çûn

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  <page>
    <title>çûn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3143</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237821</id>
      <parentid>6237726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:31:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5786" sha1="1rq2af1hgweba8htbxb75yxv3r6jvwv" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala [[dewat]]ê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
# [[hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]]:

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br /&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;/br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;/br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
* {{g|ku|bezîn}}
* {{g|ku|gerîn}}
* {{g|ku|livîn}}
* {{g|ku|meşîn}}

==== Jê ====
{{stûn|
* {{mj|lêker}} {{g|ku|çûn anîn}}
* {{mj|navdêr}} {{g|ku|çûnanîn}}
* {{g|ku|çûyî}}
* {{g|ku|derçûn}}
* {{g|ku|jê çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji ber çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji bîrê çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji dest çûn}}
* {{g|ku|jihev çûn}}
* {{g|ku|pev çûn}}
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>1rq2af1hgweba8htbxb75yxv3r6jvwv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237872</id>
      <parentid>6237821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:42:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237872</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5963" sha1="p51ypsddel87b07deu87q3m9dnl5gww" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala [[dewat]]ê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]]:

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br /&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;/br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;/br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
* {{g|ku|bezîn}}
* {{g|ku|gerîn}}
* {{g|ku|livîn}}
* {{g|ku|meşîn}}

==== Jê ====
{{stûn|
* {{mj|lêker}} {{g|ku|çûn anîn}}
* {{mj|navdêr}} {{g|ku|çûnanîn}}
* {{g|ku|çûyî}}
* {{g|ku|derçûn}}
* {{g|ku|jê çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji ber çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji bîrê çûn}}
* {{g|ku|ji dest çûn}}
* {{g|ku|jihev çûn}}
* {{g|ku|pev çûn}}
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>p51ypsddel87b07deu87q3m9dnl5gww</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237889</id>
      <parentid>6237872</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jê */</comment>
      <origin>6237889</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5845" sha1="8zmqkgohj8flii52pcthwfv69izlmcp" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala [[dewat]]ê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]]:

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br /&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;/br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;/br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
* {{g|ku|bezîn}}
* {{g|ku|gerîn}}
* {{g|ku|livîn}}
* {{g|ku|meşîn}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>8zmqkgohj8flii52pcthwfv69izlmcp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237890</id>
      <parentid>6237889</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:08:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Têkildar */</comment>
      <origin>6237890</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5822" sha1="jh68kpnlk8gomkygbrp9qu24kffjq8z" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala [[dewat]]ê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]]:

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br /&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;/br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;/br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>jh68kpnlk8gomkygbrp9qu24kffjq8z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237891</id>
      <parentid>6237890</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:11:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237891</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5844" sha1="nforpcvppuze4iwq63n27rycneg1qmo" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala [[dewat]]ê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>nforpcvppuze4iwq63n27rycneg1qmo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237892</id>
      <parentid>6237891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:29:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237892</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6097" sha1="6t24kkw3a1uf616jk4rwdk0u7izd1ts" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe lazî û hirçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, 1944, Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|hatin}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>6t24kkw3a1uf616jk4rwdk0u7izd1ts</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237893</id>
      <parentid>6237892</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:31:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237893</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6085" sha1="hcr9akh09sfzv3735m9hniaf9zal633" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|hatin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe lazî û hirçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, 1944, Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>hcr9akh09sfzv3735m9hniaf9zal633</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237894</id>
      <parentid>6237893</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:33:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237894</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6085" sha1="3cpsug5nf1q01g1rmmiponesrxfuwg5" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|hatin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2022, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe lazî û hirçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, 1944, Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>3cpsug5nf1q01g1rmmiponesrxfuwg5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237895</id>
      <parentid>6237894</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:40:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237895</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6085" sha1="1o6edzae8wr9t1rfsp0jzdbra4vzfb3" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|hatin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2022, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe tazî û birçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, 1944, Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>1o6edzae8wr9t1rfsp0jzdbra4vzfb3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237896</id>
      <parentid>6237895</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:42:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237896</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6097" sha1="oxgoctph2z3w5c5k8v5gxh2s83vhvpd" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|hatin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe tazî û birçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, '''1944''', Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', '''2022''', ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|-}} *''[[ḱey-]]''. Guherîna *ḱ-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>oxgoctph2z3w5c5k8v5gxh2s83vhvpd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237897</id>
      <parentid>6237896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:48:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Etîmolojî */</comment>
      <origin>6237897</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6091" sha1="cwnrjn2m32u3ge5zm1d60bx0cv6kpcx" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cun|cûn|cün|çun|çûn|çün}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/t͡ʃʰuːn/}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36368 (kur)-Dildadil-çûn.wav|Deng|Amed}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûn.wav|Deng|dever=Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}
[[Wêne:Elephant_Walking_animated.gif|thumb|[[fîl|Fîlek]] bi rê ve [[çûn|diçe]].]]
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}
# Ji [[der]]ekê [[dûr ketin]], [[cih]]ek [[bi cih hêlan]] / [[bi cih hiştin]], [[dûr]]î derekê bûn.
#: {{hevmane|ku|herîn|rewtin|bi rê ketin}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|hatin}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin=Nezer ji mala dewatê der tê û di riya xwe de '''diçe'''.|nivîskar=Têmûrê Xelîl Mûradov|sernav=Nezerê Mêrxas|sal=1937|rûpel=}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Jinikê digote xelkê: Ev mêrê min Boẍoçêf e. Berê xwe dide Pêtro û digot-ê: Boẍoçêf, tu '''çûyî''' kû; ez û zarowên xwe tazî û birçî hiştin...|{{w|Ronahî}}, hj.25, '''1944''', Boẍoçef an Petroyê siseyan''}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', '''2022''', ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}
# [[hinda|Hinda]] bûn, [[neman]], [[berze bûn]], [[rabûn]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Ji wêjeya klasîk ====
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Mela Hisênê Bateyî/Mewlûda Kurdî}}|jêgirtin='''Çûn''' ji behrê me'rîfet ew hate der&lt;br&gt;[[qetre|Qetre]] jêr werya bi ilham ew qeder}}
* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Feqiyê Teyran}}|jêgirtin=Taziyê uryan im ez&lt;br&gt;Perde '''çû''' ez mame tazî&lt;br&gt;Dil sera mehbûb dixwazî}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوون}}
* {{ku-kr|ч'ӧн}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|çûndin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyin}}
* {{g|ku|çûyîn}}

==== Têkildar ====
{{kol3|ku
| bezîn
| gerîn
| livîn
| meşîn
}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| çûn anîn
| çûnanîn
| çûyî
| derçûn
| jê çûn
| ji ber çûn
| ji bîrê çûn
| ji dest çûn
| jihev çûn
| pev çûn
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|ine-pro|ku|*ḱey-}}. Guherîna ''*ḱ''-ya [[proto-hindûewropî]] bi /ç/ di zimanên [[hindûîranî]] de diyardeyeke berbelav e, binêrin bo nimûne: ''[[çar]], [[çav]], [[çend]], [[çi]]''...

Hevreha {{hv|ckb|چوون}}, [[kurdiya başûrî]] ''[[çûn]]'', [[şêxbizinî]] ''[[cigin]]'', zazakî ''[[şiyayene]]'', goranî/hewramî ''[[şiyay]]'', osetî [[цӕуын]] (çæwyn), {{hv|fa|شدن|tr=berê /şuden/ bi wateya ''çûn'', niha /şoden/ bi manaya ''bûn, bûn tiştek''}}, tacikî [[шудан]] (şudan), {{hv|pal||şuten|sc=Latn}}, hexamenişî [[𐎠𐏁𐎡𐎹𐎺𐎶]] (š(i)yav-, /şiyev/), peştûyî {{g|ps|شول|tr=şwəl}}, {{hv|ae||ş(ii)aw-|sc=Latn}} (/şyew-/), {{hv|sa|च्य्अवते}} (cyávate: [[ketin]]), {{hv|grc|σεύω}} (seúō: [[dan pey]], li [[pey]] çûn; [[lezîn]]) û [[κῐ́ω]] (kíō: çûn) û [[κῑνέω]] (kīnéō: [[livandin]]), latînî ''[[cieō]]'' ([[livandin]]), albanî ''[[qoj]]'' (bixwîne: /çoy/, [[hişyar]] kirin)... Bêjeka kurdî ketiye ermenî wek {{hv|xcl|չուեմ|w=çûn}} û {{hv|hy|չու|w=rêwîtî}}, {{q|hy|չվել|w=bar kirin, koç kirin}}.

Peyva {{hv|grc|κῑνέω}} (kīnéō: [[livandin]]) wek [[kîne-]] û [[sîne-]] ketiye gelek zimanan û kurdî jî, bo nimûne: ''[[kînetîk]], [[sînema]]''.

;{{biçûk|Çavkanî: 
* {{Cheung}}
* {{Chyet}}
* {{Lubotsky}}
* {{Tsabolov}}
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|dûr ketin}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}, {{W+|de|fahren}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|getmək}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|барыу}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|mont}}, {{W+|br|monet}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|отивам|n}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|jít}}
* {{Z|zh}}: {{W+|zh|去|tr=qǜ}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|gå}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|راح|tr=raḧe|cuda=راحَ}}, {{W+|ar|ذهب|tr=ḏehebe}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|iri}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رفتن|tr=reften}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennä}}, {{W+|fi|lähteä}}
* {{Z|vls}}: {{W-|vls|goan}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|aller}}, {{W+|fr|partir}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|gitmää}}
* {{Z|roa-gal}}: {{W-|roa-gal|aler}}, {{W-|roa-gal|alae}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gaggan}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|dul}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|andare}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|行く|tr=iku}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|барыргъа}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|anar}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|баруу}}
* {{Z|ki}}: {{W-|ki|thie}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|가다|tr=gada}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|бармакъ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|goen}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|оди|tr=ódi}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haere}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|megy}}
* {{Z|nrf}}: {{W-|nrf|marchi}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|anar}}
* {{Z|oia}}: {{W-|oia|mara}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|ir}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|бару|tr=baruw}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|merge}}, se {{W+|ro|duce}}
* {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|mannat}}, {{W-|se|johtit}}, {{W-|se|fitnat}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|ići}}, {{W-|sh|ићи}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|ísť}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|ir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå}}, {{W+|sv|åka}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hwenɗa}}, {{W-|zdj|henɗa}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W-|tt|бару}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmek}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|gitmek}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|đi}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|парарға}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|бар}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πάω|tr=páo}}, {{W+|el|πηγαίνω|tr=piyéno}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;çûn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[çûn]]'''.

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|çûn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]], [[dûr]]bûn, [[royîştin]], [[rewtin]], [[sefer]]kirin:
#: {{mk|ku|'''Çûna''' we bixêr be!|Hûn bixêr biçin!}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[wek|Wek]], [[mîna]], [[şibî]], [[nola]], [[fena]] (li [[pey]] peyvan bi kar tê).
#: {{mk|ku|mirov çûn|wek mirovan|birêz=1}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Têkilî '' [[çawa]]''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|ckb}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ckb|sc=Latn}}
# {{g|ku|çûn}}</text>
      <sha1>cwnrjn2m32u3ge5zm1d60bx0cv6kpcx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>arezû</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237847</id>
      <parentid>6033714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikihez</username>
        <id>7344</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ev şablon vî şiklî nayê bikaranîn ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Jon Harald Søby/diffedit|diffedit]])</comment>
      <origin>6237847</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3453" sha1="2ko0o9qdwvfm08nnetkseg49twuedfd" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|arezû|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[hewes]], [[meyl]], [[bij]], [[dilbijî]], [[mereq]], [[balkêşî]], [[baldarî]], [[daxwaz]], [[xwestek]], [[xwezî]], [[hêvî]], [[hez]], [[hez]]kirin, [[viyan]], [[işteh]], [[miciz]], [[mijaj]], &lt;br&gt; [[mad]], [[mehd]], [[bijîn]], [[dilçûn]]ê, [[rexbet]], [[temenî]], [[iştiyak]], [[iqbal]], [[umêd]], [[xwestin]], [[dilxwazî]], [[enteres]], [[balkêşbûn]], [[îşteh]], [[mirûz]], [[awat]]
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Ehmedê Xanî/Mem û Zîn}}|jêgirtin=Mem jî ji xeyal-i rûyê dildar&lt;/br&gt;Ye'nî ko ji '''arezûyê''' dîdar&lt;/br&gt;Bû dînekê dilpezîrê sewda}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|ئارەزوو}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[arzû]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|arezûdar
|arezûdarî
|arezûmend
|arezûmendî
|arezûyî
|arezû kirin&lt;q:lêker&gt;
|arezûkirin&lt;q:navdêr&gt;
|arezûmend&lt;q:rengdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Hevreha {{hv|ckb|ئاره‌زوو|tr=arezû}}, ji {{deyn|fa|ku|آرزو|tr=arezû}}, ji {{mîr|pal|fa|tr=arzowg}}, hevreha kurdî ''[[bij]] / [[bijîn]]'', {{hv|xpr|tr=awerjowk}}, sogdî ''abrexş-'', avestayî ''birij''.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|af}}: {{W-|af|begeerte}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|dëshirë}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Begehr|n}}, {{W+|de|Lust|m}}, {{W+|de|Wunsch|n}}, {{W+|de|Anspruch|n}}, {{W+|de|Begehrlichkeit|m}}, {{W+|de|Begierde|m}}, {{W+|de|Förderung|m}}, {{W+|de|Neigung|m}}, {{W+|de|Passion|m}}, {{W+|de|Schwarm|n}}, {{W+|de|Sinn|n}}, {{W+|de|Bestrebung|f|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|Gelüst|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|Leidenschaft|f|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|Schmacht|m|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|Verlangen|m|guman=erê}}, {{W-|de|Wünsch|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|touha|m}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|ønske}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|الهوایة}}, {{W+|ar|حرارة|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|حماس|guman=erê}},
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|deziro}}
* {{Z|fa}}: [[آرزو]] (arêzû), {{W+|fa|اشتیاق}}, {{W+|fa|حرص}}, {{W+|fa|سرگرمی}}, {{W+|fa|شوخی}}, {{W+|fa|عشوه}}, {{W+|fa|آرزو}}, {{W+|fa|خواه|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fo}}: {{W-|fo|ynski}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|halu}}, {{W+|fi|intohimo}}, {{W+|fi|himo}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|désir}}, {{W+|fr|souhait}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W-|fy|ferlangst}}, {{W-|fy|winsk}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|begeerte}}, {{W+|nl|zucht}}, {{W+|nl|lust}}, {{W+|nl|verlangen}}, {{W+|nl|wens}}, {{W+|nl|zin}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|willa}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|hobby}}, {{W+|en|desire}}, {{W+|en|wish}}, {{W+|en|inclination}}, {{W+|en|itch}}, {{W+|en|ambition}}, {{W+|en|fancy}}, {{W+|en|keenness}}, {{W+|en|ardor}}, {{W+|en|ardour}}, {{W+|en|eagerness}}, {{W+|en|aspiration}}, {{W+|en|appetence}}, {{W+|en|bent}}, {{W+|en|conation}}, {{W+|en|intentness}}, {{W+|en|interest}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|desiderio}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W+|is|ósk}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|desig}}
* {{Z|no}}: {{W+|no|ønske}}
* {{Z|pap}}: {{W-|pap|antoho}}, {{W-|pap|deseo}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|życzenie}}, {{W+|pl|pragnienie}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|anseio}}, {{W+|pt|desejo}}, {{W+|pt|pretensão}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|dorinţa}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|воля}}
* {{Z|srn}}: {{W-|srn|winsi}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|deseo}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|längtan}}, {{W+|sv|önskan}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|arzu}}, {{W+|tr|heves}}, {{W+|tr|ikbal}}, {{W+|tr|iştah}}, {{W+|tr|iştiyak}}, {{W+|tr|rağbet}}, {{W+|tr|temenni}}, {{W+|tr|temayül|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2ko0o9qdwvfm08nnetkseg49twuedfd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>mere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3940</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237886</id>
      <parentid>6118404</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237886</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1299" sha1="awflmvtg0fsvsqpg6ufxcd3aregsgd4" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|Mere|mère}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=mn}}
# {{guharto|ku|mirov}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-fermanî|çûn|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|nere}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|neçe}}

=== Mane ===
{{cure?|ku}}
# bi [[me]] [[bi ... re|re]]
# ji [[me]] [[ji ... re|re]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{mj|KY}} {{IPA|en|/mɪə/}}
* {{mj|DYA}} {{IPA|en|/mɪɚ/}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-mere.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-mere.wav|Deng|dever=Başûrê Îngilistanê, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-mere.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{en-navdêr}}
# [[ger#Navdêr 4|ger]], [[gol]]&lt;ref&gt;Ferhenga Kurdî-Îngîlîzî ya Salah Sadallah&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Herwiha =====
* {{g|en|meer}}
* {{g|en|mear}}
* {{g|en|meere}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{mîr|enm|en|mere}}, ji {{mîr|ang|en|mere||behr, gol}}, ji {{mîr|gem-pro|en|*mari}}, ji {{mîr|ine-pro|en|*móri}}. {{cotreh|en|mar|mare}}.

=== Rengdêr ===
{{en-rengdêr|er}}
# [[tenê]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{ji|xno|en|meer}}, ji {{ji|fro|en|mier}}, ji {{ji|la|en|merus}}.

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>awflmvtg0fsvsqpg6ufxcd3aregsgd4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hevwate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4051</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237856</id>
      <parentid>5884711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:30:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237856</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="908" sha1="s50zudwqx0ztjjma8dau0dsapvmttm2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Key Mîrza-hevwate.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hevwate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[peyv|Peyv]]ên yan [[biwêj]]ên ku [[wate]]yên wan [[eynî]] yan [[nêzîk]]î hev in, di [[eynî]] [[ziman]]î de.
#: {{mk|ku|Spehî '''hevwateya''' Bedew e; Serxweş hevwateya Mest e.}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[hevmane]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[dijwate]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{pêk|ku|hev|wate}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Synonym}} {{n}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|مرادف|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|هم معنی}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|synonyme|n}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|synonym}}, {{W|en|synonymy}}, {{W|en|synonymous}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W|sv|synonym}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|eşanlamlı}}, {{W|tr|eş anlamlı|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|sinonim|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>s50zudwqx0ztjjma8dau0dsapvmttm2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>dijmane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4055</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237859</id>
      <parentid>6129351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:40:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rengdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237859</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="547" sha1="ps71w45czt6r4hfvchls4e6ldjlaml8" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-rd|dijmane}}
{{rengdêr|ku}}
#[[peyv|Peyv]]ên [[wate]]ya wan dijî hev, [[gotin]]ên [[mane]]ya wan tersî yek, [[bêje]]yên [[me'ne]]ya zidî hev
#: {{mk|ku|Bo nimûne: [[şev]] û [[roj]]; [[reş]] û [[spî]].}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[dijwate]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[hevmane]]
* [[hevwate]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{pêş|ku|dij-|mane}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|antonym}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|karşıt anlamlı}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>ps71w45czt6r4hfvchls4e6ldjlaml8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hirç</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237898</id>
      <parentid>6111730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:49:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Jê */</comment>
      <origin>6237898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19602" sha1="h75lwqjsosctixrp3lkgqrw1pr4bemi" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* (''[[kurmanciya rojhilatî]]'') {{ku-IPA}}, هرچ
* (''[[kurmanciya navendî]]'') {{IPA|ku|/ħɘɾt͡ʃ/}} حرچ

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hirç|mê}}
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hirç|nêr}}
[[Wêne:2010-brown-bear.jpg|thumb|hirçek]]
{{wp}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m+}}
# {{f|ku|guhandar}} [[heywan|Heywanek]] [[kovî]] ya mezin û têr-[[pûrt]] ya [[guhandar]] e.
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[hirçok|Hirçok]], [[pêlîstok]]a ji [[dirûv]]ê hirçan.
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{f|ku|mecazî}} Mirova/ê [[tirsnak]] (bi taybetî kesa/ê ku [[por]]ê/[[pirç]]a wî/wê [[qijavij]] e û [[rî|riyên]] xwe [[tiraşîn|netiraşîne]]).
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Ez xweş mirov im&lt;br&gt;Ne '''hirç''' û hov im&lt;br&gt;Lê çi b'kim bê şer&lt;br&gt;Dijmin naçî der|{{w|Cegerxwîn}}}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هرچ}}
* {{ku-kr|һьрч}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|hurç}}
* {{hw|ku|herç|erç||Reşwî}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku
| henekên hirçê
| hirçane
| hirçistan
| hirçî
| hirçkuj
| hirçkujî
| hirçnas
| hirçnasî
| hirçok
| reqsa hirçê
| hirçvan
| hirçvanî
| hirçzan
| hirçzanî
}}

==== Navê zanistî ====
* ''[[Ursus]]''

==== Hin cûnên hirçan ====
* [[hirçên belek]] / [[hirçên panda]] (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)
* [[hirçên gewr]] (Ursus arctos horribilis)
* [[hirçên kever]] (Tremarctos ornatus)
* [[hirçên kodyakî]] (Ursus arctos middendorffi)
* [[hirçên qehweyî]] (Ursus arctos)
* [[hirçên reş]]
:* [[hirçên reş yên amerîkî]] (Ursus americanus)
:* [[hirçên reş yên asyayî]] (Ursus thibetanus)
* [[hirçên spî]] / [[hirçên qutbî]] (Ursus maritimus / Thalarctos maritimus)
* [[hirçên tavê]] (Helarctos malayanus)
* [[hirçên tiral]] (Melursus ursinus)

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{etymon|ku|id=hirç heywan|inh|ira-pro&gt;*Hŕ̥šah&gt;hirç|tree=1|text=++}}

Hevreha soranî {{g|ckb|ورچ}}, kurdiya başûrî ''[[hirç]] / [[hirs]]'', lekî ''[[xirs]]'', hewramî ''[[heşe]]'', zazakî ''[[heş]]'', belûçî '''{{g|ba|ہرس‎}}''' (hirs), mazenderanî '''[[ارش]]''' (erş) û '''[[اش]]''' (eş), farisî {{g|fa|خرس‎}} (xers), pehlewî ''xirs'', osetî [[арс]] (ars), avestayî [[𐬀𐬭𐬴𐬀]]‎ (arṣ̌a), sanskrîtî [[ऋक्ष]] (ṛ́kṣa), ermenî [[արջ]] (arǰ), albanî ''[[ari]]'', lîtwanî ''[[irštvà]]'' ([[kunc]]a hirçê), bretonî ''[[arzh]]'', latînî ''[[ursus]]'', romanî ''[[urs]]'', îtalî ''[[orso]]'', fransî ''[[ours]]'', spanî ''[[oso]]'', yûnanî ''[[άρκτος]]'' (árktos), hîtîtî [[𒄯𒁖𒂵𒀸]] (ḫartaggaš)..

Hêjayî gotinê ye ku ev peyv di zimanên [[germenî]] de (wek almanî, îngilîzî, holendî û swêdî) û di zimanên [[slavî]] (wek [[rusî]], [[polonî]] û [[sirbî]]) de nemaye. Di zimanên germenî de li cihê wan peyveke ji navê rengê [[qehweyî]] hatiye çêkirin, bo nimûne îngilîzî ''[[bear]]'', almanî ''[[Bär]]'' û swêdî ''[[björn]]''. Zimanên slavî peyveke bi maneya &quot;[[hingiv]][[-xwer|xwer]]&quot; li wê kiriye, bo nimûne rusî ''[[медве́дь]]'' (medvédʹ), polonî ''[[niedźwiedź]]'' û sirbî ''[[мѐдвед]]'' (mèdved). Sebebê nemana vê peyvê di şaxên germenî û slavî yê zimanên [[hindûewropî]] de ihtimalen tabû be: ji ber [[sehm]] an [[tirs]]a vê heywanê, navê wê yê rastîn lê nehatiye kirin û bi [[bernav]]ekî behsa wê hatiye kirin heta ku taliyê navê wê yê eslî bi temamî ji zimanên [[germenî]] û [[slavî]] winda bûye.

:&lt;font style=&quot;font-size:10px&quot;&gt;'''Çavkanî:'''  [[Şablon:Horn|Horn p.105]], [[Şablon:Watkins|Watkins p.6]], [[Şablon:MacKenzie|MacKenzie P.117]], [[Şablon:Etymonline|Etymonline]] &lt;/font&gt;

