Helium

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    <title>Helium</title>
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      <text bytes="6762" sha1="cix6o20zcvduj9icgmiqjsynuwv90vu" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementa caput | numerus atomicus=2 | symbolus = He | nomen=helium
 | sinister=[[hydrogenium]] | dexter=[[lithium]] | super= | sub=[[neon|Ne]]
 | color1=#C0FFFF | color2=black }}
{{Elementa turmaperiodusglaeba | turma=18 | periodus=1 | glaeba=s }}
{{Elementa color img | He,2.jpg | transparens}}
{{Elementa pondusatomicum | 4,002602(2) }}
{{Elementa epershell | 2}}
{{Elementa propphysicae | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa status | [[Gas]]}}
|-
| [[Punctum liquefactionis]] || 0,95 K (26 atm)
{{Elementa Punctum Fer | k = 4,22 | c = -268,93 | f = -452,07}}
|-
| [[Punctum triplex]] || Nullum
{{Elementa Punctum Cri | k = 5,19 | mpa = 0,227}}
{{Elementa calorlatensfusionis | 0,0138}}
{{Elementa capacitascaloris | 20,786}}
{{Elementa propatomicae | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa structuracrystallina | Hexagona}}
{{Elementa Oxidation States | 0 }}
{{Elementa radiuscovalentiae | 28 }}
{{Elementa radiusvanderwaals | 140 }}
{{Elementa varietas | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa conductuscaloris | 0,1513 }}
{{Elementa velocitassoni | 972 }}
|}
[[Fasciculus:HeNe Laser Build.webm|thumb|Helium Neon [[laser]]. ]]
'''Helium''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Helium&quot;: Peter van der Krogt, &quot;[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/list_element.php?language=la&amp;sort=A Elementa chemica]&quot; apud situm ''Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[elementum chemicum]] cui symbolus '''He''' et [[numerus atomicus]] 2. Eius massa atomica 4 g/mol valet et ex binis [[proton|protonibus]], binis [[Neutron|neutronibus]] binisque [[electron|electronibus]] constat (configuratio electronica 1s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Duos [[Isotopus|isotopos]] tamen habet e quibus primus rarus est: &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He et &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He. Quia plenum orbem electronicum habet cum ceteris elementis non [[Reactio chemica|reagit]] nec [[Molecula|moleculas]] format sed singulis [[Atomus|atomis]] per spatium commeat. In [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] in primam [[Periodus (systema periodicum)|periodum]] et [[Grex (systema periodicum)|gregem]] 18 ponitur qui grex elementa quae [[Gas nobile|gasia nobilia]] appellantur et proprietates helio similes praebent comprehendit. [[Punctum ebullitionis|Punctum fervoris]] 4,2 [[Kelvinus (unitas)|gradus Kelvinos]] infimum ex omnibus elementis reperitur. [[Solidum]] fieri nisi ingenti [[Pressio|pressione]] adhibita non potest. Itaque in natura paene semper gaseosum est, sine colore, sine odore, sine sapore, non toxicum. Solum helium duos [[Status materiae|status liquidos]] manifestat. Nam infra 2 Kelvinos helium liquidum miram proprietatem exhibet: [[Superfluidum|superfluiditatem]], hoc est fluentiam sine viscositate.

== In universo et in Tellure ==
Post [[hydrogenium]] helium est elementum in [[Universum|universo]] abundantissimum, imprimis in [[Stella|stellis]]. Ita circiter quartam partem [[sol|solis]] massae efficit unde nomen habuit e verbo Graeco antiquo ἥλιος. Nihilominus in [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] rarum est quia eius atomi leviores ac velociores sunt quam ut [[Gravitas (physica)|gravitate]] terrae retineri possint. Infra saxa tamen inveniri potest inter alia [[Gasium naturale|gasia naturalia]] ubi e particulis [[Radioactivitas|radioactivis]] alpha (&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, hoc est nucleus helii) ortum est.

== De usu humano ==
Helium per [[Destillatio|destillationem]] e gase naturali vehementer refrigerato extrahi solet vel etiam in industria [[nucleus atomi|nucleari]] cum [[Radioactivitas|elementa radioactiva]] [[uranium]] et [[thorium]] dissiliunt et helium emittunt.

Quia eius densitas minima videtur (quamvis [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] dupla sit)  nec facile inflammatur helium ad [[Navis aëria|navis aërias]] vel [[Globus aerostaticus|globos aerostaticos]] levandos adhibetur. Item apud [[Urinatio|urinatores]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://fr.scienceaq.com/Chemistry/1001250616.html Pourquoi l'hélium est-il utilisé pour la respiration en eau profonde à la place de l'azote?]&lt;/ref&gt; aut in [[Valetudinarium|valetudinariis]]&lt;ref&gt;Govind Sridharan, Didier Tassaux, Jean-Claude Chevrolet. &quot;[https://www.revmed.ch/revue-medicale-suisse/2007/revue-medicale-suisse-137/emploi-de-melanges-helium-oxygene-heliox-dans-l-asthme-aigu-grave Emploi de mélanges hélium-oxygène (héliox) dans l’asthme aigu grave]&quot;, ''Revue médicale suisse'', 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; cum [[Oxygenium|oxygenio]] (''heliox'') miscetur ne nimia pressio aerii [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] fiat. Ut substantia maxime refrigerans in [[Cryogenia|cryogenia]] adhibetur et technologiae medicinali [[IRM]] necessarium est&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.francesoir.fr/la-course-des-fabricants-dirm-pour-reduire-leur-dependance-lhelium Etienne Balmer, France Soir,] 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;. Unde aliqua sollicitudo oritur quia helium satis rarum est. Praeterea in [[Rocheta|missilibus igneis]] propulsandis&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zonebourse.com/cours/action/BOEING-4816/actualite/Qu-est-ce-que-l-helium-et-pourquoi-est-il-utilise-dans-les-fusees--47823808/ Qu'est-ce que l'hélium et pourquoi est-il utilisé dans les fusées ?]&lt;/ref&gt; adhibetur ad pressionem constantem servandam.


{{Latinitas dolet|Maxima cryogenica elementis omnibus est, et propter [[energia puncti zerois]] [[gas]] [[gasia nobilia|nobile]] puncto triplice caret, solidificatio sua super [[pressio]]nem [[atmosphaera|atmosphaericam]] quaeret. Et [[liquidum]] Helii [[isotopus|isotopi]] sub [[zerum absolutum|zero absoluto]] pro [[superfluidum|superfluditate]] usum est}}.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Zhongjun Hu, Jingyu Li. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352854025000397 A review of helium resources and development]&quot;, ''Natural Gas Industry B'', 2025: 356-367
*Diandian Jin, Gongkui Xiao, Zhe Lu, Roman Weh, Luke McElroy, Guoping Hu, Eric F. May. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586625037335 Industrial advances in helium recovery and purification technologies: a review]&quot;, ''Separation and Purification Technology'', 2026: 135136
*I.V. Provornaya, I.V. Filimonova, L.V. Eder, V.Y. Nemov, E.A. Zemnukhova. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484722000877 Prospects for the global helium industry development]&quot;, ''Energy Reports'', Supplementum 3, 2022: 110-115

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Helium helium] spectant
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/002.htm Hoc elementum] apud ''Patreon: periodic videos''
*[https://lelementarium.fr/element-fiche/helium/ L'élémentarium]
*[https://www.samaterials.fr/blog/helium-element-properties-and-uses.html Stanford advanced materials]
{{Elementa chemica}}

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]
[[Categoria:Non metalla]]
[[Categoria:Gasia nobilia]]
[[Categoria:Helium]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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      <text bytes="6814" sha1="sjkjd49cduvn3xbdtcq3bza9g5sp0vd" xml:space="preserve">{{Elementa caput | numerus atomicus=2 | symbolus = He | nomen=helium
 | sinister=[[hydrogenium]] | dexter=[[lithium]] | super= | sub=[[neon|Ne]]
 | color1=#C0FFFF | color2=black }}
{{Elementa turmaperiodusglaeba | turma=18 | periodus=1 | glaeba=s }}
{{Elementa color img | He,2.jpg | transparens}}
{{Elementa pondusatomicum | 4,002602(2) }}
{{Elementa epershell | 2}}
{{Elementa propphysicae | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa status | [[Gas]]}}
|-
| [[Punctum liquefactionis]] || 0,95 K (26 atm)
{{Elementa Punctum Fer | k = 4,22 | c = -268,93 | f = -452,07}}
|-
| [[Punctum triplex]] || Nullum
{{Elementa Punctum Cri | k = 5,19 | mpa = 0,227}}
{{Elementa calorlatensfusionis | 0,0138}}
{{Elementa capacitascaloris | 20,786}}
{{Elementa propatomicae | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa structuracrystallina | Hexagona}}
{{Elementa Oxidation States | 0 }}
{{Elementa radiuscovalentiae | 28 }}
{{Elementa radiusvanderwaals | 140 }}
{{Elementa varietas | color1=#9ff | color2=black }}
{{Elementa conductuscaloris | 0,1513 }}
{{Elementa velocitassoni | 972 }}
|}
[[Fasciculus:HeNe Laser Build.webm|thumb|Helium Neon [[laser]]. ]]
'''Helium''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Helium&quot;: Peter van der Krogt, &quot;[http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/list_element.php?language=la&amp;sort=A Elementa chemica]&quot; apud situm ''Elementymology &amp; Elements Multidict''&lt;/ref&gt; est [[elementum chemicum]] cui symbolus '''He''' et [[numerus atomicus]] 2. Eius massa atomica 4 g/mol valet et ex binis [[proton|protonibus]], binis [[Neutron|neutronibus]] binisque [[electron|electronibus]] constat (configuratio electronica 1s&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Duos [[Isotopus|isotopos]] tamen habet e quibus primus rarus est et ex [[tritium (chemia)|tritio]] tabescente oritur: &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;He et &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He. Quia plenum orbem electronicum habet cum ceteris elementis non [[Reactio chemica|reagit]] nec [[Molecula|moleculas]] format sed singulis [[Atomus|atomis]] per spatium commeat. In [[Systema periodicum|systemate periodico]] in primam [[Periodus (systema periodicum)|periodum]] et [[Grex (systema periodicum)|gregem]] 18 ponitur qui grex elementa quae [[Gas nobile|gasia nobilia]] appellantur et proprietates helio similes praebent comprehendit. [[Punctum ebullitionis|Punctum fervoris]] 4,2 [[Kelvinus (unitas)|gradus Kelvinos]] infimum ex omnibus elementis reperitur. [[Solidum]] fieri nisi ingenti [[Pressio|pressione]] adhibita non potest. Itaque in natura paene semper gaseosum est, sine colore, sine odore, sine sapore, non toxicum. Solum helium duos [[Status materiae|status liquidos]] manifestat. Nam infra 2 Kelvinos helium liquidum miram proprietatem exhibet: [[Superfluidum|superfluiditatem]], hoc est fluentiam sine viscositate.

== In universo et in Tellure ==
Post [[hydrogenium]] helium est elementum in [[Universum|universo]] abundantissimum, imprimis in [[Stella|stellis]]. Ita circiter quartam partem [[sol|solis]] massae efficit unde nomen habuit e verbo Graeco antiquo ἥλιος. Nihilominus in [[Tellus (planeta)|Tellure]] rarum est quia eius atomi leviores ac velociores sunt quam ut [[Gravitas (physica)|gravitate]] terrae retineri possint. Infra saxa tamen inveniri potest inter alia [[Gasium naturale|gasia naturalia]] ubi e particulis [[Radioactivitas|radioactivis]] alpha (&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, hoc est nucleus helii) ortum est.

== De usu humano ==
Helium per [[Destillatio|destillationem]] e gase naturali vehementer refrigerato extrahi solet vel etiam in industria [[nucleus atomi|nucleari]] cum [[Radioactivitas|elementa radioactiva]] [[uranium]] et [[thorium]] dissiliunt et helium emittunt.

Quia eius densitas minima videtur (quamvis [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenio]] dupla sit)  nec facile inflammatur helium ad [[Navis aëria|navis aërias]] vel [[Globus aerostaticus|globos aerostaticos]] levandos adhibetur. Item apud [[Urinatio|urinatores]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://fr.scienceaq.com/Chemistry/1001250616.html Pourquoi l'hélium est-il utilisé pour la respiration en eau profonde à la place de l'azote?]&lt;/ref&gt; aut in [[Valetudinarium|valetudinariis]]&lt;ref&gt;Govind Sridharan, Didier Tassaux, Jean-Claude Chevrolet. &quot;[https://www.revmed.ch/revue-medicale-suisse/2007/revue-medicale-suisse-137/emploi-de-melanges-helium-oxygene-heliox-dans-l-asthme-aigu-grave Emploi de mélanges hélium-oxygène (héliox) dans l’asthme aigu grave]&quot;, ''Revue médicale suisse'', 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; cum [[Oxygenium|oxygenio]] (''heliox'') miscetur ne nimia pressio aerii [[Nitrogenium|nitrogenii]] fiat. Ut substantia maxime refrigerans in [[Cryogenia|cryogenia]] adhibetur et technologiae medicinali [[IRM]] necessarium est&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.francesoir.fr/la-course-des-fabricants-dirm-pour-reduire-leur-dependance-lhelium Etienne Balmer, France Soir,] 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;. Unde aliqua sollicitudo oritur quia helium satis rarum est. Praeterea in [[Rocheta|missilibus igneis]] propulsandis&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zonebourse.com/cours/action/BOEING-4816/actualite/Qu-est-ce-que-l-helium-et-pourquoi-est-il-utilise-dans-les-fusees--47823808/ Qu'est-ce que l'hélium et pourquoi est-il utilisé dans les fusées ?]&lt;/ref&gt; adhibetur ad pressionem constantem servandam.


{{Latinitas dolet|Maxima cryogenica elementis omnibus est, et propter [[energia puncti zerois]] [[gas]] [[gasia nobilia|nobile]] puncto triplice caret, solidificatio sua super [[pressio]]nem [[atmosphaera|atmosphaericam]] quaeret. Et [[liquidum]] Helii [[isotopus|isotopi]] sub [[zerum absolutum|zero absoluto]] pro [[superfluidum|superfluditate]] usum est}}.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Zhongjun Hu, Jingyu Li. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352854025000397 A review of helium resources and development]&quot;, ''Natural Gas Industry B'', 2025: 356-367
*Diandian Jin, Gongkui Xiao, Zhe Lu, Roman Weh, Luke McElroy, Guoping Hu, Eric F. May. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586625037335 Industrial advances in helium recovery and purification technologies: a review]&quot;, ''Separation and Purification Technology'', 2026: 135136
*I.V. Provornaya, I.V. Filimonova, L.V. Eder, V.Y. Nemov, E.A. Zemnukhova. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484722000877 Prospects for the global helium industry development]&quot;, ''Energy Reports'', Supplementum 3, 2022: 110-115

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Helium helium] spectant
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/002.htm Hoc elementum] apud ''Patreon: periodic videos''
*[https://lelementarium.fr/element-fiche/helium/ L'élémentarium]
*[https://www.samaterials.fr/blog/helium-element-properties-and-uses.html Stanford advanced materials]
{{Elementa chemica}}

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]
[[Categoria:Non metalla]]
[[Categoria:Gasia nobilia]]
[[Categoria:Helium]]

{{Myrias|Physica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Leonhardus Eulerus</title>
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      <comment>Fontem inveni</comment>
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      <text bytes="11460" sha1="92bltwhio05de5pgi93l8pflhmnbztj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Leonhard Euler.jpg|thumb|Leonhardum Eulerum pinxit [[Iacobus Emanuelis Handmann]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Euler Grave at Alexander Nevsky Monastry.jpg|thumb|Sepulcrum Euleri Petropoli apud [[Monasterium Alexandri Nevensis]].]]
'''Leonhardus Eulerus''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Leonhard Euler''; natus [[Basilea]]e die [[15 Aprilis]] [[1707]], mortuus [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] die [[18 Septembris]] [[1783]]) fuit [[mathematicus]], [[physicus]], [[astronomus]]que [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] qui multas [[res]] magni momenti, praesertim in [[calculus infinitesimalis|calculo infinitesimali]], [[theoria graphorum]],&lt;ref&gt;{{LLHL26|Fibonaccibaum|22}}: “''arbor Fibonacciana, f'' {{nota temporis|2024}} {{pu|in {{lectio|theoria graphorum}}}}.”&lt;/ref&gt; [[topologia]], atque [[theoria numerorum]], invenit. Multas appellationes notationesque introduxit, ut notionem [[functio]]nis mathematicae, quae etiamnunc, praecipue in [[analysis mathematica|analysi]], adhibentur. Etiam inventiones in [[mechanica]], [[dynamica fluidorum]], [[optica]], [[astronomia]], atque [[theoria musicae]] fecit.

