Wikipiidia kuswiki https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_lakir MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.5 first-letter Miidia Lakir kanɛ bɛ di kɔn Sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tʋmtʋm Tʋmtʋm sɔnsʋg zin'ig Wikipiidia Wikipiidia sɔnsʋg zin'ig Faal Faal sɔnsʋg zin'ig MiidiaWiki MiidiaWiki sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tɛmpilet Tɛmpilet sɔnsʋg zin'ig Sʋŋir zin'ig Sʋŋir sɔnsʋg zin'ig Bɛn Bɛn sɔnsʋg zin'ig TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 1963 14919 14916 2025-06-17T15:37:00Z Ndeego 425 I added content 14919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q37937}} '''Dankal''' anɛ di nyɛ'ɛda buudi kanɛ ka == Pa,alʋg == Bʋnbʋtir nwa’ anɛ vaand bʋgʋs nɛ ka li vuud tɛŋin bɛɛ li ya’a kpi’e bʋnwɔk si’a li na tɔ’ɔe gban’ae li dʋ ka nyaŋidi bɛi tʋʋgid yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka li vaand si’eba yadigi pʋdiga atan’ bɛɛ an lammiri ka ba puum la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Til la vuud nɛ tɛŋin ka maan nya’abaanlig dutanam la ni. vaand la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Daʋg kakɛ zanl vaang la wa’alim anɛ wan wʋʋ 13 paae 51 centimetres (5 to 20 inches). Vaand la kpikpɛmis labisim pʋ zɛnmiya, 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), li anɛ wan wʋʋ sʋsʋnf, siyanini bɛɛ gɛl nɛ, ka an gbilig bɛɛ lammirɛ bɛɛ lin on mɔr labisim atan’, li kpikpɛmis la tɔ’ɔn an mummi, bʋ’asibʋ’as bɛɛ li pʋdipʋda abʋtan’ bɛɛ li tɔ’ɔn pʋdi paae abʋyɔpɔi. Vaand la nindaa anɛ saalig, ka ka’a gbiribirɛ, ka li naarin la an gbilig bɛɛ pʋlʋm. Vaand la taa anɛ dɛn’ɛm, amaa ka bʋnsi’a ɛɛti kɛ ka li kilim dɔnbʋʋlim. Til la wa’alim bɛn tɔ’ɔn an yi 0.5 kɛŋ paae 4 metres (1+¹⁄₂ nɛ 13 feet). Ba buud si’eba busid til duta la ni ka li wa’alim paad 16 m (52 ft). Amaa, bama pʋ mɔr nyɛ’ɛlim. Li mɔr zin’ig kanɛ ka daʋlim nɛ pʋ’alim la’asi bɛ la, nɛ tilbil kanɛ zanl puum kanɛ pʋdig anu la, kɛ ka li zi’enɛ agɔl sappi. Li paan puum nɛ daar kanɛ ka nintaŋ pʋ wa’ama. Pak kanɛ lus puum la anɛ bi’ela ka wa’am, ka pʋlʋm ka an (wan wʋʋ ayɔpɔi bɛn) 10 to 15 millimetres (³⁄₈ to ⁵⁄₈ in) wa’alim pʋʋgin, ka mɔr zuob baanlig. Atan’ banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wa’am bi’ela. Biili maani yit nɛ ayi ya’a bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka la’as taaba pʋʋm saŋa.<ref>[https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes"]. Home Guides. ''[[:en:SF_Gate|SF Gate]]''. 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415153410/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html Archived] from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref> Ba puum la lakid ka winig nyaan yit na ka bɛ ala paad hour nam bi’ela. Bɛugʋn ya’as ka ba yʋbin ka yʋ’ʋn pin’ili pʋoe lu tɛŋin. Nya’a kanɛ ka diib bɛ la wa’am nɛ ka an fuoŋ, ka an saalig ka li kala nam bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka si’eba an dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, wiig, brown, purple, bɛɛ beige. Li bʋʋlim la kala si’eba anɛ beige, pi’elig, wiig, pink, violet, dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, bɛɛ purple. Dankal si’eba banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim bʋʋlim la an pi’elig bɛɛ waans dɔnbʋʋlim la pʋ malis ka mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] wan wʋʋ banɛ an wiig, pink bɛɛ orange la.<ref>Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2009). ''[[iarchive:sweetpotato00thot|The sweetpotato]]''. Springer. pp. [[iarchive:sweetpotato00thot/page/n410v|391]]–425. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9475-0|978-1-4020-9475-0]]</bdi>.</ref> == Buudi == Dankal yinɛ South America zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon zina ye Ecuador la.<ref>[https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-24-mystery-sweetpotato-origin-uncovered-missing-link-plant-found-oxford-research "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research"]. ''[[:en:University_of_Oxford|University of Oxford]]''. 24 January 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902133431/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-24-mystery-sweetpotato-origin-uncovered-missing-link-plant-found-oxford-research Archived] from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</ref><ref>Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306577 "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative"]. ''[[:en:New_Phytologist|New Phytologist]]''. '''234''' (4): 1185–1194. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NewPh.234.1185M 2022NewPh.234.1185M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nph.17991|10.1111/nph.17991]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X 0028-646X]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306577 9306577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064679 35064679].</ref> Zin’ig kanɛ ka ba ti’ak dankal buudi ka li li’eb saalibi bɔɔd ye li an si’em da pin’il nɛ Central bɛɛ South America.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21 Geneflow 2009]''. Bioversity International. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789290438137|9789290438137]]</bdi>.</ref> Central America tɛŋin, ban dankal banɛ ka ba da gɔsi ba yela da bɛ anina ka li tʋʋg yʋʋm tusanu (5,000) banɛ gaad la,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207230303/http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/sweetpotato.html "Sweet Potato"]. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from [http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/sweetpotato.html the original] on 7 February 2005.</ref> ban da nyɛ ''I. batatas'' ka li bɛ Yucatán Peninsula linɛ bɛ Mexico la nɛ kɔlig kanɛ ka ba buon Orinoco River ka li bɛ Venezuela la tɛnsʋk la.<ref>Austin, Daniel F. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ff-wrcqm1EC&q=The+taxonomy%2C+evolution+and+genetic+diversity+of+sweetpotatoes+and+related+wild+species&pg=PA27 "The taxonomy, evolution and genetic diversity of sweet potatoes and related wild species"]. In P. Gregory (ed.). ''Exploration, Maintenance, and Utilization of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources''. First Sweet Potato Planning Conference, 1987. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 27–60. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789290601159|9789290601159]]</bdi>.</ref> Daasi’erɛ tɛŋin la nidibi da tɔlisi li ka li paae Caribbean dim nɛ South America 2500 BCE.<ref>Zhang, D.P.; Ghislain, M.; Huaman, Z.; Cervantes, J.C.; Carey, E.E. (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140423062838/http://sweetpotatoknowledge.org/germplasm/germplasm-collection/cip-genebank/AFLP%20Assessment%20of%20Sweetpotato%20Genetic%20Diversity%20in%20Four%20Tropical%20American%20Regions.pdf "AFLP Assessment of Sweetpotato Genetic Diversity in Four Tropical American Regions"] (PDF). ''International Potato Center (CIP) Program Report 1997-1998''. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP). Archived from [http://sweetpotatoknowledge.org/germplasm/germplasm-collection/cip-genebank/AFLP%20Assessment%20of%20Sweetpotato%20Genetic%20Diversity%20in%20Four%20Tropical%20American%20Regions.pdf the original] (PDF) on 23 April 2014.</ref> ''I. trifida'', anɛ mɔɔg linɛ bɛ mɔɔgin ka wan dankal hali, lin da yi si’em na li buudi nam ayiŋa banɛ ka’ yinnɛ da la’as taaba ka li nyaŋi kilim dankal buudi.<ref>Morales Rodríguez, Alfredo; Alfredo Morales Tejón; Dania Rodríguez del Sol; Iván J. Pastrana; Claudia A. Méndez (2017). "Origen, evolución y distribución del boniato (''Ipomoea batatas'' (l.) Lam.). Una revisión". ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultura_Tropical&action=edit&redlink=1 Agricultura Tropical]'' (in Spanish). '''3''' (1): 1–13. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2517-9292 2517-9292].</ref> Ba vɛɛn ya gɔs ka ye dankal kanɛ ka ti mi’ zina la, ba da nyɛ linɛ bɛ tampilɛma ni bɛ Chilca Canyon, linɛ bɛ south-central zone Peru tɛŋin, ka li pa’al ye li yuugi paae 8080 ± 170 BC.<ref>Engel, Fréderic (1970). "Exploration of the Chilca Canyon". ''[[:en:Current_Anthropology|Current Anthropology]]''. '''11''': 55–58. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/201093|10.1086/201093]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144317617 144317617].</ref><ref>Perry, L. (2002). "Starch granule size and the domestication of manioc (''Manihot esculenta'') and Sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'')". ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''56''' (4): 345–349. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282002%29056%5B0335%3ASGSATD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 <nowiki>10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0335:SGSATD]2.0.CO;2</nowiki>]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32462935 32462935].</ref> '''Buudi la’asig''' Dankal li mɔr bʋn si’a li ni anɛ li DNA ka li yinɛ ''Agrobacterium,'' ''sensu lato''; lin wanni ''Rhizobium rhizogenes'' buudi), ka ba da nyɛ ka bʋnbʋtir la an ala.<ref name=":11">Kyndt, Tina; Quispea, Dora; Zhaic, Hong; Jarretd, Robert; Ghislainb, Marc; Liuc, Qingchang; Gheysena, Godelieve; Kreuzeb, Jan F. (20 April 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426443 "The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''112''' (18): 5844–5849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.5844K 2015PNAS..112.5844K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1419685112|10.1073/pnas.1419685112]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426443 4426443]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25902487 25902487].</ref> Li buudi la ba da vɛɛns ya ka li pʋ dɔl nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin la.<ref name=":11" /> Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye dankal buudi nam ti’as nɛ ala hali yʋma tusir pʋʋginme, ka li kɛ ka li yʋ’ʋn nyaŋi an sʋ’ʋŋa.<ref name=":11" /> Nwa’ pa’al ye dankal li da an yiiga bʋnbʋtir kanɛ ka ba da nyɛ ka li la’as nɛ buud si’eba.<ref name=":11" /><ref>[http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/sweet-potato-is-a-natural-gmo/81251182/ "Sweet potato is a natural GMO"]. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 22 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150425193722/http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/sweet-potato-is-a-natural-gmo/81251182 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</ref><ref>Doucleff, Michaeleen (5 May 2015). [https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/05/404198552/natural-gmo-sweet-potato-genetically-modified-8-000-years-ago "Natural GMO? Sweet Potato Genetically Modified 8,000 Years Ago"]. ''NPR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220115142149/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/05/404198552/natural-gmo-sweet-potato-genetically-modified-8-000-years-ago Archived] from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>Lebot, Vincent (2020). ''Tropical Root and Tuber Crops : Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids''. [[:en:Wallingford,_Oxfordshire|Wallingford, Oxfordshire]], UK [[:en:Boston|Boston]], USA: CABI ([[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]). p. 541. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-336-9|978-1-78924-336-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110672215 1110672215].</ref><ref>Soucy, Shannon M.; Huang, Jinling; Gogarten, Johann Peter (17 July 2015). "Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life". ''[[:en:Nature_Reviews_Genetics|Nature Reviews Genetics]]''. '''16''' (8). [[:en:Nature_Portfolio|Nature Portfolio]]: 472–482. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nrg3962|10.1038/nrg3962]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0056 1471-0056]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184597 26184597]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6794788 6794788].</ref><ref>Andersen, Martin Marchman; Landes, Xavier; Xiang, Wen; Anyshchenko, Artem; Falhof, Janus; Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin; Olsen, Lene Irene; Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina; Vedel, Suzanne Elizabeth; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Sandøe, Peter; Gamborg, Christian; Kappel, Klemens; Palmgren, Michael G. (2015). [[doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011|"Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming"]]. ''[[:en:Trends_in_Plant_Science|Trends in Plant Science]]''. '''20''' (7). [[:en:Cell_Press|Cell Press]]: 426–434. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TPS....20..426A 2015TPS....20..426A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011|10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-1385 1360-1385]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26027462 26027462]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205454618 205454618].</ref> == Kuob == '''Lin dɔl si’em tiik zin’ig''' Europeans dimi da nan pʋ kɛn Americas tɛŋin la, dankal da bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin, ka ba kʋ’ʋt nɛ vaandi sɛɛd ka ka’a biilifɔ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519142258/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080519142258/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html "Batatas, Not Potatoes"]. Botgard.ucla.edu. [http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html Archived] from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</ref> Dankal da bɛ Cook Islands nɛ 1210–1400 CE.<ref>Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; [[:en:Atholl_Anderson|Anderson, Atholl J]]. (27 December 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267 "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''108''' (5): 1815–1820. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.1815Whttps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.1815W 2011PNAS..108.1815W]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108|10.1073/pnas.1015876108]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267 3033267]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21187404 21187404]. <q>For example, the earliest presence of sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') in Mangaia, Cook Islands, dated to A.D. 1210–1400 and was regarded as a late occurrence</q></ref> Ba vɛɛns nɛ ka ye da’asi’erɛ Polynesia dim da ansig nɛ vaand la mɔri kɛn Polynesia tɛŋin na, banɛ da kɛn South America ka lɛbid la, anina ka li widigi yi Polynesia paae Easter Island, Hawaii nɛ New Zealand.<ref>van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). ''Easter Island: Archaeology, ecology, and culture''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref><ref>Bassett, Gordon; et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015520/http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf "Gardening at the Edge: Documenting the limits of tropical Polynesian kumara horticulture in southern New Zealand"] (PDF). New Zealand: University of Canterbury. Archived from [http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 July 2011.</ref> Ba vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka Polynesian nidibi kuod dankal si’a la nɛ American dim ninkʋka din la wan bi’ela wʋʋ Zenú, bama anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Colombia tɛŋin zina, ka li pa’al ye Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da kɛŋ South America ka paam dankal anina yi Europe dim la nu’usin.<ref>Lizzie Wade (8 July 2020). [https://www.science.org/content/article/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived "Polynesians steering by the stars met Native Americans long before Europeans arrived"]. ''Science''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.abd7159|10.1126/science.abd7159]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225642378 225642378]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200717034835/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived Archived] from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref> Dutch buudi nid nɛ onɛ mi’ Amerindian buudi pian’ad, Willem Adelaar nɛ Pieter Muysken ye dankal yʋ’ʋr la yinɛ Polynesian nɛ South America buudi pian’ad ni na: Proto-Polynesian *''kumala''<ref>Greenhill, Simon J.; Clark, Ross; Biggs, Bruce (2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208114223/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/https://web.archive.org/web/20130208114223/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ <nowiki>"Entries for KUMALA.1 [LO] Sweet Potato (</nowiki>''Ipomoea'')"]. ''POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online''. Archived from [http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ the original] on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> (compare Rapa Nui ''kumara'', Hawaiian ''ʻuala'', Māori ''kūmara'') tɔ’ɔn an yinnɛ nɛ Quechua bɛɛ Aymara ''k'umar'' ~ ''k'umara''. Adelaar nɛ Muysken da nyɛ ka yʋ’ʋr la pa’al ye Central Andes dim nɛ Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da si’al taaba zin’ig si’a.<ref>Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysekn, Pieter C. (10 June 2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA41https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA41 Genetic relations of South American Indian languages".] ''The Languages of the Andes''. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45112-3|978-1-139-45112-3]]</bdi>.</ref> Vɛɛnsidib yinɛ ye dankal tɔ’ɔn da dɛŋi bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin yʋma tusa ka ninsaalib nyaan kɛŋ zin’in anina.<ref>[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php "Sweet potato history casts doubt on early contact between Polynesia and the Americas"]. EurekaAlert! Cell Press. 12 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123941/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php Archived] from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Carruthers, Tom; Wood, John R.I.; Williams, Bethany R.M.; Weitemier, Kevin; Kronmiller, Brent; Ellis, David; Anglin, Noelle L.; Longway, Lucas; Harris, Stephen A.; Rausher, Mark D.; Kelly, Steven; Liston, Aaron; Scotland, Robert W. (2018). [[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020|"Reconciling conflicting phylogenies in the origin of sweet potato and dispersal to Polynesia"]]. ''Current Biology''. '''28''' (8): 1246–1256.e12. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E1246Mhttps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E1246M 2018CBio...28E1246M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020|10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822 0960-9822]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29657119 29657119].</ref> Amaa, banɛ zamis gbana ka yina pian’a la tita’am dɔl nɛ nidibi da si’al taaba ka li yadig.<ref>Barber, Ian; Higham, Thomas F. G. (14 April 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046222 "Archaeological science meets Māori knowledge to model pre-Columbian sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') dispersal to Polynesia's southernmost habitable margins"]. ''[[:en:PLOS_One|PLOS One]]''. '''16''' (4): e0247643. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247643|2021PLoSO..1647643B]]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247643|10.1371/journal.pone.0247643]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046222 8046222]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852587 33852587].</ref><ref>Matisoo-Smith, Lisa (13 April 2018). [https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ "When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction"]. ''www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz''. Science Media Centre. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329223537/https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. <q>We would like to see more robust data, ideally from multiple sources, presented before we can accept the data and reconsider the current interpretation that the sweet potato was brought to Polynesia by humans at some point around 1000–1200 AD.</q></ref> Dankal da paae Europe dɔl nɛ nidibi da ti’as taaba la’ad saŋsi’a la, fʋ ya’a gɔs gbaŋ kanɛ ka ''Elinor Fettiplace sɔb ka pʋd Receipt Book'' la ni, linɛ ka ba da sɔbi li na’asaalin  England tɛŋin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi la ni (1604).<ref>Fettiplace, Elinor (1986) [1604]. [[:en:Hilary_Spurling|Spurling, Hilary]] (ed.). ''Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking''. Viking.</ref><ref>Dickson Wright, 2011. Pages 149–169</ref> Dankal da paae Philippines dim tɛŋin nɛ Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) yi Manila galleons, nɛ dunia bʋnbʋta si’eba.<ref>Loebenstein, Gad (2009). "Origin, Distribution and Economic Importance". In Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (eds.). ''The Sweetpotato''. Springer. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781402094743|9781402094743]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172320/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226217377_Origin_Distribution_and_Economic_Importance Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</ref> Li da paae Fujian banɛ bɛ China la nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piswai nɛ anaasi ni (1594) saŋa yi Luzon, ba bʋnbʋtta da san’am la zug. Dankal kuob da nyɛ kpɛmisigi yi onɛ da an Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng) san’an.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167 Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture]'' (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 167. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0393309942|978-0393309942]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172323/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Dankal da paae Ryukyu Kingdom, zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Okinawa, ka li bɛ Japan zina la, yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ saŋa (1600s) da yinɛ Portuguese ni na.<ref>Goodman, Grant K. (2013). ''Japan and the Dutch 1600–1853''. London: Routledge. pp. 66–67. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9781315028064|10.4324/9781315028064]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781315028064|9781315028064]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2003). "First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500-1800". ''The Sixteenth Century Journal''. '''36''' (3): 932–933. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/20477565|10.2307/20477565]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477565 20477565].</ref><ref name=":10">Obrien, Patricia J. (1972). [[doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070|"The sweet potato: Its origin and dispersal"]]. ''American Anthropologist''. '''74''' (3): 342–365. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070|10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070]]</ref> Dankal da kilim diibi tis Japan dim bɔzugɔ lini da sʋŋid ka kɔ’ɔm kae, ba ya’a da ku’a mui ka li pʋ maalɛ.<ref name=":10" /><ref>Itoh, Makiko (22 April 2017). [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk "The storied history of the potato in Japanese cooking"]. ''The Japan Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727024534/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk Archived] from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Aoki Konyō da sʋŋi kkɛ ka dankal yadig Japan tɛŋin, ka Tokugawa bakufu mɛ da sʋŋ, sɔb gbana, ka mɛ da tɔlis o vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka o da vɛɛns Japanese buudi pian’ad ni dankal yel la tis nidib ka li kɛ ka ba ku’a li bɛdigʋ.<ref>Ro, Sang-ho (2021). ''Neo-Confucianism and Science in Korea: Humanity and Nature, 1706–1814''. Oxon: Routledge. p. 58. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-367-44100-5|978-0-367-44100-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Ba da sɛɛd dankal nɛ Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune lɔmbɔn’ɔg ni.<ref>Takekoshi, Yosaburō (1930). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352 Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan]''. Taylor & Francis. p. 352. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780415323802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415323802|9780415323802]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Li da paae Korea nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764).<ref>Kim, Jinwung (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255 A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to states in conflict]''. Indiana University Press. p. 255. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0253000781|978-0253000781]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172259/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Kang P'il-ri nɛ Yi Kwang-ryŏ da gban’a gba’ar ye ba tʋm dankal tʋʋma bɛ Seoul yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayuobʋ ni (1766), mɔr nɛ ya’am kanɛ ka ba da zamisi yi Japanese dim ni yi Tongnae da pin’il yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764). Nwa’ da tʋm ya paae yʋʋm bɛn ka lɛb nya’aŋ ʋʋn saŋa yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1767) onɛ yʋ’ʋri buon Kang kum nya’aŋ la.<ref>Ro (2021), 59.</ref> '''Yʋda''' Baa la’anɛ lin pʋ kpi’em la, ba buon dankal si’eba nɛ "busa" bɛ North America zin’ig si’eba, dankal bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ busa mɛŋir (''Dioscorea''), linɛ yadigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔs,<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2 "''Dioscorea''"]. ''Plants of the World Online''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160204/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160204/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2 Archived] from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</ref> ka paas nɛ monocot mɔɔd buudi Dioscoreaceae ni. Mɔɔg yinnɛ mɛn, ka ba buon ''oca'' (''Oxalis tuberosa'', ka li vaand mɛ labis), ka ba buon ye "busa" dunia zin’ig si’eba ni.<ref>[https://cipotato.org/genebankcip/genebankcip/process/oca/ "Oca"]. ''[[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP) Genebank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172318/https://cipotato.org/genebankcip/process/oca/ Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</ref> Baa dankal nɛ potato pʋ kpin la, ba yʋ’ʋr la wan bi’ela. Europe nidib banɛ da lɛm dankal yiiga da anɛ  banɛ da paas Christopher Columbus ka ba tu suori bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnaasi nɛ piswai nɛ ayi ni (1492). Lin nya’aŋ ka vɛɛnsidib nyɛ ka nidib kuodi li ka lɛɛ pʋdi li ba buudi yʋda, amaa yʋ’ʋr kanɛ da yʋʋg anɛ Taíno kudumin dimi da pʋd ye ''batata'' la. Spanish dim da la’as nwa’ nɛ Quechua dim yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da pʋd dankal, ye ''papa'', ani ka ba da buon dankal ye ''patata''.<ref>Herrero, María Antonieta Andión (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wwI4nMg5r70C&pg=PA78 Los indigenismos en la Historia de las Indias de Bartolomé de las Casas]'' (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – [[:en:CSIC_Press|CSIC Press]]. p. 78. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08266-6|978-84-00-08266-6]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172324/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwI4nMg5r70C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</ref> Baa Hebrew dimi mɛ buon dankal ye ''batata'' (בטטה‎) ba buudi pian’adin la, li ka’a ye ba wʋm nɛ yi Taíno dim buolig nii. Amaa, Spanish dimi buon ''patata'' la ka ba da ti’aki li lɛbis Arabic ka buon ye ''batata'' (بطاطا‎), bɔzugɔ, ba pʋ mɔr sɔb bil  /p/ ka li bɛ Arabic nii, lin ka ba da buon dankal ye ''batata ḥilwa'' (بطاطا حلوة‎); ka li pʋn anɛ ('dankal'). Arabic dimi buon ''batata'' la Hebrew dim da zamisi li ka buon ka li anɛ dankal ma’a yʋ’ʋr, bɔzugɔ Hebrew dim da mɔr yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba pʋn tis potato sa ye, תפוח אדמה‎ (''tapuakh adama'', ka li gbin an 'dunia apple'; ka French pian’ad ni an ''pomme de terre''). Luga si’eba nɛ vɛɛnvɛɛnsidib si’eba bɔɔd ye ba sɔm yʋ’ʋr la la’as mumi li na’asaalin la ye—''sweetpotato''—ka ka’a ba pʋdigi li ayiŋa, ka li nyaŋi pa’al ye li bɛ li kɔn’ nɛ potatoes nɛ busa ka li mɛ kɛ ka nidib da nɔki li maal ye potato.<ref>[https://cipotato.org/research/sweet-potato/sweetpotato-one-word-or-two/ "Sweetpotato: One Word or Two?"]. [[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP). 12 November 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191228015852/https://cipotato.org/research/sweet-potato/sweetpotato-one-word-or-two/ Archived] from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</ref><ref>Averre, Charles W.; Wilson, L. George. [https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/plantpath/extension/commodities/sweetpotato-one-word.html "Sweetpotato — Why one word?"]. ''NCSU Plant Pathology''. [[:en:North_Carolina_State_University|North Carolina State University]] Department of Plant Pathology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191230002128/https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/plantpath/extension/commodities/sweetpotato-one-word.html Archived] from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</ref><ref>Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George, eds. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8Chttps://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8C The Sweetpotato]''. [[:en:Springer_Science_&_Business_Media|Springer Science & Business Media]]. p. 298. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781402094750|9781402094750]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172319/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8C Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> Ban buoni li si’em America na’asaalin zina, ba la’asid yʋ’ʋr la nɛ sɔbid mummi.