==== Bi zaravayên din ====
* {{Z|ckb}}: {{g|ckb|ورچ|tr=wirç}}, {{g|ckb|وورچ|tr=wurç}}
* {{Z|sdh}}: [[hirç]], [[hirs]], [[hirz]], [[xirs]]
* {{Z|lki}}: [[xirs]]
* {{Z|hac}}: [[heşe]], [[heşşe]]
* {{Z|zza}}: [[heş]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|abq}}: {{W-|abq|мшвы́}}
* {{Z|abe}}: {{W-|abe|awasos}}
* {{Z|abl}}: {{W-|abl|gemul}}
* {{Z|ab}}: {{W-|ab|амшә}}
* {{Z|ace}}: {{W-|ace|cagèë}}
* {{Z|ady}}: {{W-|ady|мышъэ}}
* {{Z|af}}: {{W+|af|beer}}
* {{Z|akk}}: {{W-|akk|𒊍|tr=asu}}
* {{Z|akz}}: {{W-|akz|nita}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|ari|n}}, {{W+|sq|ariu}}
* {{Z|alq}}: {{W-|alq|makwa}}, {{W-|alq|mosq}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Bär|n}}, {{W+|de|Bärin|m}}
* {{Z|alt}}: {{W-|alt|айу}}
* {{Z|am}}: {{W-|am|ድብ}}
* {{Z|ani}}: {{W-|ani|сей}}
* {{Z|pni}}: {{W-|pni|bohang}}
* Apaçî:
*: {{Z|apw}}: {{W-|apw|tsét'soyé}}, {{W-|apw|shash}}
* {{Z|an}}: {{W-|an|onso|n}}
* {{Z|arc}}:
*: Îbranî: {{W-|arc|דבא|g|tr=debā, debo}}
*: Siryanî: {{W-|arc|ܕܒܐ|g|tr=debā, debo}}
* {{Z|arp}}: {{W-|arp|wox}}
* {{Z|aqc}}: {{W-|aqc|ххамс}}
* {{Z|rup}}: {{W-|rup|ursã|m}}
* {{Z|as}}: {{W-|as|ভালুক|g}}
* {{Z|ast}}: {{W+|ast|osu|n}}
* {{Z|tay}}: {{W-|tay|ngarux}}
* {{Z|av}}: {{W-|av|ци}}
* {{Z|ay}}: {{W+|ay|jukumari}}
* {{Z|ain}}: {{W-|ain|カムィ|tr=kamuy}}, {{W-|ain|イソ|tr=iso}}, {{W-|ain|エペㇾ|tr=eper}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|ayı}}
* {{Z|pkc}}: {{W-|pkc|金馬|tr=*kəma/*kuma}}
* {{Z|bdq}}: {{W-|bdq|chơgơu}}
* {{Z|bdr}}: {{W-|bdr|jurub}}
* {{Z|eu}}: {{W+|eu|hartz}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|айыу}}
* {{Z|bts}}: {{W-|bts|gipul}}
* {{Z|bbc}}: {{W-|bbc|gompul}}
* {{Z|btq}}: {{W-|btq|kemol}}, {{W-|btq|klabas}}/{{W-|btq|tlabas}} (Batek Deq, Jedek)
* {{Z|bbl}}: {{W-|bbl|ჩა}}
* {{Z|sne}}: {{W-|sne|buang}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|мядзве́дзь|n}}
* {{Z|bal}}: {{W-|bal|مم|tr=mamm}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|ভালুক}}
* {{Z|bqi}}: {{W-|bqi|خرس|tr=xers}}
* {{Z|kap}}: {{W-|kap|сиᵸ}}
* Bidayuh:
*: {{Z|sne}}: {{W-|sne|buank}}, {{W-|sne|buang}}
*: {{Z|sdo}}: {{W-|sdo|buhang}}
*: {{Z|bth}}: {{W-|bth|buwaang}}
* {{Z|bll}}: {{W-|bll|ǫti}}
* {{Z|bcl}}: {{W-|bcl|oso}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|arzh|n}}
* {{Z|kxd}}: {{W-|kxd|baruang}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W-|bg|мечо́к|n}}, {{W-|bg|ме́чка|m}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W+|my|ဝက်ဝံ}}
* {{Z|bua}}: {{W-|bua|баабгай}}
* {{Z|kac}}: {{W-|kac|tsap}}
* {{Z|coo}}: {{W-|coo|mɛχaɬ}}
* {{Z|dz}}: {{W-|dz|དོམ}}
* {{Z|cjm}}: {{W-|cjm|ꨌꨈꨭꨥ|tr=chagơw}}
* {{Z|ce}}: {{W-|ce|ча}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|medvěd|n}}
* {{Z|cdm}}: {{W-|cdm|योम्|tr=yom}}
* {{Z|chr}}: {{W-|chr|ᏲᏅ}}, {{W-|chr|ᏲᎾ}}
* {{Z|cwg}}: {{W-|cwg|labas}}, {{W-|cwg|sĕlabas}}
* {{Z|chy}}: {{W-|chy|náhkohe}}
* {{Z|cic}}: {{W-|cic|nita'}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|yue}}: {{W-|yue|熊|tr=hung4}}, {{W-|yue|熊人|tr=hung4 jan4-2}}
*: {{Z|dng}}: {{W-|dng|щүн}}
*: {{Z|hak}}: {{W-|hak|熊|tr=yùng}}
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|熊|tr=xióng}}, {{W+|cmn|魋|tr=tuí}}
*: {{Z|cdo}}: {{W-|cdo|熊|tr=hṳ̀ng}}
*: {{Z|nan}}: {{W+|nan|熊|tr=hîm}}
*: {{Z|wuu}}: {{W-|wuu|熊}}
* {{Z|chp}}: {{W-|chp|sas}}
* {{Z|cho}}: {{W-|cho|nita}}
* {{Z|ckt}}: {{W-|ckt|кэйӈын|tr=kejŋən}}, {{W-|ckt|умӄы|tr=umqə}}
* {{Z|cv}}: {{W-|cv|упа}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|bjørn|g}}
* {{Z|dar}}: {{W-|dar|синка}}
* {{Z|dlg}}: {{W-|dlg|эбэкээ|tr=ebekee}}
* {{Z|duu}}: {{W-|duu|sheui}}
* {{Z|dun}}: {{W-|dun|bibang}}
* {{Z|duw}}: {{W-|duw|biakng}}
* {{Z|dtp}}: {{W-|dtp|bohuang}}
* {{Z|ovd}}: {{W-|ovd|byönn}}
* {{Z|gsw}}: {{W-|gsw|Bar}}
* {{Z|avd}}: {{W-|avd|پورسوغ|tr=pursuğ}}
* {{Z|egl}}: {{W-|egl|aurs|n}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|beruang}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|دُبّ|n}}, {{W-|ar|دُبَّة|m}}
*: {{Z|arz}}: {{W-|arz|دبَّة|m|tr=debba}} (loosely male or female), {{W-|arz|دبّ|n|tr=debb}}
*: {{Z|ary}}: {{W-|ary|دب|n|tr=dubb}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|արջ}}
* {{Z|myv}}: {{W-|myv|овто}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|urso}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|karu}}
* {{Z|gez}}: {{W-|gez|ድብ}}
* {{Z|evn}}: {{W-|evn|амака}}, {{W-|evn|хомоты}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|خرس|tr=xers}}
* {{Z|fo}}: {{W-|fo|bjørn|m}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|karhu}}, {{W+|fi|kontio}}, {{W+|fi|otso}}, {{W+|fi|mesikämmen}}
* {{Z|sac}}: {{W-|sac|mahkwa}}
* {{Z|frp}}: {{W-|frp|ors|n}}, {{W-|frp|ourse|n}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|ours|n}}, {{W+|fr|ourse|m}}
* Frisian:
*: {{Z|frr}}: {{W-|frr|koarn}}
*: {{Z|stq}}: {{W-|stq|Boar}}
*: {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|bear|g}}
* {{Z|fur}}: {{W-|fur|ors|n}}
* {{Z|frr}}: {{W-|frr|baar}}, {{W-|frr|beer}}, {{W-|frr|Beer}}
* {{Z|stq}}: {{W-|stq|Boar|n}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|bear|g}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|mathan|n}}
* {{Z|gag}}: {{W-|gag|ayı}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|oso|n}}
* {{Z|gnq}}: {{W-|gnq|bowang}}
* {{Z|gay}}: {{W-|gay|telkah}}
* {{Z|gdo}}: {{W-|gdo|сиᵸгьи|tr=sĩhi}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|*𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰|n}}
* {{Z|gu}}: {{W+|gu|રીંછ}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W+|ka|დათვი}}
* {{Z|ht}}: {{W-|ht|lous}}
* {{Z|haw}}: {{W-|haw|pea}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W-|hi|भालो|n}}, {{W+|hi|भालू|n}}, {{W+|hi|रीछ}}
* {{Z|gin}}: {{W-|gin|зе}}
* {{Z|hit}}: {{W-|hit|𒄯𒁖𒂵𒀸|tr=ḫartakkaš|g}}
* {{Z|mww}}: {{W-|mww|dais}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|beer|n}}, {{W+|nl|berin|m}}
* {{Z|hop}}: {{W-|hop|jhoonaw}}
* {{Z|hov}}: {{W-|hov|bohang}}
* {{Z|hrx}}: {{W-|hrx|Bäer|n}}, {{W-|hrx|Bärin|m}}
* {{Z|dbj}}: {{W-|dbj|patut}}
* {{Z|iba}}: {{W-|iba|jugam}}, {{W-|iba|akup}}, {{W-|iba|makup}}, {{W-|iba|beruang}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|דוב|cuda=דֹּב/דּוֹב|n|tr=dov}}
* {{Z|io}}: {{W+|io|urso}}
* {{Z|inz}}: {{W-|inz|xus}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|bera|n}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|bear}}
* {{Z|inh}}: {{W-|inh|ча}}
* {{Z|ia}}: {{W-|ia|urso}}
* {{Z|iu}}: {{W-|iu|ᐊᑎᖅᐳᖅ}}
* {{Z|ik}}: {{W-|ik|akjaq}}, {{W-|ik|iggabri}}, {{W-|ik|iyyabriq}}, {{W-|ik|nanuq}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|béar|n}}, {{W-|ga|mathúin|n}}
*: {{Z|sga}}: {{W-|sga|art|n}}
*: {{Z|mga}}: {{W-|mga|mathgamain|n}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|orso|n}}
* {{Z|itl}}: {{W-|itl|массу|tr=massu}}
* {{Z|ium}}: {{W-|ium|jiepv}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W+|is|björn|n}}
* {{Z|djo}}: {{W-|djo|buakng}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|熊|tr=くま, kuma}}, {{W+|ja|クマ|tr=kuma}}
* {{Z|jv}}: {{W+|jv|bruwang}}, {{W-|jv|barong}}
* {{Z|jhi}}: {{W-|jhi|kawip}}
* {{Z|kbd}}: {{W-|kbd|мыщэ}}
* {{Z|kl}}: {{W+|kl|nanoq}}
* {{Z|xal}}: {{W-|xal|аю}}
* {{Z|kmc}}: {{W-|kmc|meel}}
* {{Z|kn}}: {{W+|kn|ಕರಡಿ}}
* {{Z|ksk}}: {{W-|ksk|míⁿcho}}, {{W-|ksk|wasábe}}
* {{Z|krc}}: {{W-|krc|айю}}, {{W-|krc|айыу|tr=ayıw}}
* {{Z|kdr}}: {{W-|kdr|ajuv}}
* {{Z|kaa}}: {{W-|kaa|ayıw}}
* {{Z|xqa}}: {{W-|xqa|اَذِغْ|tr=aδïɣ}}
* {{Z|krl}}: {{W-|krl|kondii}}, {{W-|krl|leveiočču}}, {{W-|krl|mötti}}
* {{Z|kyh}}: {{W-|kyh|vírusur}}
* {{Z|csb}}: {{W-|csb|miedzwiédz|n}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|ós|n}}
* {{Z|ckv}}: {{W-|ckv|tumay}}
* {{Z|qu}}: {{W-|qu|ukumari}}
* {{Z|xbn}}: {{W-|xbn|kahúñ}}
* {{Z|knx}}: {{W-|knx|nompok}}, {{W-|knx|egoh}}
* Samî:
*: {{Z|sma}}: {{W-|sma|bïerne}}
*: {{Z|se}}: {{W-|se|guovža}}, {{W-|se|bierdna}}
*: {{Z|smn}}: {{W-|smn|kuobžâ}}
*: {{Z|sms}}: {{W-|sms|kuõbǯǯ}}
*: {{Z|sjd}}: {{W-|sjd|та̄лл}}
* {{Z|kns}}: {{W-|kns|kawap}}
* {{Z|xke}}: {{W-|xke|bohang}}
* {{Z|ks}}: {{W+|ks|ہاپُتھ|tr=hāputh|n}}, {{W+|ks|ہاپٕژ|tr=hāpụċ|m}}
* {{Z|ket}}: {{W-|ket|ӄой|tr=qòj}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|аюу}}
* {{Z|kqr}}: {{W-|kqr|boowang}}
* {{Z|si}}: {{W-|si|වලසා}}
* {{Z|kyi}}: {{W-|kyi|bĕlufiĕ}}
* {{Z|koi}}: {{W-|koi|ош}}
* {{Z|kpv}}: {{W-|kpv|ош}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|곰}}
*: {{Z|okm}}: {{W-|okm|곰〯}}
* {{Z|kw}}: {{W-|kw|arth|n}}, {{W+|kw|ors}}
* {{Z|co}}: {{W+|co|orsu|n}}
* {{Z|kpy}}: {{W-|kpy|умӄа|tr=umqa}}, {{W-|kpy|кайӈын|tr=kajŋən}}
* {{Z|bzj}}: {{W-|bzj|byaa}}
* {{Z|cr}}:
*: {{Z|crl}}: {{W-|crl|ᒋᔖᔮᒄ}}, {{W-|crl|ᐅᓵᐅᔅᒄ}}
*: {{Z|cr}}: {{W-|cr|ᒪᔉᐗ}}
*: {{Z|crj}}: {{W-|crj|ᑳᑰᔥ}}, {{W-|crj|ᒪᔅᒄ}}
* {{Z|qua}}: {{W-|qua|wasá}}
* {{Z|kvb}}: {{W-|kvb|bur'uwong}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|аюв}}
* {{Z|lld}}: {{W-|lld|lors|n}}
* {{Z|lad}}: {{W-|lad|lonso|n}}
* {{Z|lbe}}: {{W-|lbe|цуша}}
* {{Z|lkt}}: {{W-|lkt|matȟó}}
* {{Z|ltg}}: {{W-|ltg|luocs}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W+|la|ursus|n}}, {{W-|la|ursa|m}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W+|lv|lācis|n}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W+|lo|ໝີ}}, {{W-|lo|ຫມີ}}
* {{Z|lzz}}: {{W-|lzz|მთუთი}}
* Lenape:
*: {{Z|umu}}: {{W-|umu|maxkw}}
*: {{Z|unm}}: {{W-|unm|màxkw}}
* {{Z|lez}}: {{W-|lez|сев}}
* {{Z|lij}}: {{W-|lij|orso|n}}
* {{Z|li}}: {{W+|li|baer|n}}, {{W+|li|beer|n}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|lokys|n}}, {{W-|lt|meška|m}}
* {{Z|liv}}: {{W-|liv|okš}}, {{W-|liv|karū}}
* {{Z|ycl}}: {{W-|ycl|hhe}}
* {{Z|lmo}}: {{W-|lmo|ors}}, {{W-|lmo|órs}}, {{W-|lmo|urs}}
* {{Z|khb}}: {{W-|khb|ᦖᦲ}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W+|lb|Bier|n}}
* {{Z|mhn}}: {{W-|mhn|per|n}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|мечка|m}}
* {{Z|mg}}: {{W+|mg|orsa}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|കരടി}}
* {{Z|bve}}: {{W-|bve|belwiang}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|beruang}}
* {{Z|mt}}: {{W-|mt|ors|n}}, {{W-|mt|debb}}
* {{Z|mnc}}: {{W-|mnc|ᠯᡝᡶᡠ}}
* {{Z|gv}}: {{W-|gv|maghouin|n}}
* {{Z|mny}}: {{W-|mny|bayuang}}, {{W-|mny|wayuang}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W+|mi|pea}}
* {{Z|mcg}}: {{W-|mcg|máeni}}
* {{Z|mrw}}: {{W-|mrw|barowang}}
* {{Z|mr}}: {{W-|mr|अस्वल}}
* Marî:
*: {{Z|mhr}}: {{W-|mhr|маска}}
*: {{Z|mrj}}: {{W-|mrj|мӧскӓ}}
* {{Z|mrc}}: {{W-|mrc|maxwet}}
* {{Z|wam}}: {{W-|wam|mosq}}
* {{Z|mzn}}: {{W-|mzn|اش|tr=as}}, {{W-|mzn|ارش|tr=arš}}
* {{Z|fit}}: {{W-|fit|karhuu}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|medve}}
* {{Z|xmf}}: {{W-|xmf|თუნთი}}
* {{Z|mel}}: {{W-|mel|buweang}}
* {{Z|mnq}}: {{W-|mnq|kawip}}
* {{Z|mic}}: {{W-|mic|mui'n|an}}
* {{Z|min}}: {{W-|min|biruang}}, {{W-|min|baribeh}}, {{W-|min|bibeh}}
* {{Z|mwl}}: {{W-|mwl|urso|n}}
* {{Z|mxd}}: {{W-|mxd|wahagung}}
* {{Z|xpq}}: {{W-|xpq|awáhsohs}}
* {{Z|mdf}}: {{W-|mdf|офта}}
* {{Z|mn}}: {{W+|mn|баавгай}}
* {{Z|moe}}: {{W-|moe|mashkᵘ}}
* {{Z|mtq}}: {{W-|mtq|củ}}
* Nahuatl:
*: {{Z|nhn}}: {{W-|nhn|tlacamayeh}}
*: Klasîk: {{W-|nci|tlacamayeh tecuani}}
*: {{Z|nhv}}: {{W-|nhv|uxu}}
* {{Z|gld}}: {{W-|gld|мапа}}, {{W-|gld|нанги|tr=nangi}}
* {{Z|nnt}}: {{W-|nnt|winquipim}}
* {{Z|nap}}: {{W-|nap|urzo|n}}
* {{Z|xnt}}: {{W-|xnt|paukúnawaw}}
* {{Z|nv}}: {{W-|nv|shash}}
* {{Z|nxq}}: {{W-|nxq|ggvq}}
* {{Z|nds}}: {{W-|nds|Boor|n}}
* {{Z|yrk}}: {{W-|yrk|вӑрк}}
* {{Z|ne}}: {{W+|ne|भालु}}
* {{Z|nio}}: {{W-|nio|ӈарка|tr=ngarka}}
* {{Z|niv}}: {{W-|niv|ӄʼотр̌}}, {{W-|niv|чхыф}}
* {{Z|nog}}: {{W-|nog|аюв}}
* {{Z|non}}: {{W-|non|bjǫrn|n}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|bjørn|n}}
*: {{Z|nn}}: {{W+|nn|bjørn|n}}
* {{Z|ood}}: {{W-|ood|judumi}}
* {{Z|oj}}: {{W-|oj|ᒪᒃᐗ|tr=[[makwa]]}}
* {{Z|oc}}: {{W+|oc|ors|n}}
* {{Z|or}}: {{W+|or|ଭାଲୁ}}
* {{Z|oaa}}: {{W-|oaa|бојо}}
* {{Z|orh}}: {{W-|orh|ɲoɲoɣo}}
* {{Z|os}}: {{W-|os|арс}}
* {{Z|ota}}: {{W-|ota|آیی|tr=ayı}}
* {{Z|otw}}: {{W-|otw|mko}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W+|ug|ئېيىق}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|ayiq}}
* {{Z|pac}}: {{W-|pac|apơng}}
* {{Z|pwn}}: {{W-|pwn|cumay}}
* {{Z|plz}}: {{W-|plz|bauang}}
* {{Z|pap}}: {{W-|pap|ber}}
* {{Z|bxd}}: {{W-|bxd|vɛ̃⁵⁵}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W+|ps|خرس|n|tr=xers}}, {{W-|ps|بالو|n|tr=bālǔ}}
* {{Z|pms}}: {{W-|pms|ors|n}}
* {{Z|pcd}}: {{W-|pcd|ors|n}}
* {{Z|pdt}}: {{W-|pdt|Boa|n}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|niedźwiedź|n}}, {{W+|pl|niedźwiedzica|m}}, {{W+|pl|miś|n}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|urso|n}}, {{W+|pt|ursa|m}}
* {{Z|pot}}: {{W-|pot|mko}}
* {{Z|puc}}: {{W-|puc|buwe}}, {{W-|puc|buwie}}, {{W-|puc|buwaye}}
* {{Z|pa}}: {{W-|pa|ਰਿਛ|n}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|аю}}
* {{Z|lra}}: {{W-|lra|igoh}}
* {{Z|rej}}: {{W-|rej|bu'ang}}
* {{Z|rir}}: {{W-|rir|buakng}}
* {{Z|rgn}}: {{W-|rgn|órs|n}}
* {{Z|rm}}: {{W-|rm|urs}}, {{W-|rm|urs|n}}, {{W-|rm|uors|n}}, {{W-|rm|ursa|m}}, {{W-|rm|uorsa|m}}
* {{Z|rom}}: {{W-|rom|rish|n}}, {{W-|rom|rishni|m}}, {{W-|rom|hirč}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|urs|n}}, {{W+|ro|ursoaică|m}}, {{W+|ro|moș Martin|n}}
* {{Z|dru}}: {{W-|dru|cumay}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W-|ru|медве́дь|n}}, {{W-|ru|медве́дица|m}}, {{W-|ru|медвежо́нок|n}}, {{W-|ru|ми́шка|n}}
* {{Z|rue}}: {{W-|rue|медве́дз|n}}
* {{Z|szy}}: {{W-|szy|tumay}}
* {{Z|osx}}: {{W-|osx|bero}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|ऋक्ष|n}}, {{W+|sa|भल्लूक}}
* {{Z|sc}}: {{W-|sc|ursu}}, {{W-|sc|ùssulu}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|oso}}
* {{Z|sea}}: {{W-|sea|samiiw}}, {{W-|sea|kawip}}, {{W-|sea|berwòk}}, {{W-|sea|bah òòs}}, {{W-|sea|bah woow}}
* {{Z|szc}}: {{W-|szc|mol}}
* {{Z|ssm}}: {{W-|ssm|kaweep}}
* {{Z|scn}}: {{W+|scn|ursu|n}}
* {{Z|szl}}: {{W-|szl|niedźwiydź}}
* {{Z|sd}}: {{W-|sd|کڻندو}}
* {{Z|sh}}: {{W+|sh|medo|n}}
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|мѐдвјед|n}}, {{W-|sh|мѐдвед|n}}, {{W-|sh|мѐдвједица|m}}, {{W-|sh|мѐдведица|m}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|mèdvjed|n}}, {{W+|sh|mèdved|n}}, {{W+|sh|mèdvjedica|m}}, {{W-|sh|mèdvedica|m}}
* {{Z|cu}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|cu|медвѣдь|n}}
* {{Z|orv}}: {{W-|orv|медвѣдь|n}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|medveď|n}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|medved|n}}, {{W+|sl|medvedka|m}}
* {{Z|so}}: {{W+|so|oorso}}
* Sorbî:
*: {{Z|dsb}}: {{W-|dsb|mjadwjeź|n}}
*: {{Z|hsb}}: {{W+|hsb|mjedwjedź|n}}
* {{Z|nso}}: {{W-|nso|bêrê}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|oso|n}}
* {{Z|su}}: {{W-|su|biruang}}, {{W+|su|ontohod}}
* {{Z|sva}}: {{W-|sva|და̈შდვ}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W-|sw|dubu|c5|c6}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|björn|g}}
* {{Z|shn}}: {{W-|shn|မီ}}
* {{Z|shy}}: {{W-|shy|abubaz}}
* {{Z|xsr}}: {{W-|xsr|དོམ}}
* {{Z|cjs}}: {{W-|cjs|апшақ|tr=apşaq}}, {{W-|cjs|азығ|tr=azığ}}, {{W-|cjs|аба|tr=aba}}
* {{Z|shs}}: {{W-|shs|kenkéknem}}
* {{Z|tab}}: {{W-|tab|швеъ}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|хирс}}
* {{Z|tl}}: {{W+|tl|oso}}
* {{Z|tly}}: {{W-|tly|خرس|tr=xərs}}
* {{Z|ta}}: {{W+|ta|கரடி}}
* {{Z|twf}}: {{W-|twf|kə́ona}}
* {{Z|roa-tar}}: {{W-|roa-tar|orse|n}}
* {{Z|twy}}: {{W-|twy|biang}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|หมี}}
* {{Z|te}}: {{W+|te|ఎలుగుబంటి}}, {{W+|te|ఎలుగ్గొడ్డు}}, {{W+|te|ఎలుగు}}
* {{Z|tea}}: {{W-|tea|kaweeb}}
* {{Z|tmo}}: {{W-|tmo|kĕtebong}}
* {{Z|crh}}: {{W-|crh|ayuv}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|аю}}
* {{Z|ti}}: {{W-|ti|ድቢ}}
* {{Z|tin}}: {{W-|tin|сӣᵸ|tr=sī̃}}
* {{Z|otk}}: {{W-|otk|𐰑𐰍|ts=adïɣ}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ayı}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W+|tk|aýy}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|དོམ}}
* {{Z|tli}}: {{W-|tli|xóots}}, {{W-|tli|s'eek}}
* {{Z|tgb}}: {{W-|tgb|bawang}}, {{W-|tgb|boluot}}
* {{Z|kim}}: {{W-|kim|иресаӈ|tr=iresañ}}, {{W-|kim|ирезаӈ|tr=irezañ}}
* {{Z|ddo}}: {{W-|ddo|зе}}
* {{Z|enh}}: {{W-|enh|богля|tr=boglya}}
* {{Z|tus}}: {{W-|tus|ujihre}}
* {{Z|tyv}}: {{W-|tyv|адыг}}
* {{Z|ude}}: {{W-|ude|мафа|tr=mafa}}
* {{Z|udm}}: {{W-|udm|гондыр}}
* {{Z|uga}}: {{W-|uga|𐎄𐎁}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W-|ur|بھالو|n|tr=bhālū}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|ведмі́дь|n}}
* {{Z|vec}}: {{W-|vec|bero|n}}, {{W-|vec|ors|n}}, {{W+|vec|orso|n}}
* {{Z|vep}}: {{W-|vep|mezikämen}}, {{W-|vep|kondi}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|gấu}}
* {{Z|vo}}: {{W+|vo|ber}}
* {{Z|vro}}: {{W-|vro|kahr}}
* {{Z|vot}}: {{W-|vot|karu}}
* {{Z|wa}}: {{W+|wa|oûsse|n}}
* {{Z|war}}: {{W-|war|oso}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|arth|n|m}}
* {{Z|wym}}: {{W-|wym|baor|n}}
* {{Z|kjh}}: {{W-|kjh|аба}}
* {{Z|kca}}: {{W-|kca|мойпар}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|ខ្លាឃ្មុំ}}
* {{Z|apj}}: {{W-|apj|shash}}
* {{Z|xh}}: {{W-|xh|ibhere}}
* {{Z|yai}}: {{W-|yai|хирс}}
* {{Z|sah}}: {{W-|sah|эһэ}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|בער|n}}
* {{Z|ii}}: {{W-|ii|ꊈ}}
* {{Z|ykg}}: {{W-|ykg|хайчиэтэгэ}}
* {{Z|esu}}: {{W-|esu|carayak}}
* {{Z|yur}}: {{W-|yur|chyer'ery'}}, {{W-|yur|neekwech}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|αρκούδα|m}}, {{W+|el|άρκτος|m}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|ἄρκτος|m}}, {{W-|grc|ἄρκος|m}}
*: {{Z|pnt}}: {{W-|pnt|άρκον}}
* {{Z|za}}: {{W-|za|mui}}
{{werger-bin}}


{{PH-nîşan|29/2011}}

{{mijar|ku|guhandar}}</text>
      <sha1>h75lwqjsosctixrp3lkgqrw1pr4bemi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>mezin kirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6739</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237778</id>
      <parentid>5892074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:04:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237778</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3013" sha1="tcu7d5oi84gx3won5wxrf3ytvyb7jid" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|mezinkirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|mezin kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=k|borî=kir|pêşgir=mezin|valahî=erê}}
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# [[gir|Gir]] [[kirin]], [[zexm kirin]], ne [[biçûk kirin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# bi[[xwedan kirin]], [[rakirin]], [[çav dan (yekî)]], [[çavdêrî kirin]], [[berê xwe dan]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[giring kirin]], zêde [[bayex]] dan, bi [[rûmet]] kirin, [[biha dan]]ê
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|مه‌زن كرن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[mazin kirin]]
* [[mezn kirin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|mezin|kirin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|goh}}: {{W-|goh|gruowan}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|anbauen}}, {{W+|de|ziehen}}, {{W+|de|züchten}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|yetişdirmək}}, {{W-|az|becərmək}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|расці́ць|impf}}, {{W-|be|выро́шчваць|impf}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|нараствам|sc=Cyrl}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|pěstovat}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W-|cmn|種植|tr=zhòngzhí}}, {{W+|cmn|蓄|tr=xù}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|dyrke}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|մեծացնել}}, {{W+|hy|աճեցնել}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W-|eo|kreskigi}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W-|et|kasvatama}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|رویاندن|tr=ruyândan}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|kasvattaa}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|accroître}}, {{W-|fr|faire croître}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|criar}}, {{W+|gl|cultivar}}
* {{Z|got}}: {{W-|got|𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|ზრდის|sc=Geor}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W-|nl|doen [[groeien]]}}; {{W+|nl|telen}}, {{W+|nl|kweken}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W-|he|גידל|tr=gidél|cuda=גידל \ גִּדֵּל}}
* {{Z|io}}: {{W+|io|kreskigar}}, {{W+|io|developar}}, {{W+|io|augmentar}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|grow}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|kasvattaa}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|fás}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|coltivare}}, {{W+|it|crescere}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|育てる|tr=sodateru}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|cultivar}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|alesco}}, {{W+|la|alo}}, {{W+|la|augeō}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W-|ms|besarkan}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|whakatipu}}, {{W-|mi|whakatupu}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|termel}}, {{W+|hu|termeszt}}, {{W+|hu|növeszt}}
* {{Z|no}}: {{W+|no|dyrke}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|powiększać|impf}}, {{W+|pl|powiększyć|pf}}, {{W+|pl|zapuszczać|impf}}, {{W+|pl|zapuścić|pf}}, {{W+|pl|uprawiać|impf}}, {{W-|pl|uprawić|pf}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|cultivar}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|расти́ть|impf}}, {{W+|ru|выра́щивать|impf}}, {{W+|ru|вы́растить|pf}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|cultivar}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|kuza}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|odla}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|เพาะ}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|виро́щувати|impf}}, {{W-|uk|рости́ти|impf}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W-|vi|[[nuôi]] [[lớn]]}}, {{W+|vi|nuôi}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|ដាំ}}, {{W+|km|ដុះ}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|αυξάνω}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|αὐξάνω}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|grow|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=76003462}}</text>
      <sha1>tcu7d5oi84gx3won5wxrf3ytvyb7jid</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>herîn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6884</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237818</id>
      <parentid>6234292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:10:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2839" sha1="8t9p928udnq8xogd6v5xu6hpk9ok3x7" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-herîn.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|herîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her2|niha2=her|borî=herî}}
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}, {{r-ya req}}
# [[çûn]], [[bi rê ketin]], [[dûr ketin]]
#: {{hevmane|ku|rewtin}}
#: {{mk|ku|Zû '''herin'''!}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ger em niha '''herin''', ew dê negihin me.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Divê em sibê zû '''herin'''.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ew kengî '''d(ih)ere'''?}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ez '''terim'''.}}
# {{f|ku|devokî}} [[birin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Hemin ku tu diçî, viya jî '''bihere''' bi xwe re.|Viya jî bibe bi xwe re|rêz=1}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|herrîn}}

==== Tewîn ====
* [-her-]
* [-er-]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji pêş-hindû-ewropî [[*h₁er-]] (1. erd, 2. livîn, çûyîn, herrîn) pêş-îranî [[*Her-]] (herrîn, çûn)&lt;ref&gt;(Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 163-5)&lt;/ref&gt;, bi [[metatez|metatezê]] hevrreha farisî {{g|fa|رسیدن}}(resîden) û dibe ku kurmancî [[rizîn|rrizîn]] jî, hevrreha [[zazakî]] {{g|zza|herr|w=erd}}.
Lê tenê di [[kurmancî|kurmanciya jorîn/badînî]] de heye û zimanên din ên kurdîkî de peyda nabe (heta [[mijar]]a [[henek]]ê ye jî, binêre [[here-were]]) lewma bide ber ermeniya kevn [[հեռ-]] • (heṙ-: [[dûr]]), ermeniya niha [[հեռու]] ‎(heṙu: [[dûr]]). Heke ji vê rehê bibe; hevreha ingilîzî [[earth]], elmanî [[Erd]], holendî [[aarde]], norwêcî, swêdî, danmarkî [[jord]]. Bi devokî carinan bi wateya ''birin'' bi kar tê, dibe ku wateya resen ew bibe û paşê guherîbe.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تأمم|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|رفتن}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|partir}}, {{W|fr|aller}}, {{W|fr|s’en aller}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|go}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gitmek}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|herîn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[çûn|Çûn]], [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]].
#* {{jêder-malper|ku|jêgirtin=Ev kûrahiya ji ber helîna cemedê û '''herîna''' avê bêhtir eleqeya min biribû ser xwe.|nivîskar=Eric Guth|sernav=Gereke Nûwaze Bo Çiyayên Sîpan ên Alaskayê|url=http://www.parzemin.com/gereke-nuwaze-bo-ciyayen-sipan-en-alaskaye/|arşîv=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331093629/http://www.parzemin.com/gereke-nuwaze-bo-ciyayen-sipan-en-alaskaye/|dîrok=2015-10-16}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|go}}, ([[act]] [[of]]) {{W|en|going}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gitme}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{clr}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# Ji heriyê; binêre {{g|ku|herî}} (1)

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;herîn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[herîn]]'''.

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>8t9p928udnq8xogd6v5xu6hpk9ok3x7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237822</id>
      <parentid>6237818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:32:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237822</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2843" sha1="78utmv9798tlz9abgi3tgv048vmlj1o" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-herîn.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|herîn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=her|borî=herî}}
{{lêker|ku|c=x-ngh}}, {{r-ya req}}
# [[çûn]], [[bi rê ketin]], [[dûr ketin]]
#: {{hevmane|ku|rewtin}}
#: {{mk|ku|Zû '''herin'''!}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ger em niha '''herin''', ew dê negihin me.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Divê em sibê zû '''herin'''.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ew kengî '''d(ih)ere'''?}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ez '''terim'''.}}
# {{f|ku|devokî}} [[birin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Hemin ku tu diçî, viya jî '''bihere''' bi xwe re.|Viya jî bibe bi xwe re|rêz=1}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|herrîn}}

==== Tewîn ====
* [-her-]
* [-er-]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji pêş-hindû-ewropî [[*h₁er-]] (1. erd, 2. livîn, çûyîn, herrîn) pêş-îranî [[*Her-]] (herrîn, çûn)&lt;ref&gt;(Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 163-5)&lt;/ref&gt;, bi [[metatez|metatezê]] hevrreha farisî {{g|fa|رسیدن}}(resîden) û dibe ku kurmancî [[rizîn|rrizîn]] jî, hevrreha [[zazakî]] {{g|zza|herr|w=erd}}.
Lê tenê di [[kurmancî|kurmanciya jorîn/badînî]] de heye û zimanên din ên kurdîkî de peyda nabe (heta [[mijar]]a [[henek]]ê ye jî, binêre [[here-were]]) lewma bide ber ermeniya kevn [[հեռ-]] • (heṙ-: [[dûr]]), ermeniya niha [[հեռու]] ‎(heṙu: [[dûr]]). Heke ji vê rehê bibe; hevreha ingilîzî [[earth]], elmanî [[Erd]], holendî [[aarde]], norwêcî, swêdî, danmarkî [[jord]]. Bi devokî carinan bi wateya ''birin'' bi kar tê, dibe ku wateya resen ew bibe û paşê guherîbe.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|gehen}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تأمم|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|رفتن}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|partir}}, {{W|fr|aller}}, {{W|fr|s’en aller}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|go}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gitmek}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|herîn|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[çûn|Çûn]], [[birêketin]], [[dûrketin]].
#* {{jêder-malper|ku|jêgirtin=Ev kûrahiya ji ber helîna cemedê û '''herîna''' avê bêhtir eleqeya min biribû ser xwe.|nivîskar=Eric Guth|sernav=Gereke Nûwaze Bo Çiyayên Sîpan ên Alaskayê|url=http://www.parzemin.com/gereke-nuwaze-bo-ciyayen-sipan-en-alaskaye/|arşîv=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331093629/http://www.parzemin.com/gereke-nuwaze-bo-ciyayen-sipan-en-alaskaye/|dîrok=2015-10-16}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W|en|go}}, ([[act]] [[of]]) {{W|en|going}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|gitme}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{clr}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# Ji heriyê; binêre {{g|ku|herî}} (1)

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# (ji &quot;herîn&quot;) ''Binêre'': '''[[herîn]]'''.

=== Çavkanî ===
{{çavkanî}}</text>
      <sha1>78utmv9798tlz9abgi3tgv048vmlj1o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>wate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7035</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237860</id>
      <parentid>6129809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:44:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */ https://ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=wate&amp;oldid=5996274</comment>
      <origin>6237860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6452" sha1="px8jgse0tdlx88g50zinch6e4e1lpi4" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|wate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{e|ku|xelet}} [[gotin|Gotin]]ên [[diyar]] dikin ka [[kelîme]]yek yan tiştek çi ye.
#: {{hevmane|ku|mane}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' peyva &quot;baran&quot; çi ye?&lt;br&gt;– Ava ji ewran tê ye.}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' wê çi ye ku ew dibêjin ew aciz bûne? &lt;br&gt;– Ew e ku ew ne razî ne.}}
#* {{jêder-kovar|ku|jêgirtin=-Zîn: (...)dema ku bixwaze '''wataya''' wê şora nenas ji ferhengê derîne û bizane?&lt;br&gt;-Apo: Gava rêzimana kurdî bixwîne wê bizane.|r=43|sernav=Hevpeyvînek bi Osman Sebrî re|nivîskar=Zîn û Amed|sal=1987|kovar=Hêvî|hj=6}}
#* {{ferhenga izolî|r=15|jêgirtin=Ger hon '''wateyi''' rêzmani ya van kurtenıvisan{{sic}} nızanın dıkarın hım lı ferhengê an hım ji lı beşi rêzmanê bınıhêrın.}}
#* {{jêder-kitêb|ku|jêgirtin=Rêzkirina çend peyvan jî, hevokek xwedî '''wate''' çêdikin|nivîskar=Selîm Biçûk|sernav=Rêzimana Kurdî (Kurmancî)|weşanxane=Weşanên Înstîtûta Kurdî|sal=1997|rûpel=11}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|bêwate
|watebar
|watedar
|watedar kirin
|watedarî
|watenas
|watenasî
|watetî
|wateyî
|watezan
|watezanî
|watin
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Deynkirî ji {{deyn|ckb|ku|واتا|t=yanî; mana}} {{neo|ku|hûr=1}}eke salên 1940î ji {{ji|hac|ku|watey|t=gotin|sc=Latn}}, bide ber {{hv|zza|vate}}.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021|{{kovar|kovar=Nûbihar Akademî|nivîskar=Zülküf Ergün|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nubihar/issue/65156/954951|sernav=Çend Kêşeyên Veguhestinê ji Kurdîya Soranî bo Kurdîya Kurmancî|cild=4|hejmar=15|sal=2021|r=19-21}}}} Belkî {{yekser|tr|ku|demek|t=gotin, dêmek, yanî|hûr=1}} bide ber {{q|tr|[[ne]] [[demek]]|t=maneya wê çi ye?}}. Di kurmancî de heta salên 90î kêm caran hatiye emilandin (binêre nimûneyên li jor).