Maiorem vitae adultae partem [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[imperium Russicum|imperio Russico]] et [[Berolinum|Berolini]] in [[Prussia]] vixit.

Euler unus ex insignissimis fecundissimisque mathematicis omnium temporum habetur. Traditur [[Petrus Simon Laplace]] de eo dixisse, &quot;Lisez Euler, lisez Euler, c'est notre maître à tous&quot; (Legite Eulerum, legite Eulerum, qui est omnium nostrum magister).&lt;ref&gt;Gugliemo Libri , iudicium libri &quot;Correspondance mathématique et physique de quelques célèbres géomètres du XVIIIe siècle, … &quot;, ''Journal des savants'' (mensis Ianuarii 1846), [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57253t/f52.image.langEN p. 51].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vita ==
Eulerus [[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliae]] filius pastoris Pauli Euleri (1670–1745) natus est. Studia in [[Universitas Basiliensis|universitate]] natalis civitatis apud [[Iohannes Bernoullius|Ioannem Bernoullii]] exercuit, et se summi mathematici ingenii praebuit. [[Daniel Bernoullius|Danielo Bernoullii]]&lt;ref&gt;Moritz Cantor: ''Bernoulli, Daniel''. In: ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (ADB)''. t. 2 (Lipsiae: Duncker &amp; Humblot, 1875), 478–80.&lt;/ref&gt; favente ab anno [[1727]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academia Scientiarum Caesarea]] laborabat, anno [[1726]] adiunctus et anno [[1731]] professor eius factus. A rege [[Fridericus II (rex Borussiae)|Friderico Magno]] anno [[1741]] in [[Academia Scientiarum Borussica|Academiam Borussicam]] vocatus, [[Berolinum]] venit (in Academia Petropolitana tamen ut socius honoratus mansit). 

Ab anno [[1766]], ab [[imperatores Russiae|imperatrice]] [[Catharina II (imperatrix Russiae)|Catharina II]] invitatus, iterumque Petropoli docuit. [[Caecitas|Caecitate]] affectus ultimis decem et septem vitae suae annis maximam sui operis partem Petropoli composuit. Iam Academiarum Petropolitanae, Borussicae, Turinensis, Olisiponensis, Basiliensis et [[Academia Scientiarum Francica|Francicae]] socius, anno [[1782]] etiam sodalis [[Academia Artis et Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum|Academiae Artis et Scientiarum Civitatum Foederatarum]] electus est. Anno sequente, [[haemorrhagia]]e intracerebralis causa mortuus, in [[sepulcretum|sepulcreto]] [[lutheranismus|lutheranico]] Smolenscensi Petropoli sepultus est, sed anno [[1957]] cadaver ad [[necropolis|necropolim]] saeculi XVIII prope [[monasterium]] [[Alexander Nevensis|Alexandri Nevensis]] eodem urbe motus est.

== Adeptiones scientificae ==
Fecundissimus fuit: scripta eius conlecta in septuaginta quinque voluminibus sunt. In analysi argumentis confirmavit omnes simplicis analyseos functiones functioni [[functio_exponentialis|exponentialis]] mutationes aut [[polynomium|polynomiales]] functiones esse. Hoc significatum est in formula:

:&lt;math&gt; e^{i \theta} = \cos\theta + i\sin\theta \,.&lt;/math&gt;

Prompta consecutio [[Euleri identitas]]:&lt;ref&gt;Hanc formulam [[Ricardus Feynman]] &quot;maximam formulam in mathematica&quot; appellavit.&lt;!--Fons?--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

:&lt;math&gt;e^{i \pi} = -1&lt;/math&gt;

Quantitatibus constantibus duabus nomen Euleri insunt:
* [[Numerus e|Numerus Eulerianus &lt;math&gt;e&lt;/math&gt;]] = 2,718281828459045...
* [[Constans Euler-Mascheroni|Constans Euler-Mascheroni &lt;math&gt;\gamma&lt;/math&gt;]] = 0,5772156649...

== Opera ==
Dicitur Eulerus in [[historia scientiae|historia scientiarum]] inter maximos mathematicos fuisse, primus [[functio]]nis verbo ut significaret [[mathematica]]m locutionem velut ''y = F(x)'' usus etiamque primus methodum [[analysis|analyseos]] in scientia [[physica]]e adhibitans.&lt;ref&gt;Ernst Hairer, ''Analysis by Its History'' (Novi Eboraci: Springer, 1996, ISBN 0387945512); Ioannes Dieudonné, ''Foundations of Modern Analysis'' (Academic Press, 1968, ISBN 0-12-215530-0).&lt;/ref&gt;

Opera collecta eius inter sexaginta et octoginta volumina in quarto ligata complent, hoc est plus quam opera ullius alius mathematici.&lt;ref&gt;Finkel, B. F. (1897). &quot;Biography—Leonard Euler,&quot; ''The American Mathematical Monthly'' 4 (12): 297–302. [[doi:10.2307/2968971]]. JSTOR 2968971.&lt;/ref&gt; Summa operum Leonhardi Euleri cura [[Commissio Euleriana|commissionis Eulerianae]] apud [[casa editoria|casam editoriam]] [[Springer (casa editoria)|Birkhaeuser]] Basileae edita est.

=== Introductio in analysin infinitorum ===
Opus hoc iam in praefatione exemplo Euleri facultatum bene docendi ostendit, quasi consilio generaliter valido: &quot;Saepe numero animadverti, maximam difficultatum partem, quas Matheseos cultores in addiscenda analysi infinitorum offendere solent, inde oriri, quod, Algebra ''communi vix apprehensa, animum ad illam sublimiorem artem'' appellant: ''quo fit'', ut non solum quasi in limine subsistant, sed etiam ''perversas ideas'' illius infiniti, cuius notio in subsidium vocatur, ''sibi forment''.&quot; Dein explicavit divisionem in libros duos, primus ad meram analysin respiciens, secundus ad Geometriam et analysin infinitorum.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Euleri formula]]
* [[Nicolaus Fuss maior]]
* [[Iter equitis]]
* [[Numerus Euleri]]
* [[Numerus primus]]
* [[Problema Regiomontanum de septem pontibus]]
* [[Proprietas Eulerana]]
* [[Quantitas imaginaria]]
* [[Topologia algebraica]]
* [[2002 Euler]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
=== Monographiae ===
* Biegel, Gerd, et al., eds. [[2008]]. ''Leonhard Euler. 1707–1783. Mathematiker – Mechaniker – Physiker.'' Braunschweig. Disquisitiones historiae scientiarum 3.
* Bogoljubow, Nikolai Nikolajewitsch, Gleb K. Michailow, et Adolf Juschkewitsch. [[2008]]. ''Euler and modern science.'' Mathematical Association of America.
* Bradley, Robert E., et C. Edward Sandifer, eds. [[2007]]. ''Leonhard Euler: Life, Work and Legacy.'' [[Elsevier (casa editoria)|Elsevier]].
* Bredekamp, Horst, et Wladimir Velminski, eds. [[2010]]. ''Mathesis &amp; Graphe: Leonhard Euler und die Entfaltung der Wissensysteme.'' Berolini: Akademie-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-05-004566-5.
* Debnath, Lokenath. [[2010]]. ''The legacy of Leonhard Euler: A tricentennial tribute.'' Londinii: Imperial College Press.
* Eneström, Gustaf. [[19109]]. ''Verzeichnis der Schriften Leonhard Eulers.'' Lipsiae: Ergänzungsband 4 zum Jahresbericht der DMV. B. G. Teubner.
* ''Leonhard Euler 1707–1783. Beiträge zu Leben und Werk. Gedenkband des Kantons Basel-Stadt.'' Birkhäuser, Basel 1983, ISBN 3-7643-1343-9.
* Fellmann, Emil. [[1995]]. ''Leonhard Euler.'' Reinbek: Rowohlt. ISBN 3-499-50387-5.
* Frei, Günther. [[2007]]. &quot;Zahlentheorie, Analysis und vieles mehr: Die Bedeutung von Leonhard Euler für die heutige Zeit.&quot; ''Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau'' 60 (12): 629–35.
* Hascher, Xavier, et Athanase Papadopoulos, edes. [[2015]]. '' Leonhard Euler: Mathématicien, physicien et théoricien de la musique.'' Lutetiae: CNRS Editions. ISBN 978-2-271-08331-9.
* Sandifer, C. Edward. [[2007]]. ''How Euler did it.'' Mathematical Association of America.
* Spiess, Otto. [[1929]]. ''Leonhard Euler: Ein Beitrag zur Geistesgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts.'' Frauenfeld.
* Stieda, Wilhelm. [[1931]]. ''Die Übersiedlung Leonhard Eulers von Berlin nach St. Petersburg.'' Lipsiae: Hirzel.
* Suisky, Dieter. [[2009]]. ''Euler as physicist.'' Berolini: Springer.
* Tent, Margaret B. W. [[2009]]. ''Leonhard Euler and the Bernoullis: Mathematicians from Basel.'' ISBN 978-1-56881-464-3.
* Thiele, Rüdiger. [[1982]]. ''Leonhard Euler.'' Lipsiae: B. G. Teubner. ISBN 3-322-00576-3.
* Thiele, Rüdiger. [[2005]]. ''The Mathematics and Science of Leonhard Euler (1707–1783).'' Cap. 5 in  ''Mathematics and the Historian’s Craft,'' ed. Glen van Brummelen et Michael Kinyon, 81–140. Novi Eboraci: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-25284-1.
* Varadarajan, V. S. [[2006]]. ''Euler through time: A new look at old themes.'' American Mathematical Society.
* Velminski, Wladimir, ed. [[2009]]. ''Leonhard Euler: Die Geburt der Graphentheorie.'' Berolini: Kulturverlag Kadmos. ISBN 3-86599-056-8.
* Weil, André. [[1992]]. ''Zahlentheorie: ein Gang durch die Geschichte von Hammurabi zu Legendre.'' Birkhäuser.
* Wolf, Rudolf. [[1862]]. ''Leonhard Euler von Basel.'' In ''Biographien zur Kulturgeschichte der Schweiz: Vierter Cyclus.,' 87–134. Turici: Orell Füssli. 

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Leonhard Euler|Leonhardus Eulerus}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [http://www.eulerarchive.org Euleri archivum]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k33510 &quot;Introductio in analysin infinitorum&quot;].
* [http://docnum.u-strasbg.fr/cdm/ref/collection/coll7/id/66161 &quot;Institutiones calculi differentialis&quot;]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6953p &quot;Commentationes Arithmeticae collectae&quot;]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=_DoxnO45HzoC &quot;Institutionum calculi integralis. - Volumen primum&quot;]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=HKQe3IHCGIcC &quot;Institutionum calculi integralis. - Volumen secundum&quot;] 
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=HKQe3IHCGIcC &quot;Institutionum calculi integralis. - Volumen tertium&quot;] 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=fLNBAQAAMAAJ &quot;Institutionum calculi integralis. - Volumen quartum&quot;] 
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=M4MyAQAAMAAJ &quot;Opera postuma mathematica et physica, anno MDCCCXLIV detecta. - Volumen primum&quot;]
* [https://books.google.fr/books?id=i5pGAAAAcAAJ &quot;Opera postuma mathematica et physica: anno MDCCCXLIV detecta. - Volumen secundum&quot;]
* [http://eulerarchive.maa.org//docs/originals/E053.pdf Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis auctore Leonhardo Eulero]
* {{LHH|18751}}

{{Lifetime|1707|1783|Eulerus, Leonhardus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Basiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Astronomi Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Leonhardus Eulerus| ]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Basileae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Imperii Russici]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Physici Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Petropolitanae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Artium et Scientiarum Americanae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Borussicae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Russicae]]
[[Categoria:Socii Regalis Societatis Londiniensis]]
[[Categoria:Sodales Academiae Regiae Scientiarum Suecicae]]
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{{videhom|Pascha (festum Iudaicum)}}
[[Fasciculus:Grunewald_-_christ.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Resurrectio Iesu a [[Matthias Grünewald|Matthia Grünewald]] picta.]]
'''Pascha''' (-ātis, n.; [[Hebraice]] {{polytonic|פֶּסַח}}; [[Aramaice]] {{polytonic|פַּסְחָא}}; [[Graece]] in [[Septuaginta]] et in [[Novum Testamentum|Novo Testamento]] πάσχα 'transitus') est [[festum]] quo [[Christianitas|Christiani]] [[resurrectio]]nem [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]] commemorant. Quem libri Novi Testamenti tertio die post [[crucifixio]]nem a [[mors|mortuis]] resurrexisse testificantur nec tamen resurrectionem describunt vel explicant ([[Evangelium secundum Marcum|Mc]] 16,6). [[Antiquitas|Antiquus]] testium index ([[Epistula I ad Corinthios|1 Cor]] 15,5–8) atque variae Evangeliorum [[narratio]]nes [[discipulus|discipulos]] Christum resurrectum vidisse tradunt. In hoc testamento, [[fides]] [[Prima communitas Hierosolymitana|primae communitatis Hierosolymitanae]] positum est Iesum [[Christus|Christum]], id est [[Messias|Messiam]] a [[propheta|prophetis]] annuntiatum, verbis suis credentibus [[salvatio]]nem et [[vita aeterna|vitam aeternam]] daturum esse.

== Computus paschalis ==
Cum res [[salus|salutis]], ut [[Biblia Sacra]] [[narratio|narrant]], intra [[hebdomas|hebdomadem]] gererentur qua sollemnitas [[feriae Iudaicae|Iudaica]] maximi momenti nomine [[Pascha (festum Iudaicum)|Pascha]] celebrabatur, dies festi [[Iudaei|Iudaici]] etiam diem festi Christiani praestituit: [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|Concilio Nicaeno Primo]] ([[325]]) decretum est Pascha in [[religio]]ne Christiana semper in [[Dies Domini|dominica]] post primum plenilunium celebrandum esse. Inde in [[ecclesia|ecclesiis]] (imprimis occidentalibus), quae [[Calendarium Gregorianum]] sequuntur, Pascha inter dies [[22 Martii]] et [[25 Aprilis]] celebratur; aliter in paene omnibus [[Ecclesiae Orthodoxae|Eclesiiis Orthodoxis]] et [[Ecclesiae orthodoxae orientales|Orthodoxis Orientalibus]] ([[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Finlandiae]] ac parte [[Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales|Ecclesiarum Catholicarum Orientalium]] exceptis), quae diem paschalem secundum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] computant. Praeterea in his ecclesiis, Pascha Christianum ante [[Pascha (festum Iudaicum)|Pascha Iudaicum]] celebrandum non est. Interdum dies paschalis omnium ecclesiarum in idem tempus incidit, tamen casu et fortuito.

