Wikipiidia kuswiki https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_lakir MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7 first-letter Miidia Lakir kanɛ bɛ di kɔn Sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tʋmtʋm Tʋmtʋm sɔnsʋg zin'ig Wikipiidia Wikipiidia sɔnsʋg zin'ig Faal Faal sɔnsʋg zin'ig MiidiaWiki MiidiaWiki sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tɛmpilet Tɛmpilet sɔnsʋg zin'ig Sʋŋir zin'ig Sʋŋir sɔnsʋg zin'ig Bɛn Bɛn sɔnsʋg zin'ig TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1676 15054 15046 2025-06-28T14:19:11Z Ndeego 425 I added references 15054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q7368}} '''Pɛ'og''' bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg kanɛ ka ba buon ye (Ovis aries) anɛ yin kɔnbʋg kanɛ dʋ'ad ka ba gʋ'ʋnɛ ba yin. Na'asaalin la ba ya'a  ye sheep di tʋn'ɛ [[Pa'an]] yɛlla pamm amaa nɛŋa pa'anɛ yin kɔnbid bɛɛ yin pɛ'ʋg yɛlla. Nwɛn wʋʋ bʋnkɔbid wʋsaa, pɛ'ɛs yinɛ Artiodactyla buudi ni. Ka mɔr nɔbbibis bɛɛ nɔb ɛnns bʋa'kira ayi. Ka ba kanl na an' wʋʋ billion yinnɛ.  Yin pɛ'ɛs la an' pɛ'ɛs banɛ zu'oe.Na'asaanam buon pɛ' nya'aŋ la nɛ ye ewe (/juː/ yoo), ka buon pɛ'raug la ye ram, saŋa bɛdigʋ,  ba buon ban fuoe pɛ'raad sieba la ye wether, ka pɛ'bibis la ye lamb. == Pin’ilig == Pɛ’ogi dɔlis tʋŋ si’a yi mɔɔgin bʋnkɔnbid ni ka ba ti kpɛn’ɛsid o yin la nan pʋ ni’e paalʋ.<ref>Hiendleder S, Kaupe B, Wassmuth R, Janke A (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 "Molecular analysis of wild and domestic sheep questions current nomenclature and provides evidence for domestication from two different subspecies"]. ''Proc. Biol. Sci''. '''269''' (1494): 893–904. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.1975|10.1098/rspb.2002.1975]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1690972 1690972]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12028771 12028771].</ref> Vɛɛnsig pa’al ye ''Ovis aries'' yinɛ Asiatic (''O. gmelini'') buudi kanɛ buon mouflon ni; Mɔɔgin pɛ’og kanɛ bɛ Europe ka ba buon European mouflon (''Ovis aries musimon'') dɔlis nɛ buudi kaŋa ni kɛna.<ref name=":0">Ensminger, p. 5</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ ka ninsaalib da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin yiiga (baa ban da mɔr baa kpɛn’ɛ yin wan wʋʋ yʋma tusa piiga bɛɛ tusa pisi banɛ gaad la); ban da mɔr o kpɛn’ɛ yin da anɛ yʋʋm 11,000 nɛ 9000 BC tɛnsʋki bɛ Mesopotamia<ref>Ensminger, p. 4</ref><ref>Weaver, pp. 11–14</ref><ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 2</ref><ref>Krebs, Robert E.; Carolyn A. (2003). ''Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the Ancient World''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31342-4|978-0-313-31342-4]]</bdi>.</ref> ka Mehrgarh tɛŋin an wʋʋ yʋʋm 7000 bɛ Indus Valley.<ref>Franke, Ute (January 2016)[https://www.academia.edu/37463158 . "Prehistoric Balochistan: Cultural Developments in an Arid Region"]. In Markus Reindel; Karin Bartl; Friedrich Lüth; [[:en:Norbert_Benecke|Norbert Benecke]] (eds.). ''Palaeoenvironment and the Development of Early Settlements''. VML, Verlag Marie Leidorf. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-86757-395-5|978-3-86757-395-5]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191242/https://www.academia.edu/37463158 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2020.</ref><ref>Meadow, Richard H. (1991). ''Harappa Excavations 1986–1990 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Third Millennium Urbanism''. Madison Wisconsin: PREHISTORY PRESS. pp. 94 Moving east to the Greater Indus Valley, decreases in the size of cattle, goat, and sheep also appear to have taken place starting in the 6th or even 7th Millennium BC (Meadow 1984b, 1992). Details of that phenomenon, which I have argued elsewhere was a local process at least for sheep and cattle (Meadow 1984b, 1992).</ref> Ban pin’ili gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og o la’asi’eba yela, nɛ ban nɔbig da bɛnɛ southwest Asia bɛɛ western Europe.<ref>Chessa, B.; Pereira, F.; Arnaud, F.; et al. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 "Revealing the History of Sheep Domestication Using Retrovirus Integrations"]. ''Science''. '''324''' (5926): 532–536. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...324..532C 2009Sci...324..532C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1170587|10.1126/science.1170587]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3145132 3145132]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19390051 19390051].</ref> Pin’ilig la, ba da gʋ’ʋn pɛ’og nɛ ni’im, bin'isim nɛ o gbaŋ la ma’a yela. Banɛ vɛɛnsid kʋdʋmin dim yela pa’al ye ba nyɛ zin’ig si’a Iran pa’al ye ba da gaans pɛ’ɛs banɛ mɔr kɔnbilig nɛ 6000 BC,<ref name=":0" /><ref>Weaver, p. 11</ref> ka li yʋʋm tusayi paae tusatan’ ni ka ba mɔr kɔnbilig la fuudi yɛɛd.<ref>Smith et al., p. 8</ref> == Pɛ'og gbin == Pɛ'og anɛ yin bʋnkɔbkanɛ an nɔba anaasi ka mɔr kɔnbʋlʋg bɛdigʋ. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ ka o ituma ka’e war-warɛ, ka ti yaanam ye sɔnlʋm-sɔnlʋm bɔzʋgɔ fʋ ya’a kuud o nwa, o pʋ kaasi da o ʋnsidnɛ. [[Nidib|Nidib]] gʋ’ʋn o nɛ ye ni’im, ligidi, kʋʋr ya’a bɛ, ba’ar, nɛ saŋa sia [[Bin’isim|bin’isim]] yɛla. O anɛ bʋnkɔnbkanɛ du’ad ka muasidi o bʋnbibis nɛ [[bin’isim]].<ref>https://www.britannica.com/animal/domesticated-sheep</ref> O lɛ anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ pʋ mɔr iila, fʋ ya’a ti nyɛ ka pɛ’og mɔr iila, li anɛ pɛraʋg ma’a mɔr iila<ref>https://www.sacrewell.org.uk/news/why-do-some-sheep-have-horns-and-others-dont/</ref>. O bɛnɛ o kɔn’ nɛ bʋʋg, bɔzʋgɔ [[Bʋraug|bʋraug]] wɔɔ [[Bʋnya’aŋ|bʋnya’aŋ]]  wɔɔ ba mɔri iila amaa, [[Pɛraug|pɛraug]] ma’a mɔr iila ka [[Pɛnya’aŋ|pɛnya’aŋ]] pʋ mɔr [[iila]]. == Laafi == Linɛ kʋ’ʋd pɛɛs anɛ yabid, nɛ wi’ma, nɛ siɛli na kɔrig. Bʋnkɔnb kanɛ mɔr dataala, nar ka ɔ sʋa ɔ yaa ti nyɛ zabin kanɛ pa’al yɛl bɛ wiim ka ɔ dataa da paaɛ ɔ.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius</ref> Amaa zanbin siɛba bɛ nɛ ka fʋ na baŋ, pɛ’og kanɛ bɛ’ɛd dit nɛ fins’fins, ka ka’asid saŋa bɛdigʋ, ka pʋ la’asid nɛ ɔ taabaa.<ref>Wooster, p. 187.</ref> Pin’ligin sa ligiid bɛdigʋ kanɛ ka banɛ gʋ’ɔl pɛɛs la lɛm mɔrnɛ iɛd pɛ’og tiima ya’as. Pin’ligin sa kɔnbkim da iia tima pɔɔdin. Tɛŋ banɛ pʋn an tɛŋpʋʋs la, la’am nɛ naasaatɛŋ, ba gɔs nɛ ka pɛ’og kaɛ linɛ ka ba bɔɔd da’anɛ lin zʋg ka banɛ maan tima pʋ ɛar sʋɔr kanɛ ka ba na nɔk ligtita’ar maal pɛ’og tiim.<ref>Smith et al., p. 95.</ref> Amaa ti siɛba bɛ ka ba mɔr maan pɛɛs ka li kaɛ bɛ’ɛdɛ ka lɛɛ mɔr wada siɛba fʋn na maal siɛm. wɛn wɔɔ naasaatɛŋ, wada banɛ dɔlisid linɛ nar bɛ nɛ 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regʋlations) Part 530.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140415080612/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=530&show "CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21"]. ''Accessdata.fda.gov''. 7 November 1996. Archived from [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfCFR/CFRSearch.cfm?CFRPart=530&show the original] on 15 April 2014. Retrieved 14 April 2014.</ref> 20^th century ne 21^st century, nidib biɛla banɛ gʋ’ʋn pɛɛs da basnɛ ka yʋ’ʋn dɔl ti ya’a, nɛ homeopathy, la’am nɛ China ti ya’a tima yɛ ba tiɛbi ba pɛ’ɛs ba’ans wʋsa.<ref name=":10">Weaver</ref><ref name=":11">Simmons & Ekarius</ref> La’am nɛ gbanmiidibi di kasɛta li yɛla la, ti banɛ tiɛbid la sɔbi bɛ naasaanam gbana ni.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref>Paolo Bellavite; Riccardo Ortolani & Anita Conforti (June 2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475939 "Immunology and Homeopathy. Experimental Studies on Animal Models"]. ''Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. '''3''' (2): 171–86. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/ecam/nel016|10.1093/ecam/nel016]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1475939 1475939]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16786046 16786046].</ref> Ti ya’a nɛ naasaatima yʋʋn yalignɛ zin’ik ka banɛ gʋ’ʋn pɛ’ɛs yaŋidi tiɛbidi ba pɛ’ɛs.<ref>Wooster</ref> Banɛ gʋ’ʋn la bɛdigʋ ɛnti bɔ nɛ tima kɔn’bkɔn’b yɛ ba nyaŋɛ siiɛ yɛla. Yiiga anɛ yɛ fʋ gɔs ka pɛ’og kanɛ ka fʋ da’ la mɔr laafi. Kɔn’b da’adib bɛdigʋ bʋ bɔɔd bʋnkɔn’b kanɛ ka ba ba’kʋ yiis ɔn bɛ’ɛd la yɛla.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius</ref> Li tɔ’ɔn pa’al yɛ fʋ yɔ fʋ kɔnbid ka mɛ yɔ kɔn’b sa’aʋŋ kanɛ ka fʋ da’a la paaɛ wadig. Bʋnama ayi nar yɛ fʋ maal anɛ fʋ tisʋ diib sʋ’ʋŋa ka mɛ da gɛnsʋ’ʋ. fʋn na ba’kʋ ɔ kɔ, tʋ’kpiidʋg, yɛla zin’ig, zabir, tʋʋlʋg, wa’ad, gɛnlis nɛ siɛba tɔ’ɔn ba’as nɛ ba’ans, nɛ niŋbin zabir.<ref>Grandin, T. (ed.). 2007. Livestock handling and transport. 3rd Ed. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 386 pp.</ref><ref name=":12">Gregory, N. G. 1998. Animal welfare and meat science. CABI, Wallingford, UK. 298 pp.</ref><ref>Houpt, K. A. 2004. Behavioral physiology. In: Reece, W. O. (ed.). Dukes' physiology of domestic animals. 12th Ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. pp. 952–961.</ref><ref name=":13">Moberg, G. P. and J. A. Mench. 2000. The biology of animal stress: basic principles and implications for welfare. CABI, Wallingford, UK. pp. 1–21.</ref> Gɛn’lis bɛdigʋ tɔ’ɔn da’amʋ ɔ niŋbiŋ tʋʋma.<ref name=":13" /> “Shipping fever” (pneʋmonic mannheimiosis, formerly called pasteurellosis) anɛ wi’im yitnɛ gɛnlis ni, kas kas anɛ fʋn na mɔrʋ waɛ zin’isia bɛɛ fʋn na zanl ɔ.<ref>Brogden, K. A., H. D. Lehmjuhl, R. C. Cutlip. 1998. Pasteurella haemolytica complicated respiratory infections in sheep and goats. Vet. Res. 29: 233–254.</ref><ref>Kimberling, C. V. 1988. Jensen and Swift's diseases of sheep. 3rd Ed. Lea & Fibiger, Philadelphia. 394 pp.</ref> zabir, dabiɛm, nɛ siɛnam bɛdigʋ tɔ’ɔn kɛ ka ɔ paam ɛpinephrine (adrenaline). Epinephrine secretion ya’a yʋʋg ka fʋ na’an kɔdigʋ li tɔ’ɔn sa’am ni’im la malisim(by caʋsing glycogenolysis, ka yisid lini kɛt ka niim malis) ka li kɛt ka ni’im pʋ yʋʋgida ka sa’amid.<ref name=":12" /> Yɛl bama zʋg li nar ka fʋ gɔs pɛ’og sʋ’ʋŋa. Ka kɛ ka pɛ’og pʋ di lini an yabidɛɛ, yabid wɔɔ bʋnvʋya ti’kanɛ ka ba pʋʋsid, naasaabʋgilim, motor kpa’am, nɛ radiator coolant an kpa’am malis ka lɛɛ pʋ dit la.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 161.</ref> Na’ana kanɛ ka nidib ti’ɛbid pɛ’ɛs anɛ kʋsib nɛ bʋnvʋya tiɛbʋg. Bʋnvʋya banɛ bɛ pʋʋgin nɛ banɛ bɛ yiŋ an wiim kanɛ bɛ pɛ’ɛs ni nɛ sapʋad bɛɛ pʋ lɛn dʋad bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":14">Simmons & Ekarius</ref> Bʋnvʋya tisid pɛ’ɛs pʋʋgin ba’a. ba ɛnti dɔl nɛ kpɛ’ saŋkanɛ ka ba ɔnbid mɔɔd la, ka nɔbigid pɛ’og la pʋʋg ka yi digestive system ni (ka lɛn sin’iŋ ya’as). Oral anti-parasitic medicine ka ba bʋɔn drenches ka ba mɔrɛ tisid bʋnkɔn’bid la ka li ti’ɛbid wɔrms ba ya’a ti nɔbigid  yɛ li sin’iŋ tʋʋma. Pɛ’og la nar ka ɔ tɔ’ɔm zi’igi ɔnb ka worms la da lɛn paaɛ ɔ.<ref>Brown, Dave; Sam Meadowcroft (1996). ''The Modern Shepherd''. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Farming Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-188-7|978-0-85236-188-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Bʋnvʋya banɛ da’amid pɛ’og niŋbiŋ la anɛ: karigis (li bɛ nɛ ɔ niŋbiŋ lʋas kɔn’bkɔn’b), sheep keds, nose bots, sheep itch mites, nɛ zʋn’zʋr. Keds la anɛ bʋnvʋr banɛ nʋʋd ziim ka kɛt ka pɛ’og la pʋ tɔ’ɔn di’ta ka lɛɛ kaɛ sapʋadɛ. Zʋn’zʋya la anɛ bot fly nɛ blow-fly, wɔɔ Lucilia sericata bɛ li ti’ran L. cuprina. Zʋn’zʋ ɛada dʋm mɛ. Bʋn iiada nyɛ’ɛdnɛ gɛla fɛ’ʋŋin bɛɛ zin’ikanɛ an ma’asigʋ, ka zʋnzʋya la ya’a ti nɔbig, ba ba’adnɛ pɛ’og la niŋbiŋin ka ɔ ti kpi, ba ya’a pʋ tiɛb ɔ tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ. ti’ɛb kanɛ lɛm pa’as anɛ fʋ na yi’is kɔbilik la, li anɛ tiɛb kanɛ an na’ana’a. tɛŋsiɛba yisidnɛ gbaŋ la bʋn iiada la kʋ lɛn yaŋɛ sʋa ani ya’asɛ. Ba ɛnti niŋ ala saŋkanɛ ka pɛ’og la nan an pɛ’og’bil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070906155137/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/animal-welfare/general/other/livestock/sop/sheep/mulesing "Standard Operating Procedures – sheep Mulesing"]. ''New South Wales Department of Primary Industries''. Archived from [http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/agriculture/livestock/animal-welfare/general/other/livestock/sop/sheep/mulesing the original] on 6 September 2007. Retrieved 1 March 2008.</ref><ref>Primary Industries Ministerial Council (2006). ''[http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/pid/5389.htm The Sheep]'' (PDF). Primary Industries Report Series (2nd ed.). [[:en:CSIRO|CSIRO]] Publishing. pp. 17–23. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-643-09357-7|978-0-643-09357-7]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160829214844/http://www.publish.csiro.au/nid/22/pid/5389.htm Archived] from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2008.<code><nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki></code>: <code>|work=</code> ignored (help)</ref> Nose bots anɛ bʋn iiada banɛ nanpʋ kpɛ’iŋɛ ka bɛ pɛ’og yɔ’ya ni ka kɛ ka pɛ’og la pʋ tɔ’ɔn vʋ’ʋsida. Li kɛt ka mi’mɛ’ɛd yit’ɔ ɔ yɔ’ya ni, ka ɔ tɛ’sim, ka kind ka lɔbid zʋg. Fʋ tɔ’ɔn kad bʋnvʋya banɛ daamid pɛ’og niŋbiŋ la nɛ backliners, nɛ fʋn na pʋʋs ɔ nɛ tiim.<ref name=":14" /> == Pɛ'og tʋʋma == # Pɛ'og tʋʋm yinne anɛ ni'im yɛla. # Ba mɔr pɛ'og gbana maan ssi'enam bɛdigʋ. # [[Kusaasi Dɔlisid Si'em Maani ba Pian'ad Sɔpin|Kusaas]] mɔr pɛ'ogi maan maana. == Da’a diib sʋ’ʋm == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Dunia wʋsa pɛ’ɛs''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yʋʋm 2019 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Kanl million nam''' |- | valign="top" |'''1. China''' | valign="top" |163.5 (13.19%) |- | valign="top" |'''2. India''' | valign="top" |74.3 (5.99%) |- | valign="top" |'''3. Australia''' | valign="top" |65.8 (5.31%) |- | valign="top" |'''4. Nigeria''' | valign="top" |46.9 (3.78%) |- | valign="top" |'''5. Iran''' | valign="top" |41.3 (3.33%) |- | valign="top" |'''6. Sudan''' | valign="top" |40.9 (3.3%) |- | valign="top" |'''7. Chad''' | valign="top" |35.9 (2.9%) |- | valign="top" |'''8. Turkey''' | valign="top" |35.2 (2.84%) |- | valign="top" |'''9. United Kingdom''' | valign="top" |33.6 (2.71%) |- | valign="top" |'''10. Mongolia''' | valign="top" |32.3 (2.61%) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''World total''' | valign="top" |1,239.8 |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |Yiya na: UN Food and Agriculture Organization |} Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ an yɛlkpan kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl pʋʋgin dunia wʋsa, amaa bʋnkɔnb si’eba kɛna di’e ba nɔbir hali ka ba yʋ’ʋn gʋ’ʋni ba, li kaskas anɛ kurkur, nua nɛ naaf.<ref name=":1">Brown, Dave; Sam Meadowcroft (1996). ''The Modern Shepherd''. Ipswich, United Kingdom: Farming Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-85236-188-7|978-0-85236-188-7]]</bdi>.</ref> China, Australia, India, nɛ Iran mɔr pɛ’ɛs bɛdigʋ, anina ka ba tɛŋin dim paamid ni’im nɛ gbana, ka mɛ lɛn mɔri laligid tɛŋ si’eba.<ref>Cuming, Marius (24 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316093028/http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx "Live sheep ship-shape"]. ''North Queensland Register''. Archived from [http://nqr.farmonline.com.au/news/nationalrural/livestock/sheep/live-sheep-shipshape/64508.aspx the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 24 January 2008.</ref> Tɛnsi’eba wan wʋʋ New Zealand bʋnkɔnbid pʋ zuoe wala amaa ba nyaŋid yel hali ba da’a diib pʋʋgin ban kuosid lɔmisid tɛɛnsi kuosid pɛ’ɛs la zug. Pɛ’og anɛ bʋnkɔnbig kanɛ kɛ ka tɛnsi’eba da’a diib nɔbigid, ka ba gɔsid ban na niŋ si’em ka kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl nɔbig ka mɛ sʋŋ banɛ kuosid diib tɛɛnsin.<ref name=":2">Weaver</ref><ref>Severson, Kim (14 September 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt "Iceland Woos America With Lamb and Skyr"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174119/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/14/dining/14icel.html?scp=2&sq=sheep+overgrazing&st=nyt Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Tɛɛns banɛ nan pʋ nɔbig la, bʋnkɔnbid nwa’ paas kuob nɛ  gʋ’ʋl ni ka sʋŋid la’ad kuosig ka li kɛn tuon. Zin’ig si’eba gba ba mɔr pɛ’ɛsi ti’asid nɛ la’asi’eba.<ref name=":2" /> Ti nyɛt la’asi’eba bɛdigʋ yit pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan la. Gbana ka ba mɔri maan fuud, amaa 20th century naar saŋa la gbana ligidi da lɛb nya’aŋ hali bɔzugɔ ban da pin’ili mɔr la’asi’eba maan fuud la.<ref name=":2" /> Nidib banɛ sʋ’ʋe kɔnbid la sa’an, fʋ na yɔ ligid si’a ka ba ki’esi fʋ pɛ’og kɔnbid la gat nyɔɔd kanɛ ka fʋ na paam, ka  li kɛ ka bʋnkɔnbid kuosig ma’a pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ, ba ya’a pʋ si’e kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad ligidi.<ref name=":2" /> Kɔnbilig la mɔri maan fuudi tabin [[dɔɔg]] pʋʋgin. 21st century saŋa, ni’im kuosig da anɛ linɛ mɔr ligidi hali bɛ pɛ’og gʋ’ʋlig ni, baa nidibi pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im wan wʋʋ ban ɔnbid nua, kurkur bɛɛ naaf ni’im si’em la.<ref name=":1" /> Pɛ’og gbaŋ mɛ mɔri maan fuud, ta’ada, kparikɛn’ɛd nɛ la’asi’eba. Ba ya’a kɔdig pɛ’og ka la’abanɛ bɛɛ o pʋʋgin ka ba pʋ bɔɔd la mɛ mɔr nyɔɔd: pɛ’og kpaam ka ba mɔri maan ki’ibʋ nɛ candle, ba mɔr pɛ’og kɔnbir nɛ o giinla maan la’asi’eba wan wʋʋ luudu biig nɛ ga’adiŋ ka lɛn mɔri maan tabidiŋ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye glue la. <ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 325–329</ref>Ba mɔr pɛ’og pʋʋgin nyɔɔdi maani tʋʋd diba ni, ka mɔr pɛ’ɛbibis nyɔɔdi maan gʋnma sɛɛnd ningbiŋ, ka mɛ lɛn an gʋnma tis kɔn nɛ tennis rackets.<ref name=":3">Ensminger</ref> Pɛ’ɛs bina, linɛ mɔr kʋ’ʋlim la, ba mɔri gɛndigid sa’adi maan pɛpa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012175558/http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp "Sheep Poo paper"]. ''Creative Paper Wales''. Archived from [http://sheeppoopaper.com/how_made.asp the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> La’ad banɛ bɛ pɛ’og ni ka ba pʋ bɔɔda, linɛ mɔr nyɔɔdi ba wʋsa ni anɛ kpaam la bɛ gbaŋ ni la: dinɛ li’ ningbiŋ la ka [[Ku'om|kuom]] pʋ gat la, ka an kpaam bɛ pɛ’og la gbaŋ ni ka ba mɔri maan kpasɔɔnrim nam nɛ kpasi’eba la.<ref name=":3" /> Kpaadib si’eba gʋ’ʋn ka mɛ nyɛt nyɔɔdi yit kɔnbig la vʋm pʋʋgin. Nidib banɛ mɔri ba pɛ’ɛsi kɛn pʋ’asada nɛ dasam di’ema ni wan wʋʋ 4-H nɛ nya’ab di’ema nami bɛ kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl zin’isin la anɛ suor ka ba nyaŋidi kuosidi ba pɛ’ɛs la.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 322</ref> Kpaadib tɔ’ɔn gaŋ ye ba gɔs pɛ’og buudi si’a ka nyaŋi kuosi li, ka si’eba mɛ ɛɛti nɔki ba pɛraad ka ba dʋti ba taaba pɛ’ɛs ka ba yɔɔdi ba.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 333</ref> Suor paalig kanɛ ka ba dɔlisid pɛ’ɛs ni paamid nyɔɔd anɛ ban na nɔki ba tis ninsi’eba ka ba kɛŋ ɔnbi ba mɔɔd ka yɔɔ ba ka kɔnbig la ɔnb la sam; ba bɔɔd banɛ nwaasid mɔɔd  la nɛ ye ba yis mɔɔg ka li da zuoe nidibi la’asid zin’ig si’eba nam lin na niŋ si’em ka li gu’ bugum la’aŋir.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, pp. 332–334</ref> Baa pɛ’ɛs da’a lɛb nya’aŋ zin’is bɛdigʋ ni la, pɛ’og la’an mɔr ligidi hali gat bʋnkɔnbid banɛ kpɛlim la. Ba pʋ bɔɔd gbɛɛnsig dɔɔg kanɛ ka li ligidi zuoe,<ref>Smith et al., p. 31.</ref> wan wʋʋ ban gu'un [[Nɔɔs gʋ'ʋlʋg|nɔɔs]] nɛ kurkurnam dɔɔdin si’em la. Ba pʋ faand paalʋ; pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ ayuobʋ na nyaŋi kpɛn’ɛ zin’ig kanɛ ka naaf bɛɛ wi’ef yinnɛ ma’a kpɛn’ɛd.