លេខ ៦៥៥|យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]មួយគ្រឿងដោយអចេតនា។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926">{{cite news |last1=MacFarquhar |first1=Neil |title=A Timeline of the Tensions Between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the U.S. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/15/world/middleeast/united-states-iran-history.html |access-date=13 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |date=15 March 2026}}</ref> ដើម្បីទប់ស្កាត់ការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ាក់មកលើទីប្រជុំជនរបស់ខ្លួន អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានប្ដេជ្ញាចាប់ផ្តើមកម្មវិធីផលិតមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក។<ref name="Al-MarashiCon">{{cite web |last=Al-Marashi |first=Ibrahim |date=2 March 2026 |title=Iran and the US have been at war for decades – and there's no end in sight |url=https://theconversation.com/iran-and-the-us-have-been-at-war-for-decades-and-theres-no-end-in-sight-277284 |access-date=13 May 2026 |website=The Conversation }}</ref> ចាប់ផ្តើមនៅក្នុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ១៩៨០ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានចាប់ផ្តើមប្រឡូកចូលក្នុងជម្លោះតំណាងនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។ នៅក្នុងនោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]នៅប្រទេសលីបង់ប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងកំឡុង និងក្រោយ[[សង្គ្រាមស៊ីវិលលីបង់]]។ ក្នុងកំឡុង[[សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ាក់]] អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគាំទ្រក្រុមកងជីវពលដែលជាគូបដិបក្ខនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ដោយគួបផ្សំជាមួយក្រុម[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៅយេម៉ែន និងក្រុមប្រដាប់អាវុធដទៃទៀតនៅស៊ីរីនិងប៉ាឡេស្ទីន អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តដែលប្តេជ្ញាប្រឆាំងនឹងឥទ្ធិពលរបស់អាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនៅក្នុងតំបន់។ នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០០២ ដំណើរពង្រីកកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរដោយសម្ងាត់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានទម្លាយចេញជាសាធារណៈ។ ចូលមកដល់ឆ្នាំ២០០៦ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ]]ទីបំផុតបានចេញប្រតិកម្មដោយប្រកាសអនុវត្ត[[ទណ្ឌកម្មអន្តរជាតិប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ខណៈសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាស[[ទណ្ឌកម្មសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទណ្ឌកម្មផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន]]ផងដែរប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ តាំងពីពេលនោះមក សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានខិតខំអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការអូឡាំពិកហ្គេម|យុទ្ធនាការសង្គ្រាមកិច្ចសាយប័រ]]ក្នុងគោលដៅបង្អាកប្រតិបត្តិការរោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈដែលអ៊ីស្រាអែលវិញបានធ្វើ[[ឃាតកម្មលើអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃាតក្រុមអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]]កំពូលៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើននាក់។<ref name="MacFarquhar1926"/><ref name="Le Monde Assassinations">{{cite web |last1=Imbert |last2=Golshiri |last3=Mas |first1=Louis |first2=Ghazal |first3=Liselotte |title=How Israel tracked down and assassinated scientists involved in Iran's nuclear program |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/07/08/how-israel-tracked-down-and-assassinated-scientists-involved-in-iran-s-nuclear-program_6743166_4.html |website=lemonde.fr |publisher=Le Monde |access-date=19 May 2026}}</ref> ជម្លោះ​នេះ​បានវិវត្តទៅមួយដំណាក់កាលទៀតនៅក្នុង​ខែមករា ឆ្នាំ២០២០ នៅពេល​ដែល​ប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបាន​បញ្ជាឱ្យមានការធ្វើឃាត​លើលោក[[កាស៊ឹម សូលីម៉ានី]] ដែលត្រូវជាមេបញ្ជាការនៃ​[[កងកម្លាំងឃូដស៍]]។<ref name="News1828"/><ref name="Al-MarashiCon"/> កំណើននៃភាពតានតឹងបានហក់ឡើងមួយកម្រិតទៀតបន្ទាប់ពី[[ការលុកលុយអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយហាម៉ាស់ឆ្នាំ២០២៣|ការវាយលុកថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែតុលា]] មកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដែលនាំឱ្យផ្ទុះ[[សង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សា]]ឡើង។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានប្រយុទ្ធប្រឆាំងនឹងបក្សពួកប្រដាប់អាវុធជាច្រើនក្រុមនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដែលមានអ៊ីរ៉ង់គាំទ្រនៅពីក្រោយ ដោយនៅក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[ហាម៉ាស់]] [[ហេស្បុលឡា]] និង[[ហ៊ូទី]]។ នៅក្នុងខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៥ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការ[[សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ]] ដោយបើកការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធានិងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់វាយប្រហារតបតវិញ។ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកក៏បាន[[ការវាយប្រហាររបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកលើទីតាំងនុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់|វាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋាននុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ក្នុងកំឡុងសង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃដែរ មុនពេលវាត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់ដោយ[[បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមដប់ពីរថ្ងៃ|បទឈប់បាញ់]]។<ref>{{cite web |title=Iran's Conflict With Israel and the United States |url=https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/confrontation-between-united-states-and-iran |website=Council on Foreign Relations}}</ref> ===បញ្ហានុយក្លេអ៊ែរអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== អ៊ីស្រាអែលត្រូវបានគេជឿយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយថាមានប្រដាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ដោយមានស្តុកក្បាលគ្រាប់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរចន្លោះពី ៩០ ទៅ ៤០០ គ្រាប់។{{refn|ចំនួនស្មាននៃទំហំស្តុកគ្រាប់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺមានប្រភពខុសៗគ្នា។ តួលេខនៅក្នុងអត្ថបទនេះគឺអាស្រ័យតាមប្រភពចំនួនស្មានដូចតទៅ៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Norris |first2=Robert S. |year=2014 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2014 |url=http://bos.sagepub.com/content/70/6/97.full.pdf+html |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=70 |number=6 |pages=97–115 |doi=10.1177/0096340214555409 |bibcode=2014BuAtS..70f..97K |doi-access=free}} |2= {{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/colin-powell-leaked-emails-nuclear-weapons-israel-iran-obama-deal-a7311626.html |title=Colin Powell leaked emails: Israel has '200 nukes all pointed at Iran', former US secretary of state says |last=Revesz |first=Rachael |newspaper=The Independent |date=16 September 2016 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |3= {{cite journal |last=Brower |first=Kenneth S |title=A Propensity for Conflict: Potential Scenarios and Outcomes of War in the Middle East |journal=Jane's Intelligence Review |type=special report |number=14 |date=February 1997 |pages=14–15}} |4= {{cite book |title=Israel and the Bomb |place=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |last=Cohen |first=Avner |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-231-10482-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/israelbomb00cohe |page=349}} |5= {{cite web |first=Mohamed |last=ElBaradei |url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Transcripts/2004/alahram27072004.html |title=Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News |website=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=27 July 2004 |access-date=19 May 2026}} |6= {{cite web |url=https://fas.org/initiative/status-world-nuclear-forces/ |title=Status of World Nuclear Forces |website=Federation Of American Scientists}} }}</ref>}} ម្យ៉ាងទៀត អ៊ីស្រាអែលក៏ជាប្រទេសដែលមានអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរតែមួយគត់ផងដែរ ដែលមិនទទួលស្គាល់ថាខ្លួនមានកម្មសិទ្ធិអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref name="Kristensen-2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kristensen |first1=Hans M. |last2=Korda |first2=Matt |date=2 January 2022 |title=Israeli nuclear weapons, 2021 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=38–50 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2021.2014239 |bibcode=2022BuAtS..78a..38K |issn=0096-3402 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> អ្នកប្រាជ្ញបញ្ញវន្តមួយចំនួនបានអះអាងថា អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលគឺជាហេតុផលដែលជំរុញឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់អភិវឌ្ឍកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែរផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួន ដោយបានបង្កឱ្យមានតុល្យភាពនៃការទប់ស្កាត់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ ឬការប្រណាំងប្រជែងសព្វាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2008 |title=An Israel-Iran Balance of Nuclear Deterrence: Seeds of Instability |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/israel-iran-balance-nuclear-deterrence-seeds-instability/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |website=INSS }}</ref> ដោយ​លើកហេតុផលពីហានិភ័យផ្នែក​សន្តិសុខ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាន​បដិសេធ​មិនទទួលយកការអំពាវនាវពីសហគមន៍​អន្តរជាតិ​ឱ្យខ្លួនចុះ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុង​[[សន្ធិសញ្ញា​ស្តីពី​ការមិនរីកសាយភាយ​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ]] ឬ​ចូលរួម​ក្នុងកិច្ចចរចា​អំពី[[​តំបន់​គ្មាន​អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ​នៅ​មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា]]ឡើយ។<ref name="s316">{{cite news |date=29 May 2010 |title=Israel rejects call to join anti-nuclear treaty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/israel-rejects-call-to-join-anti-nuclear-treaty-idUSTRE64S1ZN/ |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ==ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាម== {{Main|ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍មុនសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} [[File:President Donald J. Trump Welcomes Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to the White House (cropped b).jpg|thumb|នាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោក[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលត្រាំដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងការចូលអន្តរាគមន៍យោធាប្រឆាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។]] ==អរិភាព== {{Main|ខ្សែកាលនៃសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} ===សប្តាហ៍ដំបូង (២៨ កុម្ភៈ – ៦ មីនា)=== [[File:President Donald J. Trump on the United States Military Major Combat Operations in Iran.webm|thumb|២៨ កុម្ភៈ៖​ ត្រាំកំពុងថ្លែងដំណឹងទៅកាន់ប្រជាជាតិរបស់លោកអំពីដំណើរការវាយប្រហាររបស់អាមេរិក។]] នៅម៉ោង ៣:៣៨ រសៀល ([[តំបន់ម៉ោងខាងកើត|ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក]] ឬត្រូវនឹងម៉ោង ១១:០៨ យប់នៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) នៃថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែកុម្ភៈ ប្រធានាធិបតីអាមេរិក លោក[[ដូណាល់ ត្រាំ]]បានចេញបញ្ជាឱ្យចាប់ផ្ដើមប្រតិបត្តិការអេផិកហ្យូរី (''Epic Fury'')។<ref name="FT01">{{cite news |title=Inside the plan to kill Ali Khamenei |url=https://www.ft.com/content/bf998c69-ab46-4fa3-aae4-8f18f7387836 |work=Financial Times |access-date=21 May 2026 |date=2 March 2026}}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល ដ្រូនអាមេរិក និងយន្តហោះចម្បាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលជាច្រើនគ្រឿង បានផ្តើមការវាយប្រហារមកលើប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ នាវេលាម៉ោងប្រមាណ ៩:៤៥ ព្រឹក ម៉ោងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ (ឬម៉ោង ១:១៥ រំលងអធ្រាត្រ ម៉ោងនៅអាមេរិក)។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-weapons-used-to-attack-iran-fend-off-retaliation-2026-2?IR=T |title=Here are the weapons America used to strike Iran — and shield against retaliation |work=Business Insider |first=Jake |last=Epstein |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> វេលាផ្ដើមការវាយប្រហារនេះបានកើតឡើងនៅដំណាលស្របនឹងពេលកំពុងតែមានកិច្ចចរចាជុំវិញកម្មវិធីនុយក្លេអ៊ែររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says he's unsure why U.S. attacked during nuclear talks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/iran-attack-us-israel-regime-change-trump-netanyahu-araghchi-rcna261124 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=NBC News }}</ref> ប្រតិបត្តិការនេះដែរត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រសិទ្ធនាមថា ប្រតិបត្តិការតោគ្រហឹម។{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាហេប្រឺ]]៖ מִבְצַע שְׁאָגַת הָאֲרִי}}<ref>{{cite news |last=Munitz |first=Shmuel |date=6 March 2026 |title=From ancient Israel to modern Iran: the enduring symbolism of the lion |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/sk0ujovk11l |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> [[កងទ័ពអាកាសអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានថ្លែងថា កម្លាំងខ្លួនបានបើកវាយប្រហារលើគោលដៅយោធាចំនួន ៥០០ កន្លែងនៅភាគខាងលិច និងកណ្តាលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយនេះត្រូវជាសមយុទ្ធប្រយុទ្ធដ៏ធំបំផុតនៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=28 February 2026 |title=IDF says 200 jets involved in Air Force's largest-ever attack sortie |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-200-jets-involved-in-air-forces-largest-ever-attack-sortie/ |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ខណៈកងនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងនូវការវាយប្រហារទាំងនេះផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |title=Satellite images show Iranian warship burning after US Israel strikes |date=28 February 2026 |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/satellite-images-show-iranian-warship-burning-after-us-israel-strikes-2026-2 |work=Business Insider |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> ក្រោយមក អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបញ្ជាក់ថា ដំណើរវាយប្រហារដំបូងរបស់ខ្លួនបានប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកជាង ១,២០០ គ្រាប់នៅក្នុងរយៈពេល ២៤ ម៉ោង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel claims to have dropped over 1,200 bombs on Iran in one day |url=https://aje.news/p4rw7y?update=4349719 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=21 May 2026 }}</ref> មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកម្នាក់បាននិយាយថា ការវាយប្រហាររាប់សិបលើករបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានអនុវត្តដោយយន្តហោះចម្បាំងដែលចេញពីមូលដ្ឋានយោធានៅជុំវិញតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា និងពីនាវាដឹកយន្តហោះមួយ ឬច្រើនគ្រឿង។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Eric Schmitt |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/5df7d9a6-2d1a-577e-9c63-d40948472442 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន Iran International ដែលដកស្រង់សម្តីរបស់[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មាននិស្សិតអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បុគ្គលិកដែលបម្រើការក្នុង[[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]ប្រមាណរាប់ពាន់នាក់ រួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់មួយចំនួនផងដែរ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Senior Revolutionary Guards commanders killed in US-Israel strikes – Reuters |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284254 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់ ឬត្រូវរងរបួស ខណៈដែលមូលដ្ឋានយោធាជាច្រើនកន្លែងបានរងការវាយប្រហារ។<ref name="Iran International-2026a">{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Live – Israel and US launch strikes on Iran as Tehran prepares retaliation |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/liveblog/202602288143 |access-date=21 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ទាំងត្រាំ​ និង[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានព្រមានអំពីហានិភ័យដែលអាចកើតមានពីអាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ហើយបានអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចូលរួមជាធ្លុងដើម្បីផ្តួលរំលំរដ្ឋាភិបាលរបស់គេ។<ref name="CBS Major-Combat-Operations">{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Trump announces "major combat operations" in Iran. Watch the full video and read his statement. |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-full-statement-on-us-iran-attack-major-combat-operations/ |work=CBS News |access-date=21 May 2026}}</ref> បន្ថែមពីលើការវាយប្រហារដោយអាវុធ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏ទទួលរងការវាយប្រហារតាមបណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតផងដែរទៅលើប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយ និងកម្មវិធីទូរស័ព្ទរបស់ខ្លួន រួមជាមួយនឹងសារដែលអំពាវនាវឱ្យប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ងើបឡើងរើបម្រះប្រឆាំងនឹងរដ្ឋាភិបាលខ្លួន។<ref name = "JPost hack">{{cite news |last=Gal |first=Itai |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel plunges Iran into darkness with largest cyberattack in history during attack against Iran |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/defense-news/article-888271 |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=The Jerusalem Post }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអ៊ីនធឺណិតនោះថែមទាំងបានផ្ដាច់ចរន្តអគ្គិសនីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ស្ទើរតែទាំងស្រុងទៀតផង ដោយវាបានអូសបន្លាយជាង ៦០ ម៉ោង បង្កជាការរំខានដល់ទំនាក់ទំនងរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាល ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋ និងសេវាកម្មសាធារណៈផ្សេងៗ។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=The digital front: Iran's internet down for second day amid reports of U.S.-Israel cyberattacks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/02/irans-internet-down-amid-reports-of-us-israel-cyberattacks.html |access-date=21 May 2026 |work=CNBC}}</ref><ref name = "JPost hack"/> ចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃផ្ទុះសង្គ្រាមនេះមក អាជ្ញាធរអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរឹតបន្តឹងការចូលប្រើប្រាស់បណ្ដាញអ៊ីនធឺណិតរបស់ប្រជាជនខ្លួន ដោយអនុញ្ញាតការប្រើប្រាស់ចំពោះតែអ្នកដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលទទួលស្គាល់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="bm">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran's 'chosen users' get 'privileged access' despite internet blackout for masses |url=https://www.theregister.com/2026/03/17/iran_internet_blackout/ |work=The Register}}</ref> [[File:US bases in the Middle East.svg|thumb|[[បញ្ជីរាយឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក|មូលដ្ឋាននិងឋបនស្ថានយោធាអាមេរិក]]ធំៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា រួមមានមូលដ្ឋានដែលបើកការវាយប្រហារទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់ផងដែរ]] កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រតិកម្មវិញក្នុងរយៈពេលតែប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងប៉ុណ្ណោះដោយការបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក។ ​​អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានដាក់រហស្សនាមប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាវាយតបតរបស់ខ្លួនថា [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន]]។{{refn|group=ស|អ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាប់បានប្រកាសនិងអនុវត្ត[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីមួយ]] [[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីពីរ|ពីរ]] និង[[ប្រតិបត្តិការសច្ចសន្យាទីបួន|បី]]រួចទៅហើយ តែប្រតិបត្តិការទាំងបីគឺស្ថិតក្នុងទ្រង់ទ្រាយតូចប៉ុណ្ណោះ។}}{{refn|group=ស|[[ភាសាពែរ្ស]]៖ عملیات وعده صادق ۴}} ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្ដៅលើសង្គ្រាមនេះថា "សង្គ្រាមរ៉ាម៉ាដាន" ក៏ព្រោះតែដំណើរវាយប្រហាររួមរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកើតឡើងនៅកំឡុងខែរ៉ាម៉ាដាន។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran to mark Eid Al-Fitr on Saturday: state TV |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2636982/middle-east |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Arab News |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> គោលដៅវាយតបតរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាចម្បងសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល ពិសេសចំពោះទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]និង[[ហៃហ្វា]]<ref name="BBC Tehran response">{{cite news |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)جنگ آمریکا و اسرائیل با ایران؛ چرا واکنش تهران این‌بار تنها چند ساعت طول کشید؟ |url=https://www.bbc.com/persian/articles/ce94dk4yy2eo |work=BBC News Persian |date=28 February 2026 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសមួយចំនួនទៀតនៅក្នុងតំបន់ជាប់ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស។ គោលដៅសំខាន់ៗដែលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហាររួមមាន រាជធានី[[ម៉ាណាណា]]របស់ប្រទេសបារ៉ែន<ref>{{cite news |last1=Yee |first1=Isaac |last2=Rebane |first2=Teele |date=28 February 2026 |title=Videos show smoke rising near US Navy facility in Bahrain |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm64k1hv00003b6rj8g5hm4u |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិគុយវ៉ែត]] រាជធានី[[អាប៊ូដាប៊ី]]របស់អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Explosions reported in Kuwait and UAE |url=https://news.am/eng/news/932924.html |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Armenia News }}</ref> និងរាជធានី[[រីយ៉ាដ]]និង[[ខេត្តខាងកើត (អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត)|ខេត្តខាងកើត]]របស់អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតជាដើម។ល។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Update from Ismaeel Naar |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/c23471fd-1ceb-5a75-93a8-a56a199d6b1f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> មិនតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://france24.com/en/middle-east/20260228-what-we-know-about-us-military-bases-mideast-gulf-targeted-iran-retaliatory-strikes |title=Iran targets US military bases in the Middle East with retaliatory strikes |date=28 February 2026 |work=France 24 |access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់<ref name="Reuters-2026">{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=More strikes aimed at Iran after Khamenei's death, Trump issues new warning |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/more-strikes-aimed-iran-after-us-israeli-assault-kills-supreme-leader-2026-03-01/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនតបតវិញទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហ្សកដានី គុយវ៉ែត កាតា អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត និងអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Gambrell |first1=Jon |last2=Lidman |first2=Melanie |last3=Boak |first3=Josh |first4=Eric |last4=Tucker |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran fires missiles at Israel and Gulf states after US-Israeli strike kills Khamenei |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-israel-us-03-01-2026-693bc30bbbc98660d81f4a13f65ca10f |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសកាតាបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះទម្លាក់គ្រាប់បែកប្រភេទ [[ស៊ូខយស៊ូ-២៤|ស៊ូ-២៤]] របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួនពីរគ្រឿង ដែលនាំឱ្យកាតាក្លាយជាប្រទេសដំបូងដែលបានបាញ់យន្តហោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទម្លាក់ដោយជោគជ័យនៅក្នុងជម្លោះនេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Salem |first1=Mostafa |last2=Kent |first2=Lauren |date=2 March 2026 |title=Qatar says it shot down two Iranian bomber aircraft |url=https://edition.cnn.com/world/live-news/iran-israel-us-attack-03-02-26-intl-hnk?post-id=cmm9dkjpf00003b6ps4g5qwvo |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ខណៈយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-15E ចំនួនបីគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកត្រូវបានបាញ់ទម្លាក់ដោយការភាន់ច្រឡំដោយគ្នាឯង។<ref name="Reals">{{cite news |last=Reals |first=Tucker |date=2 March 2026 |title=Live updates: U.S. military confirms 4 troops killed in Iran war; Kuwait downs 3 U.S. jets in 'friendly fire' |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/iran-us-war-day-3-american-deaths-israel-gulf-allies-hit-missile-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានោះ ក្រុម[[ហេស្បុលឡា]]បានចាប់ផ្តើមបាញ់រ៉ុក្កែត និងគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅលើអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយអះអាងថាវាជា "សកម្មភាពការពារខ្លួន" បន្ទាប់ពីរង[[ជម្លោះហេស្បុលឡា–អ៊ីស្រាអែល (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលអស់រយៈពេលជាងមួយឆ្នាំនៅលីបង់ថ្វីបើ[[កិច្ចព្រមពៀងបទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៤|បទឈប់បាញ់កាលឆ្នាំ២០២៤]] កំពុងចូលជាធរមានក្ដី។<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2026 |title=Hezbollah claims attack on Israel was 'defensive act' after year of Israeli strikes |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/hezbollah-claims-attack-on-israel-was-defensive-act-after-year-of-israeli-strikes/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref> [[File:Epic Fury Strike compilation (997855).webm|thumb|២ មីនា៖ ឃ្លីបវីដេអូខ្លីៗអំពីការវាយប្រហារដោយ[[បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]]]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល លោកអ៊ីស្រាអែល កាត់ហ្ស៍បានអនុញ្ញាតបើក[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ការឈ្លានពានចូលក្នុងប្រទេសលីបង់]]។<ref>{{cite news |last=McShane |first=Asher |date=3 March 2026 |title=Israel launches ground invasion of Lebanon and Trump warns 'hardest hits were yet to come' |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/article/israel-launches-ground-invasion-of-lebanon-and-trump-issues-new-warning-5HjdTm8_2/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=LBC }}</ref>​ ក្រៅពីនេះ មន្ត្រីអាមេរិកបានថ្លែងថា កងកម្លាំងរបស់ខ្លួនបានបំផ្លាញកងនាវារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើន ពិសេសនៅក្នុង[[ឈូងសមុទ្រអូម៉ង់]] ក៏ដូចជាមូលដ្ឋានជើងទឹកសំខាន់ៗផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite web |last=Ozberk |first=Tayfun |date=2 March 2026 |title=US Strikes Destroy Iran's Main Naval Assets |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2026/03/us-strikes-destroy-irans-main-naval-assets/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=Naval News }}</ref> ចូលមកថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា អាមេរិកបានប្រកាសថានឹងបន្ថែមការវាយប្រហារលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់កាន់តែខ្លាំងជាងមុន ហើយនៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយចំទីស្នាក់ការកណ្តាលរបស់កងកម្លាំង[[បាស៊ីគ]]​ ខណៈលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]បានរួចផុតពីការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Hafezi |first=Parisa |date=4 March 2026 |title=Mojtaba Khamenei, seen as possible next Supreme Leader, has survived attacks on Iran, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/mojtaba-khamenei-seen-possible-next-supreme-leader-has-survived-assault-iran-2026-03-04/ |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកមួយគ្រាប់ដែលបាញ់ចេញពីទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសរួមរបស់ណាតូ ខណៈវាបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈតួកគីបានព្រមានថាខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិការពារអធិបតេយ្យភាពខ្លួន រីឯអង្គការណាតូវិញបានថ្លែងពីការប្តេជ្ញាចូលរួមការពារប្រទេសតួកគីដែលជាសមាជិក។<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2026 |title=Secretary General Mark Rutte condemns violation of Turkish airspace |url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_2026_03_05.htm |website=NATO Official Website}}</ref> [[File:Indian Ocean Iranian vessel (998184).webm|thumb|៤ មីនា៖ វីដេអូបង្ហាញពីការបាញ់ពន្លិចនាវាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ''ដេណា'' ពីនាវាមុជទឹកអាមេរិក ''ឆារលត្ត'']] នាវាចម្បាំង​មួយគ្រឿង​របស់​កងទ័ពជើងទឹក​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ឈ្មោះ ''ដេណា'' ត្រូវបានបាញ់ពន្លិច​នៅក្នុង​មហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា​ដោយ​នាវាមុជទឹកឈ្មោះឆារលត្តរបស់អាមេរិក ក្នុងចម្ងាយ​ប្រមាណ ៧៤ គីឡូម៉ែត្រពីភាគខាងត្បូង​ទីក្រុង[[កាល្លេ]] ប្រទេស​ស្រីលង្កា បន្ទាប់ពីនាវាមួយ​នេះ​បានកំពុង​វិលត្រឡប់​ទៅ​ប្រទេស​អ៊ីរ៉ង់​វិញ​ក្រោយបានចូលរួម​សមយុទ្ធ​កងនាវា​អន្តរជាតិនៅទីក្រុង[[វិសាខបណម]]នៃប្រទេសឥណ្ឌា។<ref>{{cite web |last=Rana |first=Javaria |date=2 March 2026 |title=Sri Lanka responds to distress call from Iranian warship returning from Vizag Fleet Review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2026/Mar/04/sri-lanka-responds-to-distress-call-from-iranian-warship-returning-from-vizag-fleet-review |access-date=22 May 2026 |website=The New Indian Express }}</ref> យោងតាមកងទ័ពអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នាវិកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចំនួន ១០៤ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់ និង ៣២ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងហេតុការណ៍លិចនាវានេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Magee |first1=Caolán |last2=Kelliher |first2=Fiona |date=8 March 2026 |title='Projectile' kills 2 in Saudi Arabia as Iran attacks on the Gulf continue |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue |access-date=22 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីពីរ (៧–១៣ មីនា)=== [[File:P20260307DT-1619 The Dignified Transfer of Remains of Six U.S. Soldiers.jpg|thumb|249x249px|សាកសពទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំពីរនាក់កំពុងត្រូវបញ្ជូនទៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកវិញ, ៧ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជូននាវាដឹកយន្តហោះទីបីរបស់ខ្លួនមកមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |first=Ilgar |last=Khudiyev |title=US said expected to deploy 3rd aircraft carrier to the Middle East |url=https://en.apa.az/america/us-said-expected-to-deploy-3rd-aircraft-carrier-to-the-middle-east-495510 |access-date=23 May 2026 |website=Azerbaijani Press Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោកប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់បានប្រាប់អ្នកយកព័ត៌មានថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងឈប់វាយប្រហារប្រទេសជិតខាងចាប់ពីថ្ងៃនោះតទៅទៀត ប៉ុន្តែលុះត្រាតែការវាយប្រហារមកលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់លែងមានប្រភពចេញពីទឹកដីរបស់ប្រទេសជិតខាងទាំងនោះ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ [[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃ]]ក្រោយមកបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Iranian drone attack suspends flights at Dubai International airport |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/03/07/iranian-drone-attack-suspends-flights-at-dubai-international-airport |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Euronews }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា កូនប្រុសទីពីររបស់លោកហាមេនៃគឺលោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ|មោជតាបា]]ត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=9 March 2026 |title=What to know about Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/09/nx-s1-5742375/mojtaba-khamenei-iran-supreme-leader |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> ឃ្លាំងស្តុកប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅក្បែររដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារ ខណៈភ្លើងឆេះពីការវាយប្រហារនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផ្សែងពពកខ្មៅក្រាស់គ្របដណ្ដប់ស្ទើរពេញទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងថែមទាំងបណ្ដាលឱ្យកើតមានភ្លៀងអាស៊ីតពុលខ្មៅធ្លាក់នៅតំបន់ជុំវិញនោះផងដែរ។<ref name="b673">{{cite magazine |last1=Schneid |first1=Rebecca |first2=Kay Armin |last2=Serjoie |last3=Jamalpour |first3=Fatemeh |title='The Air is Unbreathable': Tehran Shrouded in Toxic Cloud After Israel Strikes Fuel Depots |magazine=Time |date=8 March 2026 |url=https://time.com/7383099/iran-news-oil-strikes-tehran/ |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់សមាជិកយោធាអាមេរិកទីប្រាំពីរក្រោយត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=US troop dies from wounds sustained in Iran attack |url=https://aje.news/64yl8m?update=4379695 |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម[[សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] សាលារៀនសរុបចំនួន ៦៥ និងមណ្ឌលសុខភាពចំនួន ៣២ (ដូចជាមន្ទីរពេទ្យ និងឱសថស្ថាន) ត្រូវបានរងការវាយប្រហារចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះឡើង ហើយទីតាំងស៊ីវិលជាង ១០,០០០ កន្លែងត្រូវរងការខូចខាត។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=More on civilian sites attacked in Iran: Red Crescent |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/8/iran-live-israel-bombs-tehran-oil-depots-attacks-on-gulf-states-continue?update=4379534 |work=Al Jazeera English |access-date=23 May 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា អង្គការណាតូបានបញ្ជាក់ពីករណីស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកទីពីរមកលើដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=NATO intercepts second Iranian ballistic missile fired toward Turkey |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/turkey-says-second-iranian-ballistic-missile-shot-down-by-nato-defences-in-airspace |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=The Straits Times |issn=0585-3923}}</ref> ខណៈតួកគីបានបញ្ជូនយន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-16 ចំនួនប្រាំមួយគ្រឿង និងប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាសទៅ[[ស៊ីបខាងជើង]]ក្នុងគោលបំណងការពារសន្តិសុខ។<ref>{{cite news |date=9 March 2026 |title=(ជាភាសាតួកគី) MSB: 6 Türk F-16'sı KKTC'ye konuşlandırıldı |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/msb-6-turk-f-16si-kktcye-konuslandirildi-937063.html |access-date=23 May 2026 |work=TRT Haber }}</ref> [[File:Strait of Hormuz Transits.webp|thumb|{{center|ដំណើរដឹកជញ្ជូនឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍បានធ្លាក់ចុះគួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់ចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://portwatch.imf.org/pages/cc317ba850e34c4dadbead6f7b336fb1 |title=Trade disruptions in the Strait of Hormuz due to attacks on commercial ships |website=PortWatch |publisher=[[មូលនិធិរូបិយវត្ថុអន្តរជាតិ]] |access-date=23 May 2026 |date=28 February 2026}}</ref>}}]] ការគាំងប្រព័ន្ធផ្កាយរណបនាវាចរណ៍សកលដែលមិនមានប្រភពដើមច្បាស់លាស់បានបង្កជាការរំខានដល់នាវាចរណ៍នៅក្បែរច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ហើយបង្កឱ្យកើតមានករណីគ្រោះថ្នាក់ជាច្រើនដល់នាវាដឹកប្រេងនៅក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3ewwlx9e1xo |title=GPS jamming: The invisible battle in the Middle East |last=Baraniuk |first=Chris |work=BBC News |date=10 March 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១០ ខែមីនា មេបញ្ជាការជាន់ខ្ពស់ម្នាក់នៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបាននិយាយថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពុងប្រើប្រាស់បាញ់តែគ្រាប់មីស៊ីលខ្លួនដែលមានទម្ងន់ចាប់ពី ១០០០ គីឡូក្រាមឡើងទៅប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="ndtv10march">{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/iran-israel-war-iran-1000kg-1-ton-missile-warheads-iran-fires-khorramshahr-kheibar-shekan-missiles-11193972 |title=With Missiles Carrying 1,000 kg Explosives, A New Tactical Phase For Iran |work=NDTV |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=25 May 2026 |last=Srinivasan |first=Chandrashekar}}</ref> ឧត្តមនាវីឯកអាមេរិក លោក[[ប្រាដ ឃូពើរ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា អត្រាបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិករបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៩០% បើប្រៀបនឹងថ្ងៃដំបូងៗនៃសង្គ្រាម ហើយអត្រាបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនរបស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់ចុះ ៨៣%។<ref>{{cite web |date=9 March 2026 |title=Iranian missile attacks down 90% since 1st day of war: CENTCOM |url=https://abc11.com/live-updates/iran-live-updates-trump-says-major-combat-operations-have-begun/18660347/entry/18681719 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=ABC11 Raleigh-Durham }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា អង្គការ[[យូនីសេហ្វ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា កុមារជាង ១,១០០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស ឬត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត (២០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់, ៩១ នាក់នៅលីបង់, ៤ នាក់នៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និង ១ នាក់នៅគុយវ៉ែត) ខណៈកុមាររាប់រយពាន់នាក់ត្រូវបង្ខំផ្លាស់ប្ដូរទីលំនៅ រីឯរាប់លាននាក់ទៀតមិនអាចចូលរៀនបានដោយភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមកំពុងបានឆាបឆេះ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rowlands |first1=Lyndal |last2=Sabah |first2=Zaid |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran sets three conditions for peace; oil tankers in Iraqi port attacked |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/12/iran-war-live-oil-tankers-hit-in-iraq-tehran-sets-3-conditions-for-peace |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Salalah Port Ablaze.jpg|thumb|រូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដែលបង្ហាញពីផ្សែងខ្មៅហុយឡើងចេញពី[[កំពង់ផែសាឡាឡោះ]]ក្នុងប្រទេសអូម៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា ដើម្បីជួយដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាសេដ្ឋកិច្ចប្រេង សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានដកបម្រាមរឹតបន្តឹងលើការទិញប្រេងពីរុស្ស៊ីជាបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន ប៉ុន្តែយ៉ាងណា តម្លៃប្រេងមិនបានផ្លាស់ប្ដូរអ្វីច្រើននោះទេ។<ref name="Cooper">{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Helene |last2=Barnes |first2=Julian E. |last3=Ward |first3=Euan |last4=Torbati |first4=Yeganeh |last5=Reiss |first5=Johnatan |date=12 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Refueling Plane Crashes in Iraq, Military Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/12/world/iran-war-news-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់រលកមីស៊ីល និងដ្រូនជាថ្មីម្តងទៀតសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសនៃតំបន់ឈូងសមុទ្រ ដែលជាហេតុនាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងកើនឡើងកាន់តែខ្ពស់។ ប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានរាយការណ៍អំពីការវាយប្រហារលើទីតាំងស្តុកទុកប្រេងរបស់ខ្លួន។ អាជ្ញាធរគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានរាយការណ៍បញ្ជាក់ថា គ្រឿងឧបករណ៍ការពារមីស៊ីលនិងអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិរបស់ខ្លួនត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈសូរសំឡេងផ្ទុះគ្រាប់ត្រូវបានឮរំពងនៅជាយទីក្រុងឌូបៃ ហើយទីប្រជុំជនស្ទើរទាំងអស់ក្នុងប្រទេសហ្សកដានីបានបន្លឺស៊ីរ៉ែនព្រមានពីការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran targets Gulf nations with missiles, drones as oil prices soar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/12/iran-targets-gulf-nations-with-missiles-drones-as-oil-prices-soar |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាលើកទីបីនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកប៉ុន្មានគ្រាប់ទៀតបានហោះចូលក្នុងដែនអាកាសប្រទេសតួកគី មុនពេលត្រូវបានស្ទាក់ចាប់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារ ដោយសំឡេងផ្ទុះពីវាអាចត្រូវបានស្ដាប់ឮបានដោយប្រជាជនដែលរស់នៅក្នុងនិងជុំវិញទីក្រុង[[អាដាណា]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=13 March 2026 |title=Nato shoots down Iranian missile as explosions heard at Turkish air base |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/bulletin/news/nato-incirlik-air-base-missile-iran-war-b2937948.html |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The Independent }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបី (១៤–២០ មីនា)=== [[File:جزیره خارک- طبیعت و صنعت-10.jpg|thumb|[[កោះខាក]]នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០១៥ ភ្លើងដែលបាញ់ចេញពីបំពង់នៅក្នុងរូបភាពនេះគឺជាលទ្ធផលនៃដំណើរការធម្មតានៃការចម្រាញ់ប្រេងប៉ុណ្ណោះ]] គិតត្រឹមសប្តាហ៍ទីបី អ្នកជំនាញវិភាគមិនសូវជាបានរកឃើញពីភស្តុតាងអ្វីដែលបញ្ជាក់ពីការផ្តាច់ខ្លួន ឬការរត់ចោលជួរនៅក្នុងកងយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះទេ{{refn|ដោយយោងតាមប្រភពជាច្រើនដូចជា៖ <ref>{{multiref2 |1 = {{cite news |last1=Graham-Harrison |first1=Emma |title=We attacked Iran with no clear plan for regime change, Israeli security sources say |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/12/israel-iran-us-attack-no-plan-for-regime-change-security-sources |work=The Guardian |date=12 March 2026 }} |2= {{cite news |title=Iran war becomes contest of who can take most pain |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/iran-war-becomes-contest-of-who-can-take-most-pain |work=The Pioneer |date=12 March 2026 |quote=So far, the Islamic Republic has been able to keep its leadership and military cohesive and in control}} |3= {{cite web |title=Is the stability of the Iranian regime in danger? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/social_media/is-the-stability-of-the-iranian-regime-in-danger/ |website=Institute for National Security Studies |date=12 March 2026 |quote=However, it seems that at this stage, these strikes are not sufficient to undermine the internal cohesion among the security forces, their ability to function}} |4= {{cite news |title=US intelligence says Iran government is not at risk of collapse, say sources |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-intelligence-says-iran-government-is-not-risk-collapse-say-sources-2026-03-11/ |work=Reuters |date=11 March 2026 |quote=The intelligence reporting underscores the cohesion of Iran's clerical leadership}} |5= {{cite web |last1=Karlin |first1=Mara |title=Can Iran's regime survive the war? |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/can-irans-regime-survive-the-war/ |website=Brookings Institution |date=11 March 2026 }} |6= {{cite news |title=A long road to the end: The death throes of Iran's regime could last for years |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/a-long-road-to-the-end-the-death-throes-of-irans-regime-could-last-for-years/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |quote=for now, there have been no significant defections from the army or other security forces}} }}</ref>}} ខណៈដែលការផ្តាច់ខ្លួនផ្នែកយោធានេះត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាលក្ខខណ្ឌចាំបាច់ដើម្បីបង្កើតជាចលនាប្រឆាំងនឹងរបបឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite |news |last=Jansen |first=Michael |title=Regime change in Iran unlikely without mass defections from military |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2026/02/28/regime-change-in-iran-unlikely-without-mass-defections-from-military/ |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទ្រង់ទ្រាយធំមួយមកលើ[[កោះខាក]] ដែលត្រូវជាមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងដ៏សំខាន់មួយរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយ ៩០ ភាគរយនៃប្រេងអ៊ីរ៉ង់គឺត្រូវនាំចេញតាមរយៈកោះមួយនេះ។ ទន្ទឹមគ្នានេះដែរ តម្លៃប្រេងបានកើនឡើងជាង ៤០ ភាគរយចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានចាប់ផ្ដើមមក។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Broadwater |first1=Luke |last2=Schmitt |first2=Eric |last3=Cooper |first3=Helene |last4=Pérez-Peña |first4=Richard |date=13 March 2026 |title=Iran War Live Updates: U.S. Military Attacks Kharg Island, Iran's Oil Export Hub, Trump Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/13/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[File:Missile interception fragments of an Iranian missile hit Haifa oil refineries in Haifa Bay, March, 19 2026.jpg|thumb|right|250px|មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយគ្រាប់បានធ្លាក់លើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងហៃហ្វានៅឆកហៃហ្វា, ១៩ មីនា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមីនា ទាំងប្រទេសចិន និងបណ្ដាប្រទេសសមាជិកណាតូនៅអឺរ៉ុបដែលស្និទនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរួមគ្នាបដិសេធការអំពាវនាវរបស់ត្រាំក្នុងការផ្តល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រផ្នែកយោធា ដើម្បីដាក់សម្ពាធបង្ខំអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite web |date=16 March 2026 |title=Trump demands NATO and China police the Strait of Hormuz. So far they aren't joining |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/16/nx-s1-5749109/trump-threatens-nato-strait-hormuz-iran-war |access-date=25 May 2026}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផល ត្រាំបានស្តីបន្ទោសសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តណាតូ ដោយហៅការសម្រេចចិត្តរបស់ពួកគេថាជា "កំហុសដ៏ល្ងង់ខ្លៅមួយ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump says NATO's refusal to help on Iran is "very foolish mistake" |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=[[រ៉យទ័រ|Reuters]]}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានសរសេរលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា លោកបានដកការសុំជំនួយពីណាតូវិញហើយ និងក៏ដូចជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយចំនួនក្នុងតំបន់ឥណ្ឌូ-ប៉ាស៊ីហ្វិកផងដែរដូចជា ជប៉ុន កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង និង[[អូស្ត្រាលី]]ជាដើម ដោយស្ថិតនៅក្រោមហេតុផលថាពួកគេបានបដិសេធមិនចូលរួមការវាយប្រហាររួមជាមួយអាមេរិកប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=NATO countries don't want to get involved in Iran operation, Trump says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/nato-countries-dont-want-get-involved-iran-operation-trump-says-2026-03-17/ |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) |url=https://truthsocial.com/@realDonaldTrump/116245182325726375 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=Truth Social }}</ref> នៅក្នុងលិខិតសរសេរដដែរនោះ ត្រាំបានបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកគឺ "[មិនត្រូវការ] ជំនួយពីនរណា" នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមនេះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Trump: 'We do not need the help of anyone' |url=https://news.sky.com/video/trump-we-do-not-need-the-help-of-anyone-13520909 |access-date=25 May 2026 |work=Sky News }}</ref> នៅព្រឹកព្រលឹមថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុន្មានរូប រួមមានលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] និងប្រធានកងកម្លាំងបាស៊ីគ លោក[[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]]ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="sk">{{cite news |date=17 March 2026 |title=Iran confirms security chief Larijani, Basij commander Soleimani killed |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/israel-says-it-has-killed-ali-larijani-irans-top-security-official |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ដែលបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលអ៊ីស្រាអែលចំនួនពីរនាក់នៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាន់]]។<ref>{{cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Elderly couple killed in Iranian revenge strike on Israel |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/18/iran-war-latest-news-ali-larijani-death-tel-aviv-strikes/ |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនេះផងដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការឈ្លានពានដីគោកចូលទៅក្នុង[[លីបង់ខាងត្បូង|ទឹកដីភាគខាងត្បូង]]នៃប្រទេសលីបង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peled |first1=Anat |last2=Abdel-Baqui |first2=Omar |title=Israel Invades Lebanon, Opening New Front Against Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/israel-invades-lebanon-opening-new-front-against-iran-f5e29555 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |date=16 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៨ ខែមីនា សង្គ្រាមនេះបានវិវត្តកាន់តែធ្ងន់ធ្ងរបន្ទាប់ពីអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានវាយប្រហារលើតំបន់ឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិផារស៍ខាងត្បូងនៅក្នុងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស និងព្រមទាំងរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងក្បែរៗនោះរបស់ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។<ref name="oj">{{cite news |last1=Orr |first1=Robert |last2=Kelly |first2=Maxine |last3=Wells |first3=Peter |last4=Provan |first4=Sarah |last5=Cash |first5=Kieran |date=18 March 2026 |title=Middle East war live: Oil jumps after Iran says energy industry attacked |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6112e127-3ee2-4fce-acfc-f7644e5c6c30?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |work=Financial Times}}</ref> ជាប្រតិកម្ម អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយរោងចក្រផលិតឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវដ៏ធំជាងគេបំផុតនៅលើពិភពលោកដែលមានទីតាំងនៅក្នុងប្រទេសកាតា។ ត្រាំបានអះអាងថា រូបលោកមិនបានដឹងអ្វីអំពីការវាយប្រហារនៅផារស៍ខាងត្បូងទេ ហើយលោកបានសន្យាថានឹងលែងមានការវាយប្រហារដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែលណាទៀតទៅលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ និងថែមទាំងបានគំរាមកំហែងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឱ្យបញ្ឈប់ការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធថាមពលរបស់កាតាទៀត។<ref name=blowup>{{cite news |last=Jones |first=Callum |date=19 March 2026 |title=Trump threatens to 'blow up' all of Iran's South Pars gasfield if Tehran strikes Qatar |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/19/iran-war-trump-south-pars-threat-if-tehran-strikes-qatar |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីចារកម្មអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] តាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាសទាំងយប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran president confirms intelligence minister Khatib killed in strike |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603187564 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> [[File:F-35 Lightning II fighter jet hit over Iran 2026.webm|thumb|right|250x250px|thumbtime=00:06||វីដេអូដែលបញ្ចេញដោយ[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារសារព័ត៌មានតាស្នីម]]នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ដែលបង្ហាញពីការវាយប្រហារដោយសង្ស័យពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់លើយន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-៣៥ របស់អាមេរិក ដោយនេះបានចាត់ទុកជាករណីដំបូងនៃយន្តហោះចម្បាំងបំបាំងកាយដែលត្រូវរងការខូចខាតនៅក្នុងសមរភូមិប្រយុទ្ធ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា យន្តហោះចម្បាំងប្រភេទ F-៣៥ របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងបានធ្វើការចុះចតជាបន្ទាន់ ក្រោយសង្ស័យថាត្រូវរងគ្រាប់ទង្គិចដែលបាញ់ដោយកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="cnn19march">{{cite news |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2026/03/19/politics/f-35-damage-iran-war |title=US F-35 damaged by suspected Iranian fire makes emergency landing, sources say |work=CNN }}</ref> ដំណាលគ្នានេះ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើមយុទ្ធនាការផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងនាវានិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅឯច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ ក្នុងកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកដំណើរការផ្លូវដឹកជញ្ជូនអន្តរជាតិឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cloud |first1=David S. |last2=Seligman |first2=Lara |last3=Gordon |first3=Michael R. |date=20 March 2026 |title=U.S. War Planes and Helicopters Kick Off Battle to Reopen Hormuz |url=https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/u-s-war-planes-and-helicopters-kick-off-battle-to-reopen-hormuz-530cdb78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីបួន (២១–២៧ មីនា)=== {{Further|យុទ្ធនាការច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឆ្នាំ២០២៦}} នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមីនា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារទៅលើ[[រោងចក្រនុយក្លេអ៊ែរណាតានស៍]] ដោយប្រើគ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋាន។ ប្រទេសរុស្ស៊ីបានថ្កោលទោសការវាយប្រហារនេះដោយហៅវាថាជា "ការរំលោភបំពានច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិយ៉ាងច្បាស់ជាក់ស្ដែង" ខណៈដែល[[ទីភ្នាក់ងារថាមពលបរមាណូអន្តរជាតិ]]បានជំរុញឱ្យមានការអត់ធ្មត់ផ្នែកយោធា "ដើម្បីជៀសវាងហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះថ្នាក់នុយក្លេអ៊ែរ"។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran says US and Israel attacked Natanz nuclear facility |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/21/iran-says-us-and-israel-attacked-natanz-nuclear-facility |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានវាយប្រហារទីក្រុង[[ឌីម៉ូណា]]នៃភាគខាងត្បូងអ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៧៨ នាក់។<ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Missiles injure 160 in towns near Israeli nuclear site |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qdvnv13qdo |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ដោយដកស្រង់សម្តីមន្ត្រីអាមេរិកដែលមិនបញ្ចេញឈ្មោះ សារព័ត៌មាន CNN និង ''The Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្យាយាមវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានយោធារួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–ចក្រភពអង់គ្លេស ពោលគឺមូលដ្ឋាន[[ឌីអេហ្គោ​ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា]]នៅលើ[[ប្រជុំកោះឆាហ្គោស]]ក្នុង[[ដែនដីអង់គ្លេសនៅមហាសមុទ្រឥណ្ឌា]] ប៉ុន្តែត្រូវបរាជ័យបន្ទាប់ពីមីស៊ីលមួយគ្រាប់បានបែកផ្ទុះក្នុងកំឡុងពេលហោះហើរ និងមួយទៀតត្រូវចាប់ស្ទាក់ដោយប្រព័ន្ធការពារដែនអាកាស SM-៣ ដែលមានប្រភពចេញពីនាវាចម្បាំងអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=20 March 2026 |title=Iran targeted but did not hit Diego Garcia base with missiles, WSJ reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-targeted-did-not-hit-diego-garcia-base-with-missiles-wsj-reports-2026-03-21/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 March 2026 |title=Iran fires 2 ballistic missiles towards US, UK military bases in Diego Garcia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defence/international/iran-fires-2-ballistic-missiles-towards-us-uk-military-bases-in-diego-garcia/articleshow/129711819.cms |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធពីការបាញ់មីស៊ីលសម្ដៅទៅមូលដ្ឋានឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ខណៈគ្មានភស្តុតាងច្បាស់លាស់ណាមួយដែលបញ្ជាក់ថាមានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅជិតឌីអេហ្គោ ហ្គាស៊ីយ៉ា ឬមានការហោះស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vine |first1=David |title=Did Iran Attack Diego Garcia? |url=https://fpif.org/did-iran-attack-diego-garcia/ |website=fpif.org |publisher=Foreign Policy in Focus |access-date=26 May 2026 |date=25 March 2026}}</ref> ក្រៅពីនេះ ក្រុមចលនា[[ហ៊ូទី]]នៃប្រទេស[[យេម៉ែន]]បានព្រមានថា ខ្លួននឹងចូលដៃនៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជួយគាំទ្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ប្រសិនបើមានការបន្តវាយប្រហារបន្ថែមទៅលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Samy |date=21 March 2026 |title=Houthi rebels say they will respond to any escalation against Iran |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-21-2026#0000019d-1258-dbe1-abff-3bfb86300000 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> [[File:Operation-Roaring-Lion-0065.jpg|thumb|កងទាហានអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅក្បែរព្រំដែនប្រទេសលីបង់, ២១ មីនា ២០២៦]] ត្រាំបានចេញឱសានវាទមួយដល់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយគំរាមថាអាមេរិកនឹងវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លុះត្រាតែសាមីខ្លួនព្រមបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេដច្រានចោលឱសានវាទនោះ ដោយគំរាមវិញថា ខ្លួនឹងបិទច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ "ទាំងស្រុង" និងបើកការវាយប្រហារលើហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធសំខាន់ៗនៅទូទាំងតំបន់ដូចជារោងចក្រផលិតថាមពលនិងរោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃជាដើម។<ref>{{cite news |date=22 March 2026 |title=Iran threatens to 'completely' close Strait of Hormuz and hit power plants after Trump's ultimatum |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-22-2026-16cc60862529b873666ce4c1f6529d78 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> ចូល ២៤ ម៉ោងនៃឱសានវាទនោះ ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថារូបលោកបានពន្យារពេលវាយប្រហារទៅលើរោងចក្រថាមពលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅដល់រយៈពេលប្រាំថ្ងៃ ហើយបាននិយាយថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកកំពុងតែចរចាជាមួយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដើម្បីរកផ្លូវបញ្ចប់សង្គ្រាម។<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=Iran war: Trump claims US has held talks with Iran |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-war-trump-claims-us-has-held-talks-with-iran/live-76478747 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=dw.com }}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធពីអត្ថិភាពនៃកាចរចានោះ ដោយបានហៅត្រាំថាជាប្រធានាធិបតី "បោកប្រាស់"<ref>{{cite web |date=23 March 2026 |title=No talks are underway between Tehran and Washington, Iran says |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603237530 |access-date=26 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> ហើយថែមទាំងបានបដិសេធមិនទទួលផែនការសន្តិភាព ១៥ ចំណុចរបស់អាមេរិកទៀតផង។ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានអះអាងថាដើម្បីឱ្យការចរចាអាចប្រព្រឹត្តទៅបាន លុះត្រាតែមានការរាប់បញ្ចូល[[សង្គ្រាមលីបង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|ជម្លោះលីបង់]]ចូលជាលក្ខខណ្ឌមួយនៅក្នុងសំណើបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nakhoul |first1=Samia |last2=Bassam |first2=Laila |last3=Gebeily |first3=Maya |date=25 March 2026 |title=Iran wants Lebanon included in any ceasefire, sources say |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/iran-wants-lebanon-included-any-ceasefire-sources-say-2026-03-25/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៦ ខែមីនា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានសម្លាប់លោក[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] ដែលជាមេបញ្ជាការទ័ពជើងទឹកកំពូលម្នាក់របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយចោទថាលោកនេះហើយគឺជាអ្នកទទួលខុសត្រូវដោយចម្បងចំពោះការបិទខ្ទប់ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រហូម្ស៍។<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2026 |title=Israel says it has killed Iran's navy chief overseeing Strait of Hormuz blockade |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cy81p99x07no |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃបន្ទាប់ គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហោះទៅបំបុក[[មូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់]]របស់អាមេរិក បង្កឱ្យទាហានអាមេរិកយ៉ាងតិច​ ១៥ នាក់រងរបួស និងនាំឱ្យមានការខូចខាតដល់យន្តហោះប្រភេទ[[បូអ៊ីង អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី|អ៊ី-៣ សិនទ្រី]]មួយគ្រឿង។<ref name="apnews27march">{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis claim responsibility for missile attack on Israel, their first since war started |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-israel-trump-lebanon-march-27-2026-195444c54cbb7545d0a77f8ffbc0e4c0 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> អ្នកវិភាគយោធា លោកសេឌ្រីក លៃតុនបានចាត់ទុកការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរទៅដល់សមត្ថភាពស៊ើបការណ៍ឃ្លាំមើលតាមអាកាសរបស់ [សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]"។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/30/middleeast/us-air-force-awacs-jet-destroyed-saudi-arabia-intl-hnk-ml |title=Destruction of vital US radar aircraft could hamper ability to spot Iran threats, analysts say |first1=Brad |last1=Lendon |first2=Isaac |last2=Yee |first3=Thomas |last3=Bordeaux |date=30 March 2026 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> ចំណែកឯអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញគឺមិនបានបង្ហាញពីសញ្ញាដកថយការត្រួតត្រាលើច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញនោះឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/27/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel |title=Iran War Live Updates: Tehran Moves to Assert Its Control Over Strait of Hormuz |work=The New York Times |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំ (២៨ មីនា – ៣ មេសា)=== ក្រុមហ៊ូទីបានចូលរួមក្នុងសង្គ្រាមជាផ្លូវការនៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ដោយបាញ់ស្រោបមីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល។ ចលនាហ៊ូទីនេះបាននិយាយថាខ្លួនឹងបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិកសម្ដៅចូលទីតាំងយោធាសំខាន់ៗរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល ហើយនឹងមិនឈប់ឡើយលុះត្រាតែអរិភាពនៅគ្រប់ជួរប្រយុទ្ធបានបញ្ឈប់។ ជាប្រតិកម្ម [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំប្រធានាធិបតី|រដ្ឋាភិបាលយេម៉ែន]] ដែលមានការទទួលស្គាល់ជាអន្តរជាតិ បានថ្កោលទោស ​​"សកម្មភាពរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលប៉ុនប៉ងអូសទាញយេម៉ែន" ឱ្យចូលក្នុងជម្លោះ "តាមរយៈសម្ព័ន្ធក្រុមភេរវកររបស់ខ្លួន"។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dahir |first1=Abdi Latif |last2=Sampson |first2=Eve |date=28 March 2026 |title=Yemen's Houthis Fire at Israel and Vow Further Attacks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/28/world/middleeast/yemen-houthis-attack-israel-war.html |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ កងម៉ារីនអាមេរិកចំនួន ២,៥០០ នាក់មកពីអង្គភាពបេសកកម្មម៉ារីនទី៣១ បានធ្វើដំណើរចូលមកដល់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា ដោយពួកគេត្រូវបានបម្រុងទុកជាកម្លាំងចលករជួយជំរុញកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែងដើម្បីបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូស្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 March 2026 |title=Update from Helene Cooper |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/06cca092-ddd6-5d3a-a460-2e70367fefe2?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែមីនា ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបង្កការខូចខាតនិងបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញទីលំនៅដ្ឋាននិងអគារស៊ីវិលជាច្រើន ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមាន [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យាអ៊ីរ៉ង់]]ផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Baskar |first1=Pranav |last2=Hakim |first2=Shirin |date=28 March 2026 |title=Airstrikes batter a university and residential zones in Tehran. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/28/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឆ្លើយតបវិញដោយការគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើមហាវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2026 |title=Update from Sanam Mahoozi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/29/world/iran-war-trump-israel-oil/9b3c6f7c-33ca-5d8e-aab0-912c41dc5b1c?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ត្រាំបានថ្លែងពីបំណង "វាយយករ៉ែប្រេងនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់" ដូចជា មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលនាំចេញប្រេងនៅ[[កោះខាក]] ដោយអះអាងថា វាគឺអាចដណ្ដើមបាន "យ៉ាងងាយស្រួល" ហើយបញ្ជាក់ទៀតថា អាមេរិកអាចបន្តកាន់កាប់វាមួយរយៈធំប្រសិនបើធ្វើមែន។<ref name="ft30march">{{cite news |date=30 March 2026 |title=Donald Trump says US could 'take the oil in Iran' |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3bd9fb6c-2985-4d24-b86b-23b7884031f5?syn-25a6b1a6=1 |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=Financial Times }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣០ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបានសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមថា ប្រសិនបើគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនិងការបើកច្រកហ័រមូហ្ស៍ក្នុងពេលឆាប់ៗនេះទេ នុះអាមេរិកនឹងវាយបំផ្លាញរោងចក្រថាមពល អណ្តូងប្រេង កោះខាក និងអាចគ្រប់រោងចក្របន្សាបទឹកប្រៃរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bohner |first1=Athina |last2=Berry |first2=Alex |last3=Oelofse |first3=Louise |agency=AP, AFP, dpa, Reuters, EFE |date=30 March 2026 |title=Trump again threatens to 'obliterate' Iranian power plants, oil wells and Kharg Island |url=https://p.dw.com/p/5BNQw |work=Deutsche Welle |access-date=26 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ ប្រទេសតួកគីនិងសម្ព័ន្ធណាតូបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលលើកទីបួន ដែលបានតម្រង់ចូលក្នុងទឹកដីប្រទេសតួកគី ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបដិសេធការបាញ់មីស៊ីលនោះដោយអះអាងថាមានការបន្លំអត្តសញ្ញាណ។<ref>{{cite |news |date=31 March 2026 |title=Reports of Iranian Missile Launch Toward Turkey Are Completely Baseless |url=https://wanaen.com/reports-of-iranian-missile-launch-toward-turkey-are-completely-baseless/ |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=WANA News Agency}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២ ខែមេសា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបើកការវាយប្រហារចំនួនពីរលើកទៅលើ[[ស្ពានការ៉ាជ ប៊ី-១|ស្ពានប៊ី ១]] នៅរវាងទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ និងទីក្រុង[[ការ៉ាជ]] ដែលត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាស្ពានដ៏ខ្ពស់បំផុតនៅក្នុងតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា បង្កឱ្យមានមនុស្សស្លាប់ចំនួន ៨ នាក់ និងរបួស ៩៥ នាក់ ខណៈស្ពាននោះត្រូវបាក់រលំមួយផ្នែក។<ref>{{cite web |date=2 April 2026 |title=Trump announces destruction of Iran's tallest bridge |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2026/04/trump-announces-destruction-irans-tallest-bridge |access-date=27 May 2026 |agency=Agence France Presse |website=Al-Monito }}</ref> ជាបន្ទាប់ ត្រាំបានអួតអាងចំពោះសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារនោះ ដែលអ្នកជំនាញបានវាយតម្លៃថាអាចជាប់ជា[[ឧក្រិដ្ឋកម្មសង្គ្រាម]]។<ref name="france24-2april">{{cite news |title=Trump gloats on possible war crimes in Iran, but punishment distant |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260402-trump-gloats-on-possible-war-crimes-in-iran-but-punishment-distant |work=France 24 |date=2 April 2026 }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់ទម្លាក់យន្តហោះចម្បាំង F-១៥E របស់អាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿង ដោយវាបានធ្លាក់ទៅក្នុង[[ខេត្តកុះហ្គីលូយេហ៍ និងបូយែរ-អះម៉ាដ]]នៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ខណៈអាមេរិកបានផ្ដើមបេសកកម្មស្វែងរក និងជួយសង្គ្រោះអ្នកបើកយន្តហោះចម្បាំងនោះ ដោយបានសង្គ្រោះពួកគេដោយជោគជ័យក្នុងរយៈពេល ៤៨ ម៉ោង។<ref name="ap-f515e-rescue">{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Seung Min |date=5 April 2026 |title=A mountain hideout and aircraft under fire: US carries out daring rescue of service member in Iran |url=https://apnews.com/article/iran-us-pilot-military-rescue-fde473d07fb59e871a71cd2ad2ffe4fe |access-date=27 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ [[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យឆាហ៊ីដ បាហេស្ថី]]នៃទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ ត្រូវរងវាយប្រហារពីអាកាស ដែលនាំឱ្យចំនួនសាកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលរងការវាយប្រហារសរុបកើនដល់ជាង ៣០ នេះបើយោងតាមរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Iranian Minister of Science: U.S.