Li gorî Ergün (2021) wekî soranî di kurmancî de jî divê &quot;wate&quot; bi manaya &quot;gotin&quot;, &quot;wata&quot; jî ji bo &quot;mana&quot; were emilandin.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021}}

{{çavkanî-etîm}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|mane, me'na, raman}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|kuptim|n}}, {{W+|sq|domethënie|m}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Bedeutung|m}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|məna}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|мәғәнә}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|значэ́нне|nt}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|অর্থ}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W-|my|အဓိပ္ပါယ်}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|význam|n}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|意義|tr=yìyì}}, {{W-|cmn|含義|tr=hányì}}, {{W+|cmn|意思|tr=yìsi}}, {{W+|cmn|意味|tr=yìwèi}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|betydning|g}}, {{W-|da|mening|g}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|arti}}, ​ {{W+|id|makna}}, ​ {{W+|id|maksud}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|مَعْنًى|n}}, {{W+|ar|معنى|n|cuda=الْمَعْنَى}}
*: {{Z|afb}}: {{W-|afb|معنى|n|tr=maʕna}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|իմաստ}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W-|eo|signifo}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|tähendus}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|معنی|tr=ma'ni}}, {{W+|fa|مطلب|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|merkitys}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|signification|m}}, {{W+|fr|sens|n}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|betsjutting|g}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|significado|n}}
* {{Z|gu}}: {{W-|gu|અર્થ}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|მნიშვნელობა}}
* {{Z|haw}}: {{W-|haw|manaʻo}}
* {{Z|ha}}: {{W+|ha|ma'ana}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W+|hi|मतलब|n}}, {{W+|hi|अर्थ|n}}, {{W-|hi|मअनी|m}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|waarde|m}}, {{W+|nl|betekenis|n}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|מַשְׁמָעוּת|m|tr=mashma'út}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|andgiet|nt}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|meaning}}, {{W+|en|sense}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|significato|n}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W-|is|merking|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|意義|tr=いぎ, igi}}, {{W+|ja|意味|tr=いみ, imi}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|significat|n}}, {{W-|ca|significació|m}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|маани}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|뜻}}, {{W+|ko|의미}}, {{W+|ko|의의}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W-|lv|jēga|m}}, {{W-|lv|nozīme|m}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W-|lo|ຄວາມຫມາຽ}}
* {{Z|li}}: {{W+|li|beteikenis|m}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|prasmė|m}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|значење|nt}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|അർത്ഥം}}, {{W+|ml|സാരം}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|makna}}, {{W-|ms|erti}}, {{W+|ms|maksud}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|jelentés}}
* {{Z|mn}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W+|mn|утга}}
*: Mongolî: {{W-|mn|ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|mening|n|m}}, {{W+|nb|betydning|n|m}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W+|ug|مەنە}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|maʼno}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W-|ps|معنى|m|tr=ma'nã}}, {{W-|ps|معنا|m|tr=ma'nã}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|znaczenie|nt}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|significado|n}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|мағына}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|semnificație|m}}, {{W+|ro|sens|nt}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|अर्थ}}
* {{Z|sh}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|зна́че̄ње|nt}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|znáčēnje|nt}}
* {{Z|sco}}: {{W-|sco|meanin}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W-|sk|význam|n}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|pomen|n}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|sentido|n}}, {{W+|es|significado|n}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|maana}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|mening|g}}, {{W+|sv|betydelse|g}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|маънӣ}}, {{W+|tg|маъно}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ความหมาย}}
* {{Z|crh}}: {{W-|crh|mana}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|мәгънә}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|anlam}}, {{W+|tr|mana}}, {{W+|tr|kasıt}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|many}}
* {{Z|txb}}: {{W-|txb|ārth}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W+|ur|معنی|m|tr=ma'nī}}, {{W-|ur|ارتھ|n|tr=arth}}, {{W-|ur|مطلب|n|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W+|uk|зна́чення|nt}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý vị}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|ystyr|n|m}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|សំនួន|tr=sɑmnuən}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|טײַטש|n|m}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|σημασία|m}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|meaning|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=75571297}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# {{e|ku|gelek|nadir}} [[anku]], [[yanî]],  [[dêmek]], [[bi gotineke din]]
#: {{nim|ku|Amed '''wate''' Diyarbekir.}}
#: {{nim|ku|Ez naçim '''wate''' ez dê li vir bimînim.}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|anku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-bnr|anku}}

== {{ziman|txb}} ==

=== Hejmar ===
{{hejmar|txb}}
# {{g|ku|duyem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}, {{g|ku|duwem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}
#* {{bêmînak|txb}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|txb|duyem}}</text>
      <sha1>px8jgse0tdlx88g50zinch6e4e1lpi4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237861</id>
      <parentid>6237860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:52:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */ nivîsa berê</comment>
      <origin>6237861</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6456" sha1="al0xqdarv04qqn4nhf39pw5441pxlfy" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|wate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{e|ku|xelet}}{{çp}} [[gotin|Gotin]]ên [[diyar]] dikin ka [[peyv]]yek yan tiştek çi ye.
#: {{hevmane|ku|mane}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' peyva &quot;baran&quot; çi ye?&lt;br&gt;– Ava ji ewran tê ye.}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' wê çi ye ku ew dibêjin ew aciz bûne? &lt;br&gt;– Ew e ku ew ne razî ne.}}
#* {{jêder-kovar|ku|jêgirtin=-Zîn: (...)dema ku bixwaze '''wataya''' wê şora nenas ji ferhengê derîne û bizane?&lt;br&gt;-Apo: Gava rêzimana kurdî bixwîne wê bizane.|r=43|sernav=Hevpeyvînek bi Osman Sebrî re|nivîskar=Zîn û Amed|sal=1987|kovar=Hêvî|hj=6}}
#* {{ferhenga izolî|r=15|jêgirtin=Ger hon '''wateyi''' rêzmani ya van kurtenıvisan{{sic}} nızanın dıkarın hım lı ferhengê an hım ji lı beşi rêzmanê bınıhêrın.}}
#* {{jêder-kitêb|ku|jêgirtin=Rêzkirina çend peyvan jî, hevokek xwedî '''wate''' çêdikin|nivîskar=Selîm Biçûk|sernav=Rêzimana Kurdî (Kurmancî)|weşanxane=Weşanên Înstîtûta Kurdî|sal=1997|rûpel=11}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|bêwate
|watebar
|watedar
|watedar kirin
|watedarî
|watenas
|watenasî
|watetî
|wateyî
|watezan
|watezanî
|watin
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Deynkirî ji {{deyn|ckb|ku|واتا|t=yanî; mana}} {{neo|ku|hûr=1}}eke salên 1940î ji {{ji|hac|ku|watey|t=gotin|sc=Latn}}, bide ber {{hv|zza|vate}}.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021|{{kovar|kovar=Nûbihar Akademî|nivîskar=Zülküf Ergün|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nubihar/issue/65156/954951|sernav=Çend Kêşeyên Veguhestinê ji Kurdîya Soranî bo Kurdîya Kurmancî|cild=4|hejmar=15|sal=2021|r=19-21}}}} Belkî {{yekser|tr|ku|demek|t=gotin, dêmek, yanî|hûr=1}} bide ber {{q|tr|[[ne]] [[demek]]|t=maneya wê çi ye?}}. Di kurmancî de heta salên 90î kêm caran hatiye emilandin (binêre nimûneyên li jor).

Li gorî Ergün (2021) wekî soranî di kurmancî de jî divê &quot;wate&quot; bi manaya &quot;gotin&quot;, &quot;wata&quot; jî ji bo &quot;mana&quot; were emilandin.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021}}

{{çavkanî-etîm}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|mane, me'na, raman}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|kuptim|n}}, {{W+|sq|domethënie|m}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Bedeutung|m}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|məna}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|мәғәнә}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|значэ́нне|nt}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|অর্থ}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W-|my|အဓိပ္ပါယ်}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|význam|n}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|意義|tr=yìyì}}, {{W-|cmn|含義|tr=hányì}}, {{W+|cmn|意思|tr=yìsi}}, {{W+|cmn|意味|tr=yìwèi}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|betydning|g}}, {{W-|da|mening|g}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|arti}}, ​ {{W+|id|makna}}, ​ {{W+|id|maksud}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|مَعْنًى|n}}, {{W+|ar|معنى|n|cuda=الْمَعْنَى}}
*: {{Z|afb}}: {{W-|afb|معنى|n|tr=maʕna}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|իմաստ}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W-|eo|signifo}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|tähendus}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|معنی|tr=ma'ni}}, {{W+|fa|مطلب|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|merkitys}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|signification|m}}, {{W+|fr|sens|n}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|betsjutting|g}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|significado|n}}
* {{Z|gu}}: {{W-|gu|અર્થ}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|მნიშვნელობა}}
* {{Z|haw}}: {{W-|haw|manaʻo}}
* {{Z|ha}}: {{W+|ha|ma'ana}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W+|hi|मतलब|n}}, {{W+|hi|अर्थ|n}}, {{W-|hi|मअनी|m}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|waarde|m}}, {{W+|nl|betekenis|n}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|מַשְׁמָעוּת|m|tr=mashma'út}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|andgiet|nt}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|meaning}}, {{W+|en|sense}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|significato|n}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W-|is|merking|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|意義|tr=いぎ, igi}}, {{W+|ja|意味|tr=いみ, imi}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|significat|n}}, {{W-|ca|significació|m}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|маани}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|뜻}}, {{W+|ko|의미}}, {{W+|ko|의의}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W-|lv|jēga|m}}, {{W-|lv|nozīme|m}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W-|lo|ຄວາມຫມາຽ}}
* {{Z|li}}: {{W+|li|beteikenis|m}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|prasmė|m}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|значење|nt}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|അർത്ഥം}}, {{W+|ml|സാരം}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|makna}}, {{W-|ms|erti}}, {{W+|ms|maksud}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|jelentés}}
* {{Z|mn}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W+|mn|утга}}
*: Mongolî: {{W-|mn|ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|mening|n|m}}, {{W+|nb|betydning|n|m}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W+|ug|مەنە}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|maʼno}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W-|ps|معنى|m|tr=ma'nã}}, {{W-|ps|معنا|m|tr=ma'nã}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|znaczenie|nt}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|significado|n}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|мағына}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|semnificație|m}}, {{W+|ro|sens|nt}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|अर्थ}}
* {{Z|sh}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|зна́че̄ње|nt}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|znáčēnje|nt}}
* {{Z|sco}}: {{W-|sco|meanin}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W-|sk|význam|n}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|pomen|n}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|sentido|n}}, {{W+|es|significado|n}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|maana}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|mening|g}}, {{W+|sv|betydelse|g}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|маънӣ}}, {{W+|tg|маъно}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ความหมาย}}
* {{Z|crh}}: {{W-|crh|mana}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|мәгънә}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|anlam}}, {{W+|tr|mana}}, {{W+|tr|kasıt}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|many}}
* {{Z|txb}}: {{W-|txb|ārth}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W+|ur|معنی|m|tr=ma'nī}}, {{W-|ur|ارتھ|n|tr=arth}}, {{W-|ur|مطلب|n|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W+|uk|зна́чення|nt}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý vị}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|ystyr|n|m}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|សំនួន|tr=sɑmnuən}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|טײַטש|n|m}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|σημασία|m}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|meaning|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=75571297}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# {{e|ku|gelek|nadir}} [[anku]], [[yanî]],  [[dêmek]], [[bi gotineke din]]
#: {{nim|ku|Amed '''wate''' Diyarbekir.}}
#: {{nim|ku|Ez naçim '''wate''' ez dê li vir bimînim.}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|anku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-bnr|anku}}

== {{ziman|txb}} ==

=== Hejmar ===
{{hejmar|txb}}
# {{g|ku|duyem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}, {{g|ku|duwem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}
#* {{bêmînak|txb}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|txb|duyem}}</text>
      <sha1>al0xqdarv04qqn4nhf39pw5441pxlfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237864</id>
      <parentid>6237861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T02:13:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237864</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6449" sha1="fi3itxsbc4u2sv5z4otmcn2sm8mjjm1" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|wate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{e|ku|xelet}} [[gotin|Gotin]]ên [[diyar]] dikin ka [[peyv]]yek yan tiştek çi ye.
#: {{hevmane|ku|mane}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' peyva &quot;baran&quot; çi ye?&lt;br&gt;– Ava ji ewran tê ye.}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' wê çi ye ku ew dibêjin ew aciz bûne? &lt;br&gt;– Ew e ku ew ne razî ne.}}
#* {{jêder-kovar|ku|jêgirtin=-Zîn: (...)dema ku bixwaze '''wataya''' wê şora nenas ji ferhengê derîne û bizane?&lt;br&gt;-Apo: Gava rêzimana kurdî bixwîne wê bizane.|r=43|sernav=Hevpeyvînek bi Osman Sebrî re|nivîskar=Zîn û Amed|sal=1987|kovar=Hêvî|hj=6}}
#* {{ferhenga izolî|r=15|jêgirtin=Ger hon '''wateyi''' rêzmani ya van kurtenıvisan{{sic}} nızanın dıkarın hım lı ferhengê an hım ji lı beşi rêzmanê bınıhêrın.}}
#* {{jêder-kitêb|ku|jêgirtin=Rêzkirina çend peyvan jî, hevokek xwedî '''wate''' çêdikin|nivîskar=Selîm Biçûk|sernav=Rêzimana Kurdî (Kurmancî)|weşanxane=Weşanên Înstîtûta Kurdî|sal=1997|rûpel=11}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|bêwate
|watebar
|watedar
|watedar kirin
|watedarî
|watenas
|watenasî
|watetî
|wateyî
|watezan
|watezanî
|watin
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Deynkirî ji {{deyn|ckb|ku|واتا|t=yanî; mana}} {{neo|ku|hûr=1}}eke salên 1940î ji {{ji|hac|ku|watey|t=gotin|sc=Latn}}, bide ber {{hv|zza|vate}}.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021|{{kovar|kovar=Nûbihar Akademî|nivîskar=Zülküf Ergün|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nubihar/issue/65156/954951|sernav=Çend Kêşeyên Veguhestinê ji Kurdîya Soranî bo Kurdîya Kurmancî|cild=4|hejmar=15|sal=2021|r=19-21}}}} Belkî {{yekser|tr|ku|demek|t=gotin, dêmek, yanî|hûr=1}} bide ber {{q|tr|[[ne]] [[demek]]|t=maneya wê çi ye?}}. Di kurmancî de heta salên 90î kêm caran hatiye emilandin (binêre nimûneyên li jor).

Li gorî Ergün (2021) wekî soranî di kurmancî de jî divê &quot;wate&quot; bi manaya &quot;gotin&quot;, &quot;wata&quot; jî ji bo &quot;mana&quot; were emilandin.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021}}

{{çavkanî-etîm}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|mane, me'na, raman}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|kuptim|n}}, {{W+|sq|domethënie|m}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Bedeutung|m}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|məna}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|мәғәнә}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|значэ́нне|nt}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|অর্থ}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W-|my|အဓိပ္ပါယ်}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|význam|n}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|意義|tr=yìyì}}, {{W-|cmn|含義|tr=hányì}}, {{W+|cmn|意思|tr=yìsi}}, {{W+|cmn|意味|tr=yìwèi}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|betydning|g}}, {{W-|da|mening|g}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|arti}}, ​ {{W+|id|makna}}, ​ {{W+|id|maksud}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|مَعْنًى|n}}, {{W+|ar|معنى|n|cuda=الْمَعْنَى}}
*: {{Z|afb}}: {{W-|afb|معنى|n|tr=maʕna}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|իմաստ}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W-|eo|signifo}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|tähendus}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|معنی|tr=ma'ni}}, {{W+|fa|مطلب|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|merkitys}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|signification|m}}, {{W+|fr|sens|n}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|betsjutting|g}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|significado|n}}
* {{Z|gu}}: {{W-|gu|અર્થ}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|მნიშვნელობა}}
* {{Z|haw}}: {{W-|haw|manaʻo}}
* {{Z|ha}}: {{W+|ha|ma'ana}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W+|hi|मतलब|n}}, {{W+|hi|अर्थ|n}}, {{W-|hi|मअनी|m}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|waarde|m}}, {{W+|nl|betekenis|n}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|מַשְׁמָעוּת|m|tr=mashma'út}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|andgiet|nt}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|meaning}}, {{W+|en|sense}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|significato|n}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W-|is|merking|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|意義|tr=いぎ, igi}}, {{W+|ja|意味|tr=いみ, imi}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|significat|n}}, {{W-|ca|significació|m}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|маани}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|뜻}}, {{W+|ko|의미}}, {{W+|ko|의의}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W-|lv|jēga|m}}, {{W-|lv|nozīme|m}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W-|lo|ຄວາມຫມາຽ}}
* {{Z|li}}: {{W+|li|beteikenis|m}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|prasmė|m}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|значење|nt}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|അർത്ഥം}}, {{W+|ml|സാരം}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|makna}}, {{W-|ms|erti}}, {{W+|ms|maksud}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|jelentés}}
* {{Z|mn}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W+|mn|утга}}
*: Mongolî: {{W-|mn|ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|mening|n|m}}, {{W+|nb|betydning|n|m}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W+|ug|مەنە}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|maʼno}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W-|ps|معنى|m|tr=ma'nã}}, {{W-|ps|معنا|m|tr=ma'nã}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|znaczenie|nt}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|significado|n}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|мағына}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|semnificație|m}}, {{W+|ro|sens|nt}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|अर्थ}}
* {{Z|sh}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|зна́че̄ње|nt}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|znáčēnje|nt}}
* {{Z|sco}}: {{W-|sco|meanin}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W-|sk|význam|n}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|pomen|n}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|sentido|n}}, {{W+|es|significado|n}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|maana}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|mening|g}}, {{W+|sv|betydelse|g}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|маънӣ}}, {{W+|tg|маъно}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ความหมาย}}
* {{Z|crh}}: {{W-|crh|mana}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|мәгънә}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|anlam}}, {{W+|tr|mana}}, {{W+|tr|kasıt}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|many}}
* {{Z|txb}}: {{W-|txb|ārth}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W+|ur|معنی|m|tr=ma'nī}}, {{W-|ur|ارتھ|n|tr=arth}}, {{W-|ur|مطلب|n|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W+|uk|зна́чення|nt}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý vị}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|ystyr|n|m}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|សំនួន|tr=sɑmnuən}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|טײַטש|n|m}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|σημασία|m}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|meaning|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=75571297}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# {{e|ku|gelek|nadir}} [[anku]], [[yanî]],  [[dêmek]], [[bi gotineke din]]
#: {{nim|ku|Amed '''wate''' Diyarbekir.}}
#: {{nim|ku|Ez naçim '''wate''' ez dê li vir bimînim.}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|anku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-bnr|anku}}

== {{ziman|txb}} ==

=== Hejmar ===
{{hejmar|txb}}
# {{g|ku|duyem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}, {{g|ku|duwem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}
#* {{bêmînak|txb}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|txb|duyem}}</text>
      <sha1>fi3itxsbc4u2sv5z4otmcn2sm8mjjm1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237875</id>
      <parentid>6237864</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:04:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikihez</username>
        <id>7344</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237875</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6471" sha1="5j9bn4zleo2ygr5cpv1hw36ueyebh0k" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|wate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{e|ku|xelet}}{{eref|nav=Ergun2021}} [[gotin|Gotin]]ên [[diyar]] dikin ka [[peyv]]yek yan tiştek çi ye.
#: {{hevmane|ku|mane}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' peyva &quot;baran&quot; çi ye?&lt;br&gt;– Ava ji ewran tê ye.}}
#: {{nim|ku|–'''Wateya''' wê çi ye ku ew dibêjin ew aciz bûne? &lt;br&gt;– Ew e ku ew ne razî ne.}}
#* {{jêder-kovar|ku|jêgirtin=-Zîn: (...)dema ku bixwaze '''wataya''' wê şora nenas ji ferhengê derîne û bizane?&lt;br&gt;-Apo: Gava rêzimana kurdî bixwîne wê bizane.|r=43|sernav=Hevpeyvînek bi Osman Sebrî re|nivîskar=Zîn û Amed|sal=1987|kovar=Hêvî|hj=6}}
#* {{ferhenga izolî|r=15|jêgirtin=Ger hon '''wateyi''' rêzmani ya van kurtenıvisan{{sic}} nızanın dıkarın hım lı ferhengê an hım ji lı beşi rêzmanê bınıhêrın.}}
#* {{jêder-kitêb|ku|jêgirtin=Rêzkirina çend peyvan jî, hevokek xwedî '''wate''' çêdikin|nivîskar=Selîm Biçûk|sernav=Rêzimana Kurdî (Kurmancî)|weşanxane=Weşanên Înstîtûta Kurdî|sal=1997|rûpel=11}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|bêwate
|watebar
|watedar
|watedar kirin
|watedarî
|watenas
|watenasî
|watetî
|wateyî
|watezan
|watezanî
|watin
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Deynkirî ji {{deyn|ckb|ku|واتا|t=yanî; mana}} {{neo|ku|hûr=1}}eke salên 1940î ji {{ji|hac|ku|watey|t=gotin|sc=Latn}}, bide ber {{hv|zza|vate}}.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021|{{kovar|kovar=Nûbihar Akademî|nivîskar=Zülküf Ergün|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/nubihar/issue/65156/954951|sernav=Çend Kêşeyên Veguhestinê ji Kurdîya Soranî bo Kurdîya Kurmancî|cild=4|hejmar=15|sal=2021|r=19-21}}}} Belkî {{yekser|tr|ku|demek|t=gotin, dêmek, yanî|hûr=1}} bide ber {{q|tr|[[ne]] [[demek]]|t=maneya wê çi ye?}}. Di kurmancî de heta salên 90î kêm caran hatiye emilandin (binêre nimûneyên li jor).

Li gorî Ergün (2021) wekî soranî di kurmancî de jî divê &quot;wate&quot; bi manaya &quot;gotin&quot;, &quot;wata&quot; jî ji bo &quot;mana&quot; were emilandin.{{eref|nav=Ergun2021}}

{{çavkanî-etîm}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|mane, me'na, raman}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|kuptim|n}}, {{W+|sq|domethënie|m}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Bedeutung|m}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|məna}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|мәғәнә}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|значэ́нне|nt}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|অর্থ}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W-|my|အဓိပ္ပါယ်}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|význam|n}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|意義|tr=yìyì}}, {{W-|cmn|含義|tr=hányì}}, {{W+|cmn|意思|tr=yìsi}}, {{W+|cmn|意味|tr=yìwèi}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|betydning|g}}, {{W-|da|mening|g}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|arti}}, ​ {{W+|id|makna}}, ​ {{W+|id|maksud}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|مَعْنًى|n}}, {{W+|ar|معنى|n|cuda=الْمَعْنَى}}
*: {{Z|afb}}: {{W-|afb|معنى|n|tr=maʕna}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|իմաստ}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W-|eo|signifo}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|tähendus}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|معنی|tr=ma'ni}}, {{W+|fa|مطلب|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|merkitys}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|signification|m}}, {{W+|fr|sens|n}}
* {{Z|fy}}: {{W+|fy|betsjutting|g}}
* {{Z|gl}}: {{W+|gl|significado|n}}
* {{Z|gu}}: {{W-|gu|અર્થ}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|მნიშვნელობა}}
* {{Z|haw}}: {{W-|haw|manaʻo}}
* {{Z|ha}}: {{W+|ha|ma'ana}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W+|hi|मतलब|n}}, {{W+|hi|अर्थ|n}}, {{W-|hi|मअनी|m}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|waarde|m}}, {{W+|nl|betekenis|n}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|מַשְׁמָעוּת|m|tr=mashma'út}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|andgiet|nt}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|meaning}}, {{W+|en|sense}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|significato|n}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W-|is|merking|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|意義|tr=いぎ, igi}}, {{W+|ja|意味|tr=いみ, imi}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|significat|n}}, {{W-|ca|significació|m}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|маани}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|뜻}}, {{W+|ko|의미}}, {{W+|ko|의의}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W-|lv|jēga|m}}, {{W-|lv|nozīme|m}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W-|lo|ຄວາມຫມາຽ}}
* {{Z|li}}: {{W+|li|beteikenis|m}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|prasmė|m}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|значење|nt}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|അർത്ഥം}}, {{W+|ml|സാരം}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|makna}}, {{W-|ms|erti}}, {{W+|ms|maksud}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|jelentés}}
* {{Z|mn}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W+|mn|утга}}
*: Mongolî: {{W-|mn|ᠤᠳᠬ ᠠ}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|mening|n|m}}, {{W+|nb|betydning|n|m}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W+|ug|مەنە}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|maʼno}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W-|ps|معنى|m|tr=ma'nã}}, {{W-|ps|معنا|m|tr=ma'nã}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|znaczenie|nt}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|significado|n}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W+|kk|мағына}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|semnificație|m}}, {{W+|ro|sens|nt}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|значе́ние|nt}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|अर्थ}}
* {{Z|sh}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|зна́че̄ње|nt}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|znáčēnje|nt}}
* {{Z|sco}}: {{W-|sco|meanin}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W-|sk|význam|n}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|pomen|n}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|sentido|n}}, {{W+|es|significado|n}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|maana}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|mening|g}}, {{W+|sv|betydelse|g}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|маънӣ}}, {{W+|tg|маъно}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ความหมาย}}
* {{Z|crh}}: {{W-|crh|mana}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|мәгънә}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|anlam}}, {{W+|tr|mana}}, {{W+|tr|kasıt}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|many}}
* {{Z|txb}}: {{W-|txb|ārth}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W+|ur|معنی|m|tr=ma'nī}}, {{W-|ur|ارتھ|n|tr=arth}}, {{W-|ur|مطلب|n|tr=matlab}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W+|uk|зна́чення|nt}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý nghĩa}}, {{W+|vi|ý vị}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|ystyr|n|m}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|សំនួន|tr=sɑmnuən}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|טײַטש|n|m}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|σημασία|m}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|meaning|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=75571297}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# {{e|ku|gelek|nadir}} [[anku]], [[yanî]],  [[dêmek]], [[bi gotineke din]]
#: {{nim|ku|Amed '''wate''' Diyarbekir.}}
#: {{nim|ku|Ez naçim '''wate''' ez dê li vir bimînim.}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{g|ku|wata}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|anku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-bnr|anku}}

== {{ziman|txb}} ==

=== Hejmar ===
{{hejmar|txb}}
# {{g|ku|duyem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}, {{g|ku|duwem}}, {{g|ku|duwemîn}}
#* {{bêmînak|txb}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|txb|duyem}}</text>
      <sha1>5j9bn4zleo2ygr5cpv1hw36ueyebh0k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hevok</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>7170</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237851</id>
      <parentid>6211769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:58:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237851</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5228" sha1="ikc64tx0x5vdgvu8jjgkgjcbyu0lm28" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|ku|/hɛˈvoːk/}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hevok|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{f|ku|rêziman}} [[kom|Komeke]] [[peyv]]an yên li dû hev tên [[rêz]]kirin û bi hev re [[raman]]ekê [[diyar]] dikin (di [[nivîsîn]]ê de ji van peyvan ya yekem bi [[sertîp]]a [[mezin]] tê nivîsîn û li [[pey]] peyva [[dawîn]] jî [[niqte]]yek tê danîn).
#: {{hevmane|ku|cumle|riste|tevok}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|berhevok
|binhevok
|hevokî
|hevoknas
|hevoknasî
|hevoksaz
|hevoksazî
|hevokzan
|hevokzanî
|serhevok
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{paş|ku|hev|-ok}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|hevok, riste, cumle}}
* {{Z|af}}: {{W+|af|sin}}
* {{Z|sq}}: {{W+|sq|fjali|m}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Satz|n}}
* {{Z|alt}}: {{W-|alt|эрмек}}
* {{Z|am}}: {{W-|am|ዓረፍተ ነገር}}
* {{Z|ast}}: {{W+|ast|fras|m}}, {{W+|ast|frase|m}}
* {{Z|az}}: {{W+|az|cümlə}}
* {{Z|ban}}: {{W-|ban|lengkara}}
* {{Z|eu}}: {{W-|eu|esaldi}}, {{W+|eu|perpaus}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|һөйләм}}
* {{Z|be}}: {{W-|be|сказ|n}}, {{W-|be|фра́за|m}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|বাক্য}}
* {{Z|bcl}}: {{W-|bcl|pangurulay}}
* {{Z|br}}: {{W+|br|frazenn|m}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W-|bg|изрече́ние|nt}}, {{W-|bg|фра́за}}
* {{Z|my}}: {{W+|my|ဝါကျ}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|věta|m}}, {{W+|cs|sentence|m}}
* {{Z|ny}}: {{W-|ny|chiganizo}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|yue}}: {{W-|yue|句子|tr=geoi3 zi2}}
*: {{Z|dng}}: {{W-|dng|дуар}}
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|句子|tr=jùzi}}, {{W+|cmn|語句|tr=yǔjù}}
*: {{Z|nan}}: {{W-|nan|語句|tr=gír-kù / gú-kù / gí-kù}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|sætning|g}}
* {{Z|dtp}}: {{W-|dtp|ayat}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|kalimat}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|جُمْلَة|m}}
*: {{Z|arz}}: {{W-|arz|جملة|m|tr=gumla}}
* {{Z|hy}}: {{W+|hy|նախադասություն}}
* {{Z|eo}}: {{W+|eo|frazo}}
* {{Z|et}}: {{W+|et|lause}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|گزاره|tr=gozâre}}, {{W+|fa|جمله|tr=jomle}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|lause}}, {{W+|fi|virke}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|phrase|m}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|rosg-rann|m}}, {{W-|gd|seantans|n}}
* {{Z|ka}}: {{W-|ka|წინადადება}}
* {{Z|hi}}: {{W+|hi|वाक्य|n}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|zin|n}}, {{W+|nl|volzin}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W-|he|מִשְׁפָּט|n|tr=mishpat}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|cwide|n}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sentence}}, {{W+|en|phrase}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|sanomus}}
* {{Z|ia}}: {{W+|ia|phrase}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W+|ga|abairt|m}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|frase|m}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W+|is|setning|m}}, {{W+|is|málsgrein|m}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|文|tr=ぶん, bun}}, {{W+|ja|文章|tr=ぶんしょう, bunshō}}, {{W+|ja|センテンス|tr=sentensu}}
* {{Z|jv}}:
*: Karakanî: {{W-|jv|ꦲꦸꦏꦫ}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|jv|ukara}}
* {{Z|xal}}: {{W-|xal|зәңг}}
* {{Z|kn}}: {{W+|kn|ವಾಕ್ಯ}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|frase|m}}, {{W+|ca|sentència|m}}
* {{Z|ky}}: {{W+|ky|сүйлөм}}
* {{Z|si}}: {{W+|si|වාක්‍යය}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|문장}}, {{W-|ko|센텐스}}
* {{Z|kum}}: {{W-|kum|жумла}}
* {{Z|lad}}: {{W-|lad|fraza}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|sententia|m}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W-|lv|teikums|n}}
* {{Z|lo}}: {{W-|lo|ປະໂຫຍກ}}
* {{Z|lt}}: {{W+|lt|sakinys|n}}
* {{Z|lb}}: {{W-|lb|Saz|n}}
* {{Z|mk}}: {{W-|mk|реченица|m}}
* {{Z|ml}}: {{W+|ml|വാക്യം}}
* {{Z|ms}}: {{W+|ms|ayat}}, {{W-|ms|kalimat}}
* {{Z|mt}}: {{W-|mt|sentenza|m}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|haurārangi}}, {{W-|mi|rerenga kōrero}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|mondat}}
* {{Z|mn}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W+|mn|өгүүлбэр}}
*: Mongolî: {{W-|mn|ᠥᠭᠦᠯᠡᠪᠦᠷᠢ}}
* {{Z|no}}:
*: {{Z|nb}}: {{W+|nb|setning|n|m}}
* {{Z|ug}}: {{W-|ug|جۈملە}}
* {{Z|uz}}: {{W+|uz|jumla}}, {{W+|uz|gap}}
* {{Z|ps}}: {{W+|ps|جمله|m|tr=ǰomlá}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|zdanie|nt}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W+|pt|frase|m}}
* {{Z|kk}}: {{W-|kk|сөйлем}}, {{W-|kk|ұсыным}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|propoziție|m}}, {{W+|ro|frază|m}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W-|ru|предложе́ние|nt}}, {{W-|ru|фра́за|m}}
* {{Z|sa}}: {{W+|sa|वाक्य|nt}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|kapahayag}}
* {{Z|sh}}:
*: Kirîlî: {{W-|sh|речѐница|m}}
*: Latînî: {{W+|sh|rečènica|m}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W-|sk|veta|m}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W+|sl|stavek|n}}, {{W-|sl|poved|m}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|oración|m}}
* {{Z|sw}}: {{W+|sw|sentensi}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|mening|g}}, {{W+|sv|fras|g}}, {{W+|sv|sättning|g}}
* {{Z|tg}}: {{W+|tg|ҷумла}}
* {{Z|tl}}: {{W-|tl|pangungusap}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ประโยค}}
* {{Z|te}}: {{W+|te|వాక్యము}}
* {{Z|tt}}: {{W+|tt|җөмлә}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|cümle}}, {{W+|tr|tümce}}
* {{Z|tk}}: {{W-|tk|sözlem}}, {{W-|tk|höküm}}, {{W-|tk|jümle}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|ཙིག་གྲུབ}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W-|ur|جملہ|tr=jumla}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|ре́чення|nt}}, {{W-|uk|фра́за|m}}
* {{Z|vi}}: {{W+|vi|câu}}
* {{Z|cy}}: {{W+|cy|brawddeg|m}}
* {{Z|km}}: {{W+|km|ល្បះ}}, {{W+|km|ប្រយោគ}}, {{W+|km|ឃ្លា}}
* {{Z|yi}}: {{W-|yi|זאַץ|n}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|πρόταση|m}}
* {{Z|za}}: {{W-|za|coenz}}
{{werger-bin}}
:{{werger çavkanî|en|sentence|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=75691597}}</text>
      <sha1>ikc64tx0x5vdgvu8jjgkgjcbyu0lm28</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hilhatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237734</id>
      <parentid>6237392</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:36:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1876" sha1="pa3kw3otubjodccakbp69jwnubqtdb9" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]])
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
# [[derfet]]ên anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
# [[demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# (''bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;'') [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|aufgehen}} (Gestirn), {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|aufgehen}}, {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرار کردن}}, {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}, {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}, {{W|fa|بردمیدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, to {{W|en|rise}}, {{W|en|raise}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W|tr|kükremek}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|kalkmak}}, {{W|tr|çavmak}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}, {{W|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|taşmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>pa3kw3otubjodccakbp69jwnubqtdb9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237736</id>
      <parentid>6237734</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:42:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1967" sha1="hhw4lkbihzaankv3nv3x1lr0xkiakk0" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|aufgehen}} (Gestirn), {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|aufgehen}}, {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرار کردن}}, {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}, {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}, {{W|fa|بردمیدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, to {{W|en|rise}}, {{W|en|raise}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W|tr|kükremek}}, {{W|tr|kalkmak}}, {{W|tr|çavmak}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}, {{W|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}, {{W|tr|taşmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>hhw4lkbihzaankv3nv3x1lr0xkiakk0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237741</id>
      <parentid>6237736</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:14:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2937" sha1="853opd44vc1l8j2se46wu7xzb1xrcv2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[roj]], [[hîv]], [[stêr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|çavmak}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Derfetên anku delîvên baş bo peyda bûn.}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Demode bûn, êdî neman mode, demborî bûn, ji rojevê derketin. }}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[hevîr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|de|lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|[[meyîn]], [[cemisîn]]}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|tr|aigrir}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sour}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W+|tr|mayalanmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Ji bo av û lehiyê}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|déborder}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|fr|overflow}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|taşmak}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|rugir}}, se mettre en {{W+|fr|colère}}
* {{Z|en}}: to get {{W+|en|angry}}
* {{Z|tr}}: öfkelenmek}}, {{W|tr|kükremek}}, {{W|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|?}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرار کردن}}, {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}, {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}, {{W|fa|بردمیدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>853opd44vc1l8j2se46wu7xzb1xrcv2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237742</id>
      <parentid>6237741</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:15:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2947" sha1="3ppredndpc0snohciuk0c2jkmpci6bh" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[roj]], [[hîv]], [[stêr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|çavmak}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Derfetên anku delîvên baş bo peyda bûn.}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Demode bûn, êdî neman mode, demborî bûn, ji rojevê derketin. }}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[hevîr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|de|lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|[[meyîn]], [[cemisîn]]}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|tr|aigrir}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sour}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W+|tr|mayalanmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Ji bo av û lehiyê}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|déborder}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|fr|overflow}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|taşmak}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|rugir}}, se mettre en {{W+|fr|colère}}
* {{Z|en}}: to get {{W+|en|angry}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|öfkelenmek}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}, {{W+|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|?}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرار کردن}}, {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}, {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}, {{W|fa|بردمیدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>3ppredndpc0snohciuk0c2jkmpci6bh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237743</id>
      <parentid>6237742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:18:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2958" sha1="d7n3k1ec89b30ojymw3grbf30rbuor9" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[roj]], [[hîv]], [[stêr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|çavmak}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Derfetên anku delîvên baş bo peyda bûn.}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Demode bûn, êdî neman mode, demborî bûn, ji rojevê derketin. }}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[hevîr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|de|lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|[[meyîn]], [[cemisîn]]}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|tr|aigrir}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sour}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W+|tr|mayalanmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Ji bo av û lehiyê}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|déborder}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|fr|overflow}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|taşmak}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|hêrs bûn}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|rugir}}, se mettre en {{W+|fr|colère}}
* {{Z|en}}: to get {{W+|en|angry}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|öfkelenmek}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}, {{W+|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|?}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|فرار کردن}}, {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}, {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}, {{W|fa|بردمیدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>d7n3k1ec89b30ojymw3grbf30rbuor9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237750</id>
      <parentid>6237743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:27:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2916" sha1="7fiycfktp9op45a4o1mboy6yp2a3hoe" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[roj]], [[hîv]], [[stêr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|çavmak}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Derfetên anku delîvên baş bo peyda bûn.}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Demode bûn, êdî neman mode, demborî bûn, ji rojevê derketin. }}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[hevîr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|de|lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|[[meyîn]], [[cemisîn]]}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|tr|aigrir}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sour}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W+|tr|mayalanmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Ji bo av û lehiyê}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|déborder}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|fr|overflow}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|taşmak}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|hêrs bûn}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|rugir}}, se mettre en {{W+|fr|colère}}
* {{Z|en}}: to get {{W+|en|angry}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|öfkelenmek}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}, {{W+|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|?}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>7fiycfktp9op45a4o1mboy6yp2a3hoe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237763</id>
      <parentid>6237750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:38:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2906" sha1="2cw65lrpyd21gt30qf38j6copgqru05" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilhat'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilê'''.}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلهاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[helatin]]
* [[helhatin]]
* [[hilatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[roj]], [[hîv]], [[stêr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|طلوع کردن}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|çavmak}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Derfetên anku delîvên baş bo peyda bûn.}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|yükselmek}}, {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Demode bûn, êdî neman mode, demborî bûn, ji rojevê derketin. }}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kalkmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Rabûn, bilind bûn ([[hevîr]])}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|de|lever}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|rise}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|[[meyîn]], [[cemisîn]]}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|tr|aigrir}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|sour}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ekşimek}}, {{W+|tr|mayalanmak}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|Ji bo av û lehiyê}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|déborder}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|fr|overflow}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|taşmak}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|hêrs bûn}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|rugir}}, se mettre en {{W+|fr|colère}}
* {{Z|en}}: to get {{W+|en|angry}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|öfkelenmek}}, {{W+|tr|kükremek}}, {{W+|tr|azmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|?}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|hinaufgehen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}, {{W|de|erheben}}, {{W|de|sich erheben}}, {{W|de|Aufkommen}}, {{W|de|Aufgang}} {{n}}, {{W|de|aufkommen}}, {{W|de|hochgehen}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W|fa|بلندشدن}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|ascend}}, {{W|en|lift up}}, {{W|en|upsurge|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{bêwate}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W|tr|doğma}}, {{W|tr|ekşime}}, {{W|tr|kabarış}}, {{W|tr|kabarma}}, {{W|tr|kalkış}}, {{W|tr|doğuş}}, {{W|tr|matla}}, {{W|tr|tulü}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2cw65lrpyd21gt30qf38j6copgqru05</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>helatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237761</id>
      <parentid>6124051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:36:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237761</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="667" sha1="qexqt8zq6ntb6g3p736k85clhmcjw3c" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr|hilhatin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=}}
# [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[bezîn]], [[filitîn]], [[finîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
#: {{mk|ku|ez helatim, tu helatî...}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هه‌لاتن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|الإشراق|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|الإنصداع|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|بزوغ|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تازیدن}}, {{W+|fa|فرار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|upsurge}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|ay}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>qexqt8zq6ntb6g3p736k85clhmcjw3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237769</id>
      <parentid>6237761</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:50:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237769</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="745" sha1="hu4xoc5yufr9f73vcm1lkydg67gfc29" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr|hilhatin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-reh|helatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hel}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[bezîn]], [[filitîn]], [[finîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
#: {{mk|ku|ez helatim, tu helatî...}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هه‌لاتن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|الإشراق|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|الإنصداع|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|بزوغ|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تازیدن}}, {{W+|fa|فرار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|upsurge}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|ay}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>hu4xoc5yufr9f73vcm1lkydg67gfc29</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237771</id>
      <parentid>6237769</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:58:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237771</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="764" sha1="8cl9gynic0bv0ezs986746239h9s9eg" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|helatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hel}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[bezîn]], [[filitîn]], [[finîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
#: {{mk|ku|ez helatim, tu helatî...}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# ''Binêre'' '''{{g|ku|hilatin}}'''.

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هه‌لاتن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|الإشراق|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|الإنصداع|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|بزوغ|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تازیدن}}, {{W+|fa|فرار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|upsurge}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|ay}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>8cl9gynic0bv0ezs986746239h9s9eg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237772</id>
      <parentid>6237771</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:59:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237772</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="789" sha1="60xpscslac6rwxxjdvqak1n3smd708t" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|helatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hel}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[bezîn]], [[filitîn]], [[finîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
#: {{mk|ku|ez helatim, tu helatî...}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# ''Binêre'' '''{{g|ku|hilhatin}}''', '''{{g|ku|hilatin}}'''.

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هه‌لاتن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|الإشراق|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|الإنصداع|guman=erê}}, {{W|ar|بزوغ|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تازیدن}}, {{W+|fa|فرار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|upsurge}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|kabarmak}}, {{W+|tr|doğmak}}, {{W+|tr|ay}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>60xpscslac6rwxxjdvqak1n3smd708t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>helhatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8270</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237764</id>
      <parentid>5893045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="176" sha1="85m9y78783fd9u7cm7mrox292hr0fhj" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hel}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# {{guharto|ku|hilhatin}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>85m9y78783fd9u7cm7mrox292hr0fhj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237765</id>
      <parentid>6237764</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:45:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237765</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="176" sha1="nztkyd7toji5ln5m7yvkk49hjt2ww1e" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|helhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hel}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# {{guharto|ku|hilhatin}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>nztkyd7toji5ln5m7yvkk49hjt2ww1e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hilatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8271</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237766</id>
      <parentid>6124052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:47:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237766</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3155" sha1="skzlwgdlev8eee3oxtw0j3983eaic7w" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hil}}
[[Wêne:C_solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|250px|Hilatina rojê]]
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]])
#: ''Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilat'''.''
#: '''1640''', [[Melayê Cizîrî]], ''Dîwan'':
#::Şukur ev şefqe Mewlê da&lt;/br&gt;Ji şeklê ebrûyên saqî&lt;/br&gt;'''Hilatin''' ṣed hilal îro
# [[derfet]]ên anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn
#: ''Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilêt'''.''
# [[demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# (''bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;'') [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلاتن}}

==== Hevmane ====
* (''devokî'') [[helatin]]
* (''hîperkorekt'') [[hilhatin]], [[helhatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Tewîn ====
* [[hil-ê-]]
* (''devokî'') [[hil-hê-]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|rup}}: {{W-|rup|apir}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|тыуыу}}, {{W-|ba|ҡалҡыу}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|ওঠা}}
* {{Z|bho}}: {{W-|bho|उगल}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|изгрявам}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|vyjít}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|升起|tr=shēngqǐ}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|أَشْرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|شَرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|طَلَعَ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|nousta}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|èirich}}
* {{Z|ht}}: {{W-|ht|leve}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|opkomen}}, {{W+|nl|rijzen}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|זרח|n}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|gān upp}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|rise}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|noissa}}, {{W-|izh|yletä}}, {{W-|izh|korota}}, {{W-|izh|kohota}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|éirigh}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|昇る|tr=noboru}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|떠오르다}}
* {{Z|ltg}}: {{W-|ltg|aust}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|ascendo}}, {{W+|la|surgo}}, {{W+|la|orior}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W+|lv|aust}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|kōwhiti}}, {{W-|mi|whetūrangi}}, {{W-|mi|marewa}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|felkel}}, {{W+|hu|kel}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|wschodzić}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W-|pt|[[erguer]]-[[se]]}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|răsări}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|всходи́ть|impf}}, {{W+|ru|взойти́|pf}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|subang}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|salir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå upp}}
* {{Z|xsr}}: {{W-|xsr|ཤར|tr=shar}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hea|cuda=uhea}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ขึ้น}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|ཤར}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|схо́дити|impf}}, {{W-|uk|зійти́|pf}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|ανατέλλω}}
*: {{Z|grc}}: {{W-|grc|ἀνίσχω}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|ἀνατέλλω}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|rise|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=82401445}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[bilind]]bûn, [[rabûn]] ([[roj]], [[heyv]])
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>skzlwgdlev8eee3oxtw0j3983eaic7w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237767</id>
      <parentid>6237766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:48:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237767</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3155" sha1="feiwfqwbi0h3ti87krk7w9u5zvt4l58" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hil}}
[[Wêne:C_solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|250px|Hilatina rojê]]
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]])
#: ''Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilat'''.''
#: '''1640''', [[Melayê Cizîrî]], ''Dîwan'':
#::Şukur ev şefqe Mewlê da&lt;/br&gt;Ji şeklê ebrûyên saqî&lt;/br&gt;'''Hilatin''' ṣed hilal îro
# [[derfet]]ên anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn
#: ''Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilêt'''.''
# [[demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# (''bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;'') [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلاتن}}

==== Hevmane ====
* (''devokî'') [[helatin]]
* (''hîperkorekt'') [[hilhatin]], [[helhatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Tewîn ====
* [[hil-ê-]]
* (''devokî'') [[hil-hê-]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|rup}}: {{W-|rup|apir}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|тыуыу}}, {{W-|ba|ҡалҡыу}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|ওঠা}}
* {{Z|bho}}: {{W-|bho|उगल}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|изгрявам}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|vyjít}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|升起|tr=shēngqǐ}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|أَشْرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|شَرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|طَلَعَ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|nousta}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|èirich}}
* {{Z|ht}}: {{W-|ht|leve}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|opkomen}}, {{W+|nl|rijzen}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|זרח|n}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|gān upp}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|rise}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|noissa}}, {{W-|izh|yletä}}, {{W-|izh|korota}}, {{W-|izh|kohota}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|éirigh}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|昇る|tr=noboru}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|떠오르다}}
* {{Z|ltg}}: {{W-|ltg|aust}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|ascendo}}, {{W+|la|surgo}}, {{W+|la|orior}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W+|lv|aust}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|kōwhiti}}, {{W-|mi|whetūrangi}}, {{W-|mi|marewa}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|felkel}}, {{W+|hu|kel}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|wschodzić}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W-|pt|[[erguer]]-[[se]]}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|răsări}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|всходи́ть|impf}}, {{W+|ru|взойти́|pf}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|subang}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|salir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå upp}}
* {{Z|xsr}}: {{W-|xsr|ཤར|tr=shar}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hea|cuda=uhea}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ขึ้น}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|ཤར}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|схо́дити|impf}}, {{W-|uk|зійти́|pf}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|ανατέλλω}}
*: {{Z|grc}}: {{W-|grc|ἀνίσχω}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|ἀνατέλλω}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|rise|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=82401445}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[bilind]]bûn, [[rabûn]] ([[roj]], [[heyv]])
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>feiwfqwbi0h3ti87krk7w9u5zvt4l58</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237768</id>
      <parentid>6237767</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:50:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237768</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3158" sha1="2xof1amqc12tq08gys0e0zsq3m5y0kj" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hil}}
[[Wêne:C_solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|250px|Hilatina rojê]]
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]])
#: ''Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilat'''.''
#: '''1640''', [[Melayê Cizîrî]], ''Dîwan'':
#::Şukur ev şefqe Mewlê da&lt;/br&gt;Ji şeklê ebrûyên saqî&lt;/br&gt;'''Hilatin''' ṣed hilal îro
# [[derfet]]ên anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn
#: ''Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilêt'''.''
# [[demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# (''bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;'') [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلاتن}}

==== Hevmane ====
* (''devokî'') [[helatin]]
* (''hîperkorekt'') [[hilhatin]], [[helhatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Tewîn ====
* [[hil-ê-]]
* (''devokî'') [[hil-hê-]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|rup}}: {{W-|rup|apir}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|тыуыу}}, {{W-|ba|ҡалҡыу}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|ওঠা}}
* {{Z|bho}}: {{W-|bho|उगल}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|изгрявам}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|vyjít}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|升起|tr=shēngqǐ}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|أَشْرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|شَرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|طَلَعَ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|nousta}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|èirich}}
* {{Z|ht}}: {{W-|ht|leve}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|opkomen}}, {{W+|nl|rijzen}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|זרח|n}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|gān upp}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|rise}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|noissa}}, {{W-|izh|yletä}}, {{W-|izh|korota}}, {{W-|izh|kohota}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|éirigh}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|昇る|tr=noboru}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|떠오르다}}
* {{Z|ltg}}: {{W-|ltg|aust}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|ascendo}}, {{W+|la|surgo}}, {{W+|la|orior}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W+|lv|aust}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|kōwhiti}}, {{W-|mi|whetūrangi}}, {{W-|mi|marewa}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|felkel}}, {{W+|hu|kel}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|wschodzić}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W-|pt|[[erguer]]-[[se]]}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|răsări}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|всходи́ть|impf}}, {{W+|ru|взойти́|pf}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|subang}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|salir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå upp}}
* {{Z|xsr}}: {{W-|xsr|ཤར|tr=shar}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hea|cuda=uhea}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ขึ้น}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|ཤར}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|схо́дити|impf}}, {{W-|uk|зійти́|pf}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|ανατέλλω}}
*: {{Z|grc}}: {{W-|grc|ἀνίσχω}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|ἀνατέλλω}}
{{werger-bin}}

:{{werger çavkanî|en|rise|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=82401445}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[bilind]]bûn, [[rabûn]] ([[roj]], [[heyv]])
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2xof1amqc12tq08gys0e0zsq3m5y0kj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237770</id>
      <parentid>6237768</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:56:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237770</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3230" sha1="2bt3kmb9wptwjrowdjco5cmus2vvahc" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|hilatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=at|pêşgir=hil}}
[[Wêne:C_solarcorona2003.gif|thumb|250px|Hilatina rojê]]
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# [[rabûn|Rabûn]], [[bilind]] bûn (bi taybetî [[roj]] anku [[hetav]]).
#: {{mk|ku|Îro seet 6 û 43 deqe roj '''hilat'''.}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Şukur ev şefqe Mewlê da&lt;br&gt;Ji şeklê ebrûyên saqî&lt;br&gt;'''Hilatin''' ṣed hilal îro|'''1640''', {{w|Melayê Cizîrî}}, ''Dîwan''}}
# [[derfet|Derfetên]] anku [[delîv]]ên [[baş]] bo [[peyda]] bûn.
#: {{mk|ku|Roja kurdan jî dê '''hilêt'''.}}
# [[demode|Demode]] bûn, [[êdî]] ne[[man]] [[mode]], [[demborî]] bûn, ji [[rojev]]ê [[derketin]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{i|bi taybetî soranî &quot;helhatin&quot;}} [[revîn]], [[bazdan]], [[filitîn]]
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلاتن}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{i|devokî}} [[helatin]]
* {{i|hîperkorekt}} [[hilhatin]], [[helhatin]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hildan]]
* [[hilketin]]
* [[hilkirin]]

==== Tewîn ====
Rehên dema niha:
* [[hil-ê-]]
* (''devokî'') [[hil-hê-]]

==== Jê ====
* [[hilhatî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil-|hatin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufgehen}}
* {{Z|rup}}: {{W-|rup|apir}}
* {{Z|ba}}: {{W-|ba|тыуыу}}, {{W-|ba|ҡалҡыу}}
* {{Z|bn}}: {{W+|bn|ওঠা}}
* {{Z|bho}}: {{W-|bho|उगल}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|изгрявам}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|vyjít}}
* {{Z|zh}}:
*: {{Z|cmn}}: {{W+|cmn|升起|tr=shēngqǐ}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|أَشْرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|شَرَقَ}}, {{W+|ar|طَلَعَ}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|nousta}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|se lever}}
* {{Z|gd}}: {{W-|gd|èirich}}
* {{Z|ht}}: {{W-|ht|leve}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W+|nl|opkomen}}, {{W+|nl|rijzen}}
* {{Z|he}}: {{W+|he|זרח|n}}
* {{Z|ang}}: {{W-|ang|gān upp}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|rise}}
* {{Z|izh}}: {{W-|izh|noissa}}, {{W-|izh|yletä}}, {{W-|izh|korota}}, {{W-|izh|kohota}}
* {{Z|ga}}: {{W-|ga|éirigh}}
* {{Z|ja}}: {{W+|ja|昇る|tr=noboru}}
* {{Z|ko}}: {{W+|ko|떠오르다}}
* {{Z|ltg}}: {{W-|ltg|aust}}
* {{Z|la}}: {{W-|la|ascendo}}, {{W+|la|surgo}}, {{W+|la|orior}}
* {{Z|lv}}: {{W+|lv|aust}}
* {{Z|mi}}: {{W-|mi|kōwhiti}}, {{W-|mi|whetūrangi}}, {{W-|mi|marewa}}
* {{Z|hu}}: {{W+|hu|felkel}}, {{W+|hu|kel}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W+|pl|wschodzić}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W-|pt|[[erguer]]-[[se]]}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|răsări}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W+|ru|всходи́ть|impf}}, {{W+|ru|взойти́|pf}}
* {{Z|ceb}}: {{W-|ceb|subang}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W+|es|salir}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|gå upp}}
* {{Z|xsr}}: {{W-|xsr|ཤར|tr=shar}}
* {{Z|zdj}}: {{W-|zdj|hea|cuda=uhea}}
* {{Z|th}}: {{W+|th|ขึ้น}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|doğmak}}
* {{Z|bo}}: {{W-|bo|ཤར}}
* {{Z|uk}}: {{W-|uk|схо́дити|impf}}, {{W-|uk|зійти́|pf}}
* {{Z|el}}: {{W+|el|ανατέλλω}}
*: {{Z|grc}}: {{W-|grc|ἀνίσχω}}
*: Kevn: {{W-|grc|ἀνατέλλω}}
{{werger-bin}}
:{{werger çavkanî|en|rise|beş=Ev qismê Wergerê|oldid=82401445}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|hilhatin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[bilind]]bûn, [[rabûn]] ([[roj]], [[heyv]])
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2bt3kmb9wptwjrowdjco5cmus2vvahc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>here</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8362</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237804</id>
      <parentid>6126847</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:22:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237804</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3077" sha1="5r35d9kpzc8h8sku4mab1ov3h7snviz" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Formek [[tewandî]] ye ji [[lêker]]a'' '''[[herîn]]''' û '''[[çûn]]'''.
#: {{mk|ku|Ji vir '''here'''!|Ji vir biçe! Nemîne li vir!|rêz=1}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin='''Here''' ji bo wan jinan û Ganemî cilên nuh -ji her yekî re çar qat-, ji cawê herî baş bîst destmal; deh kember û deh kirasan bikire.|sernav=Çîroka Hezar û Şevekê|werger=Serdar Roşan|weşanxane=Nûdem}}
# ''Forma [[fermanî]] ya [[yekjimar]] ji lêkera'' '''[[herîn]]''' û '''[[çûn]]'''.
#: {{hevmane|ku|biçe|birro|dûr bikeve|derkeve|bifine&lt;pos:finîn&gt;|bifilite&lt;pos:filitîn&gt;}}
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin='''Here''' eslê xwe we tertîba qiyasê jê ke&lt;br&gt;Ger nizanî çi ye yekcarê berê darê hudûs}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[herre]]
* [[herra]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji [[herîn]] - [[-în]] + [[-e]].

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|mane|1}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mene}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|va}}, {{W+|fr|pars}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|git}}

{{werger-bin}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# ji hemiyan (zêdetir / kêmtir / mezintir / biçûktir û hwd)
#: ''Kurê wî yê '''here''' mezin'' (Mezintirîn kurê wî / kurê wî yê ji hemiyan mezintir)

==== Herwiha ====
* [[herî]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|إذهب}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Daçek ===
{{daçek|ku}}
# [[vir]], [[vê derê]], [[ev]] [[der]], [[ev]] [[cih]], [[vî]] [[cih]]î

==== Herwiha ====
* [[hire]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Herwiha [[hire]], [[hevreh]]a soranî [[êre]], kelhurî [[îre]], partî û pehlewî ''êder'' ji {{ji|ira}} yan ji [[î-]] (ev, vê) + [[der]] + [[-e]]. Bide ber [[vir]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|zza}} ==

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|zza|form=erê}}
# ''Forma mê ya'' '''{{g|zza|her}}'''.

== {{ziman|gmh}} ==

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|gmh|hëre}}
# {{g|ku|vir}}, {{g|ku|vê derê}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|gmh|vir}}

== {{ziman|ang}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ang|z=n}}
# {{g|ku|artêş}}, {{g|ku|leşker}}, {{g|ku|esker}}, {{g|ku|ordî}}, {{g|ku|cêş}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|ang|artêş}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|En-uk-here.ogg|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-here.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|En-here.oga|Deng}}
* {{deng|en|Oh, yes. I am here.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Greenman-here.wav|Deng|dever=Cape Town, Afrîkaya Başûr}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Nattes à chat-here.wav|Deng|dever=}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Opsylac-here.wav|Deng|dever=Grenoble, Fransa}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-here.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|en}}
# [[li vir]], [[ev der]]

== {{ziman|mi}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|mi}}
# {{mijar|mi|pîşe}} {{g|ku|rêber}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|mi|rêber}}

== {{ziman|hu}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|hu}}
# {{mijar|hu|anatomî}} {{g|ku|gun}}
#* {{bêmînak|hu}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|hu|gun}}</text>
      <sha1>5r35d9kpzc8h8sku4mab1ov3h7snviz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237814</id>
      <parentid>6237804</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:45:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2916" sha1="i2t07dggmn70i5x7gex8ev5ixad7bi4" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[fermanî]] ya [[yekjimar]] ji lêkera'' '''[[herîn]]''' û '''[[çûn]]'''.
#: {{hevmane|ku|biçe|bihere|birro|dûr bikeve|derkeve|bifine&lt;pos:finîn&gt;|bifilite&lt;pos:filitîn&gt;}}
#: {{mk|ku|Ji vir '''here'''!|Ji vir biçe! Nemîne li vir!|rêz=1}}
#* {{jêder-pirtûk|ku|jêgirtin='''Here''' ji bo wan jinan û Ganemî cilên nuh -ji her yekî re çar qat-, ji cawê herî baş bîst destmal; deh kember û deh kirasan bikire.|sernav=Çîroka Hezar û Şevekê|werger=Serdar Roşan|weşanxane=Nûdem}}
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin='''Here''' eslê xwe we tertîba qiyasê jê ke&lt;br&gt;Ger nizanî çi ye yekcarê berê darê hudûs}}
# {{i|dema bê û subjunktîv}} ''Kesê [[sêyem]] [[yekjimar]] ji lêkera'' '''[[çûn]]'''. 
#: {{hevmane|ku|biçe}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[herre]]
* [[herra]]

==== Forma pirjimar ====
* {{g|ku|herin}}, {{g|ku|biherin}}, {{g|ku|biçin}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji [[herîn]] - [[-în]] + [[-e]].

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Fermanî}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|va}}, {{W+|fr|pars}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|go}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|git}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# Ji hemiyan (zêdetir / kêmtir / mezintir / biçûktir û hwd.).
#: {{mk|ku|Kurê wî yê '''here''' mezin.|Mezintirîn kurê wî / kurê wî yê ji hemiyan mezintir|rêz=1}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[herî]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|إذهب}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Daçek ===
{{daçek|ku}}
# [[vir]], [[vê derê]], [[ev]] [[der]], [[ev]] [[cih]], [[vî]] [[cih]]î

==== Herwiha ====
* [[hire]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Herwiha [[hire]], [[hevreh]]a soranî [[êre]], kelhurî [[îre]], partî û pehlewî ''êder'' ji {{ji|ira}} yan ji [[î-]] (ev, vê) + [[der]] + [[-e]]. Bide ber [[vir]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}

== {{ziman|zza}} ==

=== Formeke navdêrê ===
{{navdêr|zza|form=erê}}
# ''Forma mê ya'' '''{{g|zza|her}}'''.

== {{ziman|gmh}} ==

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|gmh|hëre}}
# {{g|ku|vir}}, {{g|ku|vê derê}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|gmh|vir}}

== {{ziman|ang}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ang|z=n}}
# {{g|ku|artêş}}, {{g|ku|leşker}}, {{g|ku|esker}}, {{g|ku|ordî}}, {{g|ku|cêş}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|ang|artêş}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|En-uk-here.ogg|dever=QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-here.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|en-us-here.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|En-here.oga|Deng}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|en}}
# [[li vir]], [[ev der]]

== {{ziman|mi}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|mi}}
# {{mijar|mi|pîşe}} {{g|ku|rêber}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|mi|rêber}}

== {{ziman|hu}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|hu}}
# {{mijar|hu|anatomî}} {{g|ku|gun}}
#* {{bêmînak|hu}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|hu|gun}}</text>
      <sha1>i2t07dggmn70i5x7gex8ev5ixad7bi4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>dijwate</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>8684</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237858</id>
      <parentid>6129946</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:37:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237858</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1409" sha1="2pjveswh0ybx199slk9kpmkpkfjwn9k" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|dijwate|mê|guherto=hemû}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[peyv|Peyv]]ên yan [[biwêj]]ên ku [[wate]]yên wan [[dij]]î hev in, di [[eynî]] [[ziman]]î de.
#: {{mk|ku|Bo nimûne &quot;germ&quot; '''dijwateya''' &quot;sar&quot; e; &quot;hişmend&quot; '''dijwateya''' &quot;bêhiş&quot; e.}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[dijmane]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[hevwate]]
* [[hevmane]]

==== Jê ====
* [[dijwateder]]
* [[dijwatederî]]
* [[dijwateyî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{pêş|ku|dij-|wate}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Antonym|n}}, {{W|de|Gegenwort|m|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|bg}}: {{W+|bg|антоним}}
* {{Z|cs}}: {{W+|cs|antonymum}}
* {{Z|da}}: {{W+|da|antonym}}
* {{Z|id}}: {{W+|id|antonim}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W+|ar|معنى متناقض}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|antonyymi}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W|fr|antonyme|m}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W|nl|antoniem|n}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|antonym}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W|it|antonimo|m}}
* {{Z|is}}: {{W|is|andheiti|n}}
* {{Z|ca}}: {{W+|ca|antònim}}
* {{Z|pl}}: {{W|pl|antonim|m}}
* {{Z|pt}}: {{W|pt|antônimo|m}}
* {{Z|ro}}: {{W+|ro|antonim}}
* {{Z|ru}}: {{W|ru|антоним|tr=antonim}}
* {{Z|sk}}: {{W+|sk|antonymum}}
* {{Z|sl}}: {{W|sl|antonim|m}}
* {{Z|es}}: {{W|es|antónimo|m}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|antonym}} {{u}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|karşıt anlamlı}}, {{W+|tr|zıt anlamlı}}
* {{Z|ur}}: {{W+|ur|متضاد}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2pjveswh0ybx199slk9kpmkpkfjwn9k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>xistin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237850</id>
      <parentid>6234948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T23:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3179" sha1="9nz3zfkjv2gic76wl094g3h1ylrnqtn" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist}}
{{lêker|ku|c=x-gh}}
# Li [[erd]]ê [[dan]], danan li ser tiştek, [[avêtin]] [[erd]]ê, [[berdan]] [[erd]]ê, bi [[bêhemdî]] [[ketin]].
#: {{mk|ku|Min swîçên xwe '''xistine''' di cûkê de.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Dikarim mobîla xwe '''bixim''' ser şehina te?}}
# [[kirin|Kirin]] [[di ... re|di tiştekî de]] yan [[di ... re|de tiştekî re]] yan [[di ... ve|di tiştekî ve]].
#: {{mk|ku|Hemî '''xist''' devê xwe û bi carekê re xwar.}}
#: {{mk|ku|Xwediyê malê jibo neviyê xwe çend heb sêv ji darê '''xistin''' erdê.}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[êxistin]]
* [[hêxistin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|خستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[xwestin]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|
|birêkxistin
|daxistin
|lê xistin
|raxistin
|-xer
|xistî
|êxist
|ji hal xistin
|guhê (yêkî) xistin
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Hevreha soranî {{g|ckb|خستن}} (xistin: xistin, êxistin), farisî {{g|fa|خسته}} (xeste: [[birîndar]]), pehlewî ''xesten'' ([[birîndar kirin]]), ji proto-îranî ''*xad'' ([[lê xistin]], [[lê dan]]).

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|einsetzen}}, {{W+|de|einlegen}}, {{W+|de|ausziehen}}, {{W+|de|stecken}}, {{W+|de|stellen}}, {{W+|de|aufsitzen|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|دور کردن}}, {{W-|fa|زمین انداختن}}, {{W+|fa|قرار دادن}}, {{W-|fa|سرنگون کردن|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|pudottaa}}, {{W+|fi|tiputtaa}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|laisser tomber}}
* {{Z|nl}}: {{W-|nl|latten vallen}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W+|en|drop}}, to {{W+|en|put}}, to {{W+|en|drip}}, to [[let]] to [[fall]], {{W+|en|did}}, {{W+|en|done}}, {{W+|en|do}}, {{W+|en|depose}}, {{W+|en|deposal}}, {{W+|en|deposing}}, {{W+|en|heave}}, {{W+|en|toppling}}, {{W+|en|buttock|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|ejectment|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|entrap|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|felling|guman=erê}}, {{W-|en|fling away|guman=erê}}, {{W-|en|fling down|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|hipe|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|lasciare}}
* {{Z|ru}}: [[ронять]] (ronját'), [[уронить]] (uronít')
* {{Z|es}}: {{W-|es|dejar caer}}, {{W+|es|poner}}
* {{Z|sv}}: {{W+|sv|släppa}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|düşürmek}}, {{W+|tr|çelmek}}, {{W+|tr|düşmek}}, {{W+|tr|inmek}}, {{W+|tr|koymak}}, {{W+|tr|çıkarmak}}, {{W+|tr|soymak}}, {{W+|tr|adımını attırmamak|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|alçaltmak|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|sokmak|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|vazetmek|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|vurmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|xistin|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[dan|Dan]]a li [[erd]]ê, danana li ser tiştekî, [[avêtin]]a [[erd]]ê, [[berdan]]a [[erd]]ê, [[ketin]]a [[bêhemdî]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# [[kirin|Kirin]]a [[di ... re|di tiştekî de]] yan [[di ... re|de tiştekî re]] yan [[di ... ve|di tiştekî ve]].
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|düşürme}}, {{W+|tr|çelme}}, {{W+|tr|ıskat}}, {{W+|tr|koyma}}, {{W+|tr|takma}}, {{W+|tr|vazetme}}, {{W+|tr|çıkarma}}, {{W+|tr|soyma}}, {{W+|tr|alçaltma|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|vaz|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>9nz3zfkjv2gic76wl094g3h1ylrnqtn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>were</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>15978</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237853</id>
      <parentid>6082124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:18:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237853</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3399" sha1="2yjawb87o56nkbxkdy4k9dz04f08sxi" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163_(kmr)-Key Mîrza-were.wav|Deng|Wan}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[yekjimar]] ya [[ferman]]î ji [[lêker]]a'' '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{hevmane|ku|bê}}
#: {{mk|ku|'''Were''' vê derê!}}
#: {{mk|ku|'''Were''' mala me.}}
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin=Fixan avête xerçengê&lt;/br&gt;'''Were''' saqî heta kengê&lt;/br&gt;Neşûyîn dil ji vê jengê}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|وەره}}

==== Forma pirjimar ====
* {{g|ku|werin}}, {{g|ku|bên}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|newe}}, {{g|ku|neyê}}

==== Jê ====
* [[weredan]]
* [[were-here]]
* [[here-were]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[here]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
[[hevreh|Hevreha]] [[pehlewî]] {{g|pal|tr=ewer|w=bi vir ve, li vir}} ku herwiha bi wateya ''[[bê]]! [[were]]!'' jî li kar bûye.&lt;ref&gt;Skjærvø 2007: 58, ''&quot;ewerêd&quot;'' (were)&lt;/ref&gt; Dibe ku ''herre!!'' jî bi heman awayî bibe lê ew [[binîqaş]] e. Ji ber ku di rastiyê de daçekekê ye, tenê di rewşa fermanî de dikare bê bikaranîn û ''diwere'' an ''werî/weriya'' an jî wek navdêr lêker ''werîn'' tine. Bo [[peresîn]]a [[wateyî]] a [[yeksan]] binêre ingilîzî {{g|en|come on|come '''on'''|w=''de were!'', [[hatin]] [[li ser]]/[[li pêş]], [[yeksan]]î [[kurdî]] [[wer-]][[hatin]]}}).