<ref>[https://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/SWEETPOTATO/What_is_a_sweetpotato.pdf "What is a Sweetpotato?"] (PDF), ''UC Vegetable Research & Information Center'', Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, [[:en:University_of_California|University of California]], p. 2, October 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927122350/https://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/SWEETPOTATO/What_is_a_sweetpotato.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2020, retrieved 29 December 2019</ref> Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, nɛ Dominican Republic tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye ''batata''. Brazil tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ''batata doce''. Mexico tɛŋin, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America, nɛ Philippines tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye ''camote'' (ka si’eba sɔbidi li ''kamote'' bɛ Philippines pian’adin), ba nyɛ yʋ’ʋr nwa’ yinɛ Nahuatl buudi pian’ak ''camotli''.<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/camote El Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130427213956/http://elgaleon.weebly.com/page-18.html "Nahuatl influences in Tagalog"]. ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Gal%C3%A9on_de_Acapulco_News&action=edit&redlink=1 El Galéon de Acapulco News]''. Embajada de México, Filipinas. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012."Nahuatl influences in Tagalog". ''El Galéon de Acapulco News''. Embajada de México, Filipinas. Archived from [http://elgaleon.weebly.com/page-18.html the original] on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</ref> Peru nɛ Bolivia, ban buoni li si’em anɛ ''apichu'', amaa ba bɛ buudi buudi ka si’eba an ''khumara'', ''kumar'' (Ayacucho Quechua), nɛ ''kumara'' (Bolivian Quechua),<ref>Diccionario Quechua Simi Taqe AMLQ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220221093622/https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220221093622/https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.html "Quechua: apichu"]. ''www.runa-simi.org'' (in Spanish). Archived from [https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.html the original] on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</ref> li wan nɛ Polynesian dimi buon ye ''kumara'' nɛ yʋ’ʋr banɛ paas (''kumala'', ''umala'', ''ʻuala'', etc.)<ref>[http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_batatas.htm "Ipomoea batatas"]. ''Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075629/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_batatas.htm Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref>, linɛ kɛ ka vɛɛnsidib ye li yinɛ pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact ni. <ref>Doucleff, Michaeleen (23 January 2013). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/01/22/169980441/how-the-sweet-potato-crossed-the-pacific-before-columbus "How The Sweet Potato Crossed The Pacific Way Before The Europeans Did"]. ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211015120513/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/01/22/169980441/how-the-sweet-potato-crossed-the-pacific-before-columbus Archived] from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref>Vɛɛnsig nwa’ mɛ nyɛ paŋi yinɛ ban vɛɛnsi gɔs mɔɔg la tuŋ ka li an ala.<ref>Timmer, John (21 January 2013). [https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/polynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home "Polynesians reached South America, picked up sweet potatoes, went home"]. ''[[:en:Ars_Technica|Ars Technica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200708155215/https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/polynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home/ Archived] from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</ref> Australia tɛŋin, ban kuod dankal si’a anɛ abija 'Beauregard',<ref>Rolston, L. H.; Clark, C. A.; Cannon, J. M.; Randle, W. M.; Riley, E. G.; Wilson, P. W.; Robbins, M. L. (December 1987). [https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/22/6/article-p1338.xmlv "Beauregard' Sweet Potato"]. ''HortScience''. '''22''' (6): 1338–1339. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.6.1338|10.21273/HORTSCI.22.6.1338]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89381179 89381179]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172741/https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/hortsci/22/6/article-p1338.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2023.v</ref> linɛ da yi nɛ<ref>Main, Jeffrey L.; Silva, Juan; Arancibia, Ramon (May 2016). [https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdf "Mississippi Sweetpotato Variety Trial, 2013"] (PDF). Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011052244/https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20231011052244/https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.nifa.usda.gov/about-nifa/blogs/state-success-louisiana "State of Success: Louisiana"]. ''nifa.usda.gov National Institute of Food and Agriculture''. 9 November 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230906214935/https://www.nifa.usda.gov/about-nifa/blogs/state-success-louisiana Archived] from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station ni yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinnɛ ni (1981).<ref>Dominic Jolimont; Margaret Jolimont. [http://slater.ncg.org.au/sweet-potato/ "Sweet potato"]. ''Slater Community Gardens''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122359/http://slater.ncg.org.au/sweet-potato/ Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> New Zealand tɛŋin, Māori buudi da nyɛ’ɛd fʋomafʋoma ka ba pa’ad nɛ bʋʋlim la an pi’elig,<ref>Yen, D. E. (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 "The New Zealand Kumara or Sweet Potato"]. ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''17''' (1): 31–45. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963EcBot..17...31Y 1963EcBot..17...31Y]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF02985351|10.1007/BF02985351]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001 0013-0001]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 4252401]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869v 32823869]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151953/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 Archived] from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</ref> linɛ ka ba gɔs ka ye li yinɛ European dim banɛ da tuud suor la ni na.<ref>Field, Michael (23 January 2013). [http://www.stuff.co.nz/editors-picks/8213421/Kumara-origin-points-to-pan-Pacific-voyage "Kumara origin points to pan-Pacific voyage"]. ''[[:en:Stuff.co.nz|stuff.co.nz]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122356/http://www.stuff.co.nz/editors-picks/8213421/Kumara-origin-points-to-pan-Pacific-voyage Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> Ba buon ye ''kumara'' (yit nɛ Māori pian’ad ni, ''kūmara''), ban kuod sɔ’ saŋa nwa anɛ bʋnzi’an la 'Owairaka', amaa, ba mɛ kuod orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple nɛ si’eba.<ref>Yen, D. E. (1963). "The New Zealand Kumara or Sweet Potato". ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''17''' (1): 31–45. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963EcBot..17...31Y 1963EcBot..17...31Y]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf02985351https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02985351|10.1007/bf02985351]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 4252401]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869 32823869].</ref><ref>[http://www.kumara.co.nz/types-of-kumara.html "Types of kumara grown in New Zealand"]. ''Kaipara Kumara''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122354/http://www.kumara.co.nz/types-of-kumara.html Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> ==Pa,alʋg== [[File:Genasu gadde (Kannada ಗೆಣಸು ಗಡ್ಡೆ) (49108875711).jpg|thumb|left|The flowers, buds, and leaves of the sweet potato, which resemble those of the [[morning glory]]]] [[File:Sweet potato seeds.jpg|thumb|Seeds|left]] == Zin’ig == Mɔɔg la pʋ bɔɔd zin’ig kanɛ ma’ad paa nɛ. Li nɔbigid sʋŋa zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig zɛnmis wʋʋ 24 °C (75 °F), ka nintaŋ mɛ bɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ yʋ’ʋŋyʋ’ʋŋ. Ka yʋʋm wʋsa saa makir bɛn an wʋʋ 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) zin’ig ban ka li bɔɔd, ka li nɔbigir saŋa la mɛ an wan wʋʋ 500 mm (20 in). Bʋnbʋtir la pʋ bɔɔd kuonɔŋɔ, li ya’a pin’in nyɛ’ɛb la, wan wʋʋ dabpisnu paae dabpisyuobʋ saŋa (50–60 days) ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ, li mɛ pʋ lɛn bɔɔd kuom alasaa, li ya’a ka’a ala nyɛ’ɛlim la na pʋn’ɔe ka san’am nya’a la pɛbisim kae la zug.<ref>Ahn, Peter (1993). ''Tropical soils and fertilizer use''. Intermediate Tropical Agriculture Series. UK: Longman Scientific and Technical Ltd. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77507-7|978-0-582-77507-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Li bɛnɛ zin’ig la an si’em nɛ lin an dankal si’a, mɔɔd banɛ maan diib nya’a ni maani ba diib lin yi nwadis ayi paae awai ni. fʋ ya’a gɔsi ba titua ka ba nyaŋi maal tɔ’ɔ li na nyaŋi zi’en zin’ig banɛ ka tɛŋ la tul, ka ba si’eba an Eastern United States nɛ China. Dankal pʋ maan puum winnig ya’a yi hali tʋʋg hour piinɛyinnɛ, wan wʋʋ tʋʋlig la bɛ si’em zin’is si’eba la. Ba digini ba bʋnbuuda nɛ til, bɛɛ nya’a bɛɛ o daʋg linɛ na ti bus vaand. Bi’elim la ka ba lɛɛ mɔri bud ka li bʋnpaala yit nas.<ref>[https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes"]. Home Guides. ''[[:en:SF_Gate|SF Gate]]''. 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415153410/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html Archived] from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref> Ba nɔbigid sʋŋa ba ya’a nyɛt bʋnsi’eba ka mɛ mɔr dataas; ba pʋ bɔɔd tiim kanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd la. Dankal bɔɔd tɛŋ sʋŋ zin’igin, zin’ig kanɛ ka kuom pʋ diginida, ka nintaŋ bɛ- ka tɛŋ la ka’a kuga wala ka li zɛɛnsim an wan wʋʋ 4.5–7.0 mɔɔg la bɔɔd tɛŋ si’a la.<ref name=":0">Woolfe, Jennifer A. (5 March 1992). ''Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource''. Cambridge, UK: [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]] (CUP) and the [[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780521402958|9780521402958]]</bdi>.</ref> Fʋ tɔn’ɔ sɛɛ li tɛnkanɛ ka kʋ’ʋlʋm kae ka mɛ niŋ bugulum bi’ela. amaa, dankal pʋ bɔɔd zɛɛnsim si’ebaa ka linɛ ka ba buon aluminium toxicity la ka na kpi bakwai ayuobʋ yela ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ fʋ ya’a pʋ gɛndig linɛ buon lime la sɛ zin’ig ban buudi nii.<ref name=":0" /> Ban sɛɛ di ba ka ka’a linɛ bʋd la, dankal sɛɛb pʋ tɔi ya. Vaand la ya’a ti bus, li bɔɔd kuob bi’ela. Tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri puusidi yisid mɔɔd banɛ paas dankal  pʋʋgin anɛ DCPA, ka ba mɛ lɛn buon ye Dacthal. Tɛŋ banɛ ni ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, fʋ tɔn’ɔ bas nyɛ’ɛlim la tɛŋin la ka tuud bi’elbi’el dʋgʋd bɛɛ kuosid. Tʋʋlig zin’is la ni, ba bʋd dankal nɛ pɔtitada ni ka tuud ka ma’asig saŋa nyaan paad. Ba kuod dankal ma’asig nɛ tʋʋlig saŋa wʋsa [[Ku'om|kuom]] ya’a bɛ ka ba na nyaŋi vue.<ref>O'Hair, Stephen K. (1990). "Tropical root and tuber crops". In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). ''[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-424.html Advances in New Crops]''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 424–428. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141005190418/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-424.html Archived] from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.</ref> Dankal da yi paalʋ na an diib bʋn bɛnɛ Pacific Ocean, South India, Uganda nɛ Africa tɛŋ si’eba ni.<ref>Roullier, Caroline; Duputié, Anne; Wennekes, Paul; Benoit, Laure; Fernández Bringas, Víctor Manuel; Rossel, Genoveva; Tay, David; McKey, Doyle; Lebot, Vincent (27 May 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664560 "Disentangling the Origins of Cultivated Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''8''' (5): e62707. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...862707R 2013PLoSO...862707R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062707|10.1371/journal.pone.0062707]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664560 3664560]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23723970 23723970].</ref> Dankal buudi yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon ''boniato'' ka Caribbean dim kuod; li bʋʋlim la wan wʋʋ cream-color an si’em, lin pʋ wanna abija bɛɛ banɛ kpɛlim ka ba kuod la. ''Boniatos'' pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ dankal si’ebaa, amaa ba malisim la bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ onɛ mɔr orange color la. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Sweet potato production – 2020''' |- |'''Country''' |'''Production''' '''(millions of tonnes)''' |- | China |48.9 |- | Malawi |6.9 |- | Tanzania |4.4 |- | Angola |1.7 |- | Ethiopia |1.6 |- |'''World''' |'''89.5''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name=":1">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Sweet potato production in 2019; World Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists"]. Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231016103427/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Archived] from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</ref> |} Dankal paas saalib banɛ bɛ U.S. diib pʋʋgin bɛ ba kudumin dim yela ni, li kaskas anɛ li yadagɔbʋg-nya’aŋ. Ban did dankal si’em bɛ United States anɛ wan wʋʋ 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, kɛŋ paae 13 kg (29 lb) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisi ni (1920). "Orange dankal buudi (dankal kanɛ zuoe bɛ US) da nyɛ nidib si’akir bɛdigʋ gaad banɛ an yellow bɛɛ purple nam la."<ref name=":2">Leksrisompong, P.P.; Whitson, M.E.; Truong, V.D.; Drake, M.A. (2012). "Sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of sweet potato cultivars with varying flesh colors". ''Journal of Sensory Studies''. '''27''' (1): 59–69. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.2011.00367.x|10.1111/j.1745-459x.2011.00367.x]].</ref> nidib da pʋ nɔŋ Purple nɛ yellow dankalnam wan wʋʋ ban nɔŋ orange dankal si’em la "daasi’erɛ nidib la miilim nɛ orange color ka dankal la color mɛ an ala."<ref name=":2" /> Fʋ ya’a kɛŋ yadagɔbʋg-ya’nya’aŋ U.S., ba da yisid kuom la nɛ ka basidi li ka li nyaŋi digini yuug, ka malisim paas, ka maal ningbina sʋŋa, ka bas ka zin’ig banɛ ki’a tuub saŋa la da kɛ ka li san’am.<ref>[http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/ "Sweet potatoes"]. North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission (NCSPC). [https://web.archive.org/web/19990427215218/http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/ Archived] from the original on 27 April 1999. Retrieved 22 July 2006.</ref> Fun na niŋ si’em sʋ’a nɛ’ɛ tituaa anɛ fʋn na dɛlig linɛ ka fʋ tu paalim la tɛŋin hour ayi bɛɛ atan’ ka su’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ lin yi da ba nu paae piinɛnaasi. Dankal banɛ ka ba sʋ’a sʋ’ʋŋa na nyaŋi bɛ paae nwadis piinɛ atan’ fʋ ya’a sʋ’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an wan wʋʋ 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ. waad san’amid nyɛ’ɛlim la nɛ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526063807/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/sweetpotato.html "Sweetpotato: Organic Production"]. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Archived from [http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/sweetpotato.html the original] on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105211935/http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Veg/sweetpotato.shtml "Sweet potato"]. Produce Facts. UC Davis. Archived from [http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Veg/sweetpotato.shtml the original] on 5 November 2010.</ref> '''kuob''' Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi ni (2020), dunia wʋsa dankal kuob da anɛ  89 million tonnes, ka tɛŋ kanɛ da kua gaad o taaba an China da mɔr nɛ pisnu nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (55%) dankal kanɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa. Banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ  da anɛ Malawi, Tanzania, nɛ Nigeria.<ref name=":1" /> Li anɛ di kanɛ paasa anu ni ka tɛnbanɛ nan nɔbigid la kuod.<ref name=":3">Verma, Virendra M. (8 November 2016). [https://comlandgrant.org/development-of-salt-tolerant-sweet-potato-ipomoea-batatas-l-lam-through-tissue-culture/ "Development of Salt Tolerant Sweet Potato (''Ipomoea batatas'' (L.) Lam.) through Tissue Culture"]. ''College of Micronesia - Land Grant Program''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205142723/https://comlandgrant.org/development-of-salt-tolerant-sweet-potato-ipomoea-batatas-l-lam-through-tissue-culture/ Archived] from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</ref> Ba maan vɛɛnsig ye ba yina nɛ dankal banɛ na nyaŋi nyɛ’ɛ yaarim zin’ig ban na niŋ si’em ka saa nɛ nintaŋ da san’ami baa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Rahman, Atiq; Uddin, Nasir (2022). "Challenges and Opportunities for Saline Agriculture in Coastal Bangladesh". In Negacz, Katarzyna; Vellinga, Pier; Barrett-Lennard, Edward; Choukr-Allah, Redouane; Elzenga, Theo (eds.). ''[[iarchive:oapen-20.500.12657-48840/page/139|Future of Sustainable Agriculture in Saline Environments]]'' (First ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 139. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-367-62146-9|978-0-367-62146-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256558135 1256558135]. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</ref> '''Ban’as''' Dankal ban’as anɛ Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus).<ref name=":4">Jones, Roger; Naidu, Rayapati (2019). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606|"Global Dimensions of Plant Virus Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives".]] ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Virology|Annual Review of Virology]]''. '''6''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 387–409. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606|10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-056X 2327-056X]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31283443 31283443]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195845201 195845201].</ref> Li ya’a la’as nɛ ban’as si’ebanam, Untiveros et al., 2007 da vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka SPCSV maligim mɔr paŋ hali san’amidi ba.<ref name=":4" /> ''I. batatas'' namisid nɛ ''Phytophthora''s ban’as ka ba si’eba an ''P. carotovorum'', ''P. odoriferum'', nɛ ''P. wasabiae''.<ref>Charkowski, Amy (2018). "The Changing Face of Bacterial Soft-Rot Diseases". ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Phytopathology|Annual Review of Phytopathology]]''. '''56''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 269–288. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045906|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045906]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4286 0066-4286]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29958075 29958075]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49619951 49619951].</ref> == Tʋʋma == '''Nutrition''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, without salt''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |378 kJ (90 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |20.7 g |- | valign="top" |Starch |7.05 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |6.5 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |3.3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.15 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |2.0 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |75.8 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----''"Sweet potato". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.'' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":5">[https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":6">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"]. Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium''. pp. 101–124. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353https://doi.org/10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 30844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Raw sweet potato''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |359 kJ (86 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |20.1 g |- | valign="top" |Starch |12.7 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |4.2 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.1 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |1.6 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |77.3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----''"Sweet potato, raw". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.'' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":5" /> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":6" /> |} Dankal kanɛ ka ba dug (ka ba sɛn’ɛ) mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] 76%, 21% carbohydrates, 2% protein, nɛ kpaam finn).  Fʋ ya’a nɔk 100 gram, dankal sɛn’ɛda tisid 90 calories, ka mɔr (20% bɛɛ li gaad ala, Daily Value, DV) mɔr vitamin A (120% DV), vitamin C (24% DV), manganese (24% DV), nɛ vitamin B6 (20% DV). Ka la’abama mɛ bɛ bi’ela (10–19% DV) an B vitamins nɛ potassium. Sikir kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wʋʋ pisnu paae piswai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (50% and 90% ) an sikir kanɛ ka ba buon sucrose.<ref name=":7">Lai Y, Huang C, Liao WC (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245 "Studies of sugar composition and starch morphology of baked sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam)"]. ''J[[:en:Journal_of_Food_Science_and_Technology|ournal of Food Science and Technology]]''. '''58''' (6): 1193–11999. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0453-6|10.1007/s13197-011-0453-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245 3791245]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24426034 24426034].</ref> Maltose pʋ zuoe li pʋʋginɛ, amaa fʋ ya’a tʋligi li bugum ni, li na kɛ ka maltose kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la nɔbig an wʋʋ piiga paae pisi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10% nɛ 20% tɛnsʋk).<ref name=":7" /> Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba bʋʋlim la color an sabilig bi’ela la mɔr beta-carotene (nwa’ ti’akid nɛ kilimid vitamin A, fʋ ya’a dii li) gaad banɛ mɔr bʋʋlim la ka li pɛlig, ka ba kpɛmisid [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] dim ye ba ku’a bɔzugɔ anina ka vitamin A an yela ka li an ban’asi tis nidib. <ref name=":8">Dyer, Mary H. (21 May 2015). [https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/sweet-potato/are-sweet-potato-leaves-edible.htm "Are sweet potato leaves edible?"]. ''Gardening Know How''. Potato vine plant leaves. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323102952/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/sweet-potato/are-sweet-potato-leaves-edible.htm Archived] from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref>Dankal vaand la anɛ diib bʋn ka fʋ na nyaŋi dʋgi li wan wʋʋ zɛnma’asa nɛ.<ref name=":8" /> '''makir ne disi'eba''' Tebul kanɛ bɛ tɛŋir la pa’al nɛ dankal nɛ di si’eba ka ba diti ba si’em'''^[G]''' ba ya’a an kpi’emis, ban nyaŋi baŋ [[Ku'om|kuom]] kanɛ bɛ diib woo pʋʋgin la zug. Baa Dankal pʋ tisid paŋ wala sa bɛɛ maan ningbina wala sa fʋ ya’a nɔki ba mak nɛ bi’elim diib tɛbisim pʋʋgin, li maan ningbina gat bi’elim diib.<ref>Scott, G.; Best, R.; Rosegrant, M.; Bokanga, M. (2000). ''[http://www.cipotato.org/publications/pdf/002468.pdf Roots and tubers in the global food system: A vision statement to the year 2020]'' (PDF). International Potato Center, and others. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-9060-203-3|978-92-9060-203-3]]</bdi>. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.v</ref> Vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization vɛɛns la pa’al ye dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka fʋ na nyaŋi sɛ’ fʋ pɔɔgin, ka li nyɛ’ɛd wan wʋʋ 70,000 kcal hectare pʋʋgin (28,000/acre) / day.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htm "Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition"]. [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173241/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htmhttps://web.archive.org/web/20171029173241/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htm Archived] from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="12" |'''Ningbina diib kanɛ bɛ diibnam zin’is piiga ba kuom la ya’a yi'''<ref>[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/ "Nutrient data laboratory"]. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref> |- |'''Staple''' |'''[[Kawεnna|Kawɛnna]] (corn)^[A]''' |'''[[mui]], white^[B]''' |'''Wheat^[C]''' |'''Potatoes^[D]''' |'''Cassava^[E]''' |'''[[bɛŋa]], green^[F]''' |'''Dankal^[G]''' |'''[[Busa yɛla|Busa]]^[Y]''' |'''Sorghum^[H]''' |'''Plantain^[Z]''' |'''RDA''' |- |[[Ku'om|Kuom]] (%) |10 |12 |13 |'''79''' |60 |68 |77 |70 |9 |65 | |- |Raw grams per 100 g dry weight |111 |114 |115 |'''476''' |250 |313 |435 |333 |110 |286 | |- |'''Nutrient''' | | | | | | | | | | | |- |Paŋ (kJ) |1698 |1736 |1574 |1533 |1675 |'''1922''' |1565 |1647 |1559 |1460 |8,368–10,460 |- |Protein (g) |10.4 |8.1 |14.5 |9.5 |3.5 |'''40.6''' |7.0 |5.0 |12.4 |3.7 |50 |- |Fat (g) |5.3 |0.8 |1.8 |0.4 |0.7 |'''21.6''' |0.2 |0.6 |3.6 |1.1 |44–77 |- |Carbohydrates (g) |82 |91 |82 |81 |'''95''' |34 |87 |93 |82 |91 |130 |- |Fiber (g) |8.1 |1.5 |'''14.0''' |10.5 |4.5 |13.1 |13.0 |13.7 |6.9 |6.6 |30 |- |Sikir (g) |0.7 |0.1 |0.5 |3.7 |4.3 |0.0 |18.2 |1.7 |0.0 |'''42.9''' |minimal |- |'''Minerals''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Calcium (mg) |8 |32 |33 |57 |40 |'''616''' |130 |57 |31 |9 |1,000 |- |Iron (mg) |3.01 |0.91 |3.67 |3.71 |0.68 |'''11.09''' |2.65 |1.80 |4.84 |1.71 |8 |- |Magnesium (mg) |141 |28 |145 |110 |53 |'''203''' |109 |70 |0 |106 |400 |- |Phosphorus (mg) |233 |131 |331 |271 |68 |'''606''' |204 |183 |315 |97 |700 |- |Potassium (mg) |319 |131 |417 |2005 |678 |1938 |1465 |'''2720''' |385 |1426 |4700 |- |Sodium (mg) |39 |6 |2 |29 |35 |47 |'''239''' |30 |7 |11 |1,500 |- |Zinc (mg) |2.46 |1.24 |3.05 |1.38 |0.85 |'''3.09''' |1.30 |0.80 |0.00 |0.40 |11 |- |Copper (mg) |0.34 |0.25 |0.49 |0.52 |0.25 |0.41 |'''0.65''' |0.60 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.23 |0.9 |- |Manganese (mg) |0.54 |1.24 |'''4.59''' |0.71 |0.95 |1.72 |1.13 |1.33 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |2.3 |- |Selenium (μg) |17.2 |17.2 |'''81.3''' |1.4 |1.8 |4.7 |2.6 |2.3 |0.0 |4.3 |55 |- |'''Vitamins''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Vitamin C (mg) |0.0 |0.0 |0.0 |'''93.8''' |51.5 |90.6 |10.4 |57.0 |0.0 |52.6 |90 |- |Thiamin (B1) (mg) |0.43 |0.08 |0.34 |0.38 |0.23 |'''1.38''' |0.35 |0.37 |0.26 |0.14 |1.2 |- |Riboflavin (B2) (mg) |0.22 |0.06 |0.14 |0.14 |0.13 |'''0.56''' |0.26 |0.10 |0.15 |0.14 |1.3 |- |Niacin (B3) (mg) |4.03 |1.82 |'''6.28''' |5.00 |2.13 |5.16 |2.43 |1.83 |3.22 |1.97 |16 |- |Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) |0.47 |1.15 |1.09 |1.43 |0.28 |0.47 |'''3.48''' |1.03 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.74 |5 |- |Vitamin B6 (mg) |0.69 |0.18 |0.34 |'''1.43''' |0.23 |0.22 |0.91 |0.97 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.86 |1.3 |- |Folate Total (B9) (μg) |21 |9 |44 |76 |68 |'''516''' |48 |77 |0 |63 |400 |- |Vitamin A (IU) |238 |0 |10 |10 |33 |563 |'''4178''' |460 |0 |3220 |5000 |- |Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) |0.54 |0.13 |1.16 |0.05 |0.48 |0.00 |1.13 |'''1.30''' |0.00 |0.40 |15 |- |Vitamin K1 (μg) |0.3 |0.1 |2.2 |'''9.0''' |4.8 |0.0 |7.8 |8.7 |0.0 |2.0 |120 |- |Beta-carotene (μg) |108 |0 |6 |5 |20 |0 |'''36996''' |277 |0 |1306 |10500 |- |Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg) |'''1506''' |0 |253 |38 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |86 |6000 |- |'''Fats''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Saturated fatty acids (g) |0.74 |0.20 |0.30 |0.14 |0.18 |'''2.47''' |0.09 |0.13 |0.51 |0.40 |minimal |- |Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) |1.39 |0.24 |0.23 |0.00 |0.20 |'''4.00''' |0.00 |0.03 |1.09 |0.09 |22–55 |- |Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) |2.40 |0.20 |0.72 |0.19 |0.13 |'''10.00''' |0.04 |0.27 |1.51 |0.20 |13–19 |- | |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |} '''^A''' raw yellow dent corn '''^B''' raw unenriched long-grain white rice '''^C''' raw hard red winter wheat '''^D''' raw potato with flesh and skin '''^E''' raw cassava '''^F''' raw green soybeans '''^G''' raw sweet potato '''^H''' raw sorghum '''^Y''' raw yam '''^Z''' raw plantains '''^/*''' unofficial '''Diib dʋgʋb''' Dankal la nyɛ’ɛlim an bʋnlinɛ pak bʋnbʋtir nwa’ ni. zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diibi tis buud si’eba. Ba dʋgʋd nyɛ’ɛlim la ka nyaan dit lin na niŋ si’em ka li maal ningbiŋ diib sʋ’ʋŋa ka buoe ningbiŋ la ni, amaa America nidib banɛ da mugusidi ba taaba bɛ yadagɔbʋg-yatuona da ɔnbid dankal kansa ka li an ba diib.