-Israeli strikes targeted 30 Universities since start of war |url=https://hawarnews.com/en/iranian-minister-of-science-us-israeli-strikes-targeted-30-universities-since-start-of-war |work=Hawar News |date=4 April 2026 |access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> ===សប្តាហ៍ទីប្រាំមួយ (៤–៧ មេសា)=== [[File:2026-04-07 Trump – A whole civilization will die tonight 2026-04-07 192815.png|thumb|សារសរសេរនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គម ''Truth Social'' របស់ត្រាំនៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា ដែលបានគំរាមថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងត្រូវវិនាសបាត់នៅយប់នេះ ហើយនឹងគ្មានថ្ងៃអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញបានទៀតឡើយ"។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមេសា មានករណីផ្ទុះជាច្រើនដងនៅអគារបម្រុងនៃ[[រោងចក្រថាមពលនុយក្លេអ៊ែរប៊ូឈែហរ៍]] ក៏ដូចជាតំបន់ប្រេងគីមីពិសេសម៉ះឆាហរ៍ក្នុងទីក្រុងម៉ះឆាហរ៍ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news |title=U.S. Rescues Downed Air Force Officer Deep Inside Iran, Trump Says |first1=Greg |last1=Jaffe |first2=Eric |last2=Schmitt |first3=Helene |last3=Cooper |date=4 April 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅម៉ះឆាហរ៍ បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិចចំនួនប្រាំនាក់ និងបង្ករបួសបន្ថែមដល់មនុស្ស ១៧០ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |date=4 April 2026 |title=Update from Shirin Hakim |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/04/world/iran-war-trump-news/f8c31573-78bc-5053-a5a0-99ce0bf46017?smid=url-share |access-date=26 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា កងកម្លាំងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានប្រកាសថា ប្រធានអង្គការចារកម្មរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi">{{cite web |date=6 April 2026 |title=IRGC intelligence chief killed in attack, Guards say |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604065252 |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ​ មនុស្សយ៉ាងតិច ៣៤ នាក់ រួមទាំងកុមារ ៦ នាក់ ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅទូទាំងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ រួមមានការវាយប្រហារលើ[[សាកលវិទ្យាល័យបច្ចេកវិទ្យាឆារីហ្វ]] និងតំបន់លំនៅដ្ឋានប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាច្រើនទៀតផង។ អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងជាអ្នកនយោបាយកំណែទម្រង់និយម លោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា អារ៉េហ្វ]] និងត្រូវជាអតីតនិស្សិតនៃសាកលវិទ្យាល័យនោះ បានសម្ដៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋានក្នុងការវាយប្រហារនោះថាជា "និមិត្តរូបនៃភាពឆ្កួតលីលា និងអវិជ្ជារបស់ត្រាំ"។<ref name="aljazeera6april">{{cite news |date=6 April 2026 |title=Iran's top university, oil facility bombed as US, Israel intensify attacks |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/6/irans-top-university-bombed-as-us-israel-intensify-attacks-34-killed |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:Members of the Tehran Jewish community navigating the site where the Rafi'-Nia synagogue was destroyed.webm|thumb|right|200px|វីដេអូខ្លីបង្ហាញពីសមាជិក​សហគមន៍​ជ្វីហ្វ​នៃទីក្រុង​តេហេរ៉ង់​កំពុង​ដើរប្រមើលទីតាំងវិហារ​សាសនា​រ៉ាហ្វី នីយ៉ា ក្រោងត្រូវ​រងការបំផ្លិច​បំផ្លាញ។]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា វិហារសាសនាយូដារ៉ាហ្វីនីយ៉ានៅកណ្តាលទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់ បានរងការបំផ្លិចបំផ្លាញធ្ងន់ធ្ងរដោយការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស។ អ៊ីស្រាអែលបាននិយាយថា អគារសាសនានេះត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញដោយសារតែត្រូវប៉ះទង្គិចនឹងការវាយប្រហារដែលសម្ដៅលើទីតាំងផ្សេងក្បែរនោះប៉ុណ្ណោះ ហើយវាមិនដែលជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសផ្ទាល់របស់ខ្លួនឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ben Ari |first1=Lior |last2=Eichner |first2=Itamar |date=7 April 2026 |title=IDF confirms Tehran strike targeted Iranian commander, synagogue hit was 'collateral damage' |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/jewish-world/article/sjouxfz211g |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Ynet }}</ref> សារសរសេររបស់ត្រាំនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមដែលថា "អរិយធម៌ទាំងមូលនឹងវិនាសនៅយប់នេះ ហើយមិនអាចស្ដារត្រឡប់មកវិញទៀត" នោះបានបង្កការព្រួយបារម្ភជាអន្តរជាតិ ដោយមានគេសង្ស័យថាត្រាំប៉ងចង់ប្រើគ្រាប់បែកនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។ អគ្គលេខាធិការនៃ[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ]]បានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា សាររបស់ត្រាំ "អាចជាការគំរាមប្រព្រឹត្តអំពើប្រល័យពូជសាសន៍"។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran: President Trump's apocalyptic threats of large-scale civilian devastation demand urgent global action to prevent atrocity crimes |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/04/iran-president-trumps-apocalyptic-threats-of-large-scale-civilian-devastation-demand-urgent-global-action-to-prevent-atrocity-crimes/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=[[អង្គការតម្លាភាពអន្តរជាតិ|Amnesty International​]] }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ សេតវិមានបានចេញបដិសេធអំពីលទ្ធភាពប្រើប្រាស់អាវុធនុយក្លេអ៊ែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 April 2026 |title=Iran war latest: We'll destroy Iran — but we won't use nuclear weapons, US says |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/middle-east/article/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-rejects-peace-deadline-trump-gz662zx0h |work=The Times |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> ===បទឈប់បាញ់ (៨ មេសា – បច្ចុប្បន្ន)=== {{Main|បទឈប់បាញ់សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦|កិច្ចពិភាក្សាសន្ទនាទីក្រុងឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ}} នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា នាវេលាម៉ោង ៦:៣២ ល្ងាចនៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក (ត្រូវនឹងថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមេសា ម៉ោង ១:៣២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងម៉ោង ២:០២ ព្រឹកនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់) លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសនៅលើបណ្ដាញសង្គមរបស់លោកថា សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានឈានដល់កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងមួយដោយផ្អែកលើសំណើ ១០ ចំណុច ដោយមានការសម្របសម្រួលពីនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីប៉ាគីស្ថានគឺលោក[[ស្ហេបាហ៍ ស្ហារីហ្វ]] និងលោកសេនាប្រមុខ[[អាស៊ីម មូនារ]]។<ref>{{cite news |title=Live updates: Trump agrees to two-week ceasefire after threatening massive attacks |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/world/iran/live-blog/live-updates-iran-war-trump-deadline-hormuz-infrastructure-ceasefire-rcna267039 |work=NBC News |date=7 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026}}</ref> សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក អ៊ីស្រាអែល និងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានព្រមគ្នាលើបទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍ ដែលក្រោមកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងនេះ អ៊ីរ៉ង់នឹងបើកច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=What we know about the US and Iran's ceasefire deal |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce84z6y3ke4o |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវបានប្រកាស រោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងនៅលើ[[កោះឡាវ៉ាន]] និងរោងចក្រនាំចេញប្រេងឆៅនៅ[[កោះស៊ីរី]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានរងការវាយប្រហារ ដោយគ្មានភាគីណាមួយចេញមុខមកទទួលខុសត្រូវ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Iranian Oil Refining Company confirms attack on Lavan refinery, Shana reports |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/iranian-oil-refining-company-confirms-attack-lavan-refinery-shana-reports-2026-04-08/ |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ជាការឆ្លើយតប អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបន្តបាញ់មីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនចូលទៅក្នុងបណ្ដារដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់នៅជុំវិញឈូងសមុទ្រ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=S Arabia, UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain report attacks after Iran-US truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/uae-kuwait-bahrain-report-attacks-despite-iran-us-ceasefire |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ក្រោយមកទើបគេបានបង្ហាញថាការវាយប្រហារលើរោងចក្រចម្រាញ់ប្រេងរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នោះគឺបានធ្វើឡើងជាសម្ងាត់ដោយអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម។<ref name="WSJUAEStrikes">{{Cite news |last1=Holliday |first1=Shelby |last2=Said |first2=Summer |date=11 May 2026 |title=The U.A.E. Has Been Secretly Carrying Out Attacks on Iran |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-u-a-e-has-been-secretly-carrying-out-attacks-on-iran-f1745a0d |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Wall Street Journal |issn=0099-9660}}</ref> លក្ខខណ្ឌដាក់បញ្ចូលលីបង់ទៅក្នុងឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវជួបនឹងការខ្វែងគំនិតគ្នា<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Netanyahu says US-Iran ceasefire 'does not include Lebanon' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/netanyahu-says-us-iran-ceasefire-does-not-include-lebanon |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកការវាយប្រហារដ៏ធំមួយមិនធ្លាប់មានចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានកើតមកលើប្រទេសលីបង់ក្នុងគោលដៅកម្ទេចទីតាំងឈរជើងក្រុមហេស្បុលឡា។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel pounds Lebanon with heaviest airstrikes of the war as Hezbollah pauses attacks |date=8 April 2026 |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/hezbollah-pauses-attacks-under-us-iran-ceasefire-sources-close-group-say-2026-04-08/}}</ref> មនុស្សយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ៣៥៧ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងមនុស្សប្រមាណជាង ១,២០០ នាក់ទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួសជាលទ្ធផល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 April 2026 |title=Israeli attacks across Lebanon kill at least 254 after Iran-US ceasefire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/8/hundreds-of-casualties-across-lebanon-after-israel-says-it-hit-100-sites |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> [[File:8 April 2026 Isreali attacks on Beirut (2).jpg|thumb|right|ទិដ្ឋភាពអគារមួយកន្លែងនៅបៃរូត ប្រទេសលីបង់ ក្រោយត្រូវអ៊ីស្រាអែលវាយប្រហារ, ៨ មេសា ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី១១ ខែមេសា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា កងកម្លាំងអាមេរិកបានចាប់ផ្តើម "បោសសម្អាត" ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍។ កាសែត ''Wall Street Journal'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា នាវាចម្បាំងពិឃាតជាច្រើនគ្រឿងរបស់អាមេរិកបានចូលទៅក្នុងច្រកសមុទ្រនេះជាលើកដំបូងចាប់តាំងពីសង្គ្រាមបានផ្ទុះមក។<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. Warships Transit Hormuz as U.S.-Iran Meet Face-to-Face for Peace Talks |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-war-latest-news-israel-us-lebanon-2026?mod=lc_navigation |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> រីឯរដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញត្រូវបានគេរាយការណ៍ថាបានគំរាមវាយប្រហារនាវាចម្បាំងទាំងនោះ ដោយចោទអាមេរិកថាកំពុងរំលោភបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravid |first=Barak |date=11 April 2026 |title=U.S. warships cross Strait of Hormuz for first time since Iran war began |url=https://www.axios.com/2026/04/11/us-iran-navy-strait-of-hormuz |website=Axios }}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរនោះ កិច្ចចរចារវាងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដែលជាកិច្ចពិភាក្សាកម្រិតខ្ពស់បំផុតរវាងប្រទេសទាំងពីរចាប់តាំងពី[[បដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់|បដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមនៃឆ្នាំ១៩៧៩]] មក បានប្រព្រឹត្តិធ្វើឡើងនៅទីក្រុង[[ឥស្លាម៉ាបាដ]] ប្រទេសប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដែលមានរយៈពេល ២១ ម៉ោង ប៉ុន្តែគ្មានកិច្ចព្រមព្រៀងអ្វីត្រូវបានសម្រេចឡើយ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=No Deal: U.S.-Iran peace talks in Islamabad collapse |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/04/12/nx-s1-5782538/u-s-iran-peace-talks-islamabad-collapse |access-date=28 May 2026 |work=NPR News }}</ref> ====ការបិទផ្លូវទឹកអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដោយអាមេរិក==== ត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា កងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកនឹងចាប់ផ្តើមបិទផ្លូវហាមឃាត់ "នាវាទាំងអស់ដែលព្យាយាមចូល ឬចាកចេញពីច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍" ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា តទៅ។ យ៉ាងណា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបញ្ជាក់ក្រោយថា ការបិទផ្លូវមួយនេះនឹងត្រូវអនុវត្តតែលើនាវាដែលធ្វើដំណើរទៅ ឬមកពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Trump announces naval blockade of Iran after Islamabad talks yield no deal |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/04/12/iran-us-talks-ceasefire-vance/ |access-date=29 May 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> [[កងឆ្មាំជើងទឹកបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា នាវាយោធាណាមួយដែលចូលមកជិតច្រកសមុទ្រនឹងត្រូវចាត់ទុកថាជាការរំលោភលើបទឈប់បាញ់ ហើយនឹងត្រូវប្រឈមនឹង "ការឆ្លើយតបដ៏ធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ" ពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2026 |title=Update by Parin Behrooz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/04/12/world/iran-war-trump-talks-pakistan/d43e91d7-9511-5fb7-b3de-26e6da723f33?smid=url-share |access-date=19 May 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការចម្រុះ លោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ដាន​ ខេន]]បានប្រកាសថា នាវាដឹកប្រេងចំនួន ១៣ គ្រឿង ដែលបានធ្វើដំណើរចូលនិងចេញពីកំពង់ផែអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបានកងទ័ពជើងទឹកអាមេរិកស្ទាក់ចាប់ ហើយនាវាទាំងអស់បានគោរពតាមបញ្ជារបស់នាវាអាមេរិកនិងបានប្ដូរគោលដៅរបស់គេ។<ref name="DOD-16042026">{{Cite web |title=Secretary of War Pete Hegseth and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Dan Caine Hold a Press Briefing |date=16 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=U.S. Department of Defense |url=https://www.war.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/4462029/secretary-of-war-pete-hegseth-and-chairman-of-the-joint-chiefs-of-staff-gen-dan/}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃដដែរ លោកប្រធានាធិបតីត្រាំបានប្រកាសថា អ៊ីស្រាអែលនិងលីបង់បានយល់ព្រមលើ[[បទឈប់បាញ់លីបង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែលឆ្នាំ២០២៦|បទឈប់បាញ់រយៈពេល ១០ថ្ងៃ]]។<ref name="aljazeera16april">{{Cite news |date=16 April 2026 |title=Trump says Israel and Lebanon agree to temporary ceasefire|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/16/trump-says-israel-and-lebanon-agree-to-temporary-ceasefire |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ជាលទ្ធផលនៃបទឈប់បាញ់នៅលីបង់ ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមេសា បានប្រកាសអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យមានចរាចរណ៍នាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មនៅច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ឡើងវិញក្នុងកំឡុងបទឈប់បាញ់។<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2026 |title=Iran's foreign minister says passage of vessels via Hormuz Strait is open during ceasefire |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/irans-foreign-minister-says-passage-vessels-via-hormuz-strait-is-open-during-2026-04-17/ |access-date=29 April 2026 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ទោះជាយ៉ាងណា ត្រាំបាននិយាយថា ការបិទផ្លូវនាវាដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនឹងនៅតែបន្ត ខណអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសឆ្លើយតបវិញថា ខ្លួននឹងរឹតបន្តឹងបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍វិញ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2026/04/17/iran-war-ceasefire-lebanon-trump-updates--live/89652291007/ |title=Strait of Hormuz won't reopen, Iranian leader tells Trump |first1=Michael |last1=Loria |first2=Christopher |last2=Cann |first3=Andrea |last3=Riquier |work=USA Today |date=17 April 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែមេសា ពោលគឺប៉ុន្មានម៉ោងមុនពេលបទឈប់បាញ់ត្រូវផុតកំណត់ ត្រាំបានសម្រេចចិត្តបន្តពន្យាបទឈប់បាញ់ ដោយលើកឡើងថាលោកបានធ្វើដូច្នេះទៅតាមការស្នើសុំរបស់ប៉ាគីស្ថាន ដើម្បីទុកពេលវេលាឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់រៀបចំបញ្ជូនសំណើរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref name="aljazeera21april">{{Cite news |date=21 April 2026 |title=Trump says the United States is extending ⁠its ⁠ceasefire with Iran at mediator Pakistan's request to allow more time for Tehran to put forward its proposal.|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/4/21/iran-war-live-tehran-shuns-talks-trump-says-us-blockade-to-remain |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ឆ្លងចូលមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនិងអូម៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ពួកគេបានស្ទាក់ចាប់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទិក មីស៊ីលល្បឿនមធ្យម និងដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=Strikes in U.A.E., Oman and at Sea Strain Iran Truce to the Breaking Point |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/05/04/world/middleeast/iran-trump-ships-hormuz-strait.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅក្នុងថ្ងៃដដែរ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបាននិយាយទៀតថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់បង្ហោះដ្រូនមកវាយប្រហាររោងចក្រកែច្នៃប្រេងមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[ហ្វូចៃរ៉ា]] ដោយបង្កជាអគ្គីភ័យឆាបឆេះ និងបណ្តាលឱ្យពលករឋឥណ្ឌាបីនាក់ទទួលរងរបួស។ នៅថ្ងៃទី៥ ខែឧសភា អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមបានចេញមកនិយាយបន្ថែមទៀតថា ខ្លួនបានត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនបន្ថែមពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងរយៈពេលពីរថ្ងៃជាប់ៗគ្នា ខណៈអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញបានបដិសេធដោយថាខ្លួនមិនបានវាយប្រហារទៅលើអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមនោះទេនៅក្នុងរយៈពេលប៉ុន្មានថ្ងៃថ្មីៗកន្លងមក។<ref>{{cite web |title=UAE air defences engage missiles, drones; Tehran denies attacking UAE |url=https://www.internazionale.it/ultime-notizie-reuters/2026/05/05/uae-air-defences-engage-missiles-drones-tehran-denies-attacking-uae |agency=Reuters |website=Internazionale |access-date=29 May 2026 |date=5 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមិថុនា ជាប្រតិកម្មនឹងសកម្មភាពបន្តឈ្លានពានរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅលីបង់ អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបាញ់មីស៊ីលបាលីស្ទីកជាច្រើនគ្រាប់ចូលអ៊ីស្រាអែលដោយចាត់ទុកវាជាការព្រមាន ខណៈអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានឆ្លើយតបវិញភ្លាមៗដោយបាញ់ប្រហារតបវិញចូលទឹកដីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់មីស៊ីលមួយនេះបានធ្វើឱ្យបទឈប់បាញ់កាន់តែស្ដួចស្តើងជាងមុន។<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-06-08 |title=IDF says it struck military targets in western and central Iran following missile attacks |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-it-struck-military-targets-in-western-and-central-iran-following-missile-attacks/ |access-date=2026-06-08 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> ==សហេតុភាព== {{Main|សហេតុភាពសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់}} ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានកម្ចាត់មេបញ្ជាការនិងមេដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់អស់ជាច្រើនរូបនៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម តាមរយៈការបន្លំឱ្យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ជឿថាមិនការវាយប្រហារកើតឡើងភ្លាមៗពីសត្រូវរបស់គេ។ ដោយហេតុនេះ ក្រុមមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ជាច្រើនរូបបាននៅបន្តជួបប្រជុំជាមួយនឹងគ្នាដោយផ្ទាល់ ខណៈទីកន្លែងនៃកិច្ចប្រជុំទាំងនោះបានក្លាយជាគោលដៅវាយប្រហារក្ដៅៗរបស់អាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="Estrin-2026">{{Cite news |last=Estrin |first=Daniel |date=11 March 2026 |title=Old-school tricks and AI tech are weapons in the Iran war |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/10/nx-s1-5741726/israel-iran-war-cyber-ai |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=NPR }}</ref> [[File:Ali Khamenei 2026.02.12 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|រូបលោកអាលី ហាមេនៃ ដែលបានថតនៅថ្ងៃទី១២​ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ពោលគឺ ១៦ ថ្ងៃមុនឃាតកម្មលើរូបលោក។]] នៅថ្ងៃទ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ លោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]] ដែលជា[[មេដឹកនាំកំពូលអ៊ីរ៉ង់|មេដឹកនាំកំពូលនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ត្រូវបានអ៊ីស្រាអែល[[ឃាតកម្មនៃអាលី ហាមេនៃ|ធ្វើឃាតតាមរយៈការវាយប្រហារពីលើអាកាស]] ហើយដល់ថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទើបប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសពីមរណភាពរបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |title=(ជាភាសាពែរ្ស)اطلاعیه شهادت حضرت آیت‌الله العظمی سیدعلی حسینی خامنه‌ای رهبر انقلاب اسلامی |work=[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល|Supreme National Security Council]] |via=KHAMENEI.ir |date=1 March 2026 |access-date=29 May 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260301023337/https://farsi.khamenei.ir/news-content?id=62772 |archive-date=1 March 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[ទីភ្នាក់ងារព័ត៌មានហ្វារស៍]] ដែលគ្រប់គ្រងដោយកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម បានប្រកាសបន្ថែមថា កូនស្រី កូនប្រុសប្រសារ ចៅ និងកូនស្រីប្រសាររបស់លោកហាមេនៃក៏បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |last=Magdy |first=Sam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Khamenei family members killed in attacks, Fars news agency reports |url=https://apnews.com/live/live-updates-israel-iran-february-28-2026#0000019c-a724-d479-ad9e-f76cb5b90000 |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានប្រកាសកាន់ទុក្ខរយៈពេល ៤០ ថ្ងៃ។<ref>{{cite news |date=1 March 2026 |title=Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei is dead, state media says |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/cn5ge95q6y7t?post=asset%3Add3db3f8-29d3-4420-a511-9b544b2ea1b0#post |access-date=29 May 2026 |work=BBC News }}</ref> ====មន្ត្រី និងយោធា==== {{multiple image| | image1 = Aziz Nasirzadeh (February 2026).jpg | caption1 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងការពារជាតិ [[អាហ្ស៊ីស ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] | image2 = محمد پاکپور1.jpg | caption2 = បញ្ជាការ ឆ.ប.ឥ.អ. [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] | image3 = Shamkhani.jpg | caption3 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ [[អាលី ស្យាមខានី]] | image4 = The new head of the Basij Organization 29 (portrait crop).jpg | caption4 = ប្រមុខការិយាល័យយោធានៃមេដឹកនាំកំពូល [[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ​ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] | image5 = Iranian drone exercise in 2022 - Day 2 (50).jpg | caption5 = ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការកម្លាំងប្រដាប់ [[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] | direction = horizontal | width = 60 | footer = | width4 = | total_width = 290 | perrow = 3 / 3 / 3 | image_gap = 3 | image6 = Ali Larijani, 2021-01-12 (cropped).jpg | caption6 = លេខាធិការក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល [[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] | image7 = Gholamreza Soleimani 01 (1).jpg | caption7 = ប្រធានកងកម្លាំងយោធាប្រតិព័ន្ធបាស៊ីគ [[ហ្កូឡាំរ៉េហ្សា សូលីម៉ានី]] | image8 = Ashtiani-Khatib-Rahimi 2024 (cropped) 2.jpg | caption8 = រដ្ឋមន្ត្រីក្រសួងចារកិច្ច [[អ៊ីស្មាអែល ខាធីប]] | image9 = علیرضا تنگسیری1.jpg | caption9 = មេបញ្ជាការឆ្មាំជើងទឹក ប.ឥ.អ. [[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា តាងស៊ីរី]] }} មរណភាពមន្រ្តីជាន់ខ្ពស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ដំបូងៗគេគឺរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អាហ្ស៊ីស​ ណាសៀហ្សាដេហ៍]] និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់[[ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)|ក្រសួងចារកិច្ច]]ចំនួនបួនរូបទៀត។<ref>{{cite web |title=Four senior intelligence ministry officials killed in airstrikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284598 |website=Iran International |date=28 February 2026 |publisher=Volant Media UK Ltd |access-date=31 May 2026}}</ref> មន្ត្រីជាន់ខ្ពស់បន្ថែមទៀតដូចជា លោក[[សាឡាហ៍ អាសាឌី]] ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃបញ្ជាការដ្ឋានសង្គ្រោះបន្ទាន់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ស្យីរ៉ាហ្ស៊ី]] ប្រធានការិយាល័យយោធារបស់មេដឹកនាំកំពូល<ref name="Iran International-2026a"/> លោក[[អាប់ដុលរ៉ាហ៊ីម មូសាវី]] ប្រធានអគ្គសេនាធិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងរួមទាំងមន្ត្រីប្រមាណ ៤០ នាក់ទៀតសុទ្ធតែត្រូវបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្រោមការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាស បើយោងតាមបណ្ដាប្រភពការសម្ងាត់និងយោធា។<ref>{{cite news |last=LaPorta |first=James |date=28 February 2026 |title=About 40 Iranian officials killed in strikes, sources say |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/israel-us-attack-iran-trump-says-major-combat-operations/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា [[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថា ទាហាននិងមេបញ្ជាការអ៊ីរ៉ង់ចន្លោះពី ៣,០០០ ទៅ ៤,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានសម្លាប់។<ref>{{cite web |date=13 March 2026 |title=Israeli military says 4,000–5,000 Iranian forces killed in strikes so far |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603135117 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> រំលងមកដល់ថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា អ៊ីស្រាអែលបានធ្វើឃាតលោក[[អាលី ឡារីយ៉ានី]] ដែលជាលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]របស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref name="sk"/> មេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ូហាំម៉ាដ ប៉ាក់ពួរ]] និងលេខាធិការ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាការពារជាតិ]] លោក[[អាលី ស្យាំខានី]]ត្រូវបានរាយការណ៍ថាបានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅចុងខែមីនានោះ។<ref>{{cite news |title='Decimated'? The Iranian leaders killed in Israeli-US war |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260320-decimated-the-iranian-leaders-killed-in-israeli-us-war |access-date=31 May 2026 |agency=Agence France-Presse |work=France 24 |date=20 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៣១ ខែមីនា ទូរទស្សន៍សារព័ត៌មាន ''Iran International'' បានរាយការណ៍ថា កងកម្លាំងសន្តិសុខអ៊ីរ៉ង់យ៉ាងហោចចំនួន ៤,៧០០ នាក់ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite web |date=31 March 2026 |title=Over 4,700 security forces killed in US-Israeli strikes on Iran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603313227 |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=Iran International }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៦ ខែមេសា ប្រធានចារកម្មនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមគឺលោកឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[ម៉ាហ៊ីដ ខាដេមី]]ត្រូវបានធ្វើឃាតនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសរួមដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref name="ii-khademi" /> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមេសា [[សកម្មជនសិទ្ធិមនុស្សនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] (HRANA) ដែលជាអង្គការមិនមែនរដ្ឋាភិបាលមានមូលដ្ឋាននៅសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ខាងភាគីអ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាមថាមានចំនួន ៣,៦៣៦ នាក់ ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានជនស៊ីវិលចំនួន ១,៧០១ នាក់ បុគ្គលិកយោធាចំនួន ១,២២១ នាក់ និង ៧១៤ នាក់ទៀតនៅមិនទាន់កំណត់អត្តសញ្ញាណ ឬហេតុផលស្លាប់ច្បាស់លាស់។ យោងទៅតាមអង្គការដដែរនេះ "សាមីខ្លួនជឿថា ចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់ និងរបួសខាងយោធាជាក់ស្ដែងគឺខ្ពស់ជាងតួលេខនៅក្នុងរបាយការណ៍របស់ខ្លួន" ដោយសារការបញ្ជាក់នៃចំនួនតួលេខក្នុងរបាយការណ៍នោះគឺអាស្រ័យទៅលើទិន្នន័យរបស់រដ្ឋាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់។ ណាមួយ ចំនួនដែលរដ្ឋាភិបាលបានបញ្ចេញនោះភាគច្រើនគ្របដណ្ដប់តែលើបុគ្គលិកយោធាដែលបានពលីនៅក្នុងតំបន់ទីប្រជុំជនប៉ុណ្ណោះ។<ref name="HRANA">{{cite web |date=7 April 2026 |title=Day 39 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: Extensive Damage to the Rail Network and Roads |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-39-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-extensive-damage-to-the-rail-network-and-roads/ |access-date=31 May 2026 |website=HRANA }}</ref> ====ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល==== [[File:Shajareh Tayyebeh school in Minab photos from Mehr (3).jpg|thumb|ក្រុមអ្នកជួយសង្គ្រោះ និងជនស៊ីវិលកំពុងជីកកកាយគំនរបាក់បែកនៃសាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីនៅមីណាប ក្រោយត្រូវវាយប្រហារដោយសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក]] យោងតាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ នៅថ្ងៃដំបូងនៃសង្គ្រាម សាលាបឋមសិក្សាកុមារីមួយកន្លែងក្នុងទីក្រុងមីណាប ត្រូវរង[[ការវាយប្រហារលើសាលារៀនមីណាប|ការវាយប្រហារ]]ដោយអាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Over 50 killed in strike on girls' elementary school in Iran |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228192239/https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2026/2/28/over-50-killed-in-strike-on-girls-elementary-school-in-iran |archive-date=28 February 2026}}</ref> សាលារៀនមួយនេះដែរមានទីតាំងនៅជិតបរិវេណយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយកន្លែង ហើយក៏ធ្លាប់ជាផ្នែកមួយនៃបរិវេណយោធានោះផងដែរ។<ref name="Browne-2026">{{cite news |last1=Browne |first1=Malachy |last2=Livni |first2=Ephrat |last3=Mahoozi |first3=Sanam |date=1 March 2026 |title=Strike on Girls' School Kills at Least 175, Iranian State Media Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/01/world/middleeast/girls-school-strike-iran-video.html |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=The New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Angelovski |first1=Ivan |last2=Szeto |first2=Eric |last3=Bilhete |first3=Britnei |date=4 March 2026 |title=Who bombed a girls' school in Iran? A visual investigation |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/iran-school-bombing-investigation-9.7114994 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBC News }}</ref> ខណៈពេលដែលចំនួនអ្នកស្លាប់មិនត្រូវបានបញ្ជាក់ដោយឯករាជ្យ ប្រព័ន្ធផ្សព្វផ្សាយរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាង ១៧៥ នាក់ ដែលភាគច្រើនជាកុមារ ត្រូវស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត ខណៈដែលមនុស្ស ៩៥ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀតបានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Copp |first1=Tara |last2=Mekhennet |first2=Souad |author-link2=Souad Mekhennet |last3=Kelly |first3=Meg |last4=Horton |first4=Alex |last5=Geroge |first5=Susannah |date=11 March 2026 |title=Iranian school was on U.S. target list, may have been mistaken as military site |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2026/03/11/us-strike-iran-elementary-school-ai-target-list/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post }}</ref> ការស៊ើបអង្កេតដោយយោធាអាមេរិកបានរកឃើញជាបឋមថា ការវាយប្រហារចំសាលារៀននេះគឺកើតឡើងចេញពីលំយោងលើទិន្នន័យចាស់ហួសសម័យ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=United States was "likely" responsible for bombing of girls' school in Iran, per early U.S. assessment |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-iran-war-bombing-girls-school-assessment/ |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=CBS News }}</ref> [[File:Damages caused by attacks on Tehran 22 Avash 25 esfand 1404.webp|thumb|ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធដែលរងការខូចខាតនៅតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយរងការវាយប្រហារតាមអាកាសនៅថ្ងៃទី១៥ ខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] នៅថ្ងៃទី៣ ខែមីនា សមាគមអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមអ៊ីរ៉ង់បាននិយាយថា ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលជាង ៦០០ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/2/iran-death-toll-reaches-555-as-us-israel-escalate-attacks |title=Iran death toll reaches 555 as US, Israel escalate attacks |date=2 March 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> ខណៈ HRANA បានរាយការណ៍ពីចំនួនស្លាប់ជនស៊ីវិលរហូតដល់ទៅ ១,០៩៧ នាក់។<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/the-fourth-day-of-the-u-s-israel-war-on-iran-strikes-continue-in-western-regions-of-the-country/ |title=The Fourth Day of the U.S.–Israel War on Iran: Strikes Continue in Western Regions of the Country |work=HRANA |date=4 March 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនា អឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមបានរាយការណ៍បន្ថែមទៀតថា "អង្គភាព" ស៊ីវិលជាង ៦,៦៦៨ ទីតាំងត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែល ដោយក្នុងនោះរួមមានទីលំនៅដ្ឋានចំនួន ៥,៥៣៥ កន្លែង អង្គភាពពាណិជ្ជកម្មចំនួន ១,០៤១ កន្លែង មជ្ឈមណ្ឌលវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រចំនួន ១៤ ទីតាំង សាលារៀនចំនួន ៦៥ កន្លែង និងមជ្ឈមណ្ឌលជាប់ទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយអឌ្ឍចន្ទក្រហមចំនួន ១៣ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=US-Israeli strikes targeted at least 6,668 civilian units: Red Crescent |url=https://aje.news/ozn6u2?update=4374430 |work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៣ ខែមីនា HRANA បានប៉ាន់ប្រមាណថាជនរងគ្រោះពីសង្គ្រាមយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ១៥% មានអាយុស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ១៨ ឆ្នាំ។<ref>{{cite web |date=22 March 2026 |title=Day 23 of U.S. and Israeli Attacks on Iran: More Than 15% of the Total Fatalities Are Children |url=https://www.en-hrana.org/day-23-of-u-s-and-israeli-attacks-on-iran-more-than-15-of-the-total-fatalities-are-children/ |website=Human Rights Activists News Agency}}</ref> គិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២៧ ខែមីនា ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានរាយការណ៍ថាសង្គ្រាមបានបង្កការខូចខាតដល់[[ប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ទីតាំងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រ]]យ៉ាងតិច ១២០ កន្លែង។<ref>{{cite news |date=27 March 2026 |title=Iran Says US, Israeli Strikes Damage 120 Museums, Historic Buildings |url=https://english.aawsat.com/node/5255868 |access-date=2 June 2026 |work=Asharq Al-Awsat​ }}</ref> ===សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែល=== ការវិភាគលើរូបភាពផ្កាយរណបដោយកាសែត ''The Washington Post'' បានបង្ហាញពីរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ ឬឧបករណ៍យោធាជាតួលេខយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ២២៨ នៅតាមមូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្សដែលត្រូវបានរងការខូចខាត ដោយតួលេខនេះគឺច្រើនជាងអ្វីដែលរដ្ឋបាលត្រាំធ្លាប់បានអះអាង។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hill |first1=Evan |last2=Ley |first2=Jarrett |last3=Horton |first3=Alex |last4=Copp |first4=Tara |last5=Lamothe |first5=Dan |author5-link=Dan Lamothe |title=Iran has hit far more U.S. military assets than reported, satellite images show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2026/05/06/iran-us-bases-satellite-images/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=6 May 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា ទាហានអាមេរិកចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅក្នុងចំណោមអ្នករងរបួសជាង ៣០ នាក់ដោយការវាយប្រហារពីដ្រូនរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់នៅក្បែរជំរុំយោធា[[ជំរុំអារីហ្វយ៉ាន|អារីហ្វយ៉ាន]]ក្នុងកំពង់ផែស៊ូអាយបា ប្រទេស[[គុយវ៉ែត]]។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kelly |first1=Meg |last2=Horton |first2=Alex |last3=Ley |first3=Jarrett |date=4 March 2026 |title=U.S. troops had little protection from drone strike that killed 6, imagery shows |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260325132717/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/us-troops-had-little-protection-from-drone-strike-that-killed-six-imagery-shows/ar-AA1Xug33?