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|viens}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|come}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gel}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}} {{r-ya req}}
# bi [[wî]] [[awa|awayî]], bi [[wî]] [[şêwe|şêweyî]], bi [[wî]] [[şikl|şiklî]], bi [[wî]] [[reng|rengî]], bi [[wê]] [[rê]] yê
{{guherto|wer|beş=hoker}}

== {{ziman|en}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|en|en-us-were.ogg|dever=DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Back ache-were.wav|Deng|dever=London, QY}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-She animates-were.wav|Deng|dever=California, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Wodencafe-were.wav|Deng|dever=Teksas, DYA}}
* {{deng|en|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Grendelkhan-were.wav|Deng|dever=Connecticut, DYA}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|en|form=erê}}
# [[form]]a [[dem]]a [[raborî]] ji [[lêker]]a [[be#Îngilîzî|be]] bo hemî [[cînav]]an [[ji bilî]] [[I]] (ez) û [[he#Îngilîzî|he]] û [[she#Îngilîzî|she]]
#: {{mk|en|You '''were''' at home.|Tu li malê bûyî. / Hûn li malê bûn.|rêz=1}}
#: {{mk|en|We '''were''' not there.|Em ne li wir bûn.|rêz=1}}
#: {{mk|en|Where '''were''' they?|Ew li kû bûn?|rêz=1}}

==== Nêzîk ====
* {{g|en|was}}

==== Bide ber ====
{{kol3|en
|where
|there
|here
}}

== {{ziman|irh}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|irh}}
# {{mijar|irh|vexwarin}} {{g|ku|av}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|irh|av/Werger1}}

== {{ziman|lva}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|lva}}
# {{mijar|lva|vexwarin}} {{g|ku|av}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|lva|av/Werger2}}

== {{ziman|oni}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|oni}}
# {{mijar|oni|vexwarin}} {{g|ku|av}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|oni|av/Werger2}}

== {{ziman|txb}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|txb}}
# {{g|ku|bêhn}} (tişta ku mirov bi [[poz]] anku [[difin]]ê [[pê hesîn|pê dihese]])

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|txb|bêhn}}

== {{ziman|urn}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|urn}}
# {{mijar|urn|vexwarin}} {{g|ku|av}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|urn|av/Werger3}}</text>
      <sha1>2yjawb87o56nkbxkdy4k9dz04f08sxi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>tên</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237873</id>
      <parentid>6098970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:44:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237873</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2635" sha1="82vdv60bo30pn3pz9apiwp80merh140" xml:space="preserve">{{ds|tihn|tên|tîn}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{beş|Formeke lêkerê}}: {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163_(kmr)-Key Mîrza-tên.wav|Deng|Wan}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|tên|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[germî]], [[germahî]], [[heraret]]:
# {{dever|Qers}} [[rutubet]], [[şilekî]]
#: ''Ev xanî '''tên''' e, dîwarên wê [[şil]] in.''

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|tênî
|tînî
|tîn
}}

==== Bide ber ====
* {{g|ku|dên}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Hevreha [[hevwate]]yên wê bi gelek zimanên din yên {{z|ine-pro}}: farisî {{g|fa|تشنه}} (têşnê), sanskrîtî [[तृष्यति]] (tṛṣyati), ermeniya kevn [[թառամ]] (tʿaṙam: [[çilmisîn]] &gt; ermeniya nû [[թառամել]] / (tʿaṙamel) û [[թարշամել ]] / tʿaršamel) &gt; kurdî [[çilmisîn]]), îngilîzî [[thirst]] (têhn, tîn), [[tart]] (tirş) û [[dry]] ([[ziwa]], [[hişk]]), yûnaniya kevn [[τέρσομαι]] (têrmosoy: [[hişk]] / [[ziwa]] bûn), latînî [[terra]] ([[ax]], erdê ziwa) û [[torrere]] ([[sotin]], [[şewitîn]]), almanî [[dürr]] ([[ziwa]], [[hişk]]), albanî [[thartë]] (tirş) û [[ter]] ([[hişk]] / [[ziwa]] bûn)... hemû ji {{ji|ine-pro||*ters-|w=[[hişk]], [[ziwa]]}}. [[tirş|Tirş]] û [[tî]] (hewceyî avê) jî ji eynî rehî ne.

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|tên kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|tênkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|tênkirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|bêtên
|bêtênî
|bêtênîtî
|bêtêntî
|bitên
|bitênî
|bitênîtî
|bitêntî
|têndar
|têndarî
|têndarîtî
|têndartî
|tênder
|tênderî
|tênderîtî
|têndertî
|têndêr
|têndêrî
|têndêrîtî
|têndêrtî
|tênî
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|الرغاب|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|الظمآن|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|اللهبان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|المغتل|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|النهلان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|صدیان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|ظامئ|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|مهیـوم|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تشنه}}, {{W+|fa|تشنگی|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|heat}}, {{W+|en|thirl|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|thirsty|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|adry|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ısı}}, {{W+|tr|nüfuz}}, {{W+|tr|etki}}, {{W+|tr|gelmek}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# (hewceyî vexwarina avê) ''Binere'': '''[[tî]]'''

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[pirrjimarî]] ya [[dema niha]] ji lêkera'' '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{mk|ku|Em '''tên''', hûn '''tên''', ew '''tên'''.}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji ''[[di-]]'' + ''[[-ê-]]'' (rehê dema niha ji lêkera &quot;[[hatin]]&quot;) + [[-n]].</text>
      <sha1>82vdv60bo30pn3pz9apiwp80merh140</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237878</id>
      <parentid>6237873</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237878</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2641" sha1="llc96j3rwsbzgouyc4fxc2alno2z8hq" xml:space="preserve">{{ds|tihn|tên|tîn}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{beş|Formeke lêkerê}}: {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163_(kmr)-Key Mîrza-tên.wav|Deng|Wan}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|tên|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[germî]], [[germahî]], [[heraret]]:
# {{dever|Qers}} [[rutubet]], [[şilekî]]
#: {{mk|ku|Ev xanî '''tên''' e, dîwarên wê [[şil]] in.}}

==== Herwiha ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Herwiha
|tênî
|tînî
|tîn
}}

==== Bide ber ====
* {{g|ku|dên}}

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|tên kirin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|tênkirin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
|tênkirî&lt;pos:rengdêr&gt;
|bêtên
|bêtênî
|bêtênîtî
|bêtêntî
|bitên
|bitênî
|bitênîtî
|bitêntî
|têndar
|têndarî
|têndarîtî
|têndartî
|tênder
|tênderî
|tênderîtî
|têndertî
|têndêr
|têndêrî
|têndêrîtî
|têndêrtî
|tênî
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Hevreha [[hevwate]]yên wê bi gelek zimanên din yên {{z|ine-pro}}: farisî {{g|fa|تشنه}} (têşnê), sanskrîtî [[तृष्यति]] (tṛṣyati), ermeniya kevn [[թառամ]] (tʿaṙam: [[çilmisîn]] &gt; ermeniya nû [[թառամել]] / (tʿaṙamel) û [[թարշամել ]] / tʿaršamel) &gt; kurdî [[çilmisîn]]), îngilîzî [[thirst]] (têhn, tîn), [[tart]] (tirş) û [[dry]] ([[ziwa]], [[hişk]]), yûnaniya kevn [[τέρσομαι]] (têrmosoy: [[hişk]] / [[ziwa]] bûn), latînî [[terra]] ([[ax]], erdê ziwa) û [[torrere]] ([[sotin]], [[şewitîn]]), almanî [[dürr]] ([[ziwa]], [[hişk]]), albanî [[thartë]] (tirş) û [[ter]] ([[hişk]] / [[ziwa]] bûn)... hemû ji {{ji|ine-pro||*ters-|w=[[hişk]], [[ziwa]]}}. [[tirş|Tirş]] û [[tî]] (hewceyî avê) jî ji eynî rehî ne.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|الرغاب|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|الظمآن|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|اللهبان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|المغتل|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|النهلان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|صدیان|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|ظامئ|guman=erê}}, {{W-|ar|مهیـوم|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|تشنه}}, {{W+|fa|تشنگی|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|heat}}, {{W+|en|thirl|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|thirsty|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|adry|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ısı}}, {{W+|tr|nüfuz}}, {{W+|tr|etki}}, {{W+|tr|gelmek}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# (hewceyî vexwarina avê) ''Binere'': '''[[tî]]'''

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[pirrjimarî]] ya [[dema niha]] ji lêkera'' '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{mk|ku|Em '''tên''', hûn '''tên''', ew '''tên'''.}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji ''[[di-]]'' + ''[[-ê-]]'' (rehê dema niha ji lêkera &quot;[[hatin]]&quot;) + [[-n]].</text>
      <sha1>llc96j3rwsbzgouyc4fxc2alno2z8hq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>çûyî</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>37549</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237881</id>
      <parentid>5749368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:35:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237881</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1347" sha1="srlfd5m9psj8cleygjrhtf6thoyrjk6" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-çûyî.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# [[borî]], [[derbas]]bûyî, ne[[mayî]], &lt;br&gt;ya / yê ku [[çûn|çûye]]

==== Herwiha ====
* [[çûndî]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[hatî]]
* [[mayî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
[[çûn]] yan [[çûyîn]]

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|hingegangen}}, {{W+|de|gegangen}}, {{W+|de|vergangen}}, {{W+|de|vorbei}}, {{W+|de|vorhergehend|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|gelaufen|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|abhanden|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|fort|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|vorüber|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|zurückliegend|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|futsch|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|vorhergegangen|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|vorig|guman=erê}}, {{W+|de|vorbei-|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|fi}}: {{W+|fi|mennyt}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|gone}}, {{W+|en|past}}, {{W+|en|previous}}, {{W+|en|goer}}, {{W+|en|hiked|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|wayfaring|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|waygoing|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|jounced|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|padded|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|trudged|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gitmiş}}, {{W+|tr|geçen}}, {{W+|tr|giden}}, {{W-|tr|gitmiş olan}}, {{W+|tr|sabık|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-raboriya-sade|çûn|duyem|yekjimar}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>srlfd5m9psj8cleygjrhtf6thoyrjk6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>newe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>45542</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237855</id>
      <parentid>5931397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:24:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237855</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="772" sha1="hl68k9ykmau2uwgdehcquxq5dk9v0na" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr 1 ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=n}}
# [[nifş]], [[cêl]], [[nesl]], [[jenerasyon]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}:{{W+|en|grand-child|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Navdêr 2 ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# (dengê pisîkan anku kitikan) ''Binere'': '''[[newnew]]'''

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[neyînî]] (netatîf/menfî) ya [[fermanî]] ji [[lêker]] '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{dijmane|ku|were}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[nere]]
* [[neyê]]

==== Pirrjimar ====
* [[nerin]]
* [[newin]]

== {{ziman|zza}} ==

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|zza}}
# [[nû]]

== {{ziman|enm}} ==

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|enm}}
# {{g|ku|nû}}</text>
      <sha1>hl68k9ykmau2uwgdehcquxq5dk9v0na</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>newin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51689</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237857</id>
      <parentid>6124995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:33:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237857</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="324" sha1="hs0cq6ov7fccqzkdhckkzot48luubep" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma [[fermanî]] ya [[neyînî]] ji lêkera'' '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{hevwate|ku|neyên}}
#: {{dijmane|ku|werin}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Forma yekjjimar ====
* {{g|ku|newe}}, {{g|ku|neyê}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[newîn]]</text>
      <sha1>hs0cq6ov7fccqzkdhckkzot48luubep</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>werin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51690</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237854</id>
      <parentid>6099472</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:21:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237854</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="808" sha1="2mnr8ux1yfd4pold5tv36zjzvqw2jyj" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|wêrîn|werîn}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Kesê pirjimar forma [[fermanî]] ya [[erênî]] ji lêkera'' '''[[hatin]]'''.
#: {{herwiha-rêz|ku|bên|bihên}}
#: {{dijwate|ku|newin|neyên}}
#: Yekjimar: [[were]]
#: {{mk|ku|'''Werin''' mala me!}}
#: {{mk|ku|Li gel me '''werin'''!}}
#* {{jêder|ku|{{Jêgirtin/Melayê Cizîrî/Dîwana Melayê Cizirî}}|jêgirtin=Beqa nînin li bo tiştî heta kengê bikîn piştî&lt;br/&gt;Di 'işqa wan perîrûyan '''werin''' dinyayê da deynî&lt;br/&gt;Bi berqa şîr û elmasan bi tîrêjên di şehkasan}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[werîn]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|-wer-|-in}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: [[come]] (you all)
* {{Z|it}}: {{W+|it|venite}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|gelin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2mnr8ux1yfd4pold5tv36zjzvqw2jyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>quzilqurt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>52213</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237849</id>
      <parentid>6237125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Memo1341</username>
        <id>14691</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Etîmolojî */</comment>
      <origin>6237849</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1579" sha1="4f53vvc8z4s80ugx4emy7op6tk23eef" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{ku-tewîn-nav|quzilqurt|mê}}
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{f|ku|buxik}}  [[jînewer]]ekî [[biçûk]] û [[jehrewî]] ye ku di nav giyayan  de dijî û heywanên ku bêhemd wê bixwin pê dimirin
#: {{hevmane|ku|Amicta oberthuri|pelesî}}
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}
# {{bêmane|ku}}
#: {{hevmane|ku|qurreder|pêmirin|ziqnebût|kerafî|ziqûm}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Ez 27 salî me û hîn jî nizanim tam û lezîza evînê çawa ye, lo! Ji kerema xwe, kesê ku [[pelûl]]a evînê bi serê wî/wê de rijiyabe, bila ji min re behsa wê '''quzilqurta''' evînê bike ji bo ku ez jî bibim xwedî tecrûbe û serpêhatî, babam, waweylê! Gelo evîn ji şorba nîskê xweştir e? Yan wek goştê biraştî ye?|Bêrîvan Al, Lotikxane.com, 7/2009}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[quzziliqurt]]
* [[quzzilqurt]]

==== Jê ====
* [[quzilqurtî]]
* [[quzilqutrxwer]]

==== Etîmolojî ====

Ji zimanekî tirkîkî, binêre tirkî [[kızılkurt]], ji ''[[kızıl]]'' û ''[[kurt]]'', bi maneya &quot;kurmikê sor&quot;.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser|Mêşûmor - Amicta oberthuri}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|earthworm}}, {{W+|en|redworm}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W-|tr|mantolu böcek}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{werger-ser|qurreder, pêmirin, ziqnebût, kerafî, ziqûm}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|fuck}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W-|tr|zıkkımın kökü}}, {{W+|tr|zıkkım|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|elinin körü|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|ku}}
# [[dijûn]] û [[nifrîn]]ek e
#* {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>4f53vvc8z4s80ugx4emy7op6tk23eef</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>biçe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55386</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237865</id>
      <parentid>5637702</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:24:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237865</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="lzmwd9p8lyznw5pe2ci34lmv2u445a9" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-biçe.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma fermanî ya yekjimar ji lêkera''  '''[[çûn]]'''.

==== Herwiha ====
* {{i|devokî}} (ew) [[biçit]]
* [[biçît]]
* [[biçitin]]
* [[biçîtin]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[neçe]]

==== Têkildar ====
* [[biçim]]
* [[biçî]]
* [[biçin]] 
* {{i|devokî}} [[biçîn]]

==== Demên din ====
* [[diçe]]
* [[çû]]
* [[çûbe]]
* [[diçû]]
* [[çûye]]
* [[çûbû]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Bi zaravayên din ====
* {{Z|ckb}}: {{W-|zza|biço}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|git}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>lzmwd9p8lyznw5pe2ci34lmv2u445a9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>neçe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55387</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237884</id>
      <parentid>6125162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:52:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237884</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="39nxwqosgvmbhdzfeuxvyeif0eywzws" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|çûn|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|çûn|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{i|devokî}} (ew) [[neçit]], [[neçît]], [[neçitin]], [[neçîtin]]

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|nere}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|biçe}}, {{g|ku|here}}

==== Têkildar ====
* [[neçim]]
* [[neçî]]
* [[neçin]]
* {{i|devokî}} [[neçîn]]

==== Demên din ====
* [[naçe]]
* [[neçû]]
* [[neçûbe]]
* [[nediçû]]
* [[neçûye]]
* [[neçûbû]]</text>
      <sha1>39nxwqosgvmbhdzfeuxvyeif0eywzws</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237885</id>
      <parentid>6237884</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:53:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Hevmane */</comment>
      <origin>6237885</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="591" sha1="1fk49th6g56h85haz73z25mdqyapj60" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|çûn|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|çûn|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{i|devokî}} (ew) [[neçit]], [[neçît]], [[neçitin]], [[neçîtin]]

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|nere}}, {{g|ku|mere}}

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|biçe}}, {{g|ku|here}}

==== Têkildar ====
* [[neçim]]
* [[neçî]]
* [[neçin]]
* {{i|devokî}} [[neçîn]]

==== Demên din ====
* [[naçe]]
* [[neçû]]
* [[neçûbe]]
* [[nediçû]]
* [[neçûye]]
* [[neçûbû]]</text>
      <sha1>1fk49th6g56h85haz73z25mdqyapj60</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237888</id>
      <parentid>6237885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:04:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237888</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="592" sha1="59wzg2v7jhno1ng1iyb1lx4zlmk1gvj" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|çûn|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{hevmane|ku|nere}}
# {{ku-fermanî|çûn|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{hevmane|ku|mere|nere}}

==== Herwiha ====
* {{i|devokî}} (ew) [[neçit]], [[neçît]], [[neçitin]], [[neçîtin]]

==== Dijmane ====
* {{g|ku|biçe}}, {{g|ku|here}}

==== Têkildar ====
* [[neçim]]
* [[neçî]]
* [[neçin]]
* {{i|devokî}} [[neçîn]]

==== Demên din ====
* [[naçe]]
* [[neçû]]
* [[neçûbe]]
* [[nediçû]]
* [[neçûye]]
* [[neçûbû]]</text>
      <sha1>59wzg2v7jhno1ng1iyb1lx4zlmk1gvj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>çû</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>55390</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237882</id>
      <parentid>6125164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237882</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="848" sha1="cd9xasvmkk5uqw1h94sark7yovds41u" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|cu|Cu|CU|cû|çu|-çû-}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Key Mîrza-çû.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-raboriya-sade|ketin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|چوو}}

====Bide ber====
* [[cû]]
* [[ço]]

==== Dijmane ====
* [[neçû]]

==== Têkildar ====
{{stûn|
* [[çûm]]
* [[çûyî]]
* [[çûn]] 
* {{mj|devokî}} [[çûyn]]
}}

==== Demên din ====
{{stûn|
* [[biçe]]
* [[diçe]]
* [[çûbe]]
* [[diçû]]
* [[çûye]]
* [[çûbû]]
}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|ging}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|went}}, {{W+|en|what's done is done|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|şi}}, {{W+|tr|gitti|guman=erê}}, {{W+|tr|gitti gider dahi gider|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>cd9xasvmkk5uqw1h94sark7yovds41u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:xistin</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>61054</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237840</id>
      <parentid>6236991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:44:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237840</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="544" sha1="61edi15vtttzjwraxyha5w9zbv6j1aw" xml:space="preserve">== Reh ==
;Standard
* [[rader|Rader]]: [[xistin]]
* [[rehê dema niha|Rehên dema niha]]: -x-, -xîn-

;Kurmandiya rojhilatî
* Rader: [[êxistin]]
* Rehê dema niha: -êx-

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist}}

|etîket2  = Tewandina alternatîv
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=xîn|borî=xist}}

|etîket3  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok3 = {{ku-tewandin|êxistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=êx|borî=êxist|devok=rojhilatî}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>61edi15vtttzjwraxyha5w9zbv6j1aw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:kirin</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>61065</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237839</id>
      <parentid>5142075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:43:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>devok=rojhilatî</comment>
      <origin>6237839</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="274" sha1="j9pj8srvfvf0x2ze3v7xx75g9j4vh9t" xml:space="preserve">{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=k|borî=kir}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=ke|borî=kir|devok=rojhilatî}}

}}</text>
      <sha1>j9pj8srvfvf0x2ze3v7xx75g9j4vh9t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>aufheben</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>116002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237774</id>
      <parentid>6045082</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:02:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237774</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="438" sha1="1w0njdmh2w6n05qikuhnt6d31wc8ict" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|Aufheben}}

== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|de|De-aufheben.ogg|Deng}}
* {{deng|de|De-aufheben2.ogg|Deng}}
* {{deng|de|De-aufheben3.ogg|Deng}}
* {{deng|de|LL-Q188 (deu)-Sebastian Wallroth-aufheben.wav|Deng|dever=Berlîn, Almanya}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[bilind kirin]], [[hilanîn]], [[hil kirin]], [[rahîştin]], [[rakirin]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-hişk|heb|hob|gehoben|h|||höb|7b=hüb|a||auf}}</text>
      <sha1>1w0njdmh2w6n05qikuhnt6d31wc8ict</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>aufsteigen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>116076</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237753</id>
      <parentid>4104952</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:30:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="317" sha1="9h8hfypjgkkgdsxy0uvwk9tncdj25sj" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|de|De-aufsteigen.ogg|Deng}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# derketin jor, bi jor ve derketin, [[hilanîn]], [[hil dan]], [[hilkan]], [[hilkişîn]], [[quloz bûn]], siyarbûn ( Fahrrad, [[Treppe)]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-hişk|steig|stieg|gestiegen|s||||a||auf}}</text>
      <sha1>9h8hfypjgkkgdsxy0uvwk9tncdj25sj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237757</id>
      <parentid>6237753</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:31:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="316" sha1="85cvyy3tu7s564fzklbomy34k50b5h3" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|de|De-aufsteigen.ogg|Deng}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# derketin jor, bi jor ve derketin, [[hilanîn]], [[hildan]], [[hilkan]], [[hilkişîn]], [[quloz bûn]], siyarbûn ( Fahrrad, [[Treppe)]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-hişk|steig|stieg|gestiegen|s||||a||auf}}</text>
      <sha1>85cvyy3tu7s564fzklbomy34k50b5h3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>bewegen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>116776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237775</id>
      <parentid>6087189</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:03:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237775</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="585" sha1="b06pov6lmzplj293e86upnxgeqj278u" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|nds-de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|nds-de}}
# {{g|ku|livîn}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|nds-de|livîn}}

== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|de|De-bewegen.ogg|bewegen}}
* {{deng|de|De-bewegen2.ogg|bewegen}}
* {{deng|de|De-bewegen3.ogg|bewegen}}
* {{deng|de|De-at-bewegen.ogg|bewegen|dever=Awistirya}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[guhastin]], [[hilanîn]], [[lebitandin]], [[lebitîn]], [[leqandin]], [[livandin]], [[livîn]]

== {{ziman|nl}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|nl}}
# {{g|ku|livîn}}

=== Çavkanî ===
{{rûpela wergerê|nl|livîn}}</text>
      <sha1>b06pov6lmzplj293e86upnxgeqj278u</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>einziehen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>120296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237754</id>
      <parentid>6045239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:30:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="398" sha1="3c3jybsx3e9udtizmcfxir1cr0vqzto" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|de|[ˈaɪ̯nˌt͡siːən]}}
* {{deng|de|De-einziehen.ogg|Deng}}
* {{deng|de|De-einziehen2.ogg|Deng|dever=Berlîn, Almanya}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[civandin]], [[kom kirin]]
# [[bar kirin]], [[koç kirin]], [[bi şûn bûn]], [[bi cih bûn]]
# ketin dereke
# [[hildan]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-hişk|zieh|zog|gezogen|hs|||zög|a||ein}}</text>
      <sha1>3c3jybsx3e9udtizmcfxir1cr0vqzto</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>azmak</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>124916</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237745</id>
      <parentid>6074235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:24:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="983" sha1="mqjo66go4myuf9mkm6xug6w5ne0k1cq" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|tr}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{deng|tr|LL-Q256 (tur)-ToprakM-azmak.wav|Deng|dever=Îzmîr, Tirkiye}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|tr}}
# [[lîç]], [[lîçik]], lîça avê
# [[avzêm]], lîtav
# [[har bûn]], [[bitir bûn]], [[hêç bûn]], [[daberizîn]], ji sere xwe derketin, ji destê xwe çûn
#: {{mk|tr|çocuklar azdı|zarok har bûn|rêz=1}}
# [[har bûn]], [[hilhatin]], [[rabûn]]
#: {{mk|tr|nehir azmış|çem har bûye (an jî çem rabûye)|rêz=1}}
# [[har bûn]], [[dijwar bûn]] (ji bo lêçêrîna birînê li ten û canê mirov)
# [[şorikî bûn]], [[har bûn]], [[hêçhilorî bûn]], [[hilorî bûn]], agir ketin (yekî) (ji bo kesê ku xwestin û hestên wî/wê yê cinsî radibin)
# [[axuzî bûn]] (ji bo gamêş û boxeyan)
# demikîn (ji bo cil û coran ku renge wan zerikî dibe û hew spî dibin)
# [[jê çêbûn]] (ji bo durehîtiyê)
#: {{mk|tr|katır, atla eşekten azmış bir hayvandır|hêstir heywanek e ku ji ker û mihînê çêbûye}}</text>
      <sha1>mqjo66go4myuf9mkm6xug6w5ne0k1cq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nere</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>156540</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237887</id>
      <parentid>6077998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T06:02:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237887</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="604" sha1="rdyeeabgf2pi33vhpqmfgb558v0k4kz" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|çûn|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|çûn|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{herwiha-rêz|ku|mere}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|neçe}}

=== Hoker ===
{{hoker|tr}}
# [[ku]], [[ko]] (di maneya ku derê de; ji bo pirskirina der û cih) 
#: {{mk|tr|Bu '''nerenin''' resmi.|Ev resmê ku ye?|rêz=1}} 
#: {{mk|tr|Buranın '''nere''' olduğunu biliyor musun?|Tu zanî ev ku der e?|rêz=1}}
# ku der (ji bo bedenê, di maneya çiyê te, ku derê te de) 
#: {{mk|tr|'''Neren''' ağrıyor?|Ku derê te diêşe?|rêz=1}}</text>
      <sha1>rdyeeabgf2pi33vhpqmfgb558v0k4kz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>erheben</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>180462</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237776</id>
      <parentid>4646640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:03:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237776</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="169" sha1="0vhzvjbltabdne9v6x11e7owl5ac5jd" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[hilanîn]], [[hilatin]], [[rakirin]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-hişk|erheb|erhob|erhoben|h|||erhöb|7b=erhüb|a}}</text>
      <sha1>0vhzvjbltabdne9v6x11e7owl5ac5jd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>abheben</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>180588</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237755</id>
      <parentid>6065138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:31:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="538" sha1="mmx2gi1xvntkt5ei2wjodj7t63bz8v7" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{IPA|de|[ˈapˌheːbn̩], [ˈapˌheːbm̩]}}
* {{deng|de|De-abheben.ogg|Deng}}
* {{deng|de|De-abheben2.ogg|Deng|dever=Berlîn, Almanya}}
* {{deng|de|De-abheben3.ogg|Deng|dever=Berlîn, Almanya}}
* {{kîte|de|ab|he|ben}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[hildan]], [[berz kirin]]
# (pere) [[rakirin]], [[rakişandin]], ''sich von  abheben: '' xwe ji  hildan, [[berz dan]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|de|ab-|heben}}.

=== Tewandin ===
{{de-tew-hişk|heb|hob|gehoben|h|||höb|7b=hüb|a||ab}}</text>
      <sha1>mmx2gi1xvntkt5ei2wjodj7t63bz8v7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>biçît</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>181591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237866</id>
      <parentid>5886391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:27:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237866</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="159" sha1="b9p5ytv756wlhhz9nbwx8ex8bd5lvxk" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma fermanî ya yekjimar ji lêkera''  '''[[çûn]]'''.
#: {{hevmane|ku|here|biçe}}</text>
      <sha1>b9p5ytv756wlhhz9nbwx8ex8bd5lvxk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237868</id>
      <parentid>6237866</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:29:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237868</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="4tsximwnnbyds9446m8cpe3kj67zi33" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{guharto|ku|biçe}}</text>
      <sha1>4tsximwnnbyds9446m8cpe3kj67zi33</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>biçitin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>181592</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237867</id>
      <parentid>5886390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237867</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="159" sha1="gmtnp2qhmvtu4jkev06d17ngstqui7z" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# ''Forma fermanî ya yekjimar ji lêkera''  '''[[çûn]]'''.
#: {{hevmane|ku|biçe|here}}</text>
      <sha1>gmtnp2qhmvtu4jkev06d17ngstqui7z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237869</id>
      <parentid>6237867</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:29:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237869</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="91" sha1="4tsximwnnbyds9446m8cpe3kj67zi33" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{guharto|ku|biçe}}</text>
      <sha1>4tsximwnnbyds9446m8cpe3kj67zi33</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>betonen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>202426</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237756</id>
      <parentid>4646390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127" sha1="it6x8iqquk5flevm9zec7ieyr2je6zr" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[hildan]], [[kirpandin]]

==== Tewandin ====
{{de-tew-nerm|beton|betont|h}}</text>
      <sha1>it6x8iqquk5flevm9zec7ieyr2je6zr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hinaufgehen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>209423</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237746</id>
      <parentid>4646885</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="101" sha1="ddlb9y3n1qrnpij033kgfywyjgr7v3k" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[der ketin]], [[hildan]], [[hilhatin]], çûn jor</text>
      <sha1>ddlb9y3n1qrnpij033kgfywyjgr7v3k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hochgehen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>209502</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237744</id>
      <parentid>4646961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:24:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="63" sha1="mo4zviqjautaeixxdee8n1afdqnah6q" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[hilhatin]]</text>
      <sha1>mo4zviqjautaeixxdee8n1afdqnah6q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>wegschaffen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>248006</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237777</id>
      <parentid>4647924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:03:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237777</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="109" sha1="ipkuwvh1i9lw5gj6bhcokxt6f5ppj70" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|de}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|de}}
# [[jê avêtîn]], [[jê kirin]], [[hilanîn]], [[rakirin]]</text>
      <sha1>ipkuwvh1i9lw5gj6bhcokxt6f5ppj70</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>bi hev rakirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>326418</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237796</id>
      <parentid>5065474</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ghybuî/ê navê [[bi hev ra kirin]] weke [[bi hev rakirin]] guhart</comment>
      <origin>5065474</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="346" sha1="qwirc4xyl6egll47cjsiky6bd6c5jri" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|bihevrakirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|bi hev ra kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=k|borî=kir|pêşgir=bi hev ra|valahî=erê}}
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# {{mane?|ku}}
#: {{mînak?|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|bi hev ra|kirin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>qwirc4xyl6egll47cjsiky6bd6c5jri</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237802</id>
      <parentid>6237796</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237802</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="346" sha1="22bq443nba3t0w9dg1nshlpp04g6eji" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|bihevrakirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|bi hev ra kirin|form=gerguhêz|niha=k|borî=kir|pêşgir=bi hev ra|valahî=erê}}
{{lêker|ku|c=b-gh}}
# {{mane?|ku}}
#: {{mînak?|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|bi hev ra|kirin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>22bq443nba3t0w9dg1nshlpp04g6eji</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>weredan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>341326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237852</id>
      <parentid>6162285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T01:05:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237852</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="263" sha1="bjq5qjcbbk8tgi6644w8dntncu7s4qx" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[azex]], [[pirzik]], [[girmik]], [[sîgîl]], [[zigîl]], [[balû]], [[balûl]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>bjq5qjcbbk8tgi6644w8dntncu7s4qx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>edab</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>343240</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237807</id>
      <parentid>6096244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:37:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +îngilîzî : [[become infected, to fester, to suppurate, to develop pus]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="615" sha1="2hx2c21sciv7w1e1y7c39s3r00t7fbg" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[nêm]], [[cerahet]], [[zox]], [[zoxav]], [[çirk]], [[givirt]], [[sijî]], [[avnêm]], [[lêm]], [[avxwîn]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|edab girtin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|edabgirtin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|جوش}}, {{W+|fa|دمل}}, {{W+|fa|چرک}}, {{W+|fa|جراحت}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|impostume}}, {{W+|en|purulence}}, {{W-|en|become infected, to fester, to suppurate, to develop pus}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>2hx2c21sciv7w1e1y7c39s3r00t7fbg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237808</id>
      <parentid>6237807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237808</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="573" sha1="rtl37r69ickxqmxnqd0jifjd5tfxacl" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[nêm]], [[cerahet]], [[zox]], [[zoxav]], [[çirk]], [[givirt]], [[sijî]], [[avnêm]], [[lêm]], [[avxwîn]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|edab girtin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|edabgirtin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|جوش}}, {{W+|fa|دمل}}, {{W+|fa|چرک}}, {{W+|fa|جراحت}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|become infected}}, {{W+|en|develop pus}}, {{W-|en|fester}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>rtl37r69ickxqmxnqd0jifjd5tfxacl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237809</id>
      <parentid>6237808</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:38:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237809</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="507" sha1="dmgk0x3iya5e55lfpk0e3m9u2bk5n2k" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[nêm]], [[cerahet]], [[zox]], [[zoxav]], [[çirk]], [[givirt]], [[sijî]], [[avnêm]], [[lêm]], [[avxwîn]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|edab girtin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|edabgirtin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|جوش}}, {{W+|fa|دمل}}, {{W+|fa|چرک}}, {{W+|fa|جراحت}}
* {{Z|en}}: 
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>dmgk0x3iya5e55lfpk0e3m9u2bk5n2k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237810</id>
      <parentid>6237809</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:39:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="520" sha1="kwicvbd0u6z8xtdv4xv3ubgtzqjiul8" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[nêm]], [[cerahet]], [[zox]], [[zoxav]], [[çirk]], [[givirt]], [[sijî]], [[avnêm]], [[lêm]], [[avxwîn]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|edab girtin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|edabgirtin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|جوش}}, {{W+|fa|دمل}}, {{W+|fa|چرک}}, {{W+|fa|جراحت}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|pus}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>kwicvbd0u6z8xtdv4xv3ubgtzqjiul8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237813</id>
      <parentid>6237810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:41:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Werger: +îngilîzî : [[abscess]] (bi alîkarî)</comment>
      <origin>6237813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="539" sha1="hxyjkr69k6l88azo4uxoc8ve23jzid0" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[nêm]], [[cerahet]], [[zox]], [[zoxav]], [[çirk]], [[givirt]], [[sijî]], [[avnêm]], [[lêm]], [[avxwîn]]