{{vide-etiam|Computus paschalis}}

== Explicatio festi ==
In [[ecclesia antiqua]], passio ac resurrectio [[Iesus|Iesu Christi]] una celebratione [[nox|nocte]] paschali celebratae sunt. A [[saeculum 4|saeculo quarto]], summum anni [[ecclesia]]stici festum tribus diebus, quod temporis spatium [[Triduum Sacrum|Triduum paschale]] appellatur, explicatum est. Ex tunc [[liturgia]]e plurimarum ecclesiarum a celebratione [[Ultima Cena|Ultimae Cenae]] in vespere [[Dies Cenae Domini|Diei Cenae Domini]] per [[Dies Passionis Domini|Diem Passionis Domini]] et [[Sabbatum Sanctum]], diem, quo Iesus in [[sepulcrum|sepulcro]] requiebat, usque ad mane [[Dominica Resurrectionis Domini|Dominicae Resurrectionis Domini]], initium novae hebdomadis, patent.

Hac dominica incipit tempus paschale, quod est spatium quinquaginta dierum usque ad [[Pentecoste]]n pertinens.

== Consuetudines paschales ==
Christiani saepissime [[caro|carnem]] [[agnina]]m Paschate comedunt. [[Graecia|Graeci]] potagium [[magiritsa]]m [[sabbatum Sanctum|sabbato Sancto]] parare, [[cocoretsium]] agnumque die Paschali assare solent. 

In multis terris, [[ovum paschale|ova paschalia]] decorantur. Fabulosum festi [[animal]] est [[lepus paschalis]].

In ecclesiis orientalibus, fideles inter se [[salutatio paschalis Christiana|salutatione paschali]] salutant: &quot;Christus resurrexit! Vere resurrexit!&quot;

==Pascha in Novo Testamento==
Haec sunt [[Epistula I ad Corinthios|verba]] [[Paulus|Sancti Pauli]] ad [[Corinthia|Corinthios]] missa (1:15 12–14):
:Si autem Christus praedicatur quod suscitatus est a mortuis, quomodo quidam dicunt in vobis quoniam [[resurrectio]] mortuorum non est?
:Si autem resurrectio mortuorum non est, neque Christus suscitatus est!
:Si autem Christus non suscitatus est, inanis est ergo praedicatio nostra, inanis est et fides vestra.

Haec sunt [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|verba]] [[Matthaeus Evangelista|Matthaei Evangelistae]] (28:1–10):
#Sero autem post sabbatum, cum illucesceret in primam sabbati, venit Maria Magdalene et altera Maria videre sepulcrum.
#Et ecce terrae motus factus est magnus: angelus enim Domini descendit de caelo et accedens revolvit lapidem et sedebat super eum.
#Erat autem aspectus eius sicut fulgur, et vestimentum eius candidum sicut nix.
#Prae timore autem eius exterriti sunt custodes et facti sunt velut mortui.
#Respondens autem angelus dixit mulieribus: “Nolite timere vos! Scio enim quod Iesum, qui crucifixus est, quaeritis.
#Non est hic: surrexit enim, sicut dixit. Venite, videte locum, ubi positus erat.
#Et cito euntes dicite discipulis eius: “Surrexit a mortuis et ecce praecedit vos in Galilaeam; ibi eum videbitis.” Ecce dixi vobis.” 
#Et exeuntes cito de monumento cum timore et magno gaudio cucurrerunt nuntiare discipulis eius.
#Et ecce Iesus occurrit illis dicens: “Avete.” Illae autem accesserunt et tenuerunt pedes eius et adoraverunt eum. 
#Tunc ait illis Iesus: “Nolite timere; ite, nuntiate fratribus meis, ut eant in Galilaeam et ibi me videbunt.”

==Pascha Iudaicum ac Christianum==
Secundum [[evangelia synoptica]] Iesus ipsa in sollemnitate [[Pascha (festum Iudaicum)|Paschatis Iudaici]] die quinto decimo [[Nisan]] crucifixus est. In [[Evangelium secundum Ioannem|evangelio secundum Ioannem]] narratur eum die 14 Nisan eodem tempore quo [[agnus paschalis|agni paschales]] in templo [[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymitano]] necatum esse.

Ecclesia antiqua inter alia interpreta est Iesum verum agnum paschalem sive [[Agnus Dei|Agnum Dei]] esse et secundum [[Moyses|Moysen]], qui fideles per [[Mare Rubrum]] in terram promissionis duceret. Ita Pascha Christianum partim continuatio partim nova interpretatio Paschatis Iudaici factum est. [[Spes|Spem]] salutis, quae a populo Iudaico super omnes [[gens|gentes]] translata esset, resurrectione Iesu affirmatam esse. 

[[Eucharistia]] Christiana ab [[ultima cena]] Iesu in evangeliis descripta repetitur, quae apud [[evangelia synoptica|Synopticos]] cena est Paschatis (Mc 14,12–26). Imago [[Agnus Dei|Agni Dei]] ex [[evangelium secundum Ioannem|evangelio secundum Ioannem]] (Io 1,29) et imprimis primam Sancti [[Paulus|Pauli]] [[Epistula I ad Corinthios|epistulam ad Corinthios]] (1 Cor 5,7) deducta est, quae agnos paschales usque ad annum [[70]] in templo sacrificatos admonet.

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Cereus paschalis]]
* [[Cyclus magnus paschalis]]
* [[Dominica in albis]]
* [[Ovum paschale]]
* [[Regina Caeli]]
* [[Risus paschalis]]
* [[Vigilia Paschalis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Resurrection of Christ|resurrectionem Christi}}
* [http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/audiences/2008/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20080326_it.html Lectio] [[papa]]e [[Benedictus XVI|Benedicti XVI]] de Pascha inter audientiam generalem die [[26 Martii]] [[2008]] {{Ling|Lingua Italiana{{!}}Italiane}} et aliis sermonibus.

{{triduum}}

[[Categoria:Feriae]]
[[Categoria:Triduum sacrum paschale]]
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Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]],  [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Novacula Occami</title>
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[[Fasciculus:Pluralitas.jpg|thumb|Principium parsimoniae secundum [[Duns Scotus|Ioannem Duns Scotum]]]]
'''Novacula Occami'''&lt;ref name=&quot;2Kor&quot;&gt;Petrus Arzt-Grabner, ''2. Korinther'', Gottingae, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkATAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148].&lt;/ref&gt; est principium parsimoniae [[Guillelmus de Ockham|Guillelmo de Ockham]],  [[Dialecticus|dialectico]] et [[Franciscani|Franciscano]] fratri adscriptum, qui fundus [[reductio (dialectica)|reductionis]] diligentis est. Etiam ''lex parsimoniae'' appellatur. 

Variae versiones huius principii notae sunt. Gulielmus de Ockham ipse scripsit:
: &quot;Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Guillelmus de Ockham]], ''Quaestiones et decisiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi'', I, dist. 27, qu. 2, K (ed. Lugdunense, 1495)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Isaacus Newtonus]] novaculam Occami in ''[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]'' sic descripsit:
: &quot;Causas rerum naturalium non plures admitti debere, quam quae et verae sint et earum phaenomenis explicandis sufficiant.&quot;

[[Iohannes Poncius]] scripsit:
:&quot;Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.&quot;

Nomen [[novacula]]e eo electum est ad finem significandi rationem non necessariam acie adimendam esse. Verbis aliis, si duae explicationes dentur ad unam aerumnam solvendam, elege quam simplicissimam, cui quam paucissimae [[hypothesis|assumptiones]] sint necessariae.

Exempli gratia, pone [[tempestas|tempestatem]] prope [[domus|domum]] tuam fremuisse et [[arbor]]es stravisse. Tempestate praeterita domo exis. Sciente te fuisse tempestatem arboresque cecidisse, opinio clara sit arbores vento stratas esse. Sententia contra [[theoria|theoretica]] sit [[bestia]]m saevam centum metra altam apparuisse arboresque sub pede suo cecidisse. Ambae opiniones rem similem temptant explicare, et sine pluribus indiciis sine dubio unam alteri praeferre non possis. Nihilo minus, prima opinio videtur facilior esse ad accipiendum, quia (1) tempestates saepe arbores caedunt, (2) minima cum crebritate accidit, ut bestiae centum metra altae, si omnino vivant, arbores caedant. Elege ergo primam, quippe quae probabilior videatur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Examen anatinum]]
* [[Exceptio firmat regulam]]
* [[Reductionismus]]

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130648/http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/~dkoks/Faq/General/occam.html Quid est novacula Occami]  
*[[Skeptic's Dictionary]]: [http://skepdic.com/occam.html ''Novacula Occami'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214204113/http://occamssword.com/CORE%20READINGS%20FOR%20OCCAMS%20RAZOR.htm Bibliographia magna] scriptorum ad novaculam Occami pertinentium.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051120125135/http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Occam%27s_sword Novacula Occami] apud viciinfo

{{philo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Dialectica]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Reductionismus]]
[[Categoria:Scientia]]
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Pluralitas.jpg|thumb|Principium parsimoniae secundum [[Duns Scotus|Ioannem Duns Scotum]]]]
'''Novacula Occami'''&lt;ref name=&quot;2Kor&quot;&gt;Petrus Arzt-Grabner, ''2. Korinther'', Gottingae, Vandenhoeck &amp; Ruprecht, 2014, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QkATAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA148 p. 148].&lt;/ref&gt; est principium parsimoniae [[Guillelmus de Ockham|Guillelmo de Ockham]], [[Dialecticus|dialectico]] et [[Franciscani|Franciscano]] fratri adscriptum, qui fundus [[reductio (dialectica)|reductionis]] diligentis est. Etiam ''lex parsimoniae'' appellatur. 

Variae huius principii versiones notae sunt. Gulielmus de Ockham ipse scripsit:
: &quot;Numquam ponenda est pluralitas sine necessitate.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Guillelmus de Ockham]], ''Quaestiones et decisiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi'', I, dist. 27, qu. 2, K (ed. Lugdunense, 1495).&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Isaacus Newtonus]] novaculam Occami in ''[[Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica|Philosophiae naturalis principiis mathematicis]]'' sic descripsit:
: &quot;Causas rerum naturalium non plures admitti debere, quam quae et verae sint et earum phaenomenis explicandis sufficiant.&quot;

[[Ioannes Poncius]] scripsit:
:&quot;Entia non sunt multiplicanda praeter necessitatem.&quot;

Nomen [[novacula]]e eo electum est ad finem significandi rationem non necessariam acie adimendam esse. Verbis aliis, si duae explicationes dentur ad unam aerumnam solvendam, elege quam simplicissimam, cui quam paucissimae [[hypothesis|assumptiones]] sint necessariae.

Exempli gratia, pone [[tempestas|tempestatem]] prope [[domus|domum]] tuam fremuisse et [[arbor]]es stravisse. Tempestate praeterita domo exis. Sciente te fuisse tempestatem arboresque cecidisse, opinio clara sit arbores vento stratas esse. Sententia contra [[theoria|theoretica]] sit [[bestia]]m saevam centum metra altam apparuisse arboresque sub pede suo cecidisse. Ambae opiniones rem similem temptant explicare, et sine pluribus indiciis sine dubio unam alteri praeferre non possis. Nihilo minus, prima opinio videtur facilior esse ad accipiendum, quia (1) tempestates saepe arbores caedunt, (2) minima cum crebritate accidit, ut bestiae centum metra altae, si omnino vivant, arbores caedant. Elege ergo primam, quippe quae probabilior videatur.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus interni==
* [[Examen anatinum]]
* [[Exceptio firmat regulam]]
* [[Reductionismus]]

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081203130648/http://www.physics.adelaide.edu.au/~dkoks/Faq/General/occam.html Quid est novacula Occami]  
*[[Skeptic's Dictionary]]: [http://skepdic.com/occam.html ''Novacula Occami'']
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051214204113/http://occamssword.com/CORE%20READINGS%20FOR%20OCCAMS%20RAZOR.htm Bibliographia magna] scriptorum ad novaculam Occami pertinentium.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051120125135/http://www.internet-encyclopedia.org/wiki.php?title=Occam%27s_sword Novacula Occami] apud viciinfo

[[Categoria:Dialectica]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Reductionismus]]
[[Categoria:Scientia]]
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
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== Eventa ==

* Urbs [[Ascalon]] ab [[Arabes|Arabibus]] capitur atque deletur.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus|titulus=Tel Ashkelon|domus editoria=Bible Walks|url=https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
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== Eventa ==

* Urbs [[Ascalon]] ab [[Arabes|Arabibus]] capitur atque deletur.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus|titulus=Tel Ashkelon|domus editoria=Bible Walks|url=https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}

== Notae ==</text>
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[[Fasciculus:Michael Psellos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Auctor ipse cum imperatore iuvene [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele Duca]] in libro manu scripto ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographiae]]'' saec. 11 seu 12 pictus]]
''' Michael Psellus''' ([[Graece]]: {{Polytonic|Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός}}; natus anno [[1017]] aut [[1018]]; mortuus post annum [[1078]]) fuit eruditus et [[scriptor]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] praecipue [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum]] temporis sui et a seipso, etiam minister [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperatorum Romanorum orientalium]]. Officium [[Consul philosophorum|consulis philosophorum]] [[Scholae mediaevales Constantinopolitanae|Constantinopolitanorum]] implevit. Unus ex eius discipulus fuit [[Ioannes Italus]] philosophus.

== Opera ==
[[File:Psellus - Compendium mathematicum, 1647 - 185241.jpg|thumb|''Compendium mathematicum'', 1647]]
* ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographia]]'', quae vitas imperatorum a [[Basilius II Bulgaroctonus|Basilio Bulgaroctono]] (976-1025) usque ad [[Michael VII Parapinaces|Michaelem VII]] (1071-1078) enarrat cum rebus ab ipso gestis
* ''[[Historia syntomos (Psellus)|Historia syntomos]]'' vel breve chronicon orbis terrarum
* ''[[De omnifaria doctrina]]''
* ''[[De operatione daemonum]]''
* ''[[Encomium matris (Psellus)|Encomium matris]]'', opus partim autobiographicum
* ''Encomia'' sex, i.e. laudationes patriarcharum Constantinopolitanorum [[Michael Cerularius|Michaelis Cerularii]], [[Constantinus Lichudes|Constantini III]] et [[Ioannes Xiphilinus|Ioannis VIII]]; etiam filiae suae Stylianae, magistri Nicetae et [[Nicephorus (metropolitanus Ephesius)|Nicephori Ephesii]] 
* Carmina panegyrica de imperatore [[Constantinus X Monomachus|Constantino Monomacho]] et de [[Ioannes Euchaita|Ioanne Euchaita]]
* ''Carmen de grammatica'' (vide Boissonade, ''Anecdota Graeca'' vol. 3 [Lutetiae, 1831])
* ''Orationes hagiographicae'' et ''panegyricae''
* ''Philosophica'', ''Theologica'' et ''Oratoria'' varia
* ''Poemata'' varia
* ''Epistulae'' fere 500

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_1017-1078-_Michae_Psellos.html Opera omnia Pselli] apud Mignei ''[[Patrologia Graeca|Patrologiam Graecolatinam]]'' cum indicibus {{Ling|Graece|Latine}}
* [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/1028485 Epistula Michaelis Pselli]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} imperatori [[Romanus IV Diogenes|Romano IV]] nuper excaecato missa {{Ling|Anglice}} 

== Bibliographia ==
=== Critica et bibliographica ===
* V. Tiftixoglu, &quot;Michael Psellos&quot; in ''[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]'' vol. 7 coll. 304-305
* Charles Barber, David Jenkins, edd., ''Reading Michael Psellos''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2006
* {{BBKL|p/psellos_k|auctor=Gerhard Emrich|commentatio=PSELLOS, Konstantinos|tomus=7|columnae=1017-1019}}
* Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum''. Toronto, 2000
*A. Kaldellis,  Anthony Kaldellis: The argument of Psellos' Chronographia, Boston 1999.
*E. Pietsch: Die &quot;Chronographia&quot; des Michael Psellos: Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden 2005.
*S. Papaioannou, Michael Psellos: Rhetoric and Authorship in Byzantium, Cambridge 2013.
*F. Lauritzen, Depiction of Character in the Chronographia of Michael Psellos, Turnhout 2013.