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |archive-date=25 March 2026 |url-status=live |via=MSN}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៤ ខែមីនា កងម៉ារីនសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកម្នាក់ឋានៈពលបាលឯក បានស្លាប់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត ក្នុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលមិនជាប់ទាក់ទងនឹងអរិភាពដែលកំពុងកើតមាននៅមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា។<ref name="RC1">{{cite news |url=https://www.reutersconnect.com/item/a-dignified-transfer-of-the-remains-of-us-marine-corps-lance-corporal-kevin-melendez-in-dover/dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFaNVNORw?previouslyViewed=dGFnOnJldXRlcnMuY29tLDIwMjY6bmV3c21sX1JDMldYSkFBMUJJSA&position=2 |title=A dignified transfer of the remains of U.S. Marine Corps Lance Corporal Kevin Melendez, in Dover |work=Reuters Connect |date=4 March 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=មិថុនា 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានរាយការណ៍ថា ទាហាននៃកងឆ្មាំជាតិម្នាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិតក្នុងកំឡុងពេលមានអាសន្នបញ្ហាសុខភាព។<ref>{{cite news |last=Mitchell |first=Ellen |date=9 March 2026 |title=US military reviewing National Guard member's death in Kuwait in health-related incident |url=https://thehill.com/policy/defense/5774793-nypd-officer-kuwait-incident |work=The Hill}}</ref> ទាហានអាមេរិកម្នាក់ទៀតនៃ[[កងពលតូចអវកាសទីមួយ]] ដែលបានរងរបួសនៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារលើមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាកាសក្សត្រស៊ុលតង់នៅប្រទេសអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតក្នុងថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា បានស្លាប់ដោយសាររបួសនៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.spacecom.mil/Newsroom/News/Article-Display/Article/4428548/statement-by-commander-of-united-states-space-command-on-loss-of-usasmdc-soldie/ |title=Statement by Commander of United States Space Command on Loss of USASMDC Soldier in Support of Operation Epic Fury |date=9 March 2026 |website=United States Space Command}}</ref> ទាហានអាកាសអាមេរិកចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់បានស្លាប់នៅថ្ងៃទី១២ ខែមីនា នៅពេលដែលយន្តហោះចាក់សាំងលើអាកាសប្រភេទ [[បូអ៊ីង ខេស៊ី-១៣៥ ស្ត្រាតូធែងខឺរ|ខេស៊ី-១៣៥]] របស់ពួកគេបានធ្លាក់នៅភាគខាងលិចប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់។ បញ្ជាការកណ្តាលបាននិយាយថា ការធ្លាក់យន្តហោះមួយគ្រឿងនេះគឺមិនមែនជាលទ្ធផលនៃសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារអរិភាពណាទេ ប៉ុន្តែបានកើតឡើងក្នុងកំឡុងឧប្បត្តិហេតុដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងយន្តហោះអាមេរិកមួយគ្រឿងទៀត។ នៅថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមីនា យោធាអាមេរិកបានប្រកាសជាសាធារណៈថា ទាហានអាមេរិកប្រមាណ ១៤០ នាក់បានទទួលរងរបួស។<ref name="AP1">{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/us-iran-tanker-aircraft-crash-iraq-kc135-c337359a58be6280dc96fdbf1cb48a5b |title=All 6 crew members on a US refueling plane that crashed in Iraq are dead, US military says |first1=Konstantin |last1=Toropin |first2=Ben |last2=Finley |first3=Kim |last3=Tong-Hyung |work=Associated Press |date=13 March 2026 |access-date=2 June 2026}}</ref> [[ម៉ាហ្កេន ដាវីដ​ អាដុំ]]បានរាយការណ៍ថា ការវាយប្រហារដំបូងៗរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបណ្តាលឱ្យមនុស្ស ៨៩ នាក់រងរបួស ដោយក្នុងនោះមានមនុស្សបីនាក់បានរងរបួសដោយផ្ទាល់នឹងការវាយប្រហារនោះ រីឯប៉ុន្មាននាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសដោយប្រយោល ហើយភាគច្រើនជាប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/medics-treat-89-people-during-iranian-strikes-most-lightly-hurt-running-for-shelter/ |title=Medics treat 89 people during Iranian strikes, most lightly hurt running for shelter |work=The Times of Israel |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ការបាញ់មីស៊ីលចូលទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]]ដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសម្លាប់ស្ត្រីម្នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ២២ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត ដោយក្នុងនោះមានម្នាក់បានរងរបួសធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bj3sy0gt11l |title=Woman killed, 22 injured in direct strike in Tel Aviv after siren sounded late |work=Ynet |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា វិហារសាសនាមួយ និងអគារលំនៅដ្ឋានមួយក្នុងទីក្រុង[[ប៊ីតឆេម៉ែស]]ត្រូវបានមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ធ្លាក់ពីលើ ដោយបានផ្ដាច់ជីវិតប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល ៩ នាក់ និងបង្ករបួសដល់មនុស្ស ៤៩ នាក់ផ្សេងទៀត។<ref>{{cite news |last1=Levine |first1=Heidi |last2=Soroka |first2=Lior |last3=Chason |first3=Rachel |date=2 March 2026 |title=From the scene where nine people were killed in central Israel |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2026/03/01/trump-iran-israel-khamenei-strikes-live-updates/#link-CEXNRF6AGRFYLF2OSFT4GSVMEA |access-date=3 June 2026 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី៩ ខែមីនា កម្មករពីរនាក់ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិតនៅទីក្រុង[[យ៉េហ៊ូដ]] នៅខាងក្រៅទីក្រុងតែលអាវីហ្វ បន្ទាប់ពីពួកគេបានប៉ះនឹងគ្រាប់តូចៗពីមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដែលបំពាក់ដោយក្បាលគ្រាប់បែកចង្កោម។<ref>{{cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/second-victim-dies-after-mondays-iranian-cluster-missile-strike-in-central-israel/ |title=Second victim dies after Monday's Iranian cluster missile strike in central Israel |work=The Times of Israel |date=10 March 2026 |access-date=3 June 2026}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៧ ខែមីនា គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមមួយគ្រាប់ពីក្បាលមីស៊ីលអ៊ីរ៉ង់មួយបានហោះមកបំបុកចូលអគារអាផាតមិនមួយកន្លែងនៅទីក្រុង[[រ៉ាម៉ាត់ហ្កាំន]] ដោយបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សពីរនាក់។ សេចក្តីថ្លែងការណ៍មួយពីកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមបានសម្ដៅលើការវាយប្រហារនេះថាជា "ការសងសឹកឱ្យលោកអាលី ឡារីយ៉ានីនិងសហការីលោក" ដែលត្រូវបានសម្លាប់កាលពីមួយថ្ងៃមុនដោយអ៊ីស្រាអែល។<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2026 |title=Iran launches 'revenge' missile attack on Israel after assassinations |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/18/iran-launches-revenge-missile-attack-on-israel-after-assassinations |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> យោងតាមសារព័ត៌មាន ​​CNN ការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកចង្កោមគឺជាការរំលោភលើច្បាប់អន្តរជាតិ។ លោក N.R. Jenzen-Jones មកពី ''Armament Research Services'' បាននិយាយថា គ្រាប់ប្រភេទនេះកំពុងត្រូវបានប្រើប្រាស់ "ជាចម្បងដើម្បីបង្កភាពភ័យខ្លាចដល់ប្រជាជនស៊ីវិល"។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Jeremy |last1=Diamond |first2=Gianluca |last2=Mezzofiore |first3=Zeena |last3=Saifi |date=12 March 2026 |title=How Iran's use of cluster munitions is challenging Israel's air defenses |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/12/middleeast/iran-cluster-munition-israel-defenses-intl-cmd |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ===ប្រទេសដទៃ=== នៅប្រទេស[[លីបង់]] មនុស្សជាង ២,០០០ នាក់ត្រូវបានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត និងជាង ៤,០០០ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួសក្រោមការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែល<ref name="AnadoluDeaths">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/world/death-toll-from-israeli-attacks-on-lebanon-since-march-2-exceeds-2-000/3902329 |title=Death toll from Israeli attacks on Lebanon since March 2 exceeds 2,000 |first=Rania |last=Abushamala |date=11 April 2026 |work=Anadolu Agency }}</ref> ហើយអាជ្ញាធររដ្ឋលីបង់បានរាយការណ៍ថា មនុស្សជាងមួយលាននាក់ ដែលស្មើនឹង ១/៦ នៃចំនួនប្រជាជនសរុប បានបង្ខំផ្លាស់ទីលំនៅ។<ref>{{cite news |date=8 March 2026 |title=Live updates: Iran's president says nation 'will not bow' to pressure from US and Israel |url=https://apnews.com/live/iran-war-israel-trump-03-08-2026 |access-date=3 June 2026 |work=Associated Press }}</ref> នៅក្នុងសង្គ្រាម [[កងកម្លាំងបណ្តោះអាសន្នអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិនៅលីបង់]]ចំនួន ៦ នាក់បានស្លាប់បាត់បង់ជីវិត{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL killed"}} និង ១១ នាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស។{{refn|group=ស|name="UNIFIL injured"}}<ref name="tayyar.org"/> នៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ាក់វិញ សមាជិកពីររូបនៃ[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]] ដែលគាំទ្រដោយអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ត្រូវបាត់បង់ជីវិត និងបីនាក់ទៀតបានរងរបួស នៅក្នុងការវាយប្រហារពីសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅថ្ងៃទី ២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ខណៈរបាយការណ៍ក្រោយៗបានអះអាងថាមានអ្នកស្លាប់ចំនួនបីនាក់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/02/28/world/iran-strikes-trump/2f9b79e6-a28e-5d7b-b67c-5b95621d953b |first=Erika |last=Solomon |work=The New York Times |title=U.S. Attacks Iran as Trump Calls for Overthrow of Government |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> [[File:EAS warning sent to phones during the Iranian stikes.png|thumb|250x250px|សារជូនដំណឹងបន្ទាន់ដែលបានផ្ញើទៅកាន់ប្រជាជននៃអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម ភ្លាមៗក្រោយអាកាសយានដ្ឋានអន្តរជាតិឌូបៃត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារនៅវេលាម៉ោងប្រហែល ១២:៣០ ព្រឹក, ២៨ កុម្ភៈ]] ក្រៅពីអ៊ីស្រាអែល អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារប្រឆាំងនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ជាច្រើនទៀតដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តរបស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ ការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើប្រទេសបារ៉ែនបានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite news |first1=Abbas |last1=Al Lawati |first2=Laura |last2=Sharman |date=1 March 2026 |title=Passengers flee smoke-filled Dubai airport as Iran attacks major Gulf travel hubs |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/dubai-airport-uae-iran-attacks-intl-hnk |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារសម្ដៅលើប្រទេសគុយវ៉ែតវិញបានសម្លាប់ទាហានបួននាក់និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលបួននាក់<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Drone Attack Causes Damage, Panic at Kuwait Airport |url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/iran-strikes-2026/card/drone-attack-causes-damage-panic-at-kuwait-airport-GjmmBnex7j6G69nMUfSR |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Wall Street Journal }}</ref> ការវាយប្រហារនៅអូម៉ង់បានសម្លាប់មនុស្សបីនាក់<ref>{{cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Oman port and tanker hit as US-Israeli attacks on Iran widen regional war |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/563181/World/Region/Oman-port-and-tanker-hit-as-USIsraeli-attacks-on-I.aspx |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> ហើយនៅអារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីតមានពីរនាក់បានបាត់បង់ជីវិត។<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwivedi |first=Vinay |date=3 March 2026 |title=Iran war live updates: U.S. embassy in Riyadh hit by drones, Trump promises response 'soon' |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/03/03/us-iran-war-live-updates.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=CNBC }}</ref> ចំពោះអេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមវិញ សាមីខ្លួនបានបាត់បង់ទាហានចំនួនពីរនាក់ និងប្រជាជនស៊ីវិលចំនួនប្រាំមួយនាក់។<ref>{{cite web |date=17 March 2026 |title=Day 18 of war: One dead as shrapnel falls in UAE; distance learning to continue for 2 weeks |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/day-18-israel-us-iran-war-live-updates |access-date=4 June 2026 |website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> ហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធអារ៉ាប់រួមបានរងការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីលនិងដ្រូនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ច្រើនធ្ងន់ធ្ងរជាងគេ បើប្រៀបទៅនឹងបណ្ដាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់ផ្សេងៗនៅក្នុងតំបន់ នេះក៏ព្រោះតែអារ៉ាប់រួមមានទំនាក់ទំនងជិតស្និទ្ធបំផុតជាមួយនឹងអ៊ីស្រាអែលក្នុងចំណោមរដ្ឋអារ៉ាប់ទាំងអស់។​​ អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួមក៏ជាប្រទេសអារ៉ាប់តែមួយផងដែរ ដែលបានធ្វើការវាយប្រហារតបតលើអ៊ីរ៉ង់វិញជាសម្ងាត់ បន្ថែមពីលើយុទ្ធនាការអ៊ីស្រាអែល-អាមេរិក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Wintour |first=Patrick|date=17 May 2026 |title=UAE's secret attack on Iran risks drawing Gulf states into the war |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/may/12/uae-secret-attack-iran-risks-gulf-states-regional-conflict |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=The Guardian }}</ref> គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ក៏បានហោះទៅនឹងប៉ះនឹងប្រទេស[[កាតា]] [[អាស៊ែបៃសង់]]<ref name=ynet260305/> និងទឹកដី[[អាក្រូទីរី និងដេកេលី]]របស់អង់គ្លេសក្នុងប្រទេស[[ស៊ីប]]ផងដែរ។<ref name=attoncyprus/> ===សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ=== {| class="wikitable col1left" |+សហេតុភាពតាមសញ្ជាតិ !ប្រទេស !ចំនួនស្លាប់ !ចំនួនរបួស |- !សរុប !៧,១៤៤–៩,៦៧៦+ !៤៦,៩៦៥ |- |អ៊ីរ៉ង់ | data-sort-value="3636" |៣,៤៦៨–៦,០០០+<br />៣,៤៦៨ (អ៊ីរ៉ង់)<ref name="aje3468">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2026|title=Over 1,000 apartments in Tel Aviv left uninhabitable by Iranian strikes|url=https://aje.news/w7b54q?update=4503817|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />៣,៦៣៦ (HRANA)<ref name="HRANA"/><br />៦,០០០+ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326"/> |​១៥,០០០-២៦,៥០០<br />២៦,៥០០ ([[ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលអ៊ីរ៉ង់]])<ref name="aj260329">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2026|title=Iran's death toll reaches 2,076|url=https://aje.news/zgevw1?update=4444031|website=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><br />១៥,០០០ (អាមេរិក/អ៊ីស្រាអែល)<ref name="Bohbot150326" /> |- |លីបង់ |៣,៤៣៣ ([[ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈ (លីបង់)|ក្រសួងសុខភាពសាធារណៈលីបង់]])<ref name="Lebanon">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2026 |title=Lebanon death toll since March 2 reaches 3,433 |url=https://aje.news/xhk3kr?update=4617978 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref><ref name="Lebanon21April">{{Cite news|date=21 April 2026|title=Lebanon Raises Israel-Hezbollah War Death Toll to 2,454|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5265042-lebanon-raises-israel-hezbollah-war-death-toll-2454|work=Asharq Al-Awsat|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,០០០ ([[ហេស្បុលឡា]])<ref name="Hezbollah1">{{Cite news|last1=Astih|first1=Paula|date=17 April 2026|title=Hezbollah Tallies Its Dead from Israel War, Estimates Exceed 1,000|url=https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/5263615-hezbollah-tallies-its-dead-israel-war-estimates-exceed-1000|work=Asharq Al-Awsa|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><br />១,៧០០ ([[កងកម្លាំងការពារជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែល]])<ref name="Hezbollah2">{{Cite news|last1=Horovitz|first1=Michael|last2=Levaton|first2=Stav|date=16 April 2026|title=Opposition, northern mayors decry imposed ceasefires as Lebanon truce declared|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/opposition-northern-mayors-decry-imposed-ceasefires-as-lebanon-truce-declared/|work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |១០,៣៩៥ (ក្រសួងសុខាភិបាលលីបង់)<ref name="Lebanon21April" /><ref name="Hezbollah1" /><ref name="Hezbollah2" /><ref name="Lebanon" /> |- |អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ |១១៩+<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-09|title=US-Iran war: Thousands killed and billions spent as fragile ceasefire takes effect|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iran-israel-us-war-death-toll-b2953551.html|access-date=2026-04-24|website=The Independent}}</ref> |៣៧០<ref name="pmfiraq">{{cite news|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Security/PMF-reports-80-killed-270-wounded-since-start-of-US-Iran-war|title=PMF reports 80 killed, 270 wounded since start of US-Iran war}}</ref> |- |អ៊ីស្រាអែល |៥៧<ref name="Israeli military personnel 1">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=16 Israeli soldiers killed, 690 wounded since Feb. 28: Army|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20260419-16-israeli-soldiers-killed-690-wounded-since-feb-28-army/|work=Middle East Monitor|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref><ref name="Fabian01">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |last2=Agencies |date=2026-04-26 |title=IDF soldier killed in south Lebanon drone attack as Israel, Hezbollah trade fire and blame |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/idf-soldier-killed-in-south-lebanon-drone-attack-as-israel-hezbollah-trade-blame/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref name="Fabian02">{{Cite news |last=Fabian |first=Emanuel |date=2026-04-28 |title=Israeli Defense Ministry contractor killed in Hezbollah drone attack in southern Lebanon |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/israeli-defense-ministry-contractor-killed-in-hezbollah-drone-attack-in-southern-lebanon/ |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=The Times of Israel |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> |៨,៩៧០<ref name="Israeli military personnel 2">{{Cite news|date=19 April 2026|title=Israel reports nearly 700 soldiers wounded in Lebanon operations|url=https://shafaq.com/en/Middle-East/Israel-reports-nearly-700-soldiers-wounded-in-Lebanon-operations|work=Shafaq News|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |- |សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក |១៥<ref name="United States killed in combat">{{Cite news|last1=Berger|first1=Ava|title=These are the casualties and cost of the war in Iran 2 weeks into the conflict|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/03/14/nx-s1-5746623/iran-war-cost-deaths|access-date=6 June 2026|agency=NPR|date=14 March 2026}}</ref> |៥៤៣<ref name="AP1"/> |- |វ៉េសប៊ែង |១៤<ref name="Palestine killed 2">{{Cite news|url=https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/168435|title=Death toll from missile strike on Hebron town rises to four|work=Wafa}}</ref> |1១៥<ref name="Palestine killed 2" /> |- |អេមីរ៉ាតអារ៉ាប់រួម |១៣<ref name="United Arab Emirates">{{Cite news |title=UAE intercepts 17 ballistic missiles, 35 drones after US-Iran ceasefire|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/uae-intercepts-17-ballistic-missiles-35-drones-april-8|date=8 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Khaleej Times }}</ref> |២២៧<ref name="United Arab Emirates" /> |- |គុយវ៉ែត |១១<ref name="Kuwait 3">{{Cite web |title=Six injured after debris from Iranian attack falls in northern Kuwait|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202604062863|date=6 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> |១៨២<ref name="Kuwait 3" /> |- |ឥណ្ឌូណេស៊ី |៦<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Peacekeeper dies of wounds suffered in Lebanon last month, UNIFIL says |url=https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260425033809/https://www.euronews.com/2026/04/24/indonesian-peacekeeper-dies-of-wounds-suffered-in-lebanon-last-month-unifil-says |archive-date=2026-04-25 |access-date=2026-06-04 |work=euronews |url-status=live }}</ref> |១<ref name=":0" /> |- |បារ៉ែន |៣<ref name="Sabah">{{Cite news |last=Sabah|first=Zaid|date=9 March 2026|title=Iran's president, military and police pledge allegiance to Mojtaba Khamenei|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/3/9/iran-war-live-mojtaba-khamenei-named-supreme-leader-israel-bombs-tehran|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English }}</ref> |៤២<ref name="Sabah" /> |- |អារ៉ាប៊ីសាអ៊ូឌីត |៣<ref name="Saudi Arabia">{{Cite news |title=Saudi Arabia says operational activities halted at several energy sites|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/9/saudi-arabia-says-operational-activities-halted-at-several-energy-sites|date=9 April 2026|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="Saudi Arabia" /> |- |អូម៉ង់ |៣<ref name="Oman">{{Cite web |title=(ជាភាសាអារ៉ាប់) سقوط طائرتيْن مُسيرتين في ولاية صُحار |url=https://omannews.gov.om/topics/ar/3/show/464802/ona |date=13 March 2026 |website=Oman News Agency}}</ref> |១៧<ref name="Oman" /> |- |បារាំង |៣<ref name="lot22april">{{Cite news |date=22 April 2026|title=Attack on UNIFIL in Ghandourieh: French peacekeeper succumbs to injuries|url=https://today.lorientlejour.com/article/1504524/attack-on-unifil-in-ghandourieh-french-peacekeeper-succumbs-to-injuries.html|work=L'Orient Today​|access-date=4 June 2026}}</ref> |៩<ref name="lot22april" /> |- |ស៊ីរី |២<ref name="syr">{{Cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/News/middle-east/2026/04/04/syria-says-israeli-tank-fire-kills-man-in-country-s-south|title=Syria says Israeli tank fire kills man in country's south|date=4 April 2026|website=Al Arabiya English}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2026 |title=Syrian man killed, wife injured in Israeli attack on Lebanon’s Tyre |url=https://aje.news/p6a948?update=4565270 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |១<ref name=":1" /> |- |ហ្វីលីពីន |២<ref name="phil">{{Cite web |last=Cupin|first=Bea|date=7 April 2026|title=Filipina dies in missile strike on Israel|url=https://www.rappler.com/philippines/filipina-dies-missile-strike-haifa-israel/|access-date=4 June 2026|website=RAPPLER }}</ref> |០<ref name="phil" /> |- |ស៊ែប៊ី |១<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2026-06-04 |title=Serbian UN peacekeeper killed in south Lebanon |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/middle-east/2026/0604/1576721-unifil-troops-shooting-lebanon/ }}</ref> |០<ref name=":2" /> |- |ហ្សកដានី |០<ref name="aj260305">{{Cite news |title=US-Israel attacks on Iran: Death toll and injuries live tracker|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/1/us-israel-attacks-on-iran-death-toll-and-injuries-live-tracker|access-date=4 June 2026|work=Al Jazeera English}}</ref> |២៩<ref name="aj260305" /> |- |កាតា |០<ref name="qat">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/qatar/qatar-4-injured-including-child-after-debris-from-iranian-missile-falls-in-residential-area-1.500499559|title=Qatar: 4 injured, including child, after debris from Iranian missile falls in residential area|first=Huda|last=Ata|first2=Lekshmy|last2=Pavithran|first3=Jay|last3=Hilotin|date=8 April 2026|website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref> |២០<ref name="qat" /> |- |អាស៊ែបៃសង់ |០<ref name="azer">{{Cite news |last=Sauer|first=Pjotr|date=5 March 2026|title=Azerbaijan accuses Iran of 'terrorist' drone attack on airport that injured four people|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/05/azerbaijan-accuses-iran-drone-attack-airport-injured-people|access-date=4 June 2026|work=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> |៤<ref name="azer" /> |- |អេស្ប៉ាញ |០<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2026 |title=Spain denounces attacks in Lebanon after UN peacekeepers injured |url=https://aje.news/dud2nk?update=4626497 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> |២<ref name=":3" /> |} ==ផលប៉ះពាល់== ===អ៊ីរ៉ង់=== {{multiple image| | image1 = Masoud Pezeshkian 2025 (cropped).jpg | image2 = Gholam Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i 2023 (Cropped).jpg | image3 = Alireza Arafi 13990824 0146818 crop.jpg | perrow = 3 | footer = សមាជិកទាំងបីនៃ[[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្ដោះអាសន្ន]] – លោកប្រធានាធិបតី[[ម៉ាស៊ូត ប៉េហ្សេស្សខ្ចន់]] លោកប្រធានតុលាការកំពូល[[ហ្កូឡាំហូសេន ម៉ូសេនីអេជេអ៊ី]] និងអាយ៉ាតុល្លា[[អាលីរ៉េហ្សា អារ៉ាហ្វី]] | total_width = 350}} មរណភាពរបស់អាលី ហាមេនៃបានបើកផ្លូវជំរុញឱ្យមានការបោះឆ្នោតជ្រើសរើសមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មី។ យោងតាមរដ្ឋធម្មនុញ្ញអ៊ីរ៉ង់ [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាដឹកនាំបណ្តោះអាសន្ន]] ដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងនៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា គឺត្រូវកាន់មុខងារដើរតួជាប្រមុខរដ្ឋអ៊ីរ៉ង់រហូតដល់មេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំង។<ref name="Reuters-2026"/> លោក[[មោជតាបា ហាមេនៃ]]ត្រូវបានជ្រើសតាំងនៅថ្ងៃទី៨ ខែមីនា ក្នុងនាមជាមេដឹកនាំកំពូលថ្មីជំនួសឱ្យឪពុករបស់លោក។<ref>{{cite news |last=Tondo |first=Lorenzo |date=8 March 2026 |title=Ali Khamenei's son Mojtaba chosen as Iran's new supreme leader |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/mar/08/ali-khameneis-son-mojtaba-chosen-as-irans-new-supreme-leader |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=The Guardian |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> គិតត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី២១ ខែឧសភា លោកហាមេនៃនៅកំពុងសម្ងំលាក់ខ្លួននៅឡើយ ខណៈមេដឹកនាំប្រទេសជាក់ស្តែងនៅគេមិនទាន់ប្រាកដប្រជានៅឡើយ។ បច្ចុប្បន្ន លោកនាយឧត្តមសេនីយ៍[[អះម៉ាដ វ៉ាហ៊ីឌី]] ដែលជាអគ្គមេបញ្ជាការនៃកងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាអ្នកកំពុងដឹកនាំប្រទេសដោយផ្ទាល់ ក៏ដូចជាអ្នកបញ្ជាប្រតិបត្តិការយោធាអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងកំណត់គោលជំហរចរចារបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. Think Tank: Ahmad Vahidi, Key Figure Behind Iran's Hardline Stance in Negotiations |url=https://iranwire.com/en/news/152695-us-think-tank-ahmad-vahidi-key-figure-behind-irans-hardline-stance-in-negotiations/ |work=IranWire |date=21 May 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Associated Press: This hard-line Iranian general is a major player in talks with US over war |url=https://understandingwar.org/newsroom/associated-press-this-hard-line-iranian-general-is-a-major-player-in-talks-with-us-over-war/ |work=Institute for the Study of War |date=21 May 2026}}</ref> [[File:Tehran - The Fourth Day of War 4 Avash.webp|thumb|ផ្សែងហុយចេញពីតំបន់ស៊ីវិលនៅក្នុងរដ្ឋធានីតេហេរ៉ង់ក្រោយត្រូវមីស៊ីលអ៊ីស្រាអែលធ្លាក់ចំ, ៣ មីនា ២០២៦]] ក្រោយការផ្ដោះប្ដូរបាញ់គ្រាប់មីស៊ីលទៅគ្នាទៅវិញទៅមក ទីក្រុង[[តេហេរ៉ង់]] រដ្ឋធានីរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ បានក្លាយជាទីស្ងាត់ជ្រងំ ដោយមនុស្សជាច្រើនមិនហ៊ានចេញក្រៅទៅប្រកបរបររបស់ខ្លួន<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=Bombardment unleashes terror in Tehran with no sign of protests |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/bombardment-unleashes-terror-tehran-with-no-sign-protests-2026-03-03 |work=Reuters}}</ref> ខណៈគ្រប់សាលារៀនត្រូវបិទទ្វារ រីឯស្ថាប័នរដ្ឋាភិបាលនិងធនាគារបានកាត់បន្ថយសកម្មភាពរបស់ពួកគេ។<ref>{{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=Streets empty and shops close as US strikes confirm Iranian fears |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20260228-streets-empty-and-shops-close-as-us-strikes-confirm-iranian-fears |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=France 24 }}</ref> យោងទៅតាម ''NetBlocks'' បានឱ្យដឹងថា​ សកម្មភាពអ៊ីនធឺណិតនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានធ្លាក់ចុះប្រមាណ ៤% បើប្រៀបធៀបទៅរាល់ដង ក្រោយពីត្រូវបានកាត់ផ្ដាច់ដោយរដ្ឋាភិបាល។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mastodon.social/@netblocks/116147264437940657 |title=NetBlocks (@netblocks@mastodon.social) |date=28 February 2026 |website=Mastodon}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែមីនា ឃ្លីបវីដេអូបានបង្ហាញពី[[កងកម្លាំងប្រជាកំណែន]]អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ ត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនចូលប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202603299955 |title=Video: Iraq's Popular Mobilization Forces in Abadan |date=29 March 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> យោងតាមកាសែត ''The Wall Street Journal'' ត្រាំធ្លាប់បានបើកចំហចំពោះការផ្ដល់ជំនួយគាំទ្រដល់កងជីវពលប្រដាប់អាវុធ[[ជនជាតិឃឺដនៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់|ឃឺដនៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់]] ដែលកំពុងមាន[[ជម្លោះឃឺដ–អ៊ីរ៉ង់|ជម្លោះជាមួយទីក្រុងតេហេរ៉ង់]]អស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនទសវត្សរ៍មកហើយ ហើយក៏ជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តមួយក្នុងតំបន់របស់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |date=3 March 2026 |title=CIA working to arm Kurdish forces to spark uprising in Iran, sources say |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/03/politics/cia-arming-kurds-iran |access-date=5 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref> យ៉ាងណាមិញ លោកត្រាំក្រោយមកបាននិយាយវិញថា លោកគ្មានបំណងចង់បញ្ជូនជនជាតិឃឺដចូលប្រយុទ្ធក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឡើយ។<ref>{{cite news |date=7 March 2026 |title=Trump rules out sending Kurds into Iran |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2026/03/07/iran-war-latest-news-tehran-israel-donald-trump-us-invasion/?msockid=27188584bb6c64923cfa9292ba0c6563 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> ===សេដ្ឋកិច្ច=== សង្គ្រាមនេះបានបង្កបង្កើតជាផលវិបាកជាច្រើនដល់សេដ្ឋកិច្ចពិភពលោកដូចជានាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នកើនឡើង ប៉ះពាល់វិស័យអាកាសចរណ៍និងទេសចរណ៍ ក៏ដូចជាបានរង្គោះរង្គើទីផ្សារហិរញ្ញវត្ថុផងដែរ។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iran-conflict-poses-new-risk-us-economic-resilience-2026-03-02 |title=Iran conflict poses new risk to US economic resilience |work=Reuters |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[File:2020- Price of oil.svg|thumb|តារាងបង្ហាញពីកំណើននៃតម្លៃប្រេងសកលបង្កឡើងដោយព្រឹត្តិការណ៍ពិភពលោកសំខាន់ៗដូចជា [[ជំងឺរាតត្បាតកូវីដ ១៩]] [[ការឈ្លានពានរបស់រុស្ស៊ីលើអ៊ុយក្រែន|សង្គ្រាមរុស្ស៊ី-អ៊ុយក្រែនក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២២]] និងសង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦<ref name=EIA_OilPriceData>{{cite web |title=Petroleum & Other Liquids / Data ▼ / Download series history |url=https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |publisher=U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605153644/https://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_spt_s1_w.htm |archive-date=5 June 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] តម្លៃប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិបានកើនឡើងភ្លាមៗក្រោយពីអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានគំរាមវាយប្រហារលើនាវាដឹកប្រេងនិងកប៉ាល់ដទៃទៀត ហើយនិងការវាយប្រហាររបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់ទៅលើរោងចក្រប្រេងនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេសផលិតប្រេងក្នុងតំបន់។<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2026/mar/02/middle-east-crisis-oil-prices-inflation-us-iran-interest-rates-growth |title=Middle East crisis pushes up oil prices – and could drive inflation rises too |work=The Guardian |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> ២០% នៃការដឹកជញ្ជូនផលិតកម្មប្រេង និងឧស្ម័នសកលគឺជារឿយៗត្រូវឆ្លងកាត់តាម[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]]។<ref name="Buchanan-2026">{{cite news |last1=Buchanan |first1=Naomi |title=There's a major inflation risk lurking for the economy as the Iran war drags on, and it's not oil |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/food-inflation-oil-prices-fertilizer-farmers-iran-war-shipping-hormuz-2026-3 |work=Business Insider |date=11 March 2026}}</ref> ខណៈភ្លើងសង្គ្រាមនៅបន្តឆាបឆេះ តម្លៃប្រេងនិងឧស្ម័នបានធ្លាក់និងកើនទៅតាមស្ថានភាព ខណៈទីផ្សារបានព្យាយាមវាស់វែងតម្លៃទៅតាមលទ្ធភាពដែលជម្លោះអាចបញ្ចប់។ តម្លៃប្រេងនៅមុនសង្គ្រាមគឺស្ថិតនៅក្រោម ៧០ ដុល្លារក្នុងមួយបារ៉ែល<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brent Crude Oil Prices (1987-2026) |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/2480/brent-crude-oil-prices-10-year-daily-chart |access-date=6 June 2026 |website=Macrotrends}}</ref> តែបើគិតមកត្រឹមថ្ងៃទី៧ ខែមីនាវិញ តម្លៃវាបានហក់ឡើងរហូតដល់ ១៣៩ ដុល្លារឯណោះ<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Qi |last2=Hu |first2=Yi |last3=Jiao |first3=Jianbin |last4=Wang |first4=Shouyang |date=2 January 2024 |title=The impact of Russia–Ukraine war on crude oil prices: an EMC framework |journal=Humanities and Social Sciences Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=8 |doi=10.1057/s41599-023-02526-9 |issn=2662-9992|doi-access=free }}</ref> រីឯតម្លៃឧស្ម័នក៏បានស្ទុះឡើងខ្ពស់ដូចគ្នា។<ref name="bloomberg4march">{{cite web |last1=Stapczynski |first1=Stephen |last2=Liao |first2=Ruth |last3=El Wardany |first3=Salma |date=4 March 2026 |title=Qatar's Hard-Won Reputation as Safest Gas Supplier Lost in Days |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2026-03-04/iran-war-dents-qatar-s-reputation-as-lng-s-safest-bet |website=Bloomberg News}}</ref> មកដល់ចុងខែមីនា កង្វះផលិតផលប្រេងឥន្ធនៈនៅតាមបណ្ដាប្រទេស[[អាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍]]បានកំពុងកើនឡើង ខណៈដែលស្តុកបម្រុងកំពុងធ្លាក់ចុះ។<ref name=bbc-20260324>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c1450zj6n48o |title=Everyday life in Asia is being upended by Iran war fuel crisis |last1=Ewe |first1=ByKoh |last2=Drury |first2=Flora |work=BBC News |date=24 March 2026 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> [[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក]]របស់អង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ និងក្រុមអ្នកវិភាគសេដ្ឋកិច្ចផ្សេងៗបានព្រមានថា សង្គ្រាមនេះកំពុងជំរុញឱ្យតម្លៃស្បៀងអាហារសកលកើនឡើង ហើយអាចក្នុងរយៈពេលយូរ។<ref>{{cite web |title=WFP warns rising food and fuel prices risk pushing global hunger higher as humanitarian needs grow |url=https://www.wfp.org/news/wfp-warns-rising-food-and-fuel-prices-risk-pushing-global-hunger-higher-humanitarian-needs |website=[[កម្មវិធីស្បៀងអាហារពិភពលោក|World Food Programme]] |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> ===អាកាសចរណ៍=== [[File:Grounded airliners at Manchester Airport Feb 2026.jpg|thumb|យន្តហោះនៃ[[កាតាអ៊ែរវ៉េ|ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍កាតា]] [[គុយវ៉ែតអ៊ែរវ៉េ|គុយវ៉ែត]] និង[[អេមីរ៉ាតស៍ (អាកាសចរណ៍)|អេមីរ៉ាត]]កំពុងជាប់គាំងក្នុង[[អាកាសយានដ្ឋានមែនឈេស្ទ័រ]], ២៨ កុម្ភៈ ២០២៦]] ដែនអាកាសរបស់អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរហោះហើររបស់យន្តហោះស៊ីវិលក្នុងកំឡុងពេលជម្លោះ<ref>{{cite web |date=28 February 2026 |title=Iran's skies empty after strikes as regional states close airspace |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602284853 |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=Iran International}}</ref> ខណៈដែលប្រទេសបារ៉ែន អ៊ីរ៉ាក់ អ៊ីស្រាអែល គុយវ៉ែត កាតា ស៊ីរី និងអារ៉ាប់រួមបានបិទដែនអាកាសរបស់ពួកគេរៀងៗខ្លួន។<ref>{{cite news |last=Yosef |first=Eugenia |date=28 February 2026 |title=Israel closes airspace after strikes on Iran |url=https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/israel-iran-attack-02-28-26-hnk-intl?post-id=cmm5yjlf6000v3b6parlqyd31 |access-date=7 June 2026 |work=CNN }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Iraq shuttering airspace after US, Israel strike Iran |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/iraq-shuttering-airspace-after-us-israel-strike-iran/ |first=Noam |last=Lehmann |date=28 February 2026 |work=The Times of Israel}}</ref>ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍មួយចំនួនវិញបានផ្អាកសេវាកម្មហោះហើរចូលតំបន់មជ្ឈិមបូព៌ាតែម្តង។<ref>{{cite news |first1=Frederico |last1=Maccioni |first2=Joanna |last2=Plucinska |title=Travel in chaos as airlines cancel flights after US, Israel strikes on Iran |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/airlines-suspend-middle-east-flights-after-us-israel-strikes-iran-2026-02-28/ |work=Reuters |date=28 February 2026}}</ref> ការរំខានដល់ប្រព័ន្ធវិស័យផ្គត់ផ្គង់ប្រេងឥន្ធនៈសកល ដែលបណ្តាលមកពីការបិទច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍នោះ ក៏បាននាំឱ្យតម្លៃប្រេងសាំងយន្តហោះហក់ឡើងថ្លៃផងដែរ ខណៈតម្លៃសំបុត្រយន្តហោះវិញបានកើនទៅតាមគ្នាទាំងសម្រាប់ជើងហោះហើរក្នុងស្រុក និងអន្តរជាតិ។ ក្រុមហ៊ុនអាកាសចរណ៍បានប្រតិកម្មដោយតម្លើងថ្លៃសំបុត្រ និងកែសម្រួលកាលវិភាគហោះហើរមួយចំនួន ដើម្បីទប់ទល់នឹងថ្លៃប្រេងឥន្ធនៈកើនឡើងខ្ពស់។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iacurci |first=Greg |date=2 May 2026 |title=Airfare amid Iran war: Buy now or wait out the conflict? Experts weigh the risks |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/05/02/iran-war-airfare-travel-airlines-plane-tickets-when-to-buy.html |access-date=7 June 2026 |website=CNBC }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2026 |title=Iran war, jet fuel concerns cloud airlines' summer holiday plans |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/iran-war-jet-fuel-concerns-cloud-airlines-summer-holiday-plans-2026-04-29/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> ===ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍=== ចរាចរណ៍ដឹកជញ្ជូនតាមសមុទ្រឆ្លងកាត់[[ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍]] ដែលជាចំណុចផ្លូវសមុទ្រដ៏សំខាន់មួយសម្រាប់ពាណិជ្ជកម្មថាមពលពិភពលោក ត្រូវបានអ៊ីរ៉ង់ប្រើប្រាស់កម្លាំងបិទចាប់តាំងពីថ្ងៃទី២៨ ខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ មកម៉្លេះ ក្រោយពេលដែលសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលបានបើកសង្គ្រាមផ្លូវអាកាសប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់ និងបានធ្វើឃាតមេដឹកនាំកំពូលរបស់ខ្លួនគឺលោក[[អាលី ហាមេនៃ]]។ ដើម្បីជាការសងសឹក អ៊ីរ៉ង់បានបើកការវាយប្រហារដោយមីស៊ីល និងយន្តហោះគ្មានមនុស្សបើក (ដ្រូន) ទៅលើប្រទេសអ៊ីស្រាអែល មូលដ្ឋានយោធាអាមេរិកនៅក្នុងតំបន់ និងបណ្ដារដ្ឋដទៃក្នុងតំបន់ដែលជាសម្ព័ន្ធមិត្តនឹងសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក។ [[កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍ឥស្លាម|កងឆ្មាំបដិវត្តន៍អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] បានប្រកាសចេញនូវសារព្រមានហាមឃាត់រាល់ដំណើរឆ្លងកាត់ច្រកសមុទ្រខាងលើ ហើយខ្លួនមានសិទ្ធិឡើងពិនិត្យ​ ឬវាយប្រហារនាវាពាណិជ្ជកម្មណាមិនស្ដាប់បង្គាប់ ហើយខ្លួនបានដាក់ពង្រាយមីនក្រោមសមុទ្រនៅក្នុងបរិវេណនៃច្រកសមុទ្រនោះផងដែរ។ ចាប់ពីថ្ងៃទី១៣ ខែមេសា ដល់ថ្ងៃទី២៩ ខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកបានបិទច្រកនិងផ្លូវសមុទ្រចូលទៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ក្នុងពេលដំណាលគ្នា។ នៅមុនពេលសង្គ្រាមអាមេរិក-អ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រឆាំងនឹងអ៊ីរ៉ង់នេះផ្ទុះឡើង ច្រកសមុទ្រហ័រមូហ្ស៍ត្រូវបានបើកចំហដោយសេរី ហើយប្រមាណ ២៥% នៃពាណិជ្ជកម្មប្រេងពិភពលោកតាមផ្លូវសមុទ្រនិង ២០% នៃឧស្ម័នធម្មជាតិរាវ ពិភពលោកបានឆ្លងកាត់ចេញចូលតាមច្រកមួយនេះឯង។ ==ប្រតិកម្ម== ===ភាគីសង្គ្រាម=== ====អ៊ីរ៉ង់==== ក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានសន្យាថានឹងមានការឆ្លើយតបទៅវិញ ខណៈដែលកងកម្លាំងអ៊ីរ៉ង់បានមមាញឹកវាយប្រហារមូលដ្ឋានទ័ពអាមេរិកនៅទូទាំងតំបន់[[ឈូងសមុទ្រពែរ្ស]]។<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2026|title=Iran targets US bases across Persian Gulf states, IRGC-aligned outlet says|url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304145112/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202602282948|archive-date=4 March 2026|access-date=8 June 2026|website=Iran International}}</ref> [[ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខជាតិកំពូល]]បានថ្លែងសេចក្ដីថា អ៊ីរ៉ង់ត្រូវរងការវាយប្រហារដោយ "ប្រតិបត្តិការផ្លូវអាកាសដ៏ឃោរឃៅមួយ" ក្រោមថ្វីដៃសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកនិងអ៊ីស្រាអែល និងបានបន្ថែមទៀតថា "រឿងនេះបានកើតឡើងជាថ្មីទៀតហើយខណៈពេលកិច្ចចរចាកំពុងដំណើរការ ហើយសត្រូវយើងពួកគេដេកស្រមៃថា ប្រជាជាតិអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដ៏រឹងមាំមួយនេះនឹងចុះចូលយល់ព្រមទទួលសំណើរបស់ពួកគេតាមរយៈសកម្មភាពវាយគំរាមដ៏ថោកទាបបែបនេះ"។<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Marsi|first1=Federica|last2=Mohamed|first2=Edna|title=US, Israel launch attack on Iran, explosions across Tehran|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|access-date=8 June 2026|publisher=Al Jazeera|archive-date=28 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260228070906/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2026/2/28/live-israel-launches-attacks-on-iran-multiple-explosions-heard-in-tehran|url-status=live}}</ref> នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែមីនា អ្នកនាំពាក្យក្រសួងការបរទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[អ៊ីស្មាអែល បាហ្កាយី]]បានចោទប្រកាន់សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក និងអ៊ីស្រាអែលពី "សកម្មភាពភេរវកម្ម" ជុំវិញការស្លាប់របស់ឥស្សរជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់កំពូលៗ ដោយហៅការវាយប្រហារទាំងនោះថាជា "សង្គ្រាមខុសច្បាប់"។<ref>{{cite news|last=Johnson |first=Paul |title=Iranian deputy foreign minister labels US 'terrorists' and issues warning to Australia |work=ABC News |date=19 March 2026 |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-19/iran-deputy-foreign-minister-esmaeil-baghaei-accuses-australia/106466122 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260320060049/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-03-19/iran-deputy-foreign-minister-esmaeil-baghaei-accuses-australia/106466122 |archive-date=20 March 2026 |url-status=live |access-date=10 June 2026 }}</ref> អ៊ីរ៉ង់​ផងដែរបាន​បដិសេធថាខ្លួនបានកំណត់គោលដៅវាយប្រហារ​លើប្រទេសអាស៊ែបៃសង់ តួកគី និង​អូម៉ង់ទេ ដោយចាត់ទុកវាជាការបោកបញ្ឆោតរបស់អ៊ីស្រាអែលទម្លាក់កំហុសមកអ៊ីរ៉ង់។<ref>{{cite web|date=21 March 2026 |title=Khamenei Denies Iran Role in Turkey, Oman Attacks, Calls Them "False Flag" Operations |url=https://www.paturkey.com/news/2026/khamenei-denies-iran-role-in-turkey-oman-attacks-calls-them-false-flag-operations-28983/ |access-date=10 June 2026 |website=PA Turkey }}</ref> អនុប្រធានាធិបតីអ៊ីរ៉ង់ លោក[[ម៉ូហាម៉ាដ រ៉េហ្សា អារ៉េហ្វ]]បានសម្ដៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់គ្រាប់បែកបំបែកលេណដ្ឋានមកលើសាកលវិទ្យាល័យអ៊ីរ៉ង់ថាជា "និមិត្តសញ្ញានៃភាពឆ្កួតលីលា និងអវិជ្ជារបស់ត្រាំ"។<ref name="aljazeera6april"/> អនុរដ្ឋមន្ត្រីការបរទេស លោក[[កាសឹម ហ្ការីបាបាឌី]]បានថ្កោលទោសចំពោះសកម្មភាពវាយប្រហារម្តងហើយម្តងទៀតមកលើទីតាំងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រនិងវប្បធម៌នៅក្នុងប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់ថាជា "ការវាយប្រហារលើផ្នែកមួយនៃអត្តសញ្ញាណអរិយធម៌ប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់"។<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 March 2026 |title=Update from Sanam Mahoozi |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2026/03/15/world/iran-war-trump-oil-israel/9ea71226-dc34-5ca7-b79e-bd630e37319b?smid=url-share |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> ====អ៊ីស្រាអែល==== [[File:Tel Aviv 120326 Dizengoff 02.jpg|thumb|ស្ថានរំឭកគោរពវិញ្ញាណក្ខន្ធកងទ័ពអាមេរិកដោយប្រជាជនអ៊ីស្រាអែលនៅទីលាន[[ឌីហ្សានហ្កូហ្វ]]ក្នុងទីក្រុង[[តែលអាវីហ្វ]] បន្ទាប់ពីការវាយប្រហារដោយដ្រូននៅថ្ងៃទី១ ខែមីនា នៅឯប្រទេសគុយវ៉ែត។]] លោកនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រី[[ប៊ីនយ៉ាមីន ណេតាន់យ៉ាហ៊ូ]]បានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា គោលដៅនៃការវាយប្រហារនេះគឺដើម្បី "លុបបំបាត់ការគំរាមកំហែងអត្ថិភាពដែលបង្កដោយរបបភេរវកម្មនៃប្រទេសអ៊ីរ៉ង់" និងបានបញ្ជាក់បន្ថែមថា "សកម្មភាពរួមរបស់យើងនឹងបង្កើតលក្ខខណ្ឌថ្មីសម្រាប់ប្រជាជនអ៊ីរ៉ង់ដ៏អង់អាចក្លាហានក្នុងការក្ដោបក្ដាប់ជោគវាសនារបស់ពួកគេ​"។<ref>{{Cite news|last=Estrin|first=Daniel|date=28 February 2026|title=U.S. and Israel strike Iran in operation 'Epic Fury.' Trump calls for regime overthrow|url=https://www.npr.org/2026/02/28/nx-s1-5730158/israel-iran-strikes-trump-us|access-date=10 June 2026|publisher=NPR|archive-date=4 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304112605/https://www.npr.org/2026/02/28/nx-s1-5730158/israel-iran-strikes-trump-us|url-status=live}}</ref> លោកនាយករដ្ឋមន្ត្រីផងដែរគឺជាបុគ្គលដំបូងបង្អស់ដែលបានរាយការណ៍ និងអបអរចំពោះឃាតកម្មមេដឹកនាំអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយនិយាយថា "អស់រយៈពេល ៤៧ ឆ្នាំកន្លែងមកហើយដែលរបបអាយ៉ាតុល្លាបានស្រែកបន់ឱ្យ 'អ៊ីស្រាអែលវិនាស' និង 'អាមេរិកវិនាស'។ វា​បាន​បង្ហូរ​ឈាមជនជាតិយើង ក៏ដូចជា​ជនជាតិ​អាមេរិក​ និងជនជាតិខ្លួនឯងអស់ជាច្រើន"។<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 February 2026|title=World leaders react to Ayatollah Khamenei's death|url=https://www.newsweek.com/world-leaders-react-to-ayatollah-khameneis-death-11599703|access-date=10 June 2026|website=Newsweek|archive-date=2 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260302065220/https://www.newsweek.com/world-leaders-react-to-ayatollah-khameneis-death-11599703|url-status=live}}</ref> ការសិក្សាស្ទង់មតិមួយនៅក្នុងខែមីនា ឆ្នាំ២០២៦ ដោយ[[វិទ្យាស្ថានប្រជាធិបតេយ្យអ៊ីស្រាអែល]]បានរកឃើញថា សាធារណជនអ៊ីស្រាអែលប្រមាណ ៨២% គឺគាំទ្រប្រតិបត្តិការយោធានៅអ៊ីរ៉ង់ ដោយក្នុងនោះមាន ជនជាតិ[[ជ្វីហ្វអ៊ីស្រាអែល]] ៩៣% និង[[ជនជាតិអ៊ីស្រាអែលអារ៉ាប់]] ២៦%។<ref name="timesofisrael-poll">{{cite news |last1=Levaton |first1=Stav |title=Poll: Most Jewish Israelis support Iran war, toppling regime; Arab backing far lower |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-most-jewish-israelis-support-iran-war-toppling-regime-arab-backing-far-lower/ |work=The Times of Israel |date=4 March 2026 |archive-date=7 March 2026 |access-date=10 June 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307221800/https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-most-jewish-israelis-support-iran-war-toppling-regime-arab-backing-far-lower/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ====សហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក==== ==កំណត់សម្គាល់== {{reflist|group=ស}} ==ឯកសារយោង== {{reflist}} ==តំណភ្ជាប់ក្រៅ== {{Sister project links|auto=yes|d=Q138503695|m=yes}} '''''ជាភាសាអង់គ្លេស''''' * {{cite news |date=28 February 2026 |title=What we know about the US-Israeli attack on Iran and Tehran's retaliation |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/02/28/middleeast/israel-attack-iran-intl-hnk |access-date=28 February 2026 |work=CNN}} * [https://www.rfi.fr/km/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B9%E1%9F%87/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B/ អានព័ត៌មានអំពីសង្គ្រាមហ្កាហ្សានៅ RFI ខេមរភាសា] * [https://www.c-span.org/liveEvent/?Iran U.S. and Israeli Strikes on Iran], [[C-SPAN]] * [https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/home/centerx:56.4/centery:26.5/zoom:9 Tracking of traffic in the Strait of Hormuz] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:សង្គ្រាមអ៊ីរ៉ង់ឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាស៊ីក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះក្នុងឆ្នាំ២០២៦]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ជម្លោះអ៊ីរ៉ង់–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីរ៉ង់]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:ទំនាក់ទំនងយោធាសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិក–អ៊ីស្រាអែល]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:វិបត្តិមជ្ឈិមបូព៌ា (២០២៣–បច្ចុប្បន្ន)]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អាណត្តិប្រធានាធិបតីដូណាល់ ត្រាំទីពីរ]] qqmg54971tm0h8omjljaj803qeny5cq 0 53768 336445 336239 2026-06-10T00:40:39Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336445 wikitext text/x-wiki   <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> ឯកសារ:Van_Leeuwenhoek's_microscopes_by_Henry_Baker.jpg|alt=Schematic drawings| មីក្រូទស្សន៍របស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ដោយហេនរី បេកខឺ ឯកសារ:Leeuwenhoek_boerhaave.jpg|alt=Leeuwenhoek Boerhaave museum| សារមន្ទីរឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ប៊ូរហាវ៉េ ឯកសារ:Leeuwenhoek_Microscope.png|alt=See caption| ការ​ចម្លង​នៃ​មីក្រូទស្សន៍​ដោយ​លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក </gallery>អង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ( ថ្ងៃទី 24 ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ ១៦៣២ - ថ្ងៃទី 26 ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ ១៧២៣) គឺជាមីក្រូជីវវិទូ និងជាអ្នកជំនាញខាងមីក្រូទស្សន៍ ជនជាតិហូឡង់នៅក្នុងយុគសម័យមាសនៃសិល្បៈ វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងបច្ចេកវិទ្យារបស់ប្រទេសហូឡង់ ។ បុគ្គលស្វ័យសិក្សា ជាចម្បងក្នុងវិស័យវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ លោកត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ជាទូទៅថាជា " បិតានៃអតិសុខុមជីវវិទ្យា " និងជាអ្នកជំនាញខាងមីក្រូទស្សន៍ និងអតិសុខុមជីវវិទ្យាដំបូងគេម្នាក់។ <ref name="hup">{{Cite book|url=http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn=9780674975910|title=Life at the Edge of Sight|year=2017|isbn=978-0-674-97591-0|access-date=26 January 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antony van Leeuwenhoek Biography {{!}} |url=https://www.biographyonline.net/scientists/antony-van-leeuwenhoek-biography.html |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=Biography Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiYiDAAAQBAJ|title=Antoni van Leeuwenhoek: Master of the Minuscule|date=2016|isbn=978-90-04-30430-7|language=en}}</ref> វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ច្បាស់បំផុតចំពោះការងារត្រួសត្រាយផ្លូវក្នុងវិស័យមីក្រូទស្សន៍ និងសម្រាប់ការចូលរួមចំណែករបស់លោកក្នុងការបង្កើត អតិសុខុមជីវវិទ្យាទៅជាមុខវិជ្ជាវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ ។ លោកឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានធំធាត់នៅទីក្រុងដែលហ្វ នៃសាធារណរដ្ឋហូឡង់ ហើយបានធ្វើការជាអ្នកដេរវាំងនន តាំងពីក្មេង ហើយបានបង្កើតហាងផ្ទាល់ខ្លួននៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៤។ គាត់ត្រូវបានគេទទួលស្គាល់យ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយនៅក្នុងនយោបាយក្រុង និងបានបង្កើតចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍លើការផលិតឡង់ទី។ នៅទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ ១៦៧០ គាត់បានចាប់ផ្តើមស្វែងយល់ពីជីវិតអតិសុខុមប្រាណ ដោយប្រើមីក្រូទស្សន៍របស់គាត់។ ដោយប្រើប្រាស់មីក្រូទស្សន៍ឡង់ទីតែមួយ ត្រូវបានរចនា និងផលិតផ្ទាល់ខ្លួនលោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាជនដំបូងគេដែលបានសង្កេតឃើញ និងពិសោធន៍ជាមួយមីក្រុប ដែលដើមឡើយគាត់ហៅថាឌៀរកិនស៍ {{Lang|nl|dierkens}}, {{Lang|nl|diertgens}} ឬ {{Lang|nl|diertjes}} ។ គាត់គឺជាជនដំបូងគេដែលកំណត់ទំហំរបស់វា។ ឥឡូវនេះ "សត្វ" ភាគច្រើនត្រូវបានគេហៅថាសារពាង្គកាយឯកកោសិកា ទោះបីជាគាត់បានសង្កេតឃើញសារពាង្គកាយពហុកោសិកា នៅក្នុងទឹកស្រះក៏ដោយ។ គាត់ក៏ជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលកត់ត្រាការសង្កេតតាមមីក្រូទស្សន៍ នៃសរសៃសាច់ដុំ បាក់តេរី មេជីវិតឈ្មោល កោសិកាឈាមក្រហម និង គ្រីស្តាល់ នៅក្នុង<nowiki><b>ជំងឺហ្គោដ</b></nowiki> ហើយស្ថិតក្នុងចំណោមមនុស្សដំបូងដែលបានឃើញលំហូរឈាមនៅក្នុងសរសៃប្តូរ ។ ទោះបីជាលោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកមិនបានសរសេរសៀវភៅណាមួយក៏ដោយ គាត់បានពិពណ៌នាអំពីការរកឃើញរបស់គាត់នៅក្នុងលិខិតដ៏ច្របូកច្របល់ទៅកាន់ សមាគមរាជវង្ស ដែលបានបោះពុម្ពលិខិតជាច្រើនរបស់គាត់នៅក្នុង ''Philosophical Transactions'' របស់ពួកគេ។ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/antoni-van-leeuwenhoek |access-date=29 July 2023 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> == ជីវិតដំបូង និងអាជីព == [[ឯកសារ:Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek_and_his_"Little_animals";_being_some_account_of_the_father_of_protozoology_and_bacteriology_and_his_multifarious_discoveries_in_these_disciplines;_(1932)_(19122164704).jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ផ្ទះកំណើតរបស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក នៅអូស្ទែនដឺ មុនពេលវាត្រូវបានកម្ទេចនៅឆ្នាំ ១៩២៦]] លោកអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក កើតនៅ ទីក្រុងដែលហ្វ សាធារណរដ្ឋហូឡង់ នៅថ្ងៃទី 24 ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ ១៦៣២។ នៅថ្ងៃទី 4 ខែវិច្ឆិកា លោកបានទទួលបុណ្យជ្រមុជទឹកជា ថូនីស។ ឪពុករបស់លោក គឺលោកភីលីព អង់តូនីស វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក (Philips Antonisz van Leeuwenhoek) ជាអ្នកធ្វើកន្ត្រក ដែលបានស្លាប់កាលលោកអង់តូនី មានអាយុប្រាំឆ្នាំ។ ម្តាយរបស់លោក គឺលោកស្រីម៉ាការ៉េតា បែល វ៉ាន់ ដេន ប៊ែច (Margaretha Bel van den Berch) មកពីគ្រួសារធូរធារ ជាអ្នកផលិតស្រាបៀរ។ នាងបានរៀបការម្តងទៀតជាមួយលោកយ៉ាកុប យ៉ាន់ស មូលីន (Jacob Jansz Molijn) ជាវិចិត្រករ ហើយក្រុមគ្រួសារបានផ្លាស់ទៅ វ័រមុននៅប្រហែលឆ្នាំ ១៦៤០។ លោកអង់តូនី មានបងស្រីបួននាក់គឺម៉ាក្រីត (Margriet) ហ្គឺរទ្រយុត (Geertruyt) នែលជី (Neeltje) និង កាថារីណា (Catharina)។ នៅពេលគាត់មានអាយុប្រហែលដប់ឆ្នាំ ឪពុកចុងរបស់គាត់បានទទួលមរណភាព។ គាត់ត្រូវបានបញ្ជូនទៅរស់នៅបេនធូយសិន ជាមួយពូ ដែលជាមេធាវី។ នៅអាយុ ១៦ ឆ្នាំ គាត់បានក្លាយជាកូនជាងរបស់អ្នករក្សាសៀវភៅ (អ្នកគិតលុយ) នៅហាងលក់ក្រណាត់ទេសឯកនៅវ៉ាមូសស្ត្រាត ក្នុងទីក្រុងអាមស្ទឺដាម ដែលជាកម្មសិទ្ធិរបស់វីលៀម ដាវីតសុន ។ បន្ទាប់ពីប្រាំមួយឆ្នាំ វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានចាកចេញពីទីនោះ។ នៅខែកក្កដា ឆ្នាំ១៦៥៤ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ់ាន់ហ៊ុក បានរៀបការជាមួយបារបារ៉ា ដឺ មេ (Barbara de Mey) នៅដែលហ្វ ដែលលោកបានចិញ្ចឹមកូនស្រីម្នាក់ឈ្មោះម៉ារីយ៉ា (Maria) (កូនបួននាក់ផ្សេងទៀតបានស្លាប់ក្នុងវ័យទារក)។ លោកនឹងរស់នៅ និងសិក្សាពេញមួយជីវិតនៅហ៊ីពូលីទុសបួរ (Hypolytusbuurt) ក្នុងផ្ទះដែលលោកបានទិញនៅឆ្នាំ១៦៥៥។ លោកបានបើកហាងលក់ក្រណាត់ ដោយលក់ក្រណាត់ទេសឯក អំបោះ និងខ្សែបូដល់អ្នកដេរ និងជាងកាត់ដេរ។ <ref>{{Cite web |title='The Golden Head' – Antoni's house |url=https://www.delft.com/routes/follow-in-the-footsteps-of-antoni-van-leeuwenhoek/points/6 |access-date=14 February 2024 |website=Delft.com}}</ref> ឋានៈរបស់លោកនៅដែលហ្វ បានរីកចម្រើនមួយឆ្នាំៗ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦០ លោកបានទទួលការងារប្រាក់ខែខ្ពស់ជាអ្នកបម្រើការងារ សម្រាប់មន្ត្រីនគរបាល នៅក្នុងសាលាក្រុង ជាតំណែងដែលលោកនឹងកាន់អស់រយៈពេលជិត ៤០ ឆ្នាំ។ ភារកិច្ចរបស់លោករួមមានការថែរក្សាបរិវេណ កំដៅ ការសម្អាត ការបើកកិច្ចប្រជុំ ការអនុវត្តភារកិច្ចសម្រាប់អ្នកដែលជួបជុំគ្នា និងការរក្សាភាពស្ងៀមស្ងាត់លើបញ្ហាទាំងអស់ដែលបានពិភាក្សានៅទីនោះ។ នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦៩ លោកត្រូវបានតែងតាំងជាអ្នកវាស់វែងដីធ្លី ដោយតុលាការហូឡង់ ។ នៅពេលណាមួយ លោកបានផ្សំវាជាមួយនឹងការងារក្រុងមួយផ្សេងទៀត ដោយធ្វើជា "អ្នកវាស់ស្រា" ផ្លូវការរបស់ដែលហ្វ និងទទួលបន្ទុកនាំចូលស្រា និងយកពន្ធរបស់ក្រុង។ ភរិយារបស់លោកបានទទួលមរណភាពនៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦៦ ហើយនៅឆ្នាំ១៦៧១ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានរៀបការម្តងទៀតជាមួយកូណេលៀ ស្វាលមីយុស (Cornelia Swalmius) ដែលលោកគ្មានកូនជាមួយ។ [[ឯកសារ:The_Geographer.jpg|alt=Painting of man with scroll and compass, standing by sunlit window|ស្តាំ|រូបភាពតូច|''អ្នកភូមិសាស្ត្រ'' ដោយយូហានណេស វឺមៀរ]] លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាសហសម័យ របស់ពលរដ្ឋដែលហ្វដ៏ល្បីល្បាញម្នាក់ទៀត គឺវិចិត្រករយ៉ូហានណេស វឺមៀរ ដែលបានទទួលបុណ្យជ្រមុជទឹកត្រឹមតែបួនថ្ងៃមុនប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ មានការលើកឡើងថា គាត់គឺជាបុរសបង្ហាញនៅក្នុងគំនូរពីររបស់វឺមៀ នៅចុងទសវត្សរ៍ឆ្នាំ ១៦៦០ គឺ ''អ្នកតារាវិទូ'' និង ''អ្នកធរណីវិទូ'' ប៉ុន្តែជនផ្សេងទៀតអះអាងថា ហាក់ដូចជាលក្ខណៈរូបមានភាពស្រដៀងគ្នាតិចតួច។ ដោយសារតែពួកគេទាំងពីរនាក់ជាបុរសសំខាន់នៅក្នុងទីក្រុង ដែលមានប្រជាជនត្រឹមតែ ២៤,០០០ នាក់ ហើយរស់នៅជិតទីផ្សារ វាទំនងជាពួកគេស្គាល់គ្នា។ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានដើរតួជា អ្នកប្រតិបត្តិ ពាក្យបណ្ដាំរបស់វឺមៀ ពេលដែលវិចិត្រកររូបនេះស្លាប់នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៥។ សាសនារបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺ " សាសនាកំណែទម្រង់ហូឡង់ " និងសាសនាខាល់វីន ។ <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2005 |title=The religious affiliation of Biologist A. van Leeuwenhoek |url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707164902/http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html |archive-date=7 July 2010 |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=Adherents.com |archivedate=7 កក្កដា 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707164902/http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html }}</ref> ដូចលោកយ៉ាន ស្វាមមឺដាមដែរ លោកតែងតែនឹកដល់អច្ឆរិយៈដែលព្រះ បានរចនាឡើងក្នុងការបង្កើតសត្វធំតូច ហើយជឿថាការរកឃើញរបស់លោក គ្រាន់តែជាភស្តុតាងបន្ថែមនៃភាពអស្ចារ្យនៃការបង្កើតនេះប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ <ref>{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=The Religion of Antony van Leeuwenhoek |url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504104155/http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html |archive-date=4 May 2006 |access-date=23 April 2006 |archivedate=7 កក្កដា 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707164902/http://www.adherents.com/people/pl/Antony_van_Leeuwenhoek.html }}</ref> == ការសិក្សាតាមមីក្រូទស្សន៍ == [[ឯកសារ:Leeuwenhoek_Eschenholz.jpg|alt=See caption|រូបភាពតូច|ផ្នែក​​ឈើផេះ ​អាយុ​មួយ​ឆ្នាំ ( ''Fraxinus'' ) ​គូរ​ដោយវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក]] ខណៈពេលកំពុងដំណើរការហាងលក់ក្រណាត់ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ចង់ឃើញគុណភាពនៃខ្សែអំបោះល្អជាងអ្វីដែលអាចធ្វើទៅបាន ដោយប្រើឡង់ទីពង្រីកនៅសម័យនោះ។ គាត់ចាប់ផ្តើមមានចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍លើការផលិតឡង់ទី ទោះបីជាមានកំណត់ត្រាតិចតួច អំពីសកម្មភាពដំបូងរបស់គាត់ក៏ដោយ។ ដោយដាក់ផ្នែកកណ្តាលនៃដំបងកញ្ចក់សូដាកំបោរតូច នៅក្នុងអណ្តាតភ្លើង មនុស្សម្នាក់អាចទាញផ្នែកក្តៅចេញពីគ្នាដើម្បីបង្កើតជាសរសៃកញ្ចក់វែងពីរ។ បន្ទាប់មក ដោយការបញ្ចូលចុងសរសៃមួយចូលទៅក្នុងអណ្តាតភ្លើង កញ្ចក់តូចមួយដែលមានគុណភាពខ្ពស់ត្រូវបង្កើត។ អ្វីដែលសំខាន់នោះគឺ ការសិក្សាអំពីតូម៉ូក្រាហ្វីណឺត្រុង ក្នុងខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ ២០២១ នៃមីក្រូទស្សន៍ឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ពង្រីកខ្ពស់ <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Cocquyt|first=Tiemen|last2=Zhou|first2=Zhou|date=14 May 2021|title=Neutron tomography of Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes|journal=[[Science Advances]]|volume=7|issue=20|bibcode=2021SciA....7.2402C|doi=10.1126/sciadv.abf2402|pmc=8121416|pmid=33990325|doi-access=free}}</ref> បានចាប់យករូបភាពនៃដើមកញ្ចក់ខ្លី ជាលក្ខណៈនៃវិធីសាស្ត្របង្កើតឡង់ទីនេះ។ សម្រាប់ការពង្រីកទាប គាត់ក៏បានផលិតឡង់ទីដីផងដែរ។ ដើម្បីជួយរក្សាការសម្ងាត់នៃវិធីសាស្ត្ររបស់គាត់ គាត់ហាក់ដូចជាបានលើកទឹកចិត្តឲ្យអ្នកដទៃគិតថា ការកិនជាវិធីសាស្ត្រកសាងឡង់ទីចម្បង ឬតែមួយគត់របស់គាត់។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[វិគីភីឌា:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">ត្រូវការ​ឯកសារ​យោង</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === ការទទួលស្គាល់ពីសមាគមរាជវង្ស === បន្ទាប់ពីបានអភិវឌ្ឍវិធីសាស្រ្ត ដើម្បីបង្កើតឡង់ទី និងយកវាមកប្រើក្នុងការសិក្សាពិភពមីក្រូស្កូប​ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Acta Eruditorum. (1682) |url=https://preserver.beic.it/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1903754 |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=preserver.beic.it}}</ref> វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានណែនាំការងាររបស់ខ្លួនទៅកាន់មិត្តភក្តិម្នាក់ គឺវេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតដ៏ល្បីល្បាញជនជាតិហូឡង់ឈ្មោះ[[Reinier de Graf|រ៉េនៀ ដឺ ក្រាហ្វ]]។ នៅពេល[[Royal Society|សមាគមរាជវង្ស]]នៅទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍បោះពុម្ពផ្សព្វផ្សាយការងារដ៏អស្ចារ្យរបស់អ្នកផលិតឡង់ទីសញ្ជាតិអ៊ីតាលីម្នាក់ក្នុងទស្សនាវដ្តី ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'' ដឺ ក្រាហ្វ បានសរសេរទៅកាន់អ្នកកែសម្រួលទស្សនាវដ្តី ឈ្មោះ[[Henry Oldenburg|ហេនរី អូលដិនប៊ឺក]] ដោយលើកសរសើរមីក្រូទស្សន៍របស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ហើយអះអាងថា “លើសពីអ្វីដែលធ្លាប់ឃើញពីមុនមក”។ ជាការឆ្លើយតប នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៣ សមាគមបានបោះផ្សាយលិខិតមួយពីវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក រួមជាមួយការសង្កេតដោយមីក្រូទស្សន៍របស់គាត់លើផ្សិត មើមឃ្មុំ និងសត្វពពែ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ulmer|first=H. E.|date=2023-05-15|title=Anthony Dobell (1927–2015)|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00398-023-00584-4|journal=Zeitschrift für Herz-,Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie|volume=37|issue=5|pages=273–276|doi=10.1007/s00398-023-00584-4|issn=0930-9225}}</ref>។ បន្ទាប់មក នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៤ វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកបានធ្វើការរកឃើញដ៏សំខាន់បំផុត។ ចាប់ផ្តើមពីការសន្មតថា ជីវិត និងចលនាមានលក្ខណៈស្រដៀងគ្នា គាត់បានកំណត់ថាវត្ថុដែលកំពុងផ្លាស់ទី ក្រោមមីក្រូទស្សន៍គឺជា សត្វតូចៗ។ បន្ទាប់មក គាត់បានកត់ត្រាការសង្កេតនេះក្នុងសៀវភៅកំណត់ហេតុ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/historians-miscellaneous-biographies/antoni-van-leeuwenhoek |access-date=2026-05-24 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref>។ [[ឯកសារ:Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek_letters_to_the_Royal_Society_3.jpg|alt=Page in a handwritten manuscript volume|រូបភាពតូច|លិខិតមួយច្បាប់ឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៧ ពីលោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ផ្ញើទៅកាន់លោកអូលដិនប៊ឺក ដោយមានអត្ថបទបកប្រែជាភាសាអង់គ្លេសនៅពីក្រោយ។ ឯកសារឆ្លើយឆ្លងពេញលេញមាននៅក្នុងបណ្ណាល័យ សមាគមរាជវង្ស ក្នុងទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍។]] ស្នាដៃរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានទាក់ទាញចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍យ៉ាងពេញទំហឹងពីសមាគមរាជវង្ស ហើយលោកចាប់ផ្តើមឆ្លើយឆ្លងជាប្រចាំជាមួយសមាគម ទាក់ទងនឹងការសង្កេតរបស់ខ្លួន។ ដំបូងឡើយ លោកមានភាពស្ទាក់ស្ទើរក្នុងការផ្សព្វផ្សាយការរកឃើញរបស់ខ្លួន ដោយចាត់ទុកខ្លួនឯងថាជាអ្នកជំនួញ ដែលមានប្រវត្តិផ្នែកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ សិល្បៈ ឬការសរសេរបន្តិចបន្តួច ប៉ុន្តែលោកឌឺ ក្រាហ្វ បានជំរុញឱ្យលោកមានទំនុកចិត្តលើការងាររបស់ខ្លួន។ នៅពេលដែលលោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ស្លាប់នៅឆ្នាំ ១៧២៣ លោកបានសរសេរលិខិតប្រហែល ១៩០ សន្លឹកទៅកាន់សមាគមរាជវង្ស ដោយរៀបរាប់យ៉ាងលម្អិតអំពីការរកឃើញនៅក្នុងវិស័យជាច្រើន ដោយផ្តោតលើការងារក្នុងមីក្រូទស្សន៍។ លោកបានសរសេរលិខិតតែក្នុងភាសាហូឡង់សាមញ្ញរបស់លោកតែប៉ុណ្ណោះ។ លោកមិនដែលបោះពុម្ពឯកសារវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រត្រឹមត្រូវជាភាសាឡាតាំងឡើយ។ លោកចូលចិត្តធ្វើការតែម្នាក់ឯងជាខ្លាំង ដោយមិនទុកចិត្តលើសេចក្តីស្មោះត្រង់របស់អ្នកផ្តល់ជំនួយ។ លិខិតទាំងនោះត្រូវបានបកប្រែទៅជាភាសាឡាតាំង ឬភាសាអង់គ្លេសដោយលោកហេនរី អូលដិនប៊ឺក (Henry Oldenburg) ដែលបានរៀនភាសាហូឡង់សម្រាប់គោលបំណងនេះ។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[វិគីភីឌា:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">ត្រូវការ​សម្រង់</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> លោកក៏ជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលប្រើពាក្យ ''animalcules'' ដើម្បីបកប្រែពាក្យហូឡង់ដែលឡេ​វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុន បានប្រើដើម្បីពិពណ៌នាអំពីមីក្រូសារពាង្គកាយ។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Douglas |title=Wrote Letter 18 of 1676-10-09 (AB 26) to Henry Oldenburg |url=http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/wrote-letter-18-1676-10-09-ab-26-henry-oldenburg |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=Lens on Leeuwenhoek}}</ref> ទោះបីជាទទួលជោគជ័យដំបូងនៃទំនាក់ទំនងរបស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ជាមួយសមាគមរាជវង្សក៏ដោយ មិនយូរប៉ុន្មានទំនាក់ទំនងបានតានតឹងយ៉ាងខ្លាំង។ ភាពជឿជាក់របស់លោកត្រូវបានសាកសួរនៅពេលដែលលោកបានផ្ញើច្បាប់ចម្លងនៃការសង្កេតដំបូងអំពីសារពាង្គកាយឯកកោសិកាទៅសមាគមរាជវង្ស ចុះថ្ងៃទី 9 ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៦។<ref name="NickLane_RS">{{Cite journal|last=Lane|first=Nick|author-link=Nick Lane|date=6 March 2015|title=The Unseen World: Reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) 'Concerning Little Animal'|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=370|issue=1666|doi=10.1098/rstb.2014.0344|pmc=4360124|pmid=25750239}}</ref>ពីមុន អត្ថិភាពនៃសារពាង្គកាយឯកកោសិកា គឺមិនស្គាល់ទាំងស្រុង។ ដូច្នេះ ទោះបីជាមានកេរ្តិ៍ឈ្មោះដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងជាមួយសមាគមរាជវង្ស ជាអ្នកសង្កេតការណ៍ប្រកបដោយទំនុកចិត្តក៏ដោយ ការសង្កេតរបស់លោកអំពីជីវិតតូចតាចដំបូងឡើយត្រូវបានជួបប្រទះនឹងការសង្ស័យ។<ref name=":1">Schierbeek, A.: "The Disbelief of the Royal Society". </ref> [[ឯកសារ:Acta_Eruditorum_-_XVIII_zoologia,_1682_–_BEIC_13349171.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|រូបភាពនៃការរិះគន់របស់ ''Observationes microscopicae Antonii Levvenhoeck...'' ចុះផ្សាយក្នុង ''Acta Eruditorum'', ១៦៨២]] នៅទីបំផុត ដោយប្រឈមមុខនឹងការទទូចរបស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកសមាគមរាជវង្សបានរៀបចំលោកអេឡិចសានឌ័រ ផេទ្រី (Alexander Petrie) ជាអ្នកបម្រើការងារនៅព្រះវិហារកំណែទម្រង់អង់គ្លេសក្នុងដែលហ្វ លោកបេនេឌិច ហាន (Benedict Haan) ជាបព្វជិតលូធឺរ៉ាននៅដែលហ្វ និងលោកហេនរិច កូដេស (Henrik Cordes) ជាគ្រូគង្វាលលូធឺរ៉ាននៅទីក្រុងឡាអេ អមដោយលោករូបឺត ហ្គោដុន និងមនុស្សបួននាក់ទៀត ដើម្បីកំណត់ថាតើវាពិតជាសមត្ថភាពរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ក្នុងការសង្កេត និងវែកញែកយ៉ាងច្បាស់លាស់ ឬប្រហែលជាទ្រឹស្តីជីវិតរបស់សមាគមរាជវង្សត្រូវការកំណែទម្រង់។ ជាចុងក្រោយ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៧​<ref>[http://recall.archive.org/stream/antonyvanleeuwen00dobe/antonyvanleeuwen00dobe_djvu.txt Full text of "Antony van Leeuwenhoek and his "Little animals"; being some account of the father of protozoology and bacteriology and his multifarious discoveries in these disciplines;"]. </ref> ការសង្កេតរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ត្រូវបានទទួលស្គាល់យ៉ាងពេញលេញដោយសមាគមរាជវង្ស។<ref>Dobell, pp. 46–50.</ref> លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេ វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ត្រូវបានជ្រើសរើសឱ្យចូលរួមក្នុងសមាគមរាជវង្សក្នុងខែកុម្ភៈ ឆ្នាំ១៦៨០ តាមការតែងតាំងរបស់លោកវីលៀម ក្រូន ជាគ្រូពេទ្យលេចធ្លោនាសម័យនោះ។ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក មានការភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលយ៉ាងខ្លាំងចំពោះការតែងតាំងនេះ ដែលលោកចាត់ទុកថាជាកិត្តិយសដ៏ខ្ពង់ខ្ពស់ ទោះបីជាលោកមិនដែលចូលរួមពិធីប្រកាសកាន់តំណែងនៅទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍ក៏ដោយ ហើយលោកក៏មិនដែលចូលរួមក្នុងកិច្ចប្រជុំសមាគមរាជវង្សដែរ។<ref>Dobell, pp. 52–53.</ref> រូបគំនូររបស់លោក គូរដោយ លោកយ៉ាន វឺកូល្យេ ជាមួយនឹងវិញ្ញាបនបត្រ ចុះហត្ថលេខាដោយ លោកចេមស៍ទី ២ នៃប្រទេសអង់គ្លេស នៅលើតុក្បែរលោក។ === កិត្តិនាមវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ === នៅចុងសតវត្សរ៍ទី ១៧ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក មានសិទ្ធិផ្តាច់មុខលើការសិក្សា និងការរកឃើញមីក្រូទស្សន៍។ លោករូបឺត​ ហ៊ុក ដែលជាអ្នកត្រួសត្រាយផ្លូវមីក្រូទស្សន៍ដំបូង បានត្អូញត្អែរថា វិស័យនេះបានធ្លាក់ចុះទាំងស្រុងលើស្មារបស់បុរសម្នាក់។<ref name="lensonleeuwenhoek.net">{{Cite web |title=Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/timeline/tax/visitors |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៧៣ សំបុត្រដំបូងរបស់លោកត្រូវបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយនៅក្នុងទិនានុប្បវត្តិនៃសមាគមរាជវង្សនៃទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍។ លោកត្រូវបានបុគ្គលល្បីៗជាច្រើនមកទស្សនាក្នុងរយៈពេលប៉ុន្មានឆ្នាំ ដើម្បីបានសម្លឹងមើល ''សត្វតូចៗ'' ។ ម្នាក់ក្នុងចំណោមអ្នកដំបូងគឺ លោកយ៉ាន ស្វាមមឺដាម ។<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Visited by Tsar Peter the Great of Russia {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/visited-by-tsar-peter-russia |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> នៅប្រហែលឆ្នាំ១៦៧៥ លោក យ៉ូហាន ហាយដេកូភឺ ដែលមានចំណាប់អារម្មណ៍យ៉ាងខ្លាំងក្នុងការប្រមូល និងដាំរុក្ខជាតិសម្រាប់អចលនទ្រព្យរបស់គាត់គឺ ហ្គូដេស្តាញ បានក្លាយជាអ្នកគ្រប់គ្រង សួនរុក្ខសាស្ត្រ ហ័រទូស បូថានីគូស អាមស្ទឺដាម ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៦៨២។ គ្រីស្ទៀន ហាយហ្គិន, [[ហ្គុតហ្វ្រាយ វីលហេម ឡែបនី|ឡេបនី]] (១៦៧៦), [[ចន ឡុក]] (១៦៧៨, ១៦៨៥), ជេមស៍ទី២ នៃប្រទេសអង់គ្លេស (១៦៧៩), វីលៀមទី៣ នៃ អូរ៉ង់ហ្ស៍, ម៉ារីទី២ នៃប្រទេសអង់គ្លេស និង ថូម៉ាស ម៉ូលីណូ (ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៦៨៥) បានមកទស្សនា។ នៅខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៦៩៧ លោកវ៉ាន ឡេវ៉ានហ៊ុក បានទៅជួបព្រះចៅអធិរាជ ភីធឺដ៏អស្ចារ្យ នៅលើទូករបស់ទ្រង់ ដែលចតនៅស្ហ៊ី ឬ អាសឺណល ។<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Brief History of Creation: Science and the Search for the Origin of Life|year=2015|isbn=978-0-393-24854-8|page=45}}</ref>ក្នុងឱកាសនេះ គាត់បានប្រគល់ "ឧបករណ៍មើលអន្ទង់" ដល់ព្រះចៅអធិរាជ ដូច្នេះភីធឺ អាចសិក្សាពីចរន្តឈាមនៅពេលណាក៏បាន។<ref>Dobell, pp. 54–61.