==== Jê ====
{{kol3|ku|cure=Jê
|edab girtin&lt;pos:lêker&gt;
|edabgirtin&lt;pos:navdêr&gt;
}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
{{bêetîmolojî}}

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|جوش}}, {{W+|fa|دمل}}, {{W+|fa|چرک}}, {{W+|fa|جراحت}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|pus}}, {{W+|en|abscess}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irin}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>hxyjkr69k6l88azo4uxoc8ve23jzid0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>هلهاتن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>352205</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237760</id>
      <parentid>5658022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:35:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237760</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="164" sha1="lyv5cf55yviddbzr12yb3iw7ny0d707" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh|tr=-|sc=Arab}}
# {{ku-Latn|hilhatin}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m|tr=-|sc=Arab}}
# {{ku-Latn|hilhatin}}</text>
      <sha1>lyv5cf55yviddbzr12yb3iw7ny0d707</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>edab girtin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>355041</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237811</id>
      <parentid>6165555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:40:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237811</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="375" sha1="gst8lbvu45u4k86bszsm8n0e1z091bw" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|edabgirtin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# {{mane?|ku}}
#: {{mînak?|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|edab|girtin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|become infected}}, {{W+|en|develop pus}}, {{W-|en|fester}}, {{W+|en|rankle}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irinlenmek}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>gst8lbvu45u4k86bszsm8n0e1z091bw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237812</id>
      <parentid>6237811</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:40:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IbrahimKocher Duhok</username>
        <id>4280</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Werger */</comment>
      <origin>6237812</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="375" sha1="shqlc3z205a08s4n72tgjj53toawthp" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|edabgirtin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# {{mane?|ku}}
#: {{mînak?|ku}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|edab|girtin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|become infected}}, {{W+|en|develop pus}}, {{W+|en|fester}}, {{W+|en|rankle}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|irinlenmek}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>shqlc3z205a08s4n72tgjj53toawthp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>neçûyî</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>355400</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237879</id>
      <parentid>4198780</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:32:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237879</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212" sha1="t9ls8ymdpkf6e2gx0zdpknp8kftacgc" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# {{bêmane|ku}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-raboriya-sade|ketin|duyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>t9ls8ymdpkf6e2gx0zdpknp8kftacgc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237880</id>
      <parentid>6237879</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237880</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212" sha1="59grwqvhd7hu6v2k3v39tyyqdkdc4g5" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Rengdêr ===
{{rengdêr|ku}}
# {{bêmane|ku}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-raboriya-sade|çûn|duyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
#: {{bêmînak|ku}}</text>
      <sha1>59grwqvhd7hu6v2k3v39tyyqdkdc4g5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hil hatin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>358402</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237751</id>
      <parentid>5658212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:29:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="86" sha1="pdrxzxpp196jzq83vsw59nu7sfevcgh" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ngh}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|hilhatin}}</text>
      <sha1>pdrxzxpp196jzq83vsw59nu7sfevcgh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>kon vedan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>383803</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237758</id>
      <parentid>6148926</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237758</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="483" sha1="fq2ch5f59di75vnw5cdeqyslvkpz8s5" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=}}
# [[kon vegirtin]], [[kon danîn]], [[xêvet vedan]], &lt;br&gt; [[hildan]] û [[berhev kirin]]a [[çadir]]ê ji bo [[bikar anîn]]ê

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|کۆن ڤەدان}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[xîvet vedan]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|kon|vedan}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W|en|pitch a tent}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|çadır kurmak}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>fq2ch5f59di75vnw5cdeqyslvkpz8s5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hil anîn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>423708</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237773</id>
      <parentid>5658207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:02:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237773</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="85" sha1="92q4g8u8lumf85que0dcwrhtpa2rbf2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|hilanîn}}</text>
      <sha1>92q4g8u8lumf85que0dcwrhtpa2rbf2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hil dan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>423709</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237752</id>
      <parentid>5658209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:30:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="83" sha1="slgkug57und1mbtibgiyx88ay5dlxx2" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|hildan}}</text>
      <sha1>slgkug57und1mbtibgiyx88ay5dlxx2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hilkan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>423712</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237747</id>
      <parentid>5824219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:26:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="515" sha1="k69sauixtpsopwah85h7xiaql2rm0fk" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Mane ===
{{cure?|ku}}
# derketin jor, [[hilanîn]], [[hildan]], [[hilkişîn]], [[quloz bûn]], [[Treppe)]]
# {{kontrol|rêz=erê|[[bilind kirin]], [[hil kirin]], [[rahiştin]], [[rakirin]], [[hewandin]], [[lebitandin]], [[lebitîn]], [[leqandin]], [[livandin]], [[livîn]], [[jê kirin]], [[ra kirin]], [[berz kirin]], [[kolan]], [[kirpandin]], [[hil hatin]]}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|kan}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufsteigen}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>k69sauixtpsopwah85h7xiaql2rm0fk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237749</id>
      <parentid>6237747</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:27:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="514" sha1="ip0bdcfqy4sdfn4y8ib9ui0dfs99x4e" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Mane ===
{{cure?|ku}}
# derketin jor, [[hilanîn]], [[hildan]], [[hilkişîn]], [[quloz bûn]], [[Treppe)]]
# {{kontrol|rêz=erê|[[bilind kirin]], [[hil kirin]], [[rahiştin]], [[rakirin]], [[hewandin]], [[lebitandin]], [[lebitîn]], [[leqandin]], [[livandin]], [[livîn]], [[jê kirin]], [[ra kirin]], [[berz kirin]], [[kolan]], [[kirpandin]], [[hilhatin]]}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|kan}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufsteigen}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>ip0bdcfqy4sdfn4y8ib9ui0dfs99x4e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237779</id>
      <parentid>6237749</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:05:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237779</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="513" sha1="iudrnuc3emt0exm3rnkcbmbax5mpgn3" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Mane ===
{{cure?|ku}}
# derketin jor, [[hilanîn]], [[hildan]], [[hilkişîn]], [[quloz bûn]], [[Treppe)]]
# {{kontrol|rêz=erê|[[bilind kirin]], [[hil kirin]], [[rahiştin]], [[rakirin]], [[hewandin]], [[lebitandin]], [[lebitîn]], [[leqandin]], [[livandin]], [[livîn]], [[jê kirin]], [[rakirin]], [[berz kirin]], [[kolan]], [[kirpandin]], [[hilhatin]]}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|kan}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|aufsteigen}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>iudrnuc3emt0exm3rnkcbmbax5mpgn3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hilxistin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>439378</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237786</id>
      <parentid>6176821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:09:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="620" sha1="8l1mu05dhofnxchunvjs2xwcyao216r" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|hil xistin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[embarkirin]], [[embar]], [[axtin]], [[embarkirin]]
# [[çêkirin]], [[danan]], [[berhevkirin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلخستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hil xistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Archivierung|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تخزين}}, {{W|ar|صناعة}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|storage}}, {{W+|en|storing}}, {{W|en|putting up|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|making}}, {{W+|en|setting}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>8l1mu05dhofnxchunvjs2xwcyao216r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237788</id>
      <parentid>6237786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:14:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ji rûpela [[hil xistin]] (şaşnivîs)</comment>
      <origin>6237788</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1287" sha1="ko9mys6uoc0asufcinuiuoblmp1pc8x" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# [[embar kirin]], [[xezn]] kirin, [[ra kirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Min hemî cilên xwe '''hilxistin'''e di qimsorê de.}}
# [[çê kirin]], [[dirist kirin]], [[danan]], [[berhev kirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Di van salên bihêt de dê şerekê mezin hête '''hilxistin'''.}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هل خستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hilxistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|خزن}}, {{W|ar|عمل}}, {{W|ar|صنع}}
* {{Z|en}}: (1) to {{W|en|store}}, {{W|en|form}}, {{W|en|make}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}
=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[embarkirin]], [[embar]], [[axtin]], [[embarkirin]]
# [[çêkirin]], [[danan]], [[berhevkirin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلخستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hil xistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Archivierung|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تخزين}}, {{W|ar|صناعة}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|storage}}, {{W+|en|storing}}, {{W|en|putting up|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|making}}, {{W+|en|setting}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>ko9mys6uoc0asufcinuiuoblmp1pc8x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237789</id>
      <parentid>6237788</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:14:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1287" sha1="hr7appvaz3xogsdhnmaqqzr4e8bqkvg" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# [[embar kirin]], [[xezn]] kirin, [[rakirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Min hemî cilên xwe '''hilxistin'''e di qimsorê de.}}
# [[çê kirin]], [[dirist kirin]], [[danan]], [[berhev kirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Di van salên bihêt de dê şerekê mezin hête '''hilxistin'''.}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هل خستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hilxistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|خزن}}, {{W|ar|عمل}}, {{W|ar|صنع}}
* {{Z|en}}: (1) to {{W|en|store}}, {{W|en|form}}, {{W|en|make}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[embarkirin]], [[embar]], [[axtin]], [[embarkirin]]
# [[çêkirin]], [[danan]], [[berhevkirin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلخستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hil xistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Archivierung|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تخزين}}, {{W|ar|صناعة}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|storage}}, {{W+|en|storing}}, {{W|en|putting up|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|making}}, {{W+|en|setting}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>hr7appvaz3xogsdhnmaqqzr4e8bqkvg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237793</id>
      <parentid>6237789</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1287" sha1="ecgb1ujrwmzfnsliossag32u7p0mqnw" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# [[embar kirin]], [[xezn]] kirin, [[rakirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Min hemî cilên xwe '''hilxistine''' di qimsorê de.}}
# [[çê kirin]], [[dirist kirin]], [[danan]], [[berhev kirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Di van salên bihêt de dê şerekê mezin hête '''hilxistin'''.}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هل خستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hilxistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|خزن}}, {{W|ar|عمل}}, {{W|ar|صنع}}
* {{Z|en}}: (1) to {{W|en|store}}, {{W|en|form}}, {{W|en|make}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[embarkirin]], [[embar]], [[axtin]], [[embarkirin]]
# [[çêkirin]], [[danan]], [[berhevkirin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلخستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hil xistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Archivierung|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تخزين}}, {{W|ar|صناعة}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|storage}}, {{W+|en|storing}}, {{W|en|putting up|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|making}}, {{W+|en|setting}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>ecgb1ujrwmzfnsliossag32u7p0mqnw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237794</id>
      <parentid>6237793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:25:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237794</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1251" sha1="3a2wksqidzrio4mjnkxa237z7zx0qu7" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{ku-tewîn-lk|xistin|form=gerguhêz|niha=x|borî=xist|pêşgir=hil}}
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# [[embar kirin]], [[xezn]] kirin, [[rakirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Min hemî cilên xwe '''hilxistine''' di qimsorê de.}}
# [[çê kirin]], [[dirist kirin]], [[danan]], [[berhev kirin]]
#: {{mk|ku|Di van salên bihêt de dê şerekê mezin hête '''hilxistin'''.}}

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هل خستن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|خزن}}, {{W|ar|عمل}}, {{W|ar|صنع}}
* {{Z|en}}: (1) to {{W|en|store}}, {{W|en|form}}, {{W|en|make}}
{{werger-bin}}

{{bend}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[embarkirin]], [[embar]], [[axtin]], [[embarkirin]]
# [[çêkirin]], [[danan]], [[berhevkirin]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هلخستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hil xistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W|de|Archivierung|f|guman=erê}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|تخزين}}, {{W|ar|صناعة}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|storage}}, {{W+|en|storing}}, {{W|en|putting up|guman=erê}}, {{W+|en|making}}, {{W+|en|setting}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>3a2wksqidzrio4mjnkxa237z7zx0qu7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>pawankar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>439974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237780</id>
      <parentid>6177274</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:05:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237780</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="481" sha1="e50td9yldegh1ethtpi2tav1rvqkz2p" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# [[malgir]], kesê/a ku [[miqdar]] [[tişt]]ekî [[rakirin|radike]] bo [[mînak]] [[genim]]î [[pitir]] ji [[rade|radê]] [[pêdivî]]

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|پاوانکار}}

==== Herwiha ====
* [[pawanker]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{qertaf|ku|pawan|-kar}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|hoarder}}, {{W+|en|monopolist|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>e50td9yldegh1ethtpi2tav1rvqkz2p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>بردمیدن</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>444922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237748</id>
      <parentid>4584665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="140" sha1="m9b4ccdr02a19is2p7g7ybvg5da92mn" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|fa}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|fa}}
# [[pif kirin]], [[tijî kirin]], [[nepixandin]]
# [[derketin]], [[zîl dan]], [[hilhatin]]</text>
      <sha1>m9b4ccdr02a19is2p7g7ybvg5da92mn</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>mene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>448633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237805</id>
      <parentid>5660028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237805</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="74" sha1="3ufxof5zz8f0hhhdggopce01m1qyfth" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|z=m}}
# {{guharto|ku|mane}}</text>
      <sha1>3ufxof5zz8f0hhhdggopce01m1qyfth</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237806</id>
      <parentid>6237805</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:33:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237806</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="76" sha1="3mcppj2v2bmznjziz8s6iokf2d3rxxg" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{guharto|ku|mane}}</text>
      <sha1>3mcppj2v2bmznjziz8s6iokf2d3rxxg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nade daweşandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>461184</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237823</id>
      <parentid>5175937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:54:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" sha1="kpnv4awiut7jwchnvmznunma1nzdy8q" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan daweşandin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>kpnv4awiut7jwchnvmznunma1nzdy8q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nade ducarîkirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>461603</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237824</id>
      <parentid>5633594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:54:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237824</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="131" sha1="0nv4rpqobmsf28djhmip49c1ioxog8p" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan ducarîkirin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>0nv4rpqobmsf28djhmip49c1ioxog8p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nadim duristkirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>461615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237825</id>
      <parentid>5172937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:54:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237825</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129" sha1="hzyb8l0tuqpk40nqemqn70vrsgaobg2" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan duristkirin|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>hzyb8l0tuqpk40nqemqn70vrsgaobg2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nedî kemitandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>462789</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237826</id>
      <parentid>5170063</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="127" sha1="bstvkpmb2doxphqtq0sgh9q5d3ppkub" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|dan kemitandin|duyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>bstvkpmb2doxphqtq0sgh9q5d3ppkub</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nede neqandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>462947</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237827</id>
      <parentid>5170476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237827</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="czipgr4xa9zic3bt7wpkif6kv9ezo46" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|dan neqandin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|dan neqandin|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>czipgr4xa9zic3bt7wpkif6kv9ezo46</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nede pirçikandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>463591</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237828</id>
      <parentid>5180479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237828</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="189" sha1="f1mvqj2z3agyafwnlmpgfolbr5y6ub6" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|dan pirçikandin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|dan pirçikandin|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>f1mvqj2z3agyafwnlmpgfolbr5y6ub6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nade sincirandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>463909</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237829</id>
      <parentid>5629955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:55:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237829</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" sha1="9fd31f6ixdbjxm3wooh66rma7hig6z6" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan sincirandin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>9fd31f6ixdbjxm3wooh66rma7hig6z6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nadin strandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>464022</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237830</id>
      <parentid>5170908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:56:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237830</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="8m3m6czhz6pbfs21l7ept6ky2ux5qex" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan strandin|yekem|pirjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan strandin|duyem|pirjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|dan strandin|sêyem|pirjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>8m3m6czhz6pbfs21l7ept6ky2ux5qex</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>nede surandin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>464056</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237831</id>
      <parentid>5169136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{=ku=}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237831</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="181" sha1="6erw70kzyczfta78yajo6qpi1zyynn2" xml:space="preserve"> 
== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|dan surandin|sêyem|yekjimar|neyînî}}
# {{ku-fermanî|dan surandin|yekem|yekjimar|neyînî}}</text>
      <sha1>6erw70kzyczfta78yajo6qpi1zyynn2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:hatin</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>608944</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237836</id>
      <parentid>6237523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:19:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */ dovok=rojhilatî</comment>
      <origin>6237836</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1687" sha1="8tiwepyqhcprapaoyjaha7a66vaa67w" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==

{{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat|devok=rojhilatî}}</text>
      <sha1>8tiwepyqhcprapaoyjaha7a66vaa67w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237844</id>
      <parentid>6237836</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:57:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Guhartoya [[Special:Diff/6237836|6237836]] yê [[Special:Contributions/Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[User talk:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) şûnde kir</comment>
      <origin>6237844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1884" sha1="4tiu2q4uy2r082z3x24n1furcl6osid" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>4tiu2q4uy2r082z3x24n1furcl6osid</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237845</id>
      <parentid>6237844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:57:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */ devok=rojhilatî}</comment>
      <origin>6237845</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1901" sha1="nff5undqupudo8wxf51ma0l4517xhi1" xml:space="preserve">{{vegere|hatin}}

== Reh ==
Gelek caran hin kes dibêjin ku formên lêkera ”hatin” yên wek ”ez bêm/têm” formên kurtkirî ne û divê li cihê wan mirov binivîse ”ez dihêm”. Lê gelo bi rastî formên wek &quot;ew bên/neyên&quot; yan &quot;ew bihên/nehên&quot; bo zimanê nivîsînê çêtir in?

Di peyva &quot;hatin&quot; ya rader de &quot;h&quot; heye lê hem di pirraniya kurmancî û hem jî pirraniya soranî û herwiha farisî û zazakî de jî &quot;h&quot; di rehê dema niha de ne li kar e.
:- Bi soranî &quot;d-êm&quot; (ez têm) yan &quot;y-êm&quot; e, ne *de-hêm&quot; yan *e-hêm.
:- Bi zazakî: &quot;yena&quot; (ez têm), ne &quot;ez *hena&quot;
:- Bi farisî: &quot;men mî-ayem&quot; yan &quot;men mî-am&quot; (ne *mî-hayem yan mî-ham&quot;).

Di zazakî (ameyen), farisî (ameden), hewramî (amay), pehlewî (amd-), avestayî (agem-) de &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê nîne. Di kurmancî û soranî de &quot;-m/ma-/me-&quot; ji nîva peyvê ketiye lê &quot;h&quot; li destpêka peyvê zêde bûye ji ber ku bi taybetî kurmancî ji herfên bideng li destpêkê hez nake.

Lê di kurmancî de jî di pirraniya devokan de &quot;h&quot; tenê li peyva xwerû &quot;hatin&quot; zêde bûye, ne li rehê dema niha -ê- (soranî -ê-, farisî -a- yan -ay-, zazakî -yen-).

Bi kurmancî ji Konyayê bigire heta Zaxo û ji Ermenistanê heta Efrînê &quot;ew t-ên&quot; û &quot;ew na(y)ên&quot; e. &quot;Ew di-hên&quot; û &quot;Ew na-hên&quot; bi Behdînan û Hekariyan ve sinordar e.

Loma zêdekirina &quot;h&quot; li rehê dema niha anku bikaranîna formên wek &quot;ez di-h-ê-m” hîperkorekt e anku mirov wisa zêde hewl dide sererast bike ku taliyê encama wê xelet derdikeve!

'''Rehên dema niha:'''
* {{g|ku|-ê-}}
* {{mj|devokî}} {{g|ku|-hê-}}

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{etîket tewandin
|etîket1  = Standard, kurmanciya navendî, rojavayî û serhedî
|naverok1 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat}}

|etîket2  = Kurmanciya rojhilatî
|naverok2 = {{ku-tewandin|hatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=hê|borî=hat|devok=rojhilatî}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>nff5undqupudo8wxf51ma0l4517xhi1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:çûn</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>608951</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237820</id>
      <parentid>6237528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237820</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="873" sha1="rd5mtsa032w4849tgrx6qsxbrmjv987" xml:space="preserve">
== Reh ==
: '''Rehên demên niha''': [[-ç-]], [[-her-]], [[-er-]], [[-r-]]
: '''Rehê dema borî''': [[-çû-]]

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
&lt;!--
{{agadarî}} Tablo tenê li formên ji rehê '''-ç-''' avakirî dide û lê formên ji rehên '''-her-''', '''-er-''' û '''-r-''' jî berbelav in, bo nimûne:
* {{i|fermanî, erênî}}: [[here]], [[herin]]
*: {{i|fermanî, neyînî}}: [[mere]]/[[nere]], [[merin]]/[[nerin]]
* {{i|îndîkatîv, erênî}}: ez [[terim]], tu [[terî]], ew [[tere]], em/hûn/ew [[terin]]
*: {{i|îndîkatîv, neyînî}}: ez [[narim]], tu [[narî]], ew [[nare]], em/hûn/ew [[narin]]
* {{i|subjunktîv, erênî}}: ez [[herim]], tu [[herî]], ew [[here]], em/hûn/ew [[herin]]
*: {{i|subjunktîv, neyînî}}: ez [[nerim]], tu [[nerî]], ew [[nere]], em/hûn/ew [[nerin]]
--&gt;

{{ku-tewandin|çûn|form=negerguhêz|niha=her-er-r|niha2=ç|borî=çû}}</text>
      <sha1>rd5mtsa032w4849tgrx6qsxbrmjv987</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>raboriya sade</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>608967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237883</id>
      <parentid>6184357</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:39:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Navdêr */</comment>
      <origin>6237883</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="780" sha1="mt4oh9zylsa7j8xwcrqr15jwfcrc2ug" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Navdêr ===
{{navdêr|ku|z=m}}
# {{f|ku|rêziman}} [[dema borî|Dema borî]], hevoka yan lêkera ku diyar dike ku tiştek di deman berê de qewimiye yan hatiye kirin.
#: {{mk|ku|Gava em derbarê bori de bipeyivin em '''raboriya sade''' bi kar tînin.}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[boriya sade]]
* [[boriya têdeyî]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|raborî|cuda1=raboriya|sade}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|de}}: {{W+|de|Präteritum|nt}}
* {{Z|fr}}: {{W+|fr|passé simple|n}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|simple past}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W-|tr|dili geçmiş zaman}}, {{W+|tr|bilinen geçmiş zaman}}, {{W+|tr|görülen geçmiş zaman}}, {{W+|tr|belirli geçmiş zaman}}, {{W+|tr|belirli geçmiş|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>mt4oh9zylsa7j8xwcrqr15jwfcrc2ug</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>xîvet vedan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>627393</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237759</id>
      <parentid>6153162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237759</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="480" sha1="f84ejkbnewgn8bbx0qwmo5dz37u3dl1" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=}}
# [[hildan]] û [[berhev kirin]]a [[çadir]]ê ji bo [[bikar anîn]]ê

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|خیڤەت ڤەدان}}

==== Hevmane ====
* [[kon vedan]]

==== Bide ber ====
* [[xîvetvedan]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|xîvet|vedan}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|en}}: to {{W+|en|pitch a tent}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|çadır kurmak|guman=erê}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>f84ejkbnewgn8bbx0qwmo5dz37u3dl1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>hil xistin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>627399</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237787</id>
      <parentid>6153163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:09:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="670" sha1="swzeozh9ek2fgy2imsog4hxvtczysby" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|hilxistin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=}}
# [[embar kirin]], [[xezn]] kirin, [[ra kirin]]
#: ''Min hemî cilên xwe '''hil xistin'''e di qimsorê de.''
# [[çê kirin]], [[dirist kirin]], [[danan]], [[berhev kirin]]
#: '' Di van salên bihêt de dê şerekê mezin hête [[hil xistin]].''

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|هل خستن}}

==== Bide ber ====
* [[hilxistin]]

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|hil|xistin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W|ar|خزن}}, {{W|ar|عمل}}, {{W|ar|صنع}}
* {{Z|en}}: (1) to {{W|en|store}}, {{W|en|form}}, {{W|en|make}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>swzeozh9ek2fgy2imsog4hxvtczysby</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237790</id>
      <parentid>6237787</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:15:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */ bnr. [[hilxistin]]</comment>
      <origin>6237790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="141" sha1="i29py3s0t4br6ddoigq05mvkjdnlz12" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|hilxistin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ghb}}
# {{şaşnivîs|hilxistin}}</text>
      <sha1>i29py3s0t4br6ddoigq05mvkjdnlz12</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237791</id>
      <parentid>6237790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* {{ziman|ku}} */</comment>
      <origin>6237791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="108" sha1="06t4s7hv8yhuc6jikgk8u1s01n6kwwd" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|hilxistin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-ghb}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|hilxistin}}</text>
      <sha1>06t4s7hv8yhuc6jikgk8u1s01n6kwwd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237792</id>
      <parentid>6237791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:16:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237792</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="107" sha1="sef7b6a83gurhpcddfrrbfvhdum75fe" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-h|hilxistin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|hilxistin}}</text>
      <sha1>sef7b6a83gurhpcddfrrbfvhdum75fe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628614</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237737</id>
      <parentid>6237725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:54:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237737</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="46673" sha1="syk95xvjc0nacw8pt3kx3i5bu86go7r" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent     = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stem == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stem == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stem == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stem         = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stem == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stem == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stem, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stem == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end
	
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stem == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		 local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stem == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stem == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stem, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if infoTense.preverbParticle then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stem, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>syk95xvjc0nacw8pt3kx3i5bu86go7r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237739</id>
      <parentid>6237737</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:08:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237739</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="46735" sha1="5ol8ni83dgizgvsk8ea8y09xkadowp4" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end
	
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		 local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if infoTense.preverbParticle then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>5ol8ni83dgizgvsk8ea8y09xkadowp4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237803</id>
      <parentid>6237739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:00:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237803</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="46997" sha1="aiq6jmswrsb6d4oqll7rlk62xdzk9gl" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>aiq6jmswrsb6d4oqll7rlk62xdzk9gl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237815</id>
      <parentid>6237803</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T16:56:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+ herî</comment>
      <origin>6237815</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47022" sha1="7ykanau9bztwypcb7ksi1kmph9r1pki" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and (pastStem == 'çû' or pastStem == 'herî')) then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>7ykanau9bztwypcb7ksi1kmph9r1pki</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237816</id>
      <parentid>6237815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:01:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guhartoya [[Special:Diff/6237815|6237815]] yê [[Special:Contributions/Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[User talk:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) şûnde kir</comment>
      <origin>6237816</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="46997" sha1="aiq6jmswrsb6d4oqll7rlk62xdzk9gl" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>aiq6jmswrsb6d4oqll7rlk62xdzk9gl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237817</id>
      <parentid>6237816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:09:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>niha vitira bimîni (ne baş e)</comment>
      <origin>6237817</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47017" sha1="bn7vi0oaz7wweim8xbp7cp76672h13n" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her' and pastStem == 'çû') or (stem == 'her2') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>bn7vi0oaz7wweim8xbp7cp76672h13n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237819</id>
      <parentid>6237817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T17:30:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237819</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="46979" sha1="avd12w20v6a9b3cifio5prm5wa4qmam" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her-er-r') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>avd12w20v6a9b3cifio5prm5wa4qmam</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237833</id>
      <parentid>6237819</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T19:37:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>-imp</comment>
      <origin>6237833</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47049" sha1="33kyhcln8uqizxr8moyls6la23qdcxz" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her-er-r') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem)
	
	-- 'rojhilatî' accent (devok) for present stem
	if (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
		 --Imperatîv wek ya standard e.
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and infoTense.name ~= 'impPresent') then
			endings = endings['rojhilatî']
		else
			endings = endings['std']
		end

	end
	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>33kyhcln8uqizxr8moyls6la23qdcxz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237834</id>
      <parentid>6237833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:15:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ dema borî ya sade (rojhilatî)</comment>
      <origin>6237834</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47306" sha1="tbz64bbxws0j79inoel8iilohc1qu00" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		--Imperatîv wek ya standard e.
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name ~= 'impPresent') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
    end
	
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name ~= 'indPreterite') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
		
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her-er-r') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem, accent)

	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>tbz64bbxws0j79inoel8iilohc1qu00</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237835</id>
      <parentid>6237834</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:18:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>in --&gt; în</comment>
      <origin>6237835</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47307" sha1="juthq1uvjn1ig52czgj8u0yrzvinur7" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		--Imperatîv wek ya standard e.
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name ~= 'impPresent') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
    end
	
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name ~= 'indPreterite') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
		
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her-er-r') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem, accent)

	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>juthq1uvjn1ig52czgj8u0yrzvinur7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237837</id>
      <parentid>6237835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:22:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237837</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="47307" sha1="jkuco5agazjriavye2gecu1tg6bdki0" xml:space="preserve">-- Modula tewandina lêkerên kurmancî

local export = {}

-- Load irregular forms table
-- local irreg = require('Module:ku-tewandin/nestandard')
local langKu = require(&quot;Modul:languages&quot;).getByCode(&quot;ku&quot;)
local link = require('Module:links').language_link
local shallowCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/shallowCopy&quot;)
local deepCopy = require(&quot;Module:table/deepCopy&quot;)

local gsub = mw.ustring.gsub
local find = mw.ustring.find

-- =============================================================================
-- Pronouns in Kurmanji
-- =============================================================================
export.order = {&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;, &quot;p2&quot;, &quot;p3&quot;}

export.pronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;ez&quot;,    p1 = &quot;em&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;tu&quot;,    p2 = &quot;hûn&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;ew&quot;,    p3 = &quot;ew&quot;
}

export.obliquePronouns = {
    s1 = &quot;min&quot;,      p1 = &quot;me&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;te&quot;,       p2 = &quot;we&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;wê/wî&quot;,    p3 = &quot;wan&quot;
}

export.agents = {
    s1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,            p1 = &quot;te, wî, wê, we, wan&quot;,
    s2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,           p2 = &quot;min, wî, wê, me, wan&quot;,
    s3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;,   p3 = &quot;min, te, wî, wê, me, we, wan&quot;
}

-- Oblique pronoun (green) 
export.obliquePronounsGreen = {
    s1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;min&lt;/span&gt;',
    s2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;te&lt;/span&gt;',
    s3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wê/wî&lt;/span&gt;',
    p1 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;me&lt;/span&gt;',
    p2 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;we&lt;/span&gt;',
    p3 = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;wan&lt;/span&gt;'
}

-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-- 1) This function returns correct subject/agent pronoun, ergativity rule:
--   - Transitive verbs in past tenses → oblique pronoun (green) = agent
--   - All other cases                 → direct pronoun (no color) = subject
-- 2) Also add the subjunctive prefix &quot;(bila)&quot;
-- ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
function export.conjPronouns(stemType, mode, isTransitive)
    local pronouns = shallowCopy(export.pronouns)

    -- Ergativity in kurdish: transitive verbs that are conjugated with the past tense stem are
    -- conjugated according to the object, not the subject.
    -- Therefore, to have an ergative construction,
    -- the verb must be transitive and its stem must be the stem of the past tense.
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (stemType == 'past')

    -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
    -- If it's not ergative, we use normal pronouns: &quot;ez&quot;, &quot;tu&quot;, ...
    if isErgative then
        pronouns = shallowCopy(export.obliquePronounsGreen)
    end

    -- For the subjunctive mood, we add &quot;(bila)&quot; at the beginning.
    if mode == 'subjunctive' then
    	local subjPrefix = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila)&lt;/span&gt;'
        for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
            pronouns[pers] = subjPrefix .. ' ' .. pronouns[pers]
        end
    end
    return pronouns
end