<ref>Alicia (19 February 2019). [https://www.enkiverywell.com/raw-sweet-potato.html "Can You Eat Sweet Potato Raw?"]. ''EnkiVeryWell''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412071812/https://www.enkiverywell.com/raw-sweet-potato.html Archived] from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref> Li vaand la nɛ li vanpɔla la anɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ malis hali. Fʋ tɔ’ɔe nɔki ba vankʋda la tis bʋnkɔnbid ka ba ɔnb.<ref name=":9">Abidin, P.E. (2004). ''Sweetpotato breeding for northeastern Uganda: Farmer varieties, farmer-participatory selection, and stability of performance'' (PhD Thesis). The Netherlands: [[:en:Wageningen_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen_University|Wageningen University]]. p. 152 pp. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/90-8504-033-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8504-033-7|90-8504-033-7]]</bdi>. Well cited including by Mwanga et al., 2010.</ref> '''Africa''' ''Amukeke'' (linɛ ka ba sɛ dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) nɛ ''inginyo'' (linɛ ka ba bu’ari dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) anɛ diibi tis ninbanɛ bɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda tɛŋin.<ref name=":9" /> ''Amukeke'' anɛ bɛʋgin diib, ka ba dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. ''Inginyo'' anɛ linɛ ka ba la’asid nɛ bankyi zɔ’ɔm nɛ punsa maan ''atapa''. Nidib dʋgʋd ''atapa'' nɛ zimi banɛ ka ba ɔɔnl ka dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd bɛɛ cowpea vaand kpi’emis ka ba nɔki paas sʋnma zɛɛnd ni. ''Emukaru'' (earth-baked root) anɛ linɛ ka ba dit saŋa wʋsa lin nɛ tea bɛɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. Ba mɛ mɔri li maan diib bɛdigʋ bɛ South Sudan. Vaand la, banɛ an pɔla la mɔri dʋgʋd zɛɛndi bɛ tɛɛns banɛ bɛ West African la (Guinea, Sierra Leone nɛ Liberia, ba si’eba la), nɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda, East Africa.<ref name=":9" /> nwa’ dɔl nɛ FAO leaflet No. 13 – 1990, dankal vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diib kanɛ mɔr vitamins A, C, and B₂ (riboflavin), ka vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka  A. Khachatryan maal la pa’al ye li mɔr linɛ ka na’asaanam buon lutein la. Kenya tɛŋin, Rhoda Nungo onɛ bɛ economics department Ministry of Agriculture sɔb gbaŋ kanɛ pa’an dankal ka ba mɔri maan disi’eba.<ref>Nungo, Rhoda A., ed. (1994). ''Nutritious Kenyan Sweet Potato Recipes''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega,_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega,_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1 Kakamega, Kenya]: [[:en:Kenya_Agricultural_Research_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Agricultural_Research_Institute|Kenya Agricultural Research Institute]].</ref> Nwa’ pʋʋgin pa’anɛ linɛ ka ba tu’a ka li kʋdʋg nɛ linɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li kilim [[zɔ’ɔm]] ka ba nɔki li ka li di’e sikir nɔbir ka ba mɔri sɛn’ɛd diib wan wʋʋ cake, chapatis, mandazis, [[bodobodo]], buns nɛ cookies. Ba mɔr banɛ ka ba kala an orange la nyɛ’ɛlim la maan daam ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba kiimid ka ba ɔnbid. Egypt tɛŋin, dankal nyɛ’ɛlim ka ba buon ''batata'' (بطاطا‎) anɛ dikanɛ bɛ zin’ig wʋsa waad saŋa, ka banɛ bɛ suoyanamin la sɛ’ɛdi kuosidi tisid Nidib banɛ dɔl Nile koldaagin la gad.<ref>[https://ww.egyptindependent.com/batata-man/ "The batata man"]. Egypt Independent. 19 October 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715111248/https://ww.egyptindependent.com/batata-man/ Archived] from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.</ref> Nidib mɔr onɛ ka o kala an orange la nɛ onɛ an pi’elig la nyɛ’ɛlim maan diib. Ba mɛ sɛn’ɛdiba yaan ka mɔr siindi gɛndigid ka ba ya’a di diibi naae ka nɔki saae nɔɔr. Ethiopia tɛŋin, dankal buudi kanɛ ka ba kuod anina tita’am anɛ banɛ ka ba pak la an sabilik, ka nyɛ’ɛlim la kala an wan wʋʋ cream ka ba buoni li ''bitatis'' bɛɛ ''mitatis''. Ba kuodi ba bɛ ya’nya’aŋ nɛ yadagɔbʋg kʋkʋna ni ka tuud saa wakad (Sigir/Mɔraug). Yʋʋm banɛ gaad la, banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim kala an orange da yina, ka banɛ da yisi li na an Haramaya University ka ban da an sʋm ka sikir pʋ zuoe pʋʋginɛ ka mɛ mɔr vitamin A bɛdigʋ.<ref>Tsegaw, Tekalign; Dechassa, Nigussie (2008). [http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57 "Registration of Adu and Barkume: Improved sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') varieties for eastern Ethiopia".]. ''East African Journal of Sciences''. '''2''' (2): 189–191. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:1[[doi:10.4314/eajsci.v2i2.40382|0.4314/eajsci.v2i2.40382]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215339/http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215339/http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57 Archived] from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref> Nidib bɛdigʋ dʋgid dankal ka nyaan dit. [[South Africa]] tɛŋin, ba pʋ dit dankal ma’a nɛ, ba lɛɛ paasidi li nɛ disi’eba ni ka ba yinnɛ an soetpatats. ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Di nyε’εda]] ofeolu0fyakfs5k0iehimlsl4z2eg03 14920 14919 2025-06-17T17:00:55Z Ndeego 425 I added text, references, inks and sections 14920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q37937}} '''Dankal''' anɛ di nyɛ'ɛda buudi kanɛ ka == Pa,alʋg == Bʋnbʋtir nwa’ anɛ vaand bʋgʋs nɛ ka li vuud tɛŋin bɛɛ li ya’a kpi’e bʋnwɔk si’a li na tɔ’ɔe gban’ae li dʋ ka nyaŋidi bɛi tʋʋgid yʋʋm pʋʋgin, ka li vaand si’eba yadigi pʋdiga atan’ bɛɛ an lammiri ka ba puum la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Til la vuud nɛ tɛŋin ka maan nya’abaanlig dutanam la ni. vaand la tɔ’ɔŋ nɛ til la. Daʋg kakɛ zanl vaang la wa’alim anɛ wan wʋʋ 13 paae 51 centimetres (5 to 20 inches). Vaand la kpikpɛmis labisim pʋ zɛnmiya, 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 in), li anɛ wan wʋʋ sʋsʋnf, siyanini bɛɛ gɛl nɛ, ka an gbilig bɛɛ lammirɛ bɛɛ lin on mɔr labisim atan’, li kpikpɛmis la tɔ’ɔn an mummi, bʋ’asibʋ’as bɛɛ li pʋdipʋda abʋtan’ bɛɛ li tɔ’ɔn pʋdi paae abʋyɔpɔi. Vaand la nindaa anɛ saalig, ka ka’a gbiribirɛ, ka li naarin la an gbilig bɛɛ pʋlʋm. Vaand la taa anɛ dɛn’ɛm, amaa ka bʋnsi’a ɛɛti kɛ ka li kilim dɔnbʋʋlim. Til la wa’alim bɛn tɔ’ɔn an yi 0.5 kɛŋ paae 4 metres (1+¹⁄₂ nɛ 13 feet). Ba buud si’eba busid til duta la ni ka li wa’alim paad 16 m (52 ft). Amaa, bama pʋ mɔr nyɛ’ɛlim. Li mɔr zin’ig kanɛ ka daʋlim nɛ pʋ’alim la’asi bɛ la, nɛ tilbil kanɛ zanl puum kanɛ pʋdig anu la, kɛ ka li zi’enɛ agɔl sappi. Li paan puum nɛ daar kanɛ ka nintaŋ pʋ wa’ama. Pak kanɛ lus puum la anɛ bi’ela ka wa’am, ka pʋlʋm ka an (wan wʋʋ ayɔpɔi bɛn) 10 to 15 millimetres (³⁄₈ to ⁵⁄₈ in) wa’alim pʋʋgin, ka mɔr zuob baanlig. Atan’ banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wa’am bi’ela. Biili maani yit nɛ ayi ya’a bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka la’as taaba pʋʋm saŋa.<ref>[https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes"]. Home Guides. ''[[:en:SF_Gate|SF Gate]]''. 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415153410/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html Archived] from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref> Ba puum la lakid ka winig nyaan yit na ka bɛ ala paad hour nam bi’ela. Bɛugʋn ya’as ka ba yʋbin ka yʋ’ʋn pin’ili pʋoe lu tɛŋin. Nya’a kanɛ ka diib bɛ la wa’am nɛ ka an fuoŋ, ka an saalig ka li kala nam bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka si’eba an dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, wiig, brown, purple, bɛɛ beige. Li bʋʋlim la kala si’eba anɛ beige, pi’elig, wiig, pink, violet, dɔnbʋʋlim, orange, bɛɛ purple. Dankal si’eba banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim bʋʋlim la an pi’elig bɛɛ waans dɔnbʋʋlim la pʋ malis ka mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] wan wʋʋ banɛ an wiig, pink bɛɛ orange la.<ref name=":12">Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (2009). ''[[iarchive:sweetpotato00thot|The sweetpotato]]''. Springer. pp. [[iarchive:sweetpotato00thot/page/n410v|391]]–425. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-9475-0|978-1-4020-9475-0]]</bdi>.</ref> == Buudi == Dankal yinɛ South America zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon zina ye Ecuador la.<ref>[https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-24-mystery-sweetpotato-origin-uncovered-missing-link-plant-found-oxford-research "Mystery of sweetpotato origin uncovered, as missing link plant found by Oxford research"]. ''[[:en:University_of_Oxford|University of Oxford]]''. 24 January 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230902133431/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2022-01-24-mystery-sweetpotato-origin-uncovered-missing-link-plant-found-oxford-research Archived] from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2024.</ref><ref>Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Wells, Tom; Wood, John R. I.; Carruthers, Tom; Anglin, Noelle L.; Jarret, Robert L.; Scotland, Robert W. (22 January 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306577 "Discovery and characterization of sweetpotato's closest tetraploid relative"]. ''[[:en:New_Phytologist|New Phytologist]]''. '''234''' (4): 1185–1194. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NewPh.234.1185M 2022NewPh.234.1185M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nph.17991|10.1111/nph.17991]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X 0028-646X]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9306577 9306577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064679 35064679].</ref> Zin’ig kanɛ ka ba ti’ak dankal buudi ka li li’eb saalibi bɔɔd ye li an si’em da pin’il nɛ Central bɛɛ South America.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&pg=PA21 Geneflow 2009]''. Bioversity International. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789290438137|9789290438137]]</bdi>.</ref> Central America tɛŋin, ban dankal banɛ ka ba da gɔsi ba yela da bɛ anina ka li tʋʋg yʋʋm tusanu (5,000) banɛ gaad la,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20050207230303/http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/sweetpotato.html "Sweet Potato"]. Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. Archived from [http://www.cgiar.org/impact/research/sweetpotato.html the original] on 7 February 2005.</ref> ban da nyɛ ''I. batatas'' ka li bɛ Yucatán Peninsula linɛ bɛ Mexico la nɛ kɔlig kanɛ ka ba buon Orinoco River ka li bɛ Venezuela la tɛnsʋk la.<ref>Austin, Daniel F. (1988). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7Ff-wrcqm1EC&q=The+taxonomy%2C+evolution+and+genetic+diversity+of+sweetpotatoes+and+related+wild+species&pg=PA27 "The taxonomy, evolution and genetic diversity of sweet potatoes and related wild species"]. In P. Gregory (ed.). ''Exploration, Maintenance, and Utilization of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources''. First Sweet Potato Planning Conference, 1987. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center. pp. 27–60. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789290601159|9789290601159]]</bdi>.</ref> Daasi’erɛ tɛŋin la nidibi da tɔlisi li ka li paae Caribbean dim nɛ South America 2500 BCE.<ref>Zhang, D.P.; Ghislain, M.; Huaman, Z.; Cervantes, J.C.; Carey, E.E. (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140423062838/http://sweetpotatoknowledge.org/germplasm/germplasm-collection/cip-genebank/AFLP%20Assessment%20of%20Sweetpotato%20Genetic%20Diversity%20in%20Four%20Tropical%20American%20Regions.pdf "AFLP Assessment of Sweetpotato Genetic Diversity in Four Tropical American Regions"] (PDF). ''International Potato Center (CIP) Program Report 1997-1998''. Lima, Peru: International Potato Center (CIP). Archived from [http://sweetpotatoknowledge.org/germplasm/germplasm-collection/cip-genebank/AFLP%20Assessment%20of%20Sweetpotato%20Genetic%20Diversity%20in%20Four%20Tropical%20American%20Regions.pdf the original] (PDF) on 23 April 2014.</ref> ''I. trifida'', anɛ mɔɔg linɛ bɛ mɔɔgin ka wan dankal hali, lin da yi si’em na li buudi nam ayiŋa banɛ ka’ yinnɛ da la’as taaba ka li nyaŋi kilim dankal buudi.<ref>Morales Rodríguez, Alfredo; Alfredo Morales Tejón; Dania Rodríguez del Sol; Iván J. Pastrana; Claudia A. Méndez (2017). "Origen, evolución y distribución del boniato (''Ipomoea batatas'' (l.) Lam.). Una revisión". ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agricultura_Tropical&action=edit&redlink=1 Agricultura Tropical]'' (in Spanish). '''3''' (1): 1–13. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2517-9292 2517-9292].</ref> Ba vɛɛn ya gɔs ka ye dankal kanɛ ka ti mi’ zina la, ba da nyɛ linɛ bɛ tampilɛma ni bɛ Chilca Canyon, linɛ bɛ south-central zone Peru tɛŋin, ka li pa’al ye li yuugi paae 8080 ± 170 BC.<ref>Engel, Fréderic (1970). "Exploration of the Chilca Canyon". ''[[:en:Current_Anthropology|Current Anthropology]]''. '''11''': 55–58. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/201093|10.1086/201093]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144317617 144317617].</ref><ref>Perry, L. (2002). "Starch granule size and the domestication of manioc (''Manihot esculenta'') and Sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'')". ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''56''' (4): 345–349. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1663%2F0013-0001%282002%29056%5B0335%3ASGSATD%5D2.0.CO%3B2 <nowiki>10.1663/0013-0001(2002)056[0335:SGSATD]2.0.CO;2</nowiki>]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32462935 32462935].</ref> '''Buudi la’asig''' Dankal li mɔr bʋn si’a li ni anɛ li DNA ka li yinɛ ''Agrobacterium,'' ''sensu lato''; lin wanni ''Rhizobium rhizogenes'' buudi), ka ba da nyɛ ka bʋnbʋtir la an ala.<ref name=":11">Kyndt, Tina; Quispea, Dora; Zhaic, Hong; Jarretd, Robert; Ghislainb, Marc; Liuc, Qingchang; Gheysena, Godelieve; Kreuzeb, Jan F. (20 April 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426443 "The genome of cultivated sweet potato contains Agrobacterium T-DNAs with expressed genes: An example of a naturally transgenic food crop"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''112''' (18): 5844–5849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..112.5844K 2015PNAS..112.5844K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1419685112|10.1073/pnas.1419685112]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4426443 4426443]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25902487 25902487].</ref> Li buudi la ba da vɛɛns ya ka li pʋ dɔl nɛ banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin la.<ref name=":11" /> Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye dankal buudi nam ti’as nɛ ala hali yʋma tusir pʋʋginme, ka li kɛ ka li yʋ’ʋn nyaŋi an sʋ’ʋŋa.<ref name=":11" /> Nwa’ pa’al ye dankal li da an yiiga bʋnbʋtir kanɛ ka ba da nyɛ ka li la’as nɛ buud si’eba.<ref name=":11" /><ref>[http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/sweet-potato-is-a-natural-gmo/81251182/ "Sweet potato is a natural GMO"]. Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. 22 April 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150425193722/http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/sweet-potato-is-a-natural-gmo/81251182 Archived] from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2015.</ref><ref>Doucleff, Michaeleen (5 May 2015). [https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/05/404198552/natural-gmo-sweet-potato-genetically-modified-8-000-years-ago "Natural GMO? Sweet Potato Genetically Modified 8,000 Years Ago"]. ''NPR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220115142149/https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2015/05/05/404198552/natural-gmo-sweet-potato-genetically-modified-8-000-years-ago Archived] from the original on 15 January 2022. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</ref><ref>Lebot, Vincent (2020). ''Tropical Root and Tuber Crops : Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids''. [[:en:Wallingford,_Oxfordshire|Wallingford, Oxfordshire]], UK [[:en:Boston|Boston]], USA: CABI ([[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International]]). p. 541. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78924-336-9|978-1-78924-336-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110672215 1110672215].</ref><ref>Soucy, Shannon M.; Huang, Jinling; Gogarten, Johann Peter (17 July 2015). "Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life". ''[[:en:Nature_Reviews_Genetics|Nature Reviews Genetics]]''. '''16''' (8). [[:en:Nature_Portfolio|Nature Portfolio]]: 472–482. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nrg3962|10.1038/nrg3962]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-0056 1471-0056]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184597 26184597]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6794788 6794788].</ref><ref>Andersen, Martin Marchman; Landes, Xavier; Xiang, Wen; Anyshchenko, Artem; Falhof, Janus; Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin; Olsen, Lene Irene; Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina; Vedel, Suzanne Elizabeth; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Sandøe, Peter; Gamborg, Christian; Kappel, Klemens; Palmgren, Michael G. (2015). [[doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011|"Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming"]]. ''[[:en:Trends_in_Plant_Science|Trends in Plant Science]]''. '''20''' (7). [[:en:Cell_Press|Cell Press]]: 426–434. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TPS....20..426A 2015TPS....20..426A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011|10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.011]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1360-1385 1360-1385]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26027462 26027462]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205454618 205454618].</ref> == Kuob == '''Lin dɔl si’em tiik zin’ig''' Europeans dimi da nan pʋ kɛn Americas tɛŋin la, dankal da bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin, ka ba kʋ’ʋt nɛ vaandi sɛɛd ka ka’a biilifɔ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080519142258/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20080519142258/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html "Batatas, Not Potatoes"]. Botgard.ucla.edu. [http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html Archived] from the original on 19 May 2008. Retrieved 12 September 2010.</ref> Dankal da bɛ Cook Islands nɛ 1210–1400 CE.<ref>Wilmshurst, Janet M.; Hunt, Terry L.; Lipo, Carl P.; [[:en:Atholl_Anderson|Anderson, Atholl J]]. (27 December 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267 "High-precision radiocarbon dating shows recent and rapid initial human colonization of East Polynesia"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''108''' (5): 1815–1820. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.1815Whttps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.1815W 2011PNAS..108.1815W]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1015876108|10.1073/pnas.1015876108]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033267 3033267]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21187404 21187404]. <q>For example, the earliest presence of sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') in Mangaia, Cook Islands, dated to A.D. 1210–1400 and was regarded as a late occurrence</q></ref> Ba vɛɛns nɛ ka ye da’asi’erɛ Polynesia dim da ansig nɛ vaand la mɔri kɛn Polynesia tɛŋin na, banɛ da kɛn South America ka lɛbid la, anina ka li widigi yi Polynesia paae Easter Island, Hawaii nɛ New Zealand.<ref>van Tilburg, Jo Anne (1994). ''Easter Island: Archaeology, ecology, and culture''. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.</ref><ref>Bassett, Gordon; et al. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015520/http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf "Gardening at the Edge: Documenting the limits of tropical Polynesian kumara horticulture in southern New Zealand"] (PDF). New Zealand: University of Canterbury. Archived from [http://www.geol.canterbury.ac.nz/people/kari/2004%20Bassett,%20Gordon,%20et%20al.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 July 2011.</ref> Ba vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka Polynesian nidibi kuod dankal si’a la nɛ American dim ninkʋka din la wan bi’ela wʋʋ Zenú, bama anɛ nimbanɛ bɛ Colombia tɛŋin zina, ka li pa’al ye Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da kɛŋ South America ka paam dankal anina yi Europe dim la nu’usin.<ref>Lizzie Wade (8 July 2020). [https://www.science.org/content/article/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived "Polynesians steering by the stars met Native Americans long before Europeans arrived"]. ''Science''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.abd7159|10.1126/science.abd7159]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225642378 225642378]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200717034835/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/07/polynesians-steering-stars-met-native-americans-long-europeans-arrived Archived] from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</ref> Dutch buudi nid nɛ onɛ mi’ Amerindian buudi pian’ad, Willem Adelaar nɛ Pieter Muysken ye dankal yʋ’ʋr la yinɛ Polynesian nɛ South America buudi pian’ad ni na: Proto-Polynesian *''kumala''<ref>Greenhill, Simon J.; Clark, Ross; Biggs, Bruce (2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208114223/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/https://web.archive.org/web/20130208114223/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ <nowiki>"Entries for KUMALA.1 [LO] Sweet Potato (</nowiki>''Ipomoea'')"]. ''POLLEX-Online: The Polynesian Lexicon Project Online''. Archived from [http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/http://pollex.org.nz/entry/kumala1/ the original] on 8 February 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</ref> (compare Rapa Nui ''kumara'', Hawaiian ''ʻuala'', Māori ''kūmara'') tɔ’ɔn an yinnɛ nɛ Quechua bɛɛ Aymara ''k'umar'' ~ ''k'umara''. Adelaar nɛ Muysken da nyɛ ka yʋ’ʋr la pa’al ye Central Andes dim nɛ Polynesia dim tɔ’ɔn da si’al taaba zin’ig si’a.<ref>Adelaar, Willem F. H.; Muysekn, Pieter C. (10 June 2004). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA41https://books.google.com/books?id=UiwaUY6KsY8C&pg=PA41 Genetic relations of South American Indian languages".] ''The Languages of the Andes''. Cambridge University Press. p. 41. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-139-45112-3|978-1-139-45112-3]]</bdi>.</ref> Vɛɛnsidib yinɛ ye dankal tɔ’ɔn da dɛŋi bɛ Polynesia tɛŋin yʋma tusa ka ninsaalib nyaan kɛŋ zin’in anina.<ref>[https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php "Sweet potato history casts doubt on early contact between Polynesia and the Americas"]. EurekaAlert! Cell Press. 12 April 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180923123941/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2018-04/cp-sph040518.php Archived] from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Muñoz-Rodríguez, Pablo; Carruthers, Tom; Wood, John R.I.; Williams, Bethany R.M.; Weitemier, Kevin; Kronmiller, Brent; Ellis, David; Anglin, Noelle L.; Longway, Lucas; Harris, Stephen A.; Rausher, Mark D.; Kelly, Steven; Liston, Aaron; Scotland, Robert W. (2018). [[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020|"Reconciling conflicting phylogenies in the origin of sweet potato and dispersal to Polynesia"]]. ''Current Biology''. '''28''' (8): 1246–1256.e12. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E1246Mhttps://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018CBio...28E1246M 2018CBio...28E1246M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020|10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.020]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822 0960-9822]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29657119 29657119].</ref> Amaa, banɛ zamis gbana ka yina pian’a la tita’am dɔl nɛ nidibi da si’al taaba ka li yadig.<ref>Barber, Ian; Higham, Thomas F. G. (14 April 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046222 "Archaeological science meets Māori knowledge to model pre-Columbian sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') dispersal to Polynesia's southernmost habitable margins"]. ''[[:en:PLOS_One|PLOS One]]''. '''16''' (4): e0247643. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247643|2021PLoSO..1647643B]]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247643|10.1371/journal.pone.0247643]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8046222 8046222]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33852587 33852587].</ref><ref>Matisoo-Smith, Lisa (13 April 2018). [https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ "When did sweet potatoes arrive in the Pacific – Expert Reaction"]. ''www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz''. Science Media Centre. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329223537/https://www.sciencemediacentre.co.nz/2018/04/13/when-did-sweet-potatoes-arrive-in-the-pacific-expert-reaction/ Archived] from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 30 March 2019. <q>We would like to see more robust data, ideally from multiple sources, presented before we can accept the data and reconsider the current interpretation that the sweet potato was brought to Polynesia by humans at some point around 1000–1200 AD.</q></ref> Dankal da paae Europe dɔl nɛ nidibi da ti’as taaba la’ad saŋsi’a la, fʋ ya’a gɔs gbaŋ kanɛ ka ''Elinor Fettiplace sɔb ka pʋd Receipt Book'' la ni, linɛ ka ba da sɔbi li na’asaalin  England tɛŋin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi la ni (1604).<ref>Fettiplace, Elinor (1986) [1604]. [[:en:Hilary_Spurling|Spurling, Hilary]] (ed.). ''Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book: Elizabethan Country House Cooking''. Viking.</ref><ref>Dickson Wright, 2011. Pages 149–169</ref> Dankal da paae Philippines dim tɛŋin nɛ Spanish colonial period (1521–1898) yi Manila galleons, nɛ dunia bʋnbʋta si’eba.<ref>Loebenstein, Gad (2009). "Origin, Distribution and Economic Importance". In Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George (eds.). ''The Sweetpotato''. Springer. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781402094743|9781402094743]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172320/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226217377_Origin_Distribution_and_Economic_Importance Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 18 May 2019.</ref> Li da paae Fujian banɛ bɛ China la nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ piswai nɛ anaasi ni (1594) saŋa yi Luzon, ba bʋnbʋtta da san’am la zug. Dankal kuob da nyɛ kpɛmisigi yi onɛ da an Governor Chin Hsüeh-tseng (Jin Xuezeng) san’an.<ref>Spence, Jonathan D. (1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167 Chinese Roundabout: Essays in History and Culture]'' (illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). W. W. Norton & Company. p. 167. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0393309942|978-0393309942]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172323/https://books.google.com/books?id=M7LAH8ggQvAC&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Dankal da paae Ryukyu Kingdom, zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Okinawa, ka li bɛ Japan zina la, yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ saŋa (1600s) da yinɛ Portuguese ni na.<ref>Goodman, Grant K. (2013). ''Japan and the Dutch 1600–1853''. London: Routledge. pp. 66–67. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9781315028064|10.4324/9781315028064]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781315028064|9781315028064]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2003). "First Globalization: The Eurasian Exchange, 1500-1800". ''The Sixteenth Century Journal''. '''36''' (3): 932–933. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/20477565|10.2307/20477565]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20477565 20477565].</ref><ref name=":10">Obrien, Patricia J. (1972). [[doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070|"The sweet potato: Its origin and dispersal"]]. ''American Anthropologist''. '''74''' (3): 342–365. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070|10.1525/aa.1972.74.3.02a00070]]</ref> Dankal da kilim diibi tis Japan dim bɔzugɔ lini da sʋŋid ka kɔ’ɔm kae, ba ya’a da ku’a mui ka li pʋ maalɛ.<ref name=":10" /><ref>Itoh, Makiko (22 April 2017). [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk "The storied history of the potato in Japanese cooking"]. ''The Japan Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727024534/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2017/04/22/food/storied-history-potato-japanese-cooking/#.WsaQ6ojwaUk Archived] from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Aoki Konyō da sʋŋi kkɛ ka dankal yadig Japan tɛŋin, ka Tokugawa bakufu mɛ da sʋŋ, sɔb gbana, ka mɛ da tɔlis o vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka o da vɛɛns Japanese buudi pian’ad ni dankal yel la tis nidib ka li kɛ ka ba ku’a li bɛdigʋ.<ref>Ro, Sang-ho (2021). ''Neo-Confucianism and Science in Korea: Humanity and Nature, 1706–1814''. Oxon: Routledge. p. 58. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-367-44100-5|978-0-367-44100-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Ba da sɛɛd dankal nɛ Shōgun Tokugawa Yoshimune lɔmbɔn’ɔg ni.<ref>Takekoshi, Yosaburō (1930). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352 Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan]''. Taylor & Francis. p. 352. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780415323802https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415323802|9780415323802]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172204/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZoV8ti9RZBgC&pg=PA352#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Li da paae Korea nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764).<ref>Kim, Jinwung (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255 A History of Korea: From 'Land of the Morning Calm' to states in conflict]''. Indiana University Press. p. 255. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0253000781|978-0253000781]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172259/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 28 November 2015.</ref> Kang P'il-ri nɛ Yi Kwang-ryŏ da gban’a gba’ar ye ba tʋm dankal tʋʋma bɛ Seoul yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayuobʋ ni (1766), mɔr nɛ ya’am kanɛ ka ba da zamisi yi Japanese dim ni yi Tongnae da pin’il yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ anaasi ni (1764). Nwa’ da tʋm ya paae yʋʋm bɛn ka lɛb nya’aŋ ʋʋn saŋa yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisyuobʋ nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1767) onɛ yʋ’ʋri buon Kang kum nya’aŋ la.<ref>Ro (2021), 59.</ref> '''Yʋda''' Baa la’anɛ lin pʋ kpi’em la, ba buon dankal si’eba nɛ "busa" bɛ North America zin’ig si’eba, dankal bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ busa mɛŋir (''Dioscorea''), linɛ yadigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔs,<ref>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2 "''Dioscorea''"]. ''Plants of the World Online''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160204/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2https://web.archive.org/web/20190810160204/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328349-2 Archived] from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 13 October 2019.</ref> ka paas nɛ monocot mɔɔd buudi Dioscoreaceae ni. Mɔɔg yinnɛ mɛn, ka ba buon ''oca'' (''Oxalis tuberosa'', ka li vaand mɛ labis), ka ba buon ye "busa" dunia zin’ig si’eba ni.<ref>[https://cipotato.org/genebankcip/genebankcip/process/oca/ "Oca"]. ''[[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP) Genebank''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172318/https://cipotato.org/genebankcip/process/oca/ Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 30 April 2021.</ref> Baa dankal nɛ potato pʋ kpin la, ba yʋ’ʋr la wan bi’ela. Europe nidib banɛ da lɛm dankal yiiga da anɛ  banɛ da paas Christopher Columbus ka ba tu suori bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnaasi nɛ piswai nɛ ayi ni (1492). Lin nya’aŋ ka vɛɛnsidib nyɛ ka nidib kuodi li ka lɛɛ pʋdi li ba buudi yʋda, amaa yʋ’ʋr kanɛ da yʋʋg anɛ Taíno kudumin dimi da pʋd ye ''batata'' la. Spanish dim da la’as nwa’ nɛ Quechua dim yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da pʋd dankal, ye ''papa'', ani ka ba da buon dankal ye ''patata''.<ref>Herrero, María Antonieta Andión (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wwI4nMg5r70C&pg=PA78 Los indigenismos en la Historia de las Indias de Bartolomé de las Casas]'' (in Spanish). Editorial CSIC – [[:en:CSIC_Press|CSIC Press]]. p. 78. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-84-00-08266-6|978-84-00-08266-6]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172324/https://books.google.com/books?id=wwI4nMg5r70C&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</ref> Baa Hebrew dimi mɛ buon dankal ye ''batata'' (בטטה‎) ba buudi pian’adin la, li ka’a ye ba wʋm nɛ yi Taíno dim buolig nii. Amaa, Spanish dimi buon ''patata'' la ka ba da ti’aki li lɛbis Arabic ka buon ye ''batata'' (بطاطا‎), bɔzugɔ, ba pʋ mɔr sɔb bil  /p/ ka li bɛ Arabic nii, lin ka ba da buon dankal ye ''batata ḥilwa'' (بطاطا حلوة‎); ka li pʋn anɛ ('dankal'). Arabic dimi buon ''batata'' la Hebrew dim da zamisi li ka buon ka li anɛ dankal ma’a yʋ’ʋr, bɔzugɔ Hebrew dim da mɔr yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba pʋn tis potato sa ye, תפוח אדמה‎ (''tapuakh adama'', ka li gbin an 'dunia apple'; ka French pian’ad ni an ''pomme de terre''). Luga si’eba nɛ vɛɛnvɛɛnsidib si’eba bɔɔd ye ba sɔm yʋ’ʋr la la’as mumi li na’asaalin la ye—''sweetpotato''—ka ka’a ba pʋdigi li ayiŋa, ka li nyaŋi pa’al ye li bɛ li kɔn’ nɛ potatoes nɛ busa ka li mɛ kɛ ka nidib da nɔki li maal ye potato.<ref>[https://cipotato.org/research/sweet-potato/sweetpotato-one-word-or-two/ "Sweetpotato: One Word or Two?"]. [[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP). 12 November 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191228015852/https://cipotato.org/research/sweet-potato/sweetpotato-one-word-or-two/ Archived] from the original on 28 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</ref><ref>Averre, Charles W.; Wilson, L. George. [https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/plantpath/extension/commodities/sweetpotato-one-word.html "Sweetpotato — Why one word?"]. ''NCSU Plant Pathology''. [[:en:North_Carolina_State_University|North Carolina State University]] Department of Plant Pathology. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191230002128/https://projects.ncsu.edu/cals/plantpath/extension/commodities/sweetpotato-one-word.html Archived] from the original on 30 December 2019. Retrieved 29 December 2019.</ref><ref>Loebenstein, Gad; Thottappilly, George, eds. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8Chttps://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8C The Sweetpotato]''. [[:en:Springer_Science_&_Business_Media|Springer Science & Business Media]]. p. 298. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781402094750|9781402094750]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172319/https://books.google.com/books?id=5Wu-4sqzOD8C Archived] from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</ref> Ban buoni li si’em America na’asaalin zina, ba la’asid yʋ’ʋr la nɛ sɔbid mummi.<ref>[https://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/SWEETPOTATO/What_is_a_sweetpotato.pdf "What is a Sweetpotato?"] (PDF), ''UC Vegetable Research & Information Center'', Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, [[:en:University_of_California|University of California]], p. 2, October 2010, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200927122350/https://vric.ucdavis.edu/pdf/SWEETPOTATO/What_is_a_sweetpotato.pdf archived] (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2020, retrieved 29 December 2019</ref> Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, nɛ Dominican Republic tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye ''batata''. Brazil tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ''batata doce''. Mexico tɛŋin, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, Central America, nɛ Philippines tɛɛnsin, ba buon dankal ye ''camote'' (ka si’eba sɔbidi li ''kamote'' bɛ Philippines pian’adin), ba nyɛ yʋ’ʋr nwa’ yinɛ Nahuatl buudi pian’ak ''camotli''.<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/camote El Diccionario de la lengua española, Real Academia Española]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130427213956/http://elgaleon.weebly.com/page-18.html "Nahuatl influences in Tagalog"]. ''[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Gal%C3%A9on_de_Acapulco_News&action=edit&redlink=1 El Galéon de Acapulco News]''. Embajada de México, Filipinas. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012."Nahuatl influences in Tagalog". ''El Galéon de Acapulco News''. Embajada de México, Filipinas. Archived from [http://elgaleon.weebly.com/page-18.html the original] on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 16 February 2012.</ref> Peru nɛ Bolivia, ban buoni li si’em anɛ ''apichu'', amaa ba bɛ buudi buudi ka si’eba an ''khumara'', ''kumar'' (Ayacucho Quechua), nɛ ''kumara'' (Bolivian Quechua),<ref>Diccionario Quechua Simi Taqe AMLQ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220221093622/https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.htmlhttps://web.archive.org/web/20220221093622/https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.html "Quechua: apichu"]. ''www.runa-simi.org'' (in Spanish). Archived from [https://www.runa-simi.org/simitaqe/id-327-apichu.html the original] on 21 February 2022. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</ref> li wan nɛ Polynesian dimi buon ye ''kumara'' nɛ yʋ’ʋr banɛ paas (''kumala'', ''umala'', ''ʻuala'', etc.)<ref>[http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_batatas.htm "Ipomoea batatas"]. ''Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk: Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230701075629/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ipomoea_batatas.htm Archived] from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.</ref>, linɛ kɛ ka vɛɛnsidib ye li yinɛ pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact ni. <ref>Doucleff, Michaeleen (23 January 2013). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/01/22/169980441/how-the-sweet-potato-crossed-the-pacific-before-columbus "How The Sweet Potato Crossed The Pacific Way Before The Europeans Did"]. ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211015120513/https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/01/22/169980441/how-the-sweet-potato-crossed-the-pacific-before-columbus Archived] from the original on 15 October 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref>Vɛɛnsig nwa’ mɛ nyɛ paŋi yinɛ ban vɛɛnsi gɔs mɔɔg la tuŋ ka li an ala.<ref>Timmer, John (21 January 2013). [https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/polynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home "Polynesians reached South America, picked up sweet potatoes, went home"]. ''[[:en:Ars_Technica|Ars Technica]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200708155215/https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/01/polynesians-reached-south-america-picked-up-sweet-potatoes-went-home/ Archived] from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.</ref> Australia tɛŋin, ban kuod dankal si’a anɛ abija 'Beauregard',<ref>Rolston, L. H.; Clark, C. A.; Cannon, J. M.; Randle, W. M.; Riley, E. G.; Wilson, P. W.; Robbins, M. L. (December 1987). [https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/downloadpdf/journals/hortsci/22/6/article-p1338.xmlv "Beauregard' Sweet Potato"]. ''HortScience''. '''22''' (6): 1338–1339. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.22.6.1338|10.21273/HORTSCI.22.6.1338]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:89381179 89381179]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240324172741/https://journals.ashs.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/hortsci/22/6/article-p1338.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2024. Retrieved 13 September 2023.v</ref> linɛ da yi nɛ<ref>Main, Jeffrey L.; Silva, Juan; Arancibia, Ramon (May 2016). [https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdf "Mississippi Sweetpotato Variety Trial, 2013"] (PDF). Mississippi Agricultural & Forestry Experiment Station. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231011052244/https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20231011052244/https://www.mafes.msstate.edu/publications/bulletins/b1221.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.nifa.usda.gov/about-nifa/blogs/state-success-louisiana "State of Success: Louisiana"]. ''nifa.usda.gov National Institute of Food and Agriculture''. 9 November 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230906214935/https://www.nifa.usda.gov/about-nifa/blogs/state-success-louisiana Archived] from the original on 6 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.</ref> Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station ni yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisnii nɛ yinnɛ ni (1981).<ref>Dominic Jolimont; Margaret Jolimont. [http://slater.ncg.org.au/sweet-potato/ "Sweet potato"]. ''Slater Community Gardens''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122359/http://slater.ncg.org.au/sweet-potato/ Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> New Zealand tɛŋin, Māori buudi da nyɛ’ɛd fʋomafʋoma ka ba pa’ad nɛ bʋʋlim la an pi’elig,<ref>Yen, D. E. (1963). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 "The New Zealand Kumara or Sweet Potato"]. ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''17''' (1): 31–45. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963EcBot..17...31Y 1963EcBot..17...31Y]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF02985351|10.1007/BF02985351]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0001 0013-0001]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 4252401]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869v 32823869]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201020151953/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 Archived] from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.</ref> linɛ ka ba gɔs ka ye li yinɛ European dim banɛ da tuud suor la ni na.<ref>Field, Michael (23 January 2013). [http://www.stuff.co.nz/editors-picks/8213421/Kumara-origin-points-to-pan-Pacific-voyage "Kumara origin points to pan-Pacific voyage"]. ''[[:en:Stuff.co.nz|stuff.co.nz]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122356/http://www.stuff.co.nz/editors-picks/8213421/Kumara-origin-points-to-pan-Pacific-voyage Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> Ba buon ye ''kumara'' (yit nɛ Māori pian’ad ni, ''kūmara''), ban kuod sɔ’ saŋa nwa anɛ bʋnzi’an la 'Owairaka', amaa, ba mɛ kuod orange ('Beauregard'), gold, purple nɛ si’eba.<ref>Yen, D. E. (1963). "The New Zealand Kumara or Sweet Potato". ''[[:en:Economic_Botany|Economic Botany]]''. '''17''' (1): 31–45. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963EcBot..17...31Y 1963EcBot..17...31Y]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf02985351https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02985351|10.1007/bf02985351]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4252401 4252401]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32823869 32823869].</ref><ref>[http://www.kumara.co.nz/types-of-kumara.html "Types of kumara grown in New Zealand"]. ''Kaipara Kumara''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710122354/http://www.kumara.co.nz/types-of-kumara.html Archived] from the original on 10 July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2019.</ref> ==Pa,alʋg== [[File:Genasu gadde (Kannada ಗೆಣಸು ಗಡ್ಡೆ) (49108875711).jpg|thumb|left|The flowers, buds, and leaves of the sweet potato, which resemble those of the [[morning glory]]]] [[File:Sweet potato seeds.jpg|thumb|Seeds|left]] == Zin’ig == Mɔɔg la pʋ bɔɔd zin’ig kanɛ ma’ad paa nɛ. Li nɔbigid sʋŋa zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig zɛnmis wʋʋ 24 °C (75 °F), ka nintaŋ mɛ bɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ yʋ’ʋŋyʋ’ʋŋ. Ka yʋʋm wʋsa saa makir bɛn an wʋʋ 750–1,000 mm (30–39 in) zin’ig ban ka li bɔɔd, ka li nɔbigir saŋa la mɛ an wan wʋʋ 500 mm (20 in). Bʋnbʋtir la pʋ bɔɔd kuonɔŋɔ, li ya’a pin’in nyɛ’ɛb la, wan wʋʋ dabpisnu paae dabpisyuobʋ saŋa (50–60 days) ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ, li mɛ pʋ lɛn bɔɔd kuom alasaa, li ya’a ka’a ala nyɛ’ɛlim la na pʋn’ɔe ka san’am nya’a la pɛbisim kae la zug.<ref>Ahn, Peter (1993). ''Tropical soils and fertilizer use''. Intermediate Tropical Agriculture Series. UK: Longman Scientific and Technical Ltd. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-77507-7|978-0-582-77507-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Li bɛnɛ zin’ig la an si’em nɛ lin an dankal si’a, mɔɔd banɛ maan diib nya’a ni maani ba diib lin yi nwadis ayi paae awai ni. fʋ ya’a gɔsi ba titua ka ba nyaŋi maal tɔ’ɔ li na nyaŋi zi’en zin’ig banɛ ka tɛŋ la tul, ka ba si’eba an Eastern United States nɛ China. Dankal pʋ maan puum winnig ya’a yi hali tʋʋg hour piinɛyinnɛ, wan wʋʋ tʋʋlig la bɛ si’em zin’is si’eba la. Ba digini ba bʋnbuuda nɛ til, bɛɛ nya’a bɛɛ o daʋg linɛ na ti bus vaand. Bi’elim la ka ba lɛɛ mɔri bud ka li bʋnpaala yit nas.<ref>[https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html "Pollinating Sweet Potatoes"]. Home Guides. ''[[:en:SF_Gate|SF Gate]]''. 11 May 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160415153410/https://homeguides.sfgate.com/pollinating-sweet-potatoes-74929.html Archived] from the original on 15 April 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref> Ba nɔbigid sʋŋa ba ya’a nyɛt bʋnsi’eba ka mɛ mɔr dataas; ba pʋ bɔɔd tiim kanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd la. Dankal bɔɔd tɛŋ sʋŋ zin’igin, zin’ig kanɛ ka kuom pʋ diginida, ka nintaŋ bɛ- ka tɛŋ la ka’a kuga wala ka li zɛɛnsim an wan wʋʋ 4.5–7.0 mɔɔg la bɔɔd tɛŋ si’a la.<ref name=":0">Woolfe, Jennifer A. (5 March 1992). ''Sweet Potato: An Untapped Food Resource''. Cambridge, UK: [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]] (CUP) and the [[:en:International_Potato_Center|International Potato Center]] (CIP). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780521402958|9780521402958]]</bdi>.</ref> Fʋ tɔn’ɔ sɛɛ li tɛnkanɛ ka kʋ’ʋlʋm kae ka mɛ niŋ bugulum bi’ela. amaa, dankal pʋ bɔɔd zɛɛnsim si’ebaa ka linɛ ka ba buon aluminium toxicity la ka na kpi bakwai ayuobʋ yela ka sɛɛb nya’aŋ fʋ ya’a pʋ gɛndig linɛ buon lime la sɛ zin’ig ban buudi nii.<ref name=":0" /> Ban sɛɛ di ba ka ka’a linɛ bʋd la, dankal sɛɛb pʋ tɔi ya. Vaand la ya’a ti bus, li bɔɔd kuob bi’ela. Tiim kanɛ ka ba mɔri puusidi yisid mɔɔd banɛ paas dankal  pʋʋgin anɛ DCPA, ka ba mɛ lɛn buon ye Dacthal. Tɛŋ banɛ ni ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, fʋ tɔn’ɔ bas nyɛ’ɛlim la tɛŋin la ka tuud bi’elbi’el dʋgʋd bɛɛ kuosid. Tʋʋlig zin’is la ni, ba bʋd dankal nɛ pɔtitada ni ka tuud ka ma’asig saŋa nyaan paad. Ba kuod dankal ma’asig nɛ tʋʋlig saŋa wʋsa [[Ku'om|kuom]] ya’a bɛ ka ba na nyaŋi vue.<ref>O'Hair, Stephen K. (1990). "Tropical root and tuber crops". In Janick, J.; Simon, J.E. (eds.). ''[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-424.html Advances in New Crops]''. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 424–428. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141005190418/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/V1-424.html Archived] from the original on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 26 September 2014.</ref> Dankal da yi paalʋ na an diib bʋn bɛnɛ Pacific Ocean, South India, Uganda nɛ Africa tɛŋ si’eba ni.<ref>Roullier, Caroline; Duputié, Anne; Wennekes, Paul; Benoit, Laure; Fernández Bringas, Víctor Manuel; Rossel, Genoveva; Tay, David; McKey, Doyle; Lebot, Vincent (27 May 2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664560 "Disentangling the Origins of Cultivated Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.)"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''8''' (5): e62707. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...862707R 2013PLoSO...862707R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0062707|10.1371/journal.pone.0062707]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203 1932-6203]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664560 3664560]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23723970 23723970].</ref> Dankal buudi yinnɛ kanɛ ka ba buon ''boniato'' ka Caribbean dim kuod; li bʋʋlim la wan wʋʋ cream-color an si’em, lin pʋ wanna abija bɛɛ banɛ kpɛlim ka ba kuod la. ''Boniatos'' pʋ malis ka mɔr kuom wan wʋʋ dankal si’ebaa, amaa ba malisim la bɛɛ li kɔn’ nɛ onɛ mɔr orange color la. {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Sweet potato production – 2020''' |- |'''Country''' |'''Production''' '''(millions of tonnes)''' |- | China |48.9 |- | Malawi |6.9 |- | Tanzania |4.4 |- | Angola |1.7 |- | Ethiopia |1.6 |- |'''World''' |'''89.5''' |- | colspan="2" |Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations<ref name=":1">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Sweet potato production in 2019; World Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists"]. Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231016103427/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC Archived] from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 24 March 2021.</ref> |} Dankal paas saalib banɛ bɛ U.S. diib pʋʋgin bɛ ba kudumin dim yela ni, li kaskas anɛ li yadagɔbʋg-nya’aŋ. Ban did dankal si’em bɛ United States anɛ wan wʋʋ 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb) yʋʋm pʋʋgin, kɛŋ paae 13 kg (29 lb) yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisi ni (1920). "Orange dankal buudi (dankal kanɛ zuoe bɛ US) da nyɛ nidib si’akir bɛdigʋ gaad banɛ an yellow bɛɛ purple nam la."<ref name=":2">Leksrisompong, P.P.; Whitson, M.E.; Truong, V.D.; Drake, M.A. (2012). "Sensory attributes and consumer acceptance of sweet potato cultivars with varying flesh colors". ''Journal of Sensory Studies''. '''27''' (1): 59–69. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1745-459x.2011.00367.x|10.1111/j.1745-459x.2011.00367.x]].</ref> nidib da pʋ nɔŋ Purple nɛ yellow dankalnam wan wʋʋ ban nɔŋ orange dankal si’em la "daasi’erɛ nidib la miilim nɛ orange color ka dankal la color mɛ an ala."<ref name=":2" /> Fʋ ya’a kɛŋ yadagɔbʋg-ya’nya’aŋ U.S., ba da yisid kuom la nɛ ka basidi li ka li nyaŋi digini yuug, ka malisim paas, ka maal ningbina sʋŋa, ka bas ka zin’ig banɛ ki’a tuub saŋa la da kɛ ka li san’am.<ref>[http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/ "Sweet potatoes"]. North Carolina Sweet Potato Commission (NCSPC). [https://web.archive.org/web/19990427215218/http://www.ncsweetpotatoes.com/ Archived] from the original on 27 April 1999. Retrieved 22 July 2006.</ref> Fun na niŋ si’em sʋ’a nɛ’ɛ tituaa anɛ fʋn na dɛlig linɛ ka fʋ tu paalim la tɛŋin hour ayi bɛɛ atan’ ka su’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an 29–32 °C (85–90 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ lin yi da ba nu paae piinɛnaasi. Dankal banɛ ka ba sʋ’a sʋ’ʋŋa na nyaŋi bɛ paae nwadis piinɛ atan’ fʋ ya’a sʋ’a li zin’ig kanɛ ka tʋʋlig an wan wʋʋ 13–15 °C (55–59 °F) ka pɛbisim bɛ. waad san’amid nyɛ’ɛlim la nɛ.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110526063807/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/sweetpotato.html "Sweetpotato: Organic Production"]. National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Archived from [http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/sweetpotato.html the original] on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101105211935/http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Veg/sweetpotato.shtml "Sweet potato"]. Produce Facts. UC Davis. Archived from [http://postharvest.ucdavis.edu/Produce/ProduceFacts/Veg/sweetpotato.shtml the original] on 5 November 2010.</ref> '''kuob''' Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi ni (2020), dunia wʋsa dankal kuob da anɛ  89 million tonnes, ka tɛŋ kanɛ da kua gaad o taaba an China da mɔr nɛ pisnu nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (55%) dankal kanɛ bɛ dunia wʋsa. Banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ  da anɛ Malawi, Tanzania, nɛ Nigeria.<ref name=":1" /> Li anɛ di kanɛ paasa anu ni ka tɛnbanɛ nan nɔbigid la kuod.<ref name=":3">Verma, Virendra M. (8 November 2016). [https://comlandgrant.org/development-of-salt-tolerant-sweet-potato-ipomoea-batatas-l-lam-through-tissue-culture/ "Development of Salt Tolerant Sweet Potato (''Ipomoea batatas'' (L.) Lam.) through Tissue Culture"]. ''College of Micronesia - Land Grant Program''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241205142723/https://comlandgrant.org/development-of-salt-tolerant-sweet-potato-ipomoea-batatas-l-lam-through-tissue-culture/ Archived] from the original on 5 December 2024. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</ref> Ba maan vɛɛnsig ye ba yina nɛ dankal banɛ na nyaŋi nyɛ’ɛ yaarim zin’ig ban na niŋ si’em ka saa nɛ nintaŋ da san’ami baa.<ref name=":3" /><ref>Rahman, Atiq; Uddin, Nasir (2022). "Challenges and Opportunities for Saline Agriculture in Coastal Bangladesh". In Negacz, Katarzyna; Vellinga, Pier; Barrett-Lennard, Edward; Choukr-Allah, Redouane; Elzenga, Theo (eds.). ''[[iarchive:oapen-20.500.12657-48840/page/139|Future of Sustainable Agriculture in Saline Environments]]'' (First ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 139. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-367-62146-9|978-0-367-62146-9]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1256558135 1256558135]. Retrieved 8 February 2025.</ref> '''Ban’as''' Dankal ban’as anɛ Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (Crinivirus).<ref name=":4">Jones, Roger; Naidu, Rayapati (2019). [[doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606|"Global Dimensions of Plant Virus Diseases: Current Status and Future Perspectives".]] ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Virology|Annual Review of Virology]]''. '''6''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 387–409. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606|10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015606]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2327-056X 2327-056X]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31283443 31283443]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195845201 195845201].</ref> Li ya’a la’as nɛ ban’as si’ebanam, Untiveros et al., 2007 da vɛɛnsi nyɛ ka SPCSV maligim mɔr paŋ hali san’amidi ba.<ref name=":4" /> ''I. batatas'' namisid nɛ ''Phytophthora''s ban’as ka ba si’eba an ''P. carotovorum'', ''P. odoriferum'', nɛ ''P. wasabiae''.<ref>Charkowski, Amy (2018). "The Changing Face of Bacterial Soft-Rot Diseases". ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Phytopathology|Annual Review of Phytopathology]]''. '''56''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 269–288. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045906|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045906]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4286 0066-4286]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29958075 29958075]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49619951 49619951].</ref> == Tʋʋma == '''Nutrition''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Sweet potato, cooked, baked in skin, without salt''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |378 kJ (90 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |20.7 g |- | valign="top" |Starch |7.05 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |6.5 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |3.3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.15 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |2.0 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |75.8 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----''"Sweet potato". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.'' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":5">[https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":6">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"]. Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium''. pp. 101–124. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353https://doi.org/10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 30844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].</ref> |} {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Raw sweet potato''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |359 kJ (86 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |20.1 g |- | valign="top" |Starch |12.7 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |4.2 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.1 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |1.6 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |77.3 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----''"Sweet potato, raw". USDA Database. Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2021.'' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":5" /> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":6" /> |} Dankal kanɛ ka ba dug (ka ba sɛn’ɛ) mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] 76%, 21% carbohydrates, 2% protein, nɛ kpaam finn).  Fʋ ya’a nɔk 100 gram, dankal sɛn’ɛda tisid 90 calories, ka mɔr (20% bɛɛ li gaad ala, Daily Value, DV) mɔr vitamin A (120% DV), vitamin C (24% DV), manganese (24% DV), nɛ vitamin B6 (20% DV). Ka la’abama mɛ bɛ bi’ela (10–19% DV) an B vitamins nɛ potassium. Sikir kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la wʋʋ pisnu paae piswai, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (50% and 90% ) an sikir kanɛ ka ba buon sucrose.<ref name=":7">Lai Y, Huang C, Liao WC (2013). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245 "Studies of sugar composition and starch morphology of baked sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam)"]. ''J[[:en:Journal_of_Food_Science_and_Technology|ournal of Food Science and Technology]]''. '''58''' (6): 1193–11999. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s13197-011-0453-6|10.1007/s13197-011-0453-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3791245 3791245]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24426034 24426034].</ref> Maltose pʋ zuoe li pʋʋginɛ, amaa fʋ ya’a tʋligi li bugum ni, li na kɛ ka maltose kanɛ bɛ pʋʋgin la nɔbig an wʋʋ piiga paae pisi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10% nɛ 20% tɛnsʋk).<ref name=":7" /> Dankal buudi banɛ ka ba bʋʋlim la color an sabilig bi’ela la mɔr beta-carotene (nwa’ ti’akid nɛ kilimid vitamin A, fʋ ya’a dii li) gaad banɛ mɔr bʋʋlim la ka li pɛlig, ka ba kpɛmisid [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] dim ye ba ku’a bɔzugɔ anina ka vitamin A an yela ka li an ban’asi tis nidib. <ref name=":8">Dyer, Mary H. (21 May 2015). [https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/sweet-potato/are-sweet-potato-leaves-edible.htm "Are sweet potato leaves edible?"]