</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៧០៦ គឺ ហ្គោវឺត ប៊ីដឡូ ; នៅឆ្នាំ១៧១៤ រីឆាត ប្រ៊ែដលី (អ្នកជំនាញរុក្ខសាស្ត្រ) ; និងនៅឆ្នាំ១៧១៦ ហឺម៉ាន់ ប៊ូរហាវ៉េ និង ហ្វ្រេដឺរិក រ៉យស៍ ។<ref name=":2" />លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានបដិសេធមិនបង្ហាញមីក្រូទស្សន៍ទំនើបៗដែលពឹងផ្អែក ក្នុងរបកគំហើញរបស់គាត់ទេ ផ្ទុយទៅវិញបានបង្ហាញអ្នកទស្សនានូវការប្រមូលឡង់ទីដែលមានគុណភាពមធ្យម ធ្វើឲ្យភ្ញៀវរបស់គាត់ខកចិត្តយ៉ាងខ្លាំង។<ref name="BrianJFord_1992">{{Cite journal|last=Brian J. Ford|year=1992|title=From Dilettante to Diligent Experimenter: a Reappraisal of Leeuwenhoek as microscopist and investigator|url=http://www.brianjford.com/a-avl01.htm|journal=Biology History|volume=5|issue=3}}</ref> == បច្ចេកទេស == [[ឯកសារ:Vermeer-view-of-delft.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកកើតនៅជិត អូស្ទផត (Oostpoor)t ។ ទិដ្ឋភាពនៃដែលហ្វ ពីខាងកើតដោយយ៉ូហាន វឺមៀ]] [[ឯកសារ:Delft,_straatzicht_Oosteinde_vanaf_de_Oostpoort_foto9_2016-03-13_10.41.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ទិដ្ឋភាពផ្លូវអូស្ទែនដឺ ថតចេញពីទ្វារក្រុងអូស្ទភត]] [[ឯកសារ:Delft_-_Warmoesbrug_over_Hippolytusbuurt.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុករស់នៅ Oude Delft ជិតវ៉ាមូសប្រុក លើហ៊ីពូលីទុសបួរ ]] លោកអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានបង្កើតឡង់ទីអុបទិកជាង ៥០០។ លោកក៏បានបង្កើតមីក្រូទស្សន៍ឡង់ទីតែមួយយ៉ាងហោចណាស់ ២៥ ដែលមានប្រភេទផ្សេងៗគ្នា ក្នុងនោះមានតែប្រាំបួនប៉ុណ្ណោះនៅសេសសល់។ មីក្រូទស្សន៍ទាំងនេះត្រូវបានផលិតពីស៊ុមប្រាក់ ឬទង់ដែង ដែលមានឡង់ទីធ្វើដោយដៃ។ ឡង់ទីដែលនៅសេសសល់អាចពង្រីកបានរហូតដល់ ២៧៥ ដង។ គេសង្ស័យថាលោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក មានមីក្រូទស្សន៍មួយចំនួនដែលអាចពង្រីករហូតដល់ ៥០០ ដង។ ទោះបីជាលោកត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជាអ្នកស្ម័គ្រចិត្តក៏ដោយ ការស្រាវជ្រាវវិទ្យាសាស្ត្ររបស់លោកមានគុណភាពខ្ពស់គួរឱ្យកត់សម្គាល់។<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Douglas |title=Tiny Microscopes |url=http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/tiny-microscopes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502095106/http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/tiny-microscopes |archive-date=2 May 2015 |access-date=3 March 2016 |website=Lens on Leeuwenhoek |archivedate=2 ឧសភា 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502095106/http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/tiny-microscopes |url-status=dead }}</ref> មីក្រូទស្សន៍ឡង់ទីតែមួយរបស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាឧបករណ៍តូចៗដែលធំជាងគេមានប្រវែង 5&nbsp;សង់ទីម៉ែត្រ។<ref>[[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek#Moll|Moll 2003]]</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ingalls|first=Albert G.|date=1953|title=The Amateur Scientist: On the fascination of microscopy and some curious amateur observations of the moon|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24944119|journal=Scientific American|volume=188|issue=1|pages=80–87|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0153-80|issn=0036-8733|jstor=24944119}}</ref> របៀបប្រើដោយដាក់កែវភ្នែកឱ្យជិតភ្នែក។ ផ្នែកម្ខាងទៀតនៃមីក្រូទស្សន៍មានម្ជុលមួយ ដែលត្រូវបានភ្ជាប់ដើម្បីនៅជិតកែវភ្នែក។ មានវីសបីសម្រាប់រំកិលម្ជុល និងតាមអ័ក្សបី៖ អ័ក្សមួយសម្រាប់ផ្លាស់ប្តូរការផ្តោត និងអ័ក្សពីរផ្សេងទៀតសម្រាប់រុករក។ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានរក្សាជំហរពេញមួយជីវិតថា មានទិដ្ឋភាពនៃការសាងសង់មីក្រូទស្សន៍ "ដែលខ្ញុំរក្សាទុកសម្រាប់តែខ្លួនខ្ញុំប៉ុណ្ណោះ" ជាពិសេសអាថ៌កំបាំងដ៏សំខាន់បំផុតរបស់លោកអំពីរបៀបបង្កើតឡង់ទី។<ref>{{Cite journal|last=F. N. Egerton|year=1967|title=Leeuwenhoek as a founder of animal demography|journal=Journal of the History of Biology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=1–22|doi=10.1007/BF00149773|jstor=4330484}}</ref> អស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនសតវត្សមកហើយ វិធីសាស្ត្រពិតប្រាកដរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក នៅតែមិនទាន់ដឹងនៅឡើយ។ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៥៣ វិធីមួយត្រូវបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយស្តីពីការបង្កើតចម្លងដែលដំណើរការ ដោយបង្កើតឡង់ទីដោយបញ្ចូលខ្សែស្រឡាយកញ្ចក់ស្តើងមួយចូលទៅក្នុងអណ្តាតភ្លើងដូចដែលបានពិពណ៌នាខាងលើ។<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frank N. Egerton|year=2006|title=A History of the Ecological Sciences, Part 19: Leeuwenhoek's Microscopic Natural History|journal=Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America|volume=87|page=47|doi=10.1890/0012-9623(2006)87[47:AHOTES]2.0.CO;2|doi-access=}}</ref> នៅក្នុងខែឧសភា ឆ្នាំ ២០២១ ក្រុមអ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវនៅប្រទេសហូឡង់បានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយការសិក្សាអំពីតូម៉ូក្រាហ្វីនឺត្រុងនៃមីក្រូទស្សន៍ដើមរបស់លោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ដោយបង្ហាញពីឡង់ទីស្វ៊ែរដែលមានដើមខ្លីភ្ជាប់។ <ref name=":0"/> ដើមនេះគឺជាផ្នែកដែលនៅសល់នៃខ្សែស្រឡាយកញ្ចក់ដែលប្រើ ដែលបញ្ជាក់ពីវិធីសាស្ត្រផលិត។ ដូចដែលបានកត់សម្គាល់នៅទីនោះ វិធីសាស្ត្រនេះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងដោយ លោករូបឺត ហ៊ុក ជាជាងលោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ដែលជារឿងហួសចិត្តដោយសារតែការភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលជាបន្តបន្ទាប់របស់លោកហ៊ុក ចំពោះការរកឃើញរបស់ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក។ <ref name=":0" /> លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានប្រើគំរូ និងការវាស់វែង ដើម្បីប៉ាន់ប្រមាណចំនួនមីក្រូសារពាង្គកាយនៅក្នុងឯកតាទឹក។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Robert Hooke (1635–1703) |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=Ucmp.berkeley.edu}}</ref><ref name="dbnl.org">{{Cite web |title=De 2e en de 3e Engelsche reeksen der brieven van Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (7e Bijdrage tot de Studie over de werken van den Stichter der Micrographie) door Prof. Dr. A.J.J. Vandevelde Werkend Lid der Koninklijke Vlaamsche Academie., Verslagen en mededelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie voor Taal- en Letterkunde 1924 |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_ver025192401_01/_ver025192401_01_0012.php}}</ref> លោកក៏បានប្រើប្រាស់អត្ថប្រយោជន៍ដ៏ធំធេង ផ្តល់ដោយវិធីសាស្ត្ររបស់លោកផងដែរ។ លោកបានសិក្សាពីបាតុភូតមីក្រូទស្សន៍ជាច្រើនប្រភេទ ហើយបានចែករំលែកលទ្ធផលការសង្កេតដោយសេរីជាមួយក្រុមដូចជា សមាគមរាជវង្សអង់គ្លេស ។<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Levende Dierkens |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/levende-dierkens |website=Lens on Leeuwenhoek}}</ref> ការងារបែបនេះបានបង្កើតតំណែងរបស់លោកយ៉ាងរឹងមាំនៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រក្នុងនាមជាអ្នករុករកដំបូង និងសំខាន់បំផុតម្នាក់នៃពិភពមីក្រូទស្សន៍។ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាមនុស្សម្នាក់ក្នុងចំណោមមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលបានសង្កេតឃើញកោសិកា ដូចលោករូបឺត ហ៊ុក ដែរ។ <ref name="hup"/> លោកក៏បានឆ្លើយឆ្លងជាមួយលោកអង់តូនីញ៉ូ ម៉ាលីយ៉ាបេគី ផងដែរ។<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=1674: Perhaps will to many seem incredible |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/1674-perhaps-will-many-seem-incredible |website=Lens on Leeuwenhoek}}</ref> == ការរកឃើញ == [[ឯកសារ:Antonius_van_Leeuwenhoek._Mezzotint_by_J._Verkolje,_1686,_af_Wellcome_V0003466.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|លោកអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក Mezzotint ដោយ J. Verkolje, ១៨៦៨]] * លោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលបានធ្វើពិសោធន៍លើរាងកាយខ្លួនឯង។ គាត់បានចាក់យកឈាមពីម្រាមដៃ ដើម្បីទៅពិនិត្យ ហើយគាត់បានដាក់បំណែកស្បែករបស់គាត់នៅក្រោមមីក្រូទស្សន៍ ដើម្បីពិនិត្យមើលរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធរបស់ផ្នែកផ្សេងៗនៃរាងកាយ ព្រមទាំងរាប់ចំនួនសរសៃឈាមដែលជ្រាបឆ្លងកាត់។ <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Elbaba |first=Mostafa |date=2025-01-01 |title=From a Fabric Shop to the Royal Society of London. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |url=https://www.academia.edu/144238312 |publisher=Egyptian Society for History of Medicine}}</ref> * ទាំងលោក [[Marcello Malpighi|ម៉ាសេឡូ ម៉ាល់ពីហ្គី]] និងលោក យ៉ាន ស្វាមមឺដាមសុទ្ធតែបានឃើញរចនាសម្ព័ន្ធទាំងនេះមុនឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ប៉ុន្តែលោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក គឺជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេ ដែលបានស្គាល់ថាពួកវាជាអ្វី៖ [[Red blood cells|កោសិកាឈាមក្រហម]]។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elbaba |first=Mostafa |date=2025-01-01 |title=From a Fabric Shop to the Royal Society of London. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |url=https://www.academia.edu/144238312 |publisher=Egyptian Society for History of Medicine}}</ref> លោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានពិពណ៌នាអំពីចលនារបស់[[RBCs|កោសិកាឈាមក្រហម]]នៅក្នុងសរសៃឈាមថា៖ «''ប្រសិនបើយើងមើលឃើញនៅពេលនេះថា ការហូរឆ្លងកាត់នៃឈាមពីសរសៃអាកទែរទៅក្នុងសរសៃវ៉ែនរបស់កូនក្អុក មិនបានប្រព្រឹត្តទៅនៅក្នុងសរសៃណាមួយផ្សេងទៀត ក្រៅពីសរសៃឈាមដែលមានទំហំតូចល្អិតបំផុត រហូតដល់អាចអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យគ្រាប់មូលៗតែមួយគត់ឆ្លងកាត់បានក្នុងពេលតែមួយ យើងអាចសន្និដ្ឋានបានថា ដំណើរការនេះក៏ប្រព្រឹត្តទៅក្នុងរាងកាយរបស់យើង និងនៅក្នុងរាងកាយរបស់សត្វដទៃទៀតដែរ''»។<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Douglas |title=Wrote Letter 39 of 1683-09-17 (AB 76) to Francis Aston |url=http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/wrote-letter-39-1683-09-17-ab-76-francis-aston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820153516/http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/wrote-letter-39-1683-09-17-ab-76-francis-aston |archive-date=20 August 2016 |access-date=26 September 2016 |website=Lens on Leeuwenhoek}}</ref> * [[Infusoria|អ៊ីនហ្វូសូរីយ៉ា]] (ពពួក[[Protist|ប្រូទីស]]នៅក្នុងចំណាត់ថ្នាក់សត្វទំនើប)៖ នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៧៤ * នៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៦៧៥ គាត់បានសិក្សាលើប្រភេទរ៉ែផ្សេងៗគ្នា ជាពិសេសគឺពពួកអំបិល ព្រមទាំងផ្នែកខ្លះនៃរុក្ខជាតិ និងសត្វ។ * [[Vacuole|វ៉ាគីអូល]]នៃកោសិកា នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៧៦ * [[Spermatozoa|ស្ពែម៉ាតូសូអ៊ីត]] នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៧៧។ ចំពោះការរកឃើញនេះ គាត់បានមានប្រសាសន៍ថា៖ «មនុស្សមិនមែនកើតចេញពីពង នោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែគឺកើតចេញពីសត្វតូចល្អិត (animalcule) ដែលត្រូវបានរកឃើញនៅក្នុងទឹកកាមរបស់មនុស្សប្រុស» ហើយគាត់បានបន្ថែមថា៖ «សម្រាប់រូបខ្ញុំ ខ្ញុំចង់និយាយថា ទឹកកាមរបស់មនុស្សប្រុស និងគ្រាប់ពូជរបស់រុក្ខជាតិ ត្រូវបានសិក្សាស្វែងយល់យ៉ាងជ្រៅជ្រះរហូតដល់គ្មានអ្វីត្រូវស្វែងរកបន្តទៀតឡើយនៅក្នុងអាថ៌កំបាំងដ៏អស្ចារ្យនេះ ប៉ុន្តែខ្ញុំក៏អាចខុសក្នុងការយល់ឃើញរបស់ខ្ញុំដែរ»។<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of microbiology|location=Burlington, Mass.|date=2014|page=6|isbn=978-1-4496-8861-5}}</ref> * ទម្រង់ឆ្នូតនៃ[[Muscular fibres|សរសៃសាច់ដុំ]] នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨២ * បាក់តេរី (ឧទាហរណ៍៖ ពពួកសេឡេណូម៉ូណាសទំហំធំ ចេញពីក្នុងមាត់មនុស្ស) នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨៣<ref>{{Cite web |title=Микробы. Антони ван Левенгук |trans-title=Microbes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |url=http://bibliotekar.ru/100otkr/68.htm |website=bibliotekar.ru |language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief No. 76 [39]. 17 September 1683., Alle de brieven. Deel 4: 1683–1684, Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek |trans-title= |url=https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/leeu027alle04_01/leeu027alle04_01_0008.php#b0076 |website=www.dbnl.org |language=}}</ref> * វាហាក់ដូចជាគាត់បានប្រើប្រាស់[[Horseradish|មើមឆៃថាវ]] ដើម្បីស្វែងរកមូលហេតុដែលបណ្តាលឱ្យមានផ្សារនៅលើអណ្តាត។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyerstok {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/eyerstok |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> គាត់បានប្រើប្រាស់ឥទ្ធិពលនៃ[[Vinegar|ទឹកខ្មេះ]]ផងដែរ។ * លោកឡេ​វ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានចាប់ផ្តើមស្វែងរក «សត្វតូចល្អិត» របស់គាត់យ៉ាងម៉ត់ចត់។<ref name=":5" /> គាត់បានរកឃើញពួកវា នៅគ្រប់ទីកន្លែង៖ នៅក្នុងទឹកស្អុយ ក្នុងប្រឡាយ និងនៅលើធ្មេញរបស់គាត់ផ្ទាល់។ គាត់បានសរសេរទៅកាន់សមាគមរាជវង្សថា៖ «ទោះបីជាពេលនេះខ្ញុំមានអាយុ ៥០ ឆ្នាំហើយក៏ដោយ ធ្មេញរបស់ខ្ញុំត្រូវបានថែរក្សាយ៉ាងល្អ ដ្បិតខ្ញុំមានទម្លាប់ដុសខាត់វាជាមួយអំបិលជារៀងរាល់ព្រឹក»។ គាត់ក៏បានពិពណ៌នាអំពី[[Paradontitis|ជំងឺរលាកជុំវិញទងធ្មេញ]]ផងដែរ។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrote Letter L-187 of 1687-05-09 to members of the Royal Society about the structure of 'stone' of the medlar and the coffee bean and acid in plants {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/wrote-letter-187-of-1687-05-09-members-royal-society |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> * នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨៤ គាត់បានបោះពុម្ភផ្សាយការស្រាវជ្រាវស្តីពី[[Ovary|អូវែ]]។<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Royal Society read and discussed part of Letter L-187 about coffee {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/rs-read-and-discussed-letter-187 |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> * នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៨៧ វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានរាយការណ៍ពីការស្រាវជ្រាវរបស់គាត់លើ[[Coffee bean|គ្រាប់កាហ្វេ]]។<ref>Marion Peters (2010) De wijze koopman, Het wereldwijde onderzoek van Nicolaes Witsen (1641–1717), burgemeester en VOC-bewindhebber van Amsterdam. </ref><ref name="Schulte, 1991">{{Cite journal|last=Schulte EK|year=1991|title=Standardization of biological dyes and stains: pitfalls and possibilities.|journal=Histochemistry|volume=95|issue=4|pages=319–28|doi=10.1007/BF00266958|pmid=1708749}}</ref> គាត់បានលីងគ្រាប់កាហ្វេ កាត់វាជាកង់ៗ ហើយបានឃើញផ្នែកខាងក្នុងដែលស្ពោត។ នៅពេលគ្រាប់កាហ្វេនោះត្រូវបានសង្កត់ វាក៏មានប្រេងលេចចេញមក។ គាត់បានដាំកាហ្វេនោះជាមួយទឹកភ្លៀងចំនួនពីរដង រួចទុកវាឡែកមួយឡែក។<ref>{{Cite web |title=Specimen preparation {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/specimen-preparation |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> * លោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានឆ្លើយឆ្លងសំបុត្រទៀងទាត់ជាមួយលោក [[Anthonie Heinsuis|អង់តូនី ហេនសៀស]] ដែលជាមន្ត្រីច្បាប់ប្រចាំទីក្រុងដែលហ្វ នៅក្នុងរដ្ឋហូឡង់ ហើយនៅក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៦៨៧ លោកអង់តូនី ក៏ជាសមាជិកក្រុមប្រឹក្សាភិបាលនៃសភាពាណិជ្ជកម្មដែលហ្វ របស់ក្រុមហ៊ុន [[Dutch East India Company|VOC]]។ * នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៩៦ លោក[[Nicholas Witsen|នីកូឡាស វីតសិន]] បានផ្ញើផែនទីនៃតំបន់[[Tartary|តាតារី]] និង[[Ore|រ៉ែ]]ដែលបានរកឃើញនៅជិតទន្លេ[[Amur|អាមួ]] ក្នុងតំបន់ស៊ីបេរីមកឱ្យគាត់។<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Select Works of Antony van Leeuwenhoek, Containing His Microscopical Discoveries in Many of the Works of Nature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfIKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA213|date=1800|pages=213–}}</ref> * វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ត្រូវបានគេទទួលស្គាល់ថាជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលបានប្រើប្រាស់[[Histological stain|ថ្នាំជ្រលក់ជាលិកាសាស្ត្រ]] ដើម្បីលាបពណ៌លើសំណាកសម្រាប់ពិនិត្យមើលនៅក្រោមមីក្រូទស្សន៍ ដោយប្រើប្រាស់[[Saffron|ផ្កាសាហ្វ្រាន]]។<ref>[http://www.strangescience.net/leeuwenhoek.htm Rocky Road: Leeuwenhoek]. </ref> គាត់បានប្រើប្រាស់បច្ចេកទេសនេះតែម្តងគត់។<ref>Greenfield, Amy Butler (2005). </ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wrote Letter L-194 of 1687-11-28 to members of the Royal Society about his discovery that cochineal was an insect and his experiments with cinchona bark {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/wrote-letter-194-of-1687-11-28-members-royal-society |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> * នៅឆ្នាំ១៧០២ គាត់បានស្នើសុំសៀវភៅមួយក្បាលស្តីពីអណ្តូងរ៉ែប្រាក់របស់ប្រទេសភេរូ នៅក្នុងទីក្រុង[[Potosí|ប៉ូតូស៊ី]]។ ដូចលោករូបឺត ប៊យល៍និងនីកូឡាស ហាតស៊ូកឺ ដែរ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ចាប់អារម្មណ៍លើសត្វកូឈីនីលស្ងួត ដោយព្យាយាមស្វែងយល់ថាតើថ្នាំជ្រលក់ នោះមកពីផ្លែប៊ឺរី ឬសត្វល្អិត។<ref name=":6" /><ref>Life and work of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek of Delft in Holland; 1632–1723 (1980) Published by the Municipal Archives Delft, p. 9</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=On the circulation of the blood: Latin text of his 65th letter to the Royal Society, Sept. 7th, 1688|year=1962|page=28|isbn=978-90-6004-098-0}}</ref><ref>''Biology History'' vol 5(3), December 1992</ref> គាត់បានសិក្សាអំពីទឹកភ្លៀង គ្រាប់ពូជក្រូច ដង្កូវក្នុងថ្លើមចៀម ភ្នែកត្រីបាឡែន ឈាមត្រី សត្វកុក ស៊ីណែលីឌី ស្បែកដំរី ផ្កាសេឡង់ឌីន និង ស៊ីនកូណា ។<ref name=":4" /><gallery widths="200" heights="200"> ឯកសារ:Memorial_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg|alt=Memorial of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the Oude Kerk in Delft| អនុស្សាវរីយ៍លោកអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក នៅអូដឺ ឃឺក នៅដែលហ្វ ឯកសារ:Graf_Leeuwenhoek2.jpg|alt=Gravestone with Dutch inscription| អង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក​ ត្រូវបានគេបញ្ចុះនៅអូដឺ ឃឺក។ ឯកសារ:Delft_-_Het_Gouden_Hoofd_(Hippolytusbuurt).jpg| Het Gouden Hoofd (ហ៊ីពូលីទុសបួរ 1–3, ដែលហ្វ) <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Hippolytusbuurt 3, Leeuwenhoek's Home and Laboratory {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/hippolytusbuurt-3 |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> </gallery> == បេតិកភណ្ឌ និងការទទួលស្គាល់ == [[ឯកសារ:Gezicht_op_de_vismarkt_en_de_Vleeshal_te_Delft_Zee-visch_marckt_en_Vlees-hal_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-AO-11-20.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ទិដ្ឋភាពនៅលើផ្សារត្រី និងសាច់នៅដែលហ្វ ទល់មុខផ្ទះរបស់វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក]] [[ឯកសារ:Vleeshal_Delft.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|វលីសាល ដេលហ្វត]] នៅចុងបញ្ចប់នៃជីវិតរបស់គាត់ លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បានសរសេរលិខិតប្រហែល ៥៦០ ទៅកាន់សមាគមរាជវង្ស និងស្ថាប័នវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រផ្សេងៗទៀតទាក់ទងនឹងការសង្កេត និងការរកឃើញរបស់គាត់។ សូម្បីតែក្នុងអំឡុងពេលសប្តាហ៍ចុងក្រោយនៃជីវិត លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុកនៅតែបន្តផ្ញើលិខិតដែលពោរពេញទៅដោយការសង្កេតទៅទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍។ លិខិតមួយចំនួនចុងក្រោយ មានការពិពណ៌នាច្បាស់លាស់អំពីជំងឺរបស់គាត់។ គាត់ទទួលរងជំងឺកម្រមួយ បណ្តាលជាចលនាមិនអាចគ្រប់គ្រងបាននៃ សាច់ដុំពោះ ដែលឥឡូវនេះត្រូវបានគេហៅថា''ជំងឺវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក'' ។<ref>''The Microscope'' vol 43(2) pp 47–57</ref>គាត់បានទទួលមរណភាពក្នុងអាយុ ៩០ ឆ្នាំ នៅថ្ងៃទី 26 ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ ១៧២៣ ហើយត្រូវបានបញ្ចុះបួនថ្ងៃក្រោយមកនៅ អូដឺ ឃឺកក្នុងទីក្រុងដែលហ្វ។<ref>''Spektrum der Wissenschaft'' pp. 68–71, June 1998</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៨១ អ្នកមីក្រូទស្សន៍ជនជាតិអង់គ្លេសគឺ លោកប្រាយអិន ជេ. ហ្វត បានរកឃើញ គំរូដើមរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក បាននៅសេសសល់ក្នុងការប្រមូលផ្ដុំរបស់សមាគមរាជវង្សនៃទីក្រុងឡុងដ៍។គេរកឃើញថា ពួកវាមានគុណភាពខ្ពស់ ហើយត្រូវបានរក្សាទុកបានយ៉ាងល្អទាំងអស់។<ref>{{Cite web |title=The discovery by Brian J Ford of Leeuwenhoek's original specimens, from the dawn of microscopy in the 16th century |url=http://www.brianjford.com/wavintr.htm |access-date=13 June 2010 |publisher=Brianjford.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.avl.nl/ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek] (in Dutch). </ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 November 2004|title=Fortuyn voted greatest Dutchman|language=en-GB|work=news.bbc.com|url=http://news.bbc.com/2/hi/europe/4015173.stm|access-date=26 March 2020}}</ref> លោកហ្វត បានធ្វើការសង្កេតជាមួយមីក្រូទស្សន៍ឡង់ទីតែមួយជាច្រើនប្រភេទ ដែលបន្ថែមចំណេះដឹងរបស់យើងអំពីការងាររបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក។<ref>[https://time.com/4542058/antoni-van-leeuwenhoek-google-doodle/ New Google Doodle Celebrates Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Inventor of Microbiology] time.com accessed 24 October 2016.</ref> តាមគំនិតរបស់លោកហ្វតលោកឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក នៅតែយល់មិនល្អឥតខ្ចោះ ទស្សនៈដ៏ពេញនិយមថាការងាររបស់គាត់គឺឆៅ និងមិនមានវិន័យផ្ទុយពីភស្តុតាងនៃការសង្កេតដែលមានសតិសម្បជញ្ញៈ និងឧស្សាហ៍ព្យាយាម។ គាត់បានបង្កើតនីតិវិធីពិសោធន៍សមហេតុផល និងអាចធ្វើម្តងទៀតបាន ហើយមានឆន្ទៈក្នុងការប្រឆាំងនឹង មតិដែលទទួលបាន ដូចជា ការបង្កើតដោយឯកឯង ហើយគាត់បានផ្លាស់ប្តូរគំនិតរបស់គាត់ដោយផ្អែកលើភស្តុតាង។<ref name=":3" /> ស្តីពីសារៈសំខាន់របស់គាត់នៅក្នុងប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រអតិសុខុមជីវសាស្ត្រ និងវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រជាទូទៅ អ្នកជីវគីមីជនជាតិអង់គ្លេស ឈ្មោះនីក ឡេន បានសរសេរថា គាត់គឺជា "មនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលគិតចង់មើល - ពិតណាស់ ជាមនុស្សដំបូងគេដែលមានអំណាចមើលឃើញ"។ ការពិសោធន៍របស់គាត់គឺប៉ិនប្រសប់ ហើយគាត់គឺជា "អ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រដែលមានសមត្ថភាពខ្ពស់បំផុត" ដែលត្រូវបានវាយប្រហារដោយមនុស្សដែលច្រណែនគាត់ ឬ "មើលងាយប្រភពដើមដែលមិនបានសិក្សារបស់គាត់" មិនមែនដោយសារការសម្ងាត់របស់គាត់អំពីវិធីសាស្រ្តរបស់គាត់នោះទេ។<ref name=":1" /> មន្ទីរពេទ្យអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ក្នុងទីក្រុងអាមស្ទឺដាម ដែលដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក មានឯកទេសខាងជំងឺមហារីក ។<ref name=":7" /> ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ២០០៤ ការស្ទង់មតិសាធារណៈនៅប្រទេសហូឡង់ដើម្បីកំណត់ បុរសជនជាតិហូឡង់ ដ៏អស្ចារ្យបំផុត (" De Grootste Nederlander ") បានដាក់ឈ្មោះថាវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ជាជនជាតិហូឡង់ដ៏អស្ចារ្យបំផុតទី 4 គ្រប់ពេលវេលា។<ref name=":8" /> នៅថ្ងៃទី 24 ខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ ២០១៦ ក្រុមហ៊ុន Google បានរំលឹកខួបលើកទី 384 នៃកំណើតរបស់លោកវ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ជាមួយនឹងគំនូរ Doodle ដែលពណ៌នាអំពីការរកឃើញរបស់លោកអំពី "សត្វតូចៗ" ឬសត្វតូចៗ ដែលឥឡូវនេះត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាសារពាង្គកាយឯកកោសិកា។ មេដាយឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក, ការបង្រៀនឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក, រណ្ដៅឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក, ''Leeuwenhoeckia'', ''Levenhookia'' (ពពួកបាក់តេរីមួយប្រភេទក្នុងគ្រួសារ Stylidiaceae), ''Leeuwenhoekiella'' (ពពួកបាក់តេរីអេរ៉ូប៊ីក) និងការបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ ''Antonie van Leeuwenhoek: International Journal of General and Molecular Microbiology'' ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមគាត់។ ក្នុងនាមជាតួអង្គប្រឌិត គាត់លេចមុខជាម្ចាស់ សៀកចៃ អ្នកមីក្រូទស្សន៍ និងអ្នកលេងមន្តអាគមនៅក្នុងប្រលោមលោករបស់ ETA Hoffmann ដែលមានចំណងជើង ថា Master Flea រួមជាមួយ យ៉ាន ស្វាមមឺដាម ។<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> ឯកសារ:Memorial_Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek.jpg|alt=Memorial of Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the Oude Kerk in Delft| អនុស្សាវរីយ៍លោកអង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក នៅអូដឺ ឃឺក នៅដែលហ្វ ឯកសារ:Graf_Leeuwenhoek2.jpg|alt=Gravestone with Dutch inscription| អង់តូនី វ៉ាន់ ឡេវ៉ាន់ហ៊ុក ត្រូវបានគេបញ្ចុះនៅអូដឺ ឃឺក។ ឯកសារ:Delft_-_Het_Gouden_Hoofd_(Hippolytusbuurt).jpg| Het Gouden Hoofd (ហ៊ីពូលីទុសបួរ 1–3, ដែលហ្វ) <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Hippolytusbuurt 3, Leeuwenhoek's Home and Laboratory {{pipe}} Lens on Leeuwenhoek |url=https://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/content/hippolytusbuurt-3 |website=lensonleeuwenhoek.net}}</ref> </gallery> [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sek7h9905qbs11cm5cut67zgwwctra6 0 53777 336430 336339 2026-06-09T14:41:08Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336430 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោ''' ( [[ភាសាបាលី]] ) គឺជា[[ព្រះពុទ្ធ]]មួយអង្គក្នុងចំណោមព្រះពុទ្ធបុរាណ ដែលត្រូវបានកត់ត្រាទុកនៅក្នុង [[ព្រះត្រៃបិដក|គម្ពីរបាលី]] ''[[ពុទ្ធវង្ស]]'' ''ជំពូកទី ២៤។'' <ref name="Vicittasarabivamsa">{{Cite book|last=Vicittasarabivamsa|first=U|author-link=Mingun Sayadaw|editor-last=Ko Lay|editor-first=U|editor2-last=Tin Lwin|editor2-first=U|title=The great chronicle of Buddhas, Volume One, Part Two|edition=1st|chapter=Chapter 24: Kassapa Buddhavamsa|pages=285–92|publisher=Ti=Ni Publishing Center|location=Yangon, Myanmar|year=1992|url=http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/gotama/gcobv12.htm#24}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101822/http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/gotama/gcobv12.htm#24 |date=2018-08-24 }}</ref> ព្រះអង្គប្រសូតនៅព្រៃឥសិបតនមិគទាយវ័ន ក្នុងតំបន់[[សារនាថ]] ជាកន្លែងដែលព្រះអង្គបានសម្តែងព្រះធម៌ទេសនាដំបូងរបស់ព្រះអង្គនៅពេលក្រោយ។ ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោ គឺជាព្រះពុទ្ធមុននៃ[[កប្ប]]នេះ មុន[[ព្រះពុទ្ធ|ព្រះពុទ្ធគោតម]]បច្ចុប្បន្ន ទោះបីជាកស្សបោរស់នៅយូរមុនព្រះអង្គក៏ដោយ។ [[ឯកសារ:Ananda-Bagan-Myanmar-35-gje.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោនៅប្រាសាទអានន្ដាព,បុកាំ,មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] យោងតាមកាលប្បវត្តិ[[ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា]] [[ថេរវាទ]]នៃគម្ពីរបាលីបិដក ព្រះកស្សបោ គឺជា[[បញ្ជីឈ្មោះព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងឡាយ|ព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីម្ភៃប្រាំពីរក្នុងចំណោមព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងម្ភៃប្រាំបួនអង្គ]] ដែលជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីប្រាំមួយក្នុងចំណោម [[បញ្ជីឈ្មោះព្រះពុទ្ធ#ព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងប្រាំពីរអង្គនៃអតីតជាតិ|ព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងប្រាំពីរអង្គនៃអតីតជាតិ]] និងជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីបីក្នុងចំណោមព្រះពុទ្ធទាំង ១០០២ អង្គនៃកប្បបច្ចុប្បន្ន។ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tradition and modernity in Myanmar|last=Gärtner|first=Uta|author2=Jens Lorenz|year=1994|publisher=LIT Verlag|isbn=978-3-8258-2186-9|page=281}}</ref> កប្បបច្ចុប្បន្នត្រូវបានគេហៅថា ''មហាភទ្ទកប្ប'' ដែលជា "កប្បមហាមង្គល"។ ព្រះពុទ្ធប្រាំអង្គដំបូងនៃកប្បបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺ៖ <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|pages=106|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=Buddhas+of+the+present+kalpa&pg=PA106}}</ref> <ref name="Buddhistdoor">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 36: The Buddhas in the three periods of time |url=http://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/bdoor/archive/nutshell/teach36.htm |access-date=2014-12-21 |website=Buddhism in a Nutshell Archives |publisher=Buddhistdoor International |location=Hong Kong}}</ref> # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធកកុសន្ធោ]] ដែលជាព្រះពុទ្ធដំបូងរបស់ភទ្ទកប្ប ។ # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធកោនាគមនោ]] ជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីពីរនៃភទ្ទកប្ប ។ # ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោ ជាព្រះពុទ្ធទី៣ នៃភទ្ទកប្ប ។ # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធ|ព្រះពុទ្ធគោតម]] ជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទី៤ និងបច្ចុប្បន្ននៃភទ្ទកប្ប ។ # [[មៃត្រេយ]] ជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីប្រាំ និងជាព្រះពុទ្ធនាពេលអនាគតនៃភទ្ទកប្ប ។ == ឯកសារយោង == 1xtc78s91hc7ig7v4a1itlzcr5dsoug 0 53778 336426 336284 2026-06-09T13:35:40Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ប្រអប់ព័ត៌មាន អគារសាសនា | name = ប្រាសាទអាណាន់ដា | native_name = {{lang|my|အာနန္ဒာဘုရား}} | religious_affiliation = [[ពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ]] | image = Bagan, Myanmar, Ananda Temple.jpg | alt = | caption = ទិដ្ឋភាពខាងមុខនៃប្រាសាទអាណាន់ដា | map_type = | coordinates = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | location = [[បុកាំ]], [[មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] | deity = | country = [[មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] | functional_status = | founded_by = [[ជ្យនសិត្ថា]] | groundbreaking = ឆ្នាំ ១០៩០ | year_completed = ឆ្នាំ ១១០៥ | length = | width = | height_max = ៥១ ម៉ែត្រ<ref name=rdf>Fiala 2002</ref> | spire_height = ? }} '''ប្រាសាទអាណាន់ដា''' ឬ '''ប្រាសាទអានន្ទ''' ( [[ភាសាភូមា|ភូមា]] : အာနန္ဒာ ဘုရား , ) ស្ថិតនៅក្នុង[[បុកាំ|ក្រុងបាកាន]] [[មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា|ប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា]] គឺជា[[ប្រាសាទពុទ្ធសាសនា|ប្រាសាទព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនា]]មួយដែលត្រូវបានសាងសង់ឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ ១១០៥ នៃគ.ស ក្នុងរជ្ជកាល (១០៨៤-១១១២/១៣) របស់ព្រះបាទ[[ជ្យានសិត្ថា]] (ធី-ឡាញមីន) នៃ[[អាណាចក្របាកាន|រាជវង្សបាកាន]] ។ ប្លង់វត្តមាន[[រាង]]ជាឈើឆ្កាង ដែលមានខឿនជាច្រើនជាន់នាំទៅដល់[[វត្តនៅភូមា|ចេតិយតូច]]មួយនៅផ្នែកខាងលើ គ្របដណ្ដប់ដោយឆ័ត្រមួយដែលគេស្គាល់ថាជា [[ធី]] ដែលជាឈ្មោះឆ័ត្រ ឬគ្រឿងលម្អកំពូលដែលមាននៅក្នុងវត្តស្ទើរតែទាំងអស់នៅក្នុងប្រទេសមីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា។ វត្តព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនានេះមាន [[ព្រះពុទ្ធរូប]] ឈរចំនួនបួនអង្គ ដែលវត្តនីមួយៗបែរមុខទៅទិសខាងកើត ខាងជើង ខាងលិច និងខាងត្បូង។ វត្តនេះត្រូវបានគេនិយាយថាជាអច្ឆរិយៈស្ថាបត្យកម្មដែលរួមបញ្ចូលគ្នារវាងរចនាបថ [[រដ្ឋមន|មន]] និងរចនាបថឥណ្ឌា។ វត្តដ៏គួរឱ្យចាប់អារម្មណ៍នេះក៏ត្រូវបានគេដាក់ឈ្មោះថា "វត្តវេស្តមីនស្ទើរនៃភូមា"។ <ref name="Temple">{{Cite web |title=Ananda Temple |url=http://www.ancientbagan.com/ananda-temple.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719155335/http://ancientbagan.com/ananda-temple.htm |archive-date=2010-07-19 |access-date=2010-03-18 |publisher=Ancient Bagan |archivedate=2010-07-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719155335/http://ancientbagan.com/ananda-temple.htm }}</ref> <ref name="Ananda">{{Cite web |title=Ananda Temple |url=http://www.myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-bagan/ananda.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318084514/http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-bagan/ananda.htm |archive-date=2009-03-18 |access-date=2010-03-18 |publisher=Myanmar Information 2009 |archivedate=2009-03-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318084514/http://myanmartravelinformation.com/mti-bagan/ananda.htm }}</ref> <ref name="Schober">{{Cite book|title=Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia|pages=87–92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeBL7ci3MKoC&q=Ananda+temple&pg=PA89|year=2002|isbn=81-208-1812-1}}</ref> <ref name="Murari">{{Cite book|title=Cultural heritage of Burma|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3huAAAAMAAJ&q=Ananda+temple|year=1985|isbn=9788121000055}}</ref> វត្តនេះមានភាពស្រដៀងគ្នាជិតស្និទ្ធទៅនឹងប្រាសាទប៉ាថូតាំយ៉ានៃសតវត្សទី ១០-១១ ហើយត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ផងដែរថាជា "សារមន្ទីរថ្មពិតប្រាកដ"។ <ref name="Journal">{{Cite book|title=Journal of Indian history, Volume 49|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4h-2AAAAIAAJ&q=Ananda+temple|year=1971}}</ref> <ref name="Majumdar">{{Cite book|title=Ancient India|pages=496–497|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&q=Ananda+temple&pg=PA497|year=1994|isbn=81-208-0436-8}}</ref> ប្រាសាទនេះត្រូវបានខូចខាតដោយសារ [[រញ្ជួយដីបាកានឆ្នាំ ១៩៧៥|គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីនៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៧៥]] ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ វាត្រូវបានជួសជុលឡើងវិញទាំងស្រុង ហើយត្រូវបានថែរក្សាយ៉ាងល្អដោយការលាបពណ៌ និងការលាបពណ៌សលើជញ្ជាំងជាញឹកញាប់។ ក្នុងឱកាសខួបលើកទី ៩០០ នៃការសាងសង់របស់វាត្រូវបានប្រារព្ធឡើងនៅឆ្នាំ ១៩៩០ កំពូលប្រាសាទត្រូវបានលាបពណ៌មាស។ វាជាប្រាសាទដ៏គួរឱ្យគោរពបំផុតរបស់បាកាន។ <ref name="Temple"/> <ref name="Ananda"/> == ឯកសារយោង == 2zxxgymbfmxk15lk2ggoimkgaxxhbev 0 53785 336429 336313 2026-06-09T14:40:42Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336429 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ព្រះពុទ្ធកកុសន្ធោ''' ឬ '''ព្រះពុទ្ធកកុសន្ធៈ''' ( [[ភាសាបាលី|បាលី]] ) ឬ '''ក្រកុច្ឆន្ទ''' ជា[[សំស្ក្រឹត|ភាសាសំស្ក្រឹត]] គឺជា[[ព្រះពុទ្ធភាព|ព្រះពុទ្ធ]]បុរាណមួយអង្គ ដែលជីវប្រវត្តិរបស់ព្រះអង្គត្រូវបានកត់ត្រានៅក្នុងជំពូកទី ២២ <ref name="Vicittasarabivamsa">{{Cite book|last=Vicittasarabivamsa|first=U|author-link=Mingun Sayadaw|editor-last=Ko Lay|editor-first=U|editor2-last=Tin Lwin|editor2-first=U|title=The great chronicle of Buddhas, Volume One, Part Two|edition=1st|chapter=Chapter 22: Kakusandha Buddhavamsa|pages=274–80|publisher=Ti=Ni Publishing Center|location=Yangon, Myanmar|year=1992|url=http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/gotama/gcobv12.htm#22}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824101822/http://www.myanmarnet.net/nibbana/gotama/gcobv12.htm#22 |date=2018-08-24 }}</ref> នៃ ''[[ពុទ្ធវង្ស]]'' ដែលជាសៀវភៅមួយក្នុងចំណោមសៀវភៅ[[ព្រះត្រៃបិដក]] ។ [[ឯកសារ:Sculpture of Buddha Muchalinda, NUS Museum (111152).jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ព្រះពុទ្ធប្រក់នាគក្នុងទម្រង់ជាព្រះពុទ្ធកកុសន្ធោ (?) ក្នុងសម័យអង្គរ]] យោងតាម [[ថេរវាទ|ព្រះពុទ្ធសាសនាថេរវាទ]] កកុសន្ធៈ គឺជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីម្ភៃប្រាំក្នុងចំណោម[[ព្រះពុទ្ធភាព|ព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងម្ភៃប្រាំបួនអង្គ]] ដែលជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទីបួនក្នុងចំណោម [[ព្រះពុទ្ធភាព|ព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងប្រាំពីរអង្គនៃសម័យបុរាណ]] និងជាព្រះពុទ្ធអង្គទី១ ក្នុងចំណោមព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងប្រាំអង្គនៃ[[កប្ប]]បច្ចុប្បន្ន។ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Tradition and modernity in Myanmar|last=Gärtner|first=Uta|author2=Jens Lorenz|year=1994|publisher=LIT Verlag|isbn=978-3-8258-2186-9|page=281}}</ref> កប្បបច្ចុប្បន្នត្រូវបានគេហៅថា ''ភទ្ទកប្ប'' "កប្បមង្គល"។ ព្រះពុទ្ធទាំងប្រាំអង្គនៃកលបបច្ចុប្បន្នគឺ៖ <ref name="Buswell2014">{{Cite book|title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|pages=106|location=Princeton, New Jersey|year=2014|isbn=978-0-691-15786-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&q=Buddhas+of+the+present+kalpa&pg=PA106}}</ref> <ref name="Buddhistdoor">{{Cite web |title=Chapter 36: The Buddhas in the three periods of time |url=http://www.buddhistdoor.com/OldWeb/bdoor/archive/nutshell/teach36.htm |access-date=2014-12-21 |website=Buddhism in a Nutshell Archives |publisher=Buddhistdoor International |location=Hong Kong}}</ref> # ព្រះពុទ្ធកកុសន្ធោ # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធកោនាគមនោ]] # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធកស្សបោ]] # [[ព្រះពុទ្ធ|ព្រះពុទ្ធគោត្តម]] # [[មៃត្រេយ]] == ឯកសារយោង == nikzcvimcglwxzwgoblm8obl3hqxn9l 0 53796 336448 336345 2026-06-10T01:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336448 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Ashgabat</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Turkmen-language text">''Aşgabat''</span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Aşgabat şäheri</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">[[Capital city]]</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:181px;overflow:hidden">[[ឯកសារ:View_of_Ashgabat_(42376779291).jpg|268x268ភីកសែល]]</div><div class="text-align-center">Central Ashgabat</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Independence_Monument_(27506800337).jpg|124x124ភីកសែល]]</div><div class="text-align-center">Independence Monument</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Wedding_Palace,_Ashgabat,_Turkmenistan_(1).jpg|186x186ភីកសែល]]</div><div class="text-align-center">Wedding Palace</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden">[[File:Turkmenbashi_Ruhy_Mosque_(5731109818).jpg|113x113ភីកសែល]]</div><div class="text-align-center">Türkmenbaşy Ruhy Mosque</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div style="height:84px;overflow:hidden">[[ឯកសារ:Ashgabat_in_Snow_Jan_2023.jpg|151x151ភីកសែល]]</div><div class="text-align-center">Residential buildings</div></div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable" |<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/columns/styles.css" /> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[ឯកសារ:Ashgabat_(seal).svg|100x100ភីកសែល|Official seal of Ashgabat]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Seal</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell">[[ឯកសារ:Logo_of_Ashgabat.svg|150x150ភីកសែល|Official logo of Ashgabat]]<div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Nickname:&nbsp;<div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">White Marble City</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="switcher-container"><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[ឯកសារ:Relief_Map_of_Turkmenistan.