=== Editiones operum minorum ===
* Paul Gautier, ed., &quot;Éloge inédit du lecteur Jean Kroustoulas&quot; in ''Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici'', n.s. 17-19 (27-29 (1980-1982) pp. 119-147
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Giovanni Xifilino''. Neapoli 1990
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Michele Kerulario''. Neapoli 1990
* Elizabeth A. Fisher, ed., ''Orationes hagiographicae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* George T. Dennis, ed., ''Orationes panegyricae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* Antony R. Littlewood, ed., ''Oratoria minora''. Lipsiae 1984
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Orazione in memoria di Constantino Lichudi''. Messanae 1983
* John M. Duffy, ed., ''Philosophica minora I''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Dominic J. O'Meara, ed., ''Philosophica minora II''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, ed., ''Poemata''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Eduard Kurtz, Franz Drexl, edd., ''Scripta minora magnam partem adhuc inedita''. 2 voll. Mediolani 1936-1941
* Andrew R. Dyck, ed., ''Essays on Euripides and George of Pisidia and on Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius.'' Vindobonae 1989
* Paul Gautier, ed., ''Theologica I''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, John M. Duffy, edd., ''Theologica II''. Monaci 2002

[[Categoria:Nati 1017]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
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[[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]]
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[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Consules philosophorum Constantinopolitani]]</text>
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      <id>3953435</id>
      <parentid>3953434</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T19:15:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+</comment>
      <origin>3953435</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5063" sha1="37dojd529m12goragi18a8ebt9tiowh" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Fasciculus:Michael Psellos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Auctor ipse cum imperatore iuvene [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele Duca]] in libro manu scripto ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographiae]]'' saec. 11 seu 12 pictus]]
''' Michael Psellus''' ([[Graece]]: {{Polytonic|Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός}}; natus anno [[1017]] aut [[1018]]; mortuus post annum [[1078]]) fuit eruditus et [[scriptor]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] praecipue [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum]] temporis sui et a seipso, etiam minister [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperatorum Romanorum orientalium]]. Officium [[Consul philosophorum|consulis philosophorum]] [[Scholae mediaevales Constantinopolitanae|Constantinopolitanorum]] implevit. Unus ex eius discipulis fuit [[Ioannes Italus]] philosophus.

Opusculum ''De victus ratione ad Constantinum imperatorem'', olim Psello tributum, fortasse a [[Theophanes Nonnus|Theophane Nonno]] compositum est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-1826 Versio Latina sub aegide [[Georgius Valla|Georgii Vallae]] edita&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Opera ==
[[File:Psellus - Compendium mathematicum, 1647 - 185241.jpg|thumb|''Compendium mathematicum'', 1647]]
* ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographia]]'', quae vitas imperatorum a [[Basilius II Bulgaroctonus|Basilio Bulgaroctono]] (976-1025) usque ad [[Michael VII Parapinaces|Michaelem VII]] (1071-1078) enarrat cum rebus ab ipso gestis
* ''[[Historia syntomos (Psellus)|Historia syntomos]]'' vel breve chronicon orbis terrarum
* ''[[De omnifaria doctrina]]''
* ''[[De operatione daemonum]]''
* ''[[Encomium matris (Psellus)|Encomium matris]]'', opus partim autobiographicum
* ''Encomia'' sex, i.e. laudationes patriarcharum Constantinopolitanorum [[Michael Cerularius|Michaelis Cerularii]], [[Constantinus Lichudes|Constantini III]] et [[Ioannes Xiphilinus|Ioannis VIII]]; etiam filiae suae Stylianae, magistri Nicetae et [[Nicephorus (metropolitanus Ephesius)|Nicephori Ephesii]] 
* Carmina panegyrica de imperatore [[Constantinus X Monomachus|Constantino Monomacho]] et de [[Ioannes Euchaita|Ioanne Euchaita]]
* ''Carmen de grammatica'' (vide Boissonade, ''Anecdota Graeca'' vol. 3 [Lutetiae, 1831])
* ''Orationes hagiographicae'' et ''panegyricae''
* ''Philosophica'', ''Theologica'' et ''Oratoria'' varia
* ''Poemata'' varia
* ''Epistulae'' fere 500

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Critica et bibliographica
* Charles Barber, David Jenkins, edd., ''Reading Michael Psellos''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2006
* {{BBKL|p/psellos_k|auctor=Gerhard Emrich|commentatio=PSELLOS, Konstantinos|tomus=7|columnae=1017-1019}}
* Anthony Kaldellis: The argument of Psellos' Chronographia, Boston 1999.
* F. Lauritzen, Depiction of Character in the Chronographia of Michael Psellos, Turnhout 2013.
* Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum''. Toronto, 2000
* S. Papaioannou, Michael Psellos: Rhetoric and Authorship in Byzantium, Cambridge 2013.
* E. Pietsch: Die &quot;Chronographia&quot; des Michael Psellos: Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden 2005.
* V. Tiftixoglu, &quot;Michael Psellos&quot; in ''[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]'' vol. 7 coll. 304-305

; Editiones operum minorum
* Paul Gautier, ed., &quot;Éloge inédit du lecteur Jean Kroustoulas&quot; in ''Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici'', n.s. 17-19 (27-29 (1980-1982) pp. 119-147
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Giovanni Xifilino''. Neapoli 1990
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Michele Kerulario''. Neapoli 1990
* Elizabeth A. Fisher, ed., ''Orationes hagiographicae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* George T. Dennis, ed., ''Orationes panegyricae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* Antony R. Littlewood, ed., ''Oratoria minora''. Lipsiae 1984
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Orazione in memoria di Constantino Lichudi''. Messanae 1983
* John M. Duffy, ed., ''Philosophica minora I''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Dominic J. O'Meara, ed., ''Philosophica minora II''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, ed., ''Poemata''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Eduard Kurtz, Franz Drexl, edd., ''Scripta minora magnam partem adhuc inedita''. 2 voll. Mediolani 1936-1941
* Andrew R. Dyck, ed., ''Essays on Euripides and George of Pisidia and on Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius.'' Vindobonae 1989
* Paul Gautier, ed., ''Theologica I''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, John M. Duffy, edd., ''Theologica II''. Monaci 2002

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_1017-1078-_Michae_Psellos.html Opera omnia Pselli] apud Mignei ''[[Patrologia Graeca|Patrologiam Graecolatinam]]'' cum indicibus {{Ling|Graece|Latine}}
* [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/1028485 Epistula Michaelis Pselli]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} imperatori [[Romanus IV Diogenes|Romano IV]] nuper excaecato missa {{Ling|Anglice}} 

[[Categoria:Nati 1017]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Politici imperii Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Consules philosophorum Constantinopolitani]]</text>
      <sha1>37dojd529m12goragi18a8ebt9tiowh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953436</id>
      <parentid>3953435</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T19:15:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953436</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5064" sha1="qpkp6ty7h3ckitpdqcepbq0gmu50hck" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
[[Fasciculus:Michael Psellos.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Auctor ipse cum imperatore iuvene [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele Duca]] in libro manu scripto ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographiae]]'' saec. 11 seu 12 pictus]]
''' Michael Psellus''' ([[Graece]]: {{Polytonic|Μιχαὴλ Ψελλός}}; natus anno [[1017]] aut [[1018]]; mortuus post annum [[1078]]) fuit eruditus et [[scriptor]] [[Graecia|Graecus]] praecipue [[rerum gestarum scriptor|rerum gestarum]] temporis sui et a seipso, etiam minister [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|imperatorum Romanorum orientalium]]. Officium [[Consul philosophorum|consulis philosophorum]] [[Scholae mediaevales Constantinopolitanae|Constantinopolitanorum]] implevit. Unus ex eius discipulis fuit [[Ioannes Italus]] philosophus.

Opusculum ''De victus ratione ad Constantinum imperatorem'', olim Psello tributum, fortasse a [[Theophanes Nonnus|Theophane Nonno]] compositum est.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.e-rara.ch/doi/10.3931/e-rara-1826 Versio Latina sub aegide [[Georgius Valla|Georgii Vallae]] edita]&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Opera ==
[[File:Psellus - Compendium mathematicum, 1647 - 185241.jpg|thumb|''Compendium mathematicum'', 1647]]
* ''[[Chronographia (Psellus)|Chronographia]]'', quae vitas imperatorum a [[Basilius II Bulgaroctonus|Basilio Bulgaroctono]] (976-1025) usque ad [[Michael VII Parapinaces|Michaelem VII]] (1071-1078) enarrat cum rebus ab ipso gestis
* ''[[Historia syntomos (Psellus)|Historia syntomos]]'' vel breve chronicon orbis terrarum
* ''[[De omnifaria doctrina]]''
* ''[[De operatione daemonum]]''
* ''[[Encomium matris (Psellus)|Encomium matris]]'', opus partim autobiographicum
* ''Encomia'' sex, i.e. laudationes patriarcharum Constantinopolitanorum [[Michael Cerularius|Michaelis Cerularii]], [[Constantinus Lichudes|Constantini III]] et [[Ioannes Xiphilinus|Ioannis VIII]]; etiam filiae suae Stylianae, magistri Nicetae et [[Nicephorus (metropolitanus Ephesius)|Nicephori Ephesii]] 
* Carmina panegyrica de imperatore [[Constantinus X Monomachus|Constantino Monomacho]] et de [[Ioannes Euchaita|Ioanne Euchaita]]
* ''Carmen de grammatica'' (vide Boissonade, ''Anecdota Graeca'' vol. 3 [Lutetiae, 1831])
* ''Orationes hagiographicae'' et ''panegyricae''
* ''Philosophica'', ''Theologica'' et ''Oratoria'' varia
* ''Poemata'' varia
* ''Epistulae'' fere 500

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Critica et bibliographica
* Charles Barber, David Jenkins, edd., ''Reading Michael Psellos''. Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2006
* {{BBKL|p/psellos_k|auctor=Gerhard Emrich|commentatio=PSELLOS, Konstantinos|tomus=7|columnae=1017-1019}}
* Anthony Kaldellis: The argument of Psellos' Chronographia, Boston 1999.
* F. Lauritzen, Depiction of Character in the Chronographia of Michael Psellos, Turnhout 2013.
* Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum''. Toronto, 2000
* S. Papaioannou, Michael Psellos: Rhetoric and Authorship in Byzantium, Cambridge 2013.
* E. Pietsch: Die &quot;Chronographia&quot; des Michael Psellos: Kaisergeschichte, Autobiographie und Apologie, Wiesbaden 2005.
* V. Tiftixoglu, &quot;Michael Psellos&quot; in ''[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]]'' vol. 7 coll. 304-305

; Editiones operum minorum
* Paul Gautier, ed., &quot;Éloge inédit du lecteur Jean Kroustoulas&quot; in ''Rivista di studi bizantini e neoellenici'', n.s. 17-19 (27-29 (1980-1982) pp. 119-147
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Giovanni Xifilino''. Neapoli 1990
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Epistola a Michele Kerulario''. Neapoli 1990
* Elizabeth A. Fisher, ed., ''Orationes hagiographicae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* George T. Dennis, ed., ''Orationes panegyricae''. Stutgardiae 1994
* Antony R. Littlewood, ed., ''Oratoria minora''. Lipsiae 1984
* Ugo Criscuolo, ed., ''Orazione in memoria di Constantino Lichudi''. Messanae 1983
* John M. Duffy, ed., ''Philosophica minora I''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Dominic J. O'Meara, ed., ''Philosophica minora II''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, ed., ''Poemata''. Stutgardiae 1992
* Eduard Kurtz, Franz Drexl, edd., ''Scripta minora magnam partem adhuc inedita''. 2 voll. Mediolani 1936-1941
* Andrew R. Dyck, ed., ''Essays on Euripides and George of Pisidia and on Heliodorus and Achilles Tatius.'' Vindobonae 1989
* Paul Gautier, ed., ''Theologica I''. Lipsiae 1989
* Leendert G. Westerink, John M. Duffy, edd., ''Theologica II''. Monaci 2002

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_20_1017-1078-_Michae_Psellos.html Opera omnia Pselli] apud Mignei ''[[Patrologia Graeca|Patrologiam Graecolatinam]]'' cum indicibus {{Ling|Graece|Latine}}
* [http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Post/1028485 Epistula Michaelis Pselli]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} imperatori [[Romanus IV Diogenes|Romano IV]] nuper excaecato missa {{Ling|Anglice}} 

[[Categoria:Nati 1017]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Autobiographi]]
[[Categoria:Historici Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Politici imperii Byzantini]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Consules philosophorum Constantinopolitani]]</text>
      <sha1>qpkp6ty7h3ckitpdqcepbq0gmu50hck</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Copia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>51960</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953522</id>
      <parentid>3922232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T04:16:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Additur graphum, et corrigitur nexus ad &quot;Catervam&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953522</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5957" sha1="hem9nfq3dtu321npywvhywrtl03ts5k" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Vide discretivam|copia in re mathematica}}

'''Copia'''{{LLHL25 ref|Menge|25}} vel '''classis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[iarchive:arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up|Giuseppe Peano, ''Arithmetices principia: nova methodo'' (Fratres Bocca: 1889).]] {{ling|Latine}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] est quorundam elementorum mathematicorum collectio. Secundum definitionem [[Georgius Cantor|Georgii Cantoris]], &quot;copia est comprehensio elementorum cogitationis nostrae bene discretorum in unum&quot;. Quae definitio omni rigore mathematico carens postea substituta est [[Axioma|axiomatis]] ab [[Ernestus Fridericus Ferdinandus Zermelo|Ernesto Zermelo]] et [[Adolfus Abraham Halevi Fraenkel|Adolfo Fränkel]] positis, quibus efficitur ut excludatur [[antinomia Russelliana]] (de copia copiarum, quae semet ipsas non continent, num se ipsam contineat).
 
In [[philosophia]], copia sunt [[res (philosophia)|res]] [[abstractio|abstractae]].

