Wikipiidia kuswiki https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_lakir MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7 first-letter Miidia Lakir kanɛ bɛ di kɔn Sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tʋmtʋm Tʋmtʋm sɔnsʋg zin'ig Wikipiidia Wikipiidia sɔnsʋg zin'ig Faal Faal sɔnsʋg zin'ig MiidiaWiki MiidiaWiki sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tɛmpilet Tɛmpilet sɔnsʋg zin'ig Sʋŋir zin'ig Sʋŋir sɔnsʋg zin'ig Bɛn Bɛn sɔnsʋg zin'ig TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1676 15040 15036 2025-06-27T07:00:11Z Ndeego 425 I added text and references 15040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q7368}} '''Pɛ'og''' bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg kanɛ ka ba buon ye (Ovis aries) anɛ yin kɔbʋg kanɛ dʋ'ad ka ba gʋ'ʋnɛ ba yin. Na'asaalin la ba ya'a  ye sheep di tʋn'ɛ [[Pa'an]] yɛlla pamm amaa nɛŋa pa'anɛ yin kɔnbid bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg yɛlla. Nwɛn wʋʋ bʋnkɔbid wʋsaa, pɛ'ɛs yinɛ Artiodactyla buudi ni. Ka mɔr nɔbbibis bɛɛ nɔb ɛnns bʋa'kira ayi. Ka ba kanl na an' wʋʋ billion yinnɛ.  Yin pɛ'ɛs la an' pɛ'ɛs banɛ zu'oe.Na'asaanam buon pɛ' nya'aŋ la nɛ ye ewe (/juː/ yoo), ka buon pɛ'raug la ye ram, saŋa bɛdigʋ,  ba buon ban fuoe pɛ'raad sieba la ye wether, ka pɛ'bibis la ye lamb. == Pin’ilig == Pɛ’ogi dɔlis tʋŋ si’a yi mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnbid ni ka ba ti kpɛn’ɛsid o yin la nan pʋ ni’e paalʋ.<ref>Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 "Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies"]. ''Proc. Biol. Sci''. '''269''' (1494): 893–904. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1975|10.1098/rspb.2002.1975]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 1690972]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028771 12028771].</ref> Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye ''Ovis aries'' yinɛ Asiatic (''O. gmelini'') buudi kanɛ buon mouflon ni; Mɔɔgin pɛ’og kanɛ bɛ Europe ka ba buon European mouflon (''Ovis aries musimon'') dɔlis nɛ buudi kaŋa ni kɛna.<ref name=":0">Ensminger, p. 5</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ ka ninsaalib da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin yiiga (baa ban da mɔr baa kpɛn’ɛ yin wan wʋʋ yʋma tusa piiga bɛɛ tusa pisi banɛ gaad la); ban da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin da anɛ yʋʋm 11,000 nɛ 9000 BC tɛnsʋki bɛ Mesopotamia<ref>Ensminger, p. 4</ref><ref>Weaver, pp. 11–14</ref><ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 2</ref><ref>Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. (2003). ''Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31342-4|978-0-313-31342-4]]</bdi>.</ref> ka Mehrgarh tɛŋin an wʋʋ yʋʋm 7000 bɛ Indus Valley.<ref>Franke, Ute (January 2016)[https://www.academia.edu/37463158 . "Prehistoric Balochistan: Cultural Developments in an Arid Region"]. In Markus Reindel; Karin Bartl; Friedrich Lüth; [[:en:Norbert_Benecke|Norbert Benecke]] (eds.). ''Palaeoenvironment and the Development of Early Settlements''. VML, Verlag Marie Leidorf. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-86757-395-5|978-3-86757-395-5]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191242/https://www.academia.edu/37463158 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</ref><ref>Meadow, Richard H. (1991). ''Harappa Excavations 1986–1990 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism''. Madison Wisconsin: PREHISTORY PRESS. pp. 94 Moving east to the Greater Indus Valley, decreases in the size of cattle, goat, and sheep also appear to have taken place starting in the 6th or even 7th Millennium BC (Meadow 1984b, 1992). Details of that phenomenon, which I have argued elsewhere was a local process at least for sheep and cattle (Meadow 1984b, 1992).</ref> Ban pin’ili gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og o la’asi’eba yela, nɛ ban nɔbig da bɛnɛ southwest Asia bɛɛ western Europe.<ref>Chessa, B.; Pereira, F.; Arnaud, F.; et al. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 "Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations"]. ''Science''. '''324''' (5926): 532–536. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..532C 2009Sci...324..532C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1170587|10.1126/science.1170587]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 3145132]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19390051 19390051].</ref> Pin’ilig la, ba da gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og nɛ ni’im, bin'isim nɛ o gbaŋ la ma’a yela. Banɛ vɛɛnsid kʋdʋmin dim yela pa’al ye ba nyɛ zin’ig si’a Iran pa’al ye ba da gaans pɛ’ɛs banɛ mɔr kɔnbilig nɛ 6000 BC,<ref name=":0" /><ref>Weaver, p. 11</ref> ka li yʋʋm tusayi paae tusatan’ ni ka ba mɔr kɔnbilig la fuudi yɛɛd.<ref>Smith et al., p. 8</ref> == Pɛ'og gbin == Pɛ'og anɛ yin bʋnkɔbkanɛ an nɔba anaasi ka mɔr kɔnbʋlʋg bɛdigʋ. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ ka o ituma ka’e war-warɛ, ka ti yaanam ye sɔnlʋm-sɔnlʋm bɔzʋgɔ fʋ ya’a kuud o nwa, o pʋ kaasi da o ʋnsidnɛ. [[Nidib|Nidib]] gʋ’ʋn o nɛ ye ni’im, ligidi, kʋʋr ya’a bɛ, ba’ar, nɛ saŋa sia [[Bin’isim|bin’isim]] yɛla. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ du’ad ka muasidi o bʋnbibis nɛ [[bin’isim]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/animal/domesticated-sheep</ref> O lɛ anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ pʋ mɔr iila, fʋ ya’a ti nyɛ ka pɛ’og mɔr iila, li anɛ pɛraʋg ma’a mɔr iila<ref>https://www.sacrewell.org.uk/news/why-do-some-sheep-have-horns-and-others-dont/</ref>. O bɛnɛ o kɔn’ nɛ bʋʋg, bɔzʋgɔ [[Bʋraug|bʋraug]] wɔɔ [[Bʋnya’aŋ|bʋnya’aŋ]]  wɔɔ ba mɔri iila amaa, [[Pɛraug|pɛraug]] ma’a mɔr iila ka [[Pɛnya’aŋ|pɛnya’aŋ]] pʋ mɔr [[iila]]. == Pɛ'og tʋʋma == # Pɛ'og tʋʋm yinne anɛ ni'im yɛla. # Ba mɔr pɛ'og gbana maan ssi'enam bɛdigʋ. # [[Kusaasi Dɔlisid Si'em Maani ba Pian'ad Sɔpin|Kusaas]] mɔr pɛ'ogi maan maana. == Da’a diib sʋ’ʋm == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Dunia wʋsa pɛ’ɛs''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yʋʋm 2019 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Kanl million nam''' |- | valign="top" |'''1. China''' | valign="top" |163.5 (13.19%) |- | valign="top" |'''2. India''' | valign="top" |74.3 (5.99%) |- | valign="top" |'''3. Australia''' | valign="top" |65.8 (5.31%) |- | valign="top" |'''4. Nigeria''' | valign="top" |46.9 (3.78%) |- | valign="top" |'''5. Iran''' | valign="top" |41.3 (3.33%) |- | valign="top" |'''6. Sudan''' | valign="top" |40.9 (3.3%) |- | valign="top" |'''7. Chad''' | valign="top" |35.9 (2.9%) |- | valign="top" |'''8. Turkey''' | valign="top" |35.2 (2.84%) |- | valign="top" |'''9. United Kingdom''' | valign="top" |33.6 (2.71%) |- | valign="top" |'''10. Mongolia''' | valign="top" |32.3 (2.61%) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''World total''' | valign="top" |1,239.8 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yiya na: UN Food and Agriculture Organization |} Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ an yɛlkpan kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl pʋʋgin dunia wʋsa, amaa bʋnkɔnb si’eba kɛna di’e ba nɔbir hali ka ba yʋ’ʋn gʋ’ʋni ba, li kaskas anɛ kurkur, nua nɛ naaf.<ref name=":1">Brown, Dave; Sam Meadowcroft (1996). ''The Modern Shepherd''. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Farming Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-188-7|978-0-85236-188-7]]</bdi>.</ref> China, Australia, India, nɛ Iran mɔr pɛ’ɛs bɛdigʋ, anina ka ba tɛŋin dim paamid ni’im nɛ gbana, ka mɛ lɛn mɔri laligid tɛŋ si’eba.<ref>Cuming, Marius (24 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316093028/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx "Live sheep ship-shape"]. ''North Queensland Register''. Archived from [http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> Tɛnsi’eba wan wʋʋ New Zealand bʋnkɔnbid pʋ zuoe wala amaa ba nyaŋid yel hali ba da’a diib pʋʋgin ban kuosid lɔmisid tɛɛnsi kuosid pɛ’ɛs la zug. Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ kɛ ka tɛnsi’eba da’a diib nɔbigid, ka ba gɔsid ban na niŋ si’em ka kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl nɔbig ka mɛ sʋŋ banɛ kuosid diib tɛɛnsin.<ref name=":2">Weaver</ref><ref>Severson, Kim (14 September 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt "Iceland Woos America With Lamb and Skyr"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174119/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Tɛɛns banɛ nan pʋ nɔbig la, bʋnkɔnbid nwa’ paas kuob nɛ  gʋ’ʋl ni ka sʋŋid la’ad kuosig ka li kɛn tuon. Zin’ig si’eba gba ba mɔr pɛ’ɛsi ti’asid nɛ la’asi’eba.<ref name=":2" /> Ti nyɛt la’asi’eba bɛdigʋ yit pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan la. Gbana ka ba mɔri maan fuud, amaa 20th century naar saŋa la gbana ligidi da lɛb nya’aŋ hali bɔzugɔ ban da pin’ili mɔr la’asi’eba maan fuud la.<ref name=":2" /> Nidib banɛ sʋ’ʋe kɔnbid la sa’an, fʋ na yɔ ligid si’a ka ba ki’esi fʋ pɛ’og kɔnbid la gat nyɔɔd kanɛ ka fʋ na paam, ka  li kɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid kuosig ma’a pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ, ba ya’a pʋ si’e kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad ligidi.<ref name=":2" /> Kɔnbilig la mɔri maan fuudi tabin [[dɔɔg]] pʋʋgin. 21st century saŋa, ni’im kuosig da anɛ linɛ mɔr ligidi hali bɛ pɛ’og gʋ’ʋlig ni, baa nidibi pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im wan wʋʋ ban ɔnbid nua, kurkur bɛɛ naaf ni’im si’em la.<ref name=":1" /> Pɛ’og gbaŋ mɛ mɔri maan fuud, ta’ada, kparikɛn’ɛd nɛ la’asi’eba. Ba ya’a kɔdig pɛ’og ka la’abanɛ bɛɛ o pʋʋgin ka ba pʋ bɔɔd la mɛ mɔr nyɔɔd: pɛ’og kpaam ka ba mɔri maan ki’ibʋ nɛ candle, ba mɔr pɛ’og kɔnbir nɛ o giinla maan la’asi’eba wan wʋʋ luudu biig nɛ ga’adiŋ ka lɛn mɔri maan tabidiŋ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye glue la. <ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 325–329</ref>Ba mɔr pɛ’og pʋʋgin nyɔɔdi maani tʋʋd diba ni, ka mɔr pɛ’ɛbibis nyɔɔdi maan gʋnma sɛɛnd ningbiŋ, ka mɛ lɛn an gʋnma tis kɔn nɛ tennis rackets.<ref name=":3">Ensminger</ref> Pɛ’ɛs bina, linɛ mɔr kʋ’ʋlim la, ba mɔri gɛndigid sa’adi maan pɛpa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175558/http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp "Sheep Poo paper"]. ''Creative Paper Wales''. Archived from [http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> La’ad banɛ bɛ pɛ’og ni ka ba pʋ bɔɔda, linɛ mɔr nyɔɔdi ba wʋsa ni anɛ kpaam la bɛ gbaŋ ni la: dinɛ li’ ningbiŋ la ka [[Ku'om|kuom]] pʋ gat la, ka an kpaam bɛ pɛ’og la gbaŋ ni ka ba mɔri maan kpasɔɔnrim nam nɛ kpasi’eba la.<ref name=":3" /> Kpaadib si’eba gʋ’ʋn ka mɛ nyɛt nyɔɔdi yit kɔnbig la vʋm pʋʋgin. Nidib banɛ mɔri ba pɛ’ɛsi kɛn pʋ’asada nɛ dasam di’ema ni wan wʋʋ 4-H nɛ nya’ab di’ema nami bɛ kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl zin’isin la anɛ suor ka ba nyaŋidi kuosidi ba pɛ’ɛs la.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 322</ref> Kpaadib tɔ’ɔn gaŋ ye ba gɔs pɛ’og buudi si’a ka nyaŋi kuosi li, ka si’eba mɛ ɛɛti nɔki ba pɛraad ka ba dʋti ba taaba pɛ’ɛs ka ba yɔɔdi ba.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 333</ref> Suor paalig kanɛ ka ba dɔlisid pɛ’ɛs ni paamid nyɔɔd anɛ ban na nɔki ba tis ninsi’eba ka ba kɛŋ ɔnbi ba mɔɔd ka yɔɔ ba ka kɔnbig la ɔnb la sam; ba bɔɔd banɛ nwaasid mɔɔd  la nɛ ye ba yis mɔɔg ka li da zuoe nidibi la’asid zin’ig si’eba nam lin na niŋ si’em ka li gu’ bugum la’aŋir.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 332–334</ref> Baa pɛ’ɛs da’a lɛb nya’aŋ zin’is bɛdigʋ ni la, pɛ’og la’an mɔr ligidi hali gat bʋnkɔnbid banɛ kpɛlim la. Ba pʋ bɔɔd gbɛɛnsig dɔɔg kanɛ ka li ligidi zuoe,<ref>Smith et al., p. 31.</ref> wan wʋʋ ban kuod nɔɔs nɛ kurkurnam dɔɔdin si’em la. Ba pʋ faand paalʋ; pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ ayuobʋ na nyaŋi kpɛn’ɛ zin’ig kanɛ ka naaf bɛɛ wi’ef yinnɛ ma’a kpɛn’ɛd.<ref name=":4">Simmons & Ekarius</ref><ref>Small, Joanna (18 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143253/http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html "Sheep Compete With Beef"]. ''KSBR News''. ABC. Archived from [http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs mɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd wan wʋʋ mɔɔd banɛ ka bʋnkɔnb si’eba pʋn kʋ si’isɛ, ka mɛ na dʋ’a biis tɔ’ɔtɔ’.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 1.</ref> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, bʋnkɔnb si’eba ka ba ligidi dʋti dɔli ba yam bɛɛ ba diib, wan wʋʋ kawɛnna, maagi nɛ bi’elim si’eba la, pɛ’og ligidi ba’a kae nɛ la’aban ligidi an si’em.<ref name=":5">Wilde, Matthew (20 January 2008). [https://www.wcfcourier.com/articles/2008/01/20/business/local/6f3309794cec83b9862573d40047bd29.txt "Profit opportunities raising sheep"]. ''Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier''. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs bʋnbama nɛ pɛ’og ligidi mɛ pʋ zuoe wala, nwa’ wʋsa pa’al ye banɛ gʋ’ʋn pɛ’ɛs la mɔr nyɔɔd, baa o kɔnbid la ya’a pʋ zuoe.<ref name=":5" /> Pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig mɔr nyɔɔdi tis banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba mɛŋ din, la’anɛ banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba yaan ka li pʋ nyɛt la’ad bɛdigʋ tisidi baa, bɔzugɔ pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig anɛ linɛ ka ba nan pʋ gɔsi li paas kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl tʋʋmbɛda nii.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 3.</ref> Amaa, banɛ gʋ’ʋn bi’ela, ka mɔr bʋn-nya’as wan wʋʋ piiga paae pisnu (10 to 50 ewes), pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ bɔzugɔ ba pʋ gɔsidi ba titua nɛ. Linɛ zug ka li an ala anɛ ye ba kʋ nyaŋi mɔr masin nami guri ba, ka li kɛt ka ba pʋ nyɛt nyɔɔdɛ. Nidib gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid bi’ela wala buudi nɛ ka li anɛ bɔɔdim yela ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba ka ba ye ba ɔnbid mɔɔg kuosuoya nam ni.<ref>College of Agriculture and Home Economics. [https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf "Sheep Production and Management"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> == Diib == Pɛ’og ni’im nɛ o bin’isim da anɛ diib hali tis dʋdʋmin dim ka ba da dit ka li maani ba ningbina ban da pin’ili tɔn’ɔsid ka la’asid kuod nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad la.<ref name=":4" /> Ba buon pɛ’og ni’im ye pɛ’og ni’im, ka yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin ba kuud pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ 540 million maan ni’im dunia wʋsa pʋʋgin.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL "FAOSTAT"]. ''www.fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200529074007/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL Archived] from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> "Mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin la yina Old French ''moton'', linɛ da an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka Anglo-Norman tuongatib da pʋd pɛ’og, banɛ da yit British Isles Middle Ages saŋa. Nwa’ da kilim pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin, ka yʋ’ʋr kanɛ yi Old English ni ka ba buon ''sceap'' la ka ba lɛɛ da nɔki pʋd bʋnvʋr la yʋ’ʋr.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1933: Mutton, Sheep, Beef.</ref> Pin’ilig sa, "mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og yʋ’ʋr na’asaalin la da anɛ yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba buon pɛ’og ni’im, amaa ka li anɛ banɛ paae yʋma ayi wa’ala; "lamb" an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da tis pɛ’og kanɛ nan pʋ paae yʋʋm yinnɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton "Mutton"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422010853/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170723081313/http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php "What Is Mutton? Understanding The History"]. ''[[:en:Mutton_Renaissance_Campaign|Mutton Renaissance Campaign]]''. Archived from [http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php the original] on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref name=":6">Apple, R.W. Jr. (29 March 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html "Much Ado About Mutton, but Not in These Parts"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174107/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref> 21st century saŋa, tɛɛns banɛ ka ba da ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im hali da anɛ Arab states of the Persian Gulf, New Zealand, Australia, Greece, Uruguay, United Kingdom nɛ Ireland.<ref name=":2" /> Tɛɛns bama ɔnbid 14–40 lbs (3–18 kg) pɛ’og ni’im yʋʋm wʋsa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Pɛ’og ni’im yʋ’ʋr mɛ yi France, Africa (li kaskas Arab tɛɛnsin), Caribbean, banɛ kpɛlim Middle East, India, nɛ China zin’is si’eba.