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250ភីកសែល|Ashgabat is located in Turkmenistan]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:63.404%;left:41.974%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[ឯកសារ:Red_pog.svg|តំនភ្ជាប់=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6ភីកសែល|Ashgabat]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ashgabat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Turkmenistan</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[ឯកសារ:Central_Asia_and_Turkey.png|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250ភីកសែល|Ashgabat is located in Central Asia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:65.156%;left:52.091%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[ឯកសារ:Red_pog.svg|តំនភ្ជាប់=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6ភីកសែល|Ashgabat]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ashgabat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Central Asia</span></div></div></div><templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[ឯកសារ:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250ភីកសែល|Ashgabat is located in Asia]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:46.117%;left:24.319%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px">[[ឯកសារ:Red_pog.svg|តំនភ្ជាប់=|class=notpageimage noviewer|6x6ភីកសែល|Ashgabat]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Ashgabat</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Coordinates: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashgabat&params=37_56_15_N_58_22_48_E_region:TM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°56′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">58°22′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xFEFF; / &#xFEFF;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.93750°N 58.38000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xFEFF; / <span class="geo">37.93750; 58.38000</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ashgabat&params=37_56_15_N_58_22_48_E_region:TM_type:city <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°56′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">58°22′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.93750°N 58.38000°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">37.93750; 58.38000</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Country | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon nowrap">[[ឯកសារ:Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg|តំនភ្ជាប់=|alt=|border|23x23ភីកសែល]] </span>[[តួកមេនីស្ថាន|Turkmenistan]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Founded | class="infobox-data" |1881 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Districts | class="infobox-data" |[[Districts of Ashgabat|4 districts]] |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Type | class="infobox-data" |Presidential |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Mayor | class="infobox-data" |Rahym Nurgeldiyewic Gandymow (since 9 June 2021) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |470&nbsp;km² (180&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> | class="infobox-data" |273&nbsp;m (896&nbsp;ft) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap">&nbsp;</span>(2022 census)</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">&nbsp;•&nbsp;Total</div> | class="infobox-data" |1,030,063 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |&nbsp;•&nbsp;Density | class="infobox-data" |2,200/km² (5,700/sq&nbsp;mi) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ប្រជានាម|Demonym]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="Turkmen-language text">''Aşgabatly''</span>&nbsp;<span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(Turkmen)</span> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[ល្វែងម៉ោង|Time zone]] | class="infobox-data" |UTC+05:00 (TMT) |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Postal code | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="postal-code">744000–744040</div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Area code | class="infobox-data" |(+993) 12 |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Vehicle registration | class="infobox-data" |AG |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |International Airports | class="infobox-data" |Ashgabat International Airport |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Rapid transit system | class="infobox-data" |Ashgabat Monorail |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://ashgabat.gov.tm/ ashgabat.gov.tm]</span> |} '''អាស្កាបាត''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|ʃ|g|ə|ˈ|b|ɑː|t}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɑː|ʃ|g|ə|b|æ|t}}<ref>{{Cite Collins Dictionary|Ashgabat|access-date=2023-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ashgabat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154114/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ashgabat|url-status=dead|archive-date=November 23, 2018|title=Ashgabat {{!}} Definition of Ashgabat in English by Oxford Dictionaries|website=Oxford Dictionaries {{!}} English|access-date=2018-11-23|archivedate=2018-11-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123154114/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ashgabat}}</ref>}} {{Efn|{{langx|tk|Aşgabat}}, {{IPA|tk|ˌɑʃɢɑˈbɑːt|pron}}; {{langx|fa|عشق‌آباد|Eshqâbâd}}, {{IPA|fa|ˌʔeʃɢ.ʔɒːˈbɒːd|pron}}}} គឺជា [[រដ្ឋធានី]] និងជាទីក្រុងធំបំផុតរបស់ប្រទេស[[តួកមេនីស្ថាន]] ។ <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2016 |title=ЗАКОН ТУРКМЕНИСТАНА О статусе столицы Туркменистана |url=https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/26087/zakon-turkmenistana-%3Cbr%3Eo-statuse-stolitsy-turkmenistana |website=turkmenistan.gov.tm}}</ref> វាស្ថិតនៅចន្លោះ [[វាលខ្សាច់ការ៉ាគុម]] និងជួរភ្នំ[[កូពែតដាក]] នៅ[[អាស៊ីកណ្ដាល|អាស៊ីកណ្តាល]] ដែលមានចម្ងាយប្រហែល ៥០ គីឡូម៉ែត្រ (៣០&nbsp;ម៉ាយល៍) ឆ្ងាយពី[[ព្រំដែនអ៊ីរ៉ង់-តួកមេនីស្ថាន]] ។ ទីក្រុងនេះមានប្រជាជនចំនួន ១,០៣០,0៦៣ នាក់ (ជំរឿនឆ្នាំ ២០២២)។ [[ឯកសារ:Ashgabat,_Turkmenistan_Astronaut_Imagery.JPG|រូបភាពតូច|ទិដ្ឋភាពផ្កាយរណបនៃរដ្ឋធានីអាស្កាបាត]] ទីក្រុងនេះត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៨៨១ ដោយផ្អែកលើភូមិកុលសម្ព័ន្ធ អាហាល់ [[តេកេ (កុលសម្ព័ន្ធ​តួកមេន)|តេកេ]] ហើយបានក្លាយជារដ្ឋធានីនៃ [[សាធារណរដ្ឋសង្គមនិយមសូវៀតតួកមេន]] ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៩២៤ នៅពេលដែលវាត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជា '''ប៉ុលតូរ៉ាត់ស្ក៍''' ។ {{Efn|The name was used from 1919 to 1927. {{lang-rus|Полтора́цк|p=pəltɐˈratsk}}}} ភាគច្រើននៃទីក្រុងត្រូវបានបំផ្លាញដោយ [[រញ្ជួយដីអាស្កាបាតឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៨|គ្រោះរញ្ជួយដីអាស្កាបាតឆ្នាំ ១៩៤៨]] ប៉ុន្តែចាប់តាំងពីពេលនោះមកត្រូវបានសាងសង់ឡើងវិញយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់គម្រោងកែលម្អទីក្រុង "ទីក្រុងស" របស់លោក [[សាផាមីរ៉ាត នីយ៉ាហ្សូវ]] <ref>{{Cite news|last=Pannier|first=Bruce|date=July 21, 2004|title=Turkmenistan: Government Orders People Out Of Their Homes In Name Of 'Urban Renewal'|work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/1053964.html|access-date=November 22, 2017}}</ref> ដែលបណ្តាលឱ្យមានគម្រោងដ៏ធំសម្បើមដែលស្រោបដោយថ្មម៉ាបពណ៌សថ្លៃៗ។ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwnF6e_95nQC&q=ashgabat+marble&pg=PA132|title=Tourism in the Muslim World|date=2010-10-28|isbn=978-1-84950-920-6|language=en}}</ref> [[ព្រែកការ៉ាគុម]] សម័យសូវៀតរត់កាត់ទីក្រុង ដោយដឹកទឹកពី [[អាមូ ដារ្យា]] ពីខាងកើតទៅខាងលិច។ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief Note on Turkmenistan |url=http://www.indianembassy-tm.org/bilateral.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218072835/http://www.indianembassy-tm.org/bilateral.html |archive-date=February 18, 2014 |access-date=June 10, 2014 |website=Embassy of India, Ashgabat |archivedate=កុម្ភៈ 18, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218072835/http://www.indianembassy-tm.org/bilateral.html }}</ref> សព្វថ្ងៃនេះ ក្នុងនាមជារដ្ឋធានីនៃប្រទេសតួកមេនីស្ថានឯករាជ្យ ទីក្រុងអាស្កាបាតនៅតែមានប្រជាជនចម្រុះជាតិសាសន៍ ដោយមានជនជាតិតួកមេនីជាជនជាតិភាគច្រើន។ នៅឆ្នាំ ២០២១ វាបានប្រារព្ធខួបលើកទី ១៤០ នៃប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រជាលាយលក្ខណ៍អក្សររបស់ខ្លួន។ <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 19, 2021 |title=Ашхабад-140 лет: воплощение достижений независимости |url=https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/ru/post/53653/ashhabad-140-let-voploshchenie-dostizhenij-nezavisimosti |website=turkmenistan.gov.tm}}</ref> == ឯកសារយោង == [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អត្ថបទជាមួយនឹងការពិពណ៌នាខ្លី]] h05rh44xxqwjbjl52br99vxwhusbdqc 0 53799 336427 336369 2026-06-09T13:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 32568 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 336427 wikitext text/x-wiki         '''ប្លេស ប៉ាស្កាល់''' {{Efn|{{IPAc-en|p|æ|ˈ|s|k|æ|l}} {{Respell|pass|KAL}}, {{IPAc-en|alsoUK|-|ˈ|s|k|ɑː|l|,_|'|p|ae|s|k|@l|,_|-|s|k|æ|l}} {{Respell|-|KAHL|,_|PASS|kəl|,_-|kal}}, {{IPAc-en|US|p|ɑː|ˈ|s|k|ɑː|l}} {{Respell|pahs|KAHL}};<ref>{{cite book|last=Wells|first=John|author-link=John C. Wells|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary|publisher=Pearson Longman|edition=3rd|date=3 April 2008|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pascal "Pascal"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106120015/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pascal |date=6 January 2015 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Pascal,+Blaise |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205064720/https://www.lexico.com/definition/pascal,_blaise |url-status=dead |archive-date=2021-12-05 |title=Pascal, Blaise |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pascal|title=Pascal|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=14 August 2019|archive-date=14 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814214044/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pascal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Pascal|access-date=14 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|blɛz paskal|lang}}|name=pronounciation}} (19{{Spaces}}ខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៦២៣-១៩{{Spaces}}សីហា ១៦៦២) គឺជាគណិតវិទូ រូបវិទូ ទស្សនវិទូ និងជាអ្នកនិពន្ធ[[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក|កាតូលិក]] ជនជាតិបារាំង។ ប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺជាកុមារអច្ឆរិយៈម្នាក់ ដែលត្រូវបានអប់រំដោយឪពុកឈ្មោះ អេទៀន ប៉ាស្កាល់ ជាអ្នកយកពន្ធនៅទីក្រុងរូអង់ ។ ការងារគណិតវិទ្យាដំបូងរបស់គាត់គឺលើធរណីមាត្រប្រជោល គាត់បានសរសេរសន្ធិសញ្ញាសំខាន់មួយលើប្រធានបទនៃ មុខកាត់កោណ នៅអាយុ 16 ឆ្នាំ។ ក្រោយមកគាត់បានឆ្លើយឆ្លងជាមួយព្យែរ ដឺ ហ្វែរម៉ាត លើទ្រឹស្តីប្រូបាប ដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលយ៉ាងខ្លាំងលើការអភិវឌ្ឍសេដ្ឋកិច្ចទំនើប និង[[វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រសង្គម]] ។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[វិគីភីឌា:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">ត្រូវការ​សម្រង់</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៤២ លោក​បាន​ចាប់ផ្តើម​ការងារ​ត្រួសត្រាយ​ផ្លូវ​លើ​ម៉ាស៊ីន​គិតលេខ (ហៅថា ម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខប៉ាស្កាល់ និងក្រោយមកប៉ាស្កាលីន) ធ្វើ​ឲ្យ​លោក​ក្លាយជា​អ្នកបង្កើត​ម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខ​មេកានិច ​ដំបូង​គេ​ម្នាក់។ <ref>{{Cite book|last=d'Ocagne|first=Maurice|url=https://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?8KU54-2.5/248/150/369/363/369|title=Le calcul simplifié|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|year=1893|page=245|language=fr|access-date=14 May 2010|archive-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> ដូច[[រីណេ ដេកាត|​លោករឺណេ ដេកាត]] រួមសម័យ​ជាមួយគាត់​ដែរ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ ក៏​ជា​អ្នកត្រួសត្រាយ​ផ្លូវ​ក្នុង​វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ​ធម្មជាតិ និង​អនុវត្ត​ផងដែរ។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បាន​សរសេរ​ការពារ[[ការស្រាវជ្រាវបែបវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ|​ការស្រាវជ្រាវបែបវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ]] និង​បាន​បង្កើត​លទ្ធផល​ចម្រូងចម្រាស​ជាច្រើន។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2025)">ត្រូវការការបំភ្លឺ</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> លោកបានរួមចំណែកយ៉ាងសំខាន់ក្នុងការសិក្សាអំពីសារធាតុរាវ ហើយបានបញ្ជាក់ពីគោលគំនិតនៃសម្ពាធ និង[[សុញ្ញកាស]] ដោយធ្វើឱ្យការងាររបស់អេវ៉ង់ជេលីស្តា តូរីឆេលី មានលក្ខណៈទូទៅ។ ឯកតា [[ប្រព័ន្ធខ្នាតអន្តរជាតិ|SI]] សម្រាប់សម្ពាធត្រូវដាក់ឈ្មោះតាម [[ប៉ាស្កាល់]] ។ ធ្វើតាមតូរីឆេលី និងហ្គាលីឡេអូ ហ្គាលីឡៃ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៦៤៧ លោកបានបដិសេធអ្នកដូចជា[[អារីសស្ដូថូល|អារីស្តូត]] និងដេកាត ដែលបានទទូចថាធម្មជាតិស្អប់សុញ្ញកាស ។ លោកក៏ត្រូវបានគេសរសើរថាជាអ្នកបង្កើត[[យានដឹកជញ្ជូនសាធារណៈ|មធ្យោបាយធ្វើដំណើរសាធារណៈ]]ទំនើបផងដែរ ដោយបានបង្កើត carrosses à cinq sols ជាសេវាដឹកជញ្ជូនសាធារណៈទំនើបដំបូងគេ មុនពេលលោកទទួលមរណភាពនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៦២។ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jarrett |date=2024-12-31 |title=One of the Greatest Inventions in the History of Human Transport |url=https://humantransit.org/2024/12/one-of-the-greatest-inventions-in-the-history-of-human-transport.html#commentsC |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Human Transit |language=en-US}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៤៦ លោកនិងប្អូនស្រីឈ្មោះ ហ្សាក់គ្លីន (Jacqueline) បានមានទំនាក់ទំនងជាមួយចលនាសាសនានៅក្នុង[[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក|សាសនាកាតូលិក]] ដែលត្រូវបានអ្នករិះគន់ហៅថា ហ្សង់សេនីស។ <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11511a.htm|title=Blaise Pascal|archivedate=10 March 2009}}</ref> បន្ទាប់ពីបទពិសោធន៍សាសនានៅចុងឆ្នាំ១៦៥៤ លោកបានចាប់ផ្តើមសរសេរស្នាដៃដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលលើទស្សនវិជ្ជា និងទេវវិទ្យា។ ស្នាដៃដ៏ល្បីល្បាញពីររបស់លោកមានប្រភពនៅសម័យកាលនេះ {{Lang|fr|[[Lettres provinciales]]}} និង ''Pensées'' ដែលជា​សំណុំ​នៃ​ជម្លោះ​រវាង​អ្នកកាន់សាសនាហ្សង់សេនីស និង ជេស៊ូអ៊ីត ។ ក្រោយមកទៀត​មាន​ការភ្នាល់​របស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែល​គេ​ស្គាល់​ក្នុង​សៀវភៅ​ដើម​ថា​ ''Discourse on the Machine'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grumball |first=Kevin Shaun |title=Thesis submitted to the University of Nottingham for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14569/1/594871.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605221151/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/14569/1/594871.pdf |archive-date=2020-06-05 |access-date=20 October 2022 |website=University of Nottingham}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Internet History Sourcebooks |url=https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1660pascal-pensees.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123402/https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/1660pascal-pensees.asp |archive-date=19 October 2022 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=sourcebooks.fordham.edu}}</ref> ដែល​ជា​អំណះអំណាង​ប្រូបាប​ដ៏​ស្មោះត្រង់ ​សម្រាប់​មូលហេតុ​ដែល​មនុស្ស​ម្នាក់​គួរតែ​ជឿ​លើ​ព្រះ។ នៅ​ឆ្នាំ​នោះ គាត់​ក៏​បាន​សរសេរ​សន្ធិសញ្ញា​សំខាន់​មួយ​ស្តីពី​ត្រីកោណ​នព្វន្ត​ផងដែរ។ ចន្លោះ​ឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៨ និង ១៦៥៩ គាត់​បាន​សរសេរ​អំពី​ស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ និង​ការប្រើប្រាស់​របស់​វា​ក្នុង​ការគណនា​បរិមាណ​សារធាតុ​រឹង។ បន្ទាប់ពី​មាន​ជំងឺ​ជាច្រើន​ឆ្នាំ ប៉ាស្កាល់បាន​ស្លាប់​នៅ​ទីក្រុង​ប៉ារីស​ក្នុង​អាយុ ៣៩ ឆ្នាំ។ == កុមារភាព និងការអប់រំ == [[ឯកសារ:Maison_de_Blaise_Pascal_(Clermont).png|ធ្វេង|រូបភាពតូច|206x206ភីកសែល|ស្រុកកំណើតរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់]] លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ កើតនៅឃ្លែរម៉ុង-ហ្វេរ៉ង់ ដែលស្ថិតនៅក្នុង តំបន់អូវែញ ប្រទេសបារាំង ជិតជួរភ្នំម៉ាស៊ីហ្វ សង់ត្រាល់ ។ គាត់បាត់បង់ម្តាយរបស់គាត់គឺអង់តូណែត បេហ្គុង (Antoinette Begon) កាលនៅអាយុបីឆ្នាំ។ {{Sfn|Devlin}} ឪពុករបស់គាត់គឺអេទៀន ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែលជាអ្នកគណិតវិទូ គឺជាចៅក្រមក្នុងស្រុក និងជាសមាជិកនៃ "អភិជនរដ្ឋបាល"។ ប៉ាស្កាល់មានប្អូនស្រីពីរនាក់ គឺប្អូនស្រី ហ្សាក់គ្លីន និងបងស្រី ហ្ស៊ីលប៊ែត ។ === បំលាស់ទីទៅប៉ារីស === នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៣១ ប្រាំឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពរបស់ភរិយារបស់គាត់ <ref name="MCS">{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=J.J. |author-link=John J. O'Connor (mathematician) |last2=Robertson |first2=E.F. |author-link2=Edmund F. Robertson |date=August 2006 |title=Étienne Pascal |url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal_Etienne.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419181846/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Pascal_Etienne.html |archive-date=19 April 2010 |access-date=5 February 2010 |publisher=[[University of St Andrews|University of St. Andrews, Scotland]]}}</ref> អេទៀន ប៉ាស្កាល់ បានផ្លាស់ទីទៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីសជាមួយកូនៗ។ មិនយូរប៉ុន្មាន ក្រុមគ្រួសារដែលទើបមកដល់បានជួល ល្វីស ដេលហ្វូល ជាអ្នកបម្រើ ដែលក្រោយមកបានក្លាយជាសមាជិកសំខាន់ម្នាក់នៃគ្រួសារ។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[វិគីភីឌា:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2025)">ត្រូវការ​អំណះអំណាង</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> អេទៀន ដែលមិនដែលរៀបការម្តងទៀត ហើយបានសម្រេចចិត្តថា គាត់នឹងអប់រំកូនៗរបស់គាត់។ [[ឯកសារ:Leroux--scene_de_la_jeunesse_de_blaise_pascal--Cherbourg.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|262x262ភីកសែល|ទិដ្ឋភាពមួយពីយុវវ័យរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់]] យុវជន​ប៉ាស្កាល់ ​បាន​បង្ហាញ​កម្លាំងបញ្ញា​ដ៏​ខ្លាំងពូកែ ជាមួយនឹង​សមត្ថភាព​ដ៏ឈ្លាសវៃ​សម្រាប់​មុខវិជ្ជាគណិតវិទ្យា និង​វិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ។ <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Blaise Pascal {{!}} Biography, Facts, & Inventions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Blaise-Pascal |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> អេទៀន​បាន​ព្យាយាម​រារាំង​កូនប្រុស​​ពី​ការ​រៀន​គណិតវិទ្យា។ ប៉ុន្តែ​នៅ​អាយុ ១២ ឆ្នាំ ប៉ាស្កាល់​បាន​រក​ឃើញ​ឡើង​វិញនូវ​សំណើ​ធរណីមាត្រ​ចំនួន ៣២ ដំបូង​របស់អឺគ្លីដ ហើយ​ដូច្នេះ​ត្រូវ​បាន​ផ្តល់​ច្បាប់​ចម្លង​នៃ<nowiki><i id="mwhQ">​ធាតុ</i></nowiki> របស់​អឺគ្លីដ។ ==== ''អត្ថបទស្តីពីកោណ'' ==== អ្វីដែលលោកប៉ាស្កាល់ ចាប់អារម្មណ៍លើស្នាដៃរបស់ លោកដេសាក លើ ផ្នែករាងកោណ ។ ដោយធ្វើតាមការគិតរបស់លោកដេសាក លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ អាយុ ១៦ ឆ្នាំរូបនេះបានបង្កើតជាមធ្យោបាយនៃភស្តុតាងនូវសន្ធិសញ្ញាខ្លីមួយស្តីពីអ្វីដែលត្រូវបានគេហៅថា ''Mystic Hexagram'' គឺ ''Essai pour les coniques'' ( ''អត្ថបទស្តីពីរាងសាជី'' ) ហើយបានផ្ញើវា - ស្នាដៃគណិតវិទ្យាដំបូងរបស់គាត់ - ទៅកាន់លោកព្យែរ មែរសេន នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីស។ វាត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់រហូតមកដល់សព្វថ្ងៃនេះថាជា ទ្រឹស្តីបទប៉ាស្កាល់ ។ វាចែងថាប្រសិនបើឆកោន ត្រូវបានចារឹកក្នុងរង្វង់ (ឬរាងសាជី) នោះចំណុចប្រសព្វទាំងបីនៃជ្រុងផ្ទុយគ្នាស្ថិតនៅលើបន្ទាត់មួយ (ហៅថាបន្ទាត់ប៉ាស្កាល់)។ ស្នាដៃរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺលឿនពេក រហូតដល់[[រីណេ ដេកាត|រឺណេ ដេកាត]] ជឿជាក់ថាឪពុករបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺជាអ្នកសរសេរ។ នៅពេលមែរសែន បានធានាថាវាពិតជាផលិតផលរបស់កូនប្រុស មិនមែនរបស់ឪពុកទេ ដេកាតបានឆ្លើយតបថា "ខ្ញុំមិនចម្លែកទេដែលគាត់បានផ្តល់ការបង្ហាញពីកោណសមស្របជាងស្នាដៃរបស់មនុស្សបុរាណ" ដោយបន្ថែមថា "ប៉ុន្តែបញ្ហាផ្សេងទៀតទាក់ទងនឹងប្រធានបទនេះអាចនិយាយបានថា កម្រនឹងកើតឡើងចំពោះកុមារអាយុ ១៦ ឆ្នាំណាស់"។ === ចំណាកចេញពីទីក្រុងប៉ារីស === នៅប្រទេសបារាំងនាពេលនោះ ការិយាល័យ និងមុខតំណែងអាចត្រូវបានទិញ និងលក់។ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៣១ លោកអេទៀន បានលក់តំណែងរបស់លោកជាប្រធានទីពីរនៃ ''Cour des Aides'' ក្នុងតម្លៃ ៦៥,៦៦៥ លីវ ។ <ref>Connor, James A., ''Pascal's wager: the man who played dice with God'' (HarperCollins, NY, 2006) {{ISBN|0-06-076691-3}} p. 42</ref> ប្រាក់នេះត្រូវបានវិនិយោគលើមូលបត្ររដ្ឋាភិបាល ដែលផ្តល់ប្រាក់ចំណូល បើទោះបីជាមិនមែនជាប្រាក់ចំណូលដ៏សមរម្យក៏ដោយ ក៏ពិតជាប្រាក់ចំណូលដ៏ស្រួលមួយ ដែលអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យគ្រួសារប៉ាស្កាល់ ផ្លាស់ទៅរស់នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីស ប៉ុន្តែនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៣៨ លោកខាឌីណាល រីឆែលយឺ ដោយអស់សង្ឃឹមចំពោះប្រាក់ដើម្បីបន្តសង្គ្រាមសាមសិបឆ្នាំ ខកខានមិនបង់មូលបត្ររដ្ឋាភិបាល។ ភ្លាមៗនោះ ទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិរបស់លោកអេទៀន ប៉ាស្កាល់ បានធ្លាក់ចុះពីជិត ៦៦,០០០ លីវ មកនៅតិចជាង ៧,៣០០ លីវ។ <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[វិគីភីឌា:ត្រូវការអំណះអំណាង|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">ត្រូវការ​ឯកសារ​យោង</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> ដូច​អ្នក​ដទៃ​ទៀត​ជាច្រើន​ អេទៀន​ត្រូវ​បាន​បង្ខំ​ឱ្យ​ភៀស​ខ្លួន​ចេញ​ពី​ទីក្រុង​ប៉ារីស ​ដោយសារ​តែ​ការ​ប្រឆាំង​​ចំពោះ​គោលនយោបាយ​សារពើពន្ធ​របស់រីឆែលយឺ ​ដោយ​ទុក​កូនទាំង​បី​នាក់​​ ក្រោម​ការ​ថែទាំ​របស់​អ្នក​ជិត​ខាង​ គឺ​ម៉ាដាម សេនតូត ​ជា​នារី​ស្រស់​ស្អាត​ម្នាក់​ដែល​មាន​ប្រវត្តិ​ដ៏​ល្បីល្បាញ ហើយបាន​រក្សា​ហាង​កែ​សម្ផស្ស​ដ៏​ភ្លឺ​ថ្លា​បំផុត​មួយ​នៅ​ទូទាំង​ប្រទេស​បារាំង។ វា​គឺ​ជា​ពេល​ដែល​ហ្សាក់គ្លីន​ ​សម្តែង​បាន​ល្អ​ក្នុង​ឈុតតន្ត្រី​កុមារ​ដែល​មាន​រីឆែលយឺ​ចូលរួម​ដែល​អេទៀន​ត្រូវ​បាន​លើកលែងទោស។ យូរៗ​ទៅ អេទៀន​បាន​វិល​ត្រឡប់​មក​វិញ​ជាមួយ​នឹង​ខាឌីណាល់ ហើយ​នៅ​ឆ្នាំ ១៦៣៩ ត្រូវ​បាន​តែងតាំង​ជា​ស្នងការ​ពន្ធដារ​របស់​ស្តេច​នៅ​ក្នុង​ទីក្រុង ​រូអង់ ជា​ទីក្រុង​ដែល​កំណត់ត្រា​ពន្ធ​របស់​វា ដោយសារ​ការ​បះបោរ​ស្ថិត​ក្នុង​ភាព​វឹកវរ​យ៉ាង​ខ្លាំង។ === ប៉ាស្កាលីន === [[ឯកសារ:Pascaline-CnAM_823-1-IMG_1506-black.jpg|alt=|រូបភាពតូច|ប៉ាស្កាលីន ដើមដំបូងដាក់តាំងនៅ Musée des Arts et Métiers ទីក្រុងប៉ារីស]] នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៤២ ក្នុងកិច្ចខិតខំប្រឹងប្រែង ដើម្បីសម្រួលដល់ការគណនា និងការគណនាឡើងវិញដ៏ហត់នឿយរបស់ឪពុកអំពីពន្ធដែលត្រូវជំពាក់ និងបង់ (ជាការងារដែលយុវជនប៉ាស្កាល់ត្រូវបានជ្រើសរើសឱ្យធ្វើ) ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែលមិនទាន់មានអាយុ ១៩ ឆ្នាំផង បានបង្កើតម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខមេកានិចដែលមានសមត្ថភាពបូក និងដក ឈ្មោះថា''ម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខប៉ាស្កាល់'' ឬ ''ប៉ាស្កាលីន'' ។ ក្នុងចំណោមម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខប៉ាស្កាលីនចំនួនប្រាំបីដែលនៅសេសសល់ បួនត្រូវបានរក្សាទុកដោយ Musée des Arts et Métiers នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីស និងមួយទៀតដោយសារមន្ទីរ Zwinger ក្នុង ទីក្រុងដ្រេសដិន ប្រទេសអាល្លឺម៉ង់ ដែលដាក់តាំងបង្ហាញម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខមេកានិចដើមពីររបស់គាត់។ <ref>A complete list of known Pascalines and also a review of contemporary replicas can be found at [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SurvivingPascalines Surviving Pascalines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105180308/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.SurvivingPascalines|date=5 November 2021}} and [http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.ReplicaPascalines Replica Pascalines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105181911/http://metastudies.net/pmwiki/pmwiki.php?n=Site.ReplicaPascalines|date=5 November 2021}} at http://things-that-count.net {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022135/http://things-that-count.net/|date=15 December 2018}}</ref> ទោះបីជាម៉ាស៊ីនទាំងនេះ ជាអ្នកត្រួសត្រាយផ្លូវសម្រាប់ការអភិវឌ្ឍវិធីគណនាមេកានិចរយៈពេល ៤០០ ឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់ និងក្នុងន័យមួយចំពោះវិស័យ វិស្វកម្មកុំព្យូទ័រ នៅពេលក្រោយក៏ដោយ ម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខមិនជោគជ័យផ្នែកពាណិជ្ជកម្មឡើយ។ ដោយសារតែវានៅតែស្មុគស្មាញក្នុងការប្រើប្រាស់ ប្រហែលដោយសារតែវាមានតម្លៃថ្លៃខ្លាំង ម៉ាស៊ីនប៉ាស្កាលីន បានក្លាយជាប្រដាប់ក្មេងលេង និងជានិមិត្តរូបឋានៈ សម្រាប់អ្នកមានទាំងនៅប្រទេសបារាំង និងកន្លែងផ្សេងទៀតនៅអឺរ៉ុប។ លោកក៏បានបង្ហាញម៉ាស៊ីនគិតលេខមេកានិចដំបូងគេដល់ ម្ចាស់ក្សត្រីយ៍គ្រីស្ទីណានៃប្រទេសស៊ុយអែត ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៦៣២។ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zirpolo|first=Lilian H.|date=2005|title=Christina of Sweden's Patronage of Bernini: The Mirror of Truth Revealed by Time|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3566533?searchText=christina%20sweden&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dchristina%2Bsweden%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fspellcheck_basic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A31c0955fd8d8615cd04a976542bfc78c|journal=Woman's Art Journal|volume=26|issue=1|pages=38–43|doi=10.2307/3566533|jstor=3566533|url-access=subscription}}</ref> ប៉ាស្កាល់បានបន្តកែលម្អនូវការរចនាមួយទសវត្សរ៍បន្ទាប់ ហើយលោកសំដៅទៅលើម៉ាស៊ីនប្រហែល ៥០ គ្រឿងដែលត្រូវបានសាងសង់ឡើងតាមការរចនារបស់ខ្លួន។ <ref>[https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Machine_d%E2%80%99arithm%C3%A9tique (fr) La Machine d'arithmétique, Blaise Pascal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515015452/http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/La_Machine_d%E2%80%99arithm%C3%A9tique|date=15 May 2011}}, Wikisource</ref> លោកបានសាងសង់ម៉ាស៊ីនចំនួន ២០ គ្រឿងក្នុងរយៈពេល ១០ ឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់។ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Les machines arithmétiques de Blaise Pascal|year=1988|location=Clermont-Ferrand|page=12|language=fr}}</ref> == គណិតវិទ្យា == === ប្រូបាប === នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៤ ដោយមានការជំរុញពីមិត្តភ័ក្តិគឺ សេវ៉ាលីយេ ដឺ មេរេ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានឆ្លើយឆ្លងជាមួយលោកព្យែរ ហ្វែរម៉ាត លើប្រធានបទនៃល្បែងស៊ីសង ហើយពីការសហការនោះ បានបង្កើតនូវទ្រឹស្តីប្រូបាបនៃគណិតវិទ្យា ។ {{Sfn|Devlin}} បញ្ហាជាក់លាក់គឺថាអ្នកលេងពីរនាក់ដែលចង់បញ្ចប់ហ្គេមមុនកាលកំណត់ ហើយដោយសារកាលៈទេសៈបច្ចុប្បន្ននៃហ្គេម ចង់បែងចែកប្រាក់ភ្នាល់ដោយយុត្តិធម៌ ដោយផ្អែកលើឱកាសដែលម្នាក់ៗមានក្នុងការឈ្នះហ្គេមចាប់ពីចំណុចនោះ។ គំនិតនៃតម្លៃដែលរំពឹងទុក បានវិវត្តចេញពីការពិភាក្សានេះ។ លោកចន រ៉ូស (John Ross) សរសេរថា "ទ្រឹស្តីប្រូបាប និងការរកឃើញបន្តបន្ទាប់ បានផ្លាស់ប្តូររបៀបដែលយើងចាត់ទុកភាពមិនប្រាកដប្រជា ហានិភ័យ ការសម្រេចចិត្ត និងសមត្ថភាពរបស់បុគ្គល និងសង្គមក្នុងការជះឥទ្ធិពលដល់ដំណើរនៃព្រឹត្តិការណ៍នាពេលអនាគត"។ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ross|first=John F.|year=2004|title=Pascal's legacy|journal=EMBO Reports|volume=5|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S7–S10|doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400229|pmc=1299210|pmid=15459727}}</ref> លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ នៅក្នុង''Pensées'' បានប្រើអំណះអំណាងប្រូបាប គឺការភ្នាល់របស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដើម្បីបង្ហាញអំពីភាពត្រឹមត្រូវនៃជំនឿលើព្រះ និងជីវិតប្រកបដោយភាពថ្លៃថ្នូរ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ និងហ្វែរម៉ាត ថ្វីត្បិតតែបានធ្វើការងារដំបូងៗដ៏សំខាន់ក្នុងទ្រឹស្តីប្រូបាបក៏ដោយ ក៏មិនបានអភិវឌ្ឍវិស័យនេះទៅឆ្ងាយដែរ។ គ្រីស្ទៀអាន ហុយហ្គិន ដោយបានរៀនអំពីប្រធានបទនេះតាមរយៈការឆ្លើយឆ្លងរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ និងហ្វែរម៉ាត បានសរសេរសៀវភៅដំបូងលើប្រធានបទនេះ។ ឥស្សរជនក្រោយៗទៀតដែលបានបន្តការអភិវឌ្ឍទ្រឹស្តីរួមមានអាប្រាហាំ ដឺ ម៉ូវ្រ៍ និងព្យែរ-ស៊ីម៉ុន ឡាប្លាស ។ ការងារដែលធ្វើឡើងដោយហ្វែរម៉ាត និងប៉ាស្កាល់ លើការគណនាប្រូបាប បានដាក់មូលដ្ឋានគ្រឹះសំខាន់សម្រាប់បង្កើតការគណនារបស់ [[ហ្គុតហ្វ្រាយ វីលហេម ឡែបនី|ឡៃបនីស]] ។ <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mathematical Leibniz |url=http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/leibniz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203084344/http://www.math.rutgers.edu/courses/436/Honors02/leibniz.html |archive-date=3 February 2017 |access-date=16 August 2009 |publisher=Math.rutgers.edu}}</ref> === ''សន្ធិសញ្ញាស្តីពីត្រីកោណនព្វន្ត'' ===   [[ឯកសារ:PascalTriangleAnimated2.gif|រូបភាពតូច|ត្រីកោណប៉ាស្កាល់។ ចំនួននីមួយៗគឺជាផលបូកនៃចំនួនពីរលើវា។ ត្រីកោណនេះបង្ហាញលក្ខណៈសម្បត្តិគណិតវិទ្យាជាច្រើន បន្ថែមពីលើការបង្ហាញមេគុណទ្វេធា។]] ''សៀវភៅ Traité du triangle arithmétique'' របស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែលសរសេរនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៤ ប៉ុន្តែបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយបន្ទាប់ពីគាត់ស្លាប់នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៦៥ បានពណ៌នាអំពីតារាងងាយស្រួលសម្រាប់មេគុណទ្វេធា ដែលគាត់ហៅថាត្រីកោណនព្វន្ត ប៉ុន្តែឥឡូវនេះត្រូវហៅថាត្រីកោណប៉ាស្កាល់ ។ <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Katz|first=Victor|author-link=Victor J. Katz|title=A History of Mathematics: An Introduction|publisher=Addison-Wesley|year=2009|isbn=978-0-321-38700-4|pages=491|chapter=14.3: Elementary Probability}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.bookrags.com/research/pascals-triangle-wom/|title=Pascal's triangle {{!}} World of Mathematics Summary|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> ត្រីកោណក៏អាចត្រូវបានតំណាង៖ {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:20px;" | ! style="width:20px;" |០ ! style="width:20px;" | ១ ! style="width:20px;" | ២ ! style="width:20px;" | ៣ ! style="width:20px;" | ៤ ! style="width:20px;" | ៥ ! style="width:20px;" | ៦ |- | '''០''' | ១ | ១ | ១ | ១ | ១ | ១ | ១ |- | '''១''' | ១ | ២ | ៣ | ៤ | ៥ | ៦ | |- | '''២''' | ១ | ៣ | ៦ | ១០ | ១៥ | | |- | '''៣''' | ១ | ៤ | ១០ | ២០ | | | |- |'''៤''' | ១ | ៥ | ១៥ | | | | |- |'''៥''' | ១ | ៦ | | | | | |- |'''៦''' | ១ | | | | | | |} គាត់បានកំណត់ចំនួននៅក្នុងត្រីកោណដោយការហៅឡើងវិញ ៖ ហៅចំនួននៅក្នុង (''m''+1)&nbsp;ជួរទី 1 និង ( ''n''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1)ជួរឈរទី ''t'' _''mn'' ។ បន្ទាប់មក ''t'' _''mn''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''t'' _{''m'' −1, ''n''}&nbsp;+&nbsp;''t'' _{''m'', ''n'' −1}, សម្រាប់ ''m''&nbsp;=&nbsp;០,&nbsp;១,&nbsp;២,&nbsp;... និង ''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;០,&nbsp;១,&nbsp;២,&nbsp;... លក្ខខណ្ឌព្រំដែនគឺ ''t'' _{''m'', −1}&nbsp;=&nbsp;០, ''t'' _{−1, ''n''}&nbsp;=&nbsp;០ សម្រាប់ ''m''&nbsp;=&nbsp;១,&nbsp;២,&nbsp;៣,&nbsp;... និង ''n''&nbsp;=&nbsp;១,&nbsp;២,&nbsp;៣,&nbsp;... ម៉ាស៊ីនភ្លើង ''t'' ₀₀&nbsp;=&nbsp;១. ប៉ាស្កាល់ បានបញ្ចប់ជាមួយនឹងភស្តុតាងថា : <math>t_{mn} = \frac{(m+n)(m+n-1)\cdots(m+1)}{n(n-1)\cdots 1}.