<ref name=":4">Simmons & Ekarius</ref><ref>Small, Joanna (18 January 2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080316143253/http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html "Sheep Compete With Beef"]. ''KSBR News''. ABC. Archived from [http://www.kspr.com/news/local/13906762.html the original] on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs mɛ ɔnbid mɔɔd wan wʋʋ mɔɔd banɛ ka bʋnkɔnb si’eba pʋn kʋ si’isɛ, ka mɛ na dʋ’a biis tɔ’ɔtɔ’.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 1.</ref> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, bʋnkɔnb si’eba ka ba [[ligidi]] dʋti dɔli ba yam bɛɛ ba diib, wan wʋʋ [[Kawεnna|kawɛnna]], maagi nɛ bi’elim si’eba la, pɛ’og ligidi ba’a kae nɛ la’aban ligidi an si’em.<ref name=":5">Wilde, Matthew (20 January 2008). [https://www.wcfcourier.com/articles/2008/01/20/business/local/6f3309794cec83b9862573d40047bd29.txt "Profit opportunities raising sheep"]. ''Waterloo-Cedar Falls Courier''. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs bʋnbama nɛ pɛ’og [[ligidi]] mɛ pʋ zuoe wala, nwa’ wʋsa pa’al ye banɛ gʋ’ʋn pɛ’ɛs la mɔr nyɔɔd, baa o kɔnbid la ya’a pʋ zuoe.<ref name=":5" /> Pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig mɔr nyɔɔdi tis banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba mɛŋ din, la’anɛ banɛ gʋ’ʋni ba yaan ka li pʋ nyɛt la’ad bɛdigʋ tisidi baa, bɔzugɔ pɛ’ɛs gʋ’ʋlig anɛ linɛ ka ba nan pʋ gɔsi li paas kuob nɛ gʋ’ʋl tʋʋmbɛda nii.<ref>Simmons & Ekarius, p. 3.</ref> Amaa, banɛ gʋ’ʋn bi’ela, ka mɔr bʋn-nya’as wan wʋʋ piiga paae pisnu (10 to 50 ewes), pʋ mɔr nyɔɔdɛ bɔzugɔ ba pʋ gɔsidi ba titua nɛ. Linɛ zug ka li an ala anɛ ye ba kʋ nyaŋi mɔr masin nami guri ba, ka li kɛt ka ba pʋ nyɛt nyɔɔdɛ. Nidib gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid bi’ela wala buudi nɛ ka li anɛ bɔɔdim yela ka si’eba mɛ mɔri ba ka ba ye ba ɔnbid mɔɔg kuosuoya nam ni.<ref>College of Agriculture and Home Economics. [https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf "Sheep Production and Management"] (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20200926061901/https://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_b/100B15.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> == Diib == Pɛ’og ni’im nɛ o bin’isim da anɛ diib hali tis dʋdʋmin dim ka ba da dit ka li maani ba ningbina ban da pin’ili tɔn’ɔsid ka la’asid kuod nɛ gʋ’ʋl la’ad la.<ref name=":4" /> Ba buon pɛ’og ni’im ye pɛ’og ni’im, ka yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin ba kuud pɛ’ɛs wan wʋʋ 540 million maan ni’im dunia wʋsa pʋʋgin.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL "FAOSTAT"]. ''www.fao.org''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200529074007/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QL Archived] from the original on 29 May 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.</ref> "Mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin la yina Old French ''moton'', linɛ da an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka Anglo-Norman tuongatib da pʋd pɛ’og, banɛ da yit British Isles Middle Ages saŋa. Nwa’ da kilim pɛ’og ni’im na’asaalin, ka yʋ’ʋr kanɛ yi Old English ni ka ba buon ''sceap'' la ka ba lɛɛ da nɔki pʋd bʋnvʋr la yʋ’ʋr.<ref>''Oxford English Dictionary'', 1933: Mutton, Sheep, Beef.</ref> Pin’ilig sa, "mutton" linɛ an pɛ’og yʋ’ʋr na’asaalin la da anɛ yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba buon pɛ’og ni’im, amaa ka li anɛ banɛ paae yʋma ayi wa’ala; "lamb" an yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba da tis pɛ’og kanɛ nan pʋ paae yʋʋm yinnɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton "Mutton"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422010853/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mutton Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170723081313/http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php "What Is Mutton? Understanding The History"]. ''[[:en:Mutton_Renaissance_Campaign|Mutton Renaissance Campaign]]''. Archived from [http://www.muttonrenaissance.org.uk/whatIsMutton.php the original] on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref><ref name=":6">Apple, R.W. Jr. (29 March 2006). [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html "Much Ado About Mutton, but Not in These Parts"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090416174107/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/29/dining/29mutt.html Archived] from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2008.</ref> 21st century saŋa, tɛɛns banɛ ka ba da ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’im hali da anɛ Arab states of the Persian Gulf, New Zealand, Australia, Greece, Uruguay, United Kingdom nɛ Ireland.<ref name=":2" /> Tɛɛns bama ɔnbid 14–40 lbs (3–18 kg) pɛ’og ni’im yʋʋm wʋsa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> Pɛ’og ni’im yʋ’ʋr mɛ yi France, [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] (li kaskas Arab tɛɛnsin), Caribbean, banɛ kpɛlim Middle East, India, nɛ China zin’is si’eba.<ref name=":6" /> Nwa’ dɔl nɛ ban da pin’ili gʋ’ʋn kɔnbid la saŋa. Tɛɛns bam ani tita’am, diib banɛ ka ba nɔk pɛ’og ni’imi maal bɛnɛ zin’ig wʋsa. Pɛ’og lana—ka ba buon animelles bɛɛ lamb fries—anɛ dikpɛŋi tis tɛɛns bɛdigʋ dunia ni. Linɛ ka ba mɔr pɛ’og ni’imi maan ka li bɛ li kɔn’ anɛ Scottish haggis, lin anɛ pɛ’og puʋgin la’ad ka ba dʋg nɛ oatmeal ka sɛ [[gabʋ]] gɛndig nɛ pʋʋr la.<ref>Smith et al., p. 147.</ref> Fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mamisi gɔs, tɛɛns wan wʋʋ U.S. ɔnbid ni’im la wan wʋʋ pound bɛɛ li gaad ala (pʋ paae 0.5 kg), ka [[United States of America (USA)|America]] nidib ɔnbid kurkur ni’im 50 pounds (22 kg) nɛ naaf ni’im 65 pounds (29 kg).<ref name=":6" /> Linɛ lɛn paas ya’as, tɛŋban nidib pʋ ɔnbid naaf ni’im wala, ka lɛɛ bɔɔ pɛ’og zin’ig kanɛ ka li ligidi kpi’em: tita’am bɔɔd gbɛr ni’im.<ref name=":2" /> Baa ban pʋ kpɛn tugunu nud pɛ’og bin’isim la,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161012190234/http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf "Sheep Trade in Syria"] (PDF). ''napcsyr.org''. National Agricultural Policy Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform, [[:en:Syrian_Arab_Republichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic|Syrian Arab Republic]]. Archived from [http://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdfhttp://www.agriportal.gov.sy/napcsyr/dwnld-files/divisions/tpd/pubs/comd_brf/en/04_cbrf_sheep_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 16 August 2016.</ref> zina nwa’ ba mɔr tita’am maanɛ cheese nɛ yogurt. Pɛ’og mɔr bin’is nɔya ayi, ka maan bin’isim bi’ela, fʋ ya’a ye fʋ mak nɛ naaf din.<ref name=":4" /> Amaa, pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam, ka an gaanlig, ka maan ningbina gat naaf bin’isim, lin ka ba mɔri maan cheese.<ref name=":7">Pulina et al. p. 2.</ref> Fʋ ya’a zi’eli li ka li ma’ae biim, si’a bɛ kɔnba la ni maan kɔnba, linɛ na gʋ’ʋd ka li kʋ san’am.<ref name=":7" /> Ban nɔk pɛ’og bin’isim maal bin’isim diib si’eba an feta linɛ bɛ Bulgaria nɛ Greece, Roquefort linɛ bɛ France, Manchego yit Spain, ''pecorino romano'' (Itali dim buon pɛ’og ye ''pecore'') nɛ ''ricotta'' Italy tɛŋin nɔɔ. Yogurts, si’eba maali yinɛ pɛ’og bin’isim ni.<ref>Kurmann, Joseph A.; Jeremija L. Rašić; Manfred Kroger (1992). ''Encyclopedia of Fermented Fresh Milk Products: An International Inventory''. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-442-00869-7. p. 343.</ref> Ba maal la’abama bɛdigʋ yinɛ naaf bin’isim ni, li kaskas anɛ banɛ ka bam aal tɛnsi’eba ni.<ref name=":2" /> Pɛ’og bin’isim mɔr kpaam 4.8%, ka na nyaŋi [[Daam kuan'ab|daam]] banɛ pʋ bɔɔd kpaam bɛdigʋ.<ref name=":2" /> Wan wʋʋ bʋnkɔnbid banɛ gbɛɛnd yin la si’eba an si’em la, ba bʋndaad banɛ ka ba pʋ zan’a ba ni’im pʋ malisa, li kaskas anɛ ban nɔbigid la. Ba si’eba bɛ ka ba pʋ fʋo ba lana tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ bɛɛ ba pʋ fʋoe titua nɛ (ka lan biilif yinnɛ kpɛlim). Pɛraad bama buudi pʋ mɔr da’a.<ref>[http://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html "Docking, castrating, and disbudding"]. ''sheepandgoat.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223841/https://www.sheepandgoat.com/articles/castdockdisb.html Archived] from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 30 August 2014.</ref><ref>American Institute Of Agriculture, Chicago (1922). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Marketing Live Stock]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220315191300/https://books.google.com/books?id=960bAQAAMAAJ&q=bucky+lamb+sheep&pg=PA27 Archived] from the original on 15 March 2022. Retrieved 1 November 2020.</ref> == Na’asaasɔɔng ni == Pɛ’og zuoe nɛ ka mɛ pʋ dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ ka li kɛ ka ba vɛɛnsid o yela. Ba an yɛlkpan hali bɛ na’asaasɔɔng vɛɛnsig ni.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216072132/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf "Fifth Report on the Statistics on the Number of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes in the Member States of the European Union"] (PDF). ''Commission of the European Communities''. November 2007. Archived from [http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/5th_stat_rep_lab_animals_en.pdf the original] (PDF) on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 10 February 2008.</ref> zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland tɛŋin la mɔr pɛ’ɛs buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔbi maan vɛɛnsig ye ba gɔs yelsi’eba. Yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ piswai nɛ awai ni (1995), pɛ’ɛnya’as buudi ayi ka ba buon Megan nɛ Morag da an yiiga bʋnkɔnbid banɛ du’ad ka ba vɛɛnsi ba gɔs ka ba bin’isa nɔbigir pʋ zɛm taaba. Yʋʋm kanɛ da ti’al la, Finnish Dorset pɛ’og kanɛ ka ba buon, ka ba da pʋdi li yee “pɛ’og kanɛ ka dunia wʋsa mi’" bɛ ''Scientific American'',<ref>Lehrman, Sally (July 2008). [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around "No More Cloning Around"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081119114926/http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=no-more-cloning-around Archived] from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 21 September 2008.</ref> da anɛ bʋnkɔnb kanɛ da an yiiga ka ba da la’asi ba ka ba an yinnɛ ba ningbina itima pʋʋgin. Nwa’ nya’aŋ, Polly nɛ Molly da an yiiga ka ba la’asi ba saŋa yinnɛ ka ba buudinam ka’a yinnɛ. Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ anii ni (2008), pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ anɛ linɛ ka ba pʋ kpɛm baŋi li wala, la’anɛ ban da yi zin’ig si’eba na ka ba nyaŋi baŋ la,<ref>de Gortari MJ, Freking BA, Cuthbertson RP, et al. (1998). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports "A second-generation linkage map of the sheep genome"]. ''Mamm. Genome''. '''9''' (3): 204–09. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s003359900726|10.1007/s003359900726]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9501303 9501303]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1551771 1551771]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180723174146/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1317&context=hruskareports Archived] from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</ref> ka ba la’as pɛ’og buudi banɛ bɛ dɔlisidi ba DNA nɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka ba mɔri ba bʋnkɔnbid banɛ dʋ’ad taaba yela la.<ref>Dalrymple BP, Kirkness EF, Nefedov M, et al. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 "Using comparative genomics to reorder the human genome sequence into a virtual sheep genome"]. ''Genome Biol''. '''8''' (7): R152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152|10.1186/gb-2007-8-7-r152]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2323240 2323240]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17663790 17663790].</ref> Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), pɛ’og kanɛ da mɔr buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb ka ba buon "Peng Peng" da yi paalʋ na dɔlis Chinese scientists, onɛ da vɛɛns ka ye o buudi anɛ samɛrid buudi ka li da dɔlis anina ka li nyaŋi maal kpaam kanɛ pʋ mɔr daʋŋi tis ninsaal ningbiŋɔ.<ref>Tan Ee Lyn (24 April 2012). [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 "Worm turns sheep clone to "good" fat: China scientists]". ''[[:en:Reuters|Reuters]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220208070505/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-genetics-sheep-idUSBRE83N07020120424 Archived] from the original on 8 February 2022. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> Fʋ ya’a gɔs Wina’am maal la’asi’eba zamisig pʋʋgin, Soay sheep buudi banɛ kpɛlim Hirta tɛŋin la ba nyaŋi gɔs o ningbiŋ la nar ye li zɛm si’em bɛn ka li nyaŋi maal dʋ’a tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref>Fountain, Henry (22 January 2008). [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science "In a Sheep Population, Researchers Find a Fitness Gene"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090410115414/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/22/science/22obshee.html?ref=science Archived] from the original on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soay pɛ’ɛs buudi la mɔr kala kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka nidib da vɛɛnsi gɔs ye bɔ ka bʋnkɔnbid banɛ zuos, ka an sabila nwa kanl da si’eda; nwa’ da gɛɛs wada kanɛ ka ba ye buud banɛ an bɛda dʋ’ad tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ la.<ref>Sample, Ian (18 January 2008). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics "Soays' natural selection on the hoof"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131227070010/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2008/jan/18/genetics Archived] from the original on 27 December 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2008.</ref> Soays buudi banɛ bɛ Hirta la mɔr tʋʋma bɛdigʋ bɔzugɔ ba baki ba mɛŋ nɛ ba taaba.<ref>Fleming, Nic (18 January 2008). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html "Darker black sheep's decline is in the genes"]. ''[[:en:The_Daily_Telegraph|The Daily Telegraph]]''. [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/science-news/3322290/Darker-black-sheeps-decline-is-in-the-genes.html Archived] from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 20 August 2016.</ref> Pɛ’ɛs banɛ ka ba gʋ’ʋn yaan anɛ banɛ ka ba taa mɔri maan vɛɛnsa gɔsid, li kaskas anɛ vɛɛnsig kanɛ kati wa’ae sʋsʋnya ban’as ni, zin’is banɛ wan wʋʋ zidʋtim ban’as nɛ sʋsʋnfʋ na zan’as tʋʋma.<ref>Recchia FA; Lionetti V (2007). "Animal models of dilated cardiomyopathy for translational research". ''Vet. Res. Commun''. '''31''' (Suppl 1): 35–41. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8|10.1007/s11259-007-0005-8]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17682844 17682844]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12807169 12807169].</ref><ref>Hasenfuss G (1998). [[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|"Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy"]]. ''Cardiovasc. Res''. '''39''' (1): 60–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2|10.1016/S0008-6363(98)00110-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9764190 9764190].</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og kanɛ mɔr pʋʋgʋ vɛɛnsidi baŋid ninsaali pʋʋg tʋkiri mɛ an si’em, ka ba mɔri ba vɛɛnsidi gɔsid biigi nɔbigid pʋʋgin si’em,<ref>Barry JS; Anthony RV (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 "The pregnant sheep as a model for human pregnancy"]. ''Theriogenology''. '''69''' (1): 55–67. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021|10.1016/j.theriogenology.2007.09.021]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2262949 2262949]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17976713 17976713].</ref> o maa na pʋ dit dikanɛ maan ningbinaa.<ref>Vuguin PM (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 "Animal models for small for gestational age and fetal programming of adult disease"]. ''Horm. Res''. '''68''' (3): 113–23. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1159/000100545|10.1159/000100545]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4287248 4287248]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17351325 17351325].</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsidi gɔsid ninsaal itima yela, ba mɔr pɛ’ogʋ maan vɛɛnsig nwa, pɛ’og itima wan ninsaal itima la zug.<ref>Peirce JW; Leigh AE; daCosta AP; Kendrick KM. (June 2001). "Human face recognition in sheep: lack of configurational coding and right hemisphere advantage". ''Behavioural Processes''. '''55''' (1): 13–26. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.560.5882 10.1.1.560.5882]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9|10.1016/S0376-6357(01)00158-9]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11390088 11390088]. S2CID [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11458099 11458099].</ref> == Malima ni == === solima ne gbana ni === Pɛ’og mɔr tʋʋma hali bɛ malima bɛdigʋ ni, li kaskas anɛ zin’is banɛ ka ba zuoe galis. Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye o anɛ pɛ’og, li pa’al ye ba zɔt nɛ dabi’em ka ka’a gba’arɛ.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep "Sheep"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012215516/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheep Archived] from the original on 12 October 2008. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Ba mɔr pɛ’og daag ka li anɛ zanbini pa’an paŋ; zanbin kanɛ bɛ Los Angeles Rams football team nɛ Dodge Ram lɔr nya’aŋ la pa’al nɛ pɛrakanɛ mɔr iilbɛda ka ba buon ''Ovis canadensis''. Pɛ’ɛs kaanlig anɛ bʋnlinɛ sʋŋid nidib ka ba nyaŋidi gbisid, ka nidibi da kaan pɛ’ɛs si’em la nan kpɛlim bɛ zina nwa. Pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas si’ilima ni nɛ pian’asi’eba pʋʋgin ka ba mɔri li yet saŋa wʋsa ye "pɛ’og sabil". Fʋ ya’a buol nid ye pɛ’og sabil, li pa’al ye o anɛ ninkanɛ pʋ dɔlisid la’asig la wadaa.<ref name=":8">Ammer, Christine (1997). ''[[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0|American Heritage Dictionary of Idioms]]''. Houghton Mifflin. p. [[iarchive:americanheritage00amme_0/page/64|64]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-395-72774-4|978-0-395-72774-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 13 November 2007. <q>american heritage dictionary black sheep.</q></ref> Nwa’ yinɛ pɛ’og sabilig yinnɛ ɛɛti dʋ’a paas pɛ’ɛs banɛ an pi’ela ma’a ni la. Kɔnbkimnib da pʋ bɔɔd pɛ’ɛs sabila banɛ, bɔzugɔ ba da pʋ bɔɔd kɔnbilig sabiligi da’ada wan wʋʋ banɛ an pi’ela la.<ref name=":8" /> Nidib banɛ si’akidi ba gɔmɛna banɛ mugusidi ba, ba pʋdʋ ba nɛ yʋ’ʋr saaŋ na’asaalin ye sheeple. Ka ba ya’a yel ye fʋ wan ni pɛ’og nɛ, li pa’al ye fʋ tʋm nɛ nyan tʋʋma.<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish "Sheepish"]. ''Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090422173752/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sheepish Archived] from the original on 22 April 2009. Retrieved 1 December 2007.</ref> Pɛ’og anɛ zanbina tis banɛ yʋm yʋʋma wan wʋʋ ''The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing'', ''Little Bo Peep'', ''Baa, Baa, Black Sheep'', nɛ ''Mary Had a Little Lamb''; gbana wan wʋʋ George Orwell gbaŋ kanɛ buon ''Animal Farm'' nɛ Haruki Murakami gbaŋ kanɛ an ''A Wild Sheep Chase''; yʋʋma banɛ ka ba si’eba an Bach's ''Sheep may safely graze'' (''Schafe können sicher weiden'') nɛ Pink Floyd yʋʋma ka o buol ye "Sheep", nɛ yʋm si’eba wan ni William Blake din linɛ ka o pʋd "The Lamb". ==== Winpʋ’ʋsʋm ==== Saŋkanɛ gaad sa la, ba da mɔr pɛ’og zanbina winpʋ’ʋsʋm zin’isi bɛ ancient Near East, Mideast, nɛ Mediterranean zin’is: Çatalhöyük, Egyptian winpʋ’ʋs kʋdʋg, Cana'anite nɛ Phoenician malima ni, Judaism, Greek winpʋ’ʋsʋm, nɛ si’eba banɛ kpɛlim. Winpʋ’ʋsʋm zanbina nɛ malima da pin’il nɛ yiiga yadda niŋidib la sa’an: pɛ’ɛs zu’wana (nɛ niigi) ka ba da mɔri bɛ badanam ni bɛ Çatalhöyük zin’is ni 8,000 BCE.