<ref name=":6" /> Nwa’ dɔl nɛ ban da pin’ili gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid la saŋa. Tɛɛns bam ani tita’am, diib banɛ ka ba nɔk pɛ’og ni’imi maal bɛnɛ zin’ig wʋsa. Pɛ’og lana—ka ba buon animelles bɛɛ lamb fries—anɛ dikpɛŋi tis tɛɛns bɛdigʋ dunia ni. Linɛ ka ba mɔr pɛ’og ni’imi maan ka li bɛ li kɔn’ anɛ Scottish haggis, lin anɛ pɛ’og puʋgin la’ad ka ba dʋg nɛ oatmeal ka sɛ gabʋ gɛndig nɛ pʋʋr la.<ref>Smith et al., p. 147.</ref> Fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mamisi gɔs, tɛɛns wan wʋʋ U.S. ɔnbid ni’im la wan wʋʋ pound bɛɛ li gaad ala (pʋ paae 0.5 kg), ka [[United States of America (USA)|America]] nidib ɔnbid kurkur ni’im 50 pounds (22 kg) nɛ naaf ni’im 65 pounds (29 kg).<ref name=":6" /> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, tɛŋban nidib pʋ ɔnbid naaf ni’im wala, ka lɛɛ bɔɔ pɛ’og zin’ig kanɛ ka li ligidi kpi’em: tita’am bɔɔd gbɛr ni’im.<ref name=":2" /> Baa ban pʋ kpɛn tugunu nud pɛ’og bin’isim la,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190234/http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf "Sheep Trade in Syria"] (PDF). ''napcsyr.org''. National Agricultural Policy Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, [[:en:Syrian_Arab_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic|Syrian Arab Republic]]. Archived from [http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</ref> zina nwa’ ba mɔr tita’am maanɛ cheese nɛ yogurt. Pɛ’og mɔr bin’is nɔya ayi, ka maan bin’isim bi’ela, fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mak nɛ naaf din.<ref name=":4" /> Amaa, pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam, ka an gaanlig, ka maan ningbina gat naaf bin’isim, lin ka ba mɔri maan cheese.<ref name=":7">Pulina et al. p. 2.</ref> Fʋ ya’a zi’ili li ka li ma’ae biim si’a bɛ kɔnba la ni maan kɔnba, linɛ na gʋ’ʋd ka li kʋ san’am.<ref name=":7" /> Ban nɔk pɛ’og bin’isim maal bin’isim diib si’eba an feta linɛ bɛ Bulgaria nɛ Greece, Roquefort linɛ bɛ France, Manchego yit Spain, ''pecorino romano'' (Itali dim buon pɛ’og ye ''pecore'') nɛ ''ricotta'' Italy tɛŋin nɔɔ. Yogurts, si’eba maali yinɛ pɛ’og bin’isim ni.<ref>Kurmann, Joseph A.; Jeremija L. Rašić; Manfred Kroger (1992). ''Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory''. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7. p. 343.</ref> Ba maal la’abama bɛdigʋ yinɛ naaf bin’isim ni, li kaskas anɛ banɛ ka bam aal tɛnsi’eba ni.<ref name=":2" /> Pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam 4.8%, ka na nyaŋi daam banɛ pʋ bɔɔd kpaam bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":2" /> Wan wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ gbɛɛnd yin la si’eba an si’em la, ba bʋndaad banɛ ka ba pʋ zan’a ba ni’im pʋ malisa, li kaskas anɛ ban nɔbigid la. Ba si’eba bɛ ka ba pʋ fʋo ba lana tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ bɛɛ ba pʋ fʋoe titua nɛ (ka lan biilif yinnɛ kpɛlim). Pɛraad bama buudi pʋ mɔr da’a.<ref>[http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html "Docking, castrating, and disbudding"]. ''sheepandgoat.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223841/https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html Archived] from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2014.</ref><ref>American Institute Of Agriculture, Chicago (1922). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Marketing Live Stock]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191300/https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref> == Na’asaasɔɔng ni == Pɛ’og zuoe nɛ ka mɛ pʋ dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ ka li kɛ ka ba vɛɛnsid o yela. Ba an yɛlkpan hali bɛ na’asaasɔɔng vɛɛnsig ni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072132/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf "Fifth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union"] (PDF). ''Commission of the European Communities''. November 2007. Archived from [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.</ref> zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland tɛŋin la mɔr pɛ’ɛs buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔbi maan vɛɛnsig ye ba gɔs yelsi’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ piswai nɛ awai ni (1995), pɛ’ɛnya’as buudi ayi ka ba buon Megan nɛ Morag da an yiiga bʋnkɔnbid banɛ du’ad ka ba vɛɛnsi ba gɔs ka ba bin’isa nɔbigir pʋ zɛm taaba. Yʋʋm kanɛ da ti’al la, Finnish Dorset pɛ’og kanɛ ka ba buon, ka ba da pʋdi li yee “pɛ’og kanɛ ka dunia wʋsa mi’" bɛ ''Scientific American'',<ref>Lehrman, Sally (July 2008). [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around "No More Cloning Around"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119114926/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around Archived] from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.</ref> da anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ da an yiiga ka ba da la’asi ba ka ba an yinnɛ ba ningbina itima pʋʋgin. Nwa’ nya’aŋ, Polly nɛ Molly da an yiiga ka ba la’asi ba saŋa yinnɛ ka ba buudinam ka’a yinnɛ. Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anii ni (2008), pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ anɛ linɛ ka ba pʋ kpɛm baŋi li wala, la’anɛ ban da yi zin’ig si’eba na ka ba nyaŋi baŋ la,<ref>de Gortari MJ, Freking BA, Cuthbertson RP, et al. (1998). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports "A second-generation linkage map of the sheep genome"]. ''Mamm. Genome''. '''9''' (3): 204–09. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s003359900726|10.1007/s003359900726]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501303 9501303]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1551771 1551771]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180723174146/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports Archived] from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> ka ba la’as pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ dɔlisidi ba DNA nɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka ba mɔri ba bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad taaba yela la.<ref>Dalrymple BP, Kirkness EF, Nefedov M, et al. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 "Using comparative genomics to reorder the human genome sequence into a virtual sheep genome"]. ''Genome Biol''. '''8''' (7): R152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152|10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 2323240]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17663790 17663790].</ref> Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), pɛ’og kanɛ da mɔr buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka ba buon "Peng Peng" da yi paalʋ na dɔlis Chinese scientists, onɛ da vɛɛns ka ye o buudi anɛ samɛrid buudi ka li da dɔlis anina ka li nyaŋi maal kpaam kanɛ pʋ mɔr daʋŋi tis ninsaal ningbiŋɔ.<ref>Tan Ee Lyn (24 April 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 "Worm turns sheep clone to "good" fat: China scientists]". ''[[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220208070505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 Archived] from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs Wina’am maal la’asi’eba zamisig pʋʋgin, Soay sheep buudi banɛ kpɛlim Hirta tɛŋin la ba nyaŋi gɔs o ningbiŋ la nar ye li zɛm si’em bɛn ka li nyaŋi maal dʋ’a tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref>Fountain, Henry (22 January 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science "In a Sheep Population, Researchers Find a Fitness Gene"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410115414/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science Archived] from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soay pɛ’ɛs buudi la mɔr kala kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka nidib da vɛɛnsi gɔs ye bɔ ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ zuos, ka an sabila nwa kanl da si’eda; nwa’ da gɛɛs wada kanɛ ka ba ye buud banɛ an bɛda dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ la.<ref>Sample, Ian (18 January 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics "Soays' natural selection on the hoof"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131227070010/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics Archived] from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soays buudi banɛ bɛ Hirta la mɔr tʋʋma bɛdigʋ bɔzugɔ ba baki ba mɛŋ nɛ ba taaba.<ref>Fleming, Nic (18 January 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html "Darker black sheep's decline is in the genes"]. ''[[:en:The_Daily_Telegraph|The Daily Telegraph]]''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html Archived] from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan anɛ banɛ ka ba taa mɔri maan vɛɛnsa gɔsid, li kaskas anɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ kati wa’ae sʋsʋnya ban’as ni, zin’is banɛ wan wʋʋ zidʋtim ban’as nɛ sʋsʋnfʋ na zan’as tʋʋma.<ref>Recchia FA; Lionetti V (2007). "Animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy for translational research". ''Vet. Res. Commun''. '''31''' (Suppl 1): 35–41. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8|10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17682844 17682844]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12807169 12807169].</ref><ref>Hasenfuss G (1998). [[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|"Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy"]]. ''Cardiovasc. Res''. '''39''' (1): 60–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9764190 9764190].</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og kanɛ mɔr pʋʋgʋ vɛɛnsidi baŋid ninsaali pʋʋg tʋkiri mɛ an si’em, ka ba mɔri ba vɛɛnsidi gɔsid biigi nɔbigid pʋʋgin si’em,<ref>Barry JS; Anthony RV (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 "The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy"]. ''Theriogenology''. '''69''' (1): 55–67. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021|10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 2262949]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17976713 17976713].</ref> o maa na pʋ dit dikanɛ maan ningbinaa.<ref>Vuguin PM (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 "Animal models for small for gestational age and fetal programming of adult disease"]. ''Horm. Res''. '''68''' (3): 113–23. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000100545|10.1159/000100545]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 4287248]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351325 17351325].</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsidi gɔsid ninsaal itima yela, ba mɔr pɛ’ogʋ maan vɛɛnsig nwa, pɛ’og itima wan ninsaal itima la zug.<ref>Peirce JW; Leigh AE; daCosta AP; Kendrick KM. (June 2001). "Human face recognition in sheep: lack of configurational coding and right hemisphere advantage". ''Behavioural Processes''. '''55''' (1): 13–26. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.560.5882 10.1.1.560.5882]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9|10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11390088 11390088]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11458099 11458099].</ref> == malima ni == === solima ne gbana ni === Pɛ’og mɔr tʋʋma hali bɛ malima bɛdigʋ ni, li kaskas anɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba zuoe galis. Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye o anɛ pɛ’og, li pa’al ye ba zɔt nɛ dabi’em ka ka’a gba’arɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep "Sheep"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215516/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep Archived] from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og daag ka li anɛ zanbini pa’an paŋ; zanbin kanɛ bɛ Los Angeles Rams football team nɛ Dodge Ram lɔr nya’aŋ la pa’al nɛ pɛrakanɛ mɔr iilbɛda ka ba buon ''Ovis canadensis''. Pɛ’ɛs kaanlig anɛ bʋnlinɛ sʋŋid nidib ka ba nyaŋidi gbisid, ka nidibi da kaan pɛ’ɛs si’em la nan kpɛlim bɛ zina nwa. Pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas si’ilima ni nɛ pian’asi’eba pʋʋgin ka ba mɔri li yet saŋa wʋsa ye "pɛ’og sabil". Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye pɛ’og sabil, li pa’al ye o anɛ ninkanɛ pʋ dɔlisid la’asig la wadaa.<ref name=":8">Ammer, Christine (1997). ''[[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0|American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms]]''. Houghton Mifflin. p. [[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0/page/64|64]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-395-72774-4|978-0-395-72774-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 13 November 2007. <q>american heritage dictionary black sheep.</q></ref> Nwa’ yinɛ pɛ’og sabilig yinnɛ ɛɛti dʋ’a paas pɛ’ɛs banɛ an pi’ela ma’a ni la. Kɔnbkimnib da pʋ bɔɔd pɛ’ɛs sabila banɛ, bɔzugɔ ba da pʋ bɔɔd kɔnbilig sabiligi da’ada wan wʋʋ banɛ an pi’ela la.<ref name=":8" /> Nidib banɛ si’akidi ba gɔmɛna banɛ mugusidi ba, ba pʋdʋ ba nɛ yʋ’ʋr saaŋ na’asaalin ye sheeple. Ka ba ya’a yel ye fʋ wan ni pɛ’og nɛ, li pa’al ye fʋ tʋm nɛ nyan tʋʋma.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish "Sheepish"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422173752/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ zanbina tis banɛ yʋm yʋʋma wan wʋʋ ''The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing'', ''Little Bo Peep'', ''Baa, Baa, Black Sheep'', nɛ ''Mary Had a Little Lamb''; gbana wan wʋʋ George Orwell gbaŋ kanɛ buon ''Animal Farm'' nɛ Haruki Murakami gbaŋ kanɛ an ''A Wild Sheep Chase''; yʋʋma banɛ ka ba si’eba an Bach's ''Sheep may safely graze'' (''Schafe können sicher weiden'') nɛ Pink Floyd yʋʋma ka o buol ye "Sheep", nɛ yʋm si’eba wan ni William Blake din linɛ ka o pʋd "The Lamb". ==== Winpʋ’ʋsʋm ==== Saŋkanɛ gaad sa la, ba da mɔr pɛ’og zanbina winpʋ’ʋsʋm zin’isi bɛ ancient Near East, Mideast, nɛ Mediterranean zin’is: Çatalhöyük, Egyptian winpʋ’ʋs kʋdʋg, Cana'anite nɛ Phoenician malima ni, Judaism, Greek winpʋ’ʋsʋm, nɛ si’eba banɛ kpɛlim. Winpʋ’ʋsʋm zanbina nɛ malima da pin’il nɛ yiiga yadda niŋidib la sa’an: pɛ’ɛs zu’wana (nɛ niigi) ka ba da mɔri bɛ badanam ni bɛ Çatalhöyük zin’is ni 8,000 BCE.<ref>Budiansky, p. 159.</ref> Egyptian winpʋ’ʋsʋm ni, pɛ’og da anɛ zanbini tis wina bɛdigʋ: Khnum, Heryshaf nɛ Amun (on da anɛ winkanɛ tisid biis).<ref name=":2" /> Bada banɛ mɛ da pa’an pɛ’og zanbina da anɛ winpʋ’ak Ishtar, Phoenician winkanɛ ka ba buon Baal-Hamon, Babylonian dim winkanɛ ka ba buon Ea-Oannes.<ref name=":2" /> Madagascar tɛŋin, ba da pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’imɛ bɔzugɔ ba da si’ak ye pɛ’og anɛ ba yaanam la ti’aki lɛb na.<ref name=":9">Cooper, JC (1992). ''Symbolic and Mythological Animals''. London: Aquarian Press. p. 219. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6|978-1-85538-118-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Kʋdʋmin Greek dim pian’a pɛ’og yela bɛdigʋ: ka ba buon Chrysomallos, ka o kɔnbilig la an dɔnbʋʋlim wan wʋʋ sanlim nɛ, ka ba pa’an o yela kʋdʋmin sa ti paae zina nwa’. Banɛ gɔsid kudʋmin yela pa’al ye ba zanbina pʋʋgin, pɛ’og anɛ yiiga zanbin bɛ Greek zodiac zanbina nam ni, ka mɛ paas bʋnkɔnbid anii banɛ ka ba mɔri kaan yʋʋma paad yʋʋm piinɛyi bɛn la, ka li an bʋnlinɛ ka ba nɔki pʋd nwadis la yʋda yʋʋm pʋʋgin.<ref name=":9" /> Chinese malima pʋʋgin ba yel ye Hou ji da ku nɛ pɛ’og. Mongolia, shagai anɛ dikʋda banɛ ka ba da maan ka li yinɛ pɛ’og kɔnbir ni na ka ba nan mɔri li maan bʋgʋlʋmbʋgʋlʋm. Pɛ’og da paas Abraham nam saŋa ka li pa’an ban da mɔr yadda si’em; Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, nɛ King David nam da anɛ kɔnbkimnib. Wina’am gbaŋ la pa’al ban da lɔ Isaac la, ba da kʋ nɛ pɛ’og ka o di’e Isaac maliak la da gban’e Abraham nu’ug la (mɔɔm pʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, Abraham da ti’eb nɛ ye o ku Ishmael li maal maan). Salla anɛ maliŋ kanɛ ka mɔɔm maan, sankan ka ba mɔr pɛ’ɛs (bɛɛ bʋnkɔnb si’eba) kuud ka li pa’an ye ba ti’en nɛ bʋnlinɛ da maal la.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml "Eid ul Adha (10 Dhul-Hijja) – the festival of sacrifice"]. ''BBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113064237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml Archived] from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050508/http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos "Eid Festival Around The World – Graphic photos"]. ''Sweetness & Light''. Archived from [http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos the original] on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> Ba kuud pɛ’ɛs mɔɔg maliŋ si’eba nam pʋʋgin.<ref>Robertson, Cambpell (13 August 2008). [https://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse "Bloody Blessing Goes Unnoticed"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://archive.today/20120707022134/http://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse Archived] from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2008.</ref> Greeks and Romans dim da mɔr pɛ’ɛsi maan maana ka li an ba malima, ka banɛ ka win kanɛ ka ba pʋ’ʋsid an Judaism mɛ kuud pɛ’ɛs ka ba buoni li Korban, malima la si’eba anɛ Wina’am kum maliak gaadʋg maliŋ ka ba kuud pɛ’ɛs.<ref name=":9" /> Ba la’asi buon banɛ an Kristo biis ye pɛ’ɛs ka Kristo mɛŋ an kɔnbkim sʋŋ, ka pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas Yesu dʋ’am saŋa sa. Kristo biis banɛ an kasi la ba buoni banɛ banɛ mɛ an kɔnbkimnib, ka lɛn buoni ba kɔnbid la mɛŋ. Wina’am gbaŋ mɛ pa’al ye Kristo anɛ maan pɛ’og kanɛ yi Wina’am sa’an na ka Easter di’ema nam ka ba maani bɛ Greece nɛ Romania tɛɛnsin la ba kuud Paschal pɛ’ɛs anina. Ba buon karindɔɔg kpɛɛm nɛ ye pastor, ka lin yinɛ latin buudi pian’ad ni linɛ gbin ni an kɔnbkim. Winpʋ’ʋs dɔsi’eba ni ba tuongatib ka ba buon bishops la zal nɛ daag si’a, ka li pa’ali ba kpɛŋ la paŋ ka ba maali li ka li wan wʋʋ kɔnbkim duor. ==Gɔsim Ya'as== * [[Dry Sheep Equivalent]] * [[Fictional sheep]] * [[Sheepfold]] * [[U.S. Sheep Experiment Station]] * [[Venray sheep companies]] * [[Sheep–goat hybrid]] {{Clear}} == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:Bʋnkɔnbid]] <references /> la1xdz6fg0uhb6soi51021t95oeofx0 15041 15040 2025-06-27T07:03:43Z Ndeego 425 I added link 15041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q7368}} '''Pɛ'og''' bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg kanɛ ka ba buon ye (Ovis aries) anɛ yin kɔbʋg kanɛ dʋ'ad ka ba gʋ'ʋnɛ ba yin. Na'asaalin la ba ya'a  ye sheep di tʋn'ɛ [[Pa'an]] yɛlla pamm amaa nɛŋa pa'anɛ yin kɔnbid bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg yɛlla. Nwɛn wʋʋ bʋnkɔbid wʋsaa, pɛ'ɛs yinɛ Artiodactyla buudi ni. Ka mɔr nɔbbibis bɛɛ nɔb ɛnns bʋa'kira ayi. Ka ba kanl na an' wʋʋ billion yinnɛ.  Yin pɛ'ɛs la an' pɛ'ɛs banɛ zu'oe.Na'asaanam buon pɛ' nya'aŋ la nɛ ye ewe (/juː/ yoo), ka buon pɛ'raug la ye ram, saŋa bɛdigʋ,  ba buon ban fuoe pɛ'raad sieba la ye wether, ka pɛ'bibis la ye lamb. == Pin’ilig == Pɛ’ogi dɔlis tʋŋ si’a yi mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnbid ni ka ba ti kpɛn’ɛsid o yin la nan pʋ ni’e paalʋ.<ref>Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 "Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies"]. ''Proc. Biol. Sci''. '''269''' (1494): 893–904. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1975|10.1098/rspb.2002.1975]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 1690972]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028771 12028771].</ref> Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye ''Ovis aries'' yinɛ Asiatic (''O. gmelini'') buudi kanɛ buon mouflon ni; Mɔɔgin pɛ’og kanɛ bɛ Europe ka ba buon European mouflon (''Ovis aries musimon'') dɔlis nɛ buudi kaŋa ni kɛna.<ref name=":0">Ensminger, p. 5</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ ka ninsaalib da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin yiiga (baa ban da mɔr baa kpɛn’ɛ yin wan wʋʋ yʋma tusa piiga bɛɛ tusa pisi banɛ gaad la); ban da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin da anɛ yʋʋm 11,000 nɛ 9000 BC tɛnsʋki bɛ Mesopotamia<ref>Ensminger, p. 4</ref><ref>Weaver, pp. 11–14</ref><ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 2</ref><ref>Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. (2003). ''Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31342-4|978-0-313-31342-4]]</bdi>.</ref> ka Mehrgarh tɛŋin an wʋʋ yʋʋm 7000 bɛ Indus Valley.<ref>Franke, Ute (January 2016)[https://www.academia.edu/37463158 . "Prehistoric Balochistan: Cultural Developments in an Arid Region"]. In Markus Reindel; Karin Bartl; Friedrich Lüth; [[:en:Norbert_Benecke|Norbert Benecke]] (eds.). ''Palaeoenvironment and the Development of Early Settlements''. VML, Verlag Marie Leidorf. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-86757-395-5|978-3-86757-395-5]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191242/https://www.academia.edu/37463158 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</ref><ref>Meadow, Richard H. (1991). ''Harappa Excavations 1986–1990 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism''. Madison Wisconsin: PREHISTORY PRESS. pp. 94 Moving east to the Greater Indus Valley, decreases in the size of cattle, goat, and sheep also appear to have taken place starting in the 6th or even 7th Millennium BC (Meadow 1984b, 1992). Details of that phenomenon, which I have argued elsewhere was a local process at least for sheep and cattle (Meadow 1984b, 1992).</ref> Ban pin’ili gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og o la’asi’eba yela, nɛ ban nɔbig da bɛnɛ southwest Asia bɛɛ western Europe.<ref>Chessa, B.; Pereira, F.; Arnaud, F.; et al. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 "Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations"]. ''Science''. '''324''' (5926): 532–536. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..532C 2009Sci...324..532C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1170587|10.1126/science.1170587]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 3145132]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19390051 19390051].</ref> Pin’ilig la, ba da gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og nɛ ni’im, bin'isim nɛ o gbaŋ la ma’a yela. Banɛ vɛɛnsid kʋdʋmin dim yela pa’al ye ba nyɛ zin’ig si’a Iran pa’al ye ba da gaans pɛ’ɛs banɛ mɔr kɔnbilig nɛ 6000 BC,<ref name=":0" /><ref>Weaver, p. 11</ref> ka li yʋʋm tusayi paae tusatan’ ni ka ba mɔr kɔnbilig la fuudi yɛɛd.<ref>Smith et al., p. 8</ref> == Pɛ'og gbin == Pɛ'og anɛ yin bʋnkɔbkanɛ an nɔba anaasi ka mɔr kɔnbʋlʋg bɛdigʋ. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ ka o ituma ka’e war-warɛ, ka ti yaanam ye sɔnlʋm-sɔnlʋm bɔzʋgɔ fʋ ya’a kuud o nwa, o pʋ kaasi da o ʋnsidnɛ. [[Nidib|Nidib]] gʋ’ʋn o nɛ ye ni’im, ligidi, kʋʋr ya’a bɛ, ba’ar, nɛ saŋa sia [[Bin’isim|bin’isim]] yɛla. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ du’ad ka muasidi o bʋnbibis nɛ [[bin’isim]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/animal/domesticated-sheep</ref> O lɛ anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ pʋ mɔr iila, fʋ ya’a ti nyɛ ka pɛ’og mɔr iila, li anɛ pɛraʋg ma’a mɔr iila<ref>https://www.sacrewell.org.uk/news/why-do-some-sheep-have-horns-and-others-dont/</ref>. O bɛnɛ o kɔn’ nɛ bʋʋg, bɔzʋgɔ [[Bʋraug|bʋraug]] wɔɔ [[Bʋnya’aŋ|bʋnya’aŋ]]  wɔɔ ba mɔri iila amaa, [[Pɛraug|pɛraug]] ma’a mɔr iila ka [[Pɛnya’aŋ|pɛnya’aŋ]] pʋ mɔr [[iila]]. == Pɛ'og tʋʋma == # Pɛ'og tʋʋm yinne anɛ ni'im yɛla. # Ba mɔr pɛ'og gbana maan ssi'enam bɛdigʋ. # [[Kusaasi Dɔlisid Si'em Maani ba Pian'ad Sɔpin|Kusaas]] mɔr pɛ'ogi maan maana. == Da’a diib sʋ’ʋm == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Dunia wʋsa pɛ’ɛs''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yʋʋm 2019 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Kanl million nam''' |- | valign="top" |'''1. China''' | valign="top" |163.5 (13.19%) |- | valign="top" |'''2. India''' | valign="top" |74.3 (5.99%) |- | valign="top" |'''3. Australia''' | valign="top" |65.8 (5.31%) |- | valign="top" |'''4. Nigeria''' | valign="top" |46.9 (3.78%) |- | valign="top" |'''5. Iran''' | valign="top" |41.3 (3.33%) |- | valign="top" |'''6. Sudan''' | valign="top" |40.9 (3.3%) |- | valign="top" |'''7. Chad''' | valign="top" |35.9 (2.9%) |- | valign="top" |'''8. Turkey''' | valign="top" |35.2 (2.84%) |- | valign="top" |'''9. United Kingdom''' | valign="top" |33.6 (2.71%) |- | valign="top" |'''10. Mongolia''' | valign="top" |32.3 (2.61%) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''World total''' | valign="top" |1,239.8 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yiya na: UN Food and Agriculture Organization |} Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ an yɛlkpan kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl pʋʋgin dunia wʋsa, amaa bʋnkɔnb si’eba kɛna di’e ba nɔbir hali ka ba yʋ’ʋn gʋ’ʋni ba, li kaskas anɛ kurkur, nua nɛ naaf.<ref name=":1">Brown, Dave; Sam Meadowcroft (1996). ''The Modern Shepherd''. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Farming Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-188-7|978-0-85236-188-7]]</bdi>.</ref> China, Australia, India, nɛ Iran mɔr pɛ’ɛs bɛdigʋ, anina ka ba tɛŋin dim paamid ni’im nɛ gbana, ka mɛ lɛn mɔri laligid tɛŋ si’eba.<ref>Cuming, Marius (24 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316093028/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx "Live sheep ship-shape"]. ''North Queensland Register''. Archived from [http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> Tɛnsi’eba wan wʋʋ New Zealand bʋnkɔnbid pʋ zuoe wala amaa ba nyaŋid yel hali ba da’a diib pʋʋgin ban kuosid lɔmisid tɛɛnsi kuosid pɛ’ɛs la zug. Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ kɛ ka tɛnsi’eba da’a diib nɔbigid, ka ba gɔsid ban na niŋ si’em ka kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl nɔbig ka mɛ sʋŋ banɛ kuosid diib tɛɛnsin.<ref name=":2">Weaver</ref><ref>Severson, Kim (14 September 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt "Iceland Woos America With Lamb and Skyr"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174119/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Tɛɛns banɛ nan pʋ nɔbig la, bʋnkɔnbid nwa’ paas kuob nɛ  gʋ’ʋl ni ka sʋŋid la’ad kuosig ka li kɛn tuon. Zin’ig si’eba gba ba mɔr pɛ’ɛsi ti’asid nɛ la’asi’eba.<ref name=":2" /> Ti nyɛt la’asi’eba bɛdigʋ yit pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan la. Gbana ka ba mɔri maan fuud, amaa 20th century naar saŋa la gbana ligidi da lɛb nya’aŋ hali bɔzugɔ ban da pin’ili mɔr la’asi’eba maan fuud la.<ref name=":2" /> Nidib banɛ sʋ’ʋe kɔnbid la sa’an, fʋ na yɔ ligid si’a ka ba ki’esi fʋ pɛ’og kɔnbid la gat nyɔɔd kanɛ ka fʋ na paam, ka  li kɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid kuosig ma’a pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ, ba ya’a pʋ si’e kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad ligidi.<ref name=":2" /> Kɔnbilig la mɔri maan fuudi tabin [[dɔɔg]] pʋʋgin. 21st century saŋa, ni’im kuosig da anɛ linɛ mɔr ligidi hali bɛ pɛ’og gʋ’ʋlig ni, baa nidibi pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im wan wʋʋ ban ɔnbid nua, kurkur bɛɛ naaf ni’im si’em la.<ref name=":1" /> Pɛ’og gbaŋ mɛ mɔri maan fuud, ta’ada, kparikɛn’ɛd nɛ la’asi’eba. Ba ya’a kɔdig pɛ’og ka la’abanɛ bɛɛ o pʋʋgin ka ba pʋ bɔɔd la mɛ mɔr nyɔɔd: pɛ’og kpaam ka ba mɔri maan ki’ibʋ nɛ candle, ba mɔr pɛ’og kɔnbir nɛ o giinla maan la’asi’eba wan wʋʋ luudu biig nɛ ga’adiŋ ka lɛn mɔri maan tabidiŋ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye glue la. <ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 325–329</ref>Ba mɔr pɛ’og pʋʋgin nyɔɔdi maani tʋʋd diba ni, ka mɔr pɛ’ɛbibis nyɔɔdi maan gʋnma sɛɛnd ningbiŋ, ka mɛ lɛn an gʋnma tis kɔn nɛ tennis rackets.<ref name=":3">Ensminger</ref> Pɛ’ɛs bina, linɛ mɔr kʋ’ʋlim la, ba mɔri gɛndigid sa’adi maan pɛpa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175558/http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp "Sheep Poo paper"]. ''Creative Paper Wales''. Archived from [http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> La’ad banɛ bɛ pɛ’og ni ka ba pʋ bɔɔda, linɛ mɔr nyɔɔdi ba wʋsa ni anɛ kpaam la bɛ gbaŋ ni la: dinɛ li’ ningbiŋ la ka [[Ku'om|kuom]] pʋ gat la, ka an kpaam bɛ pɛ’og la gbaŋ ni ka ba mɔri maan kpasɔɔnrim nam nɛ kpasi’eba la.<ref name=":3" /> Kpaadib si’eba gʋ’ʋn ka mɛ nyɛt nyɔɔdi yit kɔnbig la vʋm pʋʋgin. Nidib banɛ mɔri ba pɛ’ɛsi kɛn pʋ’asada nɛ dasam di’ema ni wan wʋʋ 4-H nɛ nya’ab di’ema nami bɛ kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl zin’isin la anɛ suor ka ba nyaŋidi kuosidi ba pɛ’ɛs la.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 322</ref> Kpaadib tɔ’ɔn gaŋ ye ba gɔs pɛ’og buudi si’a ka nyaŋi kuosi li, ka si’eba mɛ ɛɛti nɔki ba pɛraad ka ba dʋti ba taaba pɛ’ɛs ka ba yɔɔdi ba.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 333</ref> Suor paalig kanɛ ka ba dɔlisid pɛ’ɛs ni paamid nyɔɔd anɛ ban na nɔki ba tis ninsi’eba ka ba kɛŋ ɔnbi ba mɔɔd ka yɔɔ ba ka kɔnbig la ɔnb la sam; ba bɔɔd banɛ nwaasid mɔɔd  la nɛ ye ba yis mɔɔg ka li da zuoe nidibi la’asid zin’ig si’eba nam lin na niŋ si’em ka li gu’ bugum la’aŋir.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 332–334</ref> Baa pɛ’ɛs da’a lɛb nya’aŋ zin’is bɛdigʋ ni la, pɛ’og la’an mɔr ligidi hali gat bʋnkɔnbid banɛ kpɛlim la. Ba pʋ bɔɔd gbɛɛnsig dɔɔg kanɛ ka li ligidi zuoe,<ref>Smith et al., p. 31.</ref> wan wʋʋ ban kuod nɔɔs nɛ kurkurnam dɔɔdin si’em la. Ba pʋ faand paalʋ; pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ ayuobʋ na nyaŋi kpɛn’ɛ zin’ig kanɛ ka naaf bɛɛ wi’ef yinnɛ ma’a kpɛn’ɛd.<ref name=":4">Simmons & Ekarius</ref><ref>Small, Joanna (18 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143253/http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html "Sheep Compete With Beef"]. ''KSBR News''. ABC. Archived from [http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs mɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd wan wʋʋ mɔɔd banɛ ka bʋnkɔnb si’eba pʋn kʋ si’isɛ, ka mɛ na dʋ’a biis tɔ’ɔtɔ’.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 1.</ref> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, bʋnkɔnb si’eba ka ba ligidi dʋti dɔli ba yam bɛɛ ba diib, wan wʋʋ kawɛnna, maagi nɛ bi’elim si’eba la, pɛ’og ligidi ba’a kae nɛ la’aban ligidi an si’em.<ref name=":5">Wilde, Matthew (20 January 2008). [https://www.wcfcourier.com/articles/2008/01/20/business/local/6f3309794cec83b9862573d40047bd29.txt "Profit opportunities raising sheep"]. ''Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier''. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs bʋnbama nɛ pɛ’og [[ligidi]] mɛ pʋ zuoe wala, nwa’ wʋsa pa’al ye banɛ gʋ’ʋn pɛ’ɛs la mɔr nyɔɔd, baa o kɔnbid la ya’a pʋ zuoe.<ref name=":5" /> Pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig mɔr nyɔɔdi tis banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba mɛŋ din, la’anɛ banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba yaan ka li pʋ nyɛt la’ad bɛdigʋ tisidi baa, bɔzugɔ pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig anɛ linɛ ka ba nan pʋ gɔsi li paas kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl tʋʋmbɛda nii.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 3.</ref> Amaa, banɛ gʋ’ʋn bi’ela, ka mɔr bʋn-nya’as wan wʋʋ piiga paae pisnu (10 to 50 ewes), pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ bɔzugɔ ba pʋ gɔsidi ba titua nɛ. Linɛ zug ka li an ala anɛ ye ba kʋ nyaŋi mɔr masin nami guri ba, ka li kɛt ka ba pʋ nyɛt nyɔɔdɛ. Nidib gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid bi’ela wala buudi nɛ ka li anɛ bɔɔdim yela ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba ka ba ye ba ɔnbid mɔɔg kuosuoya nam ni.<ref>College of Agriculture and Home Economics. [https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf "Sheep Production and Management"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> == Diib == Pɛ’og ni’im nɛ o bin’isim da anɛ diib hali tis dʋdʋmin dim ka ba da dit ka li maani ba ningbina ban da pin’ili tɔn’ɔsid ka la’asid kuod nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad la.<ref name=":4" /> Ba buon pɛ’og ni’im ye pɛ’og ni’im, ka yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin ba kuud pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ 540 million maan ni’im dunia wʋsa pʋʋgin.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL "FAOSTAT"]. ''www.fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200529074007/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL Archived] from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> "Mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin la yina Old French ''moton'', linɛ da an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka Anglo-Norman tuongatib da pʋd pɛ’og, banɛ da yit British Isles Middle Ages saŋa. Nwa’ da kilim pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin, ka yʋ’ʋr kanɛ yi Old English ni ka ba buon ''sceap'' la ka ba lɛɛ da nɔki pʋd bʋnvʋr la yʋ’ʋr.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1933: Mutton, Sheep, Beef.</ref> Pin’ilig sa, "mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og yʋ’ʋr na’asaalin la da anɛ yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba buon pɛ’og ni’im, amaa ka li anɛ banɛ paae yʋma ayi wa’ala; "lamb" an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da tis pɛ’og kanɛ nan pʋ paae yʋʋm yinnɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton "Mutton"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422010853/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170723081313/http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php "What Is Mutton? Understanding The History"]. ''[[:en:Mutton_Renaissance_Campaign|Mutton Renaissance Campaign]]''. Archived from [http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php the original] on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref name=":6">Apple, R.W. Jr. (29 March 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html "Much Ado About Mutton, but Not in These Parts"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174107/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref> 21st century saŋa, tɛɛns banɛ ka ba da ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im hali da anɛ Arab states of the Persian Gulf, New Zealand, Australia, Greece, Uruguay, United Kingdom nɛ Ireland.