== Denotationes et definitiones ==
=== Denotationes ===
* Copiae denotari solent parenthesibus &quot;{&quot; et &quot;}&quot; usurpatis initium aut finem copiae indicentibus. Sunt duae formae copiae: una elementa enumerans, exemplo {1,2} aut {Gaius, Petrus, Marcus}. Altera elementa describens variabili vel variabilibus et sententia vel sententiis usa: Ad quae elementa sententia sequens (''praedicatum'') pertinet, ante symbolis ''':''' aut '''|''' notatur variabilibus in parenthesibus &quot;(&quot; et &quot;)&quot; iterum adiectis. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x: \ S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Si &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt; elementum  huius copiae sit (id est: valet praedicatum variabili &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt;), notatur &lt;math&gt; x_0 \in \lbrace x: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

* Tales &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; solent esse in copia ''superiore'' (id est: cuncta elementa quae illi etiam huic aliis fortasse addiditis insunt). Sit &lt;math&gt; X &lt;/math&gt; talis copia superior, tum scribi solet &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Ut indicatur X talem esse copiam superiorem, scribi solet &lt;math&gt; X \supset \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace \subset X.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Definitiones ===
* Copia cui nulla elementa insunt ''vacua'' vel ''inanis'' appellatur. Notatur symbolis &lt;math&gt; \lbrace \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt; \emptyset .&lt;/math&gt;

* Copiae duae &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; ''eaedem'' vel ''aequae'' appellantur, si copiae alteri &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; eadem elementa ac alteri copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; insunt. Aequivalens, si &lt;math&gt; A \subset B &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B \subset A &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; A=B \Leftrightarrow A\subset B \land B \subset A. &lt;/math&gt;

* ''Coniunctioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum omnia elementa e quaquam illarum insunt. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cup &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cup B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ vel } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \lor S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \lor y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Sectioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum sola ea elementa insunt, quae in unaquaquam eorum inveniuntur. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cap &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cap B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land S_2(z) \rbrace  = \lbrace x\in A \land y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Differentiae'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; elementa ex &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; sola insunt quae copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; non insunt. Notatur symbolo '''\'''.  Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque non } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land \neg S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \land y \notin B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Productum [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianum]]'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;, quod cruce &lt;math&gt; \times &lt;/math&gt; denotatur, est copia haec: &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \text { atque } y \in B \rbrace = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \land y \in B \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt; 


Definitones super descriptae visuales per ''[[Diagramma Vennianum|diagrammata Venniana]]'' factae:
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Venn A subset B.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \subset B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copia A est copiae B inferior
Fasciculus:Venn0111.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cup B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coniunctio copiarum A&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;B
Image:Venn0001.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cap B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sectio copiarum A et B.
Image:Venn0100.svg|&lt;math&gt; A \setminus B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Differentia copiarum A et B
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Exempla ==
Sint &lt;math&gt; A = \lbrace 1,2,4,7 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B = \lbrace 1,3,5,7,9 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;.

Tum: 

* &lt;math&gt; A \cup B = \lbrace 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,9 \rbrace = \lbrace 9,7,1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Licet enim elementa semel vel compluries scribere. Ne ordo quidem interest.

* &lt;math&gt; A \cap  B = \lbrace 1,7 \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B = \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (1/1),(1/3),(1/5),(1/7),(1/9),(2/1),(2/3),(2/5),(2/7),(2/9),(4/1),(4/3),(4/5),(4/7),(4/9),(7/1),(7/3),(7/5),(7/7),(7/9) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

[[Aequatio]] aliqua ut copia describens denotari potest et solutio eius aequationis copia enumerans est. Quae saepe - praecipue in scholis -  ''copia solutionum'' appellatur. [[Aequatio#Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi|Aequatio quadratica]] exemplo:

:&lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in \mathbb R: x^2-2x-3 = 0 \rbrace = \lbrace -1;3 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra abstracta]]
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleana]] 
* [[Grex (mathematica)|Grex]]
* [[Classis]]
* [[Copia vacua]]
* [[Functio]]
* [[Graphum]]
* [[N-plex]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html De copiis] in encyclopaedia Wolfram MathWorld {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>hem9nfq3dtu321npywvhywrtl03ts5k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953523</id>
      <parentid>3953522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T04:22:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mutatur nexus ad articulum &quot;classis&quot;; nescio quare nectitur ad socialem sed fortasse adiuvabit haec &quot;redirectio&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953523</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5978" sha1="ki804wvjnh7n6tuc1un2esmohxbkhl3" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}{{Vide discretivam|copia in re mathematica}}

'''Copia'''{{LLHL25 ref|Menge|25}} vel '''classis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[iarchive:arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up|Giuseppe Peano, ''Arithmetices principia: nova methodo'' (Fratres Bocca: 1889).]] {{ling|Latine}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] est quorundam elementorum mathematicorum collectio. Secundum definitionem [[Georgius Cantor|Georgii Cantoris]], &quot;copia est comprehensio elementorum cogitationis nostrae bene discretorum in unum&quot;. Quae definitio omni rigore mathematico carens postea substituta est [[Axioma|axiomatis]] ab [[Ernestus Fridericus Ferdinandus Zermelo|Ernesto Zermelo]] et [[Adolfus Abraham Halevi Fraenkel|Adolfo Fränkel]] positis, quibus efficitur ut excludatur [[antinomia Russelliana]] (de copia copiarum, quae semet ipsas non continent, num se ipsam contineat).
 
In [[philosophia]], copia sunt [[res (philosophia)|res]] [[abstractio|abstractae]].

== Denotationes et definitiones ==
=== Denotationes ===
* Copiae denotari solent parenthesibus &quot;{&quot; et &quot;}&quot; usurpatis initium aut finem copiae indicentibus. Sunt duae formae copiae: una elementa enumerans, exemplo {1,2} aut {Gaius, Petrus, Marcus}. Altera elementa describens variabili vel variabilibus et sententia vel sententiis usa: Ad quae elementa sententia sequens (''praedicatum'') pertinet, ante symbolis ''':''' aut '''|''' notatur variabilibus in parenthesibus &quot;(&quot; et &quot;)&quot; iterum adiectis. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x: \ S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Si &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt; elementum  huius copiae sit (id est: valet praedicatum variabili &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt;), notatur &lt;math&gt; x_0 \in \lbrace x: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

* Tales &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; solent esse in copia ''superiore'' (id est: cuncta elementa quae illi etiam huic aliis fortasse addiditis insunt). Sit &lt;math&gt; X &lt;/math&gt; talis copia superior, tum scribi solet &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Ut indicatur X talem esse copiam superiorem, scribi solet &lt;math&gt; X \supset \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace \subset X.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Definitiones ===
* Copia cui nulla elementa insunt ''vacua'' vel ''inanis'' appellatur. Notatur symbolis &lt;math&gt; \lbrace \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt; \emptyset .&lt;/math&gt;

* Copiae duae &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; ''eaedem'' vel ''aequae'' appellantur, si copiae alteri &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; eadem elementa ac alteri copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; insunt. Aequivalens, si &lt;math&gt; A \subset B &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B \subset A &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; A=B \Leftrightarrow A\subset B \land B \subset A. &lt;/math&gt;

* ''Coniunctioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum omnia elementa e quaquam illarum insunt. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cup &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cup B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ vel } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \lor S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \lor y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Sectioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum sola ea elementa insunt, quae in unaquaquam eorum inveniuntur. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cap &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cap B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land S_2(z) \rbrace  = \lbrace x\in A \land y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Differentiae'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; elementa ex &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; sola insunt quae copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; non insunt. Notatur symbolo '''\'''.  Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque non } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land \neg S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \land y \notin B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Productum [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianum]]'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;, quod cruce &lt;math&gt; \times &lt;/math&gt; denotatur, est copia haec: &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \text { atque } y \in B \rbrace = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \land y \in B \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt; 


Definitones super descriptae visuales per ''[[Diagramma Vennianum|diagrammata Venniana]]'' factae:
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Venn A subset B.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \subset B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copia A est copiae B inferior
Fasciculus:Venn0111.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cup B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coniunctio copiarum A&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;B
Image:Venn0001.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cap B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sectio copiarum A et B.
Image:Venn0100.svg|&lt;math&gt; A \setminus B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Differentia copiarum A et B
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Exempla ==
Sint &lt;math&gt; A = \lbrace 1,2,4,7 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B = \lbrace 1,3,5,7,9 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;.

Tum: 

* &lt;math&gt; A \cup B = \lbrace 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,9 \rbrace = \lbrace 9,7,1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Licet enim elementa semel vel compluries scribere. Ne ordo quidem interest.

* &lt;math&gt; A \cap  B = \lbrace 1,7 \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B = \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (1/1),(1/3),(1/5),(1/7),(1/9),(2/1),(2/3),(2/5),(2/7),(2/9),(4/1),(4/3),(4/5),(4/7),(4/9),(7/1),(7/3),(7/5),(7/7),(7/9) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

[[Aequatio]] aliqua ut copia describens denotari potest et solutio eius aequationis copia enumerans est. Quae saepe - praecipue in scholis -  ''copia solutionum'' appellatur. [[Aequatio#Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi|Aequatio quadratica]] exemplo:

:&lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in \mathbb R: x^2-2x-3 = 0 \rbrace = \lbrace -1;3 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra abstracta]]
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleana]] 
* [[Grex (mathematica)|Grex]]
* [[Copia vacua]]
* [[Classis_(discretiva)|Classis]]
* [[Functio]]
* [[Graphum]]
* [[N-plex]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html De copiis] in encyclopaedia Wolfram MathWorld {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:20:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Petitio|subst:petitio]]|[[Formula:Movenda|movenda]]|[[Classis (mathematica)]]}}</comment>
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{{L}}{{Vide discretivam|copia in re mathematica}}

'''Copia'''{{LLHL25 ref|Menge|25}} vel '''classis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[iarchive:arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up|Giuseppe Peano, ''Arithmetices principia: nova methodo'' (Fratres Bocca: 1889).]] {{ling|Latine}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] est quorundam elementorum mathematicorum collectio. Secundum definitionem [[Georgius Cantor|Georgii Cantoris]], &quot;copia est comprehensio elementorum cogitationis nostrae bene discretorum in unum&quot;. Quae definitio omni rigore mathematico carens postea substituta est [[Axioma|axiomatis]] ab [[Ernestus Fridericus Ferdinandus Zermelo|Ernesto Zermelo]] et [[Adolfus Abraham Halevi Fraenkel|Adolfo Fränkel]] positis, quibus efficitur ut excludatur [[antinomia Russelliana]] (de copia copiarum, quae semet ipsas non continent, num se ipsam contineat).
 
In [[philosophia]], copia sunt [[res (philosophia)|res]] [[abstractio|abstractae]].

== Denotationes et definitiones ==
=== Denotationes ===
* Copiae denotari solent parenthesibus &quot;{&quot; et &quot;}&quot; usurpatis initium aut finem copiae indicentibus. Sunt duae formae copiae: una elementa enumerans, exemplo {1,2} aut {Gaius, Petrus, Marcus}. Altera elementa describens variabili vel variabilibus et sententia vel sententiis usa: Ad quae elementa sententia sequens (''praedicatum'') pertinet, ante symbolis ''':''' aut '''|''' notatur variabilibus in parenthesibus &quot;(&quot; et &quot;)&quot; iterum adiectis. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x: \ S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Si &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt; elementum  huius copiae sit (id est: valet praedicatum variabili &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt;), notatur &lt;math&gt; x_0 \in \lbrace x: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

* Tales &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; solent esse in copia ''superiore'' (id est: cuncta elementa quae illi etiam huic aliis fortasse addiditis insunt). Sit &lt;math&gt; X &lt;/math&gt; talis copia superior, tum scribi solet &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Ut indicatur X talem esse copiam superiorem, scribi solet &lt;math&gt; X \supset \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace \subset X.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Definitiones ===
* Copia cui nulla elementa insunt ''vacua'' vel ''inanis'' appellatur. Notatur symbolis &lt;math&gt; \lbrace \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt; \emptyset .&lt;/math&gt;

* Copiae duae &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; ''eaedem'' vel ''aequae'' appellantur, si copiae alteri &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; eadem elementa ac alteri copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; insunt. Aequivalens, si &lt;math&gt; A \subset B &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B \subset A &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; A=B \Leftrightarrow A\subset B \land B \subset A. &lt;/math&gt;

* ''Coniunctioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum omnia elementa e quaquam illarum insunt. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cup &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cup B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ vel } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \lor S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \lor y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Sectioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum sola ea elementa insunt, quae in unaquaquam eorum inveniuntur. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cap &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cap B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land S_2(z) \rbrace  = \lbrace x\in A \land y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Differentiae'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; elementa ex &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; sola insunt quae copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; non insunt. Notatur symbolo '''\'''.  Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque non } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land \neg S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \land y \notin B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Productum [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianum]]'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;, quod cruce &lt;math&gt; \times &lt;/math&gt; denotatur, est copia haec: &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \text { atque } y \in B \rbrace = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \land y \in B \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt; 


Definitones super descriptae visuales per ''[[Diagramma Vennianum|diagrammata Venniana]]'' factae:
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Venn A subset B.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \subset B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copia A est copiae B inferior
Fasciculus:Venn0111.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cup B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coniunctio copiarum A&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;B
Image:Venn0001.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cap B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sectio copiarum A et B.
Image:Venn0100.svg|&lt;math&gt; A \setminus B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Differentia copiarum A et B
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Exempla ==
Sint &lt;math&gt; A = \lbrace 1,2,4,7 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B = \lbrace 1,3,5,7,9 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;.

Tum: 

* &lt;math&gt; A \cup B = \lbrace 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,9 \rbrace = \lbrace 9,7,1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Licet enim elementa semel vel compluries scribere. Ne ordo quidem interest.

* &lt;math&gt; A \cap  B = \lbrace 1,7 \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B = \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (1/1),(1/3),(1/5),(1/7),(1/9),(2/1),(2/3),(2/5),(2/7),(2/9),(4/1),(4/3),(4/5),(4/7),(4/9),(7/1),(7/3),(7/5),(7/7),(7/9) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

[[Aequatio]] aliqua ut copia describens denotari potest et solutio eius aequationis copia enumerans est. Quae saepe - praecipue in scholis -  ''copia solutionum'' appellatur. [[Aequatio#Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi|Aequatio quadratica]] exemplo:

:&lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in \mathbb R: x^2-2x-3 = 0 \rbrace = \lbrace -1;3 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra abstracta]]
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleana]] 
* [[Grex (mathematica)|Grex]]
* [[Copia vacua]]
* [[Classis_(discretiva)|Classis]]
* [[Functio]]
* [[Graphum]]
* [[N-plex]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html De copiis] in encyclopaedia Wolfram MathWorld {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:26:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>Nexum ad disputationem de petitione formulae {{[[Formula:Movenda|Movenda]]}} addidi</comment>
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{{L}}{{Vide discretivam|copia in re mathematica}}

'''Copia'''{{LLHL25 ref|Menge|25}} vel '''classis'''&lt;ref&gt;[[iarchive:arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up|Giuseppe Peano, ''Arithmetices principia: nova methodo'' (Fratres Bocca: 1889).]] {{ling|Latine}}.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] est quorundam elementorum mathematicorum collectio. Secundum definitionem [[Georgius Cantor|Georgii Cantoris]], &quot;copia est comprehensio elementorum cogitationis nostrae bene discretorum in unum&quot;. Quae definitio omni rigore mathematico carens postea substituta est [[Axioma|axiomatis]] ab [[Ernestus Fridericus Ferdinandus Zermelo|Ernesto Zermelo]] et [[Adolfus Abraham Halevi Fraenkel|Adolfo Fränkel]] positis, quibus efficitur ut excludatur [[antinomia Russelliana]] (de copia copiarum, quae semet ipsas non continent, num se ipsam contineat).
 
In [[philosophia]], copia sunt [[res (philosophia)|res]] [[abstractio|abstractae]].