<ref>Budiansky, p. 159.</ref> Egyptian winpʋ’ʋsʋm ni, pɛ’og da anɛ zanbini tis wina bɛdigʋ: Khnum, Heryshaf nɛ Amun (on da anɛ winkanɛ tisid biis).<ref name=":2" /> Bada banɛ mɛ da pa’an pɛ’og zanbina da anɛ winpʋ’ak Ishtar, Phoenician winkanɛ ka ba buon Baal-Hamon, Babylonian dim winkanɛ ka ba buon Ea-Oannes.<ref name=":2" /> Madagascar tɛŋin, ba da pʋ ɔnbid pɛ’og ni’imɛ bɔzugɔ ba da si’ak ye pɛ’og anɛ ba yaanam la ti’aki lɛb na.<ref name=":9">Cooper, JC (1992). ''Symbolic and Mythological Animals''. London: Aquarian Press. p. 219. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85538-118-6|978-1-85538-118-6]]</bdi>.</ref> Kʋdʋmin Greek dim pian’a pɛ’og yela bɛdigʋ: ka ba buon Chrysomallos, ka o kɔnbilig la an dɔnbʋʋlim wan wʋʋ sanlim nɛ, ka ba pa’an o yela kʋdʋmin sa ti paae zina nwa’. Banɛ gɔsid kudʋmin yela pa’al ye ba zanbina pʋʋgin, pɛ’og anɛ yiiga zanbin bɛ Greek zodiac zanbina nam ni, ka mɛ paas [[Bʋnkɔnbid Yʋda|bʋnkɔnbid]] anii banɛ ka ba mɔri kaan yʋʋma paad yʋʋm piinɛyi bɛn la, ka li an bʋnlinɛ ka ba nɔki pʋd nwadis la yʋda yʋʋm pʋʋgin.<ref name=":9" /> Chinese malima pʋʋgin ba yel ye Hou ji da ku nɛ pɛ’og. Mongolia, shagai anɛ dikʋda banɛ ka ba da maan ka li yinɛ pɛ’og kɔnbir ni na ka ba nan mɔri li maan bʋgʋlʋmbʋgʋlʋm. Pɛ’og da paas Abraham nam saŋa ka li pa’an ban da mɔr yadda si’em; Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, nɛ King David nam da anɛ kɔnbkimnib. Wina’am gbaŋ la pa’al ban da lɔ Isaac la, ba da kʋ nɛ pɛ’og ka o di’e Isaac maliak la da gban’e Abraham nu’ug la (mɔɔm pʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, Abraham da ti’eb nɛ ye o ku Ishmael li maal maan). Salla anɛ maliŋ kanɛ ka mɔɔm maan, sankan ka ba mɔr pɛ’ɛs (bɛɛ bʋnkɔnb si’eba) kuud ka li pa’an ye ba ti’en nɛ bʋnlinɛ da maal la.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml "Eid ul Adha (10 Dhul-Hijja) – the festival of sacrifice"]. ''BBC''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113064237/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/holydays/eiduladha.shtml Archived] from the original on 13 November 2012. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050508/http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos "Eid Festival Around The World – Graphic photos"]. ''Sweetness & Light''. Archived from [http://sweetness-light.com/archive/the-eid-festival-around-the-world-graphic-photos the original] on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 8 January 2008.</ref> Ba kuud pɛ’ɛs mɔɔg maliŋ si’eba nam pʋʋgin.<ref>Robertson, Cambpell (13 August 2008). [https://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse "Bloody Blessing Goes Unnoticed"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://archive.today/20120707022134/http://baghdadbureau.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/bloody-blessing-goes-unnoticed/?scp=8&sq=sheep&st=cse Archived] from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2008.</ref> Greeks and Romans dim da mɔr pɛ’ɛsi maan maana ka li an ba malima, ka banɛ ka win kanɛ ka ba pʋ’ʋsid an Judaism mɛ kuud pɛ’ɛs ka ba buoni li Korban, malima la si’eba anɛ Wina’am kum maliak gaadʋg maliŋ ka ba kuud pɛ’ɛs.<ref name=":9" /> Ba la’asi buon banɛ an [[Kristo Biis Pʋ'ʋsʋm|Kristo biis]] ye pɛ’ɛs ka Kristo mɛŋ an kɔnbkim sʋŋ, ka pɛ’ɛs mɛ paas Yesu dʋ’am saŋa sa. [[Kristo Biis Pʋ'ʋsʋm|Kristo biis]] banɛ an kasi la ba buoni banɛ banɛ mɛ an kɔnbkimnib, ka lɛn buoni ba kɔnbid la mɛŋ. Wina’am gbaŋ mɛ pa’al ye Kristo anɛ maan pɛ’og kanɛ yi Wina’am sa’an na ka Easter di’ema nam ka ba maani bɛ Greece nɛ Romania tɛɛnsin la ba kuud Paschal pɛ’ɛs anina. Ba buon karindɔɔg kpɛɛm nɛ ye pastor, ka lin yinɛ latin buudi pian’ad ni linɛ gbin ni an kɔnbkim. Winpʋ’ʋs dɔsi’eba ni ba tuongatib ka ba buon bishops la zal nɛ daag si’a, ka li pa’ali ba kpɛŋ la paŋ ka ba maali li ka li wan wʋʋ kɔnbkim duor. ==Gɔsim Ya'as== * [[Dry Sheep Equivalent]] * [[Fictional sheep]] * [[Sheepfold]] * [[U.S. Sheep Experiment Station]] * [[Venray sheep companies]] * [[Sheep–goat hybrid]] {{Clear}} == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:Bʋnkɔnbid]] <references /> qmdkdxw6iijdwmgrvr3gzn6dlw38qom 0 1968 15055 15043 2025-06-28T14:32:25Z Ndeego 425 I added links 15055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox|item=Q20638126}} '''Tomato''' ka ba buon ye '''ntoos''', '''tamantoos''', kamantoos" be "samantoos" la anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ wan gbila gbila ka ba diti li wala la, ka li paas bʋnbʋta banɛ bɛ zɛnma’asa pʋʋgin. Tomato paas nɛ nightshade buudi ni linɛ si’eba an [[taba]], [[dankal]], nɛ [[Nanzʋ'ʋs|nansuos]] winlis. Lin yi lɔsi’a na ka ba kpɛn’ɛsi li yaan yiiga anɛ Western South [[United States of America (USA)|America]]. Lin da dɔlis si’em paae kʋdʋmin dim la anɛ li da yinɛ Spanish dim banɛ da paas Columbian la’ad ti’asig 16th century saŋa la. Ntoos (Tomato) bʋnbʋtir anɛ linɛ tɛn’ɛd tɛŋin, ka ba kuod yʋʋm bɛn ka mɛ pʋ bɔɔd ma’asig zin’igɔ, amaa zin’ig kanɛ ka ba gɔsidi li sʋ’ʋŋa li maan. Ba puum la mɛŋi maan diib. Buud paala banɛ ka ba mɔr nannanna la anɛ banɛ tɔn’ɔ bi’igid saŋa yinnɛ, ka li kɛt ka wal la pʋ Malisa. Buudinam paae tusa, bɛda bɛ ka bʋnbibis mɛ bɛ, kalanam kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ba aansim bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka ba malisim mɛ ka’ yinnɛ. Tomatoes mɔr bʋnvʋya bɛdigʋ nɛ zʋnzʋnya banɛ daamidi ba, ka mɛ mɔr ban’as banɛ yi virus nɛ kpaam-kpaamnam nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand la. Ntoos (Tomato) malis nɛ ka an tɔlim-tɔlim, ka an bʋnlinɛ ka ba paasidi maan diib dunia zin’is wʋsa ni. Ba mɔri maan pizzas, pasta nɛ ni’im diib si’eba, ka dʋgʋd zɛn’ɛd wan wʋʋ gazpacho, curries ka ba si’eba an dhansak nɛ rogan josh, ka ban an den’am, ka mɔri paasid bʋnwal si’eba ni maan [[Daam kuan'ab|daam]]. Ba maan tomato malima yʋʋm wʋsa bɛ Buñol, Spain, bɛ Reynoldsburg, Ohio, nɛ Närpes, Finland tɛŋin. Ntoos (Tomato) kparib paamid [[ligidi]] li ni hali sungid ba meng ne ba bi'is. Di ku'ub su'ngid gomena ligidi ne diib yela (economy) ka li no'obigi sunga. Ntoos budi yu'um yu'um wusa amaa kpad si'eba more ma'ansin ne mo'or [[Ku'om|kuom]] la nku'ud onn men dine an "irrigational farming" be "dry seasonal farming" la. == Yʋ’ʋr pʋdib == === Yʋ’ʋr la yi si’el na === Sɔb kanɛ an ''tomato'' yinɛ Spanish buudi pian’ad kanɛ ka ba buon ''tomate'', linɛ mɛ yi Nahuatl buudi pian’ad ni ka ba buon ''tomatl'' [ˈtomat͡ɬ].<ref>Harper, Douglas. [https://www.etymonline.com/word/tomato "tomato"]. ''[[:en:Online_Etymology_Dictionary|Online Etymology Dictionary]]''. Retrieved 13 July 2024.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba pʋd ''lycopersicum'', ka li gbin an 'wolf peach', lin yinɛ Galen, ka lin gbin da anɛ bʋnbʋta kanɛ ka ba nan zi’i o yʋ’ʋrɛ. Luigi Anguillara da yis labaar na 16th century ye Galen tɛŋ dim ''lycopersicum'' tɔ’ɔn an tomato la, la’anɛ lin tɔi nɛ ban na si’ak ye linɛ la la, ''lycopersicum'' kpɛn’ɛ na’asaasɔn’ɔg tʋʋma ni ka anɛ wal yʋ’ʋr.<ref>Sabine, Joseph (1820). [https://books.google.com/books?id=7ALkF3ZIfCkC&pg=PA343 "On the Love Apple or Tomato"]. ''Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London''. '''3''': 343 f.</ref> '''Yʋ’ʋr buolig''' Ban buon ''tomato'' si’em anɛ /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ (bɛ North American English) nɛ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/ (bɛ British English).<ref>[http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/tomato "English definition of 'tomato'"]. ''Cambridge Dictionaries Online''. Cambridge University Press. 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.</ref> Yʋ’ʋr la ka ba buoni li zin’is ayi la da nyɛ yʋ’ʋr ka kpɛlim bɛ Ira nɛ George Gershwin yʋʋm tusir, kɔbiswai nɛ pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔ ni (1937) yi yʋʋma kanɛ da buon "Let's Call the Whole Thing Off" ("fʋ bɔɔd /pəˈteɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ bɔɔd /pəˈtɑːtoʊ/ / fʋ bɔɔd /təˈmeɪtoʊ/ ka mam mɛ nɔŋ /təˈmɑːtoʊ/").<ref>[https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=let%27s+call+the+whole+thing+off+lyrics&sca_esv=3145f941300c1a56&source=hp&ei=QGcOZ6SnJKaFhbIPusWC6Qw&iflsig=AL9hbdgAAAAAZw51UH_jTwdasztauAPXIIQTt3t9qyff&oq=%22let%27s+call+%22&gs_lp=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&sclient=gws-wiz "Let's Call The Whole Thing Off: Song by Ella Fitzgerald"]. ''Google''. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</ref> == Pin’ilig == Tamantoos da yi tʋŋ si’a na anɛ mɔɔgin din, bʋnlinɛ da wan wiig ''Solanum pimpinellifolium'', anɛ tiig kanɛ yit western South America, da’asi’erɛ anina ka ba mɔri kpɛn’ɛ yaan yiiga. Ban da nyaŋi ti’ak ntoos la ka o yʋ’ʋn an sʋ’ʋm la, li dɔlis anina ka ti yʋ’ʋn mɔr tamantoos banɛ wan bɛdigʋ zina nwa la, ba yaab anɛ ''S. lycopersicum'' var. ''cerasiforme''.<ref>Lin, Tao; Zhu, Guangtao; Zhang, Junhong; Xu, Xiangyang; Yu, Qinghui; et al. (12 October 2014). "Genomic analyses provide insights into the history of tomato breeding". ''Nature Genetics''. '''46''' (11): 1220–1226. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng.3117|10.1038/ng.3117]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25305757 25305757].</ref><ref>Estabrook, Barry (22 July 2015). [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/why-wild-tiny-pimp-tomato-so-important-180955911 "Why Is This Wild, Pea-Sized Tomato So Important?"]. ''Smithsonian Journeys Quarterly''. Retrieved 13 January 2020.</ref> Amaa, banɛ gɔsidi li buudi nam yela vɛɛns ka ye tamantoos da nyɛ ti’akir ka ba mɔri kpɛn’ɛd yaan hali ka li gaad ''S. lycopersicon'' var. ''Cerasiforme,'' ka ye da’asi’erɛ nwa’ da bɛ ka ba da nan pʋ mɔri li kpɛn’ɛd yaanɛ, ka saŋa da kɛna ka ntoos kuob ti’ak. Vɛɛnsig la pa’al ye ba da nyɛ var. ''cerasiforme'' yʋʋm tusa pisyɔpɔi saŋa kanɛ gaad (78,000), ka tomato kanɛ ka ba yʋ’ʋn da kuod la da pin’il nɛ yʋʋm tusayɔpɔi banɛ gaad la saŋa (5,000 BCE), ka lɛɛ pʋ nyaŋi baŋ nyain wan wʋʋ ninsaalib da paasi ti’aki li bɛ.<ref>Razifard, Hamid; et al. (2020). [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/37/4/1118/32960114/msz297.pdf "Genomic evidence for complex domestication history of the cultivated tomato in Latin America"] (PDF). ''Molecular Biology and Evolution''. '''37''' (4): 1118–1132. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1093/molbev/msz297|10.1093/molbev/msz297]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7086179 7086179]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31912142 31912142].</ref> Spanish dim da mɔr tomatos nɛ kɛŋ Europe yiiga, anina ka ba mɔri maan Spanish diib. Europe zin’ig si’eba ni, ba da mɔri li yiiga nɛ vɛnlim yela, bɔzugɔ ba da gɔs ka li anɛ yabid ka pʋ nar ye ba dii li.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/plant/tomato "Tomato"]. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 4 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018.</ref> === America Ninkʋda === Yʋʋm kanɛ ka ba da ti’aki li ka zii kpɛ’ɛ yaani yʋ’ʋn dit, ba pʋ baŋi li an wana vikii; yʋʋm 500 BC, ba da dɛŋin kuodi li bɛ southern Mexico nɛ zin’ig si’eba.<ref name=":5">[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 13.</ref> Pueblo buudi si’ak ye tomato biila mɔr paŋ siig pʋʋgin. Ba bʋn bɛda, banɛ an lʋgalʋga ka pak la an saalig, linɛ ka ba tiig la an fiin la yinɛ America ninkʋda la sa’ana, ka tɔ’ɔn an tomato banɛ ka ba kuod zina la si’eba yaab.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 15.</ref> Aztecs buudi la da gʋ’ʋn tomatos buudi kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka bʋnwiig la ka ba buon ''xitomatl'' ka onɛ an kansir la ka ba buon ''tomatl'' (tomatillo).<ref>Townsend, Richard F. (2000). ''The Aztecs''. Thames and Hudson. pp. 180–181.</ref> Bernardino de Sahagún ye o nyɛ tomatos kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb Aztec da’an bɛ Tenochtitlán (Mexico tɛnpʋʋgin): "tomato bibis, tomato bɛda, ntoos banɛ mɔr vaand, ntoos banɛ malis, large serpent tomatoes, banɛ wan bin’is nɔnya", nɛ tomato banɛ mɔr kala wʋsa lin yi banɛ muoe wiig paae banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlim.<ref>Silvertown, J. (2017). ''Vegetables—Variety. Dinner with Darwin: Food, drink, and evolution''. [[:en:University_of_Chicago_Press|University of Chicago Press]]. p. 102.</ref> Sahagún pa’al ye Aztecs dim dʋgʋd diib kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb, ka mɔr ntoos kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔbi maan, kuosidi ba tɛnpʋʋgin da’an: "diib nam, di’tʋʋla; ... mɔr tamantoos, ... tomato bɛda la’ad, tomato baanlig la’ad, ..."<ref>[[:en:Sophie_Coe|Coe, Sophie D.]] (2015) [1994]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hKVbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 America's First Cuisines]''. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. pp. 108–118. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1477309711|978-1477309711]]</bdi>.</ref> ==== Spanish widigir ==== Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés da gba’ae Tenochtitlan yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ la (1521) da kɛ ka nidib zamisi ba taaba malima nɛ disi’eba ka ba buon din ye Columbian la’ad ti’asig; ba da kuod tomato Europe tɛŋin ti’asig nwa nya’aŋ.<ref name=":6">López-Terrada, Maríaluz. [https://traditom.eu/fileadmin/traditom/downloads/TRADITOM_History_of_the_arrival_of_the_tomato_in_Europe.pdf "The History of the Arrival of the Tomato in Europe: An Initial Overview"] (PDF). ''Traditom''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Ban da pin’ili pian’ad tomato yela European gbana ni yiiga da anɛ Pietro Andrea Mattioli yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nɛ anaasi (1544) gbaŋ kanɛ ka o da buon herbal la. O da yel ye ba mɔr bʋnbʋtir kanɛ wan gbila paaligi kɛn Italy tɛŋin na. O da paas ye li ya’a bi’ig li anɛ wiig wan wʋʋ ziim nɛ bɛɛ lin on an wan wʋʋ sanlim nindaa nɛ, ka fʋ tɔn’ɔn bʋ’asi li ɔnbid wan wʋʋ komma nɛ—lin anɛ, ba ya’a dʋg ka paas yaarim, yanzʋ’ʋs, nɛ kpaam. Yʋʋm piiga nya’aŋ ka Mattioli da pʋd wal la yʋ’ʋr ye ''pomi d'oro'', bɛɛ "golden apples".<ref name=":5" /> Saŋkanɛ ka Spanish dim da sʋ’ʋg [[United States of America (USA)|America]] la nya’aŋ, Spanish dim da pʋdʋgi ba tomato tis tɛɛns banɛ ka ba da sʋ’ʋg la wʋsa. Ba da mɔri li kɛŋ Philippines, anina ka li yi kɛŋ paae southeast Asia ka yadigi paae Asia sʋ’ʋlim wʋsa.<ref>Hancock, James F. (2022). "Dispersal of New World Crops into the Old World". ''World Agriculture Before and After 1492''. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 111–133. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15523-9_9|10.1007/978-3-031-15523-9_9]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-031-15522-2|978-3-031-15522-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Spanish dim da mɔr tomato kɛŋ Europe, anina ka tɛŋ la ma’asim da an titua ka li da nɔbig sʋ’ʋŋa; ba da pin’il kuob nɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi nam saŋa (1540s). Ba da pin’ili diti li ban da kuodi li la nya’aŋ, ka ba da pin’ili mɔri li maan diib 17th century pin’ilig sa Spain tɛŋin, wan wʋʋ lin sɔbi bɛ yʋʋm tusir, kɔbisyuobʋ nɛ piinɛnii (1618) di’ema kanɛ buon ''La octava maravilla'' ka onɛ maali li an Lope de Vega ka labaar kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin si’eba an "lovelier than ... a tomato in season".<ref name=":6" /> ===== '''China''' ===== Tomato da paae China sʋ’ʋlim, li tɔn’ɔn da yinɛ Philippines bɛɛ Macau tɛɛnsin, 16th century saŋa. Ba da pʋdi li yʋ’ʋr ye 番茄 ''fānqié'' (tɛŋsi’a wal gbilig), wan wʋʋ Chinese dimi da pʋd diib buudi banɛ da naan tɛŋ si’eba paae ba tɛŋin na la, amaa ka lɛɛ anɛ kʋdʋmn sa bʋnam la.<ref>Kiple, Kenneth F.; Ornelas, Kriemhild Coneè (2000). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=RSSkDNzKQacC The Cambridge World History of Food]''. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 357. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40214-9|978-0-521-40214-9]]</bdi>.</ref> ====== '''Italy''' ====== ====== '''Britain''' ====== Tamantɔos da pʋ bʋd England tɛŋ nii ti paaɛ Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai saŋa. Daʋ kanɛ da an yiiga da bʋd da anɛ John Gerard, ɔ da anɛ barber – surgeon. Gerard’s Herbal, da yinɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnʋ nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi zin’is kɔnbkɔnb ka da lɛm pian tamantoos yɛla England. Gerard da mi yɛ Spain nɛ Italy dim dit tamantoos. La’am nɛ wala, ɔ da mi ye li anɛ yabid. Gerard da tɔn pa’ansid nidib kɛ ka mi yɛ tamantoos pʋ nar nɛ diibɔ Yʋma bɛdigʋ Britain nɛ tɛŋ banɛ bɛ ya datiʋŋ ka America dim da nyaŋ la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 17.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii ne pisi tamantoos da yalig zɛma’sa da’ wʋsa ka bani mi dʋgib wʋsa da mori li, ba da piandi lɛbid ban bʋt lin maa lambakin li vɛnlim la, ka ba mɛ mɔri dʋgid tɛŋ lalli Itali bɛɛ Jewish cuisine.<ref>"Love-apple, or Tomato Berry.-Love apples are now to be seen in great abundance at all our vegetable markets". ''[[:en:The_Times|The Times]]''. 22 September 1820. p. 3.</ref> Wɛn wɔɔ Elizabeth Blackwell A Curious Herbal, ba bʋɔn ni li nɛ ye “Love Apple (Amoris Pomum)” ban mɔri dit nɛ kpa’am nɛ vinegar Italy tɛŋin, li bʋʋdi wɛn wɔɔ ban dit gɔl UK siɛm la.<ref>[[:en:Elizabeth_Blackwell_(illustrator)|Blackwell, Elizabeth]] (1737). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230606092105/https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf A curious herbal: containing five hundred cuts, of the most useful plants, which are now used in the practice of physick: engraved on folio copper plates, after drawings taken from life]'' (PDF). p. 342 (plate 133). Archived from [https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/ext/dw/2449056RX1/PDF/2449056RX1.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 June 2023.</ref> Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyʋɔbʋ nɛ pisyʋɔbʋ nɛ atan la, The New York Times dim da pa’al yʋ’ʋr kani an ‘Love Apple’ la gbin ka li an ye French dim pʋ yaŋi bʋɔl yʋ’ʋr la sʋm lin nar ye Itali pomo dei Mori (“the Moors’ apple”) ka ba lɛɛ bʋɔn ye pomme d’amour, (“apple of love”).<ref>Alma, C. M. (7 April 1963). [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 "Aztecs' Tomatl is the Modern Tomato: From Spain to Italy on a Bush"]. ''[[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]''. [[:en:ProQuest|ProQuest]] [https://www.proquest.com/docview/116565156 116565156] – via Proquest.</ref> === Middle East === John Barker da pin’il tamantɔos bʋdib Middle East, ɔ da anɛ British nid kanɛ ziɛ gɔmɛna nɔbazʋg bɛ Aleppo yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piswai nɛ awai kiŋ pa’aɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnʋ nɛ anʋ.<ref>Bergougnoux, Véronique (2014). [https://www.academia.edu/80426432 "The history of tomato: from domestication to biopharming"]. ''Biotechnology Advances''. '''32''' (1): 170–189. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003|10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.003]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24211472 24211472].</ref><ref>[http://yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk/index.php?title=British_Consuls_in_Aleppo "British Consuls in Aleppo"]. Yourarchives.nationalarchives.gov.uk. 26 January 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=6QUZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA519 "Syria under the last five Turkish Sultans"]. ''Appletons' Journal''. Vol. 1. D. Appleton and Co. 1876. p. 519.