<ref name=":2" /> Tɛɛns bama ɔnbid 14–40 lbs (3–18 kg) pɛ’og ni’im yʋʋm wʋsa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Pɛ’og ni’im yʋ’ʋr mɛ yi France, Africa (li kaskas Arab tɛɛnsin), Caribbean, banɛ kpɛlim Middle East, India, nɛ China zin’is si’eba.<ref name=":6" /> Nwa’ dɔl nɛ ban da pin’ili gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid la saŋa. Tɛɛns bam ani tita’am, diib banɛ ka ba nɔk pɛ’og ni’imi maal bɛnɛ zin’ig wʋsa. Pɛ’og lana—ka ba buon animelles bɛɛ lamb fries—anɛ dikpɛŋi tis tɛɛns bɛdigʋ dunia ni. Linɛ ka ba mɔr pɛ’og ni’imi maan ka li bɛ li kɔn’ anɛ Scottish haggis, lin anɛ pɛ’og puʋgin la’ad ka ba dʋg nɛ oatmeal ka sɛ gabʋ gɛndig nɛ pʋʋr la.<ref>Smith et al., p. 147.</ref> Fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mamisi gɔs, tɛɛns wan wʋʋ U.S. ɔnbid ni’im la wan wʋʋ pound bɛɛ li gaad ala (pʋ paae 0.5 kg), ka [[United States of America (USA)|America]] nidib ɔnbid kurkur ni’im 50 pounds (22 kg) nɛ naaf ni’im 65 pounds (29 kg).<ref name=":6" /> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, tɛŋban nidib pʋ ɔnbid naaf ni’im wala, ka lɛɛ bɔɔ pɛ’og zin’ig kanɛ ka li ligidi kpi’em: tita’am bɔɔd gbɛr ni’im.<ref name=":2" /> Baa ban pʋ kpɛn tugunu nud pɛ’og bin’isim la,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190234/http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf "Sheep Trade in Syria"] (PDF). ''napcsyr.org''. National Agricultural Policy Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, [[:en:Syrian_Arab_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic|Syrian Arab Republic]]. Archived from [http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</ref> zina nwa’ ba mɔr tita’am maanɛ cheese nɛ yogurt. Pɛ’og mɔr bin’is nɔya ayi, ka maan bin’isim bi’ela, fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mak nɛ naaf din.<ref name=":4" /> Amaa, pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam, ka an gaanlig, ka maan ningbina gat naaf bin’isim, lin ka ba mɔri maan cheese.<ref name=":7">Pulina et al. p. 2.</ref> Fʋ ya’a zi’ili li ka li ma’ae biim si’a bɛ kɔnba la ni maan kɔnba, linɛ na gʋ’ʋd ka li kʋ san’am.<ref name=":7" /> Ban nɔk pɛ’og bin’isim maal bin’isim diib si’eba an feta linɛ bɛ Bulgaria nɛ Greece, Roquefort linɛ bɛ France, Manchego yit Spain, ''pecorino romano'' (Itali dim buon pɛ’og ye ''pecore'') nɛ ''ricotta'' Italy tɛŋin nɔɔ. Yogurts, si’eba maali yinɛ pɛ’og bin’isim ni.<ref>Kurmann, Joseph A.; Jeremija L. Rašić; Manfred Kroger (1992). ''Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory''. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7. p. 343.</ref> Ba maal la’abama bɛdigʋ yinɛ naaf bin’isim ni, li kaskas anɛ banɛ ka bam aal tɛnsi’eba ni.<ref name=":2" /> Pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam 4.8%, ka na nyaŋi daam banɛ pʋ bɔɔd kpaam bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":2" /> Wan wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ gbɛɛnd yin la si’eba an si’em la, ba bʋndaad banɛ ka ba pʋ zan’a ba ni’im pʋ malisa, li kaskas anɛ ban nɔbigid la. Ba si’eba bɛ ka ba pʋ fʋo ba lana tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ bɛɛ ba pʋ fʋoe titua nɛ (ka lan biilif yinnɛ kpɛlim). Pɛraad bama buudi pʋ mɔr da’a.<ref>[http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html "Docking, castrating, and disbudding"]. ''sheepandgoat.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223841/https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html Archived] from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2014.</ref><ref>American Institute Of Agriculture, Chicago (1922). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Marketing Live Stock]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191300/https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref> == Na’asaasɔɔng ni == Pɛ’og zuoe nɛ ka mɛ pʋ dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ ka li kɛ ka ba vɛɛnsid o yela. Ba an yɛlkpan hali bɛ na’asaasɔɔng vɛɛnsig ni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072132/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf "Fifth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union"] (PDF). ''Commission of the European Communities''. November 2007. Archived from [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.</ref> zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland tɛŋin la mɔr pɛ’ɛs buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔbi maan vɛɛnsig ye ba gɔs yelsi’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ piswai nɛ awai ni (1995), pɛ’ɛnya’as buudi ayi ka ba buon Megan nɛ Morag da an yiiga bʋnkɔnbid banɛ du’ad ka ba vɛɛnsi ba gɔs ka ba bin’isa nɔbigir pʋ zɛm taaba. Yʋʋm kanɛ da ti’al la, Finnish Dorset pɛ’og kanɛ ka ba buon, ka ba da pʋdi li yee “pɛ’og kanɛ ka dunia wʋsa mi’" bɛ ''Scientific American'',<ref>Lehrman, Sally (July 2008). [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around "No More Cloning Around"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119114926/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around Archived] from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.</ref> da anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ da an yiiga ka ba da la’asi ba ka ba an yinnɛ ba ningbina itima pʋʋgin. Nwa’ nya’aŋ, Polly nɛ Molly da an yiiga ka ba la’asi ba saŋa yinnɛ ka ba buudinam ka’a yinnɛ. Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anii ni (2008), pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ anɛ linɛ ka ba pʋ kpɛm baŋi li wala, la’anɛ ban da yi zin’ig si’eba na ka ba nyaŋi baŋ la,<ref>de Gortari MJ, Freking BA, Cuthbertson RP, et al. (1998). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports "A second-generation linkage map of the sheep genome"]. ''Mamm. Genome''. '''9''' (3): 204–09. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s003359900726|10.1007/s003359900726]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501303 9501303]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1551771 1551771]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180723174146/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports Archived] from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> ka ba la’as pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ dɔlisidi ba DNA nɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka ba mɔri ba bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad taaba yela la.<ref>Dalrymple BP, Kirkness EF, Nefedov M, et al. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 "Using comparative genomics to reorder the human genome sequence into a virtual sheep genome"]. ''Genome Biol''. '''8''' (7): R152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152|10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 2323240]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17663790 17663790].</ref> Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), pɛ’og kanɛ da mɔr buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka ba buon "Peng Peng" da yi paalʋ na dɔlis Chinese scientists, onɛ da vɛɛns ka ye o buudi anɛ samɛrid buudi ka li da dɔlis anina ka li nyaŋi maal kpaam kanɛ pʋ mɔr daʋŋi tis ninsaal ningbiŋɔ.<ref>Tan Ee Lyn (24 April 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 "Worm turns sheep clone to "good" fat: China scientists]". ''[[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220208070505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 Archived] from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs Wina’am maal la’asi’eba zamisig pʋʋgin, Soay sheep buudi banɛ kpɛlim Hirta tɛŋin la ba nyaŋi gɔs o ningbiŋ la nar ye li zɛm si’em bɛn ka li nyaŋi maal dʋ’a tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref>Fountain, Henry (22 January 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science "In a Sheep Population, Researchers Find a Fitness Gene"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410115414/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science Archived] from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soay pɛ’ɛs buudi la mɔr kala kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka nidib da vɛɛnsi gɔs ye bɔ ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ zuos, ka an sabila nwa kanl da si’eda; nwa’ da gɛɛs wada kanɛ ka ba ye buud banɛ an bɛda dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ la.<ref>Sample, Ian (18 January 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics "Soays' natural selection on the hoof"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131227070010/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics Archived] from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soays buudi banɛ bɛ Hirta la mɔr tʋʋma bɛdigʋ bɔzugɔ ba baki ba mɛŋ nɛ ba taaba.<ref>Fleming, Nic (18 January 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html "Darker black sheep's decline is in the genes"]. ''[[:en:The_Daily_Telegraph|The Daily Telegraph]]''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html Archived] from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan anɛ banɛ ka ba taa mɔri maan vɛɛnsa gɔsid, li kaskas anɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ kati wa’ae sʋsʋnya ban’as ni, zin’is banɛ wan wʋʋ zidʋtim ban’as nɛ sʋsʋnfʋ na zan’as tʋʋma.<ref>Recchia FA; Lionetti V (2007). "Animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy for translational research". ''Vet. Res. Commun''. '''31''' (Suppl 1): 35–41. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8|10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17682844 17682844]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12807169 12807169].</ref><ref>Hasenfuss G (1998). [[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|"Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy"]]. ''Cardiovasc. Res''. '''39''' (1): 60–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9764190 9764190].</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og kanɛ mɔr pʋʋgʋ vɛɛnsidi baŋid ninsaali pʋʋg tʋkiri mɛ an si’em, ka ba mɔri ba vɛɛnsidi gɔsid biigi nɔbigid pʋʋgin si’em,<ref>Barry JS; Anthony RV (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 "The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy"]. ''Theriogenology''. '''69''' (1): 55–67. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021|10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 2262949]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17976713 17976713].</ref> o maa na pʋ dit dikanɛ maan ningbinaa.<ref>Vuguin PM (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 "Animal models for small for gestational age and fetal programming of adult disease"]. ''Horm. Res''. '''68''' (3): 113–23. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000100545|10.1159/000100545]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 4287248]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351325 17351325].</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsidi gɔsid ninsaal itima yela, ba mɔr pɛ’ogʋ maan vɛɛnsig nwa, pɛ’og itima wan ninsaal itima la zug.<ref>Peirce JW; Leigh AE; daCosta AP; Kendrick KM. (June 2001). "Human face recognition in sheep: lack of configurational coding and right hemisphere advantage". ''Behavioural Processes''. '''55''' (1): 13–26. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.560.5882 10.1.1.560.5882]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9|10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11390088 11390088]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11458099 11458099].</ref> == Malima ni == === solima ne gbana ni === Pɛ’og mɔr tʋʋma hali bɛ malima bɛdigʋ ni, li kaskas anɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba zuoe galis. Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye o anɛ pɛ’og, li pa’al ye ba zɔt nɛ dabi’em ka ka’a gba’arɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep "Sheep"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215516/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep Archived] from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og daag ka li anɛ zanbini pa’an paŋ; zanbin kanɛ bɛ Los Angeles Rams football team nɛ Dodge Ram lɔr nya’aŋ la pa’al nɛ pɛrakanɛ mɔr iilbɛda ka ba buon ''Ovis canadensis''. Pɛ’ɛs kaanlig anɛ bʋnlinɛ sʋŋid nidib ka ba nyaŋidi gbisid, ka nidibi da kaan pɛ’ɛs si’em la nan kpɛlim bɛ zina nwa. Pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas si’ilima ni nɛ pian’asi’eba pʋʋgin ka ba mɔri li yet saŋa wʋsa ye "pɛ’og sabil". Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye pɛ’og sabil, li pa’al ye o anɛ ninkanɛ pʋ dɔlisid la’asig la wadaa.<ref name=":8">Ammer, Christine (1997). ''[[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0|American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms]]''. Houghton Mifflin. p. [[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0/page/64|64]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-395-72774-4|978-0-395-72774-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 13 November 2007. <q>american heritage dictionary black sheep.</q></ref> Nwa’ yinɛ pɛ’og sabilig yinnɛ ɛɛti dʋ’a paas pɛ’ɛs banɛ an pi’ela ma’a ni la. Kɔnbkimnib da pʋ bɔɔd pɛ’ɛs sabila banɛ, bɔzugɔ ba da pʋ bɔɔd kɔnbilig sabiligi da’ada wan wʋʋ banɛ an pi’ela la.<ref name=":8" /> Nidib banɛ si’akidi ba gɔmɛna banɛ mugusidi ba, ba pʋdʋ ba nɛ yʋ’ʋr saaŋ na’asaalin ye sheeple. Ka ba ya’a yel ye fʋ wan ni pɛ’og nɛ, li pa’al ye fʋ tʋm nɛ nyan tʋʋma.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish "Sheepish"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422173752/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ zanbina tis banɛ yʋm yʋʋma wan wʋʋ ''The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing'', ''Little Bo Peep'', ''Baa, Baa, Black Sheep'', nɛ ''Mary Had a Little Lamb''; gbana wan wʋʋ George Orwell gbaŋ kanɛ buon ''Animal Farm'' nɛ Haruki Murakami gbaŋ kanɛ an ''A Wild Sheep Chase''; yʋʋma banɛ ka ba si’eba an Bach's ''Sheep may safely graze'' (''Schafe können sicher weiden'') nɛ Pink Floyd yʋʋma ka o buol ye "Sheep", nɛ yʋm si’eba wan ni William Blake din linɛ ka o pʋd "The Lamb". ==== Winpʋ’ʋsʋm ==== Saŋkanɛ gaad sa la, ba da mɔr pɛ’og zanbina winpʋ’ʋsʋm zin’isi bɛ ancient Near East, Mideast, nɛ Mediterranean zin’is: Çatalhöyük, Egyptian winpʋ’ʋs kʋdʋg, Cana'anite nɛ Phoenician malima ni, Judaism, Greek winpʋ’ʋsʋm, nɛ si’eba banɛ kpɛlim. Winpʋ’ʋsʋm zanbina nɛ malima da pin’il nɛ yiiga yadda niŋidib la sa’an: pɛ’ɛs zu’wana (nɛ niigi) ka ba da mɔri bɛ badanam ni bɛ Çatalhöyük zin’is ni 8,000 BCE.<ref>Budiansky, p. 159.</ref> Egyptian winpʋ’ʋsʋm ni, pɛ’og da anɛ zanbini tis wina bɛdigʋ: Khnum, Heryshaf nɛ Amun (on da anɛ winkanɛ tisid biis).<ref name=":2" /> Bada banɛ mɛ da pa’an pɛ’og zanbina da anɛ winpʋ’ak Ishtar, Phoenician winkanɛ ka ba buon Baal-Hamon, Babylonian dim winkanɛ ka ba buon Ea-Oannes.<ref name=":2" /> Madagascar tɛŋin, ba da pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’imɛ bɔzugɔ ba da si’ak ye pɛ’og anɛ ba yaanam la ti’aki lɛb na.<ref name=":9">Cooper, JC (1992). ''Symbolic and Mythological Animals''. London: Aquarian Press. p. 219. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6|978-1-85538-118-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Kʋdʋmin Greek dim pian’a pɛ’og yela bɛdigʋ: ka ba buon Chrysomallos, ka o kɔnbilig la an dɔnbʋʋlim wan wʋʋ sanlim nɛ, ka ba pa’an o yela kʋdʋmin sa ti paae zina nwa’. Banɛ gɔsid kudʋmin yela pa’al ye ba zanbina pʋʋgin, pɛ’og anɛ yiiga zanbin bɛ Greek zodiac zanbina nam ni, ka mɛ paas bʋnkɔnbid anii banɛ ka ba mɔri kaan yʋʋma paad yʋʋm piinɛyi bɛn la, ka li an bʋnlinɛ ka ba nɔki pʋd nwadis la yʋda yʋʋm pʋʋgin.<ref name=":9" /> Chinese malima pʋʋgin ba yel ye Hou ji da ku nɛ pɛ’og. Mongolia, shagai anɛ dikʋda banɛ ka ba da maan ka li yinɛ pɛ’og kɔnbir ni na ka ba nan mɔri li maan bʋgʋlʋmbʋgʋlʋm. Pɛ’og da paas Abraham nam saŋa ka li pa’an ban da mɔr yadda si’em; Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, nɛ King David nam da anɛ kɔnbkimnib. Wina’am gbaŋ la pa’al ban da lɔ Isaac la, ba da kʋ nɛ pɛ’og ka o di’e Isaac maliak la da gban’e Abraham nu’ug la (mɔɔm pʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, Abraham da ti’eb nɛ ye o ku Ishmael li maal maan). Salla anɛ maliŋ kanɛ ka mɔɔm maan, sankan ka ba mɔr pɛ’ɛs (bɛɛ bʋnkɔnb si’eba) kuud ka li pa’an ye ba ti’en nɛ bʋnlinɛ da maal la.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml "Eid ul Adha (10 Dhul-Hijja) – the festival of sacrifice"]. ''BBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113064237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml Archived] from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050508/http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos "Eid Festival Around The World – Graphic photos"]. ''Sweetness & Light''. Archived from [http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos the original] on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> Ba kuud pɛ’ɛs mɔɔg maliŋ si’eba nam pʋʋgin.