. ''Gardening Know How''. Potato vine plant leaves. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180323102952/https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/vegetables/sweet-potato/are-sweet-potato-leaves-edible.htm Archived] from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</ref>Dankal vaand la anɛ diib bʋn ka fʋ na nyaŋi dʋgi li wan wʋʋ zɛnma’asa nɛ.<ref name=":8" /> '''makir ne disi'eba''' Tebul kanɛ bɛ tɛŋir la pa’al nɛ dankal nɛ di si’eba ka ba diti ba si’em'''^[G]''' ba ya’a an kpi’emis, ban nyaŋi baŋ [[Ku'om|kuom]] kanɛ bɛ diib woo pʋʋgin la zug. Baa Dankal pʋ tisid paŋ wala sa bɛɛ maan ningbina wala sa fʋ ya’a nɔki ba mak nɛ bi’elim diib tɛbisim pʋʋgin, li maan ningbina gat bi’elim diib.<ref>Scott, G.; Best, R.; Rosegrant, M.; Bokanga, M. (2000). ''[http://www.cipotato.org/publications/pdf/002468.pdf Roots and tubers in the global food system: A vision statement to the year 2020]'' (PDF). International Potato Center, and others. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-9060-203-3|978-92-9060-203-3]]</bdi>. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 22 January 2012.v</ref> Vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization vɛɛns la pa’al ye dankal anɛ dikanɛ ka fʋ na nyaŋi sɛ’ fʋ pɔɔgin, ka li nyɛ’ɛd wan wʋʋ 70,000 kcal hectare pʋʋgin (28,000/acre) / day.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htmhttp://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htm "Roots, tubers, plantains and bananas in human nutrition"]. [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173241/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htmhttps://web.archive.org/web/20171029173241/http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0207e/T0207E04.htm Archived] from the original on 29 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017.</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="12" |'''Ningbina diib kanɛ bɛ diibnam zin’is piiga ba kuom la ya’a yi'''<ref>[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/ "Nutrient data laboratory"]. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 August 2016.</ref> |- |'''Staple''' |'''[[Kawεnna|Kawɛnna]] (corn)^[A]''' |'''[[mui]], white^[B]''' |'''Wheat^[C]''' |'''Potatoes^[D]''' |'''Cassava^[E]''' |'''[[bɛŋa]], green^[F]''' |'''Dankal^[G]''' |'''[[Busa yɛla|Busa]]^[Y]''' |'''Sorghum^[H]''' |'''Plantain^[Z]''' |'''RDA''' |- |[[Ku'om|Kuom]] (%) |10 |12 |13 |'''79''' |60 |68 |77 |70 |9 |65 | |- |Raw grams per 100 g dry weight |111 |114 |115 |'''476''' |250 |313 |435 |333 |110 |286 | |- |'''Nutrient''' | | | | | | | | | | | |- |Paŋ (kJ) |1698 |1736 |1574 |1533 |1675 |'''1922''' |1565 |1647 |1559 |1460 |8,368–10,460 |- |Protein (g) |10.4 |8.1 |14.5 |9.5 |3.5 |'''40.6''' |7.0 |5.0 |12.4 |3.7 |50 |- |Fat (g) |5.3 |0.8 |1.8 |0.4 |0.7 |'''21.6''' |0.2 |0.6 |3.6 |1.1 |44–77 |- |Carbohydrates (g) |82 |91 |82 |81 |'''95''' |34 |87 |93 |82 |91 |130 |- |Fiber (g) |8.1 |1.5 |'''14.0''' |10.5 |4.5 |13.1 |13.0 |13.7 |6.9 |6.6 |30 |- |Sikir (g) |0.7 |0.1 |0.5 |3.7 |4.3 |0.0 |18.2 |1.7 |0.0 |'''42.9''' |minimal |- |'''Minerals''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Calcium (mg) |8 |32 |33 |57 |40 |'''616''' |130 |57 |31 |9 |1,000 |- |Iron (mg) |3.01 |0.91 |3.67 |3.71 |0.68 |'''11.09''' |2.65 |1.80 |4.84 |1.71 |8 |- |Magnesium (mg) |141 |28 |145 |110 |53 |'''203''' |109 |70 |0 |106 |400 |- |Phosphorus (mg) |233 |131 |331 |271 |68 |'''606''' |204 |183 |315 |97 |700 |- |Potassium (mg) |319 |131 |417 |2005 |678 |1938 |1465 |'''2720''' |385 |1426 |4700 |- |Sodium (mg) |39 |6 |2 |29 |35 |47 |'''239''' |30 |7 |11 |1,500 |- |Zinc (mg) |2.46 |1.24 |3.05 |1.38 |0.85 |'''3.09''' |1.30 |0.80 |0.00 |0.40 |11 |- |Copper (mg) |0.34 |0.25 |0.49 |0.52 |0.25 |0.41 |'''0.65''' |0.60 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.23 |0.9 |- |Manganese (mg) |0.54 |1.24 |'''4.59''' |0.71 |0.95 |1.72 |1.13 |1.33 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |2.3 |- |Selenium (μg) |17.2 |17.2 |'''81.3''' |1.4 |1.8 |4.7 |2.6 |2.3 |0.0 |4.3 |55 |- |'''Vitamins''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Vitamin C (mg) |0.0 |0.0 |0.0 |'''93.8''' |51.5 |90.6 |10.4 |57.0 |0.0 |52.6 |90 |- |Thiamin (B1) (mg) |0.43 |0.08 |0.34 |0.38 |0.23 |'''1.38''' |0.35 |0.37 |0.26 |0.14 |1.2 |- |Riboflavin (B2) (mg) |0.22 |0.06 |0.14 |0.14 |0.13 |'''0.56''' |0.26 |0.10 |0.15 |0.14 |1.3 |- |Niacin (B3) (mg) |4.03 |1.82 |'''6.28''' |5.00 |2.13 |5.16 |2.43 |1.83 |3.22 |1.97 |16 |- |Pantothenic acid (B5) (mg) |0.47 |1.15 |1.09 |1.43 |0.28 |0.47 |'''3.48''' |1.03 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.74 |5 |- |Vitamin B6 (mg) |0.69 |0.18 |0.34 |'''1.43''' |0.23 |0.22 |0.91 |0.97 |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |0.86 |1.3 |- |Folate Total (B9) (μg) |21 |9 |44 |76 |68 |'''516''' |48 |77 |0 |63 |400 |- |Vitamin A (IU) |238 |0 |10 |10 |33 |563 |'''4178''' |460 |0 |3220 |5000 |- |Vitamin E, alpha-tocopherol (mg) |0.54 |0.13 |1.16 |0.05 |0.48 |0.00 |1.13 |'''1.30''' |0.00 |0.40 |15 |- |Vitamin K1 (μg) |0.3 |0.1 |2.2 |'''9.0''' |4.8 |0.0 |7.8 |8.7 |0.0 |2.0 |120 |- |Beta-carotene (μg) |108 |0 |6 |5 |20 |0 |'''36996''' |277 |0 |1306 |10500 |- |Lutein+zeaxanthin (μg) |'''1506''' |0 |253 |38 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |86 |6000 |- |'''Fats''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |- |Saturated fatty acids (g) |0.74 |0.20 |0.30 |0.14 |0.18 |'''2.47''' |0.09 |0.13 |0.51 |0.40 |minimal |- |Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) |1.39 |0.24 |0.23 |0.00 |0.20 |'''4.00''' |0.00 |0.03 |1.09 |0.09 |22–55 |- |Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) |2.40 |0.20 |0.72 |0.19 |0.13 |'''10.00''' |0.04 |0.27 |1.51 |0.20 |13–19 |- | |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_AA|[A]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_BB|[B]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_CC|[C]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_DD|[D]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_EE|[E]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_FF|[F]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_GG|[G]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_YY|[Y]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_HH|[H]]]}''' |'''^{[[:en:Sweet_potato#endnote_reference_name_ZZ|[Z]]]}''' |'''[[:en:Recommended_Dietary_Allowance|RDA]]''' |} '''^A''' raw yellow dent corn '''^B''' raw unenriched long-grain white rice '''^C''' raw hard red winter wheat '''^D''' raw potato with flesh and skin '''^E''' raw cassava '''^F''' raw green soybeans '''^G''' raw sweet potato '''^H''' raw sorghum '''^Y''' raw yam '''^Z''' raw plantains '''^/*''' unofficial '''Diib dʋgʋb''' Dankal la nyɛ’ɛlim an bʋnlinɛ pak bʋnbʋtir nwa’ ni. zin’ig banɛ ka tʋʋlig bɛ la, nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diibi tis buud si’eba. Ba dʋgʋd nyɛ’ɛlim la ka nyaan dit lin na niŋ si’em ka li maal ningbiŋ diib sʋ’ʋŋa ka buoe ningbiŋ la ni, amaa America nidib banɛ da mugusidi ba taaba bɛ yadagɔbʋg-yatuona da ɔnbid dankal kansa ka li an ba diib.<ref>Alicia (19 February 2019). [https://www.enkiverywell.com/raw-sweet-potato.html "Can You Eat Sweet Potato Raw?"]. ''EnkiVeryWell''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210412071812/https://www.enkiverywell.com/raw-sweet-potato.html Archived] from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</ref> Li vaand la nɛ li vanpɔla la anɛ zɛɛnd kanɛ malis hali. Fʋ tɔ’ɔe nɔki ba vankʋda la tis bʋnkɔnbid ka ba ɔnb.<ref name=":9">Abidin, P.E. (2004). ''Sweetpotato breeding for northeastern Uganda: Farmer varieties, farmer-participatory selection, and stability of performance'' (PhD Thesis). The Netherlands: [[:en:Wageningen_Universityhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wageningen_University|Wageningen University]]. p. 152 pp. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/90-8504-033-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-8504-033-7|90-8504-033-7]]</bdi>. Well cited including by Mwanga et al., 2010.</ref> '''Africa''' ''Amukeke'' (linɛ ka ba sɛ dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) nɛ ''inginyo'' (linɛ ka ba bu’ari dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg) anɛ diibi tis ninbanɛ bɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda tɛŋin.<ref name=":9" /> ''Amukeke'' anɛ bɛʋgin diib, ka ba dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. ''Inginyo'' anɛ linɛ ka ba la’asid nɛ bankyi zɔ’ɔm nɛ punsa maan ''atapa''. Nidib dʋgʋd ''atapa'' nɛ zimi banɛ ka ba ɔɔnl ka dit nɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd bɛɛ cowpea vaand kpi’emis ka ba nɔki paas sʋnma zɛɛnd ni. ''Emukaru'' (earth-baked root) anɛ linɛ ka ba dit saŋa wʋsa lin nɛ tea bɛɛ sʋnma zɛɛnd. Ba mɛ mɔri li maan diib bɛdigʋ bɛ South Sudan. Vaand la, banɛ an pɔla la mɔri dʋgʋd zɛɛndi bɛ tɛɛns banɛ bɛ West African la (Guinea, Sierra Leone nɛ Liberia, ba si’eba la), nɛ yadatiʋŋ-ya’nya’aŋ Uganda, East Africa.<ref name=":9" /> nwa’ dɔl nɛ FAO leaflet No. 13 – 1990, dankal vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim la anɛ diib kanɛ mɔr vitamins A, C, and B₂ (riboflavin), ka vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka  A. Khachatryan maal la pa’al ye li mɔr linɛ ka na’asaanam buon lutein la. Kenya tɛŋin, Rhoda Nungo onɛ bɛ economics department Ministry of Agriculture sɔb gbaŋ kanɛ pa’an dankal ka ba mɔri maan disi’eba.<ref>Nungo, Rhoda A., ed. (1994). ''Nutritious Kenyan Sweet Potato Recipes''. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega,_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kakamega,_Kenya&action=edit&redlink=1 Kakamega, Kenya]: [[:en:Kenya_Agricultural_Research_Institutehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Agricultural_Research_Institute|Kenya Agricultural Research Institute]].</ref> Nwa’ pʋʋgin pa’anɛ linɛ ka ba tu’a ka li kʋdʋg nɛ linɛ ka ba nɛɛm ka li kilim [[zɔ’ɔm]] ka ba nɔki li ka li di’e sikir nɔbir ka ba mɔri sɛn’ɛd diib wan wʋʋ cake, chapatis, mandazis, [[bodobodo]], buns nɛ cookies. Ba mɔr banɛ ka ba kala an orange la nyɛ’ɛlim la maan daam ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba kiimid ka ba ɔnbid. Egypt tɛŋin, dankal nyɛ’ɛlim ka ba buon ''batata'' (بطاطا‎) anɛ dikanɛ bɛ zin’ig wʋsa waad saŋa, ka banɛ bɛ suoyanamin la sɛ’ɛdi kuosidi tisid Nidib banɛ dɔl Nile koldaagin la gad.<ref>[https://ww.egyptindependent.com/batata-man/ "The batata man"]. Egypt Independent. 19 October 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715111248/https://ww.egyptindependent.com/batata-man/ Archived] from the original on 15 July 2019. Retrieved 15 July 2019.</ref> Nidib mɔr onɛ ka o kala an orange la nɛ onɛ an pi’elig la nyɛ’ɛlim maan diib. Ba mɛ sɛn’ɛdiba yaan ka mɔr siindi gɛndigid ka ba ya’a di diibi naae ka nɔki saae nɔɔr. Ethiopia tɛŋin, dankal buudi kanɛ ka ba kuod anina tita’am anɛ banɛ ka ba pak la an sabilik, ka nyɛ’ɛlim la kala an wan wʋʋ cream ka ba buoni li ''bitatis'' bɛɛ ''mitatis''. Ba kuodi ba bɛ ya’nya’aŋ nɛ yadagɔbʋg kʋkʋna ni ka tuud saa wakad (Sigir/Mɔraug). Yʋʋm banɛ gaad la, banɛ ka ba nyɛ’ɛlim kala an orange da yina, ka banɛ da yisi li na an Haramaya University ka ban da an sʋm ka sikir pʋ zuoe pʋʋginɛ ka mɛ mɔr vitamin A bɛdigʋ.<ref>Tsegaw, Tekalign; Dechassa, Nigussie (2008). [http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57 "Registration of Adu and Barkume: Improved sweet potato (''Ipomoea batatas'') varieties for eastern Ethiopia".]. ''East African Journal of Sciences''. '''2''' (2): 189–191. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:1[[doi:10.4314/eajsci.v2i2.40382|0.4314/eajsci.v2i2.40382]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215339/http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57https://web.archive.org/web/20170921215339/http://haramayajournals.org/index.php/ej/article/view/63/57 Archived] from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 20 April 2018.</ref> Nidib bɛdigʋ dʋgid dankal ka nyaan dit. [[South Africa]] tɛŋin, ba pʋ dit dankal ma’a nɛ, ba lɛɛ paasidi li nɛ disi’eba ni ka ba yinnɛ an soetpatats. '''Asia''' East Asia tɛŋin, dankal sɛn’ɛda anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi hali ba tɛnkpɛmisin. China sʋ’ʋlim, dankal, banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlim la, ba sɛn’ɛdi ba kʋnt gbila pʋʋgin kuosid waad saŋa. Korea tɛŋin, dankal, ka ba buon ye ''goguma'', anɛ dikanɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd, ba sa’ani ba si’el pʋʋgin bɛɛ bugum pi’elim zugʋ kuosid, li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa. Japan tɛŋin, ban maani li si’em ka li dɔl wʋʋ Korea dim maalig la, ban buon ye ''yaki-imo'' (dankal sɛn’ɛda), ba mɔr nɛ linɛ ka bʋʋlim an dɔnbʋʋlim la "Japanese dankal" bɛɛ onɛ an purple la "Okinawan dankal", ka ba buon ye ''beni-imo''. Dankal zɛn’ɛd, ka ba dit waad saŋa la, anɛ dankal ka ba dʋg kuom ni ka gɛndig sikir nɛ ginger. Fujian cuisine nɛ Taiwanese cuisine ni, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ [[mui]] maan [[Kooko|kɔɔkɔ]]. Dankal kanɛ ka ba waae nɛ dinɛ ka ba dɛlig ka li kʋdʋg anɛ diib hali tis Liancheng County. Dankal vaand la anɛ diibi tis Taiwanese cuisine, ka ba dʋgʋd bɛɛ kiimid kpaam bi’ela pʋʋgin dit nɛ garlic nɛ maagi diib, bɛɛ ban niŋ yaarim ka nyaan gbin’es. Nwa’ nɛ dankal diib bɛdigʋ bɛ bento (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ''piān-tong'') diib kuosʋg zin’is ni. Northeastern Chinese cuisine ni, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ bi’elbi’el ka kiimid, ka nyaan kwa’ae niŋ zɛn’ɛd kanɛ pʋn dʋgʋd pʋʋgin.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071004141104/http://www.ttmeishi.com/CaiPu/2c2ec442ae902a40.htm "CaiPu"]. ''ttmeishi.com'' (in Chinese). Archived from [http://www.ttmeishi.com/CaiPu/2c2ec442ae902a40.htm the original] on 4 October 2007.</ref> Sʋ’ʋlim si’eba banɛ bɛ India tɛŋin, ba sɛn’ɛd dankal bugum saana ni yʋ’ʋŋ ka pigisidi dit, amaa banɛ bɛ yadagɔbʋg la on ɛɛti dʋg nɛ kuomin ka li bi’ik ka ba nyaan pigis pa’ad la, ka nwaasi la gbila gbila dʋg nɛ zɛnma’asa. Indian sʋ’ʋlim kanɛ ka ba buon Tamil Nadu ni, ba buoni li ye ''sakkara valli kilangu''. Ba dʋgʋdi li dit yʋ’ʋŋ. India zin’ig si’eba ni, ba nwaasid dankal ma’asa nɛ dɛligid ka nɛɛmid ka li kilid dankal [[zɔ’ɔm]]; ka ba nɔk wheat [[zɔ’ɔm]] gɛndig ka sɛn’ɛ li ka li kilim ''chapatti'' ([[bodobodo]]). Dankal banɛ ka ba kuod India tɛŋin piinɛnu nɛ pisi kɔbiga pʋʋgin, ba ɛɛti ti’aki li nɛ ka li kilim bʋnɔnbida. Si’eba kuod dankal la ye ba diis bʋnkɔnbid nɛ niigi.<ref name=":12" /> Pakistan tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ''shakarqandi'' ka ba mɛ dʋgʋdi li nɛ zɛnma’asa zɛn’ɛd ka lɛn an ni’im zɛn’ɛd ([[nua]] ni’im, [[Pɛ'og|pɛ’ɛg]] ni’im, bɛɛ naaf ni’im). Dankal banɛ ka ba sɛn’ɛd nɛ saana la anɛ diib ka ba kuosid bɛ Pakistani bazaars li kaskas anɛ waad saŋa.<ref>Aazim, Mohiuddin (17 December 2012). [http://www.dawn.com/news/771928 "Exploiting sweet potato potential"]. ''InpaperMagazine''. [[:en:Dawn_(newspaper)|Dawn]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190711215914/https://www.dawn.com/news/771928 Archived] from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 12 July 2019.</ref> Sri Lanka tɛŋin, ba buon dankal ye ''bathala'', ka ba mɔri maan bɛʋgʋn diib (ba ɔnbid dankal dʋgʋda nɛ kube kuom) bɛɛ ba dʋgi li di kɔn’ di nɛ mui. Dankal nyɛ’ɛlim la, ka Dhivehi dim buon ye ''kattala'', ba mɔri li ka li an dikpɛŋi bɛ Maldives. Ba nwaad vaand la paasidi maan diib ka yinnɛ an ''mas huni''.<ref>[[:en:Xavier_Romero-Frias|Romero-Frias, Xavier]] (1999). ''The Maldive Islanders: A study of the popular culture of an ancient ocean kingdom''. Barcelona, ES. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-84-7254-801-5|978-84-7254-801-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Japan tɛŋin, ba kuod dankal (ka ba buon ''satsuma-imo'') nɛ busa (ka ba buon ''daijo'' bɛɛ ''beni-imo''). Ban dʋgʋd si’em anɛ ba dʋg ka di lɛ’ɛg kuom pʋʋgin, sɛn’ɛb nɛ waar. Ba mɛ lɛn kiimid diib anina. ''Daigaku-imo'' (ja:大学芋) anɛ ba ya’a sɛn’ɛ dankal ka paas sikir bɛɛ bʋnmalisiŋ si’a. Lin malis ka tabis la zug, ba mɔri li bɛ ''imo-kinton'' nɛ ba dimalisima, ka yinnɛ an ''ofukuimo''. Ka ba buoni li ye "sweet potato" (ja:スイートポテト) Japan tɛŋin, li anɛ cake kanɛ ka ba nɔk Dankali nɛɛm maal. ''Shōchū'', anɛ Japanese dim diib kanɛ ka ba mɔr mui kanɛ mi’igi maan, ba mɛ tɔ’ɔn nɔk Dankal li maal, ka ba buon lin ye ''imo-jōchū''. ''Imo-gohan'', ba ya’a dʋg dankal nɛ mui, anɛ dinɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi Guangdong, Taiwan nɛ Japan tɛɛns ni. Ba diti li ''nimono'' bɛɛ ''nitsuke'' pʋʋg, dʋgʋ li ka paas soy sauce, ''mirin'' nɛ ''dashi''. Korean cuisine ni, ba mɔr dankal titabid la maan ''dangmyeon'' (cellophane taliya). Ba dʋgʋd dankal kuomin ka li lɛ’ɛg, ka walisid ka mɛ lɛn sɛn’ɛd, ka nyɛ’ɛlim banɛ an baanlig la ka ba dit ka li buon ''namul''. Pizza kuosig zin’is ni wan wʋʋ Pizza Hut nɛ Domino banɛ bɛ Korea tɛŋin mɔr dankal li pa’an zugin. Korean dim dikanɛ ka di yʋ’ʋr yi ka ba buon, ''goguma-mattang'', ka ba lɛn buon ye Korean candied dankal la, ba kiimid dankal la nɛ nwaasi ba bɛdabɛda ka nɔk sikiri bʋlʋgi li. Malaysia nɛ Singapore, ba nwaasid dankal nɛ ban’alig ka dʋgi li nɛ taro nɛ kube kuom (''santan'') ka dikanɛ ka di kilimid la yʋ’ʋr an ''bubur cha cha''. Ban dʋgʋd dankal si’em ka nidib nɔŋi li anɛ fʋn na nwaasinwaasi li kiim, ka diti li nɛ tea. Yaan la, ba dʋgʋd dankal nɛ kuom pʋʋgin. Dankal vaand la Malaysia dim kiimid din nɛ garlic ma’a bɛɛ ''sambal belacan''. ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Di nyε’εda]] 0la70td0o8dweewx9mbyv0bxwl2hgbp 0 1964 14917 14914 2025-06-17T14:57:44Z Hannah Anasco 144 I added text 14917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q170461}} '''Sisibig''' ka sieba buon ye '''Pɔnguda''' ka bam mɛ buon ye '''na'asaasisibig''' la anɛ tiig kanɛ yi kuk tiis buudi kanɛ an' Meliaceae.<ref>"''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=6161 Azadirachta indica]''". ''[[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]]. Retrieved 9 June 2017.</ref> Di anɛ buudi yinnɛ kanɛ pɛ'ɛs Azadirachta buudi ni. Di kae saan India teŋin nɛ  Southeast Asia teŋ siebaa.Amaa di bɛ dunia la wʋsa ni. Ka di yin bɛɛ ban nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ  zin'i sieba anɛ si'anrin bɛɛ  zin'ig kanɛ an' titʋgʋr. Ti paamɛt sisibi kpaam nɛ yiti ba diib nɛ ba biili la ni. Na'asal la buonɛ ye neem, ka li anɛ Hindu dim pia'adin ka ba paam yʋ'ʋr la.<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[:en:Henry_Yule|Henry Yule]] and [[:en:A._C._Burnell|A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[:en:Hobson-Jobson|Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[:en:Encarta|Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == Pa'alטg == Nasaasisibig la anɛ ti kanɛ nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ hali ka o wali an mites 15 - 20 (49 - 66f t), == Taksonami == O yט'טr kanɛ an ''Azadirachta indica'' ''la Adrien-Henri de Jussieu da sɔbi li zaŋi pa'al sɔ' wטsa bɛ yטטm tusir, kɔbis nii nɛ pistan' (1830).''<ref>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 ''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss]." [[:en:International_Plant_Names_Index|''The International Plant Names Index''.]] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> ''Yʋʋm'' tusir kɔbis yɔpɔi nε pisnu nε atan’ (1753), Carl Linnaeus da pa’al bʋnami ayi, ''Melia azedarach'' nε ''Melia azadirachta.''<ref name=":0">Linnaeus, C. (1753), "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 Melia]", ''Species Plantarum'', vol. 1, Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius, pp. 384–385, retrieved 26 March 2023</ref> De Jussieu on da gɔs ka ''Melia azadirachta'' anε dinε bεε li kɔn’ nε ''Melia azedarach'' nε ban na nɔki digil new genus.<ref>e Jussieu, A. (1830). "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées]". ''Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle''. '''19''': 153–304. Retrieved 26 March 2023. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221.]</ref> On da pian’a bʋn sieba yεla, Linnaeus da ye li yʋ’ʋr anε  'azedarach'<ref name=":0" /> dinε yit French pian’ad yʋ’ʋrin na an 'azédarac', dinε da an Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), dinε pa’al 'free or noble tree<ref>"[[mwod:azedarach|azedarach]]". ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> Persian tii la yʋ’ʋr la anε ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ka di pa’al ye ‘India dim ti kanε mɔr yɔlisim’('the free tree of India'',)  ka di pa’al yee tii la mtr yɔlisim yi ban’as nε bʋnvʋya ni.''<ref>K. K. Singh, ed. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C Neem A Treatise]''. I.K. International Publishing House, India. p. 3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9788189866006|9788189866006]]</bdi>.</ref> == Phytochemical nam == Margosa wɛla, biili, viand, tila, nɛ pak la mᴐrnɛ phytochemicals kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb, ka kʋdʋmin dim da paami ba yi sisibi biili ni, nwɛnɛ azadirachtin dinɛ ka ba da pin’ili di bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kᴐbiswai nɛ pisyuobʋ saŋa (1960s) ka ye di anɛ bʋn-ian’ada,  banɛ gu’ud nᴐbʋgʋr nɛ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri puusid.<ref name=":1">"[https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html Neem]". Drugs.com. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</ref><ref>Anna Horsbrugh Porter (17 April 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm "Neem: India's tree of life".] ''BBC News''.</ref> Sisibig wal kanɛ an 2 kg na an nwɛnɛ 5 g.<ref name=":1" /> Dinɛ paasi azadirachtin ka mᴐr kpinnim anɛ limonoids, biili la kpaam mᴐr glycerides, polyphenols kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb, nimbolide, triterpenes, nɛ beta-sitosterol.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 Nimbolide]". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</ref> Kpakanɛ an dᴐnbʋʋlʋm ka mi’is la mᴐr nyuug kanɛ nwɛnɛ gabpiel ka mɛ mᴐr limonoid compounds dinɛ an 2%.<ref name=":1" /> Vaand la mᴐr quercetin, catechins, carotenes, nɛ vitamin C.<ref name=":1" /> == Footonam == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|Flowers File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|Unripe fruit File:Neem-Tree.jpg|Neem tree in a banana farm in India File:Ineem farm in virudhunagar.jpg|Neem tree farm File:Neem Twig sellers.JPG|Twigs for sale File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|Fruit drying for oil extraction File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|Cleaning teeth by chewing stick File:Hareli Festival.jpg|Native of Chhattisgarh with Neem branches and leaves for Hareli Festival File:Azadirachta indica 0001.jpg|A tree in [[Gambia]] File:Neem tree.JPG|A tree in Bangladesh File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|Leaves and flowers </gallery> == Gɔsim ya'as == * ''Azadirachta excelsa'' * Azadirachtin * Ayurveda * Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) * Neem cake * Neem oil * Babool (brand) of toothpaste * Teeth cleaning twig (datun) ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[category:tiis]] mxw8phq9hv6i1j6zekkf162xr5pomc7 14918 14917 2025-06-17T15:23:04Z Hannah Anasco 144 I added text 14918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q170461}} '''Sisibig''' ka sieba buon ye '''Pɔnguda''' ka bam mɛ buon ye '''na'asaasisibig''' la anɛ tiig kanɛ yi kuk tiis buudi kanɛ an' Meliaceae.<ref>"''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=6161 Azadirachta indica]''". ''[[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]]. Retrieved 9 June 2017.</ref> Di anɛ buudi yinnɛ kanɛ pɛ'ɛs Azadirachta buudi ni. Di kae saan India teŋin nɛ  Southeast Asia teŋ siebaa.Amaa di bɛ dunia la wʋsa ni. Ka di yin bɛɛ ban nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ  zin'i sieba anɛ si'anrin bɛɛ  zin'ig kanɛ an' titʋgʋr. Ti paamɛt sisibi kpaam nɛ yiti ba diib nɛ ba biili la ni. Na'asal la buonɛ ye neem, ka li anɛ Hindu dim pia'adin ka ba paam yʋ'ʋr la.<ref>Compact Oxford English Dictionary (2013), Neem, page 679, Third Edition 2008 reprinted with corrections 2013, Oxford University Press.</ref><ref>[[:en:Henry_Yule|Henry Yule]] and [[:en:A._C._Burnell|A. C. Burnell]] (1996), [[:en:Hobson-Jobson|Hobson-Jobson]], Neem, page 622, The Anglo-Indian Dictionary, Wordsworth Reference. (This work was first published in 1886)</ref><ref>[[:en:Encarta|Encarta]] World English Dictionary (1999), Neem, page 1210, St. Martin's Press, New York.</ref> == Pa'alטg == Nasaasisibig la anɛ ti kanɛ nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ hali ka o wali an mites 15 - 20 (49 - 66f t), == Taksonami == O yט'טr kanɛ an ''Azadirachta indica'' ''la Adrien-Henri de Jussieu da sɔbi li zaŋi pa'al sɔ' wטsa bɛ yטטm tusir, kɔbis nii nɛ pistan' (1830).''<ref>"[https://www.ipni.org/n/1213180-2 ''Azadirachta indica'' A.Juss]." [[:en:International_Plant_Names_Index|''The International Plant Names Index''.]] Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> ''Yʋʋm'' tusir kɔbis yɔpɔi nε pisnu nε atan’ (1753), Carl Linnaeus da pa’al bʋnami ayi, ''Melia azedarach'' nε ''Melia azadirachta.''<ref name=":0">Linnaeus, C. (1753), "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358403 Melia]", ''Species Plantarum'', vol. 1, Stockholm: Laurentius Salvius, pp. 384–385, retrieved 26 March 2023</ref> De Jussieu on da gɔs ka ''Melia azadirachta'' anε dinε bεε li kɔn’ nε ''Melia azedarach'' nε ban na nɔki digil new genus.<ref>e Jussieu, A. (1830). "[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229796 Mémoire sur le groupe des Méliacées]". ''Mémoires du Muséum d'histoire naturelle''. '''19''': 153–304. Retrieved 26 March 2023. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/26229866 p. 221.]</ref> On da pian’a bʋn sieba yεla, Linnaeus da ye li yʋ’ʋr anε  'azedarach'<ref name=":0" /> dinε yit French pian’ad yʋ’ʋrin na an 'azédarac', dinε da an Persian 'āzād dirakht' (ازادرخت), dinε pa’al 'free or noble tree<ref>"[[mwod:azedarach|azedarach]]". ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''. Retrieved 26 March 2023.</ref> Persian tii la yʋ’ʋr la anε ''azad darakhat-e-hind'', ka di pa’al ye ‘India dim ti kanε mɔr yɔlisim’('the free tree of India'',)  ka di pa’al yee tii la mtr yɔlisim yi ban’as nε bʋnvʋya ni.''<ref>K. K. Singh, ed. (2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PyYRUCoIDk4C Neem A Treatise]''. I.K. International Publishing House, India. p. 3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9788189866006|9788189866006]]</bdi>.</ref> == Phytochemical nam == Margosa wɛla, biili, viand, tila, nɛ pak la mᴐrnɛ phytochemicals kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb, ka kʋdʋmin dim da paami ba yi sisibi biili ni, nwɛnɛ azadirachtin dinɛ ka ba da pin’ili di bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kᴐbiswai nɛ pisyuobʋ saŋa (1960s) ka ye di anɛ bʋn-ian’ada,  banɛ gu’ud nᴐbʋgʋr nɛ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri puusid.<ref name=":1">"[https://www.drugs.com/npp/neem.html Neem]". Drugs.com. 13 August 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</ref><ref>Anna Horsbrugh Porter (17 April 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4916044.stm "Neem: India's tree of life".] ''BBC News''.</ref> Sisibig wal kanɛ an 2 kg na an nwɛnɛ 5 g.<ref name=":1" /> Dinɛ paasi azadirachtin ka mᴐr kpinnim anɛ limonoids, biili la kpaam mᴐr glycerides, polyphenols kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb, nimbolide, triterpenes, nɛ beta-sitosterol.<ref name=":1" /><ref>"[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/12313376 Nimbolide]". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 6 March 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.</ref> Kpakanɛ an dᴐnbʋʋlʋm ka mi’is la mᴐr nyuug kanɛ nwɛnɛ gabpiel ka mɛ mᴐr limonoid compounds dinɛ an 2%.<ref name=":1" /> Vaand la mᴐr quercetin, catechins, carotenes, nɛ vitamin C.<ref name=":1" /> === Tʋʋmsieba === Tiig: Margosa tiig la anɛ dinɛ yɛla pak hali di anti-desertification nwaasim la zug nɛ din an sʋ’ʋm nwɛnɛ carbon dioxide sink la zug. Nidib mᴐr mᴐri di dᴐn’ᴐsid zʋʋd nwɛnɛ bugulʋmnɛ.<ref>Schroeder, Paul (1992). "Carbon storage potential of short rotation tropical tree plantations". ''Forest Ecology and Management''. '''50''' (1–2): 31–41. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ForEM..50...31S 1992ForEM..50...31S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W|10.1016/0378-1127(92)90312-W.]]</ref><ref>Puhan, Sukumar, et al. "Mahua (Madhuca indica) seed oil: a source of renewable energy in India." (2005). </ref> Bugulʋm: ba mᴐr sisibig paasidi maan bugulʋm (urea) ka di mᴐr zɛɛnsim tis zʋʋd la.<ref>Heinrich W. Scherer; Konrad Mengel; Heinrich Dittmar; Manfred Drach; Ralf Vosskamp; Martin E. Trenkel; Reinhold Gutser; Günter Steffens; Vilmos Czikkely; Titus Niedermaier; Reinhardt Hähndel; Hans Prün; Karl-Heinz Ullrich; Hermann Mühlfeld; Wilfried Werner; Günter Kluge; Friedrich Kuhlmann; Hugo Steinhauser; Walter Brändlein; Karl-Friedrich Kummer (2007), "Fertilizers", ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry'' (7th ed.), Wiley, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub2|10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub2]], ISBN 978-3527306732</ref> Bʋnkᴐnbid diib: margosa viand anɛ dinɛ ka ba mᴐri ka di an yaama tis bʋnkᴐnbid nɛ su’umis.<ref>Heuzé V., Tran G., Archimède H., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2015. )[https://www.feedipedia.org/node/182 Neem (Azadirachta indica]. ''Feedipedia'', a programme by Institut national de la recherche agronomique, [[:en:CIRAD|CIRAD]], AFZ and [[:en:FAO|FAO]]. Last updated on 2 October 2015</ref> sigiriŋ: margosa anɛ dinɛ ka sᴐ’ wʋsa mi’ ye di anɛ sigiriŋ ka ba ᴐnbidi sᴐndigid nyina.<ref>[https://dentalmuseum.pacific.edu/different-strokes-different-folks-history-toothbrush/4/ "Different Strokes for Different Folks: A History of the Toothbrush – Page 4 – Virtual Dental Museum".] ''dentalmuseum.pacific.edu''. Retrieved 8 July 2021.</ref> === zɛɛnsim === American Journal of Neuroradiology pa’al ye, margosa kpaam na nyaŋi maal zɛɛnsim nwɛnɛ encephalopathy nɛ ophthalmopathy sᴐ’ ya’a dii li bɛdigʋ gaad 150ml (5.07 us fluid ounces).<ref>M.V. Bhaskara; S.J. Pramoda; M.U. Jeevikaa; P.K. Chandana; G. Shetteppa (6 May 2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7965469 "Letters: MR Imaging Findings of Neem Oil Poisoning"]. ''American Journal of Neuroradiology''. '''31''' (7): E60 – E61. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3174/ajnr.A2146|10.3174/ajnr.A2146]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7965469 7965469]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20448012 20448012].</ref> == Genome and transcriptomes == Margosa genome nɛ transcriptomes banɛ yi lʋga kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb la anɛ dinɛ tuun dᴐl taaba.<ref>Krishnan, N; Swetansu Pattnaik; S. A. Deepak; et al. (25 December 2011). [http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/12/1553.pdf "De novo sequencing and assembly of ''Azadirachta indica'' fruit transcriptome" (]PDF). [[:en:Current_Science|''Current Science''.]] '''101''' (12): 1553–1561.</ref><ref>Krishnan, N; Swetansu Pattnaik; Prachi Jain; et al. (9 September 2012)[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507787 . "A Draft of the Genome and Four Transcriptomes of a Medicinal and Pesticidal Angiosperm ''Azadirachta indica''".] [[:en:BMC_Genomics|''BMC Genomics''.]] '''13''' (464): 464. doi:[[doi:10.1186/1471-2164-13-464|10.1186/1471-2164-13-464]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3507787 3507787]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22958331 22958331].</ref> Expressed sequence tags anɛ dinɛ ka ba nyɛ ka di dᴐl generation of subtractive hybridization libraries dinɛ bɛ margosa wala bʋʋlʋm, vaand, wala pa’ad. == Footonam == <gallery> File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 7006.jpg|Flowers File:Unripe Neem fruits.jpg|Unripe fruit File:Neem-Tree.jpg|Neem tree in a banana farm in India File:Ineem farm in virudhunagar.jpg|Neem tree farm File:Neem Twig sellers.JPG|Twigs for sale File:Ineem Fruit Drying process for cold pressed extraction.jpg|Fruit drying for oil extraction File:Jagnath Ineem Toothstick in tamilnadu.jpg|Cleaning teeth by chewing stick File:Hareli Festival.jpg|Native of Chhattisgarh with Neem branches and leaves for Hareli Festival File:Azadirachta indica 0001.jpg|A tree in [[Gambia]] File:Neem tree.JPG|A tree in Bangladesh File:Neem (Azadirachta indica) in Hyderabad W IMG 6976.jpg|Leaves and flowers </gallery> == Gɔsim ya'as == * ''Azadirachta excelsa'' * Azadirachtin * Ayurveda * Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI) * Neem cake * Neem oil * Babool (brand) of toothpaste * Teeth cleaning twig (datun) ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[category:tiis]] csw8galy2msc1xcx68qtl167c9zpxa3 0 1965 14921 14902 2025-06-17T22:29:35Z Principle boy 1 672 i added text 14921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q49301977}} '''Wɔtamɛlɔn''' ka sieba buon ye '''watamilo''' la anɛ bʋmbʋtir kanɛ puud la buudi yinne kanɛ bɛ Cucurbitaceae ni, linɛ mɔri wɛlditir tita’ar. Li anɛ tʋŋ kanɛ tɛɛnd ka vin ka ba bʋti li dʋnia nwa zin’is bɛdigʋ ni. Ka li buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb gaŋ tusir 1,000. Australia dim kuod watamilo nɛ zin'ig banɛ ka saa nɛ nintaŋ wʋsa zɛmis.  Di anɛ bunwala kanɛ ka dunia dim wʋsa nɔŋ.Di anɛ wal kanɛ an' gbiligʋ ka pʋ pʋdʋg pʋʋginɛ. Ka na'asaanam buon ye ( pepo). Di pʋʋgʋn anɛ kuom nɛ diib kanɛ malis ka mɔr mimilim. Di yiti anɛ wiigʋ bɛɛ zɛn'ʋg ka mɔr biili ka li an' sabila sabila. Ti mɛ mɔr sieba ka ba pʋ mɔr biili. Fʋ tʋn'ɔɛ dii li ala bɛɛ fʋ sɛ ba. Di nya'aŋ pak la mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ dʋgʋ gɛndig diibi di. Fʋ mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɛɛm li bɛɛ saam yu'oe nu wʋʋ daam nɛ. Kordofan melons yitnɛ  Sudan ka mɔr kpinnim  nɛ   banɛ kuod watamilo paalis  bɛɛ saamis.<ref>Renner, Susanne S.; Wu, Shan; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Silber, Martina V.; Fei, Zhangjun; Chomicki, Guillaume (24 May 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''118''' (23): e2101486118. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11801486R :2021PNAS..11801486R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118|10.1073/pnas.2101486118]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 8201767]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34031154 34031154]</ref> Ba da nyɛ nɛ watamilo biili la nɛ mɔɔgʋnɛ kpi'e nɛ Uan Muhuggiag la.Banɛ gɔsid yɛl banɛ naam sa yɛlla bɛ Libya teŋin la daa vɛɛns nyɛ biili nwa yʋʋm  3500 BC.<ref>Wasylikowa, Krystyna; van der Veen, Marijke (2004). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)"]. ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany''. '''13''' (4): 213–217. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004VegHA..13..213W 2004VegHA..13..213W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6|10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-6314 0939-6314]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 23419585]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129058509 129058509]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 Archived] from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</ref> yʋʋm  2022 la ni, ka ba lɛn vɛɛns ka ye, watamilo biili pʋn bɛ wʋʋ yʋma tusa yuobu, 6,000-year-old ka di bɛ Libya pipirisin  wɛn wʋʋ Nigerian nyiiri biili nɛ bɛ west Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm la.<ref>Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Tusso, Sergio; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Wu, Shan; Ryan, Philippa; Nesbitt, Mark; Silber, Martina V.; Preick, Michaela; Fei, Zhangjun; Hofreiter, Michael; Chomicki, Guillaume; Renner, Susanne S. (3 August 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 "Genome Sequencing of up to 6,000-Year-Old Citrullus Seeds Reveals Use of a Bitter-Fleshed Species Prior to Watermelon Domestication".] ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. '''39''' (8): msac168. doi:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msac168|10.1093/molbev/msac168]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-1719 1537-1719]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 9387916]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35907246 35907246].</ref> Watamilo da dɛŋin kuod nɛ  north-east Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm nɛ  Egypt wʋʋ yʋʋm 2000 BC la ni.<ref>Paris, Harry S. (August 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''"]. ''Annals of Botany''. '''116''' (2): 133–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077|10.1093/aob/mcv077]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 4512189]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26141130 26141130].</ref> Amaa saŋa kan la ba da nam pʋ malisi wan wʋʋ nannanna bʋnam laa. <ref>[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data "Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)".] ''FAOSTAT''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data Archived] from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</ref>Watamilo da yadigi gilig teŋgba'aŋ  la nɛ  Roman dim saŋa la. Banɛ gɔsid zʋʋd dʋam yɛlla muki bɔ bun bʋʋda banɛ ka ban'ans kʋ nya'aŋi kpɛn'ɛ.  Kpaadib bɛdigʋ bɛ na nyaŋi kia bɛɛ pɔn'ɔ ba watamilo, ba ya'a bʋd dabisa kɔbiga bɛn ka di bi'igi siak bunnib. Din yi yʋʋm 2023 la , China dimɛ an banɛ bɛ tuon dunia wʋsa ni, ti ya'a gɔs watamillo kuodibin. Dunia wʋsa watamilo kuodib ya'a pʋdig zin'is atan, ba na nɔk ayi. === PA’ALUG === Watamilo la anɛ yʋʋm yinne bʋmbʋtir kanɛ nyaŋid dʋt agɔl bɛɛ tiend. Li na tun’e tiɛn wa’am paae wʋʋ mitanam 3 (10 feet) ka li ya’am la bɛɛ bullin la mɔr gbɛɛnd zɛn’ɛʋg. li viand wa’alim na yi wʋʋ milimitanam 60 ti paae wʋʋ 200 (2+¹⁄₄ to 7+³⁄₄ inches) ka li labisim an wʋʋ milimitanam 40 ti paae wʋʋ 150 (1+¹⁄₂ to 6 in). li ɛɛnti yaadimnɛ atan’ bɛɛ gaarʋg ka vanmɛna la wʋsa ɛnti mɔrnɛ gbɛɛnd ka til la ya’a ti gʋn’ ka li sʋʋg. watamilo gɛndir anɛ dinɛ aadimid wila bɛdigʋ. Gɛndir yinnɛ wʋsa nyaŋid puud puum daag bɛɛ puum nya’aŋ ka li an piel bɛɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm ka wa’am agɔl wʋʋ milimitanam 40 (1+¹⁄₂ in) ka mɔr gbɛɛnd bɛdigʋ ginnir la ni. Puum yinne wʋsa ɛnti tɔnnɛ vaang tɔ’ɔŋir ni, li dʋ’am pʋʋgin an si’em anɛ ye puum la bundaag nɛ li bʋnnya’aŋ wʋsa ɛnti la’asnɛ yi tiig yinne ni na ka na’asaanam buon ye monoecious. Puumin la, bundaad la ɛnti dɛŋim tɔn yiiga ka bunnya’as la naan yuolum tɔn na nɛ li gɛlla kanɛ na naam wɛl la. Wɛltita’ar la anɛ wɛlsaʋŋ kanɛ ka ti buon ye pepo ka li mɔr pak gbiribir ka mɔr bʋʋdʋm bɛdigʋ sʋʋgin (mesocarp and endocarp). Mɔɔgin bʋnam la wɛla anɛ wʋʋ 20 cm (8 in) zu’or pʋʋgin ka dinɛ ka ba bʋt la wɛla zu’olum mɛ na tun’e gaad wʋʋ 60 cm (24 in). wɛl la mɛŋ anɛ dɛn’ɛn-sʋsɔbir ka gʋli-gʋl bɛɛ tɛn’ɛsi-tɛn’ɛs ka mɔr bʋʋbʋm ka vɔnbibis bɛ li ni, li tun’e an zɛn’ɛʋg, dɔn bʋʋlʋm bɛɛ piel. Watamilo tɔɔd mɛ bɛ. ka western Australia dim  buonɛ ba ye ‘’kur-kurnam milo’’ li bɛ temis bɛdigʋ ni ka ba  ye li anɛ ‘’bunvʋya tiis’’ ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== p8kqjbporjwgvkkrg7eomxi3x6gc6ns 14926 14921 2025-06-18T08:25:55Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added files and category 14926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q49301977}} '''Wɔtamɛlɔn''' ka sieba buon ye '''watamilo''' la anɛ bʋmbʋtir kanɛ puud la buudi yinne kanɛ bɛ Cucurbitaceae ni, linɛ mɔri wɛlditir tita’ar. Li anɛ tʋŋ kanɛ tɛɛnd ka vin ka ba bʋti li dʋnia nwa zin’is bɛdigʋ ni. Ka li buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb gaŋ tusir 1,000. Australia dim kuod watamilo nɛ zin'ig banɛ ka saa nɛ nintaŋ wʋsa zɛmis.  Di anɛ bunwala kanɛ ka dunia dim wʋsa nɔŋ.Di anɛ wal kanɛ an' gbiligʋ ka pʋ pʋdʋg pʋʋginɛ. Ka na'asaanam buon ye ( pepo). Di pʋʋgʋn anɛ kuom nɛ diib kanɛ malis ka mɔr mimilim. Di yiti anɛ wiigʋ bɛɛ zɛn'ʋg ka mɔr biili ka li an' sabila sabila. Ti mɛ mɔr sieba ka ba pʋ mɔr biili. Fʋ tʋn'ɔɛ dii li ala bɛɛ fʋ sɛ ba. Di nya'aŋ pak la mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ dʋgʋ gɛndig diibi di. Fʋ mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɛɛm li bɛɛ saam yu'oe nu wʋʋ daam nɛ. Kordofan melons yitnɛ  Sudan ka mɔr kpinnim  nɛ   banɛ kuod watamilo paalis  bɛɛ saamis.<ref>Renner, Susanne S.; Wu, Shan; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Silber, Martina V.; Fei, Zhangjun; Chomicki, Guillaume (24 May 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''118''' (23): e2101486118. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11801486R :2021PNAS..11801486R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118|10.1073/pnas.2101486118]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 8201767]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34031154 34031154]</ref> Ba da nyɛ nɛ watamilo biili la nɛ mɔɔgʋnɛ kpi'e nɛ Uan Muhuggiag la.Banɛ gɔsid yɛl banɛ naam sa yɛlla bɛ Libya teŋin la daa vɛɛns nyɛ biili nwa yʋʋm  3500 BC.<ref>Wasylikowa, Krystyna; van der Veen, Marijke (2004). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)"]. ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany''. '''13''' (4): 213–217. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004VegHA..13..213W 2004VegHA..13..213W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6|10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-6314 0939-6314]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 23419585]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129058509 129058509]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 Archived] from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</ref> yʋʋm  2022 la ni, ka ba lɛn vɛɛns ka ye, watamilo biili pʋn bɛ wʋʋ yʋma tusa yuobu, 6,000-year-old ka di bɛ Libya pipirisin  wɛn wʋʋ Nigerian nyiiri biili nɛ bɛ west Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm la.<ref>Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Tusso, Sergio; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Wu, Shan; Ryan, Philippa; Nesbitt, Mark; Silber, Martina V.; Preick, Michaela; Fei, Zhangjun; Hofreiter, Michael; Chomicki, Guillaume; Renner, Susanne S. (3 August 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 "Genome Sequencing of up to 6,000-Year-Old Citrullus Seeds Reveals Use of a Bitter-Fleshed Species Prior to Watermelon Domestication".] ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. '''39''' (8): msac168. doi:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msac168|10.1093/molbev/msac168]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-1719 1537-1719]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 9387916]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35907246 35907246].</ref> Watamilo da dɛŋin kuod nɛ  north-east Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm nɛ  Egypt wʋʋ yʋʋm 2000 BC la ni.<ref>Paris, Harry S. (August 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''"]. ''Annals of Botany''. '''116''' (2): 133–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077|10.1093/aob/mcv077]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 4512189]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26141130 26141130].</ref> Amaa saŋa kan la ba da nam pʋ malisi wan wʋʋ nannanna bʋnam laa. <ref>[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data "Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)".] ''FAOSTAT''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data Archived] from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</ref>Watamilo da yadigi gilig teŋgba'aŋ  la nɛ  Roman dim saŋa la. Banɛ gɔsid zʋʋd dʋam yɛlla muki bɔ bun bʋʋda banɛ ka ban'ans kʋ nya'aŋi kpɛn'ɛ.  Kpaadib bɛdigʋ bɛ na nyaŋi kia bɛɛ pɔn'ɔ ba watamilo, ba ya'a bʋd dabisa kɔbiga bɛn ka di bi'igi siak bunnib. Din yi yʋʋm 2023 la , China dimɛ an banɛ bɛ tuon dunia wʋsa ni, ti ya'a gɔs watamillo kuodibin. Dunia wʋsa watamilo kuodib ya'a pʋdig zin'is atan, ba na nɔk ayi. === PA’ALUG === Watamilo la anɛ yʋʋm yinne bʋmbʋtir kanɛ nyaŋid dʋt agɔl bɛɛ tiend. Li na tun’e tiɛn wa’am paae wʋʋ mitanam 3 (10 feet) ka li ya’am la bɛɛ bullin la mɔr gbɛɛnd zɛn’ɛʋg. li viand wa’alim na yi wʋʋ milimitanam 60 ti paae wʋʋ 200 (2+¹⁄₄ to 7+³⁄₄ inches) ka li labisim an wʋʋ milimitanam 40 ti paae wʋʋ 150 (1+¹⁄₂ to 6 in). li ɛɛnti yaadimnɛ atan’ bɛɛ gaarʋg ka vanmɛna la wʋsa ɛnti mɔrnɛ gbɛɛnd ka til la ya’a ti gʋn’ ka li sʋʋg. watamilo gɛndir anɛ dinɛ aadimid wila bɛdigʋ. Gɛndir yinnɛ wʋsa nyaŋid puud puum daag bɛɛ puum nya’aŋ ka li an piel bɛɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm ka wa’am agɔl wʋʋ milimitanam 40 (1+¹⁄₂ in) ka mɔr gbɛɛnd bɛdigʋ ginnir la ni. Puum yinne wʋsa ɛnti tɔnnɛ vaang tɔ’ɔŋir ni, li dʋ’am pʋʋgin an si’em anɛ ye puum la bundaag nɛ li bʋnnya’aŋ wʋsa ɛnti la’asnɛ yi tiig yinne ni na ka na’asaanam buon ye monoecious. Puumin la, bundaad la ɛnti dɛŋim tɔn yiiga ka bunnya’as la naan yuolum tɔn na nɛ li gɛlla kanɛ na naam wɛl la. Wɛltita’ar la anɛ wɛlsaʋŋ kanɛ ka ti buon ye pepo ka li mɔr pak gbiribir ka mɔr bʋʋdʋm bɛdigʋ sʋʋgin (mesocarp and endocarp). Mɔɔgin bʋnam la wɛla anɛ wʋʋ 20 cm (8 in) zu’or pʋʋgin ka dinɛ ka ba bʋt la wɛla zu’olum mɛ na tun’e gaad wʋʋ 60 cm (24 in). wɛl la mɛŋ anɛ dɛn’ɛn-sʋsɔbir ka gʋli-gʋl bɛɛ tɛn’ɛsi-tɛn’ɛs ka mɔr bʋʋbʋm ka vɔnbibis bɛ li ni, li tun’e an zɛn’ɛʋg, dɔn bʋʋlʋm bɛɛ piel. Watamilo tɔɔd mɛ bɛ. ka western Australia dim  buonɛ ba ye ‘’kur-kurnam milo’’ li bɛ temis bɛdigʋ ni ka ba  ye li anɛ ‘’bunvʋya tiis’’ ==Ba Maalʋg== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:19em;" |- ! colspan=2|Watermelon production, 2020<small><br />{{center| (millions of tonnes)}}</small> |- |{{center| {{CHN}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 60.1}} |- |{{center| {{TUR}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 3.49}} |- |{{center| {{IND}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.79}} |- |{{center| {{IRN}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.74}} |- |{{center| {{ALG}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.29}} |- |{{center| {{BRA}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.18}} |- style="background:#ccc;" |{{center|'''World'''}} | style="text-align:right;"|{{center|'''101.6'''}} |- |colspan=2|<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]</small><ref name=fao21/> |} ==Footonam== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Watermelon cubes BNC.jpg|Watermelon cubes File:Melonen-stapel.jpg|Watermelons with dark green rind, India File:Watermelon flower measurement.jpg|Watermelon flowers File:Water melon leave.jpg|Watermelon leaf File:Male and female watermelon 1458.JPG|Flower stems of male and female watermelon blossoms, showing [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] on the female File:Water melon flower and stem.jpg|Watermelon plant close-up File:WatermelonBaller.JPG|[[Melon ball|Watermelon baller]] File:Citrullus lanatus.jpg|Watermelon with yellow flesh File:It weighed 15 lb 13 oz.jpg|'Moon and stars' watermelon cultivar File:Kustodiev Merchants Wife.jpg|Watermelon and other fruit in [[Boris Kustodiev]]'s ''Merchant's Wife'' File:Watermelon for sale.jpg|Watermelon for sale File:Watermelon out for sale.jpg|Watermelon out for sale in Maa Kochilei Market, Rasulgarh, [[Odisha]], India File:Watermelon grown in Buryatia, Siberia.jpg|Watermelon grown in Buryatia, Siberia File:Watermelon12.jpg|Watermelon rind curry File:Roasted watermelon seeds 2.jpg|Roasted and salted watermelon seeds File:Семечко арбуза.jpg|Watermelon seed under a microscope File:Slices of watermelon.jpg|alt=Watermelon pieces|Watermelon, sliced into pieces File:Sugar Baby watermelon explodes when a small incision is made in its peel.jpg|Very ripe Sugar Baby watermelon, grown in [[Oklahoma]], bursts open when a small incision is made into its rind File:Watermelon yellow 2024 G1.jpg|Watermelon with yellow flesh File:Watermelon_ice_pop1.jpg|[[Ice pop]] </gallery> ==See also== {{portal|Food}} * [[List of fruits]] ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Diib]] nof802m2pp84ibklkx0z672ijo0shwh 14927 14926 2025-06-18T08:57:19Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added references section and text 14927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q49301977}} '''Wɔtamɛlɔn''' ka sieba buon ye '''watamilo''' la anɛ bʋmbʋtir kanɛ puud la buudi yinne kanɛ bɛ Cucurbitaceae ni, linɛ mɔri wɛlditir tita’ar. Li anɛ tʋŋ kanɛ tɛɛnd ka vin ka ba bʋti li dʋnia nwa zin’is bɛdigʋ ni. Ka li buudi kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb gaŋ tusir 1,000. Australia dim kuod watamilo nɛ zin'ig banɛ ka saa nɛ nintaŋ wʋsa zɛmis.  Di anɛ bunwala kanɛ ka dunia dim wʋsa nɔŋ.Di anɛ wal kanɛ an' gbiligʋ ka pʋ pʋdʋg pʋʋginɛ. Ka na'asaanam buon ye ( pepo). Di pʋʋgʋn anɛ kuom nɛ diib kanɛ malis ka mɔr mimilim. Di yiti anɛ wiigʋ bɛɛ zɛn'ʋg ka mɔr biili ka li an' sabila sabila. Ti mɛ mɔr sieba ka ba pʋ mɔr biili. Fʋ tʋn'ɔɛ dii li ala bɛɛ fʋ sɛ ba. Di nya'aŋ pak la mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ dʋgʋ gɛndig diibi di. Fʋ mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɛɛm li bɛɛ saam yu'oe nu wʋʋ daam nɛ. Kordofan melons yitnɛ  Sudan ka mɔr kpinnim  nɛ   banɛ kuod watamilo paalis  bɛɛ saamis.<ref>Renner, Susanne S.; Wu, Shan; Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Silber, Martina V.; Fei, Zhangjun; Chomicki, Guillaume (24 May 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 "A chromosome-level genome of a Kordofan melon illuminates the origin of domesticated watermelons"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''118''' (23): e2101486118. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PNAS..11801486R :2021PNAS..11801486R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.2101486118|10.1073/pnas.2101486118]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8201767 8201767]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34031154 34031154]</ref> Ba da nyɛ nɛ watamilo biili la nɛ mɔɔgʋnɛ kpi'e nɛ Uan Muhuggiag la.Banɛ gɔsid yɛl banɛ naam sa yɛlla bɛ Libya teŋin la daa vɛɛns nyɛ biili nwa yʋʋm  3500 BC.<ref>Wasylikowa, Krystyna; van der Veen, Marijke (2004). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 "An archaeobotanical contribution to the history of watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai (syn. C. vulgaris Schrad.)"]. ''Vegetation History and Archaeobotany''. '''13''' (4): 213–217. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004VegHA..13..213W 2004VegHA..13..213W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6|10.1007/s00334-004-0039-6]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0939-6314 0939-6314]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 23419585]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129058509 129058509]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220324002832/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23419585 Archived] from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2020.</ref> yʋʋm  2022 la ni, ka ba lɛn vɛɛns ka ye, watamilo biili pʋn bɛ wʋʋ yʋma tusa yuobu, 6,000-year-old ka di bɛ Libya pipirisin  wɛn wʋʋ Nigerian nyiiri biili nɛ bɛ west Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm la.<ref>Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Tusso, Sergio; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Wu, Shan; Ryan, Philippa; Nesbitt, Mark; Silber, Martina V.; Preick, Michaela; Fei, Zhangjun; Hofreiter, Michael; Chomicki, Guillaume; Renner, Susanne S. (3 August 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 "Genome Sequencing of up to 6,000-Year-Old Citrullus Seeds Reveals Use of a Bitter-Fleshed Species Prior to Watermelon Domestication".] ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. '''39''' (8): msac168. doi:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msac168|10.1093/molbev/msac168]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1537-1719 1537-1719]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9387916 9387916]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35907246 35907246].</ref> Watamilo da dɛŋin kuod nɛ  north-east Africa sʋ'ʋlʋm nɛ  Egypt wʋʋ yʋʋm 2000 BC la ni.<ref>Paris, Harry S. (August 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 "Origin and emergence of the sweet dessert watermelon, ''Citrullus lanatus''"]. ''Annals of Botany''. '''116''' (2): 133–148. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/aob/mcv077|10.1093/aob/mcv077]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4512189 4512189]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26141130 26141130].</ref> Amaa saŋa kan la ba da nam pʋ malisi wan wʋʋ nannanna bʋnam laa. <ref>[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data "Watermelon production in 2020, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)".] ''FAOSTAT''. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data Archived] from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2022.</ref>Watamilo da yadigi gilig teŋgba'aŋ  la nɛ  Roman dim saŋa la. Banɛ gɔsid zʋʋd dʋam yɛlla muki bɔ bun bʋʋda banɛ ka ban'ans kʋ nya'aŋi kpɛn'ɛ.  Kpaadib bɛdigʋ bɛ na nyaŋi kia bɛɛ pɔn'ɔ ba watamilo, ba ya'a bʋd dabisa kɔbiga bɛn ka di bi'igi siak bunnib. Din yi yʋʋm 2023 la, China dimɛ an banɛ bɛ tuon dunia wʋsa ni, ti ya'a gɔs watamillo kuodibin. Dunia wʋsa watamilo kuodib ya'a pʋdig zin'is atan, ba na nɔk ayi. === Pa'alʋg === Watamilo la anɛ yʋʋm yinne bʋmbʋtir kanɛ nyaŋid dʋt agɔl bɛɛ tiend. Li na tun’e tiɛn wa’am paae wʋʋ mitanam 3 (10 feet) ka li ya’am la bɛɛ bullin la mɔr gbɛɛnd zɛn’ɛʋg. li viand wa’alim na yi wʋʋ milimitanam 60 ti paae wʋʋ 200 (2+¹⁄₄ to 7+³⁄₄ inches) ka li labisim an wʋʋ milimitanam 40 ti paae wʋʋ 150 (1+¹⁄₂ to 6 in). li ɛɛnti yaadimnɛ atan’ bɛɛ gaarʋg ka vanmɛna la wʋsa ɛnti mɔrnɛ gbɛɛnd ka til la ya’a ti gʋn’ ka li sʋʋg. watamilo gɛndir anɛ dinɛ aadimid wila bɛdigʋ. Gɛndir yinnɛ wʋsa nyaŋid puud puum daag bɛɛ puum nya’aŋ ka li an piel bɛɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm ka wa’am agɔl wʋʋ milimitanam 40 (1+¹⁄₂ in) ka mɔr gbɛɛnd bɛdigʋ ginnir la ni. Puum yinne wʋsa ɛnti tɔnnɛ vaang tɔ’ɔŋir ni, li dʋ’am pʋʋgin an si’em anɛ ye puum la bundaag nɛ li bʋnnya’aŋ wʋsa ɛnti la’asnɛ yi tiig yinne ni na ka na’asaanam buon ye monoecious. Puumin la, bundaad la ɛnti dɛŋim tɔn yiiga ka bunnya’as la naan yuolum tɔn na nɛ li gɛlla kanɛ na naam wɛl la. Wɛltita’ar la anɛ wɛlsaʋŋ kanɛ ka ti buon ye pepo ka li mɔr pak gbiribir ka mɔr bʋʋdʋm bɛdigʋ sʋʋgin (mesocarp and endocarp).<ref>"[http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm A Systematic Treatment of Fruit Types]". Worldbotanical.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170713022453/http://www.worldbotanical.com/fruit_types.htm Archived] from the original on 13 July 2017. Retrieved 7 October 2014.</ref> Mɔɔgin bʋnam la wɛla anɛ wʋʋ 20 cm (8 in) zu’or pʋʋgin ka dinɛ ka ba bʋt la wɛla zu’olum mɛ na tun’e gaad wʋʋ 60 cm (24 in). wɛl la mɛŋ anɛ dɛn’ɛn-sʋsɔbir ka gʋli-gʋl bɛɛ tɛn’ɛsi-tɛn’ɛs ka mɔr bʋʋbʋm ka vɔnbibis bɛ li ni, li tun’e an zɛn’ɛʋg, dɔn bʋʋlʋm bɛɛ piel.<ref>Maynard, David; Maynard, Donald N. (2012). "Part II, Section C, Chapter 6: Cucumbers, Melons and Watermelons". In Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (eds.). ''The Cambridge World History of Food''. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 267–270. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521402156|10.1017/CHOL9780521402156.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40215-6|<bdi>978-0-521-40215-6</bdi>.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1044500 1044500]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16562324 16562324].</ref><ref>"[http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm ''Citrullus lanatus'' (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]". South Africa National Biodiversity Institute. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924074427/http://www.plantzafrica.com/plantcd/citrullanat.htm Archived] from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2014.</ref> Watamilo tɔɔd mɛ bɛ. ka [[Western Australia]] dim  buonɛ ba ye ‘’kur-kurnam milo’’ li bɛ temis bɛdigʋ ni ka ba  ye li anɛ ‘’bunvʋya tiis’’.<ref>Parsons, William Thomas; Cuthbertson, Eric George (2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&q=wild%20melon%20australia&pg=PA408 Noxious Weeds of Australia]'' (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 407–408. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0643065147|<bdi>978-0643065147</bdi>.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230313192605/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&q=wild%20melon%20australia&pg=PA408 Archived] from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</ref> == Takonomi == Yטטm tusir, kɔbis yɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ atan' (1753) la ni, Carl Linnaeus da ba da an onɛ pa'alɛ di yɛla yiiga ka pטdi yט'טr yee ''Cucurbita citrullus.'' ==Ba Maalʋg== {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; width:19em;" |- ! colspan=2|Watermelon production, 2020<small><br />{{center| (millions of tonnes)}}</small> |- |{{center| {{CHN}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 60.1}} |- |{{center| {{TUR}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 3.49}} |- |{{center| {{IND}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.79}} |- |{{center| {{IRN}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.74}} |- |{{center| {{ALG}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.29}} |- |{{center| {{BRA}}}} || style="text-align:right;"|{{center| 2.18}} |- style="background:#ccc;" |{{center|'''World'''}} | style="text-align:right;"|{{center|'''101.6'''}} |- |colspan=2|<small>Source: [[FAOSTAT]] of the [[United Nations]]</small><ref name=fao21/> |} ==Footonam== <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Watermelon cubes BNC.jpg|Watermelon cubes File:Melonen-stapel.jpg|Watermelons with dark green rind, India File:Watermelon flower measurement.jpg|Watermelon flowers File:Water melon leave.jpg|Watermelon leaf File:Male and female watermelon 1458.JPG|Flower stems of male and female watermelon blossoms, showing [[Ovary (plants)|ovary]] on the female File:Water melon flower and stem.jpg|Watermelon plant close-up File:WatermelonBaller.JPG|[[Melon ball|Watermelon baller]] File:Citrullus lanatus.jpg|Watermelon with yellow flesh File:It weighed 15 lb 13 oz.jpg|'Moon and stars' watermelon cultivar File:Kustodiev Merchants Wife.jpg|Watermelon and other fruit in [[Boris Kustodiev]]'s ''Merchant's Wife'' File:Watermelon for sale.jpg|Watermelon for sale File:Watermelon out for sale.jpg|Watermelon out for sale in Maa Kochilei Market, Rasulgarh, [[Odisha]], India File:Watermelon grown in Buryatia, Siberia.jpg|Watermelon grown in Buryatia, Siberia File:Watermelon12.jpg|Watermelon rind curry File:Roasted watermelon seeds 2.jpg|Roasted and salted watermelon seeds File:Семечко арбуза.jpg|Watermelon seed under a microscope File:Slices of watermelon.jpg|alt=Watermelon pieces|Watermelon, sliced into pieces File:Sugar Baby watermelon explodes when a small incision is made in its peel.jpg|Very ripe Sugar Baby watermelon, grown in [[Oklahoma]], bursts open when a small incision is made into its rind File:Watermelon yellow 2024 G1.jpg|Watermelon with yellow flesh File:Watermelon_ice_pop1.jpg|[[Ice pop]] </gallery> ==See also== {{portal|Food}} * [[List of fruits]] ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Diib]] 1buiamuk5wimaoz3mtw5gy3atnj9csx 0 1966 14922 14905 2025-06-17T23:48:38Z Principle boy 1 672 i added a text 14922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3406628}} '''Gabʋ'''/ '''Gɛɛn'''/ '''Alabasa''' Anɛ zɛnma’asa buudi kanɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ kuodi li. Shallot anɛ na’asaabuulug yinne kanɛ ka ba da gɛligi li ye o anɛ o kɔn hali ti paae 2011. Gabʋ la mabiis la sieba anɛ garlic, scallion, leek nɛ chieves. Ba gbin la mɔr buudi nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka ba buonɛ ba ye gabʋnam ka kuodi ba mɔri maan diib, ba anɛ Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada onion Allium canadense la. Yʋ’ʋr mɔɔgin gabʋ la mɔri buon gabʋ buudi bɛdigʋ, amaa cepaanɛ dinɛ bɛ li kɔn ka ti pʋm o bʋdʋbin. Ti pʋ nyaŋi baŋ li pin’ilʋg Gabʋ dinɛ ka Latin dim buon ye (Allium cepa L.Tooltip Carl Linnaeus, from Latin cepa), ka mɛ buon ye gab gbilʋg bɛɛ gabna'ana anɛ tivaand nyɛ'ɛlim kanɛ dit ka nyusid zan'ezan'e. Ka ba kuodi li buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ka li anɛ Allium gabʋ buudi. Ka gab gbil nyɛ'ɛlim  la  da pɛ'ɛs nɛ gab nyɛ'lima buud sieba ni  hali ti paae yʋʋm 2011.Gabʋ kpin nɛ sieba paa anɛ garlic, scallion, leek, nɛ chives.   