-- =============================================================================
-- VERBAL STRUCTURE IN THE INFINITIVE:
-- Verbs in the infinitive appear in three main forms:
--  1) Simple verb (indivisible light verb):
--       - ex.:  &quot;kirin&quot;, &quot;çûn&quot;, &quot;xwarin&quot;, ...
--  2) Verbs with preverbs (preverb + simple verb):
--       - ex.: &quot;rakirin&quot; (ra- + kirin), &quot;çêkirin&quot; (çê- + kirin), &quot;vexwarin&quot; (ve- + xwarin), ...
--       - Preverb verbs don't use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê rakim , ew ê rake , ...)
--  3) Compound verbs, construction with non-verbal element (the noun is not attached to the verb):
--       - Left of the simple verb: &quot;hez kirin&quot; (&quot;hez&quot; + &quot;kirin&quot;), &quot;li dar xistin&quot; (&quot;li dar&quot; + &quot;xistin&quot;), ...
--       - Right of the simple verb: &quot;kirin der&quot; (&quot;kirin&quot; + &quot;der&quot;), &quot;girtin ser xwe&quot; (&quot;girtin&quot; + &quot;ser xwe&quot;), ...
--       - Compound verbs use the prefix &quot;bi-&quot; (ez ê hez bi-kim , ew ê hez bi-ke )

-- STRUCTURE:  preSimpleVerb + spacing + simpleVerb + postSimpleVerb
-- EX.     kirin: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       rakirin: preSimpleVerb='ra';  spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--     hez kirin: preSimpleVerb='hez'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb=''
--       pev çûn: preSimpleVerb='pev'; spacing=true;  simpleVerb='çûn';   postSimpleVerb=''
--     kirin der: preSimpleVerb='';    spacing=false; simpleVerb='kirin'; postSimpleVerb='der'

-- WARNING: Conjugation can vary depending on the type of verb.
-- For example, in the future tense,the prefix &quot;bi&quot; is used for compound verbs,
-- but not for preverbal verbs, see the function that manages it  &quot;tenseRules&quot; table.
-- This table does not yet support the mixed case: a verb composed of a noun and a preverb verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)
    local struct

    if (preSimpleVerb and preSimpleVerb ~= '' and not isCompoundVerb) then
        struct = 'preverbVerb'
    elseif isCompoundVerb then
        struct = 'compoundVerb'
    else
        struct = 'simpleVerb'
    end

    return struct
end

-- ================================================================
-- INFLECTIONAL ENDINGS
-- Assigns verb inflectional endings (suffixes) to all tenses
-- ================================================================
local getEndings = {}

do
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ending using present stem
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['present'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
            ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='(y)', s3='t', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='e', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='&lt;u&gt;it&lt;/u&gt;/ît', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		--Imperatîv wek ya standard e.
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name ~= 'impPresent') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
    end
	
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. preterite + ind. imperfect ending
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['past'] = function(self, stem, accent)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
		local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends = {}
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiouû]$') then
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='yî', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, 'î$') then
           -- if self.name == 'indImperfect' then
           --     -- special indicative ind. imperfect rule
           --     ends = {s1='yam', s2='yayî', s3='ya', p1='yan', p2='yan', p3='yan'}
           -- end
            ends['std'] = {s1='m', s2='', s3='', p1='n', p2='n', p3='n'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='m', s2='y', s3='', p1='yn', p2='n', p3='n'}
        else
            ends['std'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='in', p2='in', p3='in'}
			ends['rojhilatî'] = {s1='im', s2='î', s3='', p1='în', p2='in', p3='in'}
        end

		
		if (accent == 'rojhilatî' and self.name == 'indPreterite') then
			return ends['rojhilatî']
		else
			return ends['std']
		end
		
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Compound endings with auxiliary &quot;bûn&quot;
    -- Inflectional endings are created by taking the different forms of the
    -- verb &quot;bûn&quot; (with present stem &quot;-b-&quot; and past stem &quot;-bû-&quot;) and
    -- adding an &quot;i-&quot; prefix before them: &quot;i-b-im&quot;, &quot;i-bû-m&quot;, &quot;i-bû-me&quot;, &quot;i-bû-ma&quot;.
    -- This &quot;i-&quot; varies according to the final letter of the verb stem.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    local function normalize_i(stem)
        local prfx_i = &quot;i&quot;
        if mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;ya$&quot;) or
           mw.ustring.match(stem, &quot;[îû]$&quot;) then -- cf. karîn (-karî-)
           	prfx_i = &quot;&quot;
        elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiou]$') then
            prfx_i = &quot;yi&quot;
        end
        return prfx_i
    end

    getEndings['ibim'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bim&quot;,   p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;be&quot;,    p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bin&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûm'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûm&quot;,     p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bû&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûn&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûme'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûme&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyiye&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûye&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûne&quot;
        }
    end

    getEndings['ibûma'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local prfx_i = normalize_i(stem)
        return {
            s1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûma&quot;,      p1 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûyayî&quot;,    p2 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;,
            s3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûya&quot;,      p3 = prfx_i .. &quot;bûna&quot;
        }
    end
    
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Ind. perfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ime'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        if mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;me&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;ye&quot;, p1=&quot;ne&quot;, p2=&quot;ne&quot;, p3=&quot;ne&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ime&quot;, s2=&quot;iyî&quot;, s3=&quot;iye&quot;, p1=&quot;ine&quot;, p2=&quot;ine&quot;, p3=&quot;ine&quot;}
        end

        return ends
    end

    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    -- Subj. Imperfect ending.
    -- ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
    getEndings['ama'] = function(self, stem)
		-- self: reserved for future use (was used before, might be needed again)
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
        local ends

        -- The doublet in &quot;-iyan&quot; of verbs in -&quot;în&quot; (gerîn/-geriya-, kenîn/-keniya-, ...),
        -- in the conditional and subjunctive moods, a doublet &quot;yaya&quot; appears; it's removed.
        -- -yayayî → -yayî; -yaya → -ya
		if mw.ustring.match(stem, '(ya)$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yî&quot;, s3=&quot;&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
		elseif mw.ustring.match(stem, '[aeêiîouû]$') then
            ends = {s1=&quot;ma&quot;, s2=&quot;yayî&quot;, s3=&quot;ya&quot;, p1=&quot;na&quot;, p2=&quot;na&quot;, p3=&quot;na&quot;}
        else
            ends = {s1=&quot;ama&quot;, s2=&quot;ayî&quot;, s3=&quot;a&quot;, p1=&quot;ana&quot;, p2=&quot;ana&quot;, p3=&quot;ana&quot;}
        end
        return ends
    end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR PREVERBS: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;
-- There are two preverbs: &quot;bi-&quot; and &quot;di-&quot;. These preverbs can change form
-- depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getPreverb = {}

do
	getPreverb['bi'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local verbStruct = opts.verbStruct
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
		local accent = opts.accent

		-- Devoka rojhilatî:
		-- @Ferhengvan: Dema bêt bi lêkera alîkar &quot;ê / dê&quot; û bi rehê lêkerê yê
		-- dema niha û pêşgirên kesî tê çêkirin. Pêşgira &quot;bi-&quot; li destpêka lêkera
		-- serekî nîne: - ez ê / dê xw-im (standard: ez ê/dê bi-xw-im).
		if (self.name == 'indFuture' and accent == 'rojhilatî') then
			return ''
		end
	
	    -- Preverb verbs don't use the preverb &quot;bi-&quot;: ra-kirin (ez ê rakim), ve-xwarin (ez ê vexwim) , ...
	    -- But compound verb and simple verbs use it: hez kirin (ez ê hez bi-kim), lê bigirin (ez ê lê bi-girim), ...
	    if (verbStruct == 'preverbVerb') then
	        return ''
	    end
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentBi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentBi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastBi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastBi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameBi then
			return overridePreverb.sameBi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;bi-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[aeêiîouû]') then
	        return 'b'
	    end
	
	    return 'bi'
	end

	getPreverb['di'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overridePreverb = opts.overridePreverb
	
		-- If the preverb &quot;di&quot; is provided.
		if (self.stemType == 'present' and overridePreverb.presentDi) then
			return overridePreverb.presentDi
		elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overridePreverb.pastDi) then
			return overridePreverb.pastDi
		elseif overridePreverb.sameDi then
			return overridePreverb.sameDi
		end
	
	    -- Modification of the preverbe &quot;di-&quot; according to the last letter of the stem.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[ai]') then
	        return 'd'
	    end
	    -- Ex. hatin : stem = -ê- // ez têm
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[êî]') then
	        return 't'
	    end
	
	    return 'di'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR NEGATION PREFIXES: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;
-- There are two negation prefixes: &quot;na-&quot; and &quot;ne-&quot;. These preverbs can change
-- form depending on the first letters of the verb’s present stem or past stem.
-- =============================================================================
local getNegPrefix = {}

do
	getNegPrefix['na'] = function (self, opts)
		-- self: reserved for future use
	    local _ = self -- delete the warning (unused argument)
		
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local overrideNa = opts.overrideNegPrefix.presentNa
	
	    if overrideNa then return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNa .. '&lt;/b&gt;' end
	    -- if irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] then return irreg.dijrezikNa[stem] end
	
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;nay&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;n&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Tîpa duyem &quot;-a-&quot; ye (k-a-rîn, z-a-nîn, ...)
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^%wa') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;ni&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;na&lt;/b&gt;'
	end

	getNegPrefix['ne'] = function (self, opts)
	    opts = opts or {}
	    local stem = opts.stem
	    local tenseName = self.name
	    local impNegForm = opts.impNegForm -- form &quot;1&quot; or &quot;2&quot; of imp.
		local overrideNegPrefix = opts.overrideNegPrefix

        local negPrefix = 'ne'

		-- Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;indImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
		-- ji ber vê yekê 'negPrefix' hertim (?) 'ne' ye ji ber ku dikeve pêş 
		-- pêşgira &quot;di-&quot;: wê/wî ne-di-elimand (elimandin)
	    if (tenseName == 'indImperfect') then
	         return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end

		-- Override		
		if (overrideNegPrefix.impMe or overrideNegPrefix.presentNe
									or overrideNegPrefix.pastNe
				                    or overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
			-- Ovverride imp.
			if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
				if (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.impMe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.impMe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.presentNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'	
				elseif (impNegForm == 1 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe and 
					find(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^n')) then
					--For the &quot;me-&quot; form, we replace the &quot;n&quot; with an &quot;m&quot;.
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. gsub(overrideNegPrefix.sameNe, '^(.)', 'm') .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif (impNegForm == 2 and overrideNegPrefix.sameNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			else
				-- For other tenses besides the imperative
				if (self.stemType == 'present' and overrideNegPrefix.presentNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.presentNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
			    elseif (self.stemType == 'past' and overrideNegPrefix.pastNe) then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.pastNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				elseif overrideNegPrefix.sameNe then
					return '&lt;b&gt;' .. overrideNegPrefix.sameNe .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
				end
			end
		end
	
	    -- There are two forms of construction of the imperative,
	    -- one with the prefix &quot;me-&quot; (1) and the other (2) with the prefix &quot;ne-&quot;.
	    if (tenseName == 'impPresent') then
	        negPrefix = (impNegForm == 2) and 'ne' or 'me'
	    end
		
	    -- Add sufix &quot;-y&quot; before certain vowels.
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^[eêiîouû]') then
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. 'y&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    -- Elision before stems beginning with &quot;a-&quot; (removal of the final &quot;-e&quot;).
	    if mw.ustring.match(stem, '^a') then
	        negPrefix = mw.ustring.sub(negPrefix, 1, -2)
	        return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	    end
	
	    return '&lt;b&gt;' .. negPrefix .. '&lt;/b&gt;'
	end
end

-- =============================================================================
-- Standardization of the PREVERBAL PARTICLE
-- The proverbial particle &quot;ê&quot; is placed after the personal pronoun.
-- =============================================================================
-- If there are no verbal preparticles, return empty table.
function export.getPreverbParticles(preverbParticle, typeStem, isTransitive)
    if not preverbParticle then
        return {s1='', s2='', s3='', p1='', p2='', p3=''}
    end

    if preverbParticle == 'ê' then
        local isErgative = isTransitive and (typeStem == 'past')

        -- When the personal pronoun ends in a vowel, a &quot;y-&quot; is added before &quot;ê&quot;.
        -- If it's ergative, we use oblique pronouns: &quot;min&quot;, &quot;te&quot;, ...
        if isErgative then
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='yê/dê', p1='yê/dê', p2='yê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        else
            return {s1='ê/dê', s2='yê/dê', s3='ê/dê', p1='ê/dê', p2='ê/dê', p3='ê/dê'}
        end
    end

    -- If the verbal preparticle is identical for all pronouns,
    -- we create a table with the same value.
    local preverbParticles = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        preverbParticles[pers] = preverbParticle
    end

    return preverbParticles
end

-- =============================================================================
-- RULES FOR CONSTRUCTING EACH VERB TENSE
-- This table lists, for each verb tense, what elements are required to form it:
--   - Verb conjugation is built by placing either the preverb &quot;bi-&quot; or &quot;di-&quot; before
--     the verb stem (past or present), followed by a personal ending.
--   - For the negative form, one of the prefixes &quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot; is added as well.
--   - In some cases, a preverbal particle such as /ê/ or /dê/ is added before
--     the conjugated verb as well.
-- Not: - The &quot;negPreverb&quot; (preverb (bi-/di-) for negative tenses) parameter has a
--         value different from &quot;nil&quot; only for the Imperfect tense (&quot;negPreverb=di&quot;).
--      - The parameter &quot;negPrefix=na&quot; is used only for the present indicative.
--
-- Preverb &quot;di&quot;, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(present stem), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(past stem)
--                        - Bo neyînî: pêşgira &quot;di-&quot; tenê di nav dema &quot;IndImperfect&quot; de tê bikaranîn.
-- Preverb &quot;bi&quot;, used in: &quot;indFuture&quot;(present stem), &quot;subPresent&quot;(present stem),
--                         &quot;subImperfect&quot;(past stem) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(past stem)
--                        - The prefix &quot;bi-&quot; isn't used in negative forms.
--
-- Present stem, used in: &quot;indPresent&quot;(di)(na),
--                        &quot;indFuture&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;subPresent&quot;(bi)(ne)
--
-- Past stem, used in: &quot;indPreterite&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indImperfect&quot;(di)(ne), &quot;indPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;indPerfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne), &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPreterite&quot;(-)(ne),
--                     &quot;subImperfect&quot;(bi)(ne) = &quot;condPresent&quot;(bi)(ne),
--                     &quot;subPluperfect&quot;(-)(ne) = &quot;condPreterite&quot;(-)(ne)
-- =============================================================================
-- Some conjugations are identical except that they differ only in the preverbal particle (/ê/, /dê/).
-- So, to avoid repeating the same information (and thus risking errors),
-- we establish the common part shared between these verbs.
local sharedTenseRules = {
    indFuture = {
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['present']
    },

    indFuturePerfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibim']
    },

    subImperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['bi'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ama']
    },

    subPluperfect = {
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûma']
    }
}

local mt = {
    __index = function(t, k)
        local commonRules = t._commonRules
        if commonRules then return commonRules[k] end
    end
}

-- TENSES CONJUGATION RULES
export.tenseRules = {
    -- IMPERATIVE MOOD
    impPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;impPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raweya fermanî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present imperative&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;imperative&quot;,
        _commonRules = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- INDICATIVE MOOD
    indPresent = {
        name         = &quot;indPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema niha&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;present&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['na'],
        endings      = getEndings['present'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPreterite = {
        name         = &quot;indPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya sade&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;simple past&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indImperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya berdest&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;Imperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = getPreverb['di'],
        negPreverb   = getPreverb['di'],
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['past'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indPluperfect    = {
        name         = &quot;indPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType     = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûm'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indFuture = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuture&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema bê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    indFuturePerfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;indFuturePerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dahatiya pêş&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;future perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    -- In some books, the &quot;perfect&quot; and &quot;nonconfirmative pluperfect&quot; tenses
    -- are classified in the &quot;inferential mood&quot; (&quot;moda neşahidî&quot;).
    -- Currently we classify them using the indicative mood (at the end).
    indPerfect = {
        name         = &quot;indPerfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;perfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ime'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    indNwPluperfect = {
        name         = &quot;indNwPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya boriya dûdar&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;non-witnessed pluperfect&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;indicative&quot;,
        stemType    = &quot;past&quot;,
        preverb      = nil,
        negPreverb   = nil,
        negPrefix    = getNegPrefix['ne'],
        endings      = getEndings['ibûme'],
        preverbParticle = nil
    },

    -- SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
    subjPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema nihaya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuture,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    subjPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya xwestekî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.indFuturePerfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjImperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjImperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;imperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil,
    }, mt),

    subjPluperfect = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;subjPluperfect&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;raboriya dûr a bilaniyê&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;pluperfect subjunctive&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;subjunctive&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = nil
    }, mt),

    -- CONDITIONAL MOOD
    condPresent = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPresent&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;çîrokiya dema nihaya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;present conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subImperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

    condPreterite = setmetatable({
        name         = &quot;condPreterite&quot;,
        nameKu       = &quot;dema boriya mercî&quot;,
        nameEn       = &quot;preterite conditional&quot;,
        mode         = &quot;conditional&quot;,
       _commonRules  = sharedTenseRules.subPluperfect,
        preverbParticle = 'ê'
    }, mt),

}

-- =============================================================================
-- MAIN CONJUGATION FUNCTOIN
-- This function returns an array containing the conjugation table for a given
-- tense as well as other information about the conjugated verb.
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugate(opts)
    opts = opts or {}
    -- Required parameters
    local tense          = opts.tense or error(&quot;'tense' required&quot;, 2)
    --One of the two parameters is required:
    --  - If the tense uses the present stem, indicate &quot;presentStem&quot;.
    --  - If it uses the past stem, indicate &quot;pastStem&quot;.
    local presentStem    = opts.presentStem
    local pastStem       = opts.pastStem
    -- Optional parameters
    local isTransitive   = opts.isTransitive or false   -- Indicate if the verb is transitive (true/false)
    local isNegative     = opts.isNegative or false     -- Indicate if it's the negative form (true/false)
    local isCompoundVerb = opts.isCompoundVerb or false -- Indicate if it's a compound verb (true/false)
    local preSimpleVerb  = opts.preSimpleVerb or ''     -- The part before the simple verb
    local postSimpleVerb = opts.postSimpleVerb or ''    -- The part after the simple verb
    -- These parameters are provided when the verb is irregular.
    -- Allows you to manually modify preverbs (&quot;bi-&quot;&quot; or &quot;di-&quot;)
    -- and negation prefixes (&quot;na-&quot; or &quot;ne-&quot;)
	local overridePreverb = {
		-- Preverbs (bi-, di)
	    presentBi = opts.presentBi or nil,
	    presentDi = opts.presentDi or nil,
	    pastBi    = opts.pastBi or nil,
	    pastDi    = opts.pastDi or nil,
		-- Same preverbs (&quot;past&quot; and &quot;present&quot; stem)
	    sameBi     = opts.sameBi or nil,
	    sameDi     = opts.sameDi or nil,
	}
	local overrideNegPrefix = {
		-- Neg. prefix (na-, ne-)
	    presentNa  = opts.presentNa or nil,
	    presentNe  = opts.presentNe or nil,
	    pastNe     = opts.pastNe or nil,
		-- same neg. prefix (for past and present stem)
	    sameNe     = opts.sameNe or nil,
		impMe      = opts.impMe or nil,
	}
    -- By default, the negation of the imperative is constructed from the prefix &quot;me-&quot;&quot;.
    -- To obtain the second variant, the prefix with &quot;ne-&quot;, you must specify &quot;impNegForm=2&quot;.
    local impNegForm     = opts.impNegForm or 1
	-- Accent/ Devok
    local accent = opts.accent or 'std'
	
	-- If &quot;tags='na'&quot;, remove links/tags
	local tags = opts.tags or 'erê'
	-- If addPreverbParticles='na', remove preverb particles (ê/dê) before
	-- the conjugated verbs.
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles or 'erê'

	
	-- We add a space to the left of the &quot;postSimpleVerb&quot; because it shouldn't be attached
	-- to the simple verb.
	if (postSimpleVerb ~= '' and postSimpleVerb ~=nil) then
		postSimpleVerb = ' ' .. postSimpleVerb
	end

    -- Access to the classification table and retrieval of verb tense parameters
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy') or false

    -- We check that this tense is indeed in table &quot;tenseRules&quot;.
    if (not infoTense) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tense ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- We check that one of the two parameters of the stem is given
    if (infoTense.stemType == 'present' and not presentStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;presentStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'past' and not pastStem) then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;pasttStem parameter required&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    -- Choice between the present stem or past stem
    local stem = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStem or pastStem

    --────────────────────────────
    -- Conjugation construction --
    -- ───────────────────────────
    local preverb = ''
    local negPrefix = ''

	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    -- Lêkerin nestandard --
    -- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	-- çûn
	if (stem == 'her-er-r') then
		if tense == 'indPresent' then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'er'
				overridePreverb.presentDi = 't'
			end
		elseif ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'r'
			else
				stem = 'her'
			end
		end
	end

	-- hatin
	if (stem == 'wer'  and pastStem == 'hat') then
		if ({impPresent=true, indFuture=true, subjPresent=true})[tense] then
			if isNegative then
				stem = 'ê'
			else
				overridePreverb.presentBi = ''
				stem = 'wer'
			end
		elseif (tense == 'indPresent') then
			stem = 'ê'
		end
	end
	-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
	
    -- Ruturns the verb type: &quot;simpleVerb&quot; or &quot;preverbVerb&quot; or &quot;compoundVerb&quot;
    local verbStruct = export.verbStruct(isCompoundVerb, preSimpleVerb)

    if isNegative then
        negPrefix = infoTense:negPrefix{stem=stem,
                                        impNegForm=impNegForm,
                                        overrideNegPrefix=overrideNegPrefix}
        if infoTense.negPreverb then
            preverb = infoTense:negPreverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                           overridePreverb=overridePreverb}
        end
    else
        if infoTense.preverb then
            preverb = infoTense:preverb{stem=stem, verbStruct=verbStruct,
                                        overridePreverb=overridePreverb,
										accent=accent}
        end
    end

    infoTense.conj = {}
    local spacing = isCompoundVerb and ' ' or ''
    local endings = infoTense:endings(stem, accent)

	
    local preverbParticles = export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle,
		infoTense.stemType, isTransitive
	)
	
    local isErgative = isTransitive and (infoTense.stemType == 'past')

    -- Creating the conjugation table for a given tense
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local ending
        local conjSimbleVerb
        local conjVerb

        if isErgative then
            ending = endings.s3
        else
            ending = endings[pers]
        end

        -- Adding space after the preverbal particle, and
		-- if &quot;addPreverbParticles='na'&quot;: remove preverb particles (ê/dê).
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na' then
	            preverbParticle = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
		end

        conjSimbleVerb = negPrefix  .. preverb .. stem .. ending
        -- Adding prefixe and suffixe
        conjVerb =  preSimpleVerb .. spacing .. conjSimbleVerb .. postSimpleVerb
        -- Spelling correction(îy -&gt; iy)
        conjVerb = gsub(conjVerb, 'îy', 'iy')
        -- Add a link / if tags='na' no links
		if tags ~= 'na' then
        	conjVerb = link{term=conjVerb, lang=langKu}
		end
        -- Addition of the preverbal particle
        infoTense.conj[pers] = preverbParticle .. conjVerb
    end

    -- Imperative
    if (infoTense.name == 'impPresent') then
        infoTense.conj.s1 = nil
        infoTense.conj.s2 = infoTense.conj.s3
        infoTense.conj.s3 = nil
        infoTense.conj.p1 = nil
        -- infoTense.conj.p2 = infoTense.conj.p2
        infoTense.conj.p3 = nil
    end

    return infoTense
end

-- =============================================================================
--                               END
-- =============================================================================
-- Some useful tools
-- =============================================================================
-- Returns the list of verb tenses
export.tensesList = function()
	local list = {}
    for _, tense in pairs(export.tenseRules) do
        table.insert(list, tense.name)
    end
	return list
end

-- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
-- (for a given conjugate tense in all persons of that tense)
function export.concatPronouns(pronoms, conjVerbs)
    local concatTab = {}

    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local pronom = pronoms[pers] or &quot;&quot;
        local verbe  = conjVerbs[pers] or &quot;&quot;

        if pronom == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = verbe
        elseif verbe == &quot;&quot; then
            concatTab[pers] = pronom
        else
            concatTab[pers] = pronom .. &quot; &quot; .. verbe
        end
    end

    return concatTab
end

-- Remove duplicates
local function removeDuplicates(list)
	local seen = {}
	local result = {}
	
	for _, value in ipairs(list) do
		if not seen[value] then
			seen[value] = true
			table.insert(result, value)
		end
	end
	
	return result
end

-- =============================================================================
-- ADDITIONAL STEM OF THE PAST AND PRESENT (pastStem2, ... and presentStem2, ...)
-- This function does nothing more than add additional parameters for verb stems
-- in the past and present tenses.
-- Conjugations for the different stems will be separated by &quot;/&quot;
-- =============================================================================
function export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems, negation)
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
	opts.tense = tense

    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

	-- We capture the true value of addPreverbParticles
	local addPreverbParticles = opts.addPreverbParticles

	-- This is so that we can delete proverbs to eliminate duplicates
	-- and keep each proverb only once, at the beginning.
	opts.addPreverbParticles = 'na'
	
    presentStems = presentStems or {}
	pastStems = pastStems or {}
    
    local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
    if not infoTense then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;Unknown tense: ' .. tostring(tense) ..'&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    local stems = (infoTense.stemType == 'present') and presentStems or pastStems
	
    -- For each verb stem, its conjugation table is calculated and stored in conjTabs.
    local conjTabs = {}
    for i = 1, #stems do
		local stem = stems[i]
        if stem then
            if (infoTense.stemType == 'past') then
				opts.pastStem = stem
				
			elseif (infoTense.stemType == 'present') then
				opts.presentStem = stem
				-- For the recognition of irregular verbs based on the past-stem part
				-- see: &quot;çûn&quot; û &quot;hatin&quot;
				opts.pastStem = pastStems[1]
			end

			local result = export.conjugate(opts)
			if result and result.conj then
				table.insert(conjTabs, result.conj)
			end
        end
    end

    -- We concatenate each row of the conjugation tables.
	local preverbParticles = deepCopy(export.getPreverbParticles(
		infoTense.preverbParticle, 
		infoTense.stemType, 
		opts.isTransitive
	), 'copy')

    local concatConjTabs = {}
    for _, pers in ipairs(export.order) do
        local frag = {}
        for i = 1, #conjTabs do
            local val = conjTabs[i][pers]
            if val then
				table.insert(frag, tostring(val))
			end
        end
				
		frag = removeDuplicates(frag)
		if (infoTense.preverbParticle and addPreverbParticles ~= 'na') then
	        concatConjTabs[pers] = preverbParticles[pers] .. ' '
								 .. table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		else
			concatConjTabs[pers] = table.concat(frag, ' — ')
		end
    end

    infoTense.conj = concatConjTabs
	
    return infoTense
end

-- ====================================================================================
--  VERB CONJUGATION IN ALL TENSES WITH OR WITHOUT PRONOUNS
-- ====================================================================================
function export.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, negation, concatPrs)
	-- &quot;concatPrs=false&quot; table without pronouns
	
    local opts = deepCopy(baseOpts or {}, 'copy')
    
    if negation == 'negative' then
		opts.isNegative = true
	end

    presentStems = presentStems or {}
    pastStems    = pastStems or {}

    -- Concatenation of pronouns and conjugated verbs
	local concatPronouns = export.concatPronouns

    local tensesList = export.tensesList()

    -- Conjugation in all tenses
    local conjTab = {}

    for _, tense in ipairs(tensesList) do
        -- Conjugations without the pronouns
        local conjData = deepCopy(
            export.conjugateMultiStem(opts, tense, presentStems, pastStems),
            'copy'
        )
		
        -- We concatenate the pronouns and the verbs if &quot;concatPrs&quot; is different of &quot;false&quot;
		-- No pronouns for the imperative mood
        if tense ~= 'impPresent' and concatPrs ~= false then
            local infoTense = deepCopy(export.tenseRules[tense], 'copy')
            
            local pronoms = deepCopy(
                export.conjPronouns(infoTense.stemType, infoTense.mode, opts.isTransitive)
            )
            
            conjData.conj = concatPronouns(pronoms, conjData.conj)
        end

        conjTab[tense] = conjData
    end
	
    return conjTab
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- Allows you to obtain a given conjugation from a model.
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|tew|dem=indPresent|kes=s1}}
-- See {{ku-tewîn-lk-niha}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.tew(frame)
   local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isNegative     = frame.args['neyînî'] or false,
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or nil,
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or nil,
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = args['lînk'] or 'erê',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
    }
	
	local tense        = frame.args['dem'] or nil
	local pers         = frame.args['kes'] or nil
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

    -- A few checks
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerguhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end

    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    if (baseOpts.isNegative == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isNegative = true
    end

	local tabConj = export.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, tense, presentStems, pastStems).conj
	
    return tabConj[pers]
end

-- ====================================================================================
-- GET COMMMA SEPARED FORMS
-- Bnr. [[MediaWiki:Gadget-QQ.js]]
-- Ex. {{#invoke:ku-tewandin|get_comma_separated_forms|niha=kev|borî=ket}}
-- ====================================================================================
function export.get_comma_separated_forms(frame)
    local opts = {
        presentStem     = frame.args['niha'],
        pastStem        = frame.args['borî'],
        isTransitive    = false,
        isNegative      = false,
        isCompoundVerb  = frame['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb   = frame['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb  = frame['paşgir'] or '',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi = frame['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi = frame['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi    = frame['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi    = frame['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi    = frame['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi    = frame['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa  = frame['na'] or nil,
		presentNe  = frame['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe     = frame['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe     = frame['ne'] or nil,
		impMe      = frame['me'] or nil,
		
        impNegForm     = 1,
		tags           = 'na', -- Remove links/tags
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }

   local function concateList(tenseList)
        local concatList = {}
        for _, pers in ipairs({&quot;s1&quot;, &quot;s2&quot;, &quot;s3&quot;, &quot;p1&quot;}) do
        	local tense = tenseList[pers]
            table.insert(concatList, tense)
        end

        return table.concat(concatList, &quot;,&quot;)
   end

   	local tenseList = {'indPresent','indPreterite','indImperfect',
                      'indPluperfect','indPerfect','indNwPluperfect',
                      'indFuture','indFuturePerfect',
                      'subjImperfect','subjPluperfect'
                    }
                    
    local concatAllTense = {}
    
    for  i = 1, #tenseList do
        local tense = tenseList[i]
        if export.tenseRules[tense] then
            opts.tense = tense
            local conj = shallowCopy(export.conjugate(opts).conj)
            local concatTense = concateList(conj)
            table.insert(concatAllTense, concatTense)
        end
    end
    
    return table.concat(concatAllTense, &quot;,&quot;)
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>jkuco5agazjriavye2gecu1tg6bdki0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>628615</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237738</id>
      <parentid>6237715</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:07:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237738</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7303" sha1="7t72r333qqquvavqvpgwfifq27rxtl7" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi      = args['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi      = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi         = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi         = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi         = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi         = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa      = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe      = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe         = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe         = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe          = args['me'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stemType -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb


   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
	                  .. '&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>7t72r333qqquvavqvpgwfifq27rxtl7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237838</id>
      <parentid>6237738</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:40:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237838</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="7542" sha1="k81lu28vwo7tm0eta6gmc2b6pexvtob" xml:space="preserve">local export = {}

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')
local lang = mw.getContentLanguage()

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = args['form'],
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
		accent         = args['devok'] or 'std',
		-- overridePreverb:
		presentBi      = args['nihaBi'] or nil,
		presentDi      = args['nihaDi'] or nil,
		pastBi         = args['borîBi'] or nil,
		pastDi         = args['borîDi'] or nil,
		sameBi         = args['bi'] or nil,
		sameDi         = args['di'] or nil,
		-- overrideNegPrefix:
		presentNa      = args['na'] or nil,
		presentNe      = args['nihaNe'] or nil,
		pastNe         = args['borîNe'] or nil,
		sameNe         = args['ne'] or nil,
		impMe          = args['me'] or nil,
		
        -- impNegForm     = 1, -- By default negative form with 'me' (1).
		-- tags           = 'erê',
		-- addPreverbParticles = 'erê',
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}
	
    if (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'gerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = true
    elseif (baseOpts.isTransitive == 'negerguhêz') then
        baseOpts.isTransitive = false
    else
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
    local infoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negInfoTense = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative')
	-- Imperatrive form '2'; negative form with 'ne'
	baseOpts.impNegForm = 2
	local impNegForm2 = conj.conjugateMultiStem(baseOpts, 'impPresent', presentStems, pastStems, 'negative').conj

	-- Creation of internal conjugation tables for the different tenses
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
		local nameKu = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameKu) -- Kurdish name
		local nameEn = lang:ucfirst(infoTense[tense].nameEn) -- English name
		local idName = infoTense[tense].name -- 'tenseRules' name (indPresent, ...)
		local classStem = infoTense[tense].stemType -- 'present' or 'past'
		
		-- First, create the table header.
		local tabHeader = '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; id=&quot;' .. idName .. '&quot;'
			.. 'class=&quot;' .. classStem .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; |'
			.. nameKu .. ' - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			.. '\n|-'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
			.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
			.. '\n|-'
		
		-- Create the table body.		
        local tabBody = ''
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
            tabBody = tabBody .. '\n|' .. infoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|' .. negInfoTense[tense].conj[pers]
                              .. '\n|-'
        end
		
		-- Create the table (header + body).	
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tabHeader
		            .. tabBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local transitivity = args['form']
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb

	-- The negation in &quot;me-&quot; is deleted in the imperative when the accent is equal to &quot;rojhilatî.
	local function rojhilatiNegForm(tags)
		if args['devok'] == 'rojhilatî' then
			return ''
		else
			return tags
		end
	end