</math> នៅក្នុងសន្ធិសញ្ញាដដែល ប៉ាស្កាល់បានផ្ដល់សេចក្ដីថ្លែងការណ៍ច្បាស់លាស់អំពីគោលការណ៍នៃអាំងឌុចស្យុងគណិតវិទ្យា ។ <ref name=":1"/> នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៤ គាត់បានបញ្ជាក់ពី <nowiki><i id="mwAZk">អត្តសញ្ញាណរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់</i></nowiki> ដែលទាក់ទងនឹងផលបូកនៃស្វ័យគុណ ''p'' នៃចំនួនគត់វិជ្ជមាន ''n'' ដំបូងសម្រាប់ ''p'' = 0, 1, 2, ..., ''k'' ។ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kieren MacMillan, Jonathan Sondow|year=2011|title=Proofs of power sum and binomial coefficient congruences via Pascal's identity|journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]]|volume=118|issue=6|pages=549–551|arxiv=1011.0076|doi=10.4169/amer.math.monthly.118.06.549}}</ref> នៅឆ្នាំដដែលនោះ ប៉ាស្កាល់មានបទពិសោធន៍ខាងសាសនា ហើយភាគច្រើនបានបោះបង់ការងារផ្នែកគណិតវិទ្យា។   === ស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ === [[ឯកសារ:Pascal_Pajou_Louvre_RF2981.jpg|alt=|រូបភាពតូច|ប៉ាស្កាល់ កំពុងសិក្សាអំពី ស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ ដោយអូហ្គូស្ទីន ប៉ាជូ ឆ្នាំ១៧៨៥ នៅសារមន្ទីរលូវ។]] នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៥៨ ប៉ាស្កាល់ ខណៈពេលកំពុងមានអាការៈឈឺធ្មេញ បានចាប់ផ្តើមពិចារណាបញ្ហាជាច្រើនទាក់ទងនឹងស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ។ អាការៈឈឺធ្មេញរបស់គាត់បាត់ទៅវិញ ហើយគាត់បានយល់ថា រឿងនេះជាសញ្ញាពីឋានសួគ៌ដើម្បីបន្តការស្រាវជ្រាវ។ ប្រាំបីថ្ងៃក្រោយមក អត្ថបទរបស់គាត់បានបញ្ចប់ <ref name="Ball_1960">{{Cite book|date=2010-09-16|title=A Short Account of the History of Mathematics|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/31246/31246-pdf.pdf|location=New York, NY, USA|page=234|isbn=978-0486206301}}</ref> ហើយដើម្បីផ្សព្វផ្សាយលទ្ធផល បានស្នើឱ្យមានការប្រកួតប្រជែងមួយ។ <ref name="Ferroli_1935">{{Cite journal|last=Ferroli|first=D.|date=April 1935|title=A Note on Blaise Pascal (1623-1662). A Forerunner of Leibnitz and Newton in the Discovery of the Calculus|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24221628|journal=Current Science|volume=3|issue=10|pages=459–461|jstor=24221628|accessdate=2024-03-02}}</ref> លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានស្នើសំណួរចំនួន ៣ ទាក់ទងនឹងចំណុចកណ្តាលនៃទំនាញផែនដី ផ្ទៃក្រឡា និងមាឌនៃស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ ដោយអ្នកឈ្នះនឹងទទួលបានរង្វាន់ជាប្រាក់អេស្ប៉ាញ 20 និង 40 ដូប្លូន។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់, ហ្ស៊ីល ដឺ រូប៊ែរវ៉ាល់ និងព្យែរ ដឺ កាកាវី គឺជាគណៈកម្មាធិការ ហើយការដាក់ស្នើទាំងពីរ (ដោយ ចន វ៉ូលីស និងអង់ត្វាន ដឺ ឡាលូវែរ ) មិនត្រូវបានវិនិច្ឆ័យថាគ្រប់គ្រាន់ទេ។ <ref>{{Citation|last=Conner|first=James A.|title=Pascal's Wager: The Man Who Played Dice with God|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pascalswagermanw00conn/page/224 224]|isbn=9780060766917|edition=1st|year=2006|publisher=HarperCollins|url=https://archive.org/details/pascalswagermanw00conn/page/224}}</ref> ខណៈពេលដែលការប្រកួតប្រជែងកំពុងបន្ត លោកគ្រីស្តូហ្វឺ រេន បានផ្ញើសំណើមួយទៅលោកប៉ាស្កាល់ សម្រាប់ភស្តុតាងនៃការកែតម្រូវ ស៊ីក្លូអ៊ីដ។ លោករូប៊ែរវ៉ាល់ បានអះអាងភ្លាមៗថាគាត់បានដឹងអំពីភស្តុតាងនេះអស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនឆ្នាំមកហើយ។ លោកវ៉ូលីស បានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយភស្តុតាងរបស់រេន (ដោយផ្តល់កិត្តិយសដល់ រេន) នៅក្នុង ''Tractus Duo'' របស់វ៉ូលីស ដោយផ្តល់អាទិភាពដល់រេន សម្រាប់ភស្តុតាងដែលបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយលើកដំបូង។ == រូបវិទ្យា == [[ឯកសារ:Pascal's_Barrel.png|រូបភាពតូច|រូបភាពនៃការពិសោធន៍ [[ច្បាប់ប៉ាស្កាល់|ធុងរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់]] (គ្មានមូលដ្ឋានច្បាស់លាស់)]] លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានរួមចំណែកដល់វិស័យជាច្រើនក្នុងរូបវិទ្យា ជាពិសេសលើវិស័យមេកានិចសារធាតុរាវ និងសម្ពាធ។ ដើម្បីជាកិត្តិយសដល់ការចូលរួមចំណែកផ្នែកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្ររបស់លោក ឈ្មោះប៉ាស្កាល់ ត្រូវបានផ្តល់ឱ្យ[[ប៉ាស្កាល់|អង្គភាព SI នៃសម្ពាធ]] និង[[ច្បាប់ប៉ាស្កាល់]] (គោលការណ៍សំខាន់មួយនៃអ៊ីដ្រូស្តាទិច)។ លោកបានណែនាំទម្រង់រ៉ូឡែតបុរាណ និងកង់រ៉ូឡែតក្នុងការស្វែងរកម៉ាស៊ីនចលនាអចិន្ត្រៃយ៍ របស់លោក។ កៅអីប្លេស ប៉ាស្កាល់ ត្រូវបានផ្តល់ជូនដល់អ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រអន្តរជាតិឆ្នើមៗ ដើម្បីធ្វើការស្រាវជ្រាវនៅក្នុងតំបន់ [[អ៊ីលដឺហ្រ្វែន|Ile de France]] ។ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chaires Blaise Pascal |url=http://www.chaires-blaise-pascal.org/uk/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613064029/http://www.chaires-blaise-pascal.org/uk/index.html |archive-date=13 June 2009 |access-date=16 August 2009 |publisher=Chaires Blaise Pascal |archivedate=13 មិថុនា 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613064029/http://www.chaires-blaise-pascal.org/uk/index.html }}</ref> === ឌីណាមិចសារធាតុរាវ === ការងាររបស់គាត់នៅក្នុងវិស័យអ៊ីដ្រូឌីណាមិក និង[[អ៊ីដ្រូស្តាទិច]] ផ្តោតលើគោលការណ៍នៃសារធាតុរាវអ៊ីដ្រូលិច។ ការច្នៃប្រឌិតរបស់គាត់រួមមាន ម៉ាស៊ីនចុចអ៊ីដ្រូលិច (ដោយប្រើសម្ពាធអ៊ីដ្រូលិចដើម្បីគុណកម្លាំង) និង សុីរាំង ។ គាត់បានបង្ហាញថាសម្ពាធអ៊ីដ្រូស្តាទិចមិនអាស្រ័យលើទម្ងន់នៃសារធាតុរាវនោះទេ ប៉ុន្តែអាស្រ័យលើភាពខុសគ្នានៃកម្ពស់។ គាត់ត្រូវបានគេចោទប្រកាន់ថាបានបង្ហាញគោលការណ៍នេះដោយភ្ជាប់បំពង់ស្តើងមួយទៅនឹងធុងដែលពេញដោយទឹក ហើយបំពេញបំពង់ដោយទឹករហូតដល់កម្រិតជាន់ទីបីនៃអគារ។ នេះបណ្តាលឱ្យធុងលេចធ្លាយ នៅក្នុងអ្វីដែលត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាការពិសោធន៍[[ច្បាប់ប៉ាស្កាល់|ធុងប៉ាស្កាល់]] ។ === សញ្ញុកាស === នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៤៧ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានដឹងអំពីការពិសោធន៍របស់អេវ៉ង់ជេលីស្តា តូរីឆេលី ជាមួយបារ៉ូម៉ែត្រ ។ បន្ទាប់ពីធ្វើការពិសោធន៍ម្តងទៀត ដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការដាក់បំពង់មួយ ពោរពេញទៅដោយបារត បញ្ច្រាស់នៅក្នុងចានបារត ប៉ាស្កាល់បានសួរថា តើកម្លាំងអ្វីដែលរក្សាបារតខ្លះនៅក្នុងបំពង់ និងអ្វីដែលបំពេញចន្លោះខាងលើបារតនៅក្នុងបំពង់។ នៅពេលនោះ អ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រភាគច្រើន រួមទាំង[[រីណេ ដេកាត|ដេកាត]] ជឿលើផ្លេណូម (plenum) ពោលគឺរូបធាតុដែលមើលមិនឃើញបានបំពេញចន្លោះទាំងអស់ ជាជាង[[សុញ្ញកាស|សញ្ញុកាស]] (" ធម្មជាតិស្អប់សញ្ញុកាស )"។ នេះគឺផ្អែកលើគំនិតរបស់អារីស្តូតដែលថាអ្វីគ្រប់យ៉ាងដែលមានចលនាគឺជាសារធាតុ ដែលត្រូវបានផ្លាស់ទីដោយសារធាតុមួយផ្សេងទៀត។ លើសពីនេះ ពន្លឺបានឆ្លងកាត់បំពង់កែវ ដែលបង្ហាញថាសារធាតុដូចជាអេធើរ ជាជាងសញ្ញុកាសបានបំពេញចន្លោះ។ បន្ទាប់ពីការពិសោធន៍បន្ថែមទៀតនៅក្នុងន័យនេះ នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៤៧ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានផលិត ''សៀវភៅ Experiences nouvelles touchant le vide'' ("ការពិសោធន៍ថ្មីជាមួយនឹងសុញ្ញកាស") ដែលរៀបរាប់លម្អិតអំពីច្បាប់ជាមូលដ្ឋានអំពីកម្រិតដែលវត្ថុរាវផ្សេងៗអាចត្រូវបានទ្រទ្រង់ដោយ សម្ពាធខ្យល់ ។ វាក៏បានផ្តល់ហេតុផលថាហេតុអ្វីបានជាវាពិតជាសុញ្ញកាសនៅពីលើជួរឈរនៃវត្ថុរាវនៅក្នុងបំពង់បារ៉ូម៉ែត្រ។ ការងារនេះត្រូវបានបន្តដោយសៀវភៅ ''Récit de la grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs'' ("គណនីនៃការពិសោធន៍ដ៏អស្ចារ្យលើលំនឹងក្នុងវត្ថុរាវ") ដែលបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយនៅឆ្នាំ១៦៤៨។ ==== ការពិសោធន៍សម្ពាធបរិយាកាសនឹងរយៈកម្ពស់លើកដំបូង ==== [[ឯកសារ:Puy_de_Dôme_near_Clermont-Ferrand_in_Auvergne_in_France.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ពុយ ដឺ ដូម]] [[ឯកសារ:Florin_Périer_measuring_the_mercury_level_in_a_Torricelli_barometer_near_the_top_of_the_Puy_de_Dôme.jpg|alt=Florin Périer measuring the mercury level in a Torricelli barometer near the top of the Puy de Dôme|រូបភាពតូច|[[Florin Périer|ហ្វ្លូរ៉ាំង ប៉េរីយេ]] នៅពុយ ដឺ ដូម]] [[Torricellian vacuum|សញ្ញុកាសតូរីឆេលី]] បានរកឃើញថា សម្ពាធខ្យល់ស្មើនឹងទម្ងន់ 30 អ៊ីញនៃបារត។ ប្រសិនបើខ្យល់មានទម្ងន់កំណត់ បរិយាកាសរបស់ផែនដីត្រូវតែមានកម្ពស់អតិបរមា។ ប៉ាស្កាល់ បានវែកញែកថា ប្រសិនបើពិត សម្ពាធខ្យល់នៅលើភ្នំខ្ពស់ត្រូវតែតិចជាងនៅរយៈកម្ពស់ទាបជាង។ គាត់រស់នៅក្បែរភ្នំពុយ ដឺ ដូម ដែល {{Convert|4790|ft}} មានកម្ពស់ខ្ពស់ ប៉ុន្តែសុខភាពរបស់គាត់មិនសូវល្អ ដូច្នេះគាត់មិនអាចឡើងវាបាន។ នៅថ្ងៃទី១៩ ខែកញ្ញា ឆ្នាំ១៦៤៨ បន្ទាប់ពីការជំរុញដោយរួសរាយរាក់ទាក់ ប៉ុន្តែទទូចអស់រយៈពេលជាច្រើនខែរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ លោក[[Florin Périer|ហ្វ្លូរ៉ាំង ប៉េរីយេ]] ស្វាមីរបស់បងស្រីរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺហ្គីលបឺត ទីបំផុតអាចអនុវត្តបេសកកម្មស្វែងរកការពិតដ៏សំខាន់ចំពោះទ្រឹស្តីរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់។ កំណត់ហេតុដែលសរសេរដោយប៉េរីយេ អានថា៖   ប៉ាស្កាល់បានចម្លងការពិសោធន៍នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីសដោយយកបារ៉ូម៉ែត្រឡើងទៅលើកំពូលប៉មជួងនៅព្រះវិហារ Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie ដែលមានកម្ពស់ប្រហែល 50 ម៉ែត្រ។ បារតបានទម្លាក់បន្ទាត់ពីរ។ គាត់បានរកឃើញជាមួយនឹងការពិសោធន៍ទាំងពីរថា ការឡើង 7 ហ្វាថមធ្វើឱ្យបារតធ្លាក់ចុះពាក់កណ្តាលបន្ទាត់។ {{Efn|1=1 ligne = 2.256 mm, and 1 toise = 1.949 m. Mercury density is 13.534 g/cm3. So by Pascal's numbers, the density of air is about 1.1 kg/m³.}} ចំណាំ៖ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានប្រើ <nowiki><i id="mwAhE">pouce</i></nowiki> និង <nowiki><i id="mwAhI">ligne</i></nowiki> សម្រាប់ "អ៊ីញ" និង "បន្ទាត់" និង ''toise'' សម្រាប់ "ហ្វាថម"។ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rougier|first=Louis|date=2010-10-01|title=– Chapitre XI – La Grande expérience de l'équilibre des liqueurs|journal=Philosophia Scientiæ. Travaux d'histoire et de philosophie des sciences|language=fr|volume=14-2|issue=14–2|pages=196–206|doi=10.4000/philosophiascientiae.189|issn=1281-2463|doi-access=free}}</ref> នៅក្នុងការឆ្លើយតបទៅកាន់អេទៀន ណូអែល ដែលជឿលើផ្លេណូម លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានសរសេរ ដោយបន្ទរគំនិតសហសម័យអំពីវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងភាពអាចក្លែងបន្លំបានថា “ដើម្បីបង្ហាញថាសម្មតិកម្មជាក់ស្តែង វាមិនគ្រប់គ្រាន់ទេដែលបាតុភូតទាំងអស់ធ្វើតាមវា; ផ្ទុយទៅវិញ ប្រសិនបើវានាំទៅរកអ្វីមួយដែលផ្ទុយពីបាតុភូតតែមួយ នោះគ្រប់គ្រាន់ដើម្បីបញ្ជាក់ពីភាពមិនពិតរបស់វា” == ជីវិតពេញវ័យ៖ សាសនា អក្សរសិល្ប៍ និងទស្សនវិជ្ជា == === ការប្តូរសាសនា === [[ឯកសារ:Blaise_pascal.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ប៉ាស្កាល់]] នៅរដូវរងាឆ្នាំ ១៦៤៦ ឪពុកនៅអាយុ ៥៨ ឆ្នាំបានបាក់ត្រគាកនៅពេលរអិលដួលនៅលើផ្លូវកកមួយក្នុងទីក្រុងរូអង់។ ដោយសារអាយុរបស់បុរសនោះ និងស្ថានភាពវេជ្ជសាស្ត្រនៅសតវត្សរ៍ទី ១៧ ការបាក់ត្រគាកជាស្ថានភាពធ្ងន់ធ្ងរខ្លាំង ប្រហែលអាចបណ្តាលឲ្យស្លាប់ទៀតផង។ ទីក្រុងរូអង់ គឺជាលំនៅរបស់វេជ្ជបណ្ឌិតល្អបំផុតពីររូបនៅបារាំងគឺ ដេឡង់ដ៍ (Deslandes) និងដឺ ឡា ប៊ូតីយេរី (de la Bouteillerie)។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ "មិនអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យនរណា ក្រៅពីបុរសទាំងពីរមកជួបគាត់ទេ...វាជាជម្រើសដ៏ល្អ ព្រោះបុរសចំណាស់នេះបានរស់រានមានជីវិត ហើយអាចដើរបានម្តងទៀត..." <ref>Connor, James A., ''Pascal's wager: the man who played dice with God'' (HarperCollins, NY, 2006) {{ISBN|0-06-076691-3}} p. 70</ref> ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ការព្យាបាល និងការស្តារនីតិសម្បទាចំណាយរយៈពេលបីខែ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលនោះ ឡា ប៊ូតីយេរីនិងដេឡង់ដ៍ក្លាយជាអ្នកមកលេងជាប្រចាំ។ បុរសទាំងពីរនាក់គឺជាអ្នកដើរតាមលោក[[Jean Guillebert|ហ្សង់ គីលប៊ែរ]] ជាអ្នកគាំទ្រក្រុមបំបែកចេញពីកាតូលិក ត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជាហ្សង់សេនីស។ និកាយតូចមួយនេះកំពុងជ្រៀតចូលទៅក្នុងសហគមន៍កាតូលិកបារាំងដ៏គួរឱ្យភ្ញាក់ផ្អើលនៅពេលនោះ។ វាគាំទ្រលទ្ធិអូហ្គូស្ទីនីស យ៉ាងតឹងរ៉ឹង។ លោកប្លេស បាននិយាយជាមួយគ្រូពេទ្យជាញឹកញាប់ ហើយបន្ទាប់ពីការព្យាបាលដោយជោគជ័យ បានខ្ចីស្នាដៃដោយអ្នកនិពន្ធហ្សង់សេនីសពីពួកគេ។ នៅក្នុងអំឡុងពេលនេះ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានជួបប្រទះនឹង "ការប្រែជំនឿលើកដំបូង" ហើយចាប់ផ្តើមសរសេរលើប្រធានបទទេវវិទ្យាក្នុងឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់។ ប៉ាស្កាល់បោះបង់ចោលការចូលរួមសាសនាដំបូងនេះ ហើយបានជួបប្រទះនឹងរយៈពេលពីរបីឆ្នាំនៃអ្វីដែលជីវប្រវត្តិវិទូខ្លះហៅថា "សម័យកាលលោកិយ" របស់គាត់ (១៦៤៨-៥៤)។ ឪពុករបស់គាត់បានទទួលមរណភាពនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥១ ហើយបានបន្សល់ទុកមរតកទៅឱ្យប៉ាស្កាល់ និងប្អូនស្រីរបស់គាត់ឈ្មោះ ហ្សាកឃ្វីលីន ដែលមានប៉ាស្កាល់ដើរតួជាអ្នកអភិរក្ស។ ហ្សាកឃ្វីលីនបានប្រកាសថា នាងនឹងក្លាយជាអ្នកសាកល្បងរស់ នៅក្នុងវត្តហ្សង់សេនីសនៃព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ ក្នុងពេលឆាប់ៗនេះ។ ប៉ាស្កាល់មានការប៉ះទង្គិចផ្លូវចិត្តនិងសោកសៅយ៉ាងខ្លាំង មិនមែនដោយសារជម្រើសរបស់នាងទេ ប៉ុន្តែដោយសារតែសុខភាពមិនល្អរ៉ាំរ៉ៃរបស់ខ្លួន គាត់ត្រូវការនាង ដូចដែលនាងត្រូវការគាត់ដែរ។   នៅចុងខែតុលា ឆ្នាំ១៦៥១ ការផ្អាកជម្លោះត្រូវបានសម្រេចរវាងបងប្អូន។ ជាថ្នូរនឹងប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភប្រចាំឆ្នាំដ៏សមរម្យ ហ្សាកឃ្វីលីនបានចុះហត្ថលេខាលើចំណែកនៃមរតករបស់នាងប្រគល់ទៅឱ្យបងប្រុស។ មរតករបស់ហ្គីលបឺត ត្រូវបានផ្តល់មរតករួចហើយក្នុងទម្រង់ជាប្រាក់បណ្ណាការ។ នៅដើមខែមករា ហ្សាកឃ្វីលីនបានចាកចេញទៅព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់។ នៅថ្ងៃនោះ យោងតាម ព័ត៌មានពីហ្គីលបឺតអំពីបងប្រុសថា "គាត់បានចូលទៅកាន់បន្ទប់យ៉ាងសោកសៅដោយមិនបានឃើញហ្សាកឃ្វីលីន ដែលរង់ចាំនៅក្នុងបន្ទប់ទទួលភ្ញៀវ..." នៅដើមខែមិថុនា ឆ្នាំ១៦៥៣ បន្ទាប់ពីអ្វីដែលហាក់ដូចជាការជេរប្រមាថឥតឈប់ឈរពីហ្សាកឃ្វីលីន ប៉ាស្កាល់បានចុះហត្ថលេខាជាផ្លូវការលើមរតកទាំងមូលរបស់ប្អូនស្រីរបស់គាត់ទៅព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ ដែលសម្រាប់គាត់ "ចាប់ផ្តើមមានក្លិនដូចជានិកាយមួយ"។ ដោយសារពីរភាគបីនៃទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិរបស់ឪពុកគាត់ បានបាត់បង់ទៅហើយ ប៉ាស្កាល់អាយុ ២៩ ឆ្នាំឥឡូវនេះត្រូវធ្លាក់ក្នុងភាពក្រីក្រ។ អស់មួយរយៈ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានបន្តជីវិតជាបុរសនៅលីវ។ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលទៅលេងប្អូនស្រីរបស់គាត់នៅព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៤ គាត់បានបង្ហាញការមើលងាយចំពោះកិច្ចការរបស់ពិភពលោក ប៉ុន្តែមិនបានទាក់ទាញទៅរកព្រះទេ។ ==== ''កំណត់ហេតុអនុស្សាវរីយ៍'' ==== នៅថ្ងៃទី 23 ខែវិច្ឆិកា ឆ្នាំ ១៩៥៤ ចន្លោះម៉ោង 10:30 និង 12:30 យប់ ប៉ាស្កាល់មានបទពិសោធន៍សាសនាដ៏ខ្លាំងក្លាមួយ ហើយភ្លាមៗនោះបានសរសេរកំណត់ចំណាំខ្លីមួយទៅកាន់ខ្លួនឯង ដែលចាប់ផ្តើមថា៖ «ភ្លើង។ ព្រះរបស់អេប្រាហាំ ព្រះរបស់អ៊ីសាក ព្រះរបស់យ៉ាកុប មិនមែនជារបស់ទស្សនវិទូ និងអ្នកប្រាជ្ញទេ...» ហើយបានបញ្ចប់ដោយដកស្រង់ទំនុកតម្កើង 119:16 ថា៖ «ខ្ញុំនឹងមិនភ្លេចពាក្យរបស់ព្រះអង្គឡើយ។ អាមេន»។ គាត់ហាក់ដូចជាបានដេរឯកសារនេះយ៉ាងប្រុងប្រយ័ត្នទៅក្នុងអាវ ហើយតែងតែដាក់វានៅពេលគាត់ប្តូរសម្លៀកបំពាក់។ អ្នកបម្រើម្នាក់បានរកឃើញវាដោយចៃដន្យបន្ទាប់ពីគាត់ទទួលមរណភាព។ អត្ថបទនេះឥឡូវនេះត្រូវបានគេស្គាល់ថាជា ''កំណត់ហេតុអនុស្សាវរីយ៍'' ។ រឿងរ៉ាវនៃគ្រោះរទេះសេះដែលនាំឱ្យមានបទពិសោធន៍ ពិពណ៌នានៅក្នុង ''កំណត់ហេតុអនុស្សាវរីយ៍'' ត្រូវបានអ្នកប្រាជ្ញមួយចំនួនជំទាស់។ ដោយសារជំនឿ និងការប្តេជ្ញាចិត្តខាងសាសនារបស់គាត់បានរស់ឡើងវិញ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានទៅទស្សនាវត្តចាស់មួយក្នុងចំណោមវត្តពីរនៅព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ សម្រាប់ការដកថយរយៈពេលពីរសប្តាហ៍ក្នុងខែមករា ឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៥។ សម្រាប់រយៈពេលបួនឆ្នាំបន្ទាប់ គាត់បានធ្វើដំណើរជាប្រចាំរវាងព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ និងប៉ារីស។ នៅចំណុចនេះឯង ភ្លាមៗបន្ទាប់ពីការប្រែជំនឿរបស់គាត់ ដែលគាត់ចាប់ផ្តើមសរសេរស្នាដៃអក្សរសាស្ត្រសំខាន់ដំបូងលើសាសនាគឺ ''លិខិតខេត្ត'' ។ == អក្សរសាស្ត្រ == [[ឯកសារ:Blaise_pascal.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|ប៉ាស្កាល់]] នៅក្នុងអក្សរសិល្ប៍ ប៉ាស្កាល់ត្រូវបានចាត់ទុកថាជាអ្នកនិពន្ធដ៏សំខាន់បំផុតម្នាក់ក្នុងសម័យបារាំងបុរាណ ហើយសព្វថ្ងៃនេះត្រូវបានគេអានថាជាបុគ្គលដ៏អស្ចារ្យម្នាក់នៃសំណេរភាសាបារាំង។សីម័រ អ៊ីតុន ហៅគាត់ថាជា "អ្នកប្រាជ្ញបារាំងដ៏អស្ចារ្យបំផុត"។ ភាពប៉ិនប្រសប់របស់គាត់បានជះឥទ្ធិពលដល់អ្នកជជែកវែកញែក នៅសម័យក្រោយ។ === ''សំបុត្រខេត្ត'' === ដោយចាប់ផ្តើមនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៧-៥៧ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយការវាយប្រហារដ៏គួរឱ្យចងចាំទៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់ហេតុផលវែកញែកដោះសារ ដែលជាវិធីសាស្ត្រប្រកបដោយ[[ចរិយាមារយាទ|សីលធម៌]] ដ៏ពេញនិយមមួយដែលប្រើដោយអ្នកប្រាជ្ញ[[ព្រះសហគមន៍កាតូលិក|កាតូលិក]] នៅដើមសម័យទំនើប (ជាពិសេសជេសូអ៊ីត និងជាពិសេសអង់តូនីញ៉ូ អែសកូបា )។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានថ្កោលទោសការដោះសារ ថាជាការប្រើប្រាស់ហេតុផលស្មុគស្មាញដើម្បីបង្ហាញអំពីភាពត្រឹមត្រូវនៃសីលធម៌និងអំពើបាប គ្រប់ប្រភេទ។ ស៊េរីដែលមាន 18 លិខិតត្រូវបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយរវាងឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៦ និង ១៦៥៧ ក្រោមឈ្មោះក្លែងក្លាយ '''Louis de Montalte''' និងធ្វើឱ្យ[[ល្វីទី១៤]] ខឹងសម្បារ។ ព្រះមហាក្សត្របានបញ្ជាឱ្យកាត់សៀវភៅនេះ និងដុតចោល នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៦០។ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៦១ នៅចំកណ្តាលភាពចម្រូងចម្រាស សាលាហ្សង់សេនីសនៅ ព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ ត្រូវបានថ្កោលទោស និងបិទទ្វារ។ អ្នកដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងសាលាត្រូវចុះហត្ថលេខាលើសេចក្តីព្រាងច្បាប់របស់សម្តេចប៉ាប ឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៦ ដោយថ្កោលទោសការបង្រៀនរបស់ហ្សង់សេនីស ថាជាសាសនាខុសឆ្គង។ លិខិតចុងក្រោយពីលោកប៉ាស្កាល់ ក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៧ បានប្រឆាំងនឹង អេឡិចសានឌ័រទី ៧។ សូម្បីតែសម្តេចប៉ាបអេឡិចសានឌ័រ ខណៈពេលដែលប្រឆាំងនឹងពួកគេជាសាធារណៈ ក៏ត្រូវបានបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលដោយអំណះអំណាងរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ដែរ។ ក្រៅពីឥទ្ធិពលសាសនារបស់ពួកគេ ''លិខិតខេត្ត'' មានប្រជាប្រិយភាពជាស្នាដៃអក្សរសាស្ត្រ។ ការប្រើប្រាស់កំប្លែង ការចំអក និងការតិះដៀលដ៏កាចសាហាវរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់នៅក្នុងអំណះអំណាង បានធ្វើឱ្យលិខិតទាំងនោះទុំសម្រាប់ការប្រើប្រាស់ជាសាធារណៈ និងមានឥទ្ធិពលលើសំណេររបស់អ្នកនិពន្ធបារាំងជំនាន់ក្រោយដូចជា [[វ៉ុលទែរ]] និងហ្សង់-ហ្សាក់ រូសូ ។ នៅក្នុង ''លិខិតខេត្ត'' លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានធ្វើការសុំទោស ចំពោះការសរសេរលិខិតវែងមួយ ព្រោះគាត់មិនមានពេលសរសេរលិខិតខ្លីជាងនេះទេ។ ដកស្រង់ចេញពីលិខិតទី XVI ដែលបានបកប្រែដោយលោកថូម៉ាស់ ខ្រី (Thomas M'Crie) ថា៖ «លោកឪពុកទាំងឡាយ លិខិតរបស់ខ្ញុំមិនតែងតែវែងពេក ឬតាមពីក្រោយគ្នាយ៉ាងជិតស្និទ្ធនោះទេ។ ការខ្វះខាតពេលវេលាត្រូវតែជាលេសរបស់ខ្ញុំចំពោះកំហុសទាំងពីរនេះ។ លិខិតនេះគឺជាលិខិតវែងណាស់ ដោយសារតែខ្ញុំគ្មានពេលធ្វើវាឱ្យខ្លី»។ លោកសាល ផេរល (Charles Perrault) បានសរសេរអំពី''សំបុត្រ''ទាំងនោះថា “អ្វីៗទាំងអស់មាននៅទីនោះ—ភាពបរិសុទ្ធនៃភាសា ភាពថ្លៃថ្នូរនៃការគិត ភាពរឹងមាំក្នុងការវែកញែក ភាពប៉ិនប្រសប់ក្នុងការនិយាយ និងពេញមួយ''កិច្ចព្រមព្រៀង'' ដែលមិនអាចរកឃើញនៅកន្លែងផ្សេងទៀត”។ === ទស្សនវិជ្ជា === លោកអេមីល ហ្វាហ្គេត បានហៅលោកប៉ាស្កាល់ ថាជា "ទស្សនវិទូបារាំងដ៏អស្ចារ្យបំផុតម្នាក់"។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺជាអ្នកវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រដែលមាន ទស្សនៈពីរ និងជាអ្នកដើរតាម[[រីណេ ដេកាត|លោករឺណេ ដេកាត]] ។ ==== ទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃសាសនា ==== [[ឯកសារ:Scène_représentant_Pascal_en_compagnie_de_Désargues_et_du_Père_Mersenne,_place_Royale,_en_1643.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|280x280ភីកសែល|ឈុតឆាកនៃដេសាក, មែរសេន, ប៉ាស្កាល់និងដេកាត]] យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយប៉ាស្កាល់ បានយកចិត្តទុកដាក់បំផុតចំពោះទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃសាសនា ដោយសរសេរថាទស្សនវិជ្ជារបស់ដេកាត គឺ "គ្មានប្រយោជន៍ និងមិនប្រាកដប្រជា"។ គាត់បានសរសេរបន្ថែមទៀតថា "ខ្ញុំមិនអាចអត់ទោសឱ្យដេកាតបានទេ។ នៅក្នុងទស្សនវិជ្ជាទាំងអស់របស់គាត់ គាត់មានឆន្ទៈក្នុងការបោះបង់ចោលព្រះជាម្ចាស់ ប៉ុន្តែគាត់មិនអាចជៀសវាងក្នុងការអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យទ្រង់ធ្វើឱ្យពិភពលោកមានចលនាទេ។ ក្រោយមកគាត់លែងត្រូវការព្រះទៀតហើយ"។ <ref>{{Cite book|title=Mathematics and the Divine A Historical Study|date=2004|publisher=Elsevier|editor1-last=Bergmans|editor1-first=Luc|page=402|editor2-last=Koetsier|editor2-first=T.}}</ref> លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានប្រឆាំងនឹងទាំងលទ្ធិហេតុផល របស់លោក ដេកាត ដោយនិយាយថា "ហេតុផលមិនអាចសម្រេចអ្វីទាំងអស់នៅទីនេះ" <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of Philosophy|date=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|editor1-last=Shand|editor1-first=John|page=391}}</ref> និងទ្រឹស្តីវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រដ៏សំខាន់ដែលប្រឆាំងបានគឺ លទ្ធិបទពិសោធន៍និយម ដែលពេញចិត្តនឹងលទ្ធិសច្ចភាព ។ ចំពោះលោកប៉ាស្កាល់ ធម្មជាតិរបស់ព្រះជាម្ចាស់ គឺដូចជាភស្តុតាងដែលមិនអាចបង្ហាញទ្រង់បាន។ មនុស្ស "ស្ថិតនៅក្នុងភាពងងឹត ហើយឃ្លាតឆ្ងាយពីព្រះ" ពីព្រោះ "ទ្រង់បានលាក់បាំងខ្លួនឯងពីចំណេះដឹងរបស់ពួកគេ"។ <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title=A Companion to Phenomenology and Existentialism|date=2009|publisher=Wiley|page=140}}</ref> ទ្រឹស្ដីសាសនារបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ បានចម្រើនចេញពីទស្សនៈរបស់គាត់ថា មនុស្សយោងទៅតាមលោកវ៉ូត "កើតមកក្នុងពិភពលោកដែលមានភាពមិនច្បាស់លាស់ ដែលធ្វើឲ្យយើងទៅជាប្រធានបទដែលមានភាពមិនច្បាស់លាស់ ដូច្នេះយើងងាយនឹងបដិសេធព្រះជាបន្តបន្ទាប់ និងបញ្ឆោតខ្លួនឯងអំពីអំពើបាបរបស់យើង"។ <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/blaise-pascal-on-duplicity-sin-and-the-fall-9780199656363?cc=gb&lang=en&|title=Blaise Pascal on Duplicity, Sin, and the Fall|date=4 July 2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199656363|archive-date=9 August 2018}}</ref> ===== ផេនសេ =====   ស្នាដៃសាសនាដ៏មានឥទ្ធិពលបំផុតរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ត្រូវបានគេហៅថា ''ផេនសេ'' ("គំនិត") ត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកយ៉ាងទូលំទូលាយថាជាស្នាដៃដ៏អស្ចារ្យ និងជាចំណុចសំខាន់មួយនៅក្នុងសំណេរភាសាបារាំង បន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពរបស់គាត់។ នៅពេលធ្វើអត្ថាធិប្បាយលើផ្នែកជាក់លាក់មួយ (គំនិតទី 72) Sainte-Beuve បានសរសើរវាថាជាទំព័រដ៏ល្អបំផុតនៅក្នុង [[ភាសាបារាំង]] ។ <ref name="finest">Sainte-Beuve, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I0P0A8XK29QC&pg=PA167 ''Seventeenth Century''] {{ISBN|1-113-16675-4}} p. 174 (2009 reprint).</ref> វីលរ៍ ដូរុាំងបានសរសើរផេនសេ ថាជា "សៀវភៅដ៏ឧឡារិកបំផុតនៅក្នុងសំណេរភាសាបារាំង"។ សៀវភៅផេនសេ មិនត្រូវបានបញ្ចប់មុនពេលគាត់ទទួលអនិច្ឆកម្មឡើយ។ វាគឺជាការពិនិត្យ និងការការពារ[[គ្រិស្តសាសនា|ជំនឿគ្រិស្តសាសនា]] ប្រកបដោយចីរភាព និងស៊ីសង្វាក់គ្នា ជាមួយនឹងចំណងជើងដើមថា ''Apologie de la religion Chrétienne'' ("ការការពារសាសនាគ្រិស្ត")។ បន្ទាប់ពីការស្លាប់របស់គាត់ កំណែដំបូងនៃក្រដាសជាច្រើនត្រូវបានរកឃើញ ហើយលេចចេញជាសៀវភៅបោះពុម្ពនៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៦៩ ដែលមានចំណងជើងថា ''Pensées de M. Pascal sur la religion, et sur quelques autres sujets'' ("គំនិតរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់លើសាសនា និងលើប្រធានបទផ្សេងទៀតមួយចំនួន") ហើយមិនយូរប៉ុន្មានក៏បានក្លាយជាសៀវភៅស្តង់ដារ។ យុទ្ធសាស្ត្រចម្បងមួយ {{'}} ''Apologie'' គឺការប្រើប្រាស់ទស្សនវិជ្ជាផ្ទុយគ្នានៃ លទ្ធិពីរ៉ូនី និង លទ្ធិស្តូអ៊ិច ដែលមានលក្ខណៈផ្ទាល់ខ្លួនដោយ ម៉ុងតែញ៉ ម្ខាង និងអេពិកតេតុស ម្ខាងទៀត ដើម្បីនាំអ្នកមិនជឿទៅរកភាពអស់សង្ឃឹម និងការភាន់ច្រឡំបែបនេះ រហូតដល់គាត់ឱបក្រសោបព្រះជាម្ចាស់។ ==== ទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃគណិតវិទ្យា ==== [[ឯកសារ:Port-Royal-des-Champs_Vergers.JPG|រូបភាពតូច|180x180ភីកសែល|ចម្ការ​ផ្លែឈើ​នៃព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់ ]] ការចូលរួមចំណែកដ៏សំខាន់របស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ចំពោះទស្សនវិជ្ជាគណិតវិទ្យា បានមកជាមួយ ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' ("ស្មារតីធរណីមាត្រ") ដែលដើមឡើយត្រូវបានសរសេរជាបុព្វកថានៃសៀវភៅសិក្សាធរណីមាត្រសម្រាប់ Petites écoles de Port-Royal ("សាលាតូចៗនៃព័រត-រ៉ូយ៉ាល់")។ ស្នាដៃនេះមិនត្រូវបានបោះពុម្ពផ្សាយរហូតដល់ជាងមួយសតវត្សបន្ទាប់ពីមរណភាពរបស់គាត់។ នៅទីនេះ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានពិនិត្យមើលបញ្ហានៃការស្វែងរកសច្ចភាព ដោយអះអាងថាឧត្តមគតិនៃវិធីសាស្ត្របែបនេះគឺត្រូវស្វែងរកសំណើទាំងអស់លើសច្ចភាពដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងរួចហើយ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ ក្នុងពេលជាមួយគ្នានេះ គាត់បានអះអាងថារឿងនេះមិនអាចទៅរួចទេ ពីព្រោះសច្ចភាពដែលបានបង្កើតឡើងបែបនេះនឹងតម្រូវឱ្យមានសច្ចភាពផ្សេងទៀតដើម្បីគាំទ្រពួកវា - ដូច្នេះគោលការណ៍ដំបូងមិនអាចសម្រេចបានទេ។ ដោយផ្អែកលើរឿងនេះ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានអះអាងថានីតិវិធីដែលប្រើក្នុងធរណីមាត្រគឺល្អឥតខ្ចោះតាមដែលអាចធ្វើទៅបាន ដោយមានគោលការណ៍មួយចំនួនត្រូវបានសន្មត់ និងសំណើផ្សេងទៀតត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងពីពួកគេ។ យ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ គ្មានវិធីដើម្បីដឹងថាតើគោលការណ៍ដែលបានសន្មត់ជាការពិតឬអត់នោះទេ។ ប៉ាស្កាល់ក៏បានប្រើ ''De l'Esprit géométrique'' ដើម្បីបង្កើតទ្រឹស្តីនៃ និយមន័យផងដែរ។ គាត់បានបែងចែករវាងនិយមន័យដែលជាស្លាកធម្មតាដែលកំណត់ដោយអ្នកនិពន្ធ និងនិយមន័យដែលមាននៅក្នុងភាសា និងយល់ដោយមនុស្សគ្រប់គ្នា ពីព្រោះវាកំណត់ដោយធម្មជាតិនូវឯកសារយោងរបស់ពួកគេ។ ប្រភេទទីពីរនឹងជាលក្ខណៈនៃទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃ លទ្ធិមូលដ្ឋាននិយម ។ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានអះអាងថា មានតែនិយមន័យនៃប្រភេទទីមួយប៉ុណ្ណោះដែលសំខាន់ចំពោះវិទ្យាសាស្ត្រ និងគណិតវិទ្យា ដោយអះអាងថាវិស័យទាំងនោះគួរតែទទួលយកទស្សនវិជ្ជានៃទម្រង់និយម ដូចដែលបានបង្កើតដោយដេកាត។ នៅក្នុង ''De l'Art de persuador'' ("សិល្បៈនៃការបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូល") លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានសិក្សាស៊ីជម្រៅទៅលើវិធីសាស្ត្រដែលផ្អែកលើស្វ័យសច្ចភាព របស់ធរណីមាត្រ ជាពិសេសសំណួរអំពីរបៀបដែលមនុស្សជឿជាក់លើស្វ័យសច្ចភាព ដែលការសន្និដ្ឋាននៅពេលក្រោយត្រូវបានផ្អែកលើ។ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់ បានយល់ស្របជាមួយ លោក<a href="./Michel_de_Montaigne" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="1208" data-cx="{&amp;quot;adapted&amp;quot;:false,&amp;quot;sourceTitle&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Michel de Montaigne&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;thumbnail&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Portrait_of_Michel_de_Montaigne%2C_circa_unknown.jpg/120px-Portrait_of_Michel_de_Montaigne%2C_circa_unknown.jpg&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;width&amp;quot;:80,&amp;quot;height&amp;quot;:109},&amp;quot;description&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;French author and philosopher (1533–1592)&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;pageprops&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wikibase_item&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Q41568&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;pagelanguage&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;en&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;targetFrom&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;source&amp;quot;}" class="cx-link" id="mwAsw" title="Michel de Montaigne">ម៉ុងតែញ៉</a> ថាការសម្រេចបាននូវភាពប្រាកដប្រជានៅក្នុងស្វ័យសច្ចភាព និងការសន្និដ្ឋានទាំងនេះតាមរយៈវិធីសាស្ត្ររបស់មនុស្សគឺមិនអាចទៅរួចទេ។ លោកបានអះអាងថាគោលការណ៍ទាំងនេះអាចយល់បានតែតាមរយៈវិចារណញាណប៉ុណ្ណោះ ហើយការពិតនេះបានគូសបញ្ជាក់ពីភាពចាំបាច់សម្រាប់ការចុះចូលចំពោះព្រះក្នុងការស្វែងរកសេចក្តីពិត។ == ស្នាដៃចុងក្រោយ និងមរណភាព == [[ឯកសារ:001Paskal.JPG|alt=|រូបភាពតូច|207x207ភីកសែល|របាំងមុខស្លាប់ របស់ Blaise Pascal]] ធី.អេស. អេលីយ៉ូត បានពិពណ៌នាអំពីគាត់ក្នុងដំណាក់កាលនេះនៃជីវិត ថាជា "បុរសម្នាក់នៃពិភពលោកក្នុងចំណោមអ្នកបួស និងជាអ្នកបួសក្នុងចំណោមមនុស្សនៃពិភពលោក"។ របៀបរស់នៅបែបបួសរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់បានមកពីជំនឿមួយដែលថាវាជារឿងធម្មជាតិ និងចាំបាច់សម្រាប់មនុស្សម្នាក់ក្នុងការរងទុក្ខ។ នៅឆ្នាំ ១៦៥៩ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានធ្លាក់ខ្លួនឈឺយ៉ាងធ្ងន់ធ្ងរ។ ក្នុងអំឡុងពេលប៉ុន្មានឆ្នាំចុងក្រោយរបស់គាត់ គាត់តែងតែព្យាយាមបដិសេធការបម្រើរបស់គ្រូពេទ្យ ដោយនិយាយថា "កុំអាណិតខ្ញុំអី ជំងឺគឺជាស្ថានភាពធម្មជាតិរបស់គ្រិស្តបរិស័ទ ពីព្រោះនៅក្នុងជំងឺនោះ ដូចដែលយើងគួរតែមានជានិច្ច កំពុងរងទុក្ខដោយអំពើអាក្រក់ ក្នុងការដកហូតទ្រព្យសម្បត្តិ និងសេចក្តីរីករាយទាំងអស់នៃអារម្មណ៍ មានសេរីភាពពីតណ្ហាទាំងអស់ដែលដំណើរការពេញមួយជីវិត ដោយគ្មានមហិច្ឆតា គ្មានភាពលោភលន់ ក្នុងការរំពឹងទុកឥតឈប់ឈរនៃសេចក្តីស្លាប់"។ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Périer |first=Gilberte |date=1845 |title=Lettres, opuscules et mémoires de madame Périer et de Jacqueline, sœurs de Pascal, et de Marguerite Périer, sa nièce |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k294479/f69.item.zoom# |website=BnF Galica |pages=41–42}}</ref> ដោយចង់ធ្វើត្រាប់តាមភាពក្រីក្រខាងវិញ្ញាណរបស់ព្រះយេស៊ូ នៅក្នុងស្មារតីខ្នះខ្នែង និងសប្បុរសធម៌របស់គាត់ ប៉ាស្កាល់បាននិយាយថា ប្រសិនបើព្រះអនុញ្ញាតឱ្យគាត់ជាសះស្បើយពីជំងឺ គាត់នឹងតាំងចិត្តថា "មិនប្រកបការងារ ឬមុខរបរផ្សេងទៀតពេញមួយជីវិត​ ក្រៅពីបម្រើជនក្រីក្រនោះទេ"។ <ref>{{Cite web |last=Périer |first=Gilberte |date=1845 |title=Lettres, opuscules et mémoires de madame Périer et de Jacqueline, sœurs de Pascal, et de Marguerite Périer, sa nièce |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k294479/f69.item.zoom# |website=BnF Galica |pages=44}}</ref> ព្រះបាទល្វីសទី១៤ បានបង្ក្រាបចលនា Jansenist នៅ Port-Royal ក្នុងឆ្នាំ១៦៦១។ ជាការឆ្លើយតប ប៉ាស្កាល់បានសរសេរស្នាដៃចុងក្រោយមួយរបស់គាត់ គឺ ''Écrit sur la signature du formulare'' ("Writ on the Signature of the Form") ដោយលើកទឹកចិត្តហ្សង់សេនីស កុំឱ្យចុះចាញ់។ ក្រោយមកនៅឆ្នាំដដែលនោះ ប្អូនស្រីរបស់គាត់ឈ្មោះ ហ្សាកឃ្វីលីន បានទទួលមរណភាព ដែលបានបញ្ចុះបញ្ចូលប៉ាស្កាល់ឱ្យបញ្ឈប់ ការជជែកវែកញែក របស់គាត់លើហ្សង់សេនីស។ === អ្នកបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធគមនាគមន៍សាធារណៈ === [[ឯកសារ:Les_carrosses_à_cinq_sols_-_network_map.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|280x280ភីកសែល|ផែនទីផ្លូវនៃ''ការ៉ុស អា សាំង សូល'' នៅកណ្តាលទីក្រុងប៉ារីស]] សមិទ្ធផលធំៗចុងក្រោយរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែលជាការត្រលប់មកវិញនៃទេពកោសល្យផ្នែកមេកានិក គឺការដាក់ឱ្យដំណើរការសេវាកម្មដឹកជញ្ជូនសាធារណៈតាមផ្លូវគោកដំបូងបង្អស់ ដែលមានឈ្មោះថា ''«ការ៉ុស អា សាំង សូល»'' (carrosses à cinq sols)។ វាគឺជាបណ្តាញទូរថភ្លើងអូសដោយសេះដែលមានកៅអីច្រើនសម្រាប់ដឹកអ្នកដំណើរតាមខ្សែរត់ថេរចំនួនប្រាំខ្សែកំណត់។ លើសពីនេះ ប៉ាស្កាល់ក៏បានកំណត់នូវគោលការណ៍ប្រតិបត្តិការ ដែលក្រោយមកត្រូវបានគេយកទៅប្រើប្រាស់សម្រាប់រៀបចំផែនការដឹកជញ្ជូនសាធារណៈផងដែរ ពោលគឺទូរថភ្លើងទាំងនោះមានខ្សែរត់ច្បាស់លាស់ មានតម្លៃសេវាថេរ (ប្រាំសូល ទើបវាមានឈ្មោះបែបនេះ) និងចេញដំណើរភ្លាមៗទោះបីជាមិនមានអ្នកដំណើរជិះក៏ដោយ។ ទោះជាយ៉ាងណាក៏ដោយ បណ្តាញខ្សែរត់ទាំងនេះមិនទទួលបានជោគជ័យផ្នែកពាណិជ្ជកម្មនោះទេ ហើយខ្សែរត់ចុងក្រោយត្រូវបានបិទនៅត្រឹមឆ្នាំ ១៦៧៥។ ទោះបីជាបែបនេះក្តី លោកនៅតែត្រូវបានគេចាត់ទុកថាជា «អ្នកបង្កើតប្រព័ន្ធដឹកជញ្ជូនសាធារណៈ» ម្នាក់ផងដែរ។<blockquote></blockquote> === ជំងឺ និង សេចក្តីស្លាប់ === នៅឆ្នាំ១៦៦២ ជំងឺរបស់លោកប៉ាស្កាល់កាន់តែធ្ងន់ធ្ងរឡើងៗ ហើយស្ថានភាពផ្លូវចិត្តកាន់តែអាក្រក់ទៅៗ ចាប់តាំងពីប្អូនស្រីរបស់លោកបានស្លាប់។ ដោយដឹងថាសុខភាពរបស់លោកកំពុងចុះខ្សោយយ៉ាងឆាប់រហ័ស លោកបានរកផ្លាស់ទៅមន្ទីរពេទ្យសម្រាប់ជំងឺមិនអាចព្យាបាលបាន ប៉ុន្តែគ្រូពេទ្យបានប្រកាសថាលោកមិនស្ថិតស្ថេរពេកមិនអាចលើកបាន។ នៅទីក្រុងប៉ារីស នៅថ្ងៃទី១៨ ខែសីហា ឆ្នាំ១៦៦២ លោកប៉ាស្កាល់បានប្រកាច់ ហើយបានទទួល ការចាក់ប្រេងក្រអូបយ៉ាងខ្លាំង ។ លោកបានទទួលមរណភាពនៅព្រឹកបន្ទាប់ ដោយពាក្យចុងក្រោយរបស់លោកគឺ "សូមព្រះជាម្ចាស់កុំបោះបង់ចោលខ្ញុំឡើយ" ហើយត្រូវបានបញ្ចុះនៅក្នុងទីបញ្ចុះសពសាំង-អេធៀន-ឌូ-ម៉ុង ។ ការធ្វើកោសល្យវិច័យ បានធ្វើឡើងបន្ទាប់ពីការស្លាប់ បានបង្ហាញពីបញ្ហាធ្ងន់ធ្ងរជាមួយនឹងក្រពះ និងសរីរាង្គដទៃទៀតនៃផ្នែកពោះរួមជាមួយនឹង ការខូចខាតដល់ខួរក្បាលរបស់គាត់ ។ ទោះបីជាមានការធ្វើកោសល្យវិច័យក៏ដោយ មូលហេតុនៃសុខភាពទ្រុឌទ្រោមរបស់គាត់មិនដែលត្រូវបានកំណត់យ៉ាងច្បាស់លាស់នោះទេ ទោះបីជាការស្មានផ្តោតលើ ជំងឺរបេង ជំងឺមហារីកក្រពះ ឬការរួមបញ្ចូលគ្នានៃទាំងពីរក៏ដោយ។ ជាទូទៅ ការឈឺក្បាលដែលប៉ះពាល់ដល់ ប៉ាស្កាល់ត្រូវបានសន្មតថាជា របួស ខួរក្បាល។ <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Zanello|first=Marc|last2=Arnaud|first2=Eric|last3=Di Rocco|first3=Federico|date=2015-04-01|title=The mysteries of Blaise Pascal's sutures|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-015-2622-9|journal=Child's Nervous System|language=en|volume=31|issue=4|pages=503–506|doi=10.1007/s00381-015-2622-9|issn=1433-0350|pmid=25697145}}</ref> == មរតក == [[ឯកសារ:Epitaph_Blaise_Pascal_Saint-Etienne.jpg|រូបភាពតូច|Pascal's epitaph in Saint-Étienne-du-Mont, where he was buried]] សាកលវិទ្យាល័យមួយក្នុងចំណោមសាកលវិទ្យាល័យនានានៃ ទីក្រុងក្លែម៉ង់-ហ្វេរ៉ង់ ប្រទេសបារាំង {{Mdash}} Université Blaise Pascal {{Mdash}} ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមគាត់។ Établissement scolaire français Blaise-Pascal ក្នុង Lubumbashi សាធារណរដ្ឋប្រជាធិបតេយ្យកុងហ្គោ ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមប៉ាស្កាល់។ ខ្សែភាពយន្តឆ្នាំ ១៩៦៩ របស់អេរិក រ៉ូមែរ ដែលមានចំណងជើងថា ''My Night at Maud's'' គឺផ្អែកលើស្នាដៃរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់។ រ៉ូប៊ឺតូ រ៉ូសេលីនី បានដឹកនាំរឿងជីវប្រវត្តិ ''Blaise Pascal'' ដែលដំបូងឡើយបានចាក់ផ្សាយតាមកញ្ចក់ទូរទស្សន៍អ៊ីតាលីក្នុងឆ្នាំ ១៩៧១។ ប៉ាស្កាល់ គឺជាប្រធានបទនៃខ្សែភាពយន្តឯកសារ BBC Two ឆ្នាំ ១៩៨៤ ដែលមានចំណងជើងថា ''Sea of Faith'' ដែលបង្ហាញដោយដន ឃ្យូភីត ។ សត្វកណ្ដៀរនៅក្នុងខ្សែភាពយន្តគំនូរជីវចល ''Tangled'' ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមប៉ាស្កាល់ ។ ភាសាសរសេរកម្មវិធី មួយត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមប៉ាស្កាល់។ នៅឆ្នាំ 2014 Nvidia បានប្រកាសពីមីក្រូស្ថាបត្យកម្មប៉ាស្កាល់ថ្មីរបស់ខ្លួន ដែលត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមប៉ាស្កាល់។ កាតក្រាហ្វិក ដំបូងដែលមានប៉ាស្កាល់ ត្រូវបានចេញផ្សាយនៅឆ្នាំ 2016។ ហ្គេម ''Nier: Automata'' ឆ្នាំ 2017 មានតួអង្គជាច្រើនដែលដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមទស្សនវិទូល្បីៗ។ មួយក្នុងចំណោមតួអង្គទាំងនេះគឺជាម៉ាស៊ីនដែលមានវិញ្ញាណឈ្មោះប៉ាស្កាល់ ដែលដើរតួជាតួអង្គរងដ៏សំខាន់។ ប៉ាស្កាល់បង្កើតភូមិមួយសម្រាប់ម៉ាស៊ីនរស់នៅដោយសន្តិភាពជាមួយមនុស្សយន្តដែលពួកវាកំពុងធ្វើសង្គ្រាមជាមួយ ហើយដើរតួជាតួអង្គឪពុកម្តាយសម្រាប់ម៉ាស៊ីនផ្សេងទៀតដែលកំពុងព្យាយាមសម្របខ្លួនទៅនឹងបុគ្គលិកលក្ខណៈដែលទើបរកឃើញថ្មី។ សត្វអូទ្រីសនៅក្នុងស៊េរី <nowiki><i id="mwA0w">Animal Crossing</i></nowiki> ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមប៉ាស្កាល់។ <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2021 |title=Animal Crossing: New Horizons: Pascal - Spawn Times, Locations And Mermaid Clothing Rewards |url=https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/07/animal_crossing_new_horizons_pascal_-_spawn_times_locations_and_mermaid_clothing_rewards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008080021/https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/07/animal_crossing_new_horizons_pascal_-_spawn_times_locations_and_mermaid_clothing_rewards |archive-date=8 October 2020 |access-date=4 October 2020}}</ref> ភពតូច 4500 Pascal ត្រូវបានដាក់ឈ្មោះតាមកិត្តិយសរបស់គាត់។ <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schmadel|first1=Lutz D.|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Addendum to 6th Edition: 2012-2014|date=2015|publisher=Springer International Publishing|page=363|bibcode=2015dmpn.book.....S}}</ref> [[សម្តេចប៉ាប ប៉ូល ទី៦|សម្តេចប៉ាបប៉ូលទី 6]] នៅក្នុង សព្វវចនាធិប្បាយ ''Populorum progressio'' ចេញផ្សាយក្នុងឆ្នាំ 1967 ដកស្រង់សំដីផេនសេរបស់ប៉ាស្កាល់:   នៅឆ្នាំ ២០២៣ [[សម្ដេចប៉ាបហ្វ្រង់ស័រ|សម្តេចប៉ាប ហ្វ្រង់ស៊ីស]] បានចេញលិខិតមួយច្បាប់ ដែលមានចំណងជើងថា ''Sublimitas et miseria hominis'' ដែលឧទ្ទិសដល់ប្លេស ប៉ាស្កាល់ ដើម្បីរំលឹកដល់ខួបទី 4 សតវត្សន៍នៃកំណើតរបស់គាត់។ ប៉ាស្កាល់បានជះឥទ្ធិពលដល់ទាំងអ្នកសង្គមវិទូជនជាតិបារាំង ព្យែរ ប៊ូឌីយ៉ូ ដែលបានដាក់ឈ្មោះ ''សមាធិប៉ាស្កាល់'' របស់គាត់ (1997) តាមឈ្មោះគាត់ <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Luke|first1=Allan|last2=Albright|first2=James|title=Pierre Bourdieu and Literacy Education|date=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=37}}</ref> និងទស្សនវិទូជនជាតិបារាំងល្វី អាល់ធូស៊ែ ។ <ref>{{Cite book|last1=Sotiris|first1=Panagiotis|title=A Philosophy for Communism: Rethinking Althusser|publisher=Brill|page=126}}</ref> == ស្នាដៃ == [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:រូបវិទូបារាំង]] [[ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់ក្រុម:អត្ថបទមានកាតអេក]] gbrw3kb61lfcicg62xsltqkbu05f0y7