Ba wʋsa mɔrnɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb amaa ti yiti ye di anɛ gabʋ nɛ diib banɛ ka kuod wʋʋ Japanese bunching gabʋ nyu'sa wʋʋ  Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada gabʋ nyu'sa Allium canadense. Mɔɔgʋn gabʋ la anɛ  gab nyu'usa kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ. Amaa  A. cepa lɛɛ baŋid nɛ o kuobin. Di anɛ kudimɛn mɔɔgin bʋn sʋŋ  kanɛ yʋ'ʋn ba'a nya'a teŋ sieba.Gabʋ yiti taa anɛ  biennial bɛɛ perennial tivaand amaa gɔsidi ka kuodi li yʋʋm yʋʋm ka vɔɔndi li saŋa kanɛ nar. Gab vaand la niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛn'ɛm-bʋlʋ ka mɔr vɔn baanlʋg di ni.ka di nyɛ'ɛlim la bɛ di vaan'ʋg la gbinin bɛɛ teŋir. Ba yiti dɛŋ nɛ Waal zɛnbiis la ka yaan vɔn tɔɔm maal paalʋ sʋŋa ka sɛ ba. Ba ya'a ti pin'il nyɛ'ɛb ka nintaŋ nwɛ'ɛd,  fʋ na nyɛ ba gbina la niŋid  bɛda bɛda ka ba teŋir vaand la pin'ili sʋʋgʋd  ka vanpaala busid ti paae nyɛ'ɛb bɛn ka vaand la wʋsa yʋ'ʋn kʋdig. Saŋa kan la fʋ ya'a pʋ vɔn baa bʋnvʋya banɛ sa'amid gabʋ la tʋn'ɔɛ daamɛ ba. Ti mɔr tampɔɔs banɛ samid gabʋ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kɛ ka gabʋ la pʋn'ɔɛ . Gabʋ buudi wʋʋ A.cepa la sieba na tʋn'ɔɛ nyɛ'ɛ gaad gab gbil yinnɛ nwɛnɛ shallot nam nɛ dankal gabʋ la nɛ. Ba kuod ka mɔr gabʋ tum zin'is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.Nwɛnɛ din pʋn an' diib bʋn laa, ba tʋn'ɔɛ  nɔki li kansa la sɛ gɛndig diibin wʋʋ zɛnvaand nɛ. Ba mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɔki dʋg diib mɛn. Fʋ ya'a waansid bɛɛ sɛɛd , li mɔr zɛɛnsim sia kanɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kpɛn nini ni. === Pa’alʋg === Gabʋ la anɛ yʋma ayi bumbʋtir amaa ba kuod o nɛ yʋʋm-yʋʋm. zʋmaʋŋ kaŋa gabʋ la nat tun’e nɔbʋg wa’alim wʋʋ 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). ba viand la anɛ dɛn’ɛnɛ sɔbʋg ka  li lua yinne anɛ lammir ka li an baanlif-wɔkʋ ka gbirib bi’el-bi’el ka li pʋʋgin la mɔr vɔɔsim ka vaang wʋsa gɔl l pʋlʋm. vaang wʋsa teŋir la tɔ’ɔŋod nɛ til la anɛ lammiri pielli ka ɛɛnti nɔbigidi naamid bul la pʋʋgʋ yit na. til la teŋir la s aka nya’a la busidi ba’ad teŋin. Gabʋ la nɔbigid la wʋsa ka viand la ku’om la siligidi la’asid gbinin la ka gbin la nɔbid liebid buntita’ar.(18) Li na ti paae saŋa sia, ka vaand la wʋsa na pin’ili kpiid yinne-yinne ka gbin la mɛŋ agɔl pa’ad la kʋdʋg ka pin’ili pigisid, fʋ na nyɛ ka ba  vɔɔn ba. Ba ya’a basi ba titanin la ti paae waad saŋa, fʋ na nyɛ ka nyɛ’ɛlimnam la pin’ili tɔɔnd zut yitna wɔkʋ ka vanpaala pin’ili yit kʋkpɛŋ na. zut la na nɔbigi agɔl ka mɔr paanrʋŋ ka li ligil zut la mɛŋ. Zut la ɛnti anɛ gbila-gbila ka pidig puum an piela-piela. Li ya’a wɛl, li biili la anɛanwa ma’ad-ma’adi gbila-gbila.(18) gabʋ nyɛ’ɛlim bɛdim anɛ wʋʋ 5.5.(19) ·         Nya’a, vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ nan pu gʋn’ʋ ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== gcy95uao4b6cck10drwa5b8ikh4khf1 14923 14922 2025-06-18T00:29:15Z Principle boy 1 672 i added a text 14923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3406628}} '''Gabʋ'''/ '''Gɛɛn'''/ '''Alabasa''' Anɛ zɛnma’asa buudi kanɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ kuodi li. Shallot anɛ na’asaabuulug yinne kanɛ ka ba da gɛligi li ye o anɛ o kɔn hali ti paae 2011. Gabʋ la mabiis la sieba anɛ garlic, scallion, leek nɛ chieves. Ba gbin la mɔr buudi nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka ba buonɛ ba ye gabʋnam ka kuodi ba mɔri maan diib, ba anɛ Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada onion Allium canadense la. Yʋ’ʋr mɔɔgin gabʋ la mɔri buon gabʋ buudi bɛdigʋ, amaa cepaanɛ dinɛ bɛ li kɔn ka ti pʋm o bʋdʋbin. Ti pʋ nyaŋi baŋ li pin’ilʋg Gabʋ dinɛ ka Latin dim buon ye (Allium cepa L.Tooltip Carl Linnaeus, from Latin cepa), ka mɛ buon ye gab gbilʋg bɛɛ gabna'ana anɛ tivaand nyɛ'ɛlim kanɛ dit ka nyusid zan'ezan'e. Ka ba kuodi li buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ka li anɛ Allium gabʋ buudi. Ka gab gbil nyɛ'ɛlim  la  da pɛ'ɛs nɛ gab nyɛ'lima buud sieba ni  hali ti paae yʋʋm 2011.Gabʋ kpin nɛ sieba paa anɛ garlic, scallion, leek, nɛ chives.   Ba wʋsa mɔrnɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb amaa ti yiti ye di anɛ gabʋ nɛ diib banɛ ka kuod wʋʋ Japanese bunching gabʋ nyu'sa wʋʋ  Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada gabʋ nyu'sa Allium canadense. Mɔɔgʋn gabʋ la anɛ  gab nyu'usa kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ. Amaa  A. cepa lɛɛ baŋid nɛ o kuobin. Di anɛ kudimɛn mɔɔgin bʋn sʋŋ  kanɛ yʋ'ʋn ba'a nya'a teŋ sieba.Gabʋ yiti taa anɛ  biennial bɛɛ perennial tivaand amaa gɔsidi ka kuodi li yʋʋm yʋʋm ka vɔɔndi li saŋa kanɛ nar. Gab vaand la niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛn'ɛm-bʋlʋ ka mɔr vɔn baanlʋg di ni.ka di nyɛ'ɛlim la bɛ di vaan'ʋg la gbinin bɛɛ teŋir. Ba yiti dɛŋ nɛ Waal zɛnbiis la ka yaan vɔn tɔɔm maal paalʋ sʋŋa ka sɛ ba. Ba ya'a ti pin'il nyɛ'ɛb ka nintaŋ nwɛ'ɛd,  fʋ na nyɛ ba gbina la niŋid  bɛda bɛda ka ba teŋir vaand la pin'ili sʋʋgʋd  ka vanpaala busid ti paae nyɛ'ɛb bɛn ka vaand la wʋsa yʋ'ʋn kʋdig. Saŋa kan la fʋ ya'a pʋ vɔn baa bʋnvʋya banɛ sa'amid gabʋ la tʋn'ɔɛ daamɛ ba. Ti mɔr tampɔɔs banɛ samid gabʋ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kɛ ka gabʋ la pʋn'ɔɛ . Gabʋ buudi wʋʋ A.cepa la sieba na tʋn'ɔɛ nyɛ'ɛ gaad gab gbil yinnɛ nwɛnɛ shallot nam nɛ dankal gabʋ la nɛ. Ba kuod ka mɔr gabʋ tum zin'is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.Nwɛnɛ din pʋn an' diib bʋn laa, ba tʋn'ɔɛ  nɔki li kansa la sɛ gɛndig diibin wʋʋ zɛnvaand nɛ. Ba mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɔki dʋg diib mɛn. Fʋ ya'a waansid bɛɛ sɛɛd , li mɔr zɛɛnsim sia kanɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kpɛn nini ni. === Pa’alʋg === Gabʋ la anɛ yʋma ayi bumbʋtir amaa ba kuod o nɛ yʋʋm-yʋʋm. zʋmaʋŋ kaŋa gabʋ la nat tun’e nɔbʋg wa’alim wʋʋ 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). ba viand la anɛ dɛn’ɛnɛ sɔbʋg ka  li lua yinne anɛ lammir ka li an baanlif-wɔkʋ ka gbirib bi’el-bi’el ka li pʋʋgin la mɔr vɔɔsim ka vaang wʋsa gɔl l pʋlʋm. vaang wʋsa teŋir la tɔ’ɔŋod nɛ til la anɛ lammiri pielli ka ɛɛnti nɔbigidi naamid bul la pʋʋgʋ yit na. til la teŋir la s aka nya’a la busidi ba’ad teŋin. Gabʋ la nɔbigid la wʋsa ka viand la ku’om la siligidi la’asid gbinin la ka gbin la nɔbid liebid buntita’ar.(18) Li na ti paae saŋa sia, ka vaand la wʋsa na pin’ili kpiid yinne-yinne ka gbin la mɛŋ agɔl pa’ad la kʋdʋg ka pin’ili pigisid, fʋ na nyɛ ka ba  vɔɔn ba. Ba ya’a basi ba titanin la ti paae waad saŋa, fʋ na nyɛ ka nyɛ’ɛlimnam la pin’ili tɔɔnd zut yitna wɔkʋ ka vanpaala pin’ili yit kʋkpɛŋ na. zut la na nɔbigi agɔl ka mɔr paanrʋŋ ka li ligil zut la mɛŋ. Zut la ɛnti anɛ gbila-gbila ka pidig puum an piela-piela. Li ya’a wɛl, li biili la anɛanwa ma’ad-ma’adi gbila-gbila.(18) gabʋ nyɛ’ɛlim bɛdim anɛ wʋʋ 5.5.(19) ·         Nya’a, vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ nan pu gʋn’ʋ === Labakʋda === Ninsaalibi baŋ ka gaŋ gabʋ pin’ili kuodi li wʋʋ yʋma 7,000 nwa.[20] Sɔ pʋ maligim baŋ gabʋ pin’il zin’isia na vikkii. Kʋdʋmin sa labaya pa’al ye gabʋ diib da naamnɛ eastern nɛ western Asia na.[21][22] Li bʋdʋb la da na pin’ilnɛ yi West bɛɛ Central Asia.[12][22] Ba pa’al zin’is babʋga ka li anɛ ye gabʋ yinɛ Iran, western Pakistan nɛ western Asia na.[21][23];[22][24] gabʋ buudkanɛ ka ba buon ye allium fistulosum nɛ Allium tubarosum la, ba pin’ili di kuob bɛ China nɛ zʋʋd sieba wʋʋ zɛnma’asa, bielim nɛ tiwɛla nɛ 6,000 BC. ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== ct2hzrm9xvv8onelpfaxu58rx7h1q3v 14929 14923 2025-06-18T09:36:55Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added references and links 14929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3406628}} '''Gabʋ'''/ '''Gɛɛn'''/ '''Alabasa''' Anɛ zɛnma’asa buudi kanɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ kuodi li. Shallot anɛ na’asaabuulug yinne kanɛ ka ba da gɛligi li ye o anɛ o kɔn hali ti paae 2011. Gabʋ la mabiis la sieba anɛ garlic, scallion, leek nɛ chieves. Ba gbin la mɔr buudi nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka ba buonɛ ba ye gabʋnam ka kuodi ba mɔri maan diib, ba anɛ Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada onion Allium canadense la. Yʋ’ʋr mɔɔgin gabʋ la mɔri buon gabʋ buudi bɛdigʋ, amaa cepaanɛ dinɛ bɛ li kɔn ka ti pʋm o bʋdʋbin. Ti pʋ nyaŋi baŋ li pin’ilʋg Gabʋ dinɛ ka Latin dim buon ye (Allium cepa L.Tooltip Carl Linnaeus, from Latin cepa), ka mɛ buon ye gab gbilʋg bɛɛ gabna'ana anɛ tivaand nyɛ'ɛlim kanɛ dit ka nyusid zan'ezan'e. Ka ba kuodi li buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ka li anɛ Allium gabʋ buudi. Ka gab gbil nyɛ'ɛlim  la  da pɛ'ɛs nɛ gab nyɛ'lima buud sieba ni  hali ti paae yʋʋm 2011.Gabʋ kpin nɛ sieba paa anɛ garlic, scallion, leek, nɛ chives.   Ba wʋsa mɔrnɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb amaa ti yiti ye di anɛ gabʋ nɛ diib banɛ ka kuod wʋʋ Japanese bunching gabʋ nyu'sa wʋʋ  Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada gabʋ nyu'sa Allium canadense. Mɔɔgʋn gabʋ la anɛ  gab nyu'usa kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ. Amaa  A. cepa lɛɛ baŋid nɛ o kuobin. Di anɛ kudimɛn mɔɔgin bʋn sʋŋ  kanɛ yʋ'ʋn ba'a nya'a teŋ sieba.Gabʋ yiti taa anɛ  biennial bɛɛ perennial tivaand amaa gɔsidi ka kuodi li yʋʋm yʋʋm ka vɔɔndi li saŋa kanɛ nar. Gab vaand la niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛn'ɛm-bʋlʋ ka mɔr vɔn baanlʋg di ni.ka di nyɛ'ɛlim la bɛ di vaan'ʋg la gbinin bɛɛ teŋir. Ba yiti dɛŋ nɛ Waal zɛnbiis la ka yaan vɔn tɔɔm maal paalʋ sʋŋa ka sɛ ba. Ba ya'a ti pin'il nyɛ'ɛb ka nintaŋ nwɛ'ɛd,  fʋ na nyɛ ba gbina la niŋid  bɛda bɛda ka ba teŋir vaand la pin'ili sʋʋgʋd  ka vanpaala busid ti paae nyɛ'ɛb bɛn ka vaand la wʋsa yʋ'ʋn kʋdig. Saŋa kan la fʋ ya'a pʋ vɔn baa bʋnvʋya banɛ sa'amid gabʋ la tʋn'ɔɛ daamɛ ba. Ti mɔr tampɔɔs banɛ samid gabʋ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kɛ ka gabʋ la pʋn'ɔɛ . Gabʋ buudi wʋʋ A.cepa la sieba na tʋn'ɔɛ nyɛ'ɛ gaad gab gbil yinnɛ nwɛnɛ shallot nam nɛ dankal gabʋ la nɛ. Ba kuod ka mɔr gabʋ tum zin'is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.Nwɛnɛ din pʋn an' diib bʋn laa, ba tʋn'ɔɛ  nɔki li kansa la sɛ gɛndig diibin wʋʋ zɛnvaand nɛ. Ba mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɔki dʋg diib mɛn. Fʋ ya'a waansid bɛɛ sɛɛd , li mɔr zɛɛnsim sia kanɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kpɛn nini ni. === Pa’alʋg === Gabʋ la anɛ yʋma ayi bumbʋtir amaa ba kuod o nɛ yʋʋm-yʋʋm. zʋmaʋŋ kaŋa gabʋ la nat tun’e nɔbʋg wa’alim wʋʋ 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). ba viand la anɛ dɛn’ɛnɛ sɔbʋg ka  li lua yinne anɛ lammir ka li an baanlif-wɔkʋ ka gbirib bi’el-bi’el ka li pʋʋgin la mɔr vɔɔsim ka vaang wʋsa gɔl l pʋlʋm. vaang wʋsa teŋir la tɔ’ɔŋod nɛ til la anɛ lammiri pielli ka ɛɛnti nɔbigidi naamid bul la pʋʋgʋ yit na. til la teŋir la s aka nya’a la busidi ba’ad teŋin. Gabʋ la nɔbigid la wʋsa ka viand la ku’om la siligidi la’asid gbinin la ka gbin la nɔbid liebid buntita’ar.<ref name=":0">Brickell C, ed. (1992). ''The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening''. Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1|<bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Li na ti paae saŋa sia, ka vaand la wʋsa na pin’ili kpiid yinne-yinne ka gbin la mɛŋ agɔl pa’ad la kʋdʋg ka pin’ili pigisid, fʋ na nyɛ ka ba  vɔɔn ba. Ba ya’a basi ba titanin la ti paae waad saŋa, fʋ na nyɛ ka nyɛ’ɛlimnam la pin’ili tɔɔnd zut yitna wɔkʋ ka vanpaala pin’ili yit kʋkpɛŋ na. zut la na nɔbigi agɔl ka mɔr paanrʋŋ ka li ligil zut la mɛŋ. Zut la ɛnti anɛ gbila-gbila ka pidig puum an piela-piela. Li ya’a wɛl, li biili la anɛanwa ma’ad-ma’adi gbila-gbila.<ref name=":0" /> gabʋ nyɛ’ɛlim bɛdim anɛ wʋʋ 5.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121224184605/http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf Approximate pH Values of Common Foods and Ingredients]" (PDF). ''Wisconsin Food Safety and Health''. Archived from [https://foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</ref>     Nya’a, vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ nan pu gʋn’ʋ === Labakʋda === Ninsaalibi baŋ ka gaŋ gabʋ pin’ili kuodi li wʋʋ yʋma 7,000 nwa.<ref>Anastassakis K (2022). "[https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54 Allium Cepa (Red Onion])". ''Androgenetic Alopecia From A to Z''. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 465–469. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54|10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08056-2|<bdi>978-3-031-08056-2</bdi>.]] Retrieved 6 June 2024.</ref> Sɔ pʋ maligim baŋ gabʋ pin’il zin’isia na vikkii. Kʋdʋmin sa labaya pa’al ye gabʋ diib da naamnɛ eastern nɛ western Asia na.[21][22] Li bʋdʋb la da na pin’ilnɛ yi West bɛɛ Central Asia.[12][22] Ba pa’al zin’is babʋga ka li anɛ ye gabʋ yinɛ Iran, western Pakistan nɛ western Asia na.[21][23];[22][24] gabʋ buudkanɛ ka ba buon ye allium fistulosum nɛ Allium tubarosum la, ba pin’ili di kuob bɛ China nɛ zʋʋd sieba wʋʋ zɛnma’asa, bielim nɛ tiwɛla nɛ 6,000 BC. ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== rdest8e43xr4cf66v2a3fzr5hjreaq8 14930 14929 2025-06-18T09:45:30Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added references 14930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3406628}} '''Gabʋ'''/ '''Gɛɛn'''/ '''Alabasa''' Anɛ zɛnma’asa buudi kanɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ kuodi li. Shallot anɛ na’asaabuulug yinne kanɛ ka ba da gɛligi li ye o anɛ o kɔn hali ti paae 2011. Gabʋ la mabiis la sieba anɛ garlic, scallion, leek nɛ chieves. Ba gbin la mɔr buudi nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka ba buonɛ ba ye gabʋnam ka kuodi ba mɔri maan diib, ba anɛ Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada onion Allium canadense la. Yʋ’ʋr mɔɔgin gabʋ la mɔri buon gabʋ buudi bɛdigʋ, amaa cepaanɛ dinɛ bɛ li kɔn ka ti pʋm o bʋdʋbin. Ti pʋ nyaŋi baŋ li pin’ilʋg Gabʋ dinɛ ka Latin dim buon ye (Allium cepa L.Tooltip Carl Linnaeus, from Latin cepa), ka mɛ buon ye gab gbilʋg bɛɛ gabna'ana anɛ tivaand nyɛ'ɛlim kanɛ dit ka nyusid zan'ezan'e. Ka ba kuodi li buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ka li anɛ Allium gabʋ buudi. Ka gab gbil nyɛ'ɛlim  la  da pɛ'ɛs nɛ gab nyɛ'lima buud sieba ni  hali ti paae yʋʋm 2011.Gabʋ kpin nɛ sieba paa anɛ garlic, scallion, leek, nɛ chives.   Ba wʋsa mɔrnɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb amaa ti yiti ye di anɛ gabʋ nɛ diib banɛ ka kuod wʋʋ Japanese bunching gabʋ nyu'sa wʋʋ  Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada gabʋ nyu'sa Allium canadense. Mɔɔgʋn gabʋ la anɛ  gab nyu'usa kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ. Amaa  A. cepa lɛɛ baŋid nɛ o kuobin. Di anɛ kudimɛn mɔɔgin bʋn sʋŋ  kanɛ yʋ'ʋn ba'a nya'a teŋ sieba.Gabʋ yiti taa anɛ  biennial bɛɛ perennial tivaand amaa gɔsidi ka kuodi li yʋʋm yʋʋm ka vɔɔndi li saŋa kanɛ nar. Gab vaand la niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛn'ɛm-bʋlʋ ka mɔr vɔn baanlʋg di ni.ka di nyɛ'ɛlim la bɛ di vaan'ʋg la gbinin bɛɛ teŋir. Ba yiti dɛŋ nɛ Waal zɛnbiis la ka yaan vɔn tɔɔm maal paalʋ sʋŋa ka sɛ ba. Ba ya'a ti pin'il nyɛ'ɛb ka nintaŋ nwɛ'ɛd,  fʋ na nyɛ ba gbina la niŋid  bɛda bɛda ka ba teŋir vaand la pin'ili sʋʋgʋd  ka vanpaala busid ti paae nyɛ'ɛb bɛn ka vaand la wʋsa yʋ'ʋn kʋdig. Saŋa kan la fʋ ya'a pʋ vɔn baa bʋnvʋya banɛ sa'amid gabʋ la tʋn'ɔɛ daamɛ ba. Ti mɔr tampɔɔs banɛ samid gabʋ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kɛ ka gabʋ la pʋn'ɔɛ . Gabʋ buudi wʋʋ A.cepa la sieba na tʋn'ɔɛ nyɛ'ɛ gaad gab gbil yinnɛ nwɛnɛ shallot nam nɛ dankal gabʋ la nɛ. Ba kuod ka mɔr gabʋ tum zin'is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.Nwɛnɛ din pʋn an' diib bʋn laa, ba tʋn'ɔɛ  nɔki li kansa la sɛ gɛndig diibin wʋʋ zɛnvaand nɛ. Ba mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɔki dʋg diib mɛn. Fʋ ya'a waansid bɛɛ sɛɛd , li mɔr zɛɛnsim sia kanɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kpɛn nini ni. == Pa’alʋg == Gabʋ la anɛ yʋma ayi bumbʋtir amaa ba kuod o nɛ yʋʋm-yʋʋm. zʋmaʋŋ kaŋa gabʋ la nat tun’e nɔbʋg wa’alim wʋʋ 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). ba viand la anɛ dɛn’ɛnɛ sɔbʋg ka  li lua yinne anɛ lammir ka li an baanlif-wɔkʋ ka gbirib bi’el-bi’el ka li pʋʋgin la mɔr vɔɔsim ka vaang wʋsa gɔl l pʋlʋm. vaang wʋsa teŋir la tɔ’ɔŋod nɛ til la anɛ lammiri pielli ka ɛɛnti nɔbigidi naamid bul la pʋʋgʋ yit na. til la teŋir la s aka nya’a la busidi ba’ad teŋin. Gabʋ la nɔbigid la wʋsa ka viand la ku’om la siligidi la’asid gbinin la ka gbin la nɔbid liebid buntita’ar.<ref name=":0">Brickell C, ed. (1992). ''The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening''. Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1|<bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Li na ti paae saŋa sia, ka vaand la wʋsa na pin’ili kpiid yinne-yinne ka gbin la mɛŋ agɔl pa’ad la kʋdʋg ka pin’ili pigisid, fʋ na nyɛ ka ba  vɔɔn ba. Ba ya’a basi ba titanin la ti paae waad saŋa, fʋ na nyɛ ka nyɛ’ɛlimnam la pin’ili tɔɔnd zut yitna wɔkʋ ka vanpaala pin’ili yit kʋkpɛŋ na. zut la na nɔbigi agɔl ka mɔr paanrʋŋ ka li ligil zut la mɛŋ. Zut la ɛnti anɛ gbila-gbila ka pidig puum an piela-piela. Li ya’a wɛl, li biili la anɛanwa ma’ad-ma’adi gbila-gbila.<ref name=":0" /> gabʋ nyɛ’ɛlim bɛdim anɛ wʋʋ 5.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121224184605/http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf Approximate pH Values of Common Foods and Ingredients]" (PDF). ''Wisconsin Food Safety and Health''. Archived from [https://foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</ref>     <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:ARS red onion.jpg|Roots, leaves and developing bulb File:Onion Flower Bangladesh.jpg|Inflorescence with flower buds File:Onion seed.jpg|Seeds </gallery> Nya’a, vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ nan pu gʋn’ʋ == Labakʋda == [[File:An onion, woodcut, 1547 Wellcome L0029214.jpg|thumb|upright|Medieval woodcut print of an onion, from ''[[Hortus Sanitatis]]'' (1547)]] Ninsaalibi baŋ ka gaŋ gabʋ pin’ili kuodi li wʋʋ yʋma 7,000 nwa.<ref>Anastassakis K (2022). "[https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54 Allium Cepa (Red Onion])". ''Androgenetic Alopecia From A to Z''. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 465–469. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54|10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08056-2|<bdi>978-3-031-08056-2</bdi>.]] Retrieved 6 June 2024.</ref> Sɔ pʋ maligim baŋ gabʋ pin’il zin’isia na vikkii. Kʋdʋmin sa labaya pa’al ye gabʋ diib da naamnɛ eastern nɛ western Asia na.[21][22] Li bʋdʋb la da na pin’ilnɛ yi West bɛɛ Central Asia.[12][22] Ba pa’al zin’is babʋga ka li anɛ ye gabʋ yinɛ Iran, western Pakistan nɛ western Asia na.[21][23];[22][24] gabʋ buudkanɛ ka ba buon ye allium fistulosum nɛ Allium tubarosum la, ba pin’ili di kuob bɛ China nɛ zʋʋd sieba wʋʋ zɛnma’asa, bielim nɛ tiwɛla nɛ 6,000 BC. ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== pj4fm0b4ggqlxf277nu2ehz2uf2vura 14931 14930 2025-06-18T09:59:40Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added references 14931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q3406628}} '''Gabʋ'''/ '''Gɛɛn'''/ '''Alabasa''' Anɛ zɛnma’asa buudi kanɛ ka nidib bɛdigʋ kuodi li. Shallot anɛ na’asaabuulug yinne kanɛ ka ba da gɛligi li ye o anɛ o kɔn hali ti paae 2011. Gabʋ la mabiis la sieba anɛ garlic, scallion, leek nɛ chieves. Ba gbin la mɔr buudi nam kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb ka ba buonɛ ba ye gabʋnam ka kuodi ba mɔri maan diib, ba anɛ Japanese bunching onion Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada onion Allium canadense la. Yʋ’ʋr mɔɔgin gabʋ la mɔri buon gabʋ buudi bɛdigʋ, amaa cepaanɛ dinɛ bɛ li kɔn ka ti pʋm o bʋdʋbin. Ti pʋ nyaŋi baŋ li pin’ilʋg Gabʋ dinɛ ka Latin dim buon ye (Allium cepa L.Tooltip Carl Linnaeus, from Latin cepa), ka mɛ buon ye gab gbilʋg bɛɛ gabna'ana anɛ tivaand nyɛ'ɛlim kanɛ dit ka nyusid zan'ezan'e. Ka ba kuodi li buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb ka li anɛ Allium gabʋ buudi. Ka gab gbil nyɛ'ɛlim  la  da pɛ'ɛs nɛ gab nyɛ'lima buud sieba ni  hali ti paae yʋʋm 2011.Gabʋ kpin nɛ sieba paa anɛ garlic, scallion, leek, nɛ chives.   Ba wʋsa mɔrnɛ buudi kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb amaa ti yiti ye di anɛ gabʋ nɛ diib banɛ ka kuod wʋʋ Japanese bunching gabʋ nyu'sa wʋʋ  Allium fistulosum, the tree onion Allium × proliferum, nɛ Canada gabʋ nyu'sa Allium canadense. Mɔɔgʋn gabʋ la anɛ  gab nyu'usa kɔn'ɔb kɔn'ɔb banɛ bɛ. Amaa  A. cepa lɛɛ baŋid nɛ o kuobin. Di anɛ kudimɛn mɔɔgin bʋn sʋŋ  kanɛ yʋ'ʋn ba'a nya'a teŋ sieba.Gabʋ yiti taa anɛ  biennial bɛɛ perennial tivaand amaa gɔsidi ka kuodi li yʋʋm yʋʋm ka vɔɔndi li saŋa kanɛ nar. Gab vaand la niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛn'ɛm-bʋlʋ ka mɔr vɔn baanlʋg di ni.ka di nyɛ'ɛlim la bɛ di vaan'ʋg la gbinin bɛɛ teŋir. Ba yiti dɛŋ nɛ Waal zɛnbiis la ka yaan vɔn tɔɔm maal paalʋ sʋŋa ka sɛ ba. Ba ya'a ti pin'il nyɛ'ɛb ka nintaŋ nwɛ'ɛd,  fʋ na nyɛ ba gbina la niŋid  bɛda bɛda ka ba teŋir vaand la pin'ili sʋʋgʋd  ka vanpaala busid ti paae nyɛ'ɛb bɛn ka vaand la wʋsa yʋ'ʋn kʋdig. Saŋa kan la fʋ ya'a pʋ vɔn baa bʋnvʋya banɛ sa'amid gabʋ la tʋn'ɔɛ daamɛ ba. Ti mɔr tampɔɔs banɛ samid gabʋ nɛ bʋnvʋya banɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kɛ ka gabʋ la pʋn'ɔɛ . Gabʋ buudi wʋʋ A.cepa la sieba na tʋn'ɔɛ nyɛ'ɛ gaad gab gbil yinnɛ nwɛnɛ shallot nam nɛ dankal gabʋ la nɛ. Ba kuod ka mɔr gabʋ tum zin'is bɛdigʋ dunia wʋsa ni.Nwɛnɛ din pʋn an' diib bʋn laa, ba tʋn'ɔɛ  nɔki li kansa la sɛ gɛndig diibin wʋʋ zɛnvaand nɛ. Ba mɛ tʋn'ɔɛ nɔki dʋg diib mɛn. Fʋ ya'a waansid bɛɛ sɛɛd , li mɔr zɛɛnsim sia kanɛ na tʋn'ɔɛ kpɛn nini ni. == Pa’alʋg == Gabʋ la anɛ yʋma ayi bumbʋtir amaa ba kuod o nɛ yʋʋm-yʋʋm. zʋmaʋŋ kaŋa gabʋ la nat tun’e nɔbʋg wa’alim wʋʋ 15 to 45 cm (6 to 18 in). ba viand la anɛ dɛn’ɛnɛ sɔbʋg ka  li lua yinne anɛ lammir ka li an baanlif-wɔkʋ ka gbirib bi’el-bi’el ka li pʋʋgin la mɔr vɔɔsim ka vaang wʋsa gɔl l pʋlʋm. vaang wʋsa teŋir la tɔ’ɔŋod nɛ til la anɛ lammiri pielli ka ɛɛnti nɔbigidi naamid bul la pʋʋgʋ yit na. til la teŋir la s aka nya’a la busidi ba’ad teŋin. Gabʋ la nɔbigid la wʋsa ka viand la ku’om la siligidi la’asid gbinin la ka gbin la nɔbid liebid buntita’ar.<ref name=":0">Brickell C, ed. (1992). ''The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening''. Dorling Kindersley. p. 345. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-86318-979-1|<bdi>978-0-86318-979-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Li na ti paae saŋa sia, ka vaand la wʋsa na pin’ili kpiid yinne-yinne ka gbin la mɛŋ agɔl pa’ad la kʋdʋg ka pin’ili pigisid, fʋ na nyɛ ka ba  vɔɔn ba. Ba ya’a basi ba titanin la ti paae waad saŋa, fʋ na nyɛ ka nyɛ’ɛlimnam la pin’ili tɔɔnd zut yitna wɔkʋ ka vanpaala pin’ili yit kʋkpɛŋ na. zut la na nɔbigi agɔl ka mɔr paanrʋŋ ka li ligil zut la mɛŋ. Zut la ɛnti anɛ gbila-gbila ka pidig puum an piela-piela. Li ya’a wɛl, li biili la anɛanwa ma’ad-ma’adi gbila-gbila.<ref name=":0" /> gabʋ nyɛ’ɛlim bɛdim anɛ wʋʋ 5.5.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121224184605/http://www.foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf Approximate pH Values of Common Foods and Ingredients]" (PDF). ''Wisconsin Food Safety and Health''. Archived from [https://foodsafety.wisc.edu/business_food/files/Approximate_pH.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 December 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2018.</ref>     <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180 heights=180> File:ARS red onion.jpg|Roots, leaves and developing bulb File:Onion Flower Bangladesh.jpg|Inflorescence with flower buds File:Onion seed.jpg|Seeds </gallery> Nya’a, vaand nɛ nyɛ’ɛlim kanɛ nan pu gʋn’ʋ == Labakʋda == [[File:An onion, woodcut, 1547 Wellcome L0029214.jpg|thumb|upright|Medieval woodcut print of an onion, from ''[[Hortus Sanitatis]]'' (1547)]] Ninsaalibi baŋ ka gaŋ gabʋ pin’ili kuodi li wʋʋ yʋma 7,000 nwa.<ref>Anastassakis K (2022). "[https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54 Allium Cepa (Red Onion])". ''Androgenetic Alopecia From A to Z''. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 465–469. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54|10.1007/978-3-031-08057-9_54.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-08056-2|<bdi>978-3-031-08056-2</bdi>.]] Retrieved 6 June 2024.</ref> Sɔ pʋ maligim baŋ gabʋ pin’il zin’isia na vikkii. Kʋdʋmin sa labaya pa’al ye gabʋ diib da naamnɛ eastern nɛ western Asia na.<ref name=":1">Cumo C (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 Onion. In: Foods that Changed History: How Foods Shaped Civilization from the Ancient World to the Present]''. ABC-CLIO LLC (American Bibliographic Center, CLIO Press). pp. 248–250. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781440835377|9781440835377]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210204030543/https://books.google.com/books?id=WqfACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA248 Archived] from the original on 4 February 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</ref><ref name=":2">Ansari NA (2007). "[http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf Onion Cultivation and Production in Iran]" (PDF). ''Middle Eastern and Russian Journal of Plant Science and Biotechnology''. '''1''' (2): 26–38. [http://www.globalsciencebooks.info/Online/GSBOnline/images/0712/MERJPSB_1(1&2)/MERJPSB_1(2)26-38o.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 22 April 2022 – via Global Science Books. <q>Onion originated in Iran and its neighboring countries (Hanelt 1990).</q></ref> Li bʋdʋb la da na pin’ilnɛ yi West bɛɛ Central Asia.<ref>[[:en:Onion#CITEREFFritsch2002|Fritsch 2002]], pp. 20–21.</ref><ref name=":3">"[https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions History of onions]". US National Onion Association, Greeley, CO. 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170624120840/https://www.onions-usa.org/all-about-onions/history-of-onions Archived] from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2017.</ref> Ba pa’al zin’is babʋga ka li anɛ ye gabʋ yinɛ Iran, western Pakistan nɛ western Asia na.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>Block E (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC ''Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science''.] Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 5–6. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780854041909|9780854041909]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200801202704/https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB89RHV9ucC Archived] from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 30 June 2020.</ref> gabʋ buudkanɛ ka ba buon ye allium fistulosum nɛ Allium tubarosum la, ba pin’ili di kuob bɛ China nɛ zʋʋd sieba wʋʋ zɛnma’asa, bielim nɛ tiwɛla nɛ 6,000 BC.<ref>Veeck G, Pannell CW (2021). "9. Agriculture: From Antiquity to Revolution to Reform. Early Farming Traditions". ''China's Geography'' (4th ed.). Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 235. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[9781538140796]]</bdi>.</ref> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== rmwon61nljisyswnatoad0a67icp57i 0 1967 14924 14907 2025-06-18T01:34:47Z Ndeego 425 I added references and a link 14924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q259438}} '''Ki (/ˈmɪlɪts/)'''<ref>[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millethttps://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millet "Definition of millet"]. ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Oxford University. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</ref> anɛ diib buudi kanɛ an' bunbʋta bɛɛ mɔ sieba biili. Ka ba taa kuodi ba dunia la gilli wʋʋ zʋʋd bɛɛ ka kpi'ema dinɛ ka nidib nɛ bʋnkɔn'ɔbid diti li. Ki nam bɛdigʋ bɛ buudi kanɛ ka buon ye Paniceae la. Ki anɛ nimʋa nɛ yɛlkpan bʋn Asia nɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa.Di kas kas anɛ India, Mali, Nigeria, nɛ Niger, kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn ba anɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi di ya'a kɛn teŋ banɛ nyidigid nɛ ki  kuob.<ref>McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". ''Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology''. '''99''' (2nd ed.). CRC Press: 177–210.</ref> Zʋʋd kaŋa sʋm anɛ ye fʋ ya'a bʋt di li, di pʋ yuugida ka  dʋad, ka mɛ pʋ lɛn zɔt nintaŋa.<ref name=":0">Cherfas, Jeremy (23 December 2015). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/23/460559052/millet-how-a-trendy-ancient-grain-turned-nomads-into-farmers "Millet: How A Trendy Ancient Grain Turned Nomads Into Farmers"]. ''National Public Radio''. The Salt. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</ref> Di yiti mɔri gbin nɛ ban yiti nɔki li pɛ'ɛs ki banɛ ka ba kuod paa la ni.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls BSBI List 2007]'' (xls). [[:en:Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland|Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland]]. Archived from [https://bsbi.org/download/3542/https://bsbi.org/download/3542/ the original] (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya'a gɔs za' ki ka ba kuodi gat ki nam la wsa.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808E/w1808e0l.htm "Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94"]. ''The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103861-1|978-92-5-103861-1]]</bdi>.</ref>  wʋʋ dinɛ ka ba buon ye Finger millet, proso millet, nɛ foxtail millet la mɛ anɛ ki banɛ an' nimʋa  . Ninsaalib di ki wʋʋ yʋma  tusa ayɔpɔi 7,000 nɛ ka nan kpɛlim bɛ diibin . ka nan zanl yɛlkpan nidib bɛlimɛn ka mukid nɛ agrik ye ba bɔ ki zʋʋd paala pɛ'ɛs ka di sʋŋ tɛmis bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":0" /> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Diib ]] ggufi8p3086b8t5tuf63vle9yblvkw9 14925 14924 2025-06-18T02:42:04Z Ndeego 425 I added text, links and references 14925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q259438}} '''Ki (/ˈmɪlɪts/)'''<ref>[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millethttps://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millet "Definition of millet"]. ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Oxford University. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</ref> anɛ diib buudi kanɛ an' bunbʋta bɛɛ mɔ sieba biili. Ka ba taa kuodi ba dunia la gilli wʋʋ zʋʋd bɛɛ ka kpi'ema dinɛ ka nidib nɛ bʋnkɔn'ɔbid diti li. Ki nam bɛdigʋ bɛ buudi kanɛ ka buon ye Paniceae la. Ki anɛ nimʋa nɛ yɛlkpan bʋn Asia nɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa.Di kas kas anɛ India, Mali, Nigeria, nɛ Niger, kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn ba anɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi di ya'a kɛn teŋ banɛ nyidigid nɛ ki  kuob.<ref>McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". ''Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology''. '''99''' (2nd ed.). CRC Press: 177–210.</ref> Zʋʋd kaŋa sʋm anɛ ye fʋ ya'a bʋt di li, di pʋ yuugida ka  dʋad, ka mɛ pʋ lɛn zɔt nintaŋa.<ref name=":0">Cherfas, Jeremy (23 December 2015). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/23/460559052/millet-how-a-trendy-ancient-grain-turned-nomads-into-farmers "Millet: How A Trendy Ancient Grain Turned Nomads Into Farmers"]. ''National Public Radio''. The Salt. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</ref> Di yiti mɔri gbin nɛ ban yiti nɔki li pɛ'ɛs ki banɛ ka ba kuod paa la ni.<ref name=":1">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls BSBI List 2007]'' (xls). [[:en:Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland|Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland]]. Archived from [https://bsbi.org/download/3542/https://bsbi.org/download/3542/ the original] (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya'a gɔs za' ki ka ba kuodi gat ki nam la wsa.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808E/w1808e0l.htm "Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94"]. ''The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103861-1|978-92-5-103861-1]]</bdi>.</ref>  wʋʋ dinɛ ka ba buon ye Finger millet, proso millet, nɛ foxtail millet la mɛ anɛ ki banɛ an' nimʋa  . Ninsaalib di ki wʋʋ yʋma  tusa ayɔpɔi 7,000 nɛ ka nan kpɛlim bɛ diibin . ka nan zanl yɛlkpan nidib bɛlimɛn ka mukid nɛ agrik ye ba bɔ ki zʋʋd paala pɛ'ɛs ka di sʋŋ tɛmis bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":0" /> == Sɔb la yi si’el na == Sɔb kanɛ an ki ka na’asaalin an ''millet'' la yinɛ Old French ''millet, millot'' ka Latin mɛ buon ''millium'', 'millet', lin yinɛ Proto-Indo-European buolig ''*mele-'', 'bugusug'.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/millet "millet (n.)"]. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</ref> == Pa’alʋg == === Lin an si’em === Ki anɛ bi’elim banɛ an baanlig, ka ba kuod yʋʋm wʋsa, ka li si’akid tʋʋlʋg ka paas nɛ mɔɔd buudi ni. Ba tɔ’ɔn zi’enid wak nɛ sakuom bɛɛ tʋʋlʋg ka mɛ mɔr bʋnlinɛ maan ningbina li pʋʋgin wan wʋʋ li bi’elim taaba nɛ.<ref>Fahad, Shah; Bajwa, Ali A.; Nazir, Usm[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704 an; Anjum, Shakeel A.; Farooq, Ayesha; et al. (29 June 2017). "Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options"]. ''Frontiers in Plant Science''. '''8''': 1147. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01147|10.3389/fpls.2017.01147]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704 5489704]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28706531 28706531].</ref><ref>Patan, Shaik Sha Valli Khan; Vallepu, Suneetha; Shaik, Khader Basha; Shaik, Naseem; Adi Reddy, Nanja Reddy Yellodu; Terry, Randall G.; Sergeant, Kjell; Hausman, Jean François (2024). [https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w "Drought resistance strategies in minor millets: a review"]. ''Planta''. '''260''' (1). [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w|10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0935 0032-0935].</ref> '''Buudi pin’ilig''' Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ atan’ ni (1753), Carl Linnaeus da pʋd ki kanɛ buon foxtail millet la ye ''Panicum italicum''. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piinɛyi’ ni (1812), Palisot de Beauvois da la’as buudi nam bɛdigʋ ka li kilim ''Setaria italica'' buudi.<ref name=":2">House, L. R. (1995). "Sorghum and millets: History, taxonomy, and distribution". In Dendy, David A.V. (ed.). ''[https://oar.icrisat.org/5486/1/Sorghum_&_Millets_Chemistry_and_Technology_1-9.pdf Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry and Technology]'' (PDF). St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists. pp. 1–9.</ref> Otto Stapf da pʋdig Genus ''Pennisetum'' yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ anaasi ni (1934) ka ba kilim ''penicillaria'', ka ban mɔr buudi pistan’ nɛ ayi ka banɛ ka ba bʋd la paas, nɛ pʋdigir anaasi si’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1977), J. Brunken nɛ o zuanam da la’as mɔɔgin mɔɔg kanɛ buon ''P. violaceum'' ye li paas ''P. glaucum'' (pearl millet) buudi ni.<ref name=":2" /> Joseph Gaertner da da buol Finger millet ye ''Eleusine coracana'' yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anii ni (1788).<ref>[https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/cabicompendium.20674 "Eleusine coracana (finger millet)"]. CABI. 2019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.20674|10.1079/cabicompendium.20674]]. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</ref> == Buudi ti’akir == '''Lin ti’ak si’em''' Ki wannim anɛ soogum nɛ kawɛnna bɛ PACMAD clade mɔɔg buudi ni,<ref>Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C₄ origins". ''New Phytologist''. '''193''' (2): 304–312. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NewPh.193..304. 2012NewPh.193..304]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2262/73271|2262/73271]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X 0028-646X]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22115274 22115274].</ref> ka lɛɛ pʋ wan bi’elim banɛ bɛ BOP clade buudi ni ka ba si’eba an wheat nɛ barley la.<ref>Escobar, Juan S; Scornavacca, Céline; Cenci, Alberto; Guilhaumon, Claire; Santoni, Sylvain; et al. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142523 "Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae)"]. ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. '''11''' (1): 181. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..181E 2011BMCEE..11..181E]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-181|10.1186/1471-2148-11-181]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142523 3142523]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702931 21702931].</ref> {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |(banɛ paas Poaceae buudi ni) | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |BOP clade | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Bambusoideae (bamboos) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |Pooideae | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |Poeae | rowspan="2" |''Avena'' (oat), fescue, ryegrass |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" |Triticeae | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Hordeum'' (barley) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Triticum'' (wheat) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Secale'' (rye) |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Oryza'' ([[mui]]) |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" |PACMAD clade | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Aristidoideae |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Panicoideae (most '''millets'''; sorghum; [[Kawεnna|kawenna]]) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Chloridoideae ('''finger millet; teff''') |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Danthonioideae |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Arundinoideae |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Micrairoideae |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} Panicoideae pʋʋgin la, soogum (great millet<ref name=":1" />) paas nɛ ''Andropogoneae'' buudi ni, amaa ka pearl millet, proso, foxtail, fonio, little millet, sawa, Japanese barnyard millet nɛ kodo paas ''Paniceae'' buudi ni.<ref name=":3">Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Clark, Lynn G.; et al. (2022). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) III: An update". ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''60''' (3): 476–521. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JSyEv..60..476S 2022JSyEv..60..476S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jse.12847|10.1111/jse.12847]].</ref><ref>Morrone, Osvaldo; Aagesen, Lone; Scataglini, Maria A.; Salariato, Diego L.; Denham, Silvia S.; et al. (2012). "Phylogeny of the Paniceae (Poaceae: Panicoideae): integrating plastid DNA sequences and morphology into a new classification". ''Cladistics''. '''28''' (4): 333–356. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836451 34836451].</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs Chloridoideae pʋʋgin mɛn, finger millet paas nɛ ''Cynodonteae'' buudi ni, ka teff mɛ paas ''Eragrostideae'' buudi ni.<ref name=":3" /> '''Buudi la’asʋg''' Ki buudi nam banɛ bɛ la ka’ yinnɛ. Ba wʋsa paas nɛ Poaceae yir dim ni (mɔɔg la), amaa ba buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb. ki banɛ ka ba kuod bɛdigʋ anɛ:<ref>Taylor, John R.N.; Duodu, Kwaku G., eds. (2019). ''[https://shop.elsevier.com/books/sorghum-and-millets/taylor/978-0-12-811527-5 Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry, Technology, and Nutritional Attributes]'' (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811527-5|978-0-12-811527-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Eragrostideae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Chloridoideae: ·        ''Eleusine coracana'': Finger millet ·        ''Eragrostis tef'': Teff; ba pʋ gɔs ka lin an ki<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001231759/http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818e/T0818E00.HTM "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition"]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Archived from [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818E/T0818E00.htm the original] on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2012.</ref> Paniceae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae: ·        Genus ''Panicum'': ·        ''Panicum miliaceum'': Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, bɛɛ white millet, ka ba lɛm buon baragu bɛ Kannada, panivaragu linɛ bɛ Tamil buudi pian’ad ni) ·        ''Panicum sumatrense'': Little millet ·        ''Panicum hirticaule'': Sonoran millet, ka ba kuodi li bɛ American Southwest ·        ''Cenchrus americanus'': Pearl millet ·        ''Setaria italica'': Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic<ref>''[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=panic "panic"]. [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (Online ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. ([https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary Subscription or participating institution membership] required.) from classical Latin pānicum (or pānīcum) Italian millet.</ref> ·        Genus ''Digitaria'': ban tʋʋma pʋ zuoe<ref name=":4" /> ·        ''Digitaria exilis'': ka ba buon white fonio, fonio millet, nɛ hungry mui bɛɛ acha mui ·        ''Digitaria iburua'': Black fonio ·        ''Digitaria compacta'': Raishan, ka ba kuodi li bɛ Khasi Hills kʋkʋna linɛ bɛ northeast India ·        ''Digitaria sanguinalis'': Polish millet ·        Genus ''Echinochloa'': ba la’asi buon bama buudi la ye ''barnyard grasses'' bɛɛ ''barnyard millets'' ·        ''Echinochloa esculenta'': Japanese barnyard millet ·        ''Echinochloa frumentacea'': Indian barnyard millet ·        ''Echinochloa stagnina'': Burgu millet ·        ''Echinochloa crus-galli'': Common barnyard grass (bɛɛ cockspur grass) ·        ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'': Kodo millet ·        Genus Urochloa (formerly Brachiaria) ·        ''Urochloa deflexa'': Guinea millet ·        ''Urochloa ramosa'': Browntop millet, southern India<ref>[https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf "Browntop Millet"] (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</ref><ref>Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318 "Brown Top Millet: Origins and Development"]. In Smith, Claire (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology''. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 1021–1024. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318|10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0426-3|978-1-4419-0426-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 15 January 2025.</ref> ·        ''Spodiopogon formosanus'': Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan<ref>Takei, Emiko (October 2013). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267747587_Millet_Culture_and_Indigenous_Cuisine_in_Taiwan Millet Culture and Indigenous Cuisine in Taiwan]''. The 2013 International Conference on Chinese Food Culture, Kunming, Yunnan, China.</ref> Andropogoneae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae: ·        ''Sorghum bicolor'': Soogum; ka ba gɔs ka li an bi’elim bʋnni li kɔn’, ba buoni li sansi’eba ye ''great millet'' ·        ''Coix lacryma-jobi'': Job's tears, ka ba lɛm buon adlay millet<ref name=":4" /> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Diib ]] j8jwvatpuc75ocxgzpbi3l0xttyv2mz 14928 14925 2025-06-18T09:11:33Z Frank Awini Abugri 162 I added links and files 14928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q259438}} '''Ki (/ˈmɪlɪts/)'''<ref>[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millethttps://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/millet "Definition of millet"]. ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Oxford University. Retrieved 21 July 2017.</ref> anɛ diib buudi kanɛ an' bunbʋta bɛɛ mɔ sieba biili. Ka ba taa kuodi ba dunia la gilli wʋʋ zʋʋd bɛɛ ka kpi'ema dinɛ ka nidib nɛ bʋnkɔn'ɔbid diti li. Ki nam bɛdigʋ bɛ buudi kanɛ ka buon ye Paniceae la. Ki anɛ nimʋa nɛ yɛlkpan bʋn Asia nɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] sʋ'ʋlʋm wʋsa.Di kas kas anɛ India, Mali, Nigeria, nɛ Niger, kɔbiga pʋʋgʋn ba anɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi di ya'a kɛn teŋ banɛ nyidigid nɛ ki  kuob.<ref>McDonough, Cassandrea M.; Rooney, Lloyd W.; Serna-Saldivar, Sergio O. (2000). "The Millets". ''Food Science and Technology: Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology''. '''99''' (2nd ed.). CRC Press: 177–210.</ref> Zʋʋd kaŋa sʋm anɛ ye fʋ ya'a bʋt di li, di pʋ yuugida ka  dʋad, ka mɛ pʋ lɛn zɔt nintaŋa.<ref name=":0">Cherfas, Jeremy (23 December 2015). [https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2015/12/23/460559052/millet-how-a-trendy-ancient-grain-turned-nomads-into-farmers "Millet: How A Trendy Ancient Grain Turned Nomads Into Farmers"]. ''National Public Radio''. The Salt. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</ref> Di yiti mɔri gbin nɛ ban yiti nɔki li pɛ'ɛs ki banɛ ka ba kuod paa la ni.<ref name=":1">''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140254/http://www.bsbi.org.uk/BSBIList2007.xls BSBI List 2007]'' (xls). [[:en:Botanical_Society_of_Britain_and_Ireland|Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland]]. Archived from [https://bsbi.org/download/3542/https://bsbi.org/download/3542/ the original] (xls) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya'a gɔs za' ki ka ba kuodi gat ki nam la wsa.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/W1808E/w1808e0l.htm "Annex II: Relative importance of millet species, 1992–94"]. ''The World Sorghum and Millet Economies: Facts, Trends and Outlook''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1996. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-103861-1|978-92-5-103861-1]]</bdi>.</ref>  wʋʋ dinɛ ka ba buon ye Finger millet, proso millet, nɛ foxtail millet la mɛ anɛ ki banɛ an' nimʋa  . Ninsaalib di ki wʋʋ yʋma  tusa ayɔpɔi 7,000 nɛ ka nan kpɛlim bɛ diibin . ka nan zanl yɛlkpan nidib bɛlimɛn ka mukid nɛ agrik ye ba bɔ ki zʋʋd paala pɛ'ɛs ka di sʋŋ tɛmis bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":0" /> == Sɔb La Yi Si’el Na == Sɔb kanɛ an ki ka na’asaalin an ''millet'' la yinɛ [[Old French]] ''millet, millot'' ka Latin mɛ buon ''millium'', 'millet', lin yinɛ [[Proto-Indo-European]] buolig ''*mele-'', 'bugusug'.<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/millet "millet (n.)"]. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</ref> == Pa’alʋg == === Lin an si’em === Ki anɛ bi’elim banɛ an baanlig, ka ba kuod yʋʋm wʋsa, ka li si’akid tʋʋlʋg ka paas nɛ mɔɔd buudi ni. Ba tɔ’ɔn zi’enid wak nɛ sakuom bɛɛ tʋʋlʋg ka mɛ mɔr bʋnlinɛ maan ningbina li pʋʋgin wan wʋʋ li bi’elim taaba nɛ.<ref>Fahad, Shah; Bajwa, Ali A.; Nazir, Usm[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704 an; Anjum, Shakeel A.; Farooq, Ayesha; et al. (29 June 2017). "Crop Production under Drought and Heat Stress: Plant Responses and Management Options"]. ''Frontiers in Plant Science''. '''8''': 1147. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.01147|10.3389/fpls.2017.01147]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5489704 5489704]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28706531 28706531].</ref><ref>Patan, Shaik Sha Valli Khan; Vallepu, Suneetha; Shaik, Khader Basha; Shaik, Naseem; Adi Reddy, Nanja Reddy Yellodu; Terry, Randall G.; Sergeant, Kjell; Hausman, Jean François (2024). [https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w "Drought resistance strategies in minor millets: a review"]. ''Planta''. '''260''' (1). [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w|10.1007/s00425-024-04427-w]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0032-0935 0032-0935].</ref> <gallery class=center mode=nolines widths="180" heights="180"> File:Finger millet 3 11-21-02.jpg|[[Eleusine coracana|Finger millet]] in the field File:Panicum miliaceum0.jpg|Ripe head of [[proso millet]] File:Millet In Kerala-3.jpg|[[Sprouting]] millet plants </gallery> '''Buudi pin’ilig''' Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnu nɛ atan’ ni (1753), Carl Linnaeus da pʋd ki kanɛ buon foxtail millet la ye ''Panicum italicum''. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnii nɛ piinɛyi’ ni (1812), Palisot de Beauvois da la’as buudi nam bɛdigʋ ka li kilim ''Setaria italica'' buudi.<ref name=":2">House, L. R. (1995). "Sorghum and millets: History, taxonomy, and distribution". In Dendy, David A.V. (ed.). ''[https://oar.icrisat.org/5486/1/Sorghum_&_Millets_Chemistry_and_Technology_1-9.pdf Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry and Technology]'' (PDF). St. Paul, Minnesota: American Association of Cereal Chemists. pp. 1–9.</ref> Otto Stapf da pʋdig Genus ''Pennisetum'' yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ anaasi ni (1934) ka ba kilim ''penicillaria'', ka ban mɔr buudi pistan’ nɛ ayi ka banɛ ka ba bʋd la paas, nɛ pʋdigir anaasi si’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayɔpɔi ni (1977), J. Brunken nɛ o zuanam da la’as mɔɔgin mɔɔg kanɛ buon ''P. violaceum'' ye li paas ''P. glaucum'' (pearl millet) buudi ni.<ref name=":2" /> Joseph Gaertner da da buol Finger millet ye ''Eleusine coracana'' yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii nɛ anii ni (1788).<ref>[https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1079/cabicompendium.20674 "Eleusine coracana (finger millet)"]. CABI. 2019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1079/cabicompendium.20674|10.1079/cabicompendium.20674]]. Retrieved 3 January 2025.</ref> == Buudi ti’akir == '''Lin ti’ak si’em''' Ki wannim anɛ soogum nɛ kawɛnna bɛ PACMAD clade mɔɔg buudi ni,<ref>Grass Phylogeny Working Group II (2012). "New grass phylogeny resolves deep evolutionary relationships and discovers C₄ origins". ''New Phytologist''. '''193''' (2): 304–312. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NewPh.193..304. 2012NewPh.193..304]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x|10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03972.x]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2262/73271|2262/73271]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X 0028-646X]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22115274 22115274].</ref> ka lɛɛ pʋ wan bi’elim banɛ bɛ BOP clade buudi ni ka ba si’eba an wheat nɛ barley la.<ref>Escobar, Juan S; Scornavacca, Céline; Cenci, Alberto; Guilhaumon, Claire; Santoni, Sylvain; et al. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142523 "Multigenic phylogeny and analysis of tree incongruences in Triticeae (Poaceae)"]. ''BMC Evolutionary Biology''. '''11''' (1): 181. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011BMCEE..11..181E 2011BMCEE..11..181E]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/1471-2148-11-181|10.1186/1471-2148-11-181]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3142523 3142523]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21702931 21702931].</ref> {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |(banɛ paas Poaceae buudi ni) | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |BOP clade | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Bambusoideae (bamboos) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |Pooideae | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" |Poeae | rowspan="2" |''Avena'' (oat), fescue, ryegrass |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" |Triticeae | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Hordeum'' (barley) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Triticum'' (wheat) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Secale'' (rye) |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |''Oryza'' ([[mui]]) |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" |PACMAD clade | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Aristidoideae |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Panicoideae (most '''millets'''; sorghum; [[Kawεnna|kawenna]]) |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Chloridoideae ('''finger millet; teff''') |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Danthonioideae |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Arundinoideae |- | valign="top" | |- | valign="bottom" | | rowspan="2" |Micrairoideae |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} |- | valign="top" | |} Panicoideae pʋʋgin la, soogum (great millet<ref name=":1" />) paas nɛ ''Andropogoneae'' buudi ni, amaa ka pearl millet, proso, foxtail, fonio, little millet, sawa, Japanese barnyard millet nɛ kodo paas ''Paniceae'' buudi ni.<ref name=":3">Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Clark, Lynn G.; et al. (2022). "A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) III: An update". ''Journal of Systematics and Evolution''. '''60''' (3): 476–521. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JSyEv..60..476S 2022JSyEv..60..476S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/jse.12847|10.1111/jse.12847]].</ref><ref>Morrone, Osvaldo; Aagesen, Lone; Scataglini, Maria A.; Salariato, Diego L.; Denham, Silvia S.; et al. (2012). "Phylogeny of the Paniceae (Poaceae: Panicoideae): integrating plastid DNA sequences and morphology into a new classification". ''Cladistics''. '''28''' (4): 333–356. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x|10.1111/j.1096-0031.2011.00384.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34836451 34836451].</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs Chloridoideae pʋʋgin mɛn, finger millet paas nɛ ''Cynodonteae'' buudi ni, ka teff mɛ paas ''Eragrostideae'' buudi ni.<ref name=":3" /> '''Buudi la’asʋg''' Ki buudi nam banɛ bɛ la ka’ yinnɛ. Ba wʋsa paas nɛ Poaceae yir dim ni (mɔɔg la), amaa ba buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb. ki banɛ ka ba kuod bɛdigʋ anɛ:<ref>Taylor, John R.N.; Duodu, Kwaku G., eds. (2019). ''[https://shop.elsevier.com/books/sorghum-and-millets/taylor/978-0-12-811527-5 Sorghum and Millets: Chemistry, Technology, and Nutritional Attributes]'' (2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 3. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-12-811527-5|978-0-12-811527-5]]</bdi>.</ref> Eragrostideae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Chloridoideae: ·        ''Eleusine coracana'': Finger millet ·        ''Eragrostis tef'': Teff; ba pʋ gɔs ka lin an ki<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181001231759/http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818e/T0818E00.HTM "Sorghum and millet in human nutrition"]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1995. Archived from [http://www.fao.org/docrep/T0818E/T0818E00.htm the original] on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 7 January 2012.</ref> Paniceae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae: ·        Genus ''Panicum'': ·        ''Panicum miliaceum'': Proso millet (common millet, broomcorn millet, hog millet, bɛɛ white millet, ka ba lɛm buon baragu bɛ Kannada, panivaragu linɛ bɛ Tamil buudi pian’ad ni) ·        ''Panicum sumatrense'': Little millet ·        ''Panicum hirticaule'': Sonoran millet, ka ba kuodi li bɛ American Southwest ·        ''Cenchrus americanus'': Pearl millet ·        ''Setaria italica'': Foxtail millet, Italian millet, panic<ref>''[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=panic "panic"]. [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (Online ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. ([https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary Subscription or participating institution membership] required.) from classical Latin pānicum (or pānīcum) Italian millet.</ref> ·        Genus ''Digitaria'': ban tʋʋma pʋ zuoe<ref name=":4" /> ·        ''Digitaria exilis'': ka ba buon white fonio, fonio millet, nɛ hungry mui bɛɛ acha mui ·        ''Digitaria iburua'': Black fonio ·        ''Digitaria compacta'': Raishan, ka ba kuodi li bɛ Khasi Hills kʋkʋna linɛ bɛ northeast India ·        ''Digitaria sanguinalis'': Polish millet ·        Genus ''Echinochloa'': ba la’asi buon bama buudi la ye ''barnyard grasses'' bɛɛ ''barnyard millets'' ·        ''Echinochloa esculenta'': Japanese barnyard millet ·        ''Echinochloa frumentacea'': Indian barnyard millet ·        ''Echinochloa stagnina'': Burgu millet ·        ''Echinochloa crus-galli'': Common barnyard grass (bɛɛ cockspur grass) ·        ''Paspalum scrobiculatum'': Kodo millet ·        Genus Urochloa (formerly Brachiaria) ·        ''Urochloa deflexa'': Guinea millet ·        ''Urochloa ramosa'': Browntop millet, southern India<ref>[https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf "Browntop Millet"] (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/pg_urra.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2018.</ref><ref>Kingwell-Banham, Eleanor; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2014). [http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318 "Brown Top Millet: Origins and Development"]. In Smith, Claire (ed.). ''Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology''. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. 1021–1024. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318|10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_2318]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0426-3|978-1-4419-0426-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 15 January 2025.</ref> ·        ''Spodiopogon formosanus'': Taiwan oil millet, endemic to Taiwan<ref>Takei, Emiko (October 2013). ''[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267747587_Millet_Culture_and_Indigenous_Cuisine_in_Taiwan Millet Culture and Indigenous Cuisine in Taiwan]''. The 2013 International Conference on Chinese Food Culture, Kunming, Yunnan, China.</ref> Andropogoneae buudi nɛ ba tʋŋ Panicoideae: ·        ''Sorghum bicolor'': Soogum; ka ba gɔs ka li an bi’elim bʋnni li kɔn’, ba buoni li sansi’eba ye ''great millet'' ·        ''Coix lacryma-jobi'': Job's tears, ka ba lɛm buon adlay millet<ref name=":4" /> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Diib ]] j4sahzzws97ov2yf8ateephhy8ykztz