   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; style=&quot;border-top:1px dotted grey; border-bottom:1px dotted grey&quot;| '
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.s2
	        	.. rojhilatiNegForm('&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.s2)
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. infoTense.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| valign=&quot;top&quot; | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. impNegForm2.p2
	        	.. rojhilatiNegForm('&lt;br&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negInfoTense.impPresent.conj.p2)
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>k81lu28vwo7tm0eta6gmc2b6pexvtob</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin</title>
    <ns>829</ns>
    <id>628996</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237841</id>
      <parentid>6237708</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:51:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */ Bersiv</comment>
      <origin>6237841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8214" sha1="6fb1f1hxr3gpboiapf5vscu0o41onc8" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye / [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-290|kod]]) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:kirin/test]] û [[Tewandin:xistin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:kirin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)

:Silav! Gelek spas. Di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de:
:1. Guherandin di dema indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent de hene. 
:2. Imperatîv wek ya standard e: bike! bikin! 
:3. Paşgira neyînîkirina împeratîvê &quot;ne-&quot; ye: neke! nekin!
:4. Mebesta te ew peyv in ku di kurmanciya rojhilatî de nayên bikaraîn? Eger ew be, bi nêrîna min divê em tenê ji wan lêkeran re çêkin ku bi rastî di kurmanciya rojhilatî de hene. Bo nimûne, lêkera &quot;karîn/kanîn&quot; di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de nîne lome nabe ku em li ber &quot;karîn&quot;ê &quot;formên rojhilatî&quot; bidin çunkî di pratîkê de formên wisa peyda nabin.
:4. Paşgirên de borî:
:- dema borî ya sade, atematîk: ez hat-im, tu hat-î, ew hat, em hat-în, hûn hat-in, ew hat-in
:- dema borî ya sade, tematîk: ez çû-m, tu çû-y (ne wek standard: çû-yî), ew çû, em çû-yn, hûn çû-n, ew çû-n
:- dema borî ya dûdar: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene)
:- dema borî ya dûr: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene) [[Bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|Ferhengvan]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|gotûbêj]]) 22:12, 14 hezîran 2026 (UTC)
::Spas! Min daxwazên te tevlî kodê kir: bi vî avayî tê çêkirin: [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:kirin&amp;curid=61065&amp;diff=6237839&amp;oldid=5142075] / [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:xistin&amp;curid=61054&amp;diff=6237840&amp;oldid=6236991] ({{param2|devok}}). Herwiha min tabloyên [[Tewandin:çûn]] (here, herin, ...) û [[Tewandin:hatin]] (were, werin, ...) jî sererast kir... [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 20:51, 15 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6fb1f1hxr3gpboiapf5vscu0o41onc8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237846</id>
      <parentid>6237841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T20:58:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237846</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8294" sha1="1zm1orjrq8bhrlwg6wwj3kp84wbjuh7" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye / [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-290|kod]]) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:kirin/test]] û [[Tewandin:xistin/test]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:kirin/test#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin/test#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)

:Silav! Gelek spas. Di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de:
:1. Guherandin di dema indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent de hene. 
:2. Imperatîv wek ya standard e: bike! bikin! 
:3. Paşgira neyînîkirina împeratîvê &quot;ne-&quot; ye: neke! nekin!
:4. Mebesta te ew peyv in ku di kurmanciya rojhilatî de nayên bikaraîn? Eger ew be, bi nêrîna min divê em tenê ji wan lêkeran re çêkin ku bi rastî di kurmanciya rojhilatî de hene. Bo nimûne, lêkera &quot;karîn/kanîn&quot; di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de nîne lome nabe ku em li ber &quot;karîn&quot;ê &quot;formên rojhilatî&quot; bidin çunkî di pratîkê de formên wisa peyda nabin.
:4. Paşgirên de borî:
:- dema borî ya sade, atematîk: ez hat-im, tu hat-î, ew hat, em hat-în, hûn hat-in, ew hat-in
:- dema borî ya sade, tematîk: ez çû-m, tu çû-y (ne wek standard: çû-yî), ew çû, em çû-yn, hûn çû-n, ew çû-n
:- dema borî ya dûdar: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene)
:- dema borî ya dûr: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene) [[Bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|Ferhengvan]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|gotûbêj]]) 22:12, 14 hezîran 2026 (UTC)
::Spas! Min daxwazên te tevlî kodê kir: bi vî avayî tê çêkirin: [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:hatin&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=6237845]/ [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:kirin&amp;curid=61065&amp;diff=6237839&amp;oldid=5142075] / [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:xistin&amp;curid=61054&amp;diff=6237840&amp;oldid=6236991] ({{param2|devok}}). Herwiha min tabloyên [[Tewandin:çûn]] (here, herin, ...) û [[Tewandin:hatin]] (were, werin, ...) jî sererast kir... [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 20:51, 15 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1zm1orjrq8bhrlwg6wwj3kp84wbjuh7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237848</id>
      <parentid>6237846</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T21:12:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de */</comment>
      <origin>6237848</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8264" sha1="shtcdpmlwzp94zxk2sdtpv92rfl7mty" xml:space="preserve">{{arşîvkirin|1=
* [[Gotûbêja modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv 1|Arşîv 1]]
}}

== Ergatîvî ==
; Lêkera ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPreterite|kirin]]'' (dema borî):

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ {{reng2|green|Biker}} + Berkar {{nobold|(bireser/obje)}} + lêkera tewandî
|-
! {{reng2|green|Biker}} \ Berkar !! ez !! tu !! ew/– !! em !! hûn !! ew
|-
! {{reng2|green|min}}
| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|te}}
| kirim || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wê/wî}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;/– kir || kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|me}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|we}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin || kirin
|-
! {{reng2|green|wan}}
| kirim || kirî || style=&quot;background-color:#FFF9E0&quot;| kir || kirin || kirin || &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirin
|}

* &lt;u&gt;Xwandina tabloyê&lt;/u&gt; ({{reng2|green|Bik.}} + '''Berk.''' + ''L''):
*:stûn1 ('''Berk.'''=ez): {{reng2|green|min}} '''ez''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirim; {{reng2|green|te}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|me}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|we}} '''ez''' kirim; {{reng2|green|hûn}} '''ez''' kirim
*:stûn2 ('''Berk.'''=tu): {{reng2|green|min}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|te}} '''tu''' &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt; kirî; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''tu''' kirî; {{reng2|green|me}} '''tu''' kirî; ...
*:stûn3 ('''Berk.'''=ew/–): {{reng2|green|min}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|te}} '''(ew)''' kir; {{reng2|green|wê/wî}} '''(ew &lt;u&gt;xwe&lt;/u&gt;)''' kir; {{reng2|green|me}} '''(ew)''' kir; ...
*: ...

Silav, em tewandinên lêkerên gerguhêz wekî tabloya jor tevlî Tabloya tewandinê ([[Tewandin:kirin]]) bikin? {{ping|Ferhengvan|Bikarhêner|Keyomerd}} [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 23:21, 11 gulan 2026 (UTC)

:Ê min ket serê min. Lê min beşên ko &quot;xwe&quot; dihewînin fam nekir. Divê bo nimûne &quot;min xwe kir&quot; be, an jî &quot;min ez kirim&quot; be lê jixwe tiştekî werê jî tune ye. [[Bikarhêner:Keyomerd|Keyomerd]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Keyomerd|gotûbêj]]) 08:36, 12 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::Bi vî awayî?

{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot; border-collapse:collapse;&quot; align=center
|+ {{{ser|}}}
|-style=&quot;border-bottom:solid 1px grey; border-top:solid 1px grey;&quot;
!id=&quot;11&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=#FFFFE0|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema niha|Dema niha]] - &lt;small&gt;''Present''&lt;/small&gt;
!colspan=&quot;4&quot; bgcolor=#ececff|[[Pêvek:Rastnivîsî/Lêker/Dema borî ya sade|Raboriya sade]] - &lt;small&gt;''Preterite''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Dema boriya têdeyî&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|green|Biker}}
|bgcolor=#e9e9e9|{{reng2|blue|Berkar}}
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Erênî
|bgcolor=#F4F4F4|Neyînî
|-
|ez dikim
|ez '''na'''kim
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ez}}
|kirim
|'''ne'''kirim
|-
|tu dikî
|tu '''na'''kî
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|tu}}
|kirî
|'''ne'''kirî
|-
|ew dike
|ew '''na'''ke
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kir
|'''ne'''kir
|-
|em dikin
|em '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|te, wî/wê, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|em}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|hûn dikin
|hûn '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, wî/wê, me, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|hûn}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|-
|ew dikin
|ew '''na'''kin
|{{reng2|green|min, te, wî/wê, me, we, wan}}
|{{reng2|blue|ew}}
|kirin
|'''ne'''kirin
|}
::--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 15:26, 20 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::{{silav|Bikarhêner}}. Tu dikarî van rûpelan çêkî:
:::* [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Bikarh%C3%AAner:Ghybu/common.js&amp;oldid=6236001] → tevlî [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin.js]] bike
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;Stûna bikerê (bireser/obje) di [[Şablon:ku-tewandin|tabloya tewandinê]] de berfire dike.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → [[MediaWiki:Gadget-kuTewandin]]
:::* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;* kuTewandin[ResourceLoader|default]|kuTewandin.js&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; → tevlî beşa &quot;Rû&quot; ([[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition#Rû]]) bike.
:::* '''Encam''': [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]] / herwiha rûyê mobîlê û moda tarî jî hatin guherandin...
:::Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:25, 24 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::Çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 09:25, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::Vêga çêbû? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 17:54, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::{{çêbû}} Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 19:50, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Yên din (her dukên pêşîyê, eger bêkêr bin) jê bibim? -- [[Bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|Bikarhêner]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Bikarhêner|gotûbêj]]) 22:24, 25 gulan 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Erê, jê bibe. Spas! [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 21:41, 26 gulan 2026 (UTC)

== Paşgirên lêkeran di kurmanciya rojhilatî de ==
:→ ''Binêre: [[Gotûbêja_modulê:ku-tewandin/arşîv_1#Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de|Paşgirên_lêkeran_di_kurmanciya_rojhilatî_de]]''

{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Min paşgirên lêkeran çêkirin (kod li [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-132|'''vira''']] ye / [[Modul:ku-tewandin#L-290|kod]]) feqet kontrol kirin hewce ye, bnr. [[Tewandin:kirin]] û [[Tewandin:xistin]].&lt;br&gt;Min hemû paşgirên demên niha guherand: ''[[Tewandin:kirin#indPresent|'''indPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin#indFuture|'''indFuture''']], [[Tewandin:kirin#subjPresent|'''subjPresent''']], [[Tewandin:kirin#imp|'''imperative''']]''

Çend pirsên min hene:
# Tenê dema hiha û dema bê tên guherandin an jî hemû (''indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent, imperative'') 
# Di devoka rojhilatê de raweya fermanî çito tê çêkirin wekî  dema bê (kesê 3em)?&lt;br&gt; Di forma neyînî de kijan paşgir tê bikaranîn '''[[me-]]''' an '''[[ne-]]''' ?
# Paşgirên rojhilatî ji bo hemû rehan werin çêkirin an jî tenê yên ku di wê devokê de tên bikaranîn ? Niha bi parametreya {{param2|devok|rojhilatî}} tê çêkirin.
# Paşgirên demên borî?
[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 00:22, 8 hezîran 2026 (UTC)

:Silav! Gelek spas. Di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de:
:1. Guherandin di dema indPresent, indFuture, subjPresent de hene. 
:2. Imperatîv wek ya standard e: bike! bikin! 
:3. Paşgira neyînîkirina împeratîvê &quot;ne-&quot; ye: neke! nekin!
:4. Mebesta te ew peyv in ku di kurmanciya rojhilatî de nayên bikaraîn? Eger ew be, bi nêrîna min divê em tenê ji wan lêkeran re çêkin ku bi rastî di kurmanciya rojhilatî de hene. Bo nimûne, lêkera &quot;karîn/kanîn&quot; di devokên kurmanciya rojhilatî de nîne lome nabe ku em li ber &quot;karîn&quot;ê &quot;formên rojhilatî&quot; bidin çunkî di pratîkê de formên wisa peyda nabin.
:4. Paşgirên de borî:
:- dema borî ya sade, atematîk: ez hat-im, tu hat-î, ew hat, em hat-în, hûn hat-in, ew hat-in
:- dema borî ya sade, tematîk: ez çû-m, tu çû-y (ne wek standard: çû-yî), ew çû, em çû-yn, hûn çû-n, ew çû-n
:- dema borî ya dûdar: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene)
:- dema borî ya dûr: varyanteke wek ya standard tê bikaranîn (hin varyantên din jî hene) [[Bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|Ferhengvan]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ferhengvan|gotûbêj]]) 22:12, 14 hezîran 2026 (UTC)
::Spas! Min daxwazên te tevlî kodê kir: bi vî avayî tê çêkirin: [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:hatin&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=6237845]/ [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:kirin&amp;curid=61065&amp;diff=6237839&amp;oldid=5142075] / [//ku.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Tewandin:xistin&amp;curid=61054&amp;diff=6237840&amp;oldid=6236991] ({{param2|devok}}). Herwiha min tabloyên [[Tewandin:çûn]] (here, herin, ...) û [[Tewandin:hatin]] (were, werin, ...) jî sererast kir... [[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 20:51, 15 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>shtcdpmlwzp94zxk2sdtpv92rfl7mty</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>perde rakirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>653547</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237799</id>
      <parentid>6153365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:33:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237799</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="712" sha1="r7a2zren4lb2kr4x2y2edq584i1hey9" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|perderakirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=}}
# [[diyar kirin]], [[xweya kirin]], [[kifş kirin]], [[eşkere kirin]], [[ron kirin]], serve kirin, [[serkol kirin]], &lt;br&gt; [[hildan]]a [[perde]]yê da ku tiştê li pişt [[diyar bûn|diyar bibe]] ([[bi taybetî]] di [[nîşandan]]a tiştên ku [[nû]] hatîn [[çêkirin]] de)

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|پەردە راکرن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|perde|rakirin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|كشف}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|آشکار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|unveil}}, {{W+|en|uncover}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ortaya çıkarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>r7a2zren4lb2kr4x2y2edq584i1hey9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237800</id>
      <parentid>6237799</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:34:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Lêker */</comment>
      <origin>6237800</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="716" sha1="dcnjyudz2r73y0zwbkaxoy0h6urcser" xml:space="preserve">{{bnr-n|perderakirin}}

== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=h-gh}}
# [[diyar kirin]], [[xweya kirin]], [[kifş kirin]], [[eşkere kirin]], [[ron kirin]], serve kirin, [[serkol kirin]], &lt;br&gt; [[hildan]]a [[perde]]yê da ku tiştê li pişt [[diyar bûn|diyar bibe]] ([[bi taybetî]] di [[nîşandan]]a tiştên ku [[nû]] hatîn [[çêkirin]] de)

==== Bi alfabeyên din ====
* {{ku-ar|پەردە راکرن}}

==== Etîmolojî ====
Ji {{heve|ku|perde|rakirin}}.

==== Werger ====
{{werger-ser}}
* {{Z|ar}}: {{W-|ar|كشف}}
* {{Z|fa}}: {{W+|fa|آشکار کردن}}
* {{Z|en}}: {{W+|en|unveil}}, {{W+|en|uncover}}
* {{Z|tr}}: {{W+|tr|ortaya çıkarmak}}
{{werger-bin}}</text>
      <sha1>dcnjyudz2r73y0zwbkaxoy0h6urcser</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>diçin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>797997</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237870</id>
      <parentid>5637775</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:32:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237870</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="338" sha1="1vawbxh79fsd6iao4ymdkvghc3yly46" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{deng|ku|LL-Q36163 (kmr)-Ebulfîda-diçin.wav|Deng|Bidlîs}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|yekem|pirjimar}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|duyem|pirjimar}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|sêyem|pirjimar}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|terin}}</text>
      <sha1>1vawbxh79fsd6iao4ymdkvghc3yly46</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tewandin:hilhatin</title>
    <ns>106</ns>
    <id>839177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237735</id>
      <parentid>6237393</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:36:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Tabloya tewandinê */</comment>
      <origin>6237735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="168" sha1="ijoio8b1wncdg6vmmnryiry5y2r0hru" xml:space="preserve">== Reh ==
;Rehên dema niha:
* ['''hil-ê-''']
* [hil-hê-]

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{ku-tewandin|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=wer|niha2=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}</text>
      <sha1>ijoio8b1wncdg6vmmnryiry5y2r0hru</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237762</id>
      <parentid>6237735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T14:37:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Guhartoya [[Special:Diff/6237735|6237735]] yê [[Special:Contributions/Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[User talk:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) şûnde kir</comment>
      <origin>6237762</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="158" sha1="4kdyla70qjhy58shpd305x7yv81xqm9" xml:space="preserve">== Reh ==
;Rehên dema niha:
* ['''hil-ê-''']
* [hil-hê-]

== Tabloya tewandinê ==
{{ku-tewandin|hilhatin|form=negerguhêz|niha=ê|borî=hat|pêşgir=hil}}</text>
      <sha1>4kdyla70qjhy58shpd305x7yv81xqm9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>bikeve</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>977904</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237832</id>
      <parentid>5139457</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T18:01:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237832</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="196" sha1="1mab48613kfj5709pb8k09mzpqmdcnl" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Bilêvkirin ===
* {{ku-IPA}}
* {{ku-kîte}}

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-bê|ketin|sêyem|yekjimar}}
# {{ku-fermanî|ketin|yekem|yekjimar}}</text>
      <sha1>1mab48613kfj5709pb8k09mzpqmdcnl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Şablon:ku-tewandin/style.css</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>1325186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237733</id>
      <parentid>6236178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T12:29:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>6237733</origin>
      <model>sanitized-css</model>
      <format>text/css</format>
      <text bytes="2525" sha1="g4wy0uha3iy176pgbw8gp06wtzoj74p" xml:space="preserve">/* [[Modul:ku-tewandin/tablo/ceribandin]] */

.conj-table {
	background-color: transparent;
	border-collapse: collapse;
	border-spacing: 0px;

}

.conj-table th, .conj-table td {
	padding: 3px;
}

.conj-table a.new {
    color: inherit;
    text-decoration: none;
    cursor: pointer;
}

.conj-table .title {
	text-align: center;
	font-weight: bold;
	background-color: #FFCC99;
	border-top: 1px solid grey;
	border-bottom: 1px solid grey;
}

.tense-table {
	width: 100%;
	background-color: transparent;
	border-collapse: collapse;
}

.tense-table-title {
	border-top: solid 1px grey;
	border-bottom: solid 1px grey;
}

.tense-table td,
.tense-table th {
    vertical-align: top;
}

.present-stem.tense-table-title:target {
	background-color: #ffe680 !important;
	transition: background-color 1.2s ease;
}

.past-stem.tense-table-title:target {
	background-color: #d0b8ff !important;
	transition: background-color 1.2s ease;
}

.mood {
	text-align: center;
	font-weight: bold;
	background-color: #FFDCA8;
	border-bottom: solid 1px grey;
	border-top: solid 1px grey;
}

.negative, .positive {
	background-color: #F4F4F4;
	color: gray;
	text-align: left;
}

.present-stem {
	background-color: #fff9c4;
}

.past-stem {
	background-color: #ECECFF;
}

.particle {
	float:right;
	color: black;
	white-space: nowrap;
}

/* Dark mode */
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .particle {
	color: white;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .tense-table-title {
	border-bottom: solid 1px #211f39;
	border-top: solid 1px #211f39;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .negative,
html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .positive {
	background-color: #211f39;
	color: #54595d;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .conj-table {
	background-color: #1a1a2a;
	color:white;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .title {
	background-color: #2c2a4c;
	color: white;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mood {
	background-color: #2c2a4c;
	color: white;
	border-bottom: solid 1px #e4e6f0;
	border-top: solid 1px #e4e6f0;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .present-stem {
	background-color: #ffd08c;
	color: black;
}

html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .past-stem {
	background-color: #b4a8ff;
	color: black;
}

/***** vertical lay-out on narrow screens, both desktop and mobile *****/
@media screen and ( max-width: 748px ) {
	.conj-table,
	.conj-table &gt; tbody,
	.conj-table &gt; tbody &gt; tr,
	.conj-table &gt; tbody &gt; tr &gt; td {
		display: block;
		width: 100% !important;
		height: auto;
		box-sizing: border-box;
	}

	.tense-table {
		  display: table !important;
	}
}</text>
      <sha1>g4wy0uha3iy176pgbw8gp06wtzoj74p</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Modul:ku-tewandin/tabloErgatîv</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>1357312</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237740</id>
      <parentid>6237719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T13:12:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237740</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="8289" sha1="gparcm60s26cp3rbb35dlppae9jb98t" xml:space="preserve">-- [[Wîkîferheng:ceribandin]]
-- [[Template:ku-tewandin/ceribandin]]
-- [[Template:ku-tewandin/ceribandin/style.css]]

local conj = require('Modul:ku-tewandin')

local export = {}

function export.tablo(frame)
    local args = frame:getParent().args

    local baseOpts = {
        isTransitive   = false,
        isCompoundVerb = args['valahî'] or false,
        preSimpleVerb  = args['pêşgir'] or '',
        postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or '',
        overrideBi     = args['bi'] or nil,
        overrideDi     = args['di'] or nil,
        overrideNa     = args['na'] or nil,
        overrideNe     = args['ne'] or nil,
        impNegForm     = nil,
		addPreverbParticles = 'na' -- Remove preverb particles (ê/dê)
    }
	
    local presentStems = {args['niha'], args['niha2'], args['niha3']}
    local pastStems    = {args['borî'], args['borî2'], args['borî3']}

	local transitivity = args['form']
    if (transitivity ~= 'gerguhêz' and transitivity ~= 'negerguhêz') then
        return '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;form = gerghuhêz / negerguhêz&lt;/span&gt;'
    end
	
    if (baseOpts.isCompoundVerb == 'erê') then
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = true
    else
        baseOpts.isCompoundVerb = false
    end

    -- Conjugation table in all tenses
	local concatPrs = false
    local conjTab = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'positive', concatPrs)
    -- Negatives conjugations table
    local negConjTab = conj.conjugateAllTenses(baseOpts, presentStems, pastStems, 'negative', concatPrs)

    -- Construction of conjugation table whose dimensions change depending on
    -- whether it is a transitive verb or not; and whether there is a preverbParticle (yes or no).
	-- First, we create the table header, then the body (content).
	local function tenseTableHeader(tense)
		local tabHeader = function(col)
			local header = '\n! id=&quot;' .. conjTab[tense].name .. '&quot;'
			           .. 'class=&quot;' .. conjTab[tense].stemType .. '-stem tense-table-title&quot; colspan=&quot;'.. col .. '&quot; |'
			           .. conjTab[tense].nameKu
			           .. '- &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;-{'.. conjTab[tense].nameEn ..'}-&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
			           .. '\n|-'
			return header
	    end

		local preverbParticle = ''
		local tabH = tabHeader(4)
		
		if conjTab[tense].preverbParticle == &quot;ê&quot; then
			tabH = tabHeader(5)
			preverbParticle = '\n! class=&quot;agent-title&quot; | '
						
		end
		
		local tenseHeader =  tabHeader(2)
		                     .. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
	                          ..'\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		                     .. '\n|-'
		
	    if (conjTab[tense].stemType == &quot;past&quot; and transitivity == &quot;gerguhêz&quot;) then
			tenseHeader = tabH
			               .. '\n! class=&quot;agent-title&quot; | Biker &lt;span class=&quot;toggle-width&quot;&gt;zêde &lt;span class=&quot;arrow&quot;&gt;›&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;'
	                        .. preverbParticle
	                        .. '\n! class=&quot;object-title&quot;  | Berkar'
	                        .. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot;      | Erênî'
	                        .. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot;      | Neyînî'
			               ..  '\n|-'
		end
		return tenseHeader
	end
	
	local function tenseTableBody(tense, pers)
		local preverbParticles = conj.getPreverbParticles(conjTab[tense].preverbParticle, 
															conjTab[tense].stemType, false)

		local bila = ''
		if conjTab[tense].mode == &quot;subjunctive&quot; then
			bila = '&lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(bila) &lt;/span&gt;'
		end
		
		local preverbParticle = ''
		if conjTab[tense].preverbParticle == &quot;ê&quot; then
			preverbParticle = '\n| class=&quot;particle&quot; | (y)ê/dê'
		end
		
		local body = '\n|' .. bila .. conj.pronouns[pers] .. ' ' .. preverbParticles[pers] .. ' ' .. conjTab[tense].conj[pers]
				  .. '\n|' .. bila .. conj.pronouns[pers] .. ' ' .. preverbParticles[pers] .. ' ' .. negConjTab[tense].conj[pers]
				  .. '\n|-'
		
		if (conjTab[tense].stemType == &quot;past&quot; and transitivity == &quot;gerguhêz&quot;) then
			body = '\n| class=&quot;agent&quot;   |' .. bila .. conj.agents[pers]
				   .. preverbParticle
				   .. '\n| class=&quot;object&quot;  |' .. conj.pronouns[pers]
				   .. '\n|' .. conjTab[tense].conj[pers]
				   .. '\n|' .. negConjTab[tense].conj[pers]
				   .. '\n|-'
		end
		
		return body
	end
	
    -- Construction of the conjugation table for a given tense: the header
	-- and the body are combined.
    local function conjugateTable(tense)
        local tenseBody = ''
        local tenseHeader = tenseTableHeader(tense)
		
        for _, pers in ipairs(conj.order) do
           tenseBody = tenseBody .. tenseTableBody(tense, pers)
        end
		local tab = '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;' 
					.. '\n|-'
		            .. tenseHeader
		            .. tenseBody
		       .. '\n|}'
        return tab
    end

	--Retrieving some parameters for creating the main table header
	local verb = args[1]
    local preSimpleVerb = args['pêşgir'] or ''
    local postSimpleVerb = args['paşgir'] or ''
	
	-- Cureyê lêkerê
	local verbStruc =  conj.verbStruct(baseOpts.isCompoundVerb, baseOpts.preSimpleVerb)
	if (verbStruc == 'preverbVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'pêkhatî'
	elseif (verbStruc == 'compoundVerb') then
		verbStruc = 'hevedudanî'
	else
		verbStruc = 'xwerû'
	end

	local prsStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(presentStems) do
	    if stem then prsStemsFormat[#prsStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local pstStemsFormat = {}
	for _, stem in ipairs(pastStems) do
	    if stem then pstStemsFormat[#pstStemsFormat+1] = preSimpleVerb .. '-' .. stem ..'-' end
	end
	local prsStems = table.concat(prsStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb
	local pstStems = table.concat(pstStemsFormat, ' / ') .. postSimpleVerb

   return
'{| align=&quot;center&quot; class=&quot;conj-table&quot;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; class=&quot;title&quot; | Tewandina lêkera [[' .. verb .. ']]&lt;br&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal;&quot;&gt;(' .. verbStruc .. ', ' .. transitivity .. ')&lt;/span&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;present-stem&quot; | Rehê dema niha'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; border-bottom:dotted 1px grey;&quot; | ' .. prsStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;past-stem&quot; | Rehê dema borî'
.. '\n! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;&quot; | ' .. pstStems
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n|'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;imp&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya fermanî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Imperative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' 
	.. '\n{| cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;tense-table&quot;'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;negative&quot; | Erênî'
		.. '\n! class=&quot;positive&quot; | Neyînî'
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. conjTab.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n| &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(tû)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negConjTab.impPresent.conj.s2
		.. '\n|-'
		.. '\n| &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. conjTab.impPresent.conj.p2
		.. '\n| &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;(hûn)&lt;/span&gt; ' .. negConjTab.impPresent.conj.p2
	..'\n|}'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;ind&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya pêşkerî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Indicative&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuture')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indFuturePerfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indPerfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('indNwPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;subj&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya xwestekî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Subjunctive&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPreterite')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjImperfect')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('subjPluperfect')
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;8&quot; id=&quot;cond&quot; class=&quot;mood&quot; | Raweya mercî - &lt;small&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conditional&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/small&gt;'
.. '\n|-'
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPresent')
.. '\n| colspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; | ' .. conjugateTable('condPreterite')
.. '\n|}'
end

return export</text>
      <sha1>gparcm60s26cp3rbb35dlppae9jb98t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ra kirin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357323</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237795</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-15T15:30:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;== {{ziman|ku}} ==  === Lêker === {{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}} # {{şaşnivîs|ku|rakirin}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237795</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="84" sha1="b8a7ajsl89aoiwamom1z8mx16d88xaz" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Lêker ===
{{lêker|ku|c=p-gh}}
# {{şaşnivîs|ku|rakirin}}</text>
      <sha1>b8a7ajsl89aoiwamom1z8mx16d88xaz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gotûbêj:wate</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>1357325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237862</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T02:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>-</comment>
      <origin>6237862</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="223" sha1="1cuu7hjjblo0230c6jy5podwei4i7r6" xml:space="preserve">=== [[Nimînok:Ferhengok#emilandinên_xelet|Emilandina xelet]] ===
{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Pêş peyva &quot;wate&quot; etîketa ''emilandina xalet'' hatiye tevlîkirin, tu çi difikirî li ser vê mijarê (peyva &quot;wate&quot; te çêkiriye)?</text>
      <sha1>1cuu7hjjblo0230c6jy5podwei4i7r6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237863</id>
      <parentid>6237862</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T02:08:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Emilandina xelet */</comment>
      <origin>6237863</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="l4l4ne3dv2fjf5wikzrhoug2oomcxmy" xml:space="preserve">=== [[Nimînok:Ferhengok#emilandinên_xelet|Emilandina xelet]] ===
{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Pêş peyva &quot;wate&quot; etîketa ''emilandina xalet'' hatiye tevlî kirin, tu çi difikirî li ser vê mijarê (peyva &quot;wate&quot; te çêkiriye)?</text>
      <sha1>l4l4ne3dv2fjf5wikzrhoug2oomcxmy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237876</id>
      <parentid>6237863</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:05:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikihez</username>
        <id>7344</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>6237876</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="242" sha1="2deqp7pvch5i9ono8coeyqh873q91m2" xml:space="preserve">=== [[Nimînok:Ferhengok#emilandinên_xelet|Emilandina xelet]] ===
{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Pêş peyva &quot;wate&quot; etîketa ''emilandina xalet'' hatiye tevlî kirin, tu çi difikirî li ser vê mijarê (peyva &quot;wate&quot; te çêkiriye)?{{bêîmze|Ghybu}}</text>
      <sha1>2deqp7pvch5i9ono8coeyqh873q91m2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237877</id>
      <parentid>6237876</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:15:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Emilandina xelet */ îmze</comment>
      <origin>6237877</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="348" sha1="5f0ec7ruenjs7w1iqwvwt6vxkwrohv9" xml:space="preserve">=== [[Nimînok:Ferhengok#emilandinên_xelet|Emilandina xelet]] ===
{{silav|Ferhengvan}}. Pêş peyva &quot;wate&quot; etîketa ''emilandina xalet'' hatiye tevlî kirin, tu çi difikirî li ser vê mijarê (peyva &quot;wate&quot; te çêkiriye)?
{{ping|Ferhengvan}}--[[Bikarhêner:Ghybu|Ghybu]] ([[Gotûbêja bikarhêner:Ghybu|gotûbêj]]) 05:15, 16 hezîran 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>5f0ec7ruenjs7w1iqwvwt6vxkwrohv9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>terin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>1357326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>6237871</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T04:40:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rûpel bi &quot;== {{ziman|ku}} ==  === Formeke lêkerê === {{lêker|ku|form=erê}} # {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|yekem|pirjimar}} # {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|duyem|pirjimar}} # {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|sêyem|pirjimar}} #* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}  ==== Hevmane ==== * {{g|ku|diçin}}&quot; hat çêkirin</comment>
      <origin>6237871</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="403" sha1="29o6t16rvdwmfq8oq7liw2ir1v2vokw" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|yekem|pirjimar}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|duyem|pirjimar}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|sêyem|pirjimar}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|diçin}}</text>
      <sha1>29o6t16rvdwmfq8oq7liw2ir1v2vokw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>6237874</id>
      <parentid>6237871</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-16T05:01:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ghybu</username>
        <id>1393</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Formeke lêkerê */</comment>
      <origin>6237874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="741" sha1="5hpnaxjnzjapx8ctoi3dtevjmlo8szc" xml:space="preserve">== {{ziman|ku}} ==

=== Formeke lêkerê ===
{{lêker|ku|form=erê}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|yekem|pirjimar}}
#* {{jêder-malper|ku|jêgirtin=Hûn belkî bawer nakin lê rewş ev e. Du mamosteyên me dev ji kar berdan. Gotin ji ber şagirta pîsîqolojîka me diêşe û ku em '''terin''' malê em bi zarokên xwe re şer dikin.|malper=rupelanu.com|nivîskar=Mehmet Erbey|sernav=Dibistan|sal=2022|url=https://www.rupelanu.com/dibistan-21842h.htm}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|duyem|pirjimar}}
# {{ku-dema-niha|çûn|sêyem|pirjimar}}
#* {{jêder|ku|jêgirtin=Gor gotina apê min, ew '''terin''' di mêrga Şêx da gihê diçinin.|İkram Oğuz, ''Jîyan bi kurdî xweş e'', 2922, ''Weşanên NavKurd'', r.187}}

==== Hevmane ====
* {{g|ku|diçin}}</text>
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