== Denotationes et definitiones ==
=== Denotationes ===
* Copiae denotari solent parenthesibus &quot;{&quot; et &quot;}&quot; usurpatis initium aut finem copiae indicentibus. Sunt duae formae copiae: una elementa enumerans, exemplo {1,2} aut {Gaius, Petrus, Marcus}. Altera elementa describens variabili vel variabilibus et sententia vel sententiis usa: Ad quae elementa sententia sequens (''praedicatum'') pertinet, ante symbolis ''':''' aut '''|''' notatur variabilibus in parenthesibus &quot;(&quot; et &quot;)&quot; iterum adiectis. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x: \ S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Si &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt; elementum  huius copiae sit (id est: valet praedicatum variabili &lt;math&gt; x_0 &lt;/math&gt;), notatur &lt;math&gt; x_0 \in \lbrace x: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

* Tales &lt;math&gt; x &lt;/math&gt; solent esse in copia ''superiore'' (id est: cuncta elementa quae illi etiam huic aliis fortasse addiditis insunt). Sit &lt;math&gt; X &lt;/math&gt; talis copia superior, tum scribi solet &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Ut indicatur X talem esse copiam superiorem, scribi solet &lt;math&gt; X \supset \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in X: S(x) \rbrace \subset X.&lt;/math&gt;

=== Definitiones ===
* Copia cui nulla elementa insunt ''vacua'' vel ''inanis'' appellatur. Notatur symbolis &lt;math&gt; \lbrace \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt; \emptyset .&lt;/math&gt;

* Copiae duae &lt;math&gt; A, B &lt;/math&gt; ''eaedem'' vel ''aequae'' appellantur, si copiae alteri &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; eadem elementa ac alteri copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; insunt. Aequivalens, si &lt;math&gt; A \subset B &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B \subset A &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: &lt;math&gt; A=B \Leftrightarrow A\subset B \land B \subset A. &lt;/math&gt;

* ''Coniunctioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum omnia elementa e quaquam illarum insunt. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cup &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cup B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ vel } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \lor S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \lor y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Sectioni'' duarum pluriumve copiarum sola ea elementa insunt, quae in unaquaquam eorum inveniuntur. Notatur symbolo &lt;math&gt; \cap &lt;/math&gt;. Ergo: Sint &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \cap B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land S_2(z) \rbrace  = \lbrace x\in A \land y \in B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Differentiae'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; elementa ex &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; sola insunt quae copiae &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt; non insunt. Notatur symbolo '''\'''.  Ergo: Sint &lt;math&gt; A= \lbrace x: S_1(x) \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;br /&gt; &lt;math&gt; B= \lbrace y: S_2(y) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Tum: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;center&gt; &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B= \lbrace z: S_1(z) \text{ atque non } S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace z: S_1(z) \land \neg S_2(z) \rbrace = \lbrace x\in A \land y \notin B \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; &lt;/center&gt; 

* ''Productum [[Renatus Cartesius|Cartesianum]]'' duarum copiarum &lt;math&gt; A &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B &lt;/math&gt;, quod cruce &lt;math&gt; \times &lt;/math&gt; denotatur, est copia haec: &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \text { atque } y \in B \rbrace = \lbrace (x/y): x \in A \land y \in B \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt; 


Definitones super descriptae visuales per ''[[Diagramma Vennianum|diagrammata Venniana]]'' factae:
&lt;gallery&gt; 
Image:Venn A subset B.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \subset B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Copia A est copiae B inferior
Fasciculus:Venn0111.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cup B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coniunctio copiarum A&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;B
Image:Venn0001.svg|&lt;math&gt;A \cap B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sectio copiarum A et B.
Image:Venn0100.svg|&lt;math&gt; A \setminus B&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Differentia copiarum A et B
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Exempla ==
Sint &lt;math&gt; A = \lbrace 1,2,4,7 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt; B = \lbrace 1,3,5,7,9 \rbrace &lt;/math&gt;.

Tum: 

* &lt;math&gt; A \cup B = \lbrace 1,1,2,3,4,5,7,7,9 \rbrace = \lbrace 9,7,1,2,3,4,5 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt; Licet enim elementa semel vel compluries scribere. Ne ordo quidem interest.

* &lt;math&gt; A \cap  B = \lbrace 1,7 \rbrace. &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \setminus B = \lbrace 2,4 \rbrace . &lt;/math&gt;

* &lt;math&gt; A \times B = \lbrace (1/1),(1/3),(1/5),(1/7),(1/9),(2/1),(2/3),(2/5),(2/7),(2/9),(4/1),(4/3),(4/5),(4/7),(4/9),(7/1),(7/3),(7/5),(7/7),(7/9) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

[[Aequatio]] aliqua ut copia describens denotari potest et solutio eius aequationis copia enumerans est. Quae saepe - praecipue in scholis -  ''copia solutionum'' appellatur. [[Aequatio#Quomodo possumus solvere aequationes gradus secundi|Aequatio quadratica]] exemplo:

:&lt;math&gt; \lbrace x \in \mathbb R: x^2-2x-3 = 0 \rbrace = \lbrace -1;3 \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra abstracta]]
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleana]] 
* [[Grex (mathematica)|Grex]]
* [[Copia vacua]]
* [[Classis_(discretiva)|Classis]]
* [[Functio]]
* [[Graphum]]
* [[N-plex]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Set.html De copiis] in encyclopaedia Wolfram MathWorld {{ling|Anglice}}

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>71528mxso1k13bsijeuw8iyyny2ai5j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Copia</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>52105</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953535</id>
      <parentid>3509844</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:20:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953535</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3148" sha1="j9f999n0b1h1c9cr4ir0xa31diy072y" xml:space="preserve">==Terminologia==
I also translated this article to ancient Greek ([[incubator:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]). I intend to expand the Latin version soon, providing technical definitions, Wikimedia Commons images, and more content in general (excuse my bad syntax in advance though; ''mementote: &quot;hic usor media Latinitate contribuere potest&quot;'').&lt;br /&gt; [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 11:48, 6 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

: Quaestiunculam in paginam disputationis θετοῦ addidi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:00, 9 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:: My answer is in your vici-talk-page, Neandre. Regarding the article here, I encountered many difficulties with the technical terminology that deterred me from completing it; for example terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. If someone could help me render them in Latin, I would be grateful. &lt;br&gt;[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 16:27, 19 Septembris 2008 (UTC)

Is there a discussion somewhere about the Latin term? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:02, 25 Octobris 2010 (UTC)

:A set is a 'combination of elements'. Kindly consider 'coetus'( without the sexual overtones) and 'complexio'.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 02:12, 17 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== nomen rei quam Angli dicunt &quot;set&quot; ==

Propono verbum &quot;congeries&quot;, quamquam fons Latinus mathematicus mihi modo non est praesto. ([[Specialis:Conlationes/91.66.120.171|91.66.120.171]] 20:24, 21 Februarii 2020 (UTC))

== Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “[[Classis (mathematica)]]” movenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 7 Aprilis 2026 hora 05:19:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Movenda|20260407051938}}
Appellatio “copia” e vocabulo Theodisco “Menge” videtur oriri, sed meā sententiā Latine non est bene inventa. Attamen res in “[[theoria classium]]” iacet, atque fontes Latinos habemus qui “classem” dicunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Berard
	| nomen auctoris = Stephanus
	| titulus = De Theoria Casuum Generativa deque Methodo Philologica
	| pagina = 18
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/berard-de-cassibus.pdf
	| domus editoria = Boreoccidentales
}}: «“{{lectio|Theoria classium}}” est pars mathematicae, atque nunc temporis et aliarum disciplinarum, quae relationes inter classes pertractat. (Anglice {{barbarice|lingua=en|set}} et {{barbarice|lingua=en|set theory}})».&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
	| pagina = x
	| url paginae = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up
}}: “{{lectio|classis}}, sive entium aggregatio”.&lt;/ref&gt;. Videatur etiam {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:20, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Annotationes ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j9f999n0b1h1c9cr4ir0xa31diy072y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953536</id>
      <parentid>3953535</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:21:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda? */</comment>
      <origin>3953536</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3150" sha1="8oe5c4mwxymmrfm1kaqj6anvvh59ddu" xml:space="preserve">==Terminologia==
I also translated this article to ancient Greek ([[incubator:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]). I intend to expand the Latin version soon, providing technical definitions, Wikimedia Commons images, and more content in general (excuse my bad syntax in advance though; ''mementote: &quot;hic usor media Latinitate contribuere potest&quot;'').&lt;br /&gt; [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 11:48, 6 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

: Quaestiunculam in paginam disputationis θετοῦ addidi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:00, 9 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:: My answer is in your vici-talk-page, Neandre. Regarding the article here, I encountered many difficulties with the technical terminology that deterred me from completing it; for example terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. If someone could help me render them in Latin, I would be grateful. &lt;br&gt;[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 16:27, 19 Septembris 2008 (UTC)

Is there a discussion somewhere about the Latin term? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:02, 25 Octobris 2010 (UTC)

:A set is a 'combination of elements'. Kindly consider 'coetus'( without the sexual overtones) and 'complexio'.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 02:12, 17 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== nomen rei quam Angli dicunt &quot;set&quot; ==

Propono verbum &quot;congeries&quot;, quamquam fons Latinus mathematicus mihi modo non est praesto. ([[Specialis:Conlationes/91.66.120.171|91.66.120.171]] 20:24, 21 Februarii 2020 (UTC))

== Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “[[Classis (mathematica)]]” movenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 7 Aprilis 2026 hora 05:19:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Movenda|20260407051938}}
Appellatio “copia” e vocabulo Theodisco “Menge” videtur oriri, sed meā sententiā Latine non est bene inventa. Attamen res in “[[theoria classium]]” iacet, atque fontes Latinos habemus qui “classem” dicunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Berard
	| nomen auctoris = Stephanus
	| titulus = De Theoria Casuum Generativa deque Methodo Philologica
	| pagina = 18
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/berard-de-cassibus.pdf
	| domus editoria = Boreoccidentales
}}: «“{{lectio|Theoria classium}}” est pars mathematicae, atque nunc temporis et aliarum disciplinarum, quae relationes inter classes pertractat. (Anglice {{barbarice|lingua=en|set}} et {{barbarice|lingua=en|set theory}})».&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
	| pagina = x
	| url paginae = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up
}}: “{{lectio|classis}}, sive entium aggregatio”.&lt;/ref&gt;. Videatur etiam {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:20, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8oe5c4mwxymmrfm1kaqj6anvvh59ddu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953542</id>
      <parentid>3953536</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:34:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda? */</comment>
      <origin>3953542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3142" sha1="jusqwprzzs4ghmo88errdf5amqekzlo" xml:space="preserve">==Terminologia==
I also translated this article to ancient Greek ([[incubator:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]). I intend to expand the Latin version soon, providing technical definitions, Wikimedia Commons images, and more content in general (excuse my bad syntax in advance though; ''mementote: &quot;hic usor media Latinitate contribuere potest&quot;'').&lt;br /&gt; [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 11:48, 6 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

: Quaestiunculam in paginam disputationis θετοῦ addidi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:00, 9 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:: My answer is in your vici-talk-page, Neandre. Regarding the article here, I encountered many difficulties with the technical terminology that deterred me from completing it; for example terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. If someone could help me render them in Latin, I would be grateful. &lt;br&gt;[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 16:27, 19 Septembris 2008 (UTC)

Is there a discussion somewhere about the Latin term? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:02, 25 Octobris 2010 (UTC)

:A set is a 'combination of elements'. Kindly consider 'coetus'( without the sexual overtones) and 'complexio'.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 02:12, 17 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== nomen rei quam Angli dicunt &quot;set&quot; ==

Propono verbum &quot;congeries&quot;, quamquam fons Latinus mathematicus mihi modo non est praesto. ([[Specialis:Conlationes/91.66.120.171|91.66.120.171]] 20:24, 21 Februarii 2020 (UTC))

== Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “[[Classis (mathematica)]]” movenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 7 Aprilis 2026 hora 05:19:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Movenda|20260407051938}}
Appellatio “copia” e vocabulo Theodisco “Menge” videtur oriri, sed meā sententiā Latine non est bene inventa. Res in “[[theoria classium]]” iacet, atque fontes Latinos habemus qui “classem” dicunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Berard
	| nomen auctoris = Stephanus
	| titulus = De Theoria Casuum Generativa deque Methodo Philologica
	| pagina = 18
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/berard-de-cassibus.pdf
	| domus editoria = Boreoccidentales
}}: «“{{lectio|Theoria classium}}” est pars mathematicae, atque nunc temporis et aliarum disciplinarum, quae relationes inter classes pertractat. (Anglice {{barbarice|lingua=en|set}} et {{barbarice|lingua=en|set theory}})».&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
	| pagina = x
	| url paginae = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up
}}: “{{lectio|classis}}, sive entium aggregatio”.&lt;/ref&gt;. Videatur etiam {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:20, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jusqwprzzs4ghmo88errdf5amqekzlo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953558</id>
      <parentid>3953542</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T06:20:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3141" sha1="jewzpwts58yoiuewxp2pn93p77oj1w3" xml:space="preserve">==Terminologia==
I also translated this article to ancient Greek ([[incubator:Wp/grc/Θετόν]]). I intend to expand the Latin version soon, providing technical definitions, Wikimedia Commons images, and more content in general (excuse my bad syntax in advance though; ''mementote: &quot;hic usor media Latinitate contribuere potest&quot;'').&lt;br /&gt; [[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 11:48, 6 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

: Quaestiunculam in paginam disputationis θετοῦ addidi. --[[Usor:Neander|Neander]] 23:00, 9 Iulii 2008 (UTC)

:: My answer is in your vici-talk-page, Neandre. Regarding the article here, I encountered many difficulties with the technical terminology that deterred me from completing it; for example terms such as ''membership'' and ''elementhood''. If someone could help me render them in Latin, I would be grateful. &lt;br&gt;[[Usor:Omnipaedista|Omnipaedista]] 16:27, 19 Septembris 2008 (UTC)

Is there a discussion somewhere about the Latin term? --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 18:02, 25 Octobris 2010 (UTC)

:A set is a 'combination of elements'. Kindly consider 'coetus'( without the sexual overtones) and 'complexio'.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Jondel|disputatio]]) 02:12, 17 Augusti 2019 (UTC)

== nomen rei quam Angli dicunt &quot;set&quot; ==

Propono verbum &quot;congeries&quot;, quamquam fons Latinus mathematicus mihi modo non est praesto. ([[Specialis:Conlationes/91.66.120.171|91.66.120.171]] 20:24, 21 Februarii 2020 (UTC))

== Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “[[Classis (mathematica)]]” movenda? ==

&lt;!--
Noli haec verba removere si formula die 7 Aprilis 2026 hora 05:19:38 petita nondum forma finali patescit.
--&gt;{{Disputatio petitoria Vicipaediae|Movenda|20260407051938}}
Appellatio “copia” e vocabulo Theodisco “Menge” videtur oriri, sed meā sententiā Latine non est bene inventa. Res in “[[theoria classium]]” iacet, atque fontes Latinos habemus qui “classem” dicunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Berard
	| nomen auctoris = Stephanus
	| titulus = De Theoria Casuum Generativa deque Methodo Philologica
	| pagina = 18
	| url = https://boreoccidentales.com/latine/cataracta/auctore-berard/berard-de-cassibus.pdf
	| domus editoria = Boreoccidentales
}}: «“{{lectio|Theoria classium}}” est pars mathematicae, atque nunc temporis et aliarum disciplinarum, quae relationes inter classes pertractat. (Anglice {{barbarice|lingua=en|set}} et {{barbarice|lingua=en|set theory}})».&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{*Cfr}} {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Peano
	| nomen auctoris = Ioseph
	| titulus = Arithmetices principia: nova methodo exposita
	| url = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog
	| annus = 1889
	| locus = [[Augusta Taurinorum|Augustae Taurinorum]]
	| domus editoria = Fratres Bocca
	| pagina = x
	| url paginae = https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up
}}: “{{lectio|classis}}, sive entium aggregatio”.&lt;/ref&gt; Videatur etiam {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:20, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jewzpwts58yoiuewxp2pn93p77oj1w3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Libri de re culinaria medio aevo scripti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58345</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953447</id>
      <parentid>3905470</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:38:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3953447</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12853" sha1="8wro9qa4e55d69u058c045mom6ii4d4" xml:space="preserve">Hic habes indicem '''librorum de re culinaria qui aevo medio scripti sunt'''.