<ref>Robertson, Cambpell (13 August 2008). [https://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse "Bloody Blessing Goes Unnoticed"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://archive.today/20120707022134/http://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse Archived] from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2008.</ref> Greeks and Romans dim da mɔr pɛ’ɛsi maan maana ka li an ba malima, ka banɛ ka win kanɛ ka ba pʋ’ʋsid an Judaism mɛ kuud pɛ’ɛs ka ba buoni li Korban, malima la si’eba anɛ Wina’am kum maliak gaadʋg maliŋ ka ba kuud pɛ’ɛs.<ref name=":9" /> Ba la’asi buon banɛ an Kristo biis ye pɛ’ɛs ka Kristo mɛŋ an kɔnbkim sʋŋ, ka pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas Yesu dʋ’am saŋa sa. Kristo biis banɛ an kasi la ba buoni banɛ banɛ mɛ an kɔnbkimnib, ka lɛn buoni ba kɔnbid la mɛŋ. Wina’am gbaŋ mɛ pa’al ye Kristo anɛ maan pɛ’og kanɛ yi Wina’am sa’an na ka Easter di’ema nam ka ba maani bɛ Greece nɛ Romania tɛɛnsin la ba kuud Paschal pɛ’ɛs anina. Ba buon karindɔɔg kpɛɛm nɛ ye pastor, ka lin yinɛ latin buudi pian’ad ni linɛ gbin ni an kɔnbkim. Winpʋ’ʋs dɔsi’eba ni ba tuongatib ka ba buon bishops la zal nɛ daag si’a, ka li pa’ali ba kpɛŋ la paŋ ka ba maali li ka li wan wʋʋ kɔnbkim duor. ==Gɔsim Ya'as== * [[Dry Sheep Equivalent]] * [[Fictional sheep]] * [[Sheepfold]] * [[U.S. Sheep Experiment Station]] * [[Venray sheep companies]] * [[Sheep–goat hybrid]] {{Clear}} == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:Bʋnkɔnbid]] <references /> 6kit74jx7g9qz8abi4mhoa5rsvd4cbi 0 1968 15038 15034 2025-06-26T18:41:55Z Abanga Emmanuel 481 I added text and references 15038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|item=Q20638126}} '''Tomato''' ka ba buon ye '''ntoos''', '''tamantoos''', kamantoos la anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ wan gbila gbila ka ba diti li wala la, ka li paas bʋnbʋta banɛ bɛ zɛnma’asa pʋʋgin. Tomato paas nɛ nightshade buudi ni linɛ si’eba an [[tobacco]], potato, nɛ chili peppers. Lin yi lɔsi’a na ka ba kpɛn’ɛsi li yaan yiiga anɛ western South [[America]]. Lin da dɔlis si’em paae kʋdʋmin dim la anɛ li da yinɛ Spanish dim banɛ da paas Columbian la’ad ti’asig 16th century saŋa la. Tomato bʋnbʋtir anɛ linɛ tɛn’ɛd tɛŋin, ka ba kuod yʋʋm bɛn ka mɛ pʋ bɔɔd ma’asig zin’igɔ, amaa zin’ig kanɛ ka ba gɔsidi li sʋ’ʋŋa li maan. Ba puum la mɛŋi maan diib. Buud paala banɛ ka ba mɔr nannanna la anɛ banɛ tɔn’ɔ bi’igid saŋa yinnɛ, ka li kɛt ka wal la pʋ Malisa. Buudinam paae tusa, bɛda bɛ ka bʋnbibis mɛ bɛ, kalanam kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ba aansim bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka ba malisim mɛ ka’ yinnɛ. Tomatoes mɔr bʋnvʋya bɛdigʋ nɛ zʋnzʋnya banɛ daamidi ba, ka mɛ mɔr ban’as banɛ yi virus nɛ kpaam-kpaamnam nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand la. Tomato malis nɛ ka an tɔlim-tɔlim, ka an bʋnlinɛ ka ba paasidi maan diib dunia zin’is wʋsa ni. Ba mɔri maan pizzas, pasta nɛ ni’im diib si’eba, ka dʋgʋd zɛn’ɛd wan wʋʋ gazpacho, curries ka ba si’eba an dhansak nɛ rogan josh, ka ban an dan’am, ka mɔri paasid bʋnwal si’eba ni maan daam. Ba maan tomato malima yʋʋm wʋsa bɛ Buñol, Spain, bɛ Reynoldsburg, Ohio, nɛ Närpes, Finland tɛŋin. == Yʋ’ʋr pʋdib == === Yʋ’ʋr la yi si’el na === Sɔb kanɛ an ''tomato'' yinɛ Spanish buudi pian’ad kanɛ ka ba buon ''tomate'', linɛ mɛ yi Nahuatl buudi pian’ad ni ka ba buon ''tomatl'' [ˈtomat͡ɬ].<ref>Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/tomato "tomato"]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba pʋd ''lycopersicum'', ka li gbin an 'wolf peach', lin yinɛ Galen, ka lin gbin da anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ ka ba nan zi’i o yʋ’ʋrɛ. Luigi Anguillara da yis labaar na 16th century ye Galen tɛŋ dim ''lycopersicum'' tɔ’ɔn an tomato la, la’anɛ lin tɔi nɛ ban na si’ak ye linɛ la la, ''lycopersicum'' kpɛn’ɛ na’asaasɔn’ɔg tʋʋma ni ka anɛ wal yʋ’ʋr.<ref>Sabine, Joseph (1820). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALkF3ZIfCkC&pg=PA343 "On the Love Apple or Tomato"]. ''Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London''. '''3''': 343 f.</ref> '''Yʋ’ʋr buolig''' Ban buon ''tomato'' si’em anɛ /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ (bɛ North American English) nɛ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ (bɛ British English).<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/tomato "English definition of 'tomato'"]. ''Cambridge Dictionaries Online''. Cambridge University Press. 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba buoni li zin’is ayi la da nyɛ yʋ’ʋr ka kpɛlim bɛ Ira nɛ George Gershwin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔ ni (1937) yi yʋʋma kanɛ da buon "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" ("fʋ bɔɔd /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ bɔɔd /pəˈtɑːtoʊ/ / fʋ bɔɔd /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ nɔŋ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/").<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=let%27s+call+the+whole+thing+off+lyrics&sca_esv=3145f941300c1a56&source=hp&ei=QGcOZ6SnJKaFhbIPusWC6Qw&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZw51UH_jTwdasztauAPXIIQTt3t9qyff&oq=%22let%27s+call+%22&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz "Let's Call The Whole Thing Off: Song by Ella Fitzgerald"]. ''Google''. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</ref> == Pin’ilig == === Britain === Tamantɔos da pʋ bʋd England tɛŋ nii ti paaɛ Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai saŋa. Daʋ kanɛ da an yiiga da bʋd da anɛ John Gerard, ɔ da anɛ barber – surgeon. Gerard’s Herbal, da yinɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi zin’is kɔnbkɔnb ka da lɛm pian tamantoos yɛla England. Gerard da mi yɛ Spain nɛ Italy dim dit tamantoos. La’am nɛ wala, ɔ da mi ye li anɛ yabid. Gerard da tɔn pa’ansid nidib kɛ ka mi yɛ tamantoos pʋ nar nɛ diibɔ Yʋma bɛdigʋ Britain nɛ tɛŋ banɛ bɛ ya datiʋŋ ka America dim da nyaŋ la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 17.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii ne pisi tamantoos da yalig zɛma’sa da’ wʋsa ka bani mi dʋgib wʋsa da mori li, ba da piandi lɛbid ban bʋt lin maa lambakin li vɛnlim la, ka ba mɛ mɔri dʋgid tɛŋ lalli Itali bɛɛ Jewish cuisine.<ref>"Love-apple, or Tomato Berry.-Love apples are now to be seen in great abundance at all our vegetable markets". ''[[:en:The_Times|The Times]]''. 22 September 1820. p. 3.</ref> Wɛn wɔɔ Elizabeth Blackwell A Curious Herbal, ba bʋɔn ni li nɛ ye “Love Apple (Amoris Pomum)” ban mɔri dit nɛ kpa’am nɛ vinegar Italy tɛŋin, li bʋʋdi wɛn wɔɔ ban dit gɔl UK siɛm la.<ref>[[:en:Elizabeth_Blackwell_(illustrator)|Blackwell, Elizabeth]] (1737). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230606092105/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf A curious herbal: containing five hundred cuts, of the most useful plants, which are now used in the practice of physick: engraved on folio copper plates, after drawings taken from life]'' (PDF). p. 342 (plate 133). Archived from [https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 June 2023.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyʋɔbʋ nɛ pisyʋɔbʋ nɛ atan la, The New York Times dim da pa’al yʋ’ʋr kani an ‘Love Apple’ la gbin ka li an ye French dim pʋ yaŋi bʋɔl yʋ’ʋr la sʋm lin nar ye Itali pomo dei Mori (“the Moors’ apple”) ka ba lɛɛ bʋɔn ye pomme d’amour, (“apple of love”).<ref>Alma, C. M. (7 April 1963). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 "Aztecs' Tomatl is the Modern Tomato: From Spain to Italy on a Bush"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 116565156] – via Proquest.</ref> === Middle East === John Barker da pin’il tamantɔos bʋdib Middle East, ɔ da anɛ British nid kanɛ ziɛ gɔmɛna nɔbazʋg bɛ Aleppo yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ awai kiŋ pa’aɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnʋ nɛ anʋ.<ref>Bergougnoux, Véronique (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/80426432 "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming"]. ''Biotechnology Advances''. '''32''' (1): 170–189. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003|10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24211472 24211472].</ref><ref>[http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppo "British Consuls in Aleppo"]. Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519 "Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans"]. ''Appletons' Journal''. Vol. 1. D. Appleton and Co. 1876. p. 519.</ref> Nineteenth century ka ba da pa’al  ye li anɛ linɛ ka ba paasi mɔri dʋgid diib. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnii nɛ yinɛ ba da yɛ li anɛ linɛ ka bad it “yʋma pisnaasi bani gaad”.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 "Natural History, Science, &c"]. ''The Friend''. '''54''': 223. 1881.</ref> === United States === Saŋa yiiga kanɛ ka ba tʋɔs tamantoos bʋdib yela British North America da anɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piiga, tinya’a dʋata William Salmon da nyɛ linɛ ka zina ka ba bʋɔn ye South Carolina la,<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 25.</ref> Caribbean dimi da pa’ali li. 18^th century tɛŋsʋk ba da bʋdi li Carolina pɔɔdin nɛ zin’siɛba Southeast. Thomas Jefferson, ɔnɛ da di tamantoos Paris da mɔri li biili la lɛb America.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 28.</ref> America dim siɛba da pian tamantoosi mɔri dʋgid la yɛla, la’am nɛ Michele Felice Corne’ nɛ Robbert Gibbon Johnson.<ref>McCue, George Allen (November 1952). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22432 "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography"]. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden''. '''39''' (4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 336–338. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AnMBG..39..289M 1952AnMBG..39..289M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2399094|10.2307/2399094]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399094 2399094].</ref> American dim bɛdigʋ gɔs ka tamantoos anɛ yabid saŋkan la, bɛdigʋ da bʋdnɛ ka li maal venlim ka kai diibɔ. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, W. H. Garrison da yɛl ye “ba da siak ya ye tamantoos kai sʋm ka li anɛ dɛŋ.” Ɔ da tin’isi ɔ biilimin ye ba da bʋɔn tamantoos nɛ ye “love-apples bee wolf-apples” ka zansi li ye “globes of the devil”.<ref>Harrald, Chris; Watkins, Fletcher (2010). ''The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking''. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 185.</ref> Saŋkanɛ ka Alexander W. Livingston (yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ kiŋ paaɛ yʋm tʋsir Kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ anii) da pin’li kʋɔd tamatoos bɛdigʋ la, ɔ da bɔɔdnɛ yɛ ɔ bʋd tamantoos ka li venl, ka zɛm, ka lɛm malis. Li naar wʋsa ɔ da bʋd ya ka li paaɛ wʋʋ ban bʋʋdi piinɛ ayɔpɔi.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 152.</ref><ref>[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/tomatoes/ "Tomatoes"]. ''AgMRC''. March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.</ref> U.S. Department of Agriculture yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai ne pistan nɛ ayɔpɔi gbanani da yɛl yɛ tamantoos kɔnbkɔnb la pʋsʋk yinɛ Livingston da mʋg ka paas la’ad bɛdigʋ. Livingston tamantoos yiiga bʋʋdi da anɛ Paragon, li da sin’gnɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ anʋ la, ɔ da si’iŋ Acme, ka kpaadib bɛdigʋ bʋdi paaɛ yʋm pisinɛ anʋ. Tamantoos bʋʋdi banɛ da paas da anɛ Henry Tilden lowa ne Dr. Hand bɛ Baltimore.<ref>Boswell, Victor R. "[[iarchive:yoa1937|Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant]]," ''Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937,'' p. 179. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/</ref> Tamantoosi bɔɔd tʋʋlig nɛ saŋa bɛdigʋ yɛ li nɔbigla, tɛns bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Sun Belt da kʋɔdi li, kas kas anɛ Florida nɛ California. California, banɛ bɛ lanbaadin la da kʋɔd tamantoos tisid da’asin nɛ banɛ sʋʋd container namin. University of California, Davis C.M. Rick Tomato Generic Resource Center da mɔr nɛ tamantoos la bʋʋdi yinnɛ.<ref>[http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu/ "C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center"]. [[:en:University_of_California,_Davis|University of California, Davis]]. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsid ban maan tamantoos siɛm bɛ California Tomato Research Institute Escalon, California da vɛɛsi li yela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100709222618/http://www.tomatonet.org/ctri.htm California Tomato Research Institute]. tomatonet.org</ref> California, kpaadib kʋɔdnɛ nɛ ʋʋn kʋɔb li kas kas anɛ linɛ ka ba bʋɔn ye Early Girl tomatoes la. Kʋɔb kaŋa bʋʋdi kɛtnɛ ka li ba nya’a tɛŋin paaɛ kʋɔm zi’ik.<ref>Kornei, Katherine (9 March 2023). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dry-farming-agriculture-climate-change "Dry farming could help agriculture in the western U.S. amid climate change"]. ''Science News''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> == Tiig Zamisʋg == === Pa’alʋg === Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ dig tɛŋin kaba mɔr daʋgi tiɛd, ka li nɔbigir an 3m (9.8 ft); banɛ nɔbigid mɔɔgin la pʋ paad 100cm (3 ft 3 in) wa’alim nii. Ba tɔ’ɔn vʋɛ yʋma bɛdigʋ, ba bʋd nɛ yʋ’ʋm yʋ’ʋm.<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=454685 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref><ref>[https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=Solanum%20lycopersicum "Solanum lycopersicon L."] ''SEINet''. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ mɔr van’ad lam’ma ayi. Ba nɔbigidnɛ ka mɔr ti’la ka lɛm mɔr ti’l tita’ar kanɛ nɔbigid. Li nɔ’ɔr kanɛ nɔbigid la ya’a ti bas nɔbigir ka li an ye ba ki’ikɛ bɛɛ li maalnɛ pʋʋm, li na maal dʋtir ka lɛm si’ŋ nɔbigir kilim vinɛ.<ref>Peet, M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126050832/http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html "Crop Profiles – Tomato"]. Archived from [http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html the original] on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Tamantɔos kanɛ kaba tia nɛ daʋg wɛn wɔɔ dasaʋŋ bɛɛ pʋasadir nɛ li pa’al ye ba mɔrnɛ zʋɔbid venla. Zʋɔbid la sʋŋidi li ka li ti’ɛdi kilimid ya’a zi’ŋ kanɛ ka li nɔbigi kiŋ si’is tiŋ ka li mɔr ma’asʋg wʋsa, li kas kas anɛ lin na kiŋ tɔ’ŋnɛ li mɛŋ ya’a ka li sa’am.<ref name=":3">[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/7/5772 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Singapore National Parks. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li vaa’adla anɛ 10 – 25cm (4-10 in) wa’alim ni, li nɔɔrin la wɛn wɔɔ yina nɛ, ti’lla nɛ vaa’ad la wʋsa mɔr nɛ zʋɔbid.<ref>[https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-lycopersicum/ "Solanum lycopersicum"]. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos mɛŋi maannɛ li pʋʋm ka tit’ti li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlʋm. Ban da mɔr tamantoos yiti li zi’igin la, lini da sʋŋidi maan pʋʋm la(si’ins) da pʋ dɔl laa.<ref name=":4">Sharma, V. P. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4qwjov434kC&pg=PA41 Nature at Work – the Ongoing Saga of Evolution]''. Springer. p. 41. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-81-8489-991-7|978-81-8489-991-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Lin tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlim la kɛ ka li an sʋm ka banɛ kʋɔdi li yaan la maligim bʋti li pam.<ref name=":4" /> Nɛ kaɛ yinnɛ nɛ tiis banɛ ma’ani ba mɛŋ diib laa amaa tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maala ala. Tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ diib ka siɛl pʋ sʋŋi li la kɛ nɛ ka li bɛɛ li kɔ di ya’a ti paaɛ saŋa kanɛ ka sisi’ɛm naar yɛ li da’aɛ ka tiis mi’im bɛɛ cultured bumblebees.<ref>Frankie, Gordon; Thorp, Robbin; Coville, Rollin; barbara, Ertter; California Native Plant Society (2014). ''California bees & blooms: a guide for gardeners and naturalists''. Berkeley, CA: Heydey. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781597142946|9781597142946]]</bdi>.</ref> Flower banɛ yi apical meristem la. Ba mɔr zin’g kanɛ ka pʋʋm maan ka lɛm maali lʋs pistil la. Li anther la pɔbilnɛ wɔɔ gɔŋnɛ gilig stigma la. Li flower la anɛ 1-2cm (0.4-0.8 in) across, ka an dɔbʋ’ʋlʋg ka mɔr va’ad ka li tɔ zin’sa anʋ corolla la ni; ba bɛ nɛ cyme ka an zin’sa atan kiŋ paaɛ zin’s piinɛ ayi la’as taaba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/293619/solanum-lycopersicum/details "Solanum lycopersicum: tomato"]. [[:en:Royal_Horticultural_Society|Royal Horticultural Society]]. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li wɛl la ma’annɛ ovary la ni fertilization yaa ti naaɛ, li anɛ vɛnliŋʋ ka mɔr pɛricarp wall. Wɛla la mɔr nɛ locules, ka pʋʋgin an vɔɔgʋ ka biili pɛ’ɛl. Ba bɛ nɛ kɔ’nbkɔ’nb. Siɛba bɛɛ an fi’fiis ka mɔr locules nama ayi; bam an gbiligʋ ka mɔr locules nama atam bɛɛ anʋ; beefsteak tamantoos mɔr locʋles nam fi’fiis ban bɛdigʋ; nɛ plʋm tamantoos mɛ mɔr biɛl’la, locules fiisa mɛn.<ref>Muños, Stéphane; Ranc, Nicolas; Botton, Emmanuel; Bérard, Aurélie; Rolland, Sophie; et al. (1 August 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 "Increase in Tomato Locule Number Is Controlled by Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located Near ''WUSCHEL''"]. ''Plant Physiology''. '''156''' (4): 2244–2254. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1104/pp.111.173997|10.1104/pp.111.173997]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 3149950]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21673133 21673133].</ref><ref>[http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1864/build/g1864.htm "Selecting Tomatoes for the Home Garden"]. [[:en:University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref><ref>Lee, Eunkyung; Sargent, Steven A.; Huber, Donald J. (2007). [[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|"Physiological Changes in Roma-type Tomato Induced by Mechanical Stress at Several Ripeness Stages"]]. ''HortScience''. '''42''' (5): 1237–1242. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237]].</ref> Ya’a an bʋdib, biili la nar ye li yi wɛla banɛ gbʋ’ʋ ni, ka mi’is biɛla ka ya’ŋi yis gbaŋ kanɛ bɛ zʋgin la ka dɛligili ka li kʋdig yiiga ka fʋ na’an bʋd.<ref>[https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ "How to save tomato seed"]. ''gardenersworld.com''. Gardeners' World Magazine. 24 March 2019. [https://archive.today/20230103114534/https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ Archived] from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref> Tamantoos la mɔr dɔlnɛ nɔr yinnɛ nɛ arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi wɛn wɔɔ Rhizophagus irregularis. Gbanmiidib mɔr tamantoos la ka li an linɛ ka ba vɛɛrsidi li yɛla wɛn wɔɔ symbioses.<ref>Buendia, Luis; Wang, Tongming; Girardin, Ariane; Lefebvre, Benoit (April 2016). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|"The LysM receptor-like kinase Sl LYK 10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''210''' (1): 184–195. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NewPh.210..184B 2016NewPh.210..184B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|10.1111/nph.13753]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612325 26612325].</ref> === Genetics === Tɛns kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb vɛɛrsvɛɛrsidib la’asi yi tɛns piiga da si’iŋi tɔ’ɔŋid tamantoos nam yʋm tʋsa ayi nɛ anaasi.<ref>Mueller, L. [http://solgenomics.net/about/tomato_project_overview.pl "International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project"]. Sol Genomics Network. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref><ref>Ramanujan, K. (30 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713035349/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html "Tomato genome project gets $1.8M"]. News.cornell.edu. Archived from [http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html the original] on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Ba da dɛŋim pian tamantoos yɛla nɛ li bʋʋdi an siɛm yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ awai bʋnia wadigin.<ref>[http://solgenomics.net/tomato/ "Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease"].</ref> Cultivar Heinz 1706 genome vʋgiri da sin’iŋnɛ dabis pistan nɛ yinnɛ nwadisa anʋ lani yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayi.<ref>Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Hirakawa, H.; Asamizu, E.; Shirasawa, K.; et al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 "The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution"]. ''Nature''. '''485''' (7400): 635–641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..635T 2012Natur.485..635T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature11119|10.1038/nature11119]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 3378239]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22660326 22660326].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120604005502/http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ "Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time"]. ''R&D''. 1 June 2012. Archived from [http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ the original] on 4 June 2012.</ref> Nan’nan’na genome sin’iŋnɛ yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayi mɔr 799 MB ka protein kanɛ ka ba bʋki baŋ an 34,384 ka li widigi paaɛ chromosome nam piinɛ ayi.<ref>Su, Xiao; Wang, Baoan; Geng, Xiaolin; Du, Yuefan; Yang, Qinqin; et al. (15 December 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 "A high-continuity and annotated tomato reference genome"]. ''BMC Genomics''. '''22''' (1): 898. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x|10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164 1471-2164]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 8672587]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34911432 34911432].</ref> Genetically modified food kanɛ ka ba maal yiiga kʋɔsid anɛ tamantoos ka ba bʋɔn Flavr Savr, ka ba gɔs ka li tɔn diginɛ yʋʋg.<ref>Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; et al. (1992). ''Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato''. CRC Press. p. 288.</ref> Amaa li da pʋ kʋɔsi yʋʋgɛ, li da kʋɔsi kiŋ paaɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi maa.<ref>Bruening, G.; Lyons, J.M. (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". ''California Agriculture''. '''54''' (4). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources: 6–7. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6|10.3733/ca.v054n04p6]] (inactive 1 November 2024).</ref> '''Kuob''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Tomato production – 2022''' |- |'''Producer''' |'''(Millions''' '''of tonnes)''' |- | [[China]] |68.2 |- | India |20.7 |- | Turkey |13.0 |- | [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] |10.2 |- | Egypt |6.3 |- | Mexico |4.2 |- |'''World''' |'''186.2''' |- | colspan="2" |yiya: FAOSTAT United Nations<ref name=":0">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Tomato production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"]. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</ref> |} Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi ni (2022), tomatos da maal dunia wʋsa nɛ 186 million tonnes, ka linɛ da yi China an pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (37%), ka banɛ dɔl nya’aŋ an India, Turkey, nɛ [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] ban mɛ an banɛ ti’ali bɛ tabul la zugin).<ref name=":0" /> Dunia wʋsa da nɔk 4.8 million hectares yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ yi (2012) tis tomato kuob ka lin da an si’em an 161.8 million tonnes.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Archived from [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor the original] on 6 September 2015.</ref> Pɔɔg wʋsa da maal tomatos wʋʋ 33.6 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin yʋʋm tusir nɛ piinɛ yi ni (2012).<ref name=":1" /> Tomato pɔɔd banɛ bɛ Netherlands tɛŋin da maali gaadi ba taaba bɛ yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), ka tɛŋ kan ni da an wan wʋʋ 476 tonnes eka wʋsa pʋʋgin, ka banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ an Belgium (463 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin) nɛ Iceland (429 tonnes eka yinnɛ wʋsa pʋʋgin).<ref>[http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QC/E "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"], ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'', August 2014</ref> == Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban’as == === Bʋnvʋya === Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amid tomato si’eba anɛ tomato bug, stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms nɛ tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, ''Tuta absoluta'' (tomato leafminer), slugs,<ref>Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110311110055/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html "Slugs in Home Gardens"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html the original] on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> nɛ Colorado potato beetles. Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amidi ba gbana la, ''Aculops lycopersici'', dit bʋʋlim nɛ wala banɛ an baanlig la, kɛt ka vaand la gbiribid, ka san’amid puum la nɛ wal la, hali ka tɔ’ɔe kʋ bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56111 "Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)"]. Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref> Bʋnvʋya ya’a daam tomato tiig la li na maal bʋnlinɛ buon systemin, linɛ gu’udi li ka bʋnkɔnbid pʋ tɔn’ɔe san’amidi lii. Nwa’ kɛt ka li nyɛt gu’ud, bʋnlinɛ gu’ud ka bʋnvʋya pʋ san’amidi lii. Ba da nyɛ gu’ud kaŋa yiiga bɛnɛ tomatoes ni.<ref>Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. (2008). "15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals". In Schaller, A. (ed.). ''Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory''. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8181-1|978-1-4020-8181-1]]</bdi>.</ref> '''Ban’as''' Tomato buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb kati wa’ae ban na nyaŋi gu’ ban’as yela. Nannanna ka ba bɔɔd si’em anɛ ba paae buudi banɛ gu’ud ban’as bɛdigʋ. Tomato ban’as yinnɛ anɛ tobacco mosaic virus. Sigaar zanlim nɛ taba la’ad tɔn’ɔe pʋdig ban’as la tis tomato bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614075040/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg1168.html "Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1168.html the original] on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> Wibɛ’ɛd hali anɛ curly top, ka bʋnlinɛ ziidi li an beet leafhopper, linɛ san’amidi li nɔbigir. Wan wʋʋ yʋ’ʋr la an si’em la, li kɛt ka ba vaand banɛ bɛ agɔl la gbiribid ka pʋ nɔbigid titua nɛ.<ref>Goldberg, N. P. [https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_h/H106/index.html "Curly Top Virus: Guide H-106"]. College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [[:en:New_Mexico_State_University|New Mexico State University.]] Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Bacterial wilt mɛ anɛ ban’as kanɛ ka o yela pak hali linɛ kɛt ka ba pʋ wan titua nɛ.<ref name=":2">Fitzpatrick, Connor R.; Salas-González, Isai; Conway, Jonathan M.; Finkel, Omri M.; Gilbert, Sarah; Russ, Dor; Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Dangl, Jeffery L. (8 September 2020). [https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/br86bc78d "The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond"]. ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Microbiology|Annual Review of Microbiology]]''. '''74''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 81–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327|10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4227 0066-4227]. [[:en:OSTI_(identifier)|OSTI]] [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1802632 1802632]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32530732 32530732]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219621296 219621296].</ref> Wang ''et al.'', 2019 da nyɛ bʋnlinɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ye li sʋŋi san’am bʋnvʋya la paŋ, sansi’eba anɛ li si’e bʋnvʋya la paŋ ka sansi’eba ka ba nyaŋi gaŋ banɛ tɔn’e wiim ka lɛɛ pʋ nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref name=":2" /> == Diib == '''Diib maalig''' Tomatoes, ban malis ka lɛn an tɔlim-tɔlim la, ba mɔri li bɛ Mediterranean zin’is ni paasidi maan pizza nɛ pasta diib.<ref>Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</ref> Ba mɔr tomatoes maan si’elnam bɛdigʋ bɛ Spanish gazpacho<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/gazpacho?m=form "gazpacho"]. ''Royal Spanish Academy''.</ref> nɛ Catalan ''pa amb tomàquet''.<ref>[http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/catalan-tomato-bread "Pa Amb Tomàquet (Catalan Tomato Bread)"]. ''[[:en:Food_&_Wine|Food & Wine]]''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tomato anɛ bʋnlinɛ paas Middle East diib zin’is ni, ka ba dit nɛ salads (wan wʋʋ, Arab salad, Israeli salad, Shirazi salad nɛ Turkish salad), ka ba paasi li ni’imini sɛn’ɛd nɛ disi’eba ni.<ref>Beyer, Greg (7 April 2024). [https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-tomato/ "The History of the Tomato: The Fruit that Spread Round the World"]. ''The Collector''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Tomatoes paas Indian diib dʋgʋb pʋʋgin Europeans dimi da mɔri li kɛna la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], p. 165.</ref> Kashmiri diib, rogan josh, mɔr tomato li pʋʋgin; ba da ɛɛti nɔk nɛ nanzʋ’ʋ wiigi<ref>Singh, Dharamjit (1973). ''[[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|Indian Cookery]]''. Penguin. p. [[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|21,58]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0140461411|978-0140461411]]</bdi>.</ref> gɛndig ka li muoe, ka tomatoes paas Punjabi diib maalig pʋʋgin.<ref>Bhangal, Jasprit (2013). ''Indian Cooking with Four Ingredients''. Troubador. p. 101. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781780884868|9781780884868]]</bdi>.</ref> British diib kanɛ ka ba buon tikka masala tita’am mɔr tomato nɛ cream li pʋʋgin.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], pp. 1–11.</ref> '''Sʋab''' Tomatos bɔɔdim anɛ fʋ na pʋ pie li ka nɔki li digil zin’ig kanɛ ka wa’ad nɛ tʋʋlig si’al ka nintaŋ pʋ paad anina, ka li pʋ bɔɔd firig pʋʋginɛ.<ref>Parnell, Tracy L.; Suslow, Trevor V.; Harris, Linda J. (March 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062847/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf "Tomatoes:Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"] (PDF). ''ANR Catalog''. University of California: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from [http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf "Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93"] (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> fʋ ya’a pʋoe li nɛ daag la digil kɛt ka li nyaŋidi yʋʋgid.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406050733/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/howto/print/detail.asp?docid=1173 How To Cook]. Cooks Illustrated (1 July 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.</ref> Fʋ tɔ’ɔn digil tomatoes kanɛ pʋ bi’igɛ pɛpa baagi pʋʋgin ka li bi’ig.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083130/http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables "Vegetables"]. ''Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website''. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from [http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables#Tomato the original] on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref> Ba tɔ’ɔn sʋ’a tomatoes ka li yuugi bɛ kʋnkɔŋin, firig pʋʋgin, dɛligir, bɛɛ fʋn na dʋg ka li kilim gan’alig.<ref>Watson, Molly (26 July 2024). [https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-preserve-tomatoes-2217665 "How To Preserve Tomatoes: Canning, Drying, and Freezing Tomatoes With Ease"]. ''The Spruce Eats''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> '''Nutrition''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Red tomatoes, raw''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |74 kJ (18 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |3.9 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |2.6 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |1.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |0.9 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |94.5 g |- | valign="top" |Lycopene |2573 μg |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----Link to USDA Database entry |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref>[[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (2024). [https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report".]. p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101-124. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] 3[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 0844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].''</ref> |} Tomato kanɛ an kansir mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] piswai nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (95%), paŋ kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin an anaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (4%), ka kpaam nɛ linɛ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye protein mɛ an 1%.<ref>Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (July 2007). [https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/99/14/1074/937795 "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer"]. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. '''99''' (14): 1074–85. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jnci/djm037|10.1093/jnci/djm037]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17623802 17623802].</ref> '''Laafi yela''' Lʋgir kanɛ gɔsid diib nɛ laafi yela ka ba buoni ba US Food and Drug Administration si’ak ye vɛɛnsig bi’ela bɛ pa’al ye diib banɛ ka ba nɔk tomato maal si’ed dindiig ban’as la.<ref>European Food Safety Authority (2011). [[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"]]. ''EFSA Journal''. '''9''' (4): 2031. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031]].</ref> == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:tiig]] fcdgiktnt8c4ny5899as7te5toubotn 15039 15038 2025-06-27T06:30:07Z Musah Ayariga 801 Tomato (Ntoos) 15039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|item=Q20638126}} '''Tomato''' ka ba buon ye '''ntoos''', '''tamantoos''', kamantoos" be "samantoos" la anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ wan gbila gbila ka ba diti li wala la, ka li paas bʋnbʋta banɛ bɛ zɛnma’asa pʋʋgin. Tomato paas nɛ nightshade buudi ni linɛ si’eba an [[taba]], dankal, nɛ nansuos winlis. Lin yi lɔsi’a na ka ba kpɛn’ɛsi li yaan yiiga anɛ Western South [[America]]. Lin da dɔlis si’em paae kʋdʋmin dim la anɛ li da yinɛ Spanish dim banɛ da paas Columbian la’ad ti’asig 16th century saŋa la. Ntoos (Tomato) bʋnbʋtir anɛ linɛ tɛn’ɛd tɛŋin, ka ba kuod yʋʋm bɛn ka mɛ pʋ bɔɔd ma’asig zin’igɔ, amaa zin’ig kanɛ ka ba gɔsidi li sʋ’ʋŋa li maan. Ba puum la mɛŋi maan diib. Buud paala banɛ ka ba mɔr nannanna la anɛ banɛ tɔn’ɔ bi’igid saŋa yinnɛ, ka li kɛt ka wal la pʋ Malisa. Buudinam paae tusa, bɛda bɛ ka bʋnbibis mɛ bɛ, kalanam kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ba aansim bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka ba malisim mɛ ka’ yinnɛ. Tomatoes mɔr bʋnvʋya bɛdigʋ nɛ zʋnzʋnya banɛ daamidi ba, ka mɛ mɔr ban’as banɛ yi virus nɛ kpaam-kpaamnam nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand la. Ntoos (Tomato) malis nɛ ka an tɔlim-tɔlim, ka an bʋnlinɛ ka ba paasidi maan diib dunia zin’is wʋsa ni. Ba mɔri maan pizzas, pasta nɛ ni’im diib si’eba, ka dʋgʋd zɛn’ɛd wan wʋʋ gazpacho, curries ka ba si’eba an dhansak nɛ rogan josh, ka ban an dan’am, ka mɔri paasid bʋnwal si’eba ni maan daam. Ba maan tomato malima yʋʋm wʋsa bɛ Buñol, Spain, bɛ Reynoldsburg, Ohio, nɛ Närpes, Finland tɛŋin. Ntoos (Tomato) kparib baamid ligidi li ni hale nsungid ba meng ne ba bi'is. Di ku'ub su'ngid gomna ligidi ne diib yela (economy) ka li no'obigi sunga. Ntoos budi yu'um yu'um wusa amaa kpad si'eba more ma'ansin ne mo'or kuom la nku'ud onn men dine an "irrigational farming" be "dry seasonal farming" la. == Yʋ’ʋr pʋdib == === Yʋ’ʋr la yi si’el na === Sɔb kanɛ an ''tomato'' yinɛ Spanish buudi pian’ad kanɛ ka ba buon ''tomate'', linɛ mɛ yi Nahuatl buudi pian’ad ni ka ba buon ''tomatl'' [ˈtomat͡ɬ].<ref>Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/tomato "tomato"]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba pʋd ''lycopersicum'', ka li gbin an 'wolf peach', lin yinɛ Galen, ka lin gbin da anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ ka ba nan zi’i o yʋ’ʋrɛ. Luigi Anguillara da yis labaar na 16th century ye Galen tɛŋ dim ''lycopersicum'' tɔ’ɔn an tomato la, la’anɛ lin tɔi nɛ ban na si’ak ye linɛ la la, ''lycopersicum'' kpɛn’ɛ na’asaasɔn’ɔg tʋʋma ni ka anɛ wal yʋ’ʋr.<ref>Sabine, Joseph (1820). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALkF3ZIfCkC&pg=PA343 "On the Love Apple or Tomato"]. ''Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London''. '''3''': 343 f.</ref> '''Yʋ’ʋr buolig''' Ban buon ''tomato'' si’em anɛ /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ (bɛ North American English) nɛ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ (bɛ British English).<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/tomato "English definition of 'tomato'"]. ''Cambridge Dictionaries Online''. Cambridge University Press. 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba buoni li zin’is ayi la da nyɛ yʋ’ʋr ka kpɛlim bɛ Ira nɛ George Gershwin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔ ni (1937) yi yʋʋma kanɛ da buon "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" ("fʋ bɔɔd /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ bɔɔd /pəˈtɑːtoʊ/ / fʋ bɔɔd /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ nɔŋ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/").<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=let%27s+call+the+whole+thing+off+lyrics&sca_esv=3145f941300c1a56&source=hp&ei=QGcOZ6SnJKaFhbIPusWC6Qw&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZw51UH_jTwdasztauAPXIIQTt3t9qyff&oq=%22let%27s+call+%22&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz "Let's Call The Whole Thing Off: Song by Ella Fitzgerald"]. ''Google''. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</ref> == Pin’ilig == === Britain === Tamantɔos da pʋ bʋd England tɛŋ nii ti paaɛ Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai saŋa. Daʋ kanɛ da an yiiga da bʋd da anɛ John Gerard, ɔ da anɛ barber – surgeon. Gerard’s Herbal, da yinɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi zin’is kɔnbkɔnb ka da lɛm pian tamantoos yɛla England. Gerard da mi yɛ Spain nɛ Italy dim dit tamantoos. La’am nɛ wala, ɔ da mi ye li anɛ yabid. Gerard da tɔn pa’ansid nidib kɛ ka mi yɛ tamantoos pʋ nar nɛ diibɔ Yʋma bɛdigʋ Britain nɛ tɛŋ banɛ bɛ ya datiʋŋ ka America dim da nyaŋ la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 17.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii ne pisi tamantoos da yalig zɛma’sa da’ wʋsa ka bani mi dʋgib wʋsa da mori li, ba da piandi lɛbid ban bʋt lin maa lambakin li vɛnlim la, ka ba mɛ mɔri dʋgid tɛŋ lalli Itali bɛɛ Jewish cuisine.<ref>"Love-apple, or Tomato Berry.-Love apples are now to be seen in great abundance at all our vegetable markets". ''[[:en:The_Times|The Times]]''. 22 September 1820. p. 3.</ref> Wɛn wɔɔ Elizabeth Blackwell A Curious Herbal, ba bʋɔn ni li nɛ ye “Love Apple (Amoris Pomum)” ban mɔri dit nɛ kpa’am nɛ vinegar Italy tɛŋin, li bʋʋdi wɛn wɔɔ ban dit gɔl UK siɛm la.<ref>[[:en:Elizabeth_Blackwell_(illustrator)|Blackwell, Elizabeth]] (1737). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230606092105/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf A curious herbal: containing five hundred cuts, of the most useful plants, which are now used in the practice of physick: engraved on folio copper plates, after drawings taken from life]'' (PDF). p. 342 (plate 133). Archived from [https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 June 2023.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyʋɔbʋ nɛ pisyʋɔbʋ nɛ atan la, The New York Times dim da pa’al yʋ’ʋr kani an ‘Love Apple’ la gbin ka li an ye French dim pʋ yaŋi bʋɔl yʋ’ʋr la sʋm lin nar ye Itali pomo dei Mori (“the Moors’ apple”) ka ba lɛɛ bʋɔn ye pomme d’amour, (“apple of love”).<ref>Alma, C. M. (7 April 1963). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 "Aztecs' Tomatl is the Modern Tomato: From Spain to Italy on a Bush"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 116565156] – via Proquest.</ref> === Middle East === John Barker da pin’il tamantɔos bʋdib Middle East, ɔ da anɛ British nid kanɛ ziɛ gɔmɛna nɔbazʋg bɛ Aleppo yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ awai kiŋ pa’aɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnʋ nɛ anʋ.<ref>Bergougnoux, Véronique (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/80426432 "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming"]. ''Biotechnology Advances''. '''32''' (1): 170–189. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003|10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24211472 24211472].</ref><ref>[http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppo "British Consuls in Aleppo"]. Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519 "Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans"]. ''Appletons' Journal''. Vol. 1. D. Appleton and Co. 1876. p. 519.</ref> Nineteenth century ka ba da pa’al  ye li anɛ linɛ ka ba paasi mɔri dʋgid diib. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnii nɛ yinɛ ba da yɛ li anɛ linɛ ka bad it “yʋma pisnaasi bani gaad”.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 "Natural History, Science, &c"]. ''The Friend''. '''54''': 223. 1881.</ref> === United States === Saŋa yiiga kanɛ ka ba tʋɔs tamantoos bʋdib yela British North America da anɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piiga, tinya’a dʋata William Salmon da nyɛ linɛ ka zina ka ba bʋɔn ye South Carolina la,<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 25.</ref> Caribbean dimi da pa’ali li. 18^th century tɛŋsʋk ba da bʋdi li Carolina pɔɔdin nɛ zin’siɛba Southeast. Thomas Jefferson, ɔnɛ da di tamantoos Paris da mɔri li biili la lɛb America.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 28.</ref> America dim siɛba da pian tamantoosi mɔri dʋgid la yɛla, la’am nɛ Michele Felice Corne’ nɛ Robbert Gibbon Johnson.<ref>McCue, George Allen (November 1952). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22432 "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography"]. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden''. '''39''' (4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 336–338. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AnMBG..39..289M 1952AnMBG..39..289M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2399094|10.2307/2399094]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399094 2399094].</ref> American dim bɛdigʋ gɔs ka tamantoos anɛ yabid saŋkan la, bɛdigʋ da bʋdnɛ ka li maal venlim ka kai diibɔ. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, W. H. Garrison da yɛl ye “ba da siak ya ye tamantoos kai sʋm ka li anɛ dɛŋ.” Ɔ da tin’isi ɔ biilimin ye ba da bʋɔn tamantoos nɛ ye “love-apples bee wolf-apples” ka zansi li ye “globes of the devil”.<ref>Harrald, Chris; Watkins, Fletcher (2010). ''The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking''. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 185.</ref> Saŋkanɛ ka Alexander W. Livingston (yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ kiŋ paaɛ yʋm tʋsir Kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ anii) da pin’li kʋɔd tamatoos bɛdigʋ la, ɔ da bɔɔdnɛ yɛ ɔ bʋd tamantoos ka li venl, ka zɛm, ka lɛm malis. Li naar wʋsa ɔ da bʋd ya ka li paaɛ wʋʋ ban bʋʋdi piinɛ ayɔpɔi.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 152.</ref><ref>[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/tomatoes/ "Tomatoes"]. ''AgMRC''. March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.</ref> U.S. Department of Agriculture yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai ne pistan nɛ ayɔpɔi gbanani da yɛl yɛ tamantoos kɔnbkɔnb la pʋsʋk yinɛ Livingston da mʋg ka paas la’ad bɛdigʋ. Livingston tamantoos yiiga bʋʋdi da anɛ Paragon, li da sin’gnɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ anʋ la, ɔ da si’iŋ Acme, ka kpaadib bɛdigʋ bʋdi paaɛ yʋm pisinɛ anʋ. Tamantoos bʋʋdi banɛ da paas da anɛ Henry Tilden lowa ne Dr. Hand bɛ Baltimore.<ref>Boswell, Victor R. "[[iarchive:yoa1937|Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant]]," ''Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937,'' p. 179. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/</ref> Tamantoosi bɔɔd tʋʋlig nɛ saŋa bɛdigʋ yɛ li nɔbigla, tɛns bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Sun Belt da kʋɔdi li, kas kas anɛ Florida nɛ California. California, banɛ bɛ lanbaadin la da kʋɔd tamantoos tisid da’asin nɛ banɛ sʋʋd container namin. University of California, Davis C.M. Rick Tomato Generic Resource Center da mɔr nɛ tamantoos la bʋʋdi yinnɛ.<ref>[http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu/ "C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center"]. [[:en:University_of_California,_Davis|University of California, Davis]]. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsid ban maan tamantoos siɛm bɛ California Tomato Research Institute Escalon, California da vɛɛsi li yela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100709222618/http://www.tomatonet.org/ctri.htm California Tomato Research Institute]. tomatonet.org</ref> California, kpaadib kʋɔdnɛ nɛ ʋʋn kʋɔb li kas kas anɛ linɛ ka ba bʋɔn ye Early Girl tomatoes la. Kʋɔb kaŋa bʋʋdi kɛtnɛ ka li ba nya’a tɛŋin paaɛ kʋɔm zi’ik.<ref>Kornei, Katherine (9 March 2023). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dry-farming-agriculture-climate-change "Dry farming could help agriculture in the western U.S. amid climate change"]. ''Science News''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> == Tiig Zamisʋg == === Pa’alʋg === Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ dig tɛŋin kaba mɔr daʋgi tiɛd, ka li nɔbigir an 3m (9.8 ft); banɛ nɔbigid mɔɔgin la pʋ paad 100cm (3 ft 3 in) wa’alim nii. Ba tɔ’ɔn vʋɛ yʋma bɛdigʋ, ba bʋd nɛ yʋ’ʋm yʋ’ʋm.<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=454685 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref><ref>[https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=Solanum%20lycopersicum "Solanum lycopersicon L."] ''SEINet''. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ mɔr van’ad lam’ma ayi. Ba nɔbigidnɛ ka mɔr ti’la ka lɛm mɔr ti’l tita’ar kanɛ nɔbigid. Li nɔ’ɔr kanɛ nɔbigid la ya’a ti bas nɔbigir ka li an ye ba ki’ikɛ bɛɛ li maalnɛ pʋʋm, li na maal dʋtir ka lɛm si’ŋ nɔbigir kilim vinɛ.<ref>Peet, M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126050832/http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html "Crop Profiles – Tomato"]. Archived from [http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html the original] on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Tamantɔos kanɛ kaba tia nɛ daʋg wɛn wɔɔ dasaʋŋ bɛɛ pʋasadir nɛ li pa’al ye ba mɔrnɛ zʋɔbid venla. Zʋɔbid la sʋŋidi li ka li ti’ɛdi kilimid ya’a zi’ŋ kanɛ ka li nɔbigi kiŋ si’is tiŋ ka li mɔr ma’asʋg wʋsa, li kas kas anɛ lin na kiŋ tɔ’ŋnɛ li mɛŋ ya’a ka li sa’am.<ref name=":3">[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/7/5772 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Singapore National Parks. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li vaa’adla anɛ 10 – 25cm (4-10 in) wa’alim ni, li nɔɔrin la wɛn wɔɔ yina nɛ, ti’lla nɛ vaa’ad la wʋsa mɔr nɛ zʋɔbid.<ref>[https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-lycopersicum/ "Solanum lycopersicum"]. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos mɛŋi maannɛ li pʋʋm ka tit’ti li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlʋm. Ban da mɔr tamantoos yiti li zi’igin la, lini da sʋŋidi maan pʋʋm la(si’ins) da pʋ dɔl laa.<ref name=":4">Sharma, V. P. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4qwjov434kC&pg=PA41 Nature at Work – the Ongoing Saga of Evolution]''. Springer. p. 41. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-81-8489-991-7|978-81-8489-991-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Lin tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlim la kɛ ka li an sʋm ka banɛ kʋɔdi li yaan la maligim bʋti li pam.<ref name=":4" /> Nɛ kaɛ yinnɛ nɛ tiis banɛ ma’ani ba mɛŋ diib laa amaa tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maala ala. Tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ diib ka siɛl pʋ sʋŋi li la kɛ nɛ ka li bɛɛ li kɔ di ya’a ti paaɛ saŋa kanɛ ka sisi’ɛm naar yɛ li da’aɛ ka tiis mi’im bɛɛ cultured bumblebees.<ref>Frankie, Gordon; Thorp, Robbin; Coville, Rollin; barbara, Ertter; California Native Plant Society (2014). ''California bees & blooms: a guide for gardeners and naturalists''. Berkeley, CA: Heydey. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781597142946|9781597142946]]</bdi>.</ref> Flower banɛ yi apical meristem la. Ba mɔr zin’g kanɛ ka pʋʋm maan ka lɛm maali lʋs pistil la. Li anther la pɔbilnɛ wɔɔ gɔŋnɛ gilig stigma la. Li flower la anɛ 1-2cm (0.4-0.8 in) across, ka an dɔbʋ’ʋlʋg ka mɔr va’ad ka li tɔ zin’sa anʋ corolla la ni; ba bɛ nɛ cyme ka an zin’sa atan kiŋ paaɛ zin’s piinɛ ayi la’as taaba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/293619/solanum-lycopersicum/details "Solanum lycopersicum: tomato"]. [[:en:Royal_Horticultural_Society|Royal Horticultural Society]]. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li wɛl la ma’annɛ ovary la ni fertilization yaa ti naaɛ, li anɛ vɛnliŋʋ ka mɔr pɛricarp wall. Wɛla la mɔr nɛ locules, ka pʋʋgin an vɔɔgʋ ka biili pɛ’ɛl. Ba bɛ nɛ kɔ’nbkɔ’nb. Siɛba bɛɛ an fi’fiis ka mɔr locules nama ayi; bam an gbiligʋ ka mɔr locules nama atam bɛɛ anʋ; beefsteak tamantoos mɔr locʋles nam fi’fiis ban bɛdigʋ; nɛ plʋm tamantoos mɛ mɔr biɛl’la, locules fiisa mɛn.<ref>Muños, Stéphane; Ranc, Nicolas; Botton, Emmanuel; Bérard, Aurélie; Rolland, Sophie; et al. (1 August 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 "Increase in Tomato Locule Number Is Controlled by Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located Near ''WUSCHEL''"]. ''Plant Physiology''. '''156''' (4): 2244–2254. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1104/pp.111.173997|10.1104/pp.111.173997]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 3149950]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21673133 21673133].