</ref> Nineteenth century ka ba da pa’al  ye li anɛ linɛ ka ba paasi mɔri dʋgid diib. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisnii nɛ yinɛ ba da yɛ li anɛ linɛ ka bad it “yʋma pisnaasi bani gaad”.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pnkrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA223 "Natural History, Science, &c"]. ''The Friend''. '''54''': 223. 1881.</ref> === United States === Saŋa yiiga kanɛ ka ba tʋɔs tamantoos bʋdib yela British North America da anɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsyɔpɔi nɛ piiga, tinya’a dʋata William Salmon da nyɛ linɛ ka zina ka ba bʋɔn ye South Carolina la,<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 25.</ref> Caribbean dimi da pa’ali li. 18^th century tɛŋsʋk ba da bʋdi li Carolina pɔɔdin nɛ zin’siɛba Southeast. Thomas Jefferson, ɔnɛ da di tamantoos Paris da mɔri li biili la lɛb [[United States of America (USA)|America]].<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 28.</ref> [[United States of America (USA)|America]] dim siɛba da pian tamantoosi mɔri dʋgid la yɛla, la’am nɛ Michele Felice Corne’ nɛ Robbert Gibbon Johnson.<ref>McCue, George Allen (November 1952). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/22432 "The History of the Use of the Tomato: An Annotated Bibliography"]. ''Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden''. '''39''' (4). Missouri Botanical Garden Press: 336–338. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952AnMBG..39..289M 1952AnMBG..39..289M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2399094|10.2307/2399094]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2399094 2399094].</ref> [[United States of America (USA)|America]] dim bɛdigʋ gɔs ka tamantoos anɛ yabid saŋkan la, bɛdigʋ da bʋdnɛ ka li maal venlim ka kai diibɔ. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi, W. H. Garrison da yɛl ye “ba da siak ya ye tamantoos kai sʋm ka li anɛ dɛŋ.” Ɔ da tin’isi ɔ biilimin ye ba da bʋɔn tamantoos nɛ ye “love-apples bee wolf-apples” ka zansi li ye “globes of the devil”.<ref>Harrald, Chris; Watkins, Fletcher (2010). ''The cigarette book: the history and culture of smoking''. Skyhorse Publishing. p. 185.</ref> Saŋkanɛ ka Alexander W. Livingston (yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisi nɛ yinnɛ kiŋ paaɛ yʋm tʋsir Kɔbʋsnii nɛ piswai nɛ anii) da pin’li kʋɔd tamatoos bɛdigʋ la, ɔ da bɔɔdnɛ yɛ ɔ bʋd tamantoos ka li venl, ka zɛm, ka lɛm malis. Li naar wʋsa ɔ da bʋd ya ka li paaɛ wʋʋ ban bʋʋdi piinɛ ayɔpɔi.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFSmith1994|Smith 1994]], p. 152.</ref><ref>[https://www.agmrc.org/commodities-products/vegetables/tomatoes/ "Tomatoes"]. ''AgMRC''. March 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2018.</ref> U.S. Department of Agriculture yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai ne pistan nɛ ayɔpɔi gbanani da yɛl yɛ tamantoos kɔnbkɔnb la pʋsʋk yinɛ Livingston da mʋg ka paas la’ad bɛdigʋ. Livingston tamantoos yiiga bʋʋdi da anɛ Paragon, li da sin’gnɛ yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi. Yʋm tʋsir kɔbʋsnii nɛ pisyɔpɔi nɛ anʋ la, ɔ da si’iŋ Acme, ka kpaadib bɛdigʋ bʋdi paaɛ yʋm pisinɛ anʋ. Tamantoos bʋʋdi banɛ da paas da anɛ Henry Tilden lowa ne Dr. Hand bɛ Baltimore.<ref>Boswell, Victor R. "[[iarchive:yoa1937|Improvement and Genetics of Tomatoes, Peppers, and Eggplant]]," ''Yearbook of Agriculture, 1937,'' p. 179. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Accessed 25 May 2018/</ref> Tamantoosi bɔɔd tʋʋlig nɛ saŋa bɛdigʋ yɛ li nɔbigla, tɛns bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Sun Belt da kʋɔdi li, kas kas anɛ Florida nɛ California. California, banɛ bɛ lanbaadin la da kʋɔd tamantoos tisid da’asin nɛ banɛ sʋʋd container namin. University of California, Davis C.M. Rick Tomato Generic Resource Center da mɔr nɛ tamantoos la bʋʋdi yinnɛ.<ref>[http://tgrc.ucdavis.edu/ "C. M. Rick Tomato Genetics Resource Center"]. [[:en:University_of_California,_Davis|University of California, Davis]]. Retrieved 2 April 2009.</ref> Banɛ vɛɛnsid ban maan tamantoos siɛm bɛ California Tomato Research Institute Escalon, California da vɛɛsi li yela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100709222618/http://www.tomatonet.org/ctri.htm California Tomato Research Institute]. tomatonet.org</ref> California, kpaadib kʋɔdnɛ nɛ ʋʋn kʋɔb li kas kas anɛ linɛ ka ba bʋɔn ye Early Girl tomatoes la. Kʋɔb kaŋa bʋʋdi kɛtnɛ ka li ba nya’a tɛŋin paaɛ [[Ku'om|kʋɔm]] zi’ik.<ref>Kornei, Katherine (9 March 2023). [https://www.sciencenews.org/article/dry-farming-agriculture-climate-change "Dry farming could help agriculture in the western U.S. amid climate change"]. ''Science News''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> == Tiig Zamisʋg == === Pa’alʋg === Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ dig tɛŋin kaba mɔr daʋgi tiɛd, ka li nɔbigir an 3m (9.8 ft); banɛ nɔbigid mɔɔgin la pʋ paad 100cm (3 ft 3 in) wa’alim nii. Ba tɔ’ɔn vʋɛ yʋma bɛdigʋ, ba bʋd nɛ yʋ’ʋm yʋ’ʋm.<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=454685 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref><ref>[https://swbiodiversity.org/seinet/taxa/index.php?taxon=Solanum%20lycopersicum "Solanum lycopersicon L."] ''SEINet''. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos anɛ tiig kanɛ mɔr van’ad lam’ma ayi. Ba nɔbigidnɛ ka mɔr ti’la ka lɛm mɔr ti’l tita’ar kanɛ nɔbigid. Li nɔ’ɔr kanɛ nɔbigid la ya’a ti bas nɔbigir ka li an ye ba ki’ikɛ bɛɛ li maalnɛ pʋʋm, li na maal dʋtir ka lɛm si’ŋ nɔbigir kilim vinɛ.<ref>Peet, M. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091126050832/http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html "Crop Profiles – Tomato"]. Archived from [http://www.ncsu.edu/sustainable/profiles/bot_tom.html the original] on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Tamantɔos kanɛ kaba tia nɛ daʋg wɛn wɔɔ dasaʋŋ bɛɛ pʋasadir nɛ li pa’al ye ba mɔrnɛ zʋɔbid venla. Zʋɔbid la sʋŋidi li ka li ti’ɛdi kilimid ya’a zi’ŋ kanɛ ka li nɔbigi kiŋ si’is tiŋ ka li mɔr ma’asʋg wʋsa, li kas kas anɛ lin na kiŋ tɔ’ŋnɛ li mɛŋ ya’a ka li sa’am.<ref name=":3">[https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/5/7/5772 "Solanum lycopersicum"]. Singapore National Parks. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li vaa’adla anɛ 10 – 25cm (4-10 in) wa’alim ni, li nɔɔrin la wɛn wɔɔ yina nɛ, ti’lla nɛ vaa’ad la wʋsa mɔr nɛ zʋɔbid.<ref>[https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/solanum-lycopersicum/ "Solanum lycopersicum"]. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tamantoos mɛŋi maannɛ li pʋʋm ka tit’ti li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlʋm. Ban da mɔr tamantoos yiti li zi’igin la, lini da sʋŋidi maan pʋʋm la(si’ins) da pʋ dɔl laa.<ref name=":4">Sharma, V. P. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=o4qwjov434kC&pg=PA41 Nature at Work – the Ongoing Saga of Evolution]''. Springer. p. 41. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-81-8489-991-7|978-81-8489-991-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Lin tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ kʋ’ʋlim la kɛ ka li an sʋm ka banɛ kʋɔdi li yaan la maligim bʋti li pam.<ref name=":4" /> Nɛ kaɛ yinnɛ nɛ tiis banɛ ma’ani ba mɛŋ diib laa amaa tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maala ala. Tamantoos tɔ’ɔn maali li mɛŋ diib ka siɛl pʋ sʋŋi li la kɛ nɛ ka li bɛɛ li kɔ di ya’a ti paaɛ saŋa kanɛ ka sisi’ɛm naar yɛ li da’aɛ ka [[tiis]] mi’im bɛɛ cultured bumblebees.<ref>Frankie, Gordon; Thorp, Robbin; Coville, Rollin; barbara, Ertter; California Native Plant Society (2014). ''California bees & blooms: a guide for gardeners and naturalists''. Berkeley, CA: Heydey. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781597142946|9781597142946]]</bdi>.</ref> Flower banɛ yi apical meristem la. Ba mɔr zin’g kanɛ ka pʋʋm maan ka lɛm maali lʋs pistil la. Li anther la pɔbilnɛ wɔɔ gɔŋnɛ gilig stigma la. Li flower la anɛ 1-2cm (0.4-0.8 in) across, ka an dɔbʋ’ʋlʋg ka mɔr va’ad ka li tɔ zin’sa anʋ corolla la ni; ba bɛ nɛ cyme ka an zin’sa atan kiŋ paaɛ zin’s piinɛ ayi la’as taaba.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/293619/solanum-lycopersicum/details "Solanum lycopersicum: tomato"]. [[:en:Royal_Horticultural_Society|Royal Horticultural Society]]. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Li wɛl la ma’annɛ ovary la ni fertilization yaa ti naaɛ, li anɛ vɛnliŋʋ ka mɔr pɛricarp wall. Wɛla la mɔr nɛ locules, ka pʋʋgin an vɔɔgʋ ka biili pɛ’ɛl. Ba bɛ nɛ kɔ’nbkɔ’nb. Siɛba bɛɛ an fi’fiis ka mɔr locules nama ayi; bam an gbiligʋ ka mɔr locules nama atam bɛɛ anʋ; beefsteak tamantoos mɔr locʋles nam fi’fiis ban bɛdigʋ; nɛ plʋm tamantoos mɛ mɔr biɛl’la, locules fiisa mɛn.<ref>Muños, Stéphane; Ranc, Nicolas; Botton, Emmanuel; Bérard, Aurélie; Rolland, Sophie; et al. (1 August 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 "Increase in Tomato Locule Number Is Controlled by Two Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Located Near ''WUSCHEL''"]. ''Plant Physiology''. '''156''' (4): 2244–2254. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1104/pp.111.173997|10.1104/pp.111.173997]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3149950 3149950]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21673133 21673133].</ref><ref>[http://extensionpublications.unl.edu/assets/html/g1864/build/g1864.htm "Selecting Tomatoes for the Home Garden"]. [[:en:University_of_Nebraska–Lincoln|University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]. Retrieved 20 November 2019.</ref><ref>Lee, Eunkyung; Sargent, Steven A.; Huber, Donald J. (2007). [[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|"Physiological Changes in Roma-type Tomato Induced by Mechanical Stress at Several Ripeness Stages"]]. ''HortScience''. '''42''' (5): 1237–1242. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237|10.21273/HORTSCI.42.5.1237]].</ref> Ya’a an bʋdib, biili la nar ye li yi wɛla banɛ gbʋ’ʋ ni, ka mi’is biɛla ka ya’ŋi yis gbaŋ kanɛ bɛ zʋgin la ka dɛligili ka li kʋdig yiiga ka fʋ na’an bʋd.<ref>[https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ "How to save tomato seed"]. ''gardenersworld.com''. Gardeners' World Magazine. 24 March 2019. [https://archive.today/20230103114534/https://www.gardenersworld.com/how-to/grow-plants/how-to-save-tomato-seed/ Archived] from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</ref> Tamantoos la mɔr dɔlnɛ nɔr yinnɛ nɛ arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi wɛn wɔɔ Rhizophagus irregularis. Gbanmiidib mɔr tamantoos la ka li an linɛ ka ba vɛɛrsidi li yɛla wɛn wɔɔ symbioses.<ref>Buendia, Luis; Wang, Tongming; Girardin, Ariane; Lefebvre, Benoit (April 2016). [[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|"The LysM receptor-like kinase Sl LYK 10 regulates the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in tomato"]]. ''New Phytologist''. '''210''' (1): 184–195. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NewPh.210..184B 2016NewPh.210..184B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nph.13753|10.1111/nph.13753]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26612325 26612325].</ref> === Genetics === Tɛns kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb vɛɛrsvɛɛrsidib la’asi yi tɛns piiga da si’iŋi tɔ’ɔŋid tamantoos nam yʋm tʋsa ayi nɛ anaasi.<ref>Mueller, L. [http://solgenomics.net/about/tomato_project_overview.pl "International Tomato Genome Sequencing Project"]. Sol Genomics Network. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref><ref>Ramanujan, K. (30 January 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713035349/http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html "Tomato genome project gets $1.8M"]. News.cornell.edu. Archived from [http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Jan07/SolanacaeNSF.kr.html the original] on 13 July 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> Ba da dɛŋim pian tamantoos yɛla nɛ li bʋʋdi an siɛm yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ awai bʋnia wadigin.<ref>[http://solgenomics.net/tomato/ "Tomato Genome Shotgun Sequence Prerelease"].</ref> Cultivar Heinz 1706 genome vʋgiri da sin’iŋnɛ dabis pistan nɛ yinnɛ nwadisa anʋ lani yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ piinɛ ayi.<ref>Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Hirakawa, H.; Asamizu, E.; Shirasawa, K.; et al. (2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 "The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution"]. ''Nature''. '''485''' (7400): 635–641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Natur.485..635T 2012Natur.485..635T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature11119|10.1038/nature11119]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3378239 3378239]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22660326 22660326].</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120604005502/http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ "Tomato genome is sequenced for the first time"]. ''R&D''. 1 June 2012. Archived from [http://www.rdmag.com/News/Feeds/2012/06/general-sciences-tomato-genome-is-sequenced-for-the-first-time/ the original] on 4 June 2012.</ref> Nan’nan’na genome sin’iŋnɛ yʋma tʋsa ayi nɛ pisinɛ ayi mɔr 799 MB ka protein kanɛ ka ba bʋki baŋ an 34,384 ka li widigi paaɛ chromosome nam piinɛ ayi.<ref>Su, Xiao; Wang, Baoan; Geng, Xiaolin; Du, Yuefan; Yang, Qinqin; et al. (15 December 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 "A high-continuity and annotated tomato reference genome"]. ''BMC Genomics''. '''22''' (1): 898. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x|10.1186/s12864-021-08212-x]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-2164 1471-2164]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8672587 8672587]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34911432 34911432].</ref> Genetically modified food kanɛ ka ba maal yiiga kʋɔsid anɛ tamantoos ka ba bʋɔn Flavr Savr, ka ba gɔs ka li tɔn diginɛ yʋʋg.<ref>Redenbaugh, K.; Hiatt, B.; Martineau, B.; Kramer, M.; Sheehy, R.; et al. (1992). ''Safety Assessment of Genetically Engineered Fruits and Vegetables: A Case Study of the Flavr Savr Tomato''. CRC Press. p. 288.</ref> Amaa li da pʋ kʋɔsi yʋʋgɛ, li da kʋɔsi kiŋ paaɛ yʋʋm tʋsir kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi maa.<ref>Bruening, G.; Lyons, J.M. (2000). "The case of the FLAVR SAVR tomato". ''California Agriculture''. '''54''' (4). University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources: 6–7. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6|10.3733/ca.v054n04p6]] (inactive 1 November 2024).</ref> '''Kuob''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Tomato production – 2022''' |- |'''Producer''' |'''(Millions''' '''of tonnes)''' |- | [[China]] |68.2 |- | India |20.7 |- | Turkey |13.0 |- | [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] |10.2 |- | Egypt |6.3 |- | Mexico |4.2 |- |'''World''' |'''186.2''' |- | colspan="2" |yiya: FAOSTAT United Nations<ref name=":0">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Tomato production in 2022, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (pick lists)"]. UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT). 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2024.</ref> |} Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi ni (2022), tomatos da maal dunia wʋsa nɛ 186 million tonnes, ka linɛ da yi China an pistan’ nɛ ayɔpɔi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (37%), ka banɛ dɔl nya’aŋ an India, Turkey, nɛ [[United States of America (USA)|United States]] ban mɛ an banɛ ti’ali bɛ tabul la zugin).<ref name=":0" /> Dunia wʋsa da nɔk 4.8 million hectares yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛ yi (2012) tis tomato kuob ka lin da an si’em an 161.8 million tonnes.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"]. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2014. Archived from [http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor the original] on 6 September 2015.</ref> Pɔɔg wʋsa da maal tomatos wʋʋ 33.6 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin yʋʋm tusir nɛ piinɛ yi ni (2012).<ref name=":1" /> Tomato pɔɔd banɛ bɛ Netherlands tɛŋin da maali gaadi ba taaba bɛ yʋʋm tusayi nɛ piinɛyi ni (2012), ka tɛŋ kan ni da an wan wʋʋ 476 tonnes eka wʋsa pʋʋgin, ka banɛ da dɔl nya’aŋ an Belgium (463 tonnes eka yinnɛ pʋʋgin) nɛ Iceland (429 tonnes eka yinnɛ wʋsa pʋʋgin).<ref>[http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/browse/Q/QC/E "FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2012 data"], ''Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations'', August 2014</ref> == Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban’as == === Bʋnvʋya === Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amid tomato si’eba anɛ tomato bug, stink bugs, cutworms, tomato hornworms nɛ tobacco hornworms, aphids, cabbage loopers, whiteflies, tomato fruitworms, flea beetles, red spider mite, ''Tuta absoluta'' (tomato leafminer), slugs,<ref>Hahn, J.; Fetzer, J. (2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20110311110055/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html "Slugs in Home Gardens"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg7561.html the original] on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> nɛ Colorado potato beetles. Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amidi ba gbana la, ''Aculops lycopersici'', dit bʋʋlim nɛ wala banɛ an baanlig la, kɛt ka vaand la gbiribid, ka san’amid puum la nɛ wal la, hali ka tɔ’ɔe kʋ bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>[http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56111 "Aculops lycopersici (tomato russet mite)"]. Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium, Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2016.</ref> Bʋnvʋya ya’a daam tomato tiig la li na maal bʋnlinɛ buon systemin, linɛ gu’udi li ka bʋnkɔnbid pʋ tɔn’ɔe san’amidi lii. Nwa’ kɛt ka li nyɛt gu’ud, bʋnlinɛ gu’ud ka bʋnvʋya pʋ san’amidi lii. Ba da nyɛ gu’ud kaŋa yiiga bɛnɛ tomatoes ni.<ref>Narvaez-Vasquez, J.; Orozco-Cardenas, M. L. (2008). "15 Systemins and AtPeps: Defense-related Peptide Signals". In Schaller, A. (ed.). ''Induced Plant Resistance to Herbivory''. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-8181-1|978-1-4020-8181-1]]</bdi>.</ref> '''Ban’as''' Tomato buudi bɛ kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb kati wa’ae ban na nyaŋi gu’ ban’as yela. Nannanna ka ba bɔɔd si’em anɛ ba paae buudi banɛ gu’ud ban’as bɛdigʋ. Tomato ban’as yinnɛ anɛ tobacco mosaic virus. Sigaar zanlim nɛ taba la’ad tɔn’ɔe pʋdig ban’as la tis tomato bʋnbʋtir la.<ref>Pfleger, F. L.; Zeyen, R. J. (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120614075040/http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/dg1168.html "Tomato-Tobacco Mosaic Virus Disease"]. University of Minnesota Extension. Archived from [http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/DG1168.html the original] on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</ref> Wibɛ’ɛd hali anɛ curly top, ka bʋnlinɛ ziidi li an beet leafhopper, linɛ san’amidi li nɔbigir. Wan wʋʋ yʋ’ʋr la an si’em la, li kɛt ka ba vaand banɛ bɛ agɔl la gbiribid ka pʋ nɔbigid titua nɛ.<ref>Goldberg, N. P. [https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_h/H106/index.html "Curly Top Virus: Guide H-106"]. College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [[:en:New_Mexico_State_University|New Mexico State University.]] Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Bacterial wilt mɛ anɛ ban’as kanɛ ka o yela pak hali linɛ kɛt ka ba pʋ wan titua nɛ.<ref name=":2">Fitzpatrick, Connor R.; Salas-González, Isai; Conway, Jonathan M.; Finkel, Omri M.; Gilbert, Sarah; Russ, Dor; Teixeira, Paulo José Pereira Lima; Dangl, Jeffery L. (8 September 2020). [https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/downloads/br86bc78d "The Plant Microbiome: From Ecology to Reductionism and Beyond"]. ''[[:en:Annual_Review_of_Microbiology|Annual Review of Microbiology]]''. '''74''' (1). [[:en:Annual_Reviews_(publisher)|Annual Reviews]]: 81–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327|10.1146/annurev-micro-022620-014327]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4227 0066-4227]. [[:en:OSTI_(identifier)|OSTI]] [https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1802632 1802632]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32530732 32530732]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219621296 219621296].</ref> Wang ''et al.'', 2019 da nyɛ bʋnlinɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ye li sʋŋi san’am bʋnvʋya la paŋ, sansi’eba anɛ li si’e bʋnvʋya la paŋ ka sansi’eba ka ba nyaŋi gaŋ banɛ tɔn’e wiim ka lɛɛ pʋ nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ’ɔ.<ref name=":2" /> == Diib == '''Diib maalig''' Tomatoes, ban malis ka lɛn an tɔlim-tɔlim la, ba mɔri li bɛ Mediterranean zin’is ni paasidi maan pizza nɛ pasta diib.<ref>Fleming, Amy (9 April 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/wordofmouth/2013/apr/09/umami-fifth-taste "Umami: why the fifth taste is so important"]. ''[[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]''. Retrieved 18 February 2017.</ref> Ba mɔr tomatoes maan si’elnam bɛdigʋ bɛ Spanish gazpacho<ref>[https://dle.rae.es/gazpacho?m=form "gazpacho"]. ''Royal Spanish Academy''.</ref> nɛ Catalan ''pa amb tomàquet''.<ref>[http://www.foodandwine.com/recipes/catalan-tomato-bread "Pa Amb Tomàquet (Catalan Tomato Bread)"]. ''[[:en:Food_&_Wine|Food & Wine]]''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Tomato anɛ bʋnlinɛ paas Middle East diib zin’is ni, ka ba dit nɛ salads (wan wʋʋ, Arab salad, Israeli salad, Shirazi salad nɛ Turkish salad), ka ba paasi li ni’imini sɛn’ɛd nɛ disi’eba ni.<ref>Beyer, Greg (7 April 2024). [https://www.thecollector.com/history-of-tomato/ "The History of the Tomato: The Fruit that Spread Round the World"]. ''The Collector''. Retrieved 10 June 2024.</ref> Tomatoes paas Indian diib dʋgʋb pʋʋgin Europeans dimi da mɔri li kɛna la.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], p. 165.</ref> Kashmiri diib, rogan josh, mɔr tomato li pʋʋgin; ba da ɛɛti nɔk nɛ nanzʋ’ʋ wiigi<ref>Singh, Dharamjit (1973). ''[[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|Indian Cookery]]''. Penguin. p. [[iarchive:indiancookery00sing/page/21|21,58]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0140461411|978-0140461411]]</bdi>.</ref> gɛndig ka li muoe, ka tomatoes paas Punjabi diib maalig pʋʋgin.<ref>Bhangal, Jasprit (2013). ''Indian Cooking with Four Ingredients''. Troubador. p. 101. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781780884868|9781780884868]]</bdi>.</ref> British diib kanɛ ka ba buon tikka masala tita’am mɔr tomato nɛ cream li pʋʋgin.<ref>[[:en:Tomato#CITEREFCollingham2006|Collingham 2006]], pp. 1–11.</ref> '''Sʋab''' Tomatos bɔɔdim anɛ fʋ na pʋ pie li ka nɔki li digil zin’ig kanɛ ka waad nɛ tʋʋlig si’al ka nintaŋ pʋ paad anina, ka li pʋ bɔɔd firig pʋʋginɛ.<ref>Parnell, Tracy L.; Suslow, Trevor V.; Harris, Linda J. (March 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130214062847/http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf "Tomatoes:Safe Methods to Store, Preserve, and Enjoy"] (PDF). ''ANR Catalog''. University of California: Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources. Archived from [http://anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu/pdf/8116.pdf the original] (PDF) on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref><ref>[http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/5000/pdf/5532.pdf "Selecting, Storing and Serving Ohio Tomatoes, HYG-5532-93"] (PDF). Ohio State University. Retrieved 27 October 2008.</ref> fʋ ya’a pʋoe li nɛ daag la digil kɛt ka li nyaŋidi yʋʋgid.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406050733/http://www.cooksillustrated.com/howto/print/detail.asp?docid=1173 How To Cook]. Cooks Illustrated (1 July 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2013.</ref> Fʋ tɔ’ɔn digil tomatoes kanɛ pʋ bi’igɛ pɛpa baagi pʋʋgin ka li bi’ig.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130405083130/http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables "Vegetables"]. ''Canadian Produce Marketing Association Website''. Canadian Produce Marketing Association. Archived from [http://www.cpma.ca/en/about/areas-of-focus/vegetables#Tomato the original] on 5 April 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2013.</ref> Ba tɔ’ɔn sʋ’a tomatoes ka li yuugi bɛ kʋnkɔŋin, firig pʋʋgin, dɛligir, bɛɛ fʋn na dʋg ka li kilim gan’alig.<ref>Watson, Molly (26 July 2024). [https://www.thespruceeats.com/how-to-preserve-tomatoes-2217665 "How To Preserve Tomatoes: Canning, Drying, and Freezing Tomatoes With Ease"]. ''The Spruce Eats''. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> '''Nutrition''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Red tomatoes, raw''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |74 kJ (18 kcal) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |3.9 g |- | valign="top" |Sugars |2.6 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |1.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |0.9 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |[[Ku'om|Kuom]] |94.5 g |- | valign="top" |Lycopene |2573 μg |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | ----Link to USDA Database entry |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref>[[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (2024). [https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report".]. p. 120. In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy". ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. pp. 101-124. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] 3[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 0844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].''</ref> |} Tomato kanɛ an kansir mɔr [[Ku'om|kuom]] piswai nɛ anu, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (95%), paŋ kanɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin an anaasi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (4%), ka kpaam nɛ linɛ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye protein mɛ an 1%.<ref>Kavanaugh CJ, Trumbo PR, Ellwood KC (July 2007). [https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/99/14/1074/937795 "The U.S. Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review for qualified health claims: tomatoes, lycopene, and cancer"]. ''Journal of the National Cancer Institute''. '''99''' (14): 1074–85. doi:[[doi:10.1093/jnci/djm037|10.1093/jnci/djm037]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17623802 17623802].</ref> '''Laafi yela''' Lʋgir kanɛ gɔsid diib nɛ laafi yela ka ba buoni ba US Food and Drug Administration si’ak ye vɛɛnsig bi’ela bɛ pa’al ye diib banɛ ka ba nɔk tomato maal si’ed dindiig ban’as la.<ref>European Food Safety Authority (2011). [[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|"Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to lycopene and protection of DNA, proteins and lipids from oxidative damage (ID 1608, 1609, 1611, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1899, 1942, 2081, 2082, 2142, 2374), protection of the skin from UV-induced (including photo-oxidative) damage (ID 1259, 1607, 1665, 2143, 2262, 2373), contribution to normal cardiac function (ID 1610, 2372), and maintenance of normal vision (ID 1827) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006"]]. ''EFSA Journal''. '''9''' (4): 2031. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031|10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2031]].</ref> == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:tiig]] a0n82edq0k0b9s6e54zh4tj66cu7gvy 0 1969 15053 15050 2025-06-28T14:04:27Z Ndeego 425 I added links 15053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q234193}} '''Zaŋgbeduan''' ka sieba buon ye na'asaaduan, Wina'am tiig la anɛ Na'asaa dʋan bɛɛ zaŋgbɛdʋan dinɛ ka ba buon ye Moringa oleifera anɛ tiig kanɛ pʋ yʋʋgida ka nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ , di anɛ [[Tiis|tiig]] kanɛ pʋ zɔt wakkɔ ka pɛ'ɛs  Moringaceae buudi la ni. Di kae saan nɛ India dim banɛ bɛ north la. Ka Asia dim banɛ bɛ south nɛ southeast la mɔri li tʋm hali.<ref name=":2">[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/34868 "''Moringa oleifera'' (horseradish tree])". Climate Action Business Incubator (CABI). 17 December 2019. Retrieved 17 May 2020.</ref> yʋda banɛ ka ba yiti mɔri buonɛ ba anɛ,  moringa,<ref name=":0">"''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=24597 Moringa oleifera]''". [[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|''Germplasm Resources Information Network''.]] [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]]. Retrieved 11 December 2017.</ref> drumstick tiig <ref name=":0" /> (din yi di wa'alimɛn la sig  na paae di yadigirin la nɛ di wala ni.), horseradish tree<ref name=":0" /> (din yi di nya'a la ni, din nwɛnɛ  horseradish la), bɛɛ malunggay (wʋʋ ban mi'i li ye maritime bɛɛ archipelagic zin'is banɛ bɛ Asia la).<ref>Serafico, M.E.; Perlas, L.A.; Magsadia, C.R.; et al. (2017). "Efficacy ofMalunggay(Moringa oleifera) leaves in improving the iron and vitamins A and B status of Filipino schoolchildren". ''Acta Horticulturae'' (1158): 293–302. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1158.33|:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1158.33]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-7572 0567-7572.]</ref> Ba kuodi nɛ babir bɛdigט li biili la nɛ li vaand la yɛla, ba mɔri maan zɛɛnd nɛ tima. Li mɛ lɛm mɔri yessir di'ad [[Ku'om|kuom]] ni.<ref>Kalibbala, H. M.; Wahlberg, O.; Hawumba, T. J. (1 December 2009). "The impact of ''Moringa oleifera'' as a coagulant aid on the removal of trihalomethane (THM) precursors and iron from drinking water". ''Water Science and Technology: Water Supply''. '''9''' (6): 707–714. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.2166/ws.2009.671|:10.2166/ws.2009.671.]]</ref><ref>Kalibbala, Herbert Mpagi (2012). ''Removal of natural organic matter and control of trihalomethanes formation in water treatment''. Stockholm: Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789175013237|9789175013237]]</bdi>. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/939795543 939795543].</ref> == Pa'alטg == [[File:Moringa flower 5.jpg|thumb|Moringa flowers]] [[File:Pollens of Moringa oleifera.jpg|thumb|Moringa pollen]] [[Image:The tree and seedpods of Moringa oleifera.JPG|thumb|Tree and seed pods of ''Moringa oleifera'']] [[Image:The seeds of Moringa oleifera.JPG|thumb|Moringa seeds]] [[File:Kalamunggay (Moringa oleifera), Philippines.jpg|thumb|Foliage of ''Moringa oleifera'']] ''M. oleifera'' [[Tiis|tiig]] la anɛ ti kanɛ nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ hali ka o vaand mɛ sטטgid tɔ'ɔtɔ.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172119/horseradish-tree "Horseradish tree"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 25 April 2015.</ref> o wa'ali tun'e paae 10–12 m (33–39 ft) ka o til la yalטŋ anɛ diameter of 46 cm (18 in).<ref name=":1">Parotta, John A. (1993). [http://www.fs.fed.us/global/iitf/pubs/sm_iitf061%20%20(6).pdf "''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. Reseda, horseradish tree. Moringaceae. Horseradish tree family"] (PDF). USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. Retrieved 20 November 2013.</ref> O pak la sin'im anɛ piel nwɛni tampɛgilim sin'im nɛ ka li libil nɛ pak kpi'ɛטŋ. Ba bטmbaanlטg la ɛɛnti bטsid vaand ka li sin'im an purplish bɛɛ greenish-white, hairy bark. Ti Kaŋa zטgin la yɔ'ɔgnɛ, ka o wila la pט kpi'ima, ka o vaand la mɛɛdi agɔla ka mɔr tripinnate vaand. Di puum la anɛ fragrant nɛ hermaphroditic, gilig nɛ thinly veined, yellowish-white petals. di puum la wa'alim na an 1-1.5cm (³⁄₈–⁵⁄₈ in) nɛ 2cm 2 cm (³⁄₄ in) aan di yalטŋ. Di biidnɛ tilkanɛ mɔr zuobid, o anɛ ti kanɛ sטטgidi o puum basid, o til la wa'alim anɛ 10–25 cm (4–10 in).<ref name=":1" /> Fט ya'a budט nwadisi ayuobu la ka o sin'iŋ puum. Dinɛ pɛɛsi ayi anɛ ye ba ya'a bɛ teŋ kanɛ ka waad bɛ ba puudnɛ yimmט yטטm wsa puugin, saŋa kanɛ ka saa niid nɛ saŋa kanɛ an טטn bɛ (Northern Hemisphere Vaala Nwadig la nɛ Sigir Nwadig la teŋsטk, Southern HemisphereOctober nɛ Samampiid Nwadig la teŋsטk). Teŋkanɛ ka saa niib an sט'טŋa ka waad la mɛ sial tiig kaŋa tun'e puu nɔɔr ayi yטטm ls puugin.<ref name=":1" /> Di wɛla la yulnɛ zin'is atan' kpi'ie nɛ taaba, an wilim-wilim ka li wa'alim la an 20–45 cm (8–17+¹⁄₂ in) zan biil sabila dinɛ an wilim-wilim la ka li diameter an 1 cm. Li biili la mɔ busieba wɛni gbana nɛ ka sisiem nɛ [[Ku'om|kuom]] na tun'e mɔri keŋ teŋ lalli.<ref name=":1" /> Li kuob anɛ nwa', ba ɛɛnti kia ba nɛ yטטm wטsa ka basi li wa'alim la ka li an 1–2 m (3.3–6.6 ft) ka bas ka li lɛm bus ya'as, wala ka li wɛla la na nɛ li biili la nu'us na nyaŋi paae.<ref name=":1" /> == Takzonami == French botanist François Alexandre Pierre de Garsault da pa'al ye tiig kaŋa anɛ ''Balanus myrepsica'' ''amaa yט'טbanɛ ka o da tis la ba da pטsiaki li ye li an sטm, ka li anɛ ye da pט pa'an ka li dɔl binomial yטda tisib wadaa.''<ref name=":3">"''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160000000000/http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=54931 Moringa oleifera]''". ''[[:en:Flora_of_Australia_(series)|Flora of Australia]] Online''. [[:en:Department_of_the_Environment_and_Heritage|Department of the Environment and Heritage]], Australian Government.</ref> French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck mɛ da pa'al tiig la yɛla bɛ yטטm tusir, kɔbisyɔpɔi nɛ pisnii n anu (1785) la ni.<ref>Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1785). ''[[Encyclopédie méthodique. Botanique]]''. Vol. 1. Paris: Panckoucke; Plomteux. p. 398.</ref> O da nɔknɛ morphology nɛ DNA pa'al ye ''M. oleifera'' wɛni ''M. concanensis'', ka fט ya'a gɔs ti bama ayi la keŋ wɛn taaba siem la, di yitnɛ of ''M. peregrina'' ''tiis buudi la ni na''.<ref>Olson, Mark E. (2002). "[http://www.formad-environnement.org/3-Moringa_Olson2002_phylogeny.pdf Combining Data from DNA Sequences and Morphology for a Phylogeny of Moringaceae (Brassicales)]" (PDF). ''Systematic Botany''. '''27''' (1): 55–73.</ref> === Ɛtimologi === Tiig la yט'טr ''Moringa'' la yini Tamil pian'adin na dinɛ an ''murungai'' ''la, di gbin anɛ "wɛla banɛ wɛɛnlim taaba", wɛl paala la.''<ref>Olson, Mark E (2010). [https://books.google.com/books?id=I_KRof-0pX4C&pg=PA168 ''Moringaceae Martinov; Drumstick Tree Family; In: Flora of North America, North of Mexico, Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Dilleniidae, Part 2''.] Oxford University Press. p. 168. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0195318227|<bdi>978-0195318227</bdi>.]]</ref> Li yט'טr mɛŋir ''oleifera'' la yini Latin dim pian'adin ''oleum'' "kpaam" nɛ''ferre'' "ban na wɛl".<ref name=":3" /> Tiig la mɔr yטda kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bɛdigט bɛ teens bɛdigט ni zin'is banɛ ka ba kuodi li, nɛ drumstick tiig, horseradish tiig bɛɛ giŋa anɛ moringa ka ba mɔri buon naasaalin la.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> === Ɛkologi === Moringa tiig la wiim pט gban'e o zin'ig kanɛ wטsa kanɛ ka o bɛɛ. India ka ti nyɛt ka bטmvטya bɛdigט bɛɛ li ni pɛɛs nɛ zטŋzטnya banɛ dit tiis tila la, zטŋzטnya banɛ mɔr zuobid la bɛɛ vaandin zטŋzטnya. Budworms yit Noctuidae mɔri wiim pamm kenna san'amid tiig la puum. Nɛ bani nami san'amid [[Tiis|tiig]] la anɛ aphids, bama vudnɛ tila la, nɛ wɛla pטmpɔɔs.Teŋ sieba ni sibignam mɛ tun'e mɔr san'aטŋ bibisnami kenna. sibi la ya'a zuoe ba teŋin la, bטŋvטya gu'ub kaae na'anaa.<ref name=":1" /> Zaŋgbeduan la mɔr ''Leveillula taurica'', dinɛ an zɔ'ɔm mildew, ka li san'amid papaya [[tiis]] bɛ south India. Dinɛ mɛ lɛm pɛɛs anɛ, zunzunya banɛ an snout moth ''Noorda blitealis'' ''la didnɛ ba vaand la ka tun'e san'am vaand la wטsa.'' === Ye Ti Bɛ'ɛd === La'am nɛ bam nɔk o paas ti banɛ an ti bɛ'ɛdnam tɛɛns bɛdigט la, zin'ig yinne sia pia'a zaŋgbeduan (''M. oleifera'') ye "[[Tiis|tiig]] la pט sa'amid ti sieba ka sט'טg zin'ig la" dinzugɔ "di nar ka ba gɔs ka o an tiig kanɛ an sטm ka ba na kuod o ka o pט sa'amid la'adɛ."<ref name=":2" /> === Zɛɛnsim === Tiig la zɛɛnsim [[Ninsaal Niŋgbin lu'as|ninsaal nigbina]] ni pa'alטg pɔɔdnɛ, di ɔm bɛ ye lab dim zamisטg pטטgin pa'al ye [[Tiis|tiig]] la zin'i sieba, o paטk, nyan'a bɛɛ ba zin'isieba tun'e mɔr daaטŋ fט ya'a dii li bɛdig.<ref name=":7">"[https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/moringa-oleifera Moringa oleifera]". [[:en:Memorial_Sloan-Kettering_Cancer_Center|Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.]] Retrieved 27 February 2014.</ref> Zangbeduan mɔr zɛɛnsim f ya'a dii li ka li tטטg 3,000mg/kg ningbina tɛbisim, ka an sטm fט ya'a dii li ka li pט paae 1000mg/kg.<ref>Asare, GA; Nyarko, A (2012). "Toxicity potentials of the nutraceutical ''Moringa oleifera'' at supra-supplementation levels". ''Journal of Ethnopharmacology''. '''139''' (1): 265–272. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009vv|:10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.009]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)v|PMID]] 22101359.</ref> zangbeduan tun'e daam ti nuudim kanɛka bas ti [[sibiti]] ni dinɛ an cytochrome P450 (la'am nɛ CYP3A4) ka na tun'e mɔr antihyperglycemic mɔe daaטŋ tis sitagliptin.<ref name=":7" /> == Tʋʋma == Zaŋgbeduan mᴐr tʋʋma bɛdigʋ ka ba mᴐri dʋgʋt dunia wʋsa. Tiig la luobanɛ ka bad it anɛ viand la wʋsa (viand, wila, tila) dinɛ pʋ bi’igɛ, walbanɛ an dɛn’ɛn la bɛɛ bielim la, di puum la nɛ bielpᴐla nɛ nya’a la wʋsa.<ref>Lim, TK (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&q=Moringa+curry&pg=PA456 "Moringa oleifera".] ''Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants''. Vol. 3, Fruits. Springer Netherlands. pp. 453–485. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2534-8|<bdi>978-94-007-2534-8</bdi>.]]</ref> {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Moringa oleifera leaf, raw''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |64 kcal (270 kJ) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |8.28 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |2.0 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |1.40 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |9.40 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |[[Ku'om|Kuom]] |78.66 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":4">[[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (2024). [https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.</ref> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":5">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428/table/tab_4_7/ "TABLE 4-7 Comparison of Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in This Report to Potassium Adequate Intakes Established in the 2005 DRI Report"] P. 120 In: Stallings, Virginia A.; Harrison, Meghan; Oria, Maria, eds. (2019). "Potassium: Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy".''Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium''. pp. 101–124.[[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/25353|10.17226/25353.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 30844154]. [[:en:Bookshelf_ID_(identifier)|NCBI]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK545428 NBK545428].</ref> |} === '''Malisim''' === {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''M. oleifera pods, raw''' |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |'''Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)''' |- | valign="top" |'''Energy''' | valign="top" |37 kcal (150 kJ) |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Carbohydrates''' |8.53 g |- | valign="top" |Dietary fiber |3.2 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Fat''' |0.20 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Protein''' |2.10 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" | valign="top" |'''show''' '''Vitamins and minerals''' |} |- | colspan="2" valign="top" | |- | valign="top" |'''Other constituents''' |'''Quantity''' |- | valign="top" |[[Ku'om|Kuom]] |88.20 g |- | colspan="2" valign="top" |^†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,<ref name=":4" /> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.<ref name=":5" /> |} Zaŋgbeduan luabanɛ ka ba dit:<ref name=":2" /> Bielpᴐla la Vaand Bielbanɛ bi’ig Kpaamkanɛ yi bielim la ni Puum Nya’a Zaŋgbeduan vankanɛ an 100 g (about 5 cups) la bɛ teebul kanɛ digi teŋir la (USDA data). Vaand la an luokanɛ malisi gaad [[Tiis|tiig]] la luos wʋsa, din mᴐr B vitamins, vitamin C, provitamin A as beta-carotene, vitamin K, manganese, nɛ protein la zug.<ref>[http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2453/2 "Horseradish-tree, leafy tips, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt".] ''Nutritiondata.com''. Condé Nast. 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2013.</ref><ref>Peter, K.V. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=lPo-7-zmrZcC&q=moringa%20oleifera&pg=PA112 ''Underutilized and Underexploited Horticultural Crops:, Volume 4''.] New India Publishing. p. 112. ISBN 978-81-89422-90-5</ref> Calcium dinɛ bɛ moringa vaandin la sieba anɛ dinɛ ka ba buon ye crystals of calcium oxalate.<ref>Olson, M. E.; Carlquist, S. (2001). [[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00786.x|"Stem and root anatomical correlations with life form diversity, ecology, and systematics in Moringa (Moringaceae)"]]. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society''. '''135''' (4): 315–348. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00786.x|10.1111/j.1095-8339.2001.tb00786.x.]]</ref> Oxalate tun’e naan 430 paae 1050 mg/100g,<ref>Leone A, Spada A, Battezzati A, Schiraldi A, Aristil J, Bertoli S (June 2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490473 "Cultivation, Genetic, Ethnopharmacology, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of ''Moringa oleifera'' Leaves: An Overview".] ''Int J Mol Sci''. '''16''' (6): 12791–835. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3390/ijms160612791|:10.3390/ijms160612791]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4490473 4490473]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26057747 26057747].</ref> fʋ ya’a maki di nɛ oxalate dinɛ bɛ spinach ni la (750 mg/100g).<ref>Holmes RP, Kennedy M (April 2000). [[doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00010.x|"Estimation of the oxalate content of foods and daily oxalate intake"]]. ''Kidney Int''. '''57''' (4): 1662–7. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00010.x|10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.00010.x]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10760101 10760101].</ref> === Siind Maalʋg === Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Queensland) lʋgir la pa’al ye zaŋgbeduan la an sʋm ka mɔr tʋʋm paam bε siind maalʋg ni bɔzugo di ked k aba paamid siind bεdigʋ yʋʋm wʋsa.<ref>Csurhes S, Navie S (2016). "[https://www.daf.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/69262/IPA-Horseradish-Tree-Risk-Assessment.pdf Horseradish tree]" (PDF). Invasive Plant Risk Assessment, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Page 16, Queensland Government. Retrieved 15 April 2024.</ref> === Di Tʋʋm Sieba Banε Bε === Teŋtitara ni, zaŋgbeduan la mɔri sʋŋid diib malisim, gɔsid diib, sʋŋid ka teŋpʋʋg nɔbigid, ka sʋŋid teŋ la maalʋg.<ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763&page=247 National] Research Council (27 October 2006). "Moringa". [http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11763 ''Lost Crops of Africa: Volume II: Vegetables''.] Vol. 2. National Academies Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-10333-6|<bdi>978-0-309-10333-6</bdi>.]] Retrieved 15 July 2008.</ref> Di tun’e nɔki ma bʋŋkɔbid yaama, diib kuomalisiŋ, wina’am maalʋg anthelmintic, nε adjuvant.<ref>Makkar HP, Francis G, Becker K (2007). "[[doi:10.1017/S1751731107000298|Bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems]]". ''Animal''. '''1''' (9): 1371–91. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Anim....1.1371M :2007Anim....1.1371M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S1751731107000298|10.1017/S1751731107000298.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] 22444893.</ref><ref>Mahajan SG, Mali RG, Mehta AA (2007). "[[doi:10.1080/15476910601115184|Protective effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of ''Moringa oleifera'' Lam. against inflammation associated with development of arthritis in rats]]". ''J Immunotoxicol''. '''4''' (1): 39–47. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1080/15476910601115184|:10.1080/15476910601115184.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18958711 18958711].</ref> Zaŋgbeduan la mɔri sʋŋidi gɔsid malnutrition yεla, di kas-kas anε bi fiinsa nε puab banε mu’asid biis.<ref name=":2" /> zaŋgbeduan la saligim gɔsid arid nε semiarid environments yεla, di tun’e bε sʋŋid diib malisim yεla yʋʋm la wʋsa bε teens kɔn’ɔb-kɔn’ɔb bedigʋ.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20150419063459/http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/moringa/en/ Traditional crops: Moringa]". [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization_of_the_United_Nations|Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.]] 2021. Archived from [http://www.fao.org/traditional-crops/moringa/en/ the original] on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2021.</ref> Duniya 140 mɔr zaŋgbeduan la tʋm tʋʋma, di kuobsʋŋidi yisid dinε an malnutrition, kuom ka nε an yain, ka kpa dʋgidim.<ref name=":2" /> Zaŋgbeduan(Moringa oleifera) vaanzɔ’ɔm la anε ki’ib kanε sʋm nε nu’us piesʋg di ya’a dεŋim wʋ’ʋl di ke ka antiseptic nε detergent yi phytochemicals bε viand la ni.<ref>Torondel, B.; Opare, D.; Brandberg, B.; Cobb, E.; Cairncross, S. (2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930822 Efficacy of Moringa oleifera leaf powder as a hand- washing product: A crossover controlled study among healthy volunteers]". ''BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine''. '''14''': 57. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-57|10.1186/1472-6882-14-57]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3930822 3930822]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24528477 24528477].</ref> Zaŋgbeduan(Moringa oleifera) biili la nε  press cake la ba maali di nε ka li an wasterwater ka li yisid kuom kanε bε binin la.<ref>Gold, Moritz; Dayer, Pauline; Faye, Marie Christine Amie Sene; Clair, Guillaume; Seck, Alsane; Niang, Seydou; Morgenroth, Eberhard; Strande, Linda (18 April 2016). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020332 Locally produced natural conditioners for dewatering of faecal sludge]". ''Environmental Technology''. '''37''' (21): 2802–2814. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnvTe..37.2802G 2016EnvTe..37.2802G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293|10.1080/09593330.2016.1165293]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5020332 5020332]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26984372 26984372].</ref> Zaŋgbeduan la biili la ba εεnti diin li nε maal kpaam, dinε ka ba mɔri ket ka kuom an yain ka nidib nuut.<ref>Ndabigengesere, Anselme; Narasiah, K.Subba; Talbot, Brian G. (February 1995). "Active agents and mechanism of coagulation of turbid waters using ''Moringa oleifera''". ''Water Research''. '''29''' (2): 703–710. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995WatRe..29..703N 1995WatRe..29..703N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00161-Y|:10.1016/0043-1354(94)00161-Y.]]</ref><ref name=":6">Hellsing, Maja S.; Kwaambwa, Habauka M.; Nermark, Fiona M.; Nkoane, Bonang B.M.; Jackson, Andrew J.; Wasbrough, Matthew J.; Berts, Ida; Porcar, Lionel; Rennie, Adrian R. (2013). "[[doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.038|Structure of flocs of latex particles formed by addition of protein from Moringa seeds]]". ''Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects''. '''460''': 460–467. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.11.038.</ref> Zaŋgbeduan biili la mɔri dimeric cationic proteins,<ref>Ghebremichael, K. A.; Gunaratna, K. R.; Henriksson, H; Brumer, H; Dalhammar, G (2005). "A simple purification and activity assay of the coagulant protein from ''Moringa oleifera'' seed". ''Water Res''. '''39''' (11): 2338–44. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005WatRe..39.2338G 2005WatRe..39.2338G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.012|10.1016/j.watres.2005.04.012]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15921719 15921719].</ref> ka li sʋŋidi yisid ka pieεd di’ad kanε wʋsa dinε bε turbid water la ni, ka ket ka sa’adnam la wʋsa la’as taaba, ka li sʋŋ ka sa’ad banε puki agɔla la nyaŋi yis sa’ad la bas fʋ tun’e siligi li bεε yuuoe li. Zaŋgbeduan biili mɔri yisid di’ad nε sa’ad dinε bε kuomin. Di an sʋm k aba mɔri yisid di’adnam bε kuonuudim pʋʋgin gat la’ad sieba teŋbanε ka ba kuod zaŋgbeduan ka ba kuomnam san’am.<ref name=":6" /> ==Footonam== <gallery mode="packed" heights="160"> File:2011.06-382-550,551 Drumstick tree(Moringa oleifera),lf,e-s greenhouse Radix Serre@Wageningen University,NL fri24jun2011.jpg|Upper and lower side of the tripinnate leaf of ''M. oleifera'' File:Sonjna (Moringa oleifera) at Jayanti, Duars, West Bengal W IMG 5249.jpg|Branch of a fully grown moringa tree with flowers and leaves ([[West Bengal]]) File:Drumstick flowers of Moringa oleifera.jpg|Flowers of ''M. oleifera'' on a morning File:Starr 070207-4292 Moringa oleifera.jpg|Dry open moringa pod on the ground showing winged seeds ([[Hawaii]]) </gallery> == Gbanvɛɛnsa == [[Category:Tiig]] 3k4nca8wo4yeruuaeqq3h9lloca0grg 0 1970 15056 15027 2025-06-28T14:35:41Z Ndeego 425 I added references 15056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q42385}} '''Kooko''' bɛɛ dinɛ ka ba buon ye '''Theobroma cacao''' la anɛ  kooko tiig.Di anɛ ti bibis ka ba wa'alim nɛ li labisim anɛ (6–12 m (20–39 ft) Di niŋgbiŋ si'im anɛ dɛ'ɛm ka pɛ'ɛs  Malvaceae buudi ni.<ref name=":0">"[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000458440 ''Theobroma cacao'' L. Sp. Pl. : 782 (1753)]". ''World Flora Online''. World flora Consortium. 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022.</ref><ref>"[http://eol.org/pages/484592/overview Theobroma cacao]". ''Encyclopedia of Life''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121104063223/http://eol.org/pages/484592/overview Archived] from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</ref> Di anɛ Kooko biili ka ti buon ye bɛŋa bɛɛ sʋma. Ti mɔr Kooko biili la maan chocolate ,Kooko  kpaam, milo, nɛ  si'elnam bɛdigʋ.<ref>"[https://www.drugs.com/npp/cocoa.html Cocoa]". Drugs.com. 6 January 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210120103652/https://www.drugs.com/npp/cocoa.html Archived] from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 3 September 2020.</ref> kokoo  [[tiis]] kae saan na'asaa teŋa amaa Ivory coast dim la da nyaŋi kuo li paam gaad tɛns wʋsa yʋʋm 2022 la ni.Tiig la vaan'ad nɛ ti mɛŋ wa'alim nɛ di labisim anɛ  10–50 cm (4–20 ) wa'alimɛn nɛ 5–10 cm (2–4 ) labisimɛn. == Pa’alʋg == === puum === puum la maan nɛ la’asid taaba bɛ til la ni nɛ wilkʋda zug; ba buon nwa’ ye a-maal-puum-til-ni. Puum la anɛ ban’alig, 1–2 cm (³⁄₈–¹³⁄₁₆ in) wa’alim, ka linɛ lus puum la an wiig. Sɔb kanɛ ka ba mɔri pa’an puum la kanl pʋʋgin anɛ ✶ K5 C5 A(5°+5²) G(5).<ref>Ronse De Craene, Louis P. (4 February 2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C Floral Diagrams: An Aid to Understanding Flower Morphology and Evolution]''. Cambridge: [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. p. 224. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49346-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49346-8|978-0-521-49346-8]]</bdi>. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210428023554/https://books.google.com/books?id=24p-LgWPA50Chttps://web.archive.org/web/20210428023554/https://books.google.com/books?id=24p-LgWPA50C Archived] from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</ref> Puum bɛdigʋ dunia ni anɛ siinsi diti li ka maan diib (Hymenoptera) bɛɛ pimpiŋ nɛ bʋnvʋya si’eba, kookoo puum maan diibi dɔlisid nɛ bʋndʋmma banɛ ka ba buoni ba na’asaalin ye ''Forcipomyia'' midges.<ref>Hernández B., J. (1965). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220619/http://orton.catie.ac.cr/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=ORTON.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=032010 "Insect pollination of cacao (''Theobroma cacao'' L.) in Costa Rica"]. [[:en:University_of_Wisconsin|University of Wisconsin]]. Archived from [http://orton.catie.ac.cr/cgi-bin/wxis.exe/?IsisScript=ORTON.xis&method=post&formato=2&cantidad=1&expresion=mfn=032010 the original] on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 27 November 2012.</ref><ref name=":1">Forbes, Samantha J.; Northfield, Tobin D. (26 December 2016). "Increased pollinator habitat enhances cacao fruit set and predator conservation". ''[[:en:Ecological_Applications|Ecological Applications]]''. '''27''' (3): 887–899. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/eap.1491|10.1002/eap.1491]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28019052 28019052]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6858627 6858627].</ref> Bʋnvʋya banɛ dʋm ka ba buon ''Forcipomyia'' midges la kɛt ka kookoo maan wala bɛdigʋ gaad suobanɛ kpɛlim wʋsa.<ref name=":1" /> ==== Wala ==== Tiig la wal, ka ba buon kookoo wal la anɛ gbilig, 15–30 cm (6–12 in) wa’alim ka li bɛdigm an 8–10 cm (3–4 in), ka li ya’a bi’ig, li pak la anɛ dɔnbʋʋlim, ka li wa’alim an 500 g (1 lb) li bi’igir saŋa. Wal la pʋʋgin mɔr biili wan wʋʋ pisi paae pisyuobʋ bɛn, ka ba buon "bɛŋa", ka linɛ lusi li wal la pʋʋgin la an pi’elig. Biili la ka ba mɔri maan chocolate, ka linɛ lus biila la pʋʋgin la tɛŋ si’eba mɔri maan juice, smoothies, jelly, nɛ cream. Ninsaalib itima ti’ak 21st century la, ka ba yʋ’ʋn tɔ’ɔn nɔki li mi’ilim maal pataasi daam. <ref>Bell, Katie K. "[https://www.forbes.com/sites/katiebell/2014/09/10/cacao-cocktails-a-new-tequila-like-spirit-distilled-from-cacao-fruit/ Cacao Cocktails: A New Tequila-Like Spirit Distilled from Cacao Fruit"]. ''[[:en:Forbes|Forbes]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150428064621/http://www.forbes.com/sites/katiebell/2014/09/10/cacao-cocktails-a-new-tequila-like-spirit-distilled-from-cacao-fruit/ Archived] from the original on 28 April 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</ref>Fʋ ya’a di dinɛ lus biilif la, li malisim wan wʋʋ lychee bɛɛ tropical melon.<ref>[[:en:Carla_Martin_(anthropologist)|Martin, Carla D]] (9 March 2020). [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFGKUZdGap4 "What Makes Chocolate "Good"?"]. [[:en:Peabody_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Ethnology|Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology]]. 19:35. Retrieved 9 February 2025 – via [[:en:YouTube|YouTube]].</ref> Biilif yinnɛ wʋsa mɔr kpaam bɛdigʋ (40–50%) ka ba buon cocoa butter. Bʋnlinɛ bɛ li pʋʋgin anɛ theobromine, linɛ wan caffeine.<ref>Wilson, Philip K. (2015). "Chocolate in Science, Nutrition and Therapy: A Historical Perspective". In Wilson, P.; Hurst, W. (eds.). ''[https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-912-2 Chocolate and Health: Chemistry, Nutrition and Therapy]''. Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 18. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84973-912-2|978-1-84973-912-2]]</bdi>.</ref> == Yʋda == Buudi yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba pʋd kookoo na’asaalin ye ''Theobroma'' la yinɛ Greek ni ka li gbin an "Wina diib"; yinɛ θεός (''theos''), ka li gbin an 'Win' bɛɛ 'paŋ daan', nɛ βρῶμα (''broma''), ka lin gbin mɛ an 'diib'. Yʋ’ʋr kanɛ ka ba buon ''cacao'' la yinɛ Spain dim buudi pian’ad ni ka ba pʋdi ba kʋdʋmin bʋnbʋta si’eba ka ba si’eba an ''kakaw'' bɛ Tzeltal, Kʼicheʼ nɛ Classic Maya; ''kagaw'' bɛ Sayula Popoluca; nɛ ''cacahuatl'' bɛ Nahuatl ka lin gbin an "kookoo tiig biilif".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/cacao "Cacao"]. Etymology Online Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182509/https://www.etymonline.com/word/cacao Archived] from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 19 August 2018.</ref> Ban buon tiig la nɛ li biila la giŋa ye kookoo la, bi’elif la ma’a mɛ anɛ kookoo.<ref>[[:en:Sophie_Coe|Coe, Sophie]]; Dalby, Andrew (2014). "Chocolate: Botany and early history". In Davidson, Alan; Jaine, Tom (eds.). ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (3rd ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780199677337|9780199677337]]</bdi>.</ref> === Buudi === Kookoo (''Theobroma cacao'') paas nɛ buudi banɛ an pisi nɛ ayuobʋ ka bɛ ''Theobroma'' buudi ni ka Byttnerioideae banɛ an mallow dɔɔg buudi ka ba buoni ba Malvaceae mɛ paasi ba buudi la ni.<ref name=":0" /> Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ anii ni (2008), vɛɛn-vɛɛnsidib da yinɛ nɛ suor kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi la’as kookoo buudinam kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb dɔlisidi ba zin’ig kanɛ nyɛt paalʋ, lin bɛ zin’ig si’a, nɛ ba tʋŋ: ba pʋdʋgi ba piiga dɔlisid nɛ ban yi zin’ig si’eba bɛɛ tɛŋ la dimi kuod buud si’a ka pʋdi li si’em. Buudi bama anɛ: Amelonado, Criollo, Nacional, Contamana, Curaray, Cacao guiana, Iquitos, Marañon, Nanay, nɛ Purús.<ref name=":2">Motamayor, Juan C.; Lachenaud, Philippe; da Silva e Mota, Jay Wallace; Loor, Rey; Kuhn, David N.; Brown, J. Steven; Schnell, Raymond J. (2008). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2551746 "Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (''Theobroma cacao'' L.)"]. ''[[:en:PLoS_ONE|PLoS ONE]]''. '''3''' (10): e3311. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PLoSO...3.3311M 2008PLoSO...3.3311M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003311|10.1371/journal.pone.0003311]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2551746 2551746]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18827930 18827930].</ref> == Widigir nɛ yaan kpɛn’ɛb == Kookoo yadigi paae zin’ig yinɛ yadagɔbʋg-yanya’aŋ Mexico tɛŋin paae Amazon basin. Banɛ vɛɛns la pa’al ye ninsaalib nyaŋi ti’aki li zi kpɛn’ɛ yaan dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi; yinnɛ da bɛ nɛ Lacandon mɔɔgin zin’ig kan bɛnɛ Mexico ka yinnɛ mɛ da bɛ South America. Vɛɛnsig kanɛ ka bam aal ka li nan pʋ yʋʋgɛ pa’al ye ba DNA kae yinnɛ, amaa, li tɔ’ɔn ka’ ala. Vɛɛnsig yinnɛ da nɔk nɛ tiis ban tusir, kɔbisyi nɛ pisnaasi nɛ yinnɛ (1241) ka la’asi ba ka ba an buudi piiga.<ref name=":2" /> Vɛɛnsig la mɛ nyaŋi baŋ zin’ig la, wan wʋʋ Iquitos linɛ an Peru nɛ Ecuador, anina ka buudi bɛdigʋ da yi na yʋʋma tusanu banɛ gaad la saŋa, ka li da dɔlis anina ka buud kanɛ ka ba buon Nacional cocoa bean yina.<ref>[http://www.anecacao.com/es/quienes-somos/historia-del-cacao.html "History of cocoa (translated)"]. National Association of Exporters and Industrialists of Cacao of Ecuador. 2015. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180221035529/http://www.anecacao.com/es/quienes-somos/historia-del-cacao.html Archived] from the original on 21 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</ref> Nwa’ pa’al ye ba da gɔs kookoo, daasi’erɛ bʋnlinɛ lus biili la yela, lin ka ba mɔri mi’ilimi maan daam.<ref>Clement, Charles R.; de Cristo-Araújo, Michelly; d'Eeckenbrugge, Geo Coppens; Alves Pereira, Alessandro; Picanço-Rodrigues, Doriane (6 January 2010). [http://agritrop.cirad.fr/553502/ "Origin and Domestication of Native Amazonian Crops"]. ''Diversity''. '''2''' (1): 72–106. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/d2010072|10.3390/d2010072]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190905095250/http://agritrop.cirad.fr/553502/ Archived] from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.</ref> Ban gɔs DNA la ka nɔki mak nɛ tɛŋ vʋ’ʋsim ka bʋ nyaŋi baŋ lin nar ye tɛŋ an si’em ka li nyaŋi maal titua la, vɛɛnsig yinnɛ yinɛ maligim ti’aki li kuob yela, ka pa’al ye kookoo bɛ kɔn’ɔbkɔn’ɔb la yinɛ zinɛ zin’ig kanɛ an gbilig wan wʋʋ bɛŋa gilig Ecuador, titɔndig kanɛ bɛ Brazil nɛ Peru nɛ Colombian–Brazilian ni la.<ref>Thomas, Evert; van Zonneveld, Maarten; Loo, Judy; Hodgkin, Toby; Galluzzi, Gea; van Etten, Jacob; Fuller, Dorian Q. (24 October 2012). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480400 "Present Spatial Diversity Patterns of ''Theobroma cacao'' L. in the Neotropics Reflect Genetic Differentiation in Pleistocene Refugia Followed by Human-Influenced Dispersal"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''7''' (10): e47676. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...747676T 2012PLoSO...747676T]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047676|10.1371/journal.pone.0047676]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3480400 3480400]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112832 23112832].</ref> Banɛ gɔsid tɛngbaŋ yela pa’al ye sankanɛ ka dunia da an ma’asig ma’a yʋʋm tusa pisi nɛ yinnɛ (21,000) linɛ gaad saŋa la, saŋkan ka kookoo da pʋ maal titua nɛ, amaa zin’ig kaŋa da la’an wan kookoo ka linɛ kɛ ka li buud si’eba nan kpɛlim bɛ. == Kuob == Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ atan’ ni (2023), ba da kua kookoo dunia wʋsa nɛ 11,650,000 hectares (28,800,000 acres).<ref name=":3">[https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/visualize "Crops and livestock products; Production quantities of Cocoa beans by country"]. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2023. Retrieved 22 May 2025.</ref> Ba kuod kookoo pɔbɛda ni ka banɛ ka ba pɔɔd mɛ an fiin mɛ la’an kuod, ka li bɛdigʋ yit nɛ kpaadib banɛ an tʋsmon banɛ kuod mɛ ba pɔɔd bibis la ni.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130414081745/http://www.bioversityinternational.org/index.php?id=6817 "A strategy to safeguard the future of chocolate"]. Bioversity International. Archived from [http://www.bioversityinternational.org/index.php?id=6817 the original] on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</ref> Kookoo tiig pin’in walib nɛ yʋma anaasi bɛɛ yʋma anu ni. Tikanɛ paae o bɛn na nyaŋi maal puum tusa ayuobʋ yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin, amaa ka lɛɛ wan ban pisi ma’a. Sɛɛ ka fʋ la’as biili tusir nɛ kɔbisyi yel (1,200) lin anɛ wala pisnaasi yel li la ka fʋ na la’as ka nyaan paami li gan’alig la tɛbisim 1 kg (2.2 lb). Kʋdʋmin sa, banɛ maa chocolate mi’ nɛ buudi atan’ banɛ ka ba mɔri maan chocolate: Forastero, Criollo nɛ Trinitario.<ref>[http://www.xocoatl.org/variety.htmhttp://www.xocoatl.org/variety.htm "Varieties"]. ''All about Chocolate''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170702090148/http://xocoatl.org/variety.htm Archived] from the original on 2 July 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</ref> Banɛ ka ba paamig tɔe, ka ba ligidi kpi’em anɛ buudi kanɛ buon Criollo, kookoo buudi kanɛ ka Maya dim da mɔr la.<ref>Lanaud, Claire; Vignes, Hélène; Utge, José; Valette, Gilles; Rhoné, Bénédicte; et al. (7 March 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10920634 "A revisited history of cacao domestication in pre-Columbian times revealed by archaeogenomic approaches"]. ''[[:en:Scientific_Reports|Scientific Reports]]''. '''14''' (1): 2972. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatSR..14.2972L 2024NatSR..14.2972L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53010-6|10.1038/s41598-024-53010-6]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322 2045-2322]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10920634 10920634]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38453955 38453955].</ref> Ba mɔr Criollo maan chocolate nɛ piiga, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (10%), lin mɔr malisim ka nyʋʋsidi malisi gat banɛ kpɛlim la wʋsa. Yʋʋm tusir, sapal nwadig la ni (November 2000), kookoo banɛ da yit Chuao la da nyɛ yʋ’ʋr paal ye ''Cacao de Chuao'' (lin yinɛ Spanish: 'kookoo linɛ yit Chuao').<ref>[http://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2618 "Branding Matters: The Success of Chuao Cocoa Bean"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170303044314/http://www.wipo.int/ipadvantage/en/details.jsp?id=2618 Archived] from the original on 3 March 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</ref> == Maalʋg == {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Cocoa''' '''maalug – 2023''' |- |'''Country''' |'''Production''' '''(tonnes)''' |- | Ivory Coast |2,377,442 |- | Ghana |653,700 |- | Indonesia |641,741 |- | Ecuador |375,719 |- | Brazil |296,145 |- | Cameroon |295,819 |- | Nigeria |284,232 |- |'''World''' |'''5,600,100''' |- | colspan="2" |yiya: FAOSTAT linɛ bɛ United Nations<ref name=":3" /> |} Yʋʋm tusayi nɛ pisi nɛ atan’ ni (2023), dunia wʋsa kookoo da maali anɛ 5.6 million tonnes, ka tɛŋkanɛ ka li da maalig gaad o taaba an Ivory Coast, ban da mɔr pisnaasi nɛ ayi, kɔbiga pʋʋgin (42.5%) dunia wʋsa kookoo. Tɛŋbanɛ mɛ da ti’al da anɛ [[Ghana]] (11.7%) nɛ Indonesia (11.5%). == Sʋ’ab == Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban’as banɛ bɛ daamid kookoo, paas nɛ tʋʋlʋg bɛɛ waad kanɛ daami di li, pa’al ye li sʋ’ʋm ka ti paam buudi paalig kanɛ na nyaŋ yɛlbama wʋsa. Banɛ gɔsid kuob yela su’ad bʋnbʋta buudi-buudi bɛ zin’ig kanɛ ka ba buon na’asaalin ye genebanks, anina ka ba digin ka li la’asidi li taaba kilimid buud paala, amaa kookoo biila la yela tɔi galisi kɛ ka ba kʋ nyaŋi nɔki li niŋ genebank ni ka li maal buud paalaa.<ref>[https://sites.google.com/a/cgxchange.org/cacaonet/cacao-genebankshttps://sites.google.com/a/cgxchange.org/cacaonet/cacao-genebanks "Cacao Collections"]. CacaoNet. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150514215705/https://sites.google.com/a/cgxchange.org/cacaonet/cacao-genebanks Archived] from the original on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</ref> === Bʋnvʋya banɛ san’amid === Ban’abɛ’ɛdnam nɛ bʋnvʋya si’eba bɛ san’amid kookoo tʋʋma ka li pʋ nyaŋidi maan titua nɛ.<ref>[http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/ "Cocoa Crop Protection"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130209060931/http://www.dropdata.org/cocoa/ Archived] from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 9 November 2012.</ref> ·        Insects ·        Cocoa mirids bɛɛ capsids dunia wʋsa (li kaskas ''Sahlbergella singularis'' nɛ ''Distantiella theobroma'' bɛ West Africa nɛ ''Helopeltis'' spp. Bɛ Southeast Asia) ·        ''Bathycoelia thalassina'' - West Africa ·        ''Conopomorpha cramerella'' (cocoa pod borer – bɛ Southeast Asia) ·        ''Carmenta theobromae'' - C. & S. America ·        Fungi ·        ''Moniliophthora roreri'' (frosty pod rot) ·        ''Moniliophthora perniciosa'' (witches' broom) ·        ''Ceratocystis cacaofunesta'' (''mal de machete'') or (''Ceratocystis'' wilt) ·        ''Verticillium dahliae'' ·        ''Oncobasidium theobromae'' (vascular streak dieback) ·        Oomycetes ·        ''Phytophthora'' spp. (black pod) li kaskas ''Phytophthora megakarya'' linɛ West Africa ·        Viruses ·        Cacao swollen shoot virus ·        Mistletoe ·        Dayuus nɛ vertebrate pests (squirrels, woodpeckers, ''etc.'') == Genome == {{Infobox genome | image = Cacao Genetic Clusters.png | caption = Map showing genetic clusters of ''Theobroma cacao'' | taxId = 572 | ploidy = diploid | chromosomes = 10 pairs | size = 345.99 Mb | year = 2010 }} ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category: Tiig]] d3hb218ij300ewd5u0jmriqzwqcizfb 0 1971 15051 15048 2025-06-28T13:34:27Z Ndeego 425 I added link 15051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1975323}} '''Duan''' Parkia biglobosa, [[Africa yɛla|African]] locust bean<ref>"''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26777 Parkia biglobosa]''". ''[[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]]. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</ref> tiig la anɛ tiikanɛ an deciduous tiig ka bɛ Fabaceae buudi la ni. Fט na nyɛ tiig kaŋa nɛ ka ba bɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] bɛdigט ka mɔr o diib la ka li malis hali ka mɔr biilsטma. Bam kuod ti kaŋa lɔsia la, bam nwa'ad ka pɔn'ɔŋ ni o biili la siem la pa'an ni o tטטma an sטm siem. [[Tiis|Tiig]] la zin'isnam la bɛdigט mɔri maan tima nɛ diib. din an tikanɛ zi'e sappi la zugɔɔ, di wɛla la sטŋid nɛ diib nam bɛdigט banɛ ka ba budi kpi'eli di nwɛnii leguminous [[tiis]]. == Pa'alʋg == ''Parkia biglobosa'' anɛ dicotyledonous angiosperm kanɛ yit Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae - Mimosoid clade) buudi la ni na.<ref>Thiombiano, D. N., Lamien, N., Dibong, D. S., Boussim, I. J., & Belem, B. (2012). The role of woody species in managing food shortage in Burkina Faso. Sécheresse, 23(2), 86-93. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge</ref> di anɛ deciduous perennial dinɛ nɔbigi ka o wa'alim an 7 nɛ 20 metres,<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218140453/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org"]. Archived from [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo the original] on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Saŋa sieba ba wa'alim tun'e paae 30 metres.<ref>Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.</ref> [[Tiis|Tiig]] kaŋa anɛ [[Tiis|tiig]] kanɛ pט zɔt bugim ka li anɛ om mɔr pak kanɛ an sabili wilim-wilim ka kpi'em la zu.<ref name=":0" /> [[Tiis|Tiig]] la wɛla la, anɛ dinɛ ka tia'am buoni li ye locust beans, ka mɔr zɛnwiid sin'im di sin'iŋirin, ka ti lɛ kilim sabil wiiט di ya'a ti yט'טm gu tituaa la. Ba wa'alim anɛ 30-40 centimetres, ka sieba w'alim on tun'e paae 45 centimetres. [[Tiis|Tiig]] la wɛl yiine biili tun'e paae pistan' (30) bɛ pטטgin;<ref name=":0" /> biili la firnɛ di diib kanɛ ka li sin'im an dɔnbbטטlim la pטטgin. == Labakuda, Teŋ Pa'alʋg nɛ ethnography == [[West Africa]] kpala nii, [[tiig]] la pak, nya'a, vaand, puum, wɛla, nɛ li biili la mɔri maan buudi tima bɛdigט tiebid wiim bɛdigט, puugin nɛ yiŋ wטsa, saŋa sieba ka ba nɔ ti sieba gɛdigi li. O pak la yɛlkpan anɛ ba mɔri maan tiim ken ka dɔli o vaand la. Duan la nε li tiim la mɔri sdŋid siel anε di tiebid bʋnvʋya sa’am siel nε, nε zindutig wiimnam, nwεnii arterial hypertension, nε daʋŋkanε bε vʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, pʋʋgin nyɔɔnd nε niŋgbiŋ wiimnam wʋsa. veterinary timanam ni o nya’ag la mɔri ti’ebid [[coccidiosis]] bε nɔɔs wimanam ni. O vaand paala la na tun’e nɔki zan’a li nɔki gεdig muarin kuom ka li kʋ zimi. [[Tiig]] la locust mɔ tun;e mε lεm buol ye "''arbre à farine'', fern leaf, irú, monkey cutlass tree, two ball nitta-tree, ''nété'' and ''néré''"). Bam sin’iŋi mɔr wεl pa’ad la mi’ilimid la da sin’iŋ nε [[West Africa]] ka ba sɔbi digil bε 14th century,<ref>"Parkia biglobosa".</ref> Michel Adanson da pa’al li yεla bε o ''Histoire naturelle du Sénégal,'' ka zaŋi li pa’al bε yʋʋm tusir, kɔbi yɔpɔi nε pisnu ayɔpɔi (1757) la ni.<ref>Janick, J. (2008). ''Parkia biglobosa'' African Locust Bean. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts (pp. 395-400). Wallingford, U.K.: CABI North American Office.</ref> Geographically, ''Parkia biglobosa'' la fʋ tun’e ntεε li bε the Atlantic coast dinε bε Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda.<ref name=":1">"Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from database.prota.org". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Amaa nananna tiig la yʋ’ʋm bε zin’ig wʋsa kas-kas anε anthropic communities anthropic communities – zin’ig kanε ka ba  kuodi li la di ka bʋn.<ref name=":0" /> Yʋʋm wʋsa di biili maalʋg bε northern Nigeria la wʋʋ tusa kɔbis yɔpɔi (200,000t).<ref name=":1" /> ka bam mɔr tiig la maan siel la fʋ kʋ nyεε li bε international trade la nii, amaa ba anε yεlkpan ka pʋ gʋ’ʋŋida bε West Africa kuam-kuam la.<ref name=":1" /> Diili la ligidi εεnti pʋm digi nε sa bε Sahel teens la ni, ka ba mɔri lɔŋ teŋ.<ref name=":1" /> == O Gʋ’ʋlʋgʋ an si'em == === Biili nɔbigir === Ti mɔr biili nam la abʋyi ka li bε pak la pʋʋgin – wilim-wilim sabil nɔ lik (sabil). Biil bama bεlim kʋkɔn’ɔbi an siem la anε 1:20 to 1:5 ka biil sabila la uoe gat biil banε nie la. Biil banε an wilim-wilim sabila la pa’ad la fa’asnε ka li ket ka ba nyaŋidi nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ gat banε an biil sabila banε ka ba gɔs ka ba mɔr yabid la. “Biil sabila la pa’ad la kpi’emnε ka li nar ye ba εεnti dεŋi gɔsi di yεla ka maal ban na maal siem ka li nyaŋ bul sʋŋa.”<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218140453/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org"]. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Di bε ye biili εεnti bun siem anε 75%, biili la bulib tun’e keŋ ba fʋgis biili la pa’akpimis la 7 minutes ka nɔki li wʋ’ʋl  kuotʋʋligin nieε bεo ka naam nyaŋi bʋdi di biili la.<ref name=":0" /> Duan la biili la tun’e nɔki bʋd vugis zug, ka li anε afi’ig ka tɔ’ɔŋ bεε afʋg ka tabil,bεε fʋn na nɔki ba nya’a bטt.<ref name=":0" /> Ba kpans yטma atan' tiig bɛ Burkina Faso nɛ Nigeria.<ref name=":1" /> === Agטronomi Zamisטg === Biili la ya'a bטdi niŋi ba vugis la zug, dab<ref name=":2">"[http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Parkia%20biglobosa_En.htm Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from"]. Archived from [http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Parkia%20biglobosa_En.htm the original] on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref>a atan' daar ba tun'e nyaŋi nɔki ba se dטgidin.<ref name=":1" /> Ba bטm biig la walim anɛ 20-25cm bakwainami pisi saŋa bɛ nursery, di anɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi nɔki ba se pɔɔding; fט mɛ tun'e bטdi ba pɔɔdin la ka pט waali ba se, dina sטm anɛ teŋ la sטm an siem nɛ bטnvטya banɛ bɛ pטטgin la an siem.<ref name=":1" /> Fט ya'a ye fט gɔse niigi kuob la "sטŋid biili la waalט bɛ pɔɔgin ka sטm tituaa kal kɔbiga pטטgin anɛ 82% yטma anaasi " bɛ saŋa sieba fט ya'a ti se li naae la. Biili tun'e treati li nɛsulphuric acid " ka mɔr concentration kal ka li an 79% mit pisyi nɛ anaasi ka yט'טm nyaŋi yi biilif la ni na."<ref name=":2" /> Di tibanɛ waal la ɛɛnti nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ' - ba tun'e nɔbig ka li wa'alim paae 1metre yטטm pטטgin.<ref name=":1" /> Ba na sin'iŋi puud yטma atan' nɛ ayɔpɔi la teŋsטk (5-7) טטn saŋa bɛ Sahel Samampiid Nwadig la kem paae Vaala Nwadig la (December to April), amaa ka lɛɛ pט puud bɛ teŋbanɛ kudigid la ni.<ref name=":1" /> Zanzana sטŋid ti kaŋa ka o puum la widigid, bטnvטbanɛ mɛ sטŋid ka li puumla nɔbigid anɛ "siins, pטmpɔɔs, tangbɛɛlnam, kusin'is, tenebrionid beetles nɛ tettigometid bugs.”<ref name=":0" /> Tiig la tun'e wɛl wɛla din kטnyi yטma anu paae yטma piiga la ni (5-10 years) ka li yט'טm sin'iŋi bi'igid hali ka yiiga saa la naam ti ni, ala ta kem paae sɛɛn'טg.<ref name=":0" /> Zamisטg pa'al ye tiig la puum la sטŋid teŋ la kט'lim yɛla. Zamisטg kpansib kani ka ba yטma atan' ka nye ka teŋ la kט'טlim kanl an86% mamisi li nɛ sisbig kan wɛni li la ka li an 138%.<ref name=":3">Uyovbisere, E. O., & Elemo, K. A. (2002). Effect of tree foliage of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) on soil fertility and productivity of maize in a savanna alfisol.. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62(2), 115-122. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Agricola database.</ref> Tentan la sטm ka ni bɛ teŋin la ka tiis bɔɔd la ba da kpansi baŋ ka li anɛ duan biili la sטŋid, ka la'am pɛɛs nɛ ba na la'as nɛ organic C la nɔki mamis nɛ sisbig tiig la.<ref name=":3" /> Ban na nɔk la'asieba bטdi o gbinin bɛɛ duan la vaand ma'asim lɛm anɛ yɛla ya'as. Yטma ayi ka ba maal kpansib vɛɛnsigi o gbinin ma'asim la, ba kpans ya ka duan la (Parkia biglobosa) ba da "nyɛ ka o ma'asim la pט sטŋid la'asiebaa ka lɛɛ sטŋid ki yטטm yinne ni."<ref name=":4">Pouliot, M., Bayala, J., & Raebild, A. (2012). Testing the shade tolerance of selected crops under Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 85(3), 477-488. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge database</ref> Eggplant mɛ daa pט nyaŋi maal tituaa nɛ, ka bam paam zטטd la siem la atan' pטטgi an yinne maa nɛ yinne piiga pטטgin banɛ ka ba bטdi ba yiŋ ka saa sa'ami ba.<ref name=":4" /> La'am nɛ wala naŋzט'טs (chilli pepper) da nyaŋi maal sטŋa bɛ tiig la gbinin ka li nɔbigir kanl an 150%duan la gbinin ka lɛɛ san'am bɛ yiŋ paalט la ni.<ref name=":4" /> === Biyofisikal bɛn === African dim duan la bɛdim an 0-300 metres, ka saa niib an wטט 400-700 millimetre ka li tטטlim an 24-28°C."<ref name=":0" /> Di bɔɔdi zin'ikanɛ ka saa kuom la na nyaŋi silig tɔ'ɔtɔ, ya'ad tintan kanɛ tɛbis amaa di mɛ tun'e mɛ lɛm bɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka tintan la pט tɛbisa, tintan bi'isטg ni.<ref name=":0" /> == Tʋʋma == === Diib === Balls of sumbala (ka sieba buon ye daddawa bɛɛ kpalʋg) la ka an African locust bɛŋa biili ka ba maali yi di ni. Dinɛ an dᴐnbʋʋlʋm, ka mᴐr biili la anɛ banɛ malis ka ba ɛɛnti tiaki ba maal disieba yi di ni. Ba ɛɛnti tiaki dinɛ ka di lieb seasoning, ka ba pʋdi di yʋ’ʋr ye sikomu nɛ dodowa Yoruba nɛ Hausa nidib sʋʋgʋn.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4640e/y4640e02.htm#P919_1309276 Olaniyan, A. (n.d.). Locust Bean Products. Non-Wood News-No.10. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from fao.org]</ref> Ba mᴐr pulp la maan danmalisa.<ref>[[:en:Andrea_Pieroni|Pieroni, Andrea]] (2005). [[:en:Ghillean_Prance|Prance, Ghillean]]; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). [[iarchive:culturalhistoryo0000unse_c8q2/page/30/mode/2up|''The Cultural History of Plants''.]] Routledge. p. 30. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0415927463|0415927463]]</bdi>. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> Locust bean biili anɛ yɛlkpan hali tiig la ni. Ba mᴐr lipid nam bɛdigʋ, nwɛnɛ pisi nɛ awai kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (29%), protein anɛ pistan nɛ anu kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn(35%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (16%), ka mɛ an bʋmbanɛ tisid kpaam nɛ calcium tis banɛ bɛ teŋkpɛmisin.<ref>Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.</ref> Ba ɛɛnti dʋg biili lanɛ yis pa’ad la bas ka yʋ’ʋn wʋ’ʋl dinɛ kpɛlim la ka di mi’ig ban bᴐᴐdi li si’em. Ba tun’e nɛɛm biili la ka ka di lieb zᴐm ka ba nᴐki maal ma’asa. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal kpalʋg mi’igir yɛla la, vɛɛnsʋg la da pa’al ye Gmelina arborea nɛ kou kɛt ka biili la mi’igir, ka mɛ paasid kpaam, protein nɛ ma’asʋgʋ zɛm si’em, ka lɛɛ sied carbohydrate zɛm si’em.<ref>Gernah, D.I.; Inyang, C.U.; Ezeora, N.L. (2007). "Incubation and fermentation of African locust beans (''Parkia biglobosa'') in production of "dawadawa"". [[:en:Journal_of_Food_Processing_and_Preservation|''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation''.]] '''31''' (2): 227–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x|10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x.]]</ref> [[File:Sumbala balls and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from (Kera (Dédougou District), Burkina Faso, June 2014).jpg|thumb|left|Balls of ''[[sumbala]]'' (also called ''daddawa'' or dawadawa) and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from.]] '''Bטkɔbid diib''' Wɛl la bʋʋlʋm, Vaand la nɛ bielim la anɛ dinɛ ka ba mᴐri tisid bʋnkᴐnbid nɛ nᴐᴐs ka di aan ba diib. Puum la anɛ dinɛ ka siins bɛ nᴐŋ hali ka lɛn an zin’ikanɛ ka di paamid nectar.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2018. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/268 Last updated on January 25, 2018, 13:49</ref> ===== Kpikpiŋ Tטטma ===== Tikaŋa kuob anɛ dinɛ mᴐr nyᴐᴐd hali tis [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] tɛmis bɛdigʋ, la’an nɛ pʋ’ab. Néré wala anɛ dinɛ ka ba da’ad hali bɛ Burkina Faso; "kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn, nidib gaad pisnu (50%) vɛɛnsʋg pʋʋgʋn da siak ye ba paasi di kpiisig ni.<ref>Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.</ref> Wʋsa pʋʋgʋnɛɛ, pʋ’abi an banɛ nᴐŋ bielim banɛ mi’ig la kuosʋg (dawadawa) la’anɛ dap nɛ pʋ’ab wʋsa paasi bielim banɛ an kpi’ema kuosʋg ni la.<ref>Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.</ref> ====== Tiim ====== Ti-nya’a du’atanam banɛ bɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] mᴐr tiig duan tiig la luos kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb ti’ebid di nimma’asim tʋʋma la yɛla. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal ti-nya’a dʋ’atanam banɛ bɛ Togo la, duan (''Parkia biglobosa'') da anɛ tibanɛ ka ba da buol la yinne dinɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid zidʋttʋm ban’a.<ref>Karou, S., Tchacondo, T., Tchibozo, M. D., Abdoul-Rahaman, S., Anani, K., Koudouvo, K., et al. (2011). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo.. PharmBiol., 49(12), 1286-1297. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Tiig la mɛ lɛn anɛ dinɛ paasi ayi ni tibanɛ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid fɛn’ɛd bɛ South-Western Nigeria, ka kɛ ka proliferation of dermal fibroblasts paasid tᴐ’ᴐtᴐ.”<ref>Adetutu, A., Morgan, W., & Corcoran, O. (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria.. J Ethnopharmacol, 137(1), 50-56. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Ala ka vɛɛnskan buudi mɛ da maali bɛ Guinea zaŋi keŋ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a ba sʋ’ʋlʋm ni, ba da pa’al ye duan anɛ tikanɛ paas banɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a la ni.<ref>Traoré, M., Baldé, M., Oularé, K., Magassouba, F., Diakité, I., Diallo, A., et al. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants used by Guinean traditional healers in the treatment of malaria.. J Ethnopharmacol, S0378-8741(13)00773-3. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.048.. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Ban da lɛn vɛɛnsid tibanɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ni, mak nɛ tibanɛ mᴐr streptomycin, duan da mᴐr ka di kɛ ka di paas tibanɛ na nyaŋi ti’eb bʋnvʋya ban’as.<ref>Abioye, E., Akinpelu, D., Aiyegoro, O., Adegboye, M., Oni, M., & Okoh, A. (2013). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of crude stem bark extracts and fractions of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.).. Molecules, 18(7), 8459-8499. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Tiig]] 07eoegw7zp01s76u55p38nrnse53446 15052 15051 2025-06-28T13:49:02Z Ndeego 425 I added links 15052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q1975323}} '''Duan''' Parkia biglobosa, [[Africa yɛla|African]] locust bean<ref>"''[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=26777 Parkia biglobosa]''". ''[[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|Germplasm Resources Information Network]]''. [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture]]. Retrieved 11 July 2022.</ref> tiig la anɛ tiikanɛ an deciduous tiig ka bɛ Fabaceae buudi la ni. Fט na nyɛ tiig kaŋa nɛ ka ba bɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] bɛdigט ka mɔr o diib la ka li malis hali ka mɔr biilsטma. Bam kuod ti kaŋa lɔsia la, bam nwa'ad ka pɔn'ɔŋ ni o biili la siem la pa'an ni o tטטma an sטm siem. [[Tiis|Tiig]] la zin'isnam la bɛdigט mɔri maan tima nɛ diib. din an tikanɛ zi'e sappi la zugɔɔ, di wɛla la sטŋid nɛ diib nam bɛdigט banɛ ka ba budi kpi'eli di nwɛnii leguminous [[tiis]]. == Pa'alʋg == ''Parkia biglobosa'' anɛ dicotyledonous angiosperm kanɛ yit Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae - Mimosoid clade) buudi la ni na.<ref>Thiombiano, D. N., Lamien, N., Dibong, D. S., Boussim, I. J., & Belem, B. (2012). The role of woody species in managing food shortage in Burkina Faso. Sécheresse, 23(2), 86-93. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge</ref> di anɛ deciduous perennial dinɛ nɔbigi ka o wa'alim an 7 nɛ 20 metres,<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218140453/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo "Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org"]. Archived from [http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo the original] on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Saŋa sieba ba wa'alim tun'e paae 30 metres.<ref>Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.</ref> [[Tiis|Tiig]] kaŋa anɛ [[Tiis|tiig]] kanɛ pט zɔt [[Bugum|bugim]] ka li anɛ om mɔr pak kanɛ an sabili wilim-wilim ka kpi'em la zu.<ref name=":0" /> [[Tiis|Tiig]] la wɛla la, anɛ dinɛ ka tia'am buoni li ye locust beans, ka mɔr zɛnwiid sin'im di sin'iŋirin, ka ti lɛ kilim sabil wiiט di ya'a ti yט'טm gu tituaa la. Ba wa'alim anɛ 30-40 centimetres, ka sieba w'alim on tun'e paae 45 centimetres. [[Tiis|Tiig]] la wɛl yiine biili tun'e paae pistan' (30) bɛ pטטgin;<ref name=":0" /> biili la firnɛ di diib kanɛ ka li sin'im an dɔnbbטטlim la pטטgin. == Labakuda, Teŋ Pa'alʋg nɛ ethnography == [[West Africa]] kpala nii, [[Tiis|tiig]] la pak, nya'a, vaand, puum, wɛla, nɛ li biili la mɔri maan buudi tima bɛdigט tiebid wiim bɛdigט, puugin nɛ yiŋ wטsa, saŋa sieba ka ba nɔ ti sieba gɛdigi li. O pak la yɛlkpan anɛ ba mɔri maan tiim ken ka dɔli o vaand la. Duan la nε li tiim la mɔri sdŋid siel anε di tiebid bʋnvʋya sa’am siel nε, nε zindutig wiimnam, nwεnii arterial hypertension, nε daʋŋkanε bε vʋ’ʋsim pʋʋgin, pʋʋgin nyɔɔnd nε niŋgbiŋ wiimnam wʋsa. veterinary timanam ni o nya’ag la mɔri ti’ebid [[coccidiosis]] bε nɔɔs wimanam ni. O vaand paala la na tun’e nɔki zan’a li nɔki gεdig muarin [[Ku'om|kuom]] ka li kʋ [[Ziiŋ|zimi]]. [[Tiis|Tiig]] la locust mɔ tun;e mε lεm buol ye "''arbre à farine'', fern leaf, irú, monkey cutlass tree, two ball nitta-tree, ''nété'' and ''néré''"). Bam sin’iŋi mɔr wεl pa’ad la mi’ilimid la da sin’iŋ nε [[West Africa]] ka ba sɔbi digil bε 14th century,<ref>"Parkia biglobosa".</ref> Michel Adanson da pa’al li yεla bε o ''Histoire naturelle du Sénégal,'' ka zaŋi li pa’al bε yʋʋm tusir, kɔbi yɔpɔi nε pisnu ayɔpɔi (1757) la ni.<ref>Janick, J. (2008). ''Parkia biglobosa'' African Locust Bean. The encyclopedia of fruit & nuts (pp. 395-400). Wallingford, U.K.: CABI North American Office.</ref> Geographically, ''Parkia biglobosa'' la fʋ tun’e ntεε li bε the Atlantic coast dinε bε Senegal to southern Sudan and northern Uganda.<ref name=":1">"Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from database.prota.org". Archived from the original on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Amaa nananna tiig la yʋ’ʋm bε zin’ig wʋsa kas-kas anε anthropic communities anthropic communities – zin’ig kanε ka ba  kuodi li la di ka bʋn.<ref name=":0" /> Yʋʋm wʋsa di biili maalʋg bε northern Nigeria la wʋʋ tusa kɔbis yɔpɔi (200,000t).<ref name=":1" /> ka bam mɔr [[Tiis|tiig]] la maan siel la fʋ kʋ nyεε li bε international trade la nii, amaa ba anε yεlkpan ka pʋ gʋ’ʋŋida bε [[West Africa]] kuam-kuam la.<ref name=":1" /> Diili la ligidi εεnti pʋm digi nε sa bε Sahel teens la ni, ka ba mɔri lɔŋ teŋ.<ref name=":1" /> == O Gʋ’ʋlʋgʋ an si'em == === Biili nɔbigir === Ti mɔr biili nam la abʋyi ka li bε pak la pʋʋgin – wilim-wilim sabil nɔ lik (sabil). Biil bama bεlim kʋkɔn’ɔbi an siem la anε 1:20 to 1:5 ka biil sabila la uoe gat biil banε nie la. Biil banε an wilim-wilim sabila la pa’ad la fa’asnε ka li ket ka ba nyaŋidi nɔbigid tɔ’ɔtɔ gat banε an biil sabila banε ka ba gɔs ka ba mɔr yabid la. “Biil sabila la pa’ad la kpi’emnε ka li nar ye ba εεnti dεŋi gɔsi di yεla ka maal ban na maal siem ka li nyaŋ bul sʋŋa.”<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20131218140453/http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/products/afdbases/af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=1255#Addinfo Species Information – Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Agroforestry Tree Database. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from worldagroforestrycentre.org"]. Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> Di bε ye biili εεnti bun siem anε 75%, biili la bulib tun’e keŋ ba fʋgis biili la pa’akpimis la 7 minutes ka nɔki li wʋ’ʋl  kuotʋʋligin nieε bεo ka naam nyaŋi bʋdi di biili la.<ref name=":0" /> Duan la biili la tun’e nɔki bʋd vugis zug, ka li anε afi’ig ka tɔ’ɔŋ bεε afʋg ka tabil,bεε fʋn na nɔki ba nya’a bטt.<ref name=":0" /> Ba kpans yטma atan' [[Tiis|tiig]] bɛ Burkina Faso nɛ Nigeria.<ref name=":1" /> === Agטronomi Zamisטg === Biili la ya'a bטdi niŋi ba vugis la zug,<ref name=":2">"[http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Parkia%20biglobosa_En.htm Parkia biglobosa. (n.d.). Protabase. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from"]. Archived from [http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Parkia%20biglobosa_En.htm the original] on December 12, 2013. Retrieved December 6, 2013.</ref> daba atan' daar ba tun'e nyaŋi nɔki ba se dטgidin.<ref name=":1" /> Ba bטm biig la walim anɛ 20-25cm bakwainami pisi saŋa bɛ nursery, di anɛ saŋa kanɛ ka ba na nyaŋi nɔki ba se pɔɔding; fט mɛ tun'e bטdi ba pɔɔdin la ka pט waali ba se, dina sטm anɛ teŋ la sטm an siem nɛ bטnvטya banɛ bɛ pטטgin la an siem.<ref name=":1" /> Fט ya'a ye fט gɔse niigi kuob la "sטŋid biili la waalט bɛ pɔɔgin ka sטm tituaa kal kɔbiga pטטgin anɛ 82% yטma anaasi " bɛ saŋa sieba fט ya'a ti se li naae la. Biili tun'e treati li nɛsulphuric acid " ka mɔr concentration kal ka li an 79% mit pisyi nɛ anaasi ka yט'טm nyaŋi yi biilif la ni na."<ref name=":2" /> Di tibanɛ waal la ɛɛnti nɔbigid tɔ'ɔtɔ' - ba tun'e nɔbig ka li wa'alim paae 1metre yטטm pטטgin.<ref name=":1" /> Ba na sin'iŋi puud yטma atan' nɛ ayɔpɔi la teŋsטk (5-7) טטn saŋa bɛ Sahel Samampiid Nwadig la kem paae Vaala Nwadig la (December to April), amaa ka lɛɛ pט puud bɛ teŋbanɛ kudigid la ni.<ref name=":1" /> Zanzana sטŋid ti kaŋa ka o puum la widigid, bטnvטbanɛ mɛ sטŋid ka li puumla nɔbigid anɛ "siins, pטmpɔɔs, tangbɛɛlnam, kusin'is, tenebrionid beetles nɛ tettigometid bugs.”<ref name=":0" /> Tiig la tun'e wɛl wɛla din kטnyi yטma anu paae yטma piiga la ni (5-10 years) ka li yט'טm sin'iŋi bi'igid hali ka yiiga saa la naam ti ni, ala ta kem paae sɛɛn'טg.<ref name=":0" /> Zamisטg pa'al ye [[Tiis|tiig]] la puum la sטŋid teŋ la kט'lim yɛla. Zamisטg kpansib kani ka ba yטma atan' ka nye ka teŋ la kט'טlim kanl an 86% mamisi li nɛ [[sisibig]] kan wɛni li la ka li an 138%.<ref name=":3">Uyovbisere, E. O., & Elemo, K. A. (2002). Effect of tree foliage of locust bean (Parkia biglobosa) and neem (Azadirachta indica) on soil fertility and productivity of maize in a savanna alfisol.. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 62(2), 115-122. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Agricola database.</ref> Tentan la sטm ka ni bɛ teŋin la ka tiis bɔɔd la ba da kpansi baŋ ka li anɛ duan biili la sטŋid, ka la'am pɛɛs nɛ ba na la'as nɛ organic C la nɔki mamis nɛ sisbig tiig la.<ref name=":3" /> Ban na nɔk la'asieba bטdi o gbinin bɛɛ duan la vaand ma'asim lɛm anɛ yɛla ya'as. Yטma ayi ka ba maal kpansib vɛɛnsigi o gbinin ma'asim la, ba kpans ya ka duan la (Parkia biglobosa) ba da "nyɛ ka o ma'asim la pט sטŋid la'asiebaa ka lɛɛ sטŋid ki yטטm yinne ni."<ref name=":4">Pouliot, M., Bayala, J., & Raebild, A. (2012). Testing the shade tolerance of selected crops under Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth. in an agroforestry parkland in Burkina Faso, West Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 85(3), 477-488. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the Web of Knowledge database</ref> Eggplant mɛ daa pט nyaŋi maal tituaa nɛ, ka bam paam zטטd la siem la atan' pטטgi an yinne maa nɛ yinne piiga pטטgin banɛ ka ba bטdi ba yiŋ ka saa sa'ami ba.<ref name=":4" /> La'am nɛ wala naŋzט'טs (chilli pepper) da nyaŋi maal sטŋa bɛ [[Tiis|tiig]] la gbinin ka li nɔbigir kanl an 150%duan la gbinin ka lɛɛ san'am bɛ yiŋ paalט la ni.<ref name=":4" /> === Biyofisikal bɛn === African dim duan la bɛdim an 0-300 metres, ka saa niib an wטט 400-700 millimetre ka li tטטlim an 24-28°C."<ref name=":0" /> Di bɔɔdi zin'ikanɛ ka saa kuom la na nyaŋi silig tɔ'ɔtɔ, ya'ad tintan kanɛ tɛbis amaa di mɛ tun'e mɛ lɛm bɛ zin'ig kanɛ ka tintan la pט tɛbisa, tintan bi'isטg ni.<ref name=":0" /> == Tʋʋma == === Diib === Balls of sumbala (ka sieba buon ye [[Kpalʋg|dawadawa]] bɛɛ [[kpalʋg]]) la ka an African locust [[bɛŋa]] biili ka ba maali yi di ni. Dinɛ an dᴐnbʋʋlʋm, ka mᴐr biili la anɛ banɛ malis ka ba ɛɛnti tiaki ba maal disieba yi di ni. Ba ɛɛnti tiaki dinɛ ka di lieb seasoning, ka ba pʋdi di yʋ’ʋr ye sikomu nɛ dodowa Yoruba nɛ Hausa nidib sʋʋgʋn.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y4640e/y4640e02.htm#P919_1309276 Olaniyan, A. (n.d.). Locust Bean Products. Non-Wood News-No.10. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from fao.org]</ref> Ba mᴐr pulp la maan danmalisa.<ref>[[:en:Andrea_Pieroni|Pieroni, Andrea]] (2005). [[:en:Ghillean_Prance|Prance, Ghillean]]; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.). [[iarchive:culturalhistoryo0000unse_c8q2/page/30/mode/2up|''The Cultural History of Plants''.]] Routledge. p. 30. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0415927463|0415927463]]</bdi>. Retrieved 21 March 2025.</ref> Locust bean biili anɛ yɛlkpan hali [[Tiis|tiig]] la ni. Ba mᴐr lipid nam bɛdigʋ, nwɛnɛ pisi nɛ awai kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (29%), protein anɛ pistan nɛ anu kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn(35%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ kᴐbʋga pʋʋgʋn (16%), ka mɛ an bʋmbanɛ tisid kpaam nɛ calcium tis banɛ bɛ teŋkpɛmisin.<ref>Ntui, V. O., Uyoh, E. A., Urua, I. S., Ogbu, U., & Okpako, E. C. (2012). Regeneration of Parkia biglobosa Benth.: An important tree species of Africa. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 2(1), 169-177. Retrieved November 12, 2013, from the Scholar's Research Library database.</ref> Ba ɛɛnti dʋg biili lanɛ yis pa’ad la bas ka yʋ’ʋn wʋ’ʋl dinɛ kpɛlim la ka di mi’ig ban bᴐᴐdi li si’em. Ba tun’e nɛɛm biili la ka ka di lieb [[Zɔ’ɔm|zᴐm]] ka ba nᴐki maal ma’asa. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal [[kpalʋg]] mi’igir yɛla la, vɛɛnsʋg la da pa’al ye Gmelina arborea nɛ kou kɛt ka biili la mi’igir, ka mɛ paasid kpaam, protein nɛ ma’asʋgʋ zɛm si’em, ka lɛɛ sied carbohydrate zɛm si’em.<ref>Gernah, D.I.; Inyang, C.U.; Ezeora, N.L. (2007). "Incubation and fermentation of African locust beans (''Parkia biglobosa'') in production of "dawadawa"". [[:en:Journal_of_Food_Processing_and_Preservation|''Journal of Food Processing and Preservation''.]] '''31''' (2): 227–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x|10.1111/j.1745-4549.2007.00109.x.]]</ref> [[File:Sumbala balls and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from (Kera (Dédougou District), Burkina Faso, June 2014).jpg|thumb|left|Balls of ''[[sumbala]]'' (also called ''daddawa'' or dawadawa) and the African locust bean seeds they are prepared from.]] '''Bטkɔbid diib''' Wɛl la bʋʋlʋm, Vaand la nɛ bielim la anɛ dinɛ ka ba mᴐri tisid bʋnkᴐnbid nɛ nᴐᴐs ka di aan ba diib. Puum la anɛ dinɛ ka siins bɛ nᴐŋ hali ka lɛn an zin’ikanɛ ka di paamid nectar.<ref>Heuzé V., Thiollet H., Tran G., Edouard N., Lebas F., 2018. African locust bean (Parkia biglobosa & Parkia filicoidea). Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/268 Last updated on January 25, 2018, 13:49</ref> ===== Kpikpiŋ Tטטma ===== Tikaŋa kuob anɛ dinɛ mᴐr nyᴐᴐd hali tis [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] tɛmis bɛdigʋ, la’an nɛ pʋ’ab. Néré wala anɛ dinɛ ka ba da’ad hali bɛ Burkina Faso; "kᴐbiga pʋʋgʋn, nidib gaad pisnu (50%) vɛɛnsʋg pʋʋgʋn da siak ye ba paasi di kpiisig ni.<ref>Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.</ref> Wʋsa pʋʋgʋnɛɛ, pʋ’abi an banɛ nᴐŋ bielim banɛ mi’ig la kuosʋg (dawadawa) la’anɛ dap nɛ pʋ’ab wʋsa paasi bielim banɛ an kpi’ema kuosʋg ni la.<ref>Teklehaimanot, Z. (2004). Exploiting the potential of indigenous agroforestry trees: Parkia biglobosa and Vitellaria paradoxa in sub-Saharan Africa. Agroforestry Systems, 61, 207-220.</ref> ====== Tiim ====== Ti-nya’a du’atanam banɛ bɛ [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] mᴐr tiig duan tiig la luos kᴐn’ᴐb-kᴐn’ᴐb ti’ebid di nimma’asim tʋʋma la yɛla. Vɛɛnskanɛ ka ba da maal ti-nya’a dʋ’atanam banɛ bɛ Togo la, duan (''Parkia biglobosa'') da anɛ tibanɛ ka ba da buol la yinne dinɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid zidʋttʋm ban’a.<ref>Karou, S., Tchacondo, T., Tchibozo, M. D., Abdoul-Rahaman, S., Anani, K., Koudouvo, K., et al. (2011). Ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in the Central Region of Togo.. PharmBiol., 49(12), 1286-1297. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Tiig la mɛ lɛn anɛ dinɛ paasi ayi ni tibanɛ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid fɛn’ɛd bɛ South-Western Nigeria, ka kɛ ka proliferation of dermal fibroblasts paasid tᴐ’ᴐtᴐ.”<ref>Adetutu, A., Morgan, W., & Corcoran, O. (2011). Ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro evaluation of wound-healing plants used in South-western Nigeria.. J Ethnopharmacol, 137(1), 50-56. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Ala ka vɛɛnskan buudi mɛ da maali bɛ Guinea zaŋi keŋ tibanɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a ba sʋ’ʋlʋm ni, ba da pa’al ye duan anɛ tikanɛ paas banɛ ka ba mᴐri ti’ebid dumis ban’a la ni.<ref>Traoré, M., Baldé, M., Oularé, K., Magassouba, F., Diakité, I., Diallo, A., et al. (2013). Ethnobotanical survey on medicinal plants used by Guinean traditional healers in the treatment of malaria.. J Ethnopharmacol, S0378-8741(13)00773-3. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.048.. Retrieved November 14, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> Ban da lɛn vɛɛnsid tibanɛ kʋʋd bʋnvʋya ni, mak nɛ tibanɛ mᴐr streptomycin, duan da mᴐr ka di kɛ ka di paas tibanɛ na nyaŋi ti’eb bʋnvʋya ban’as.<ref>Abioye, E., Akinpelu, D., Aiyegoro, O., Adegboye, M., Oni, M., & Okoh, A. (2013). Preliminary phytochemical screening and antibacterial properties of crude stem bark extracts and fractions of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.).. Molecules, 18(7), 8459-8499. Retrieved November 13, 2013, from the PubMed database.</ref> ==Gbanvɛɛnsa== [[Category:Tiig]] 1taou3vkiawgyzpnmjcul7pqd7xto03