== Praecepta culinaria ==
* saec. X : {{ec|id=Warrāq)|c=Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq, ''[[Liber coquinarius (Warrāq)|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (Kaj Öhrnberg, Sahban Mroueh, edd., ''Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq: Kitāb al-ṭabīkh'' [Helsingiae: Finnish Oriental Society, 1987]; Nawal Nasrallah, interpr., ''Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens: Ibn Sayyār al-Warrāq's Tenth-Century Baghdadi Cookbook'' [Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2007] {{Google Books|sQCwCQAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}})}}
* 1150/1175 : ''[[Salsamenta Pictavensium]]''
* ante 1194 : [[Petrus Musandinus]], ''[[Summula de preparatione ciborum et potuum infirmorum]]''
* [[Baghdādī]], ''[[Liber coquinarius Bagdatensis|Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ]]'' (1226) (Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 24-89)
* ante 1250 : ''[[Libellus de arte coquinaria]]'' (M. Kristensen, ed., ''The socalled Harpestreng cookbook (13th century) = Das sog. Harpestreng-Kochbuch [13. Jh.]: Codex K: Harpestræng''. Hauniae, 1908-1920) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/harp-kkr.htm Textus]
* saec. XIII : ''Wuṣla ilā al-ḥabīb'' (Maxime Rodinson, ''Studies in Arabic Manuscripts'' in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 131-148)
* saec. XIII : {{ec|id=Tujibi|c=[[Ibn Razīn al-Tujībī]], ''Fiḍālat al-ḫiwān''}}
* saec. XIII : ''Kitāb al-ṭabīḫ fī'l-Maǧrīb wa'l-Andalūs'' (A. Huici Miranda, ed., ''La cocina Hispano-Magrebi en la España almohade'' [Matriti, 1965]; Charles Perry, interpr., ''An Anonymous Andalusian Cookbook of the 13th Century'' [http://www.daviddfriedman.com/Medieval/Cookbooks/Andalusian/andalusian_contents.htm Textus])
* saec. XIII : ''Wuṣla ilā al-ḥabīb'' (Maxime Rodinson, ''Studies in Arabic Manuscripts'' in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 131-148)
* c. 1275 : ''[[Viandier]]'': manuscriptum Sedunense: liber praeceptorum culinariorum cuius recensiones posteriores [[Guillelmus Tirel|Guillelmo Tirel]] ''dit Taillevent'' attribui solent (Terence Scully, ed., ''The Viandier of Taillevent: an edition of all extant manuscripts'' [Ottavae: University of Ottawa Press, 1988]) [https://histolf.ulb.be/index.php/textes-gh/251-1275-viandier-de-sion-texte-et-traduction Textus cum versione] ab Annick Englebert recensus
* saec. XIII exeunte : {{ec|id=Iamboninus|c=[[Iamboninus Cremonensis]], ''[[Liber de ferculis|Liber de ferculis et condimentis]]'' (Anna Martellotti, ''Il Liber de ferculis di Giambonino da Cremona'' [Fasano: Schena, 2001])}}
* ante 1300 : ''[[Viande e claree|Coment l'en deit fere viande e claree]]'' (Constance B. Hieatt, R. Jones, &quot;Two Anglo-Norman culinary collections&quot; in ''Speculum'' vol. 61 (1986) pp. 859-882 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853971 JSTOR])
* saec. XIII/XIV : {{ec|id=Kanz|c=''[[Thesaurus beneficiorum mensaeque varietatum|Kanz al-fawāʾid fī tanwīʿ al-mawāʾid]]'' (Manuela Marin, David Waines, edd. [Stutgardiae: Steiner, 1993])}}
* saec. XIII/XIV : {{ec|id=Kitāb waṣf|c=''[[Descriptio ciborum communiorum|Kitāb waṣf al-ʿaṭima al-muʿtada]]'' (Charles Perry, &quot;The Description of Familiar Foods&quot; in Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery'' [Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001] pp. 273-465) }}
* c. 1300 : ''[[Enseignements]]'' (Grégoire Lozinski, ed., ''La Bataille de Caresme et de Charnage'' [Lutetiae: Honoré Champion, 1933] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k40533/f191.item pp. 181-187]) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/1300ens.htm textus] [https://histolf.ulb.be/index.php/textes-gh/254-1300-les-enseingnemenz-texte-et-traduction alibi]
* saec. XIV : ''[[Libro della cocina]]'' vel &quot;Anonymus Tuscanus&quot; (E. Faccioli, ''Arte della cucina'' (Mediolani 1966) vol. 1 pp. 21-57; [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/an-tosc.htm recensio interretialis]; Frankwalt Möhren, ''Il libro de la cocina: un ricettario tra Oriente e Occidente''. Heidelbergae, 2016 [https://web.archive.org/web/20220517181842/https://heiup.uni-heidelberg.de/heiup/reader/download/123/123-68-75294-1-10-20160906.pdf Textus])
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Libro per cuoco|c=''[[Libro per cuoco]]'' vel ''Anonimo Veneziano'' (Ludovico Frati, ed., ''Libro di cucina del secolo XIV'' (Liburni, 1899) no. 80 [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/frati.htm Textus a Thoma Gloning divulgatus])}}
* saec. XIV : ''[[Libre de totes maneres de confits]]'' [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/confits.htm Textus interretialis]
* saec. XIV : {{ec|id=Sent soví|c=''[[Llibre de sent soví]]'' (Joan Santanach i Suñol, ed., Robin M. Vogelzang, interpr., ''The book of Sent Soví: medieval recipes from Catalonia'' [2008])}}
* 1300/1309 : {{ec|id=Liber de coquina|c=''[[Liber de coquina|Liber de coquina ubi diversitates ciborum docentur]]'' (Marianne Mulon, &quot;Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval&quot; in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/mul2-lib.htm Textus]}}
* ante 1309 : ''[[Tractatus de modo praeparandi et condiendi omnia cibaria]]'' (Marianne Mulon, &quot;Deux traités inédits d'art culinaire médiéval&quot; in ''Bulletin philologique et historique (jusqu'à 1610) du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques'' [1968 (1971)] vol. 1 pp. 369-435) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/mul1-tra.htm Textus]
* 1320/1340 : [[BL Royal 12.C.xii]] f. 11r (Constance B. Hieatt, R. Jones, &quot;Two Anglo-Norman culinary collections&quot; in ''Speculum'' vol. 61 (1986) pp. 859-882 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2853971 JSTOR])
* ante 1325 : ''[[Doctrina faciendi diversa cibaria]]'' ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 43-58)
* saec. XIV medio : ''[[Das Buch von guter Speise]]'' [http://www.uni-giessen.de/gloning/tx/bvgs.htm Textus interretialis]
* ante 1374 : {{ec|id=Ni Zan|c=[[Ni Zan]], ''[[Aedis silvarum nebulosarum regimentarium|Yunlintang yinshi zhidu shi]]'' (Teresa Wang, E. N. Anderson, &quot;Ni Tsan and his Cloud Forest Hall Collection of Rules for Drinking and Eating&quot; in ''Petits Propos Culinaires'' no. 60 (1998) pp. 24-41) }}
* 1377/1400 : ''[[Forme of cury]]'' ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 93-145)
* 1381 : ''[[Diversa servicia]]'' no. 30 ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 59-79)
* ante 1390 : {{ec|id=Modus|c=''[[Modus viaticorum praeparandorum et salsarum|Modus viaticorum preparandorum et salsarum]]'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10036651f/f26 liber manuscriptus] }}
* c. 1393 : {{ec|id=Mesnagier|c=''[[Le Mesnagier de Paris]]'' (Jérôme Pichon, ed., ''Le ménagier de Paris ... par un bourgeois parisien'' (Lutetiae, 1846-1847) [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n111/mode/2up vol. 2 pp. 100], [https://archive.org/details/lemnagierdepari01renagoog/page/n185/mode/2up 175]}}
* saec. XIV exeunte : {{ec|id=Llibre d'aparellar|c=''[[Llibre d'aparellar de menjar]]'', [https://mdc.csuc.cat/digital/collection/manuscritBC/id/290716 Bibliotheca de Catalunya MS. 2112] ff. 25r-35r (Joan Santanach i Suñol, ed., Robin M. Vogelzang, interpr., ''The book of Sent Soví: medieval recipes from Catalonia'' [2008] pp. 190-191)}}
* saec. XIV exeunte : ''[[Utilis coquinario]]'' ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 61-91)
* saec. XIV exeunte : ''[[Goud kokery]]''

== Libri de re cibaria ==
* post 511 : [[Anthimus (legatus)|Anthimus]], ''[[De observatione ciborum]]''
* c. 1335 : [[Maynus de Mayneriis]], ''[[Opusculum de saporibus]]'' ([[Lynn Thorndike]], &quot;A Medieval Sauce-Book&quot; in ''Speculum'' vol. 9 (1934) pp. 183-190 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2846594 JSTOR]; cf. [[Terentius Scully|Terence Scully]], &quot;The Opusculum de saporibus of Magninus Mediolanensis&quot; in ''Medium aevum'' vol. 54 (1985) pp. 178-207 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43628892 JSTOR])
* saec. XIV exeunte : [[Franciscus Eiximenis]], ''[[Com usar bé de beure e menjar]]''

== Alii libri qui de alimentis disserunt ==
* saec. XII/XIII : ''[[Poricologus]]''
* saec. XIII : ''[[La Bataille de Caresme et de Charnage]]'' (Grégoire Lozinski, ed., ''La Bataille de Caresme et de Charnage'' [Lutetiae: Honoré Champion, 1933])
* 1223/1224 : [[Henricus de Andeliaco]], ''[[La Bataille des vins]]'' (Alexandre Héron, ''Oeuvres de Henri d'Andeli, trouvère normand du 13e siècle'' [Rotomagi, 1880] pp. [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/22/mode/2up 23-30], [https://archive.org/details/oeuvresdehenrida00henruoft/page/86/mode/2up 87-129])

== Bibliographia ==
* Magdalena Bator, ''Culinary verbs in Middle English'' [https://beckassets.blob.core.windows.net/product/preamble/14117186/9783631654286_intro_002.pdf pp. 19-30]
* Magdalena Bator, Marta Sylwanowicz, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220316160711/http://kmsi.uni.wroc.pl/upload/files/3_Bator.pdf Early English Recipes—Development of the Text Type]&quot; in ''Academic Journal of Modern Philology'' vol. 7 (2018) pp. 29-54
* Carole Lambert, ed., ''Du manuscrit à la table: essais sur la cuisine au Moyen Âge et répertoire des manuscrits médiévaux contenant des recettes culinaires''. Monte Regali: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 19922; [https://archive.org/details/dumanuscritalata0000unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]
* [[Bruno Laurioux]], ''Le règne de Taillevent''. Lutetiae: Publications de la Sorbonne, 1997 [https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/34357 Textus]
* Bruno Laurioux, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/21145 Le latin de la cuisine]&quot; in Monique Goullet, Michel Parisse, edd., ''Les Historiens et le latin médiéval'' (Lutetiae: Editions de la Sorbonne, 2001. ISBN 9782859444204
* Perrine Mane, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2008_act_19_1_1172 Les fruits et les légumes dans les livres de cuisine à la fin du Moyen Âge]&quot; in ''Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' vol. 19 (2008) pp. 409-436
* Liliane Plouvier, &quot;[http://docplayer.fr/28531835-Sur-la-cuisine-provencale-du-bas-moyen-age-des-livres-de-cuisine.html Regards nouveaux sur la cuisine provençale du bas moyen âge: le témoignage des livres de cuisine]&quot; in ''Provence historique'' vol. 54 (2004) pp. 431-462
* Giovanni Rebora, ''La cucina medievale italiana tra Oriente ed Occidente''. Genuae, 1996
* Maxime Rodinson, A. J. Arberry, Charles Perry, ''Medieval Arab Cookery''. Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001
* Teresa Wang, E. N. Anderson, &quot;Ni Tsan and his Cloud Forest Hall Collection of Rules for Drinking and Eating&quot; on ''Petits Propos Culinaires'' no. 60 (1998) pp. 24-41
* Christopher Woolgar, &quot;Medieval food and colour&quot; in ''Journal of Medieval History'' vol. 44 (2018) pp. 1-20 [https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/413144/ prae-impressum]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ars coquinaria mediaevalis]]
* [[Libri de re culinaria antiqui]]
* [[Libri de re culinaria aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]
* [[Libri de re culinaria aevo recentiore scripti]] 
* [[Libri de medicamentis medio aevo scripti]]
* [[Libri de re rustica medio aevo scripti]]
* [[Libri de regimine medio aevo scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081108013541/http://www.oldcook.com/ De coquis mediaevalibus]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20210130055854/https://www.oldcook.com/medieval-livres_cuisine_europe De libris]
** [https://www.oldcook.com/medieval-textes_liste De recensionibus interrretialibus]{{Nexus deficit|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://culinaryhistory.org/english.html Libri de re coquinaria Anglici antiquiores]
* [http://www.medievalcookery.com/search/search.html Index textuum et receptorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200919175617/http://www.medievalcuisine.com/researching-medieval-cuisine/online-resources/online-texts Index textuum in interrete legendorum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210908191308/http://www.medievalcuisine.com/researching-medieval-cuisine/periodicals/articles Index commentationum]
* Martha Carlin, &quot;[https://sites.uwm.edu/carlin/medieval-culinary-texts-500-1500/ Medieval Culinary Texts (500-1500)]&quot;

[[Categoria:Libri de re coquinaria|!]]
[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Medium aevum]]</text>
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    <title>Libri de regimine medio aevo scripti</title>
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      <text bytes="2017" sha1="b2sm9ddcvkum5pghzs0cjqfo6dc1771" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}

Hic habes indicem '''librorum de regimine medio aevo scriptorum'''.

* [[Anthimus]], ''[[De observatione ciborum]]'' (saeculo VI ineunte)
* [[Symeon Sethi]], ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' (1071/1078) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501352s/f19.item BNF suppl. grec 634] [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf ed. Langkavel]
* ''[[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum]]''
* [[Arnaldus de Villa Nova]], ''[[Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum]]'' (1312)
* [[Petrus Musandinus]], ''[[Summula de praeparatione ciborum et potuum infirmorum]]''
* ''[[Sanitatis conservator]]'' sive ''Tractatus medicus de comestione et digestione'' (saeculo XIV exeunte)

== Bibliographia ==
* Marilyn Nicoud, ''Les régimes de santé. Naissance et diffusion d'une écriture médicale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)'' (Romae: École française de Rome, 2007) [https://books.openedition.org/efr/1448 Textus] apud ''OpenEdition'' [https://www.academia.edu/16408707/Les_régimes_de_santé._Naissance_et_diffusion_dune_écriture_médicale_XIIIe-XVe_siècles_ Textus apud academia.edu]
* Marilyn Nicoud, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/13233021/La_dietetica_medievale_testi_e_lettori La dietetica medievale : testi e lettori]&quot; in ''Minerva'' vol. 23 (2010) pp. 15-34
* Marilyn Nicoud, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2008_act_19_1_1167 Diététique et alimentation des élites princières dans l'Italie médiévale]&quot; in ''Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' vol. 19 (2008) pp. 317-336
* M. Weiss-Amer, &quot;The Role of Medieval Physicians in the Diffusion of Culinary Recipes and Cooking Practices&quot; in C. Lambert, ed., ''Du Manuscrit à la table'' (Monte Regali, 1992) pp. 69-80

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de regimine antiqui]]
* [[Libri de regimine aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]
* [[Libri de medicamentis medio aevo scripti]]
* [[Libri de re culinaria medio aevo scripti]]

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2062" sha1="7vxn337o4xqnk9a81l7zo8lrazllzqd" xml:space="preserve">{{Index imperfectus}}

Hic habes indicem '''librorum de regimine medio aevo scriptorum'''.