</ref><ref>[http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1864/build/g1864.htm "Selecting Tomatoes for the Home Garden"]. [[:en:University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref><ref>Lee, Eunkyung; Sargent, Steven A.; Huber, Donald J. (2007). [[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|"Physiological Changes in Roma-type Tomato Induced by Mechanical Stress at Several Ripeness Stages"]]. ''HortScience''. '''42''' (5): 1237–1242. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237]].</ref> Ya’a an bʋdib, biili la nar ye li yi wɛla banɛ gbʋ’ʋ ni, ka mi’is biɛla ka ya’ŋi yis gbaŋ kanɛ bɛ zʋgin la ka dɛligili ka li kʋdig yiiga ka fʋ na’an bʋd.<ref>[https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ "How to save tomato seed"]. ''gardenersworld.com''. Gardeners' World Magazine. 24 March 2019. [https://archive.today/20230103114534/https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ Archived] from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref> Tamantoos la mɔr dɔlnɛ nɔr yinnɛ nɛ arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi wɛn wɔɔ Rhizophagus irregularis. Gbanmiidib mɔr tamantoos la ka li an linɛ ka ba vɛɛrsidi li yɛla wɛn wɔɔ symbioses.<ref>Buendia, Luis; Wang, Tongming; Girardin, Ariane; Lefebvre, Benoit (April 2016). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|"The LysM receptor-like kinase Sl LYK 10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''210''' (1): 184–195. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NewPh.210..184B 2016NewPh.210..184B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|10.1111/nph.13753]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612325 26612325].</ref> === Genetics === Tɛns kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb vɛɛrsvɛɛrsidib la’asi yi tɛns piiga da si’iŋi tɔ’ɔŋid tamantoos nam yʋm tʋsa ayi nɛ anaasi.<ref>Mueller, L. [http://solgenomics.net/about/tomato_project_overview.pl "International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project"]. Sol Genomics Network. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref><ref>Ramanujan, K. (30 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713035349/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html "Tomato genome project gets $1.8M"]. News.cornell.edu. Archived from [http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html the original] on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Ba da dɛŋim pian tamantoos yɛla nɛ li bʋʋdi an siɛm yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ awai bʋnia wadigin.<ref>[http://solgenomics.net/tomato/ "Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease"].</ref> Cultivar Heinz 1706 genome vʋgiri da sin’iŋnɛ dabis pistan nɛ yinnɛ nwadisa anʋ lani yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayi.<ref>Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Hirakawa, H.; Asamizu, E.; Shirasawa, K.; et al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 "The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution"]. ''Nature''. '''485''' (7400): 635–641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..635T 2012Natur.485..635T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature11119|10.1038/nature11119]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 3378239]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22660326 22660326].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120604005502/http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ "Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time"]. ''R&D''. 1 June 2012. Archived from [http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ the original] on 4 June 2012.</ref> Nan’nan’na genome sin’iŋnɛ yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayi mɔr 799 MB ka protein kanɛ ka ba bʋki baŋ an 34,384 ka li widigi paaɛ chromosome nam piinɛ ayi.<ref>Su, Xiao; Wang, Baoan; Geng, Xiaolin; Du, Yuefan; Yang, Qinqin; et al. (15 December 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 "A high-continuity and annotated tomato reference genome"]. ''BMC Genomics''. '''22''' (1): 898. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x|10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164 1471-2164]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 8672587]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34911432 34911432].</ref> Genetically modified food kanɛ ka ba maal yiiga kʋɔsid anɛ tamantoos ka ba bʋɔn Flavr Savr, ka ba gɔs ka li tɔn diginɛ yʋʋg.<ref>Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; et al. (1992). ''Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato''. CRC Press. p. 288.</ref> Amaa li da pʋ kʋɔsi yʋʋgɛ, li da kʋɔsi kiŋ paaɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi maa.<ref>Bruening, G.; Lyons, J.M. (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". ''California Agriculture''. '''54''' (4). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources: 6–7. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6|10.3733/ca.v054n04p6]] (inactive 1 November 2024).</ref> '''Kuob''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Tomato production – 2022''' |- |'''Producer''' |'''(Millions''' '''of tonnes)''' |- | [[China]] |68.2 |- | India |20.7 |- | Turkey |13.0 |- | [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] |10.2 |- | Egypt |6.3 |- | Mexico |4.2 |- |'''World''' |'''186.2''' |- | colspan="2" |yiya: FAOSTAT United Nations<ref name=":0">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Tomato production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"]. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</ref> |} Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi ni (2022), tomatos da maal dunia wʋsa nɛ 186 million tonnes, ka linɛ da yi China an pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (37%), ka banɛ dɔl nya’aŋ an India, Turkey, nɛ [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] ban mɛ an banɛ ti’ali bɛ tabul la zugin).<ref name=":0" /> Dunia wʋsa da nɔk 4.8 million hectares yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ yi (2012) tis tomato kuob ka lin da an si’em an 161.8 million tonnes.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Archived from [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor the original] on 6 September 2015.</ref> Pɔɔg wʋsa da maal tomatos wʋʋ 33.6 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin yʋʋm tusir nɛ piinɛ yi ni (2012).<ref name=":1" /> Tomato pɔɔd banɛ bɛ Netherlands tɛŋin da maali gaadi ba taaba bɛ yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), ka tɛŋ kan ni da an wan wʋʋ 476 tonnes eka wʋsa pʋʋgin, ka banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ an Belgium (463 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin) nɛ Iceland (429 tonnes eka yinnɛ wʋsa pʋʋgin).<ref>[http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QC/E "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"], ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'', August 2014</ref> == Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban’as == === Bʋnvʋya === Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amid tomato si’eba anɛ tomato bug, stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms nɛ tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, ''Tuta absoluta'' (tomato leafminer), slugs,<ref>Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110311110055/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html "Slugs in Home Gardens"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html the original] on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> nɛ Colorado potato beetles. Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amidi ba gbana la, ''Aculops lycopersici'', dit bʋʋlim nɛ wala banɛ an baanlig la, kɛt ka vaand la gbiribid, ka san’amid puum la nɛ wal la, hali ka tɔ’ɔe kʋ bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56111 "Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)"]. Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref> Bʋnvʋya ya’a daam tomato tiig la li na maal bʋnlinɛ buon systemin, linɛ gu’udi li ka bʋnkɔnbid pʋ tɔn’ɔe san’amidi lii. Nwa’ kɛt ka li nyɛt gu’ud, bʋnlinɛ gu’ud ka bʋnvʋya pʋ san’amidi lii. Ba da nyɛ gu’ud kaŋa yiiga bɛnɛ tomatoes ni.<ref>Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. (2008). "15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals". In Schaller, A. (ed.). ''Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory''. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8181-1|978-1-4020-8181-1]]</bdi>.</ref> '''Ban’as''' Tomato buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb kati wa’ae ban na nyaŋi gu’ ban’as yela. Nannanna ka ba bɔɔd si’em anɛ ba paae buudi banɛ gu’ud ban’as bɛdigʋ. Tomato ban’as yinnɛ anɛ tobacco mosaic virus. Sigaar zanlim nɛ taba la’ad tɔn’ɔe pʋdig ban’as la tis tomato bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614075040/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg1168.html "Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1168.html the original] on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> Wibɛ’ɛd hali anɛ curly top, ka bʋnlinɛ ziidi li an beet leafhopper, linɛ san’amidi li nɔbigir. Wan wʋʋ yʋ’ʋr la an si’em la, li kɛt ka ba vaand banɛ bɛ agɔl la gbiribid ka pʋ nɔbigid titua nɛ.<ref>Goldberg, N. P. [https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_h/H106/index.html "Curly Top Virus: Guide H-106"]. College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [[:en:New_Mexico_State_University|New Mexico State University.]] Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Bacterial wilt mɛ anɛ ban’as kanɛ ka o yela pak hali linɛ kɛt ka ba pʋ wan titua nɛ.<ref name=":2">Fitzpatrick, Connor R.; Salas-González, Isai; Conway, Jonathan M.; Finkel, Omri M.; Gilbert, Sarah; Russ, Dor; Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Dangl, Jeffery L. (8 September 2020). [https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/br86bc78d "The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond"]. ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Microbiology|Annual Review of Microbiology]]''. '''74''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 81–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327|10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4227 0066-4227]. [[:en:OSTI_(identifier)|OSTI]] [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1802632 1802632]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32530732 32530732]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219621296 219621296].</ref> Wang ''et al.'', 2019 da nyɛ bʋnlinɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ye li sʋŋi san’am bʋnvʋya la paŋ, sansi’eba anɛ li si’e bʋnvʋya la paŋ ka sansi’eba ka ba nyaŋi gaŋ banɛ tɔn’e wiim ka lɛɛ pʋ nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref name=":2" /> == Diib == '''Diib maalig''' Tomatoes, ban malis ka lɛn an tɔlim-tɔlim la, ba mɔri li bɛ Mediterranean zin’is ni paasidi maan pizza nɛ pasta diib.<ref>Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</ref> Ba mɔr tomatoes maan si’elnam bɛdigʋ bɛ Spanish gazpacho<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/gazpacho?m=form "gazpacho"]. ''Royal Spanish Academy''.</ref> nɛ Catalan ''pa amb tomàquet''.<ref>[http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/catalan-tomato-bread "Pa Amb Tomàquet (Catalan Tomato Bread)"]. ''[[:en:Food_&_Wine|Food & Wine]]''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tomato anɛ bʋnlinɛ paas Middle East diib zin’is ni, ka ba dit nɛ salads (wan wʋʋ, Arab salad, Israeli salad, Shirazi salad nɛ Turkish salad), ka ba paasi li ni’imini sɛn’ɛd nɛ disi’eba ni.<ref>Beyer, Greg (7 April 2024). [https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-tomato/ "The History of the Tomato: The Fruit that Spread Round the World"]. ''The Collector''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Tomatoes paas Indian diib dʋgʋb pʋʋgin Europeans dimi da mɔri li kɛna la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], p. 165.</ref> Kashmiri diib, rogan josh, mɔr tomato li pʋʋgin; ba da ɛɛti nɔk nɛ nanzʋ’ʋ wiigi<ref>Singh, Dharamjit (1973). ''[[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|Indian Cookery]]''. Penguin. p. [[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|21,58]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0140461411|978-0140461411]]</bdi>.</ref> gɛndig ka li muoe, ka tomatoes paas Punjabi diib maalig pʋʋgin.<ref>Bhangal, Jasprit (2013). ''Indian Cooking with Four Ingredients''. Troubador. p. 101. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781780884868|9781780884868]]</bdi>.</ref> British diib kanɛ ka ba buon tikka masala tita’am mɔr tomato nɛ cream li pʋʋgin.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], pp. 1–11.</ref> '''Sʋab''' Tomatos bɔɔdim anɛ fʋ na pʋ pie li ka nɔki li digil zin’ig kanɛ ka wa’ad nɛ tʋʋlig si’al ka nintaŋ pʋ paad anina, ka li pʋ bɔɔd firig pʋʋginɛ.<ref>Parnell, Tracy L.; Suslow, Trevor V.; Harris, Linda J. (March 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062847/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf "Tomatoes:Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"] (PDF). ''ANR Catalog''. University of California: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from [http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf "Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93"] (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> fʋ ya’a pʋoe li nɛ daag la digil kɛt ka li nyaŋidi yʋʋgid.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406050733/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/howto/print/detail.asp?docid=1173 How To Cook]. Cooks Illustrated (1 July 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.</ref> Fʋ tɔ’ɔn digil tomatoes kanɛ pʋ bi’igɛ pɛpa baagi pʋʋgin ka li bi’ig.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083130/http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables "Vegetables"]. ''Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website''. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from [http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables#Tomato the original] on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref> Ba tɔ’ɔn sʋ’a tomatoes ka li yuugi bɛ kʋnkɔŋin, firig pʋʋgin, dɛligir, bɛɛ fʋn na dʋg ka li kilim gan’alig.<ref>Watson, Molly (26 July 2024). [https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-preserve-tomatoes-2217665 "How To Preserve Tomatoes: Canning, Drying, and Freezing Tomatoes With Ease"]. ''The Spruce Eats''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> '''Nutrition''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Red tomatoes, raw''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |74 kJ (18 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |3.9 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |2.6 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |1.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |0.9 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |Water |94.5 g |- | valign="top" |Lycopene |2573 μg |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----Link to USDA Database entry |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref>[[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (2024). [https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report".]. p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101-124. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] 3[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 0844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].''</ref> |} Tomato kanɛ an kansir mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] piswai nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (95%), paŋ kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin an anaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (4%), ka kpaam nɛ linɛ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye protein mɛ an 1%.<ref>Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (July 2007). [https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/99/14/1074/937795 "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer"]. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. '''99''' (14): 1074–85. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jnci/djm037|10.1093/jnci/djm037]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17623802 17623802].</ref> '''Laafi yela''' Lʋgir kanɛ gɔsid diib nɛ laafi yela ka ba buoni ba US Food and Drug Administration si’ak ye vɛɛnsig bi’ela bɛ pa’al ye diib banɛ ka ba nɔk tomato maal si’ed dindiig ban’as la.<ref>European Food Safety Authority (2011). [[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"]]. ''EFSA Journal''. '''9''' (4): 2031. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031]].</ref> == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:tiig]] gsjftmj1oodgdr7p1tw16l1cneuqayo