* [[Anthimus]], ''[[De observatione ciborum]]'' (saeculo VI ineunte)
* [[Elbochasim]], ''[[Tacuinum sanitatis]]''
* [[Symeon Sethi]], ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' (1071/1078) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501352s/f19.item BNF suppl. grec 634] [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf ed. Langkavel]
* ''[[Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum]]''
* [[Arnaldus de Villa Nova]], ''[[Regimen sanitatis ad regem Aragonum]]'' (1312)
* [[Petrus Musandinus]], ''[[Summula de praeparatione ciborum et potuum infirmorum]]''
* ''[[Sanitatis conservator]]'' sive ''Tractatus medicus de comestione et digestione'' (saeculo XIV exeunte)

== Bibliographia ==
* Marilyn Nicoud, ''Les régimes de santé. Naissance et diffusion d'une écriture médicale (XIIIe-XVe siècles)'' (Romae: École française de Rome, 2007) [https://books.openedition.org/efr/1448 Textus] apud ''OpenEdition'' [https://www.academia.edu/16408707/Les_régimes_de_santé._Naissance_et_diffusion_dune_écriture_médicale_XIIIe-XVe_siècles_ Textus apud academia.edu]
* Marilyn Nicoud, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/13233021/La_dietetica_medievale_testi_e_lettori La dietetica medievale : testi e lettori]&quot; in ''Minerva'' vol. 23 (2010) pp. 15-34
* Marilyn Nicoud, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/keryl_1275-6229_2008_act_19_1_1167 Diététique et alimentation des élites princières dans l'Italie médiévale]&quot; in ''Publications de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres'' vol. 19 (2008) pp. 317-336
* M. Weiss-Amer, &quot;The Role of Medieval Physicians in the Diffusion of Culinary Recipes and Cooking Practices&quot; in C. Lambert, ed., ''Du Manuscrit à la table'' (Monte Regali, 1992) pp. 69-80

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de regimine antiqui]]
* [[Libri de regimine aevo litterarum renatarum scripti]]
* [[Libri de medicamentis medio aevo scripti]]
* [[Libri de re culinaria medio aevo scripti]]

{{Nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Indices litteraturae]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine|!]]</text>
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    <title>Graphum (mathematica)</title>
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      <comment>Fontem inveni</comment>
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      <text bytes="764" sha1="d8d90sjz4sgpqpv9nuvnvhfc2sh828l" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Graphum}}&lt;ref&gt;{{LLHL26|Fibonaccibaum|22}}: “''arbor Fibonacciana, f'' {{nota temporis|2024}} {{pu|in {{lectio|theoria graphorum}}}}.”&lt;/ref&gt; est quaedam imago [[functio]]nis alicuius in [[systema coordinatarum|systemate coodinatarum]].

== Definitio ==

Sit talis functio &lt;math&gt; f:X \rightarrow Y, \ x\mapsto f(x).&lt;/math&gt; Tum graphum est [[copia]] &lt;math&gt; G_f=\lbrace (x/y) \in X \times Y: x\in X, y=f(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

== Exempla graphorum ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Linear Function.png|[[Functio linearis]]
Imago:Polynomialdeg5.svg|[[Polynomon|Functio polynominalis]] gradus quinti
Imago:Exp re.png|[[Functio exponentialis]] complexa
Imago:Sin.svg|[[Sinus (mathematica)|Functio sinus]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Annotationes ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]</text>
      <sha1>d8d90sjz4sgpqpv9nuvnvhfc2sh828l</sha1>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Locus falsus</comment>
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      <text bytes="595" sha1="h32m4lhdhq07r27vd9db386t9145h75" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Graphum}} est quaedam imago [[functio]]nis alicuius in [[systema coordinatarum|systemate coodinatarum]].

== Definitio ==

Sit talis functio &lt;math&gt; f:X \rightarrow Y, \ x\mapsto f(x).&lt;/math&gt; Tum graphum est [[copia]] &lt;math&gt; G_f=\lbrace (x/y) \in X \times Y: x\in X, y=f(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

== Exempla graphorum ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Linear Function.png|[[Functio linearis]]
Imago:Polynomialdeg5.svg|[[Polynomon|Functio polynominalis]] gradus quinti
Imago:Exp re.png|[[Functio exponentialis]] complexa
Imago:Sin.svg|[[Sinus (mathematica)|Functio sinus]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]</text>
      <sha1>h32m4lhdhq07r27vd9db386t9145h75</sha1>
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      <text bytes="605" sha1="po8jli3vksn6hfj3uo86f4n5k3oy6ll" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Graphum}}{{FD ref}} est quaedam imago [[functio]]nis alicuius in [[systema coordinatarum|systemate coodinatarum]].

== Definitio ==

Sit talis functio &lt;math&gt; f:X \rightarrow Y, \ x\mapsto f(x).&lt;/math&gt; Tum graphum est [[copia]] &lt;math&gt; G_f=\lbrace (x/y) \in X \times Y: x\in X, y=f(x) \rbrace .&lt;/math&gt;

== Exempla graphorum ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Imago:Linear Function.png|[[Functio linearis]]
Imago:Polynomialdeg5.svg|[[Polynomon|Functio polynominalis]] gradus quinti
Imago:Exp re.png|[[Functio exponentialis]] complexa
Imago:Sin.svg|[[Sinus (mathematica)|Functio sinus]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]</text>
      <sha1>po8jli3vksn6hfj3uo86f4n5k3oy6ll</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Haroldus Clayton Urey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="944" sha1="oyzkmyn1jerpqg079slows6l4ec3t4p" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Harold_Urey.jpg|thumb|Haroldus Clayton Urey]]
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
''' Haroldus Clayton Urey''' (natus in ''[[Walkerton]]'', [[Indiana]] die [[29 Aprilis]] [[1893]]; mortuus in ''[[La Jolla]]'' die [[5 Ianuarii]] [[1981]]) fuit [[chemia|chemicus]] [[CFA|Americanus]]. Urey anno [[1934]] [[Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae|Nobelianum Chemiae Praemium]] accepit ob [[Isotopus|isotopos]] investigatos et [[deuterium]] inventum. [[Luna]]e [[crater]] nomen eius fert.

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Harold Urey|Haroldus Clayton Urey}}

* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1934/ De Haroldo Clayton Urey] in pagina Nobeliano Chemiae Praemio dicata {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{scien-bio-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urey, Haroldus Clayton}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1893]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1981]]
[[Categoria:Chemici Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Praemium Nobelianum Chemiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anellus</title>
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      <text bytes="1868" sha1="apiwlyqgw91j7q7lc47jevbnjmev1z2" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Noether retusche nachcoloriert.jpg|thumb|[[Aemilia Noether]], quae plura de theoria anellorum scripsit]]

{{res|Anellidi}}&lt;ref&gt;Anellus, i.e. &quot;anulus parvus&quot;: [[Plautus]], ''Ep.'' 5.1.34; [[Lucretius]], ''[[De rerum natura (Lucretius)|De rerum natura]]'' 6.911; [[Horatius]], ''[[Satirae (Horatius)|Satirae]]'' 2.7.9. Ei qui primi notionem [[algebra]]icam invenerunt verbo Theodisco ''Ring'' usi sunt. In aliis linguis verba sensu similia adhibentur, in linguis Romanicis saepius ex &quot;anello&quot; derivata, e.g. Hispanice ''anillo'', Italiane ''anello'', Dacoromanice ''inel''.&lt;/ref&gt; Latine dicier possunt [[series (mathematica)|series]] numerorum [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]] per [[gyrus|gyrum]] recurrentium seu reitinerantium qui:

* Sunt [[additio]]ne [[grex Abelianus|gregis Abeliani]]
* Habent [[multiplicatio]]nem [[distributio (mathematica)|distributam]] cum additione

Et saepe postdicta etiam:

* Multiplicatio sua est [[associativitas (mathematica)|associativa]] (condicio circumcisa definitione)
* Habent [[unus|unum]] (aliter quam originem seu [[zerum|''zerum'']]) pro identitate multiplicata (anellidi sunt unitarii)
* Multiplicatio sua est [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] (anellidi commutari possunt factore)

Primus anellidus equidem est [[numerus integer]]. Anellidi alii amplissime sunt:

* Integri, numeri quicumque modulo sint positivi finiti
* Omnes ordines qui numeros integros contineant
* Numeri [[Numerus quaternus|quaterni]] (non-commutativa) et [[Numerus octonus|octoni]] (non-associativa proprietate)
* [[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratica eadem dimensione (non-commutativa)

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Algebra abstracta]]
*[[Theoria numerorum]]

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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    <title>Procopius Caesarensis</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>9619</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Procopius Caesariensis]]</comment>
      <origin>3953471</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="o7e5ldee2jpez4r11nj0m9bftn2c295" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Procopius Caesariensis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Theoria gregum</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additur aliquod de theoremati Lagrangi</comment>
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      <text bytes="8635" sha1="2bok2ndx0eulpmamqoo90w44cyd5ll5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
'''Theoria catervarum''' vel '''grupporum'''&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]]. Notio catervae est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt catervae quae [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praeditae sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberam gradus alterius catervam ostendens.]]

Catervae per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae catervarum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis caterva algebraica|Lineares catervae algebraicae]] et [[Caterva Lie|catervae Lie]] sunt rami theoriae catervarum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[caterva symmetrica|catervis symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae catervarum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitarum catervarum simplicium|classificatione finitarum catervarum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio catervae ==
Caterva est [[copia]] G cum operatione °: G × G → G.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a ° b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a ° b) ° c = a ° (b ° c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a ° b ≠ b ° a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, caterva dicitur [[caterva Abeliana|Abeliana]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e ° a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''a ° e = a.''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ (a \circ e) = a^{-1} \circ x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\circ (a \circ e) = (a^{-1} \circ a) \circ e = e \circ e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \circ x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \circ a) \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subcaterva est subcopia elementorum G quae est caterva.

3.  Subcopia H copiae G est caterva si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt;  H est igitur caterva.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; caterva: tunc habebit omnis supercaterva &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; caterva et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subcaterva eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \circ x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopum demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
*[[Evaristus Galois]]
*[[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
*[[Felix Klein]]
*[[Theoria copiarum]]
*[[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Caterva abeliana|catervae abelianae]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica]] structurá catervae cyclicae praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>2bok2ndx0eulpmamqoo90w44cyd5ll5</sha1>
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      <parentid>3953469</parentid>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Correctio &quot;scopum&quot; ad &quot;scopus&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="8635" sha1="4tsekb570k90eyoz4a6jsdr68u64zs6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
'''Theoria catervarum''' vel '''grupporum'''&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]]. Notio catervae est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt catervae quae [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praeditae sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberam gradus alterius catervam ostendens.]]

Catervae per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae catervarum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis caterva algebraica|Lineares catervae algebraicae]] et [[Caterva Lie|catervae Lie]] sunt rami theoriae catervarum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[caterva symmetrica|catervis symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae catervarum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitarum catervarum simplicium|classificatione finitarum catervarum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio catervae ==
Caterva est [[copia]] G cum operatione °: G × G → G.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a ° b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a ° b) ° c = a ° (b ° c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a ° b ≠ b ° a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, caterva dicitur [[caterva Abeliana|Abeliana]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e ° a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''a ° e = a.''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ (a \circ e) = a^{-1} \circ x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\circ (a \circ e) = (a^{-1} \circ a) \circ e = e \circ e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \circ x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \circ a) \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subcaterva est subcopia elementorum G quae est caterva.

3.  Subcopia H copiae G est caterva si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt;  H est igitur caterva.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; caterva: tunc habebit omnis supercaterva &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; caterva et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subcaterva eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \circ x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
*[[Evaristus Galois]]
*[[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
*[[Felix Klein]]
*[[Theoria copiarum]]
*[[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Caterva abeliana|catervae abelianae]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica]] structurá catervae cyclicae praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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      <id>3953497</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Theoria catervarum]] ad [[Theoria gregum]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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      <text bytes="8635" sha1="4tsekb570k90eyoz4a6jsdr68u64zs6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
'''Theoria catervarum''' vel '''grupporum'''&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[caterva (mathematica)|catervas]]. Notio catervae est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt catervae quae [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praeditae sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberam gradus alterius catervam ostendens.]]

Catervae per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae catervarum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis caterva algebraica|Lineares catervae algebraicae]] et [[Caterva Lie|catervae Lie]] sunt rami theoriae catervarum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[caterva symmetrica|catervis symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae catervarum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitarum catervarum simplicium|classificatione finitarum catervarum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio catervae ==
Caterva est [[copia]] G cum operatione °: G × G → G.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a ° b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a ° b) ° c = a ° (b ° c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a ° b ≠ b ° a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, caterva dicitur [[caterva Abeliana|Abeliana]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e ° a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''a ° e = a.''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ (a \circ e) = a^{-1} \circ x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\circ (a \circ e) = (a^{-1} \circ a) \circ e = e \circ e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \circ x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \circ a) \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subcaterva est subcopia elementorum G quae est caterva.

3.  Subcopia H copiae G est caterva si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt;  H est igitur caterva.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; caterva: tunc habebit omnis supercaterva &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; caterva et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subcaterva eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \circ x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
*[[Evaristus Galois]]
*[[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
*[[Felix Klein]]
*[[Theoria copiarum]]
*[[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Caterva abeliana|catervae abelianae]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica]] structurá catervae cyclicae praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>4tsekb570k90eyoz4a6jsdr68u64zs6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953508</id>
      <parentid>3953497</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:18:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3953508</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8633" sha1="exfgk2sd7bxek6wcpr5dw8nztzgrpbp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione °: G × G → G.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a ° b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a ° b) ° c = a ° (b ° c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a ° b ≠ b ° a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e ° a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''a ° e = a.''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ (a \circ e) = a^{-1} \circ x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\circ (a \circ e) = (a^{-1} \circ a) \circ e = e \circ e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \circ x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \circ a) \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; grex: tunc habebit omnis supergrex &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \circ x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>exfgk2sd7bxek6wcpr5dw8nztzgrpbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953519</id>
      <parentid>3953508</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:59:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>° non debet uti pro compositione</comment>
      <origin>3953519</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8649" sha1="95ajlw3bro9ytf94z8v8q8itdwpuxlw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione °: G × G → G.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a ° b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a ° b) ° c = a ° (b ° c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a ° b ≠ b ° a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e ° a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''&lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a.&lt;/math&gt;''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \circ (a \circ e) = a^{-1} \circ x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\circ (a \circ e) = (a^{-1} \circ a) \circ e = e \circ e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \circ x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \circ e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \circ a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \circ a) \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \circ a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \circ x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \circ h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; grex: tunc habebit omnis supergrex &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \circ x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>95ajlw3bro9ytf94z8v8q8itdwpuxlw</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Theoria gregum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>102939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953499</id>
      <parentid>2814047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Theoria catervarum]] ad [[Disputatio:Theoria gregum]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
      <origin>2814047</origin>
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      <text bytes="1805" sha1="eehbc1n9l2qqraq2f8che177fvabqgd" xml:space="preserve">==Nomen==
So many languages have thrown in the towel and adopted a form of the term ''group'' that one almost wonders if :la: shouldn't, at least in this technical sense, and have ''grup(p)us, -i.'' Confer: [[:ca:Teoria de grups]], [[:de:Gruppentheorie]], [[:en:Group theory]], [[:es:Teoría de grupos]], [[:eo:Teorio de grupoj]], [[:fr:Théorie des groupes]], [[:hr:Teorija grupa]], [[:id:Teori grup]], [[:it:Teoria dei gruppi]], [[:nl:Groepentheorie]], [[:no:Gruppeteori]], [[:nn:Gruppeteori]], [[:pl:Teoria grup]], [[:pt:Teoria dos grupos]], [[:ru:Теория групп]]. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 00:24, 14 Augusti 2010 (UTC)
:Putasne illud: [http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 Du Cange] vel [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false De mercatura, cambiis, sponsionibus, creditoribus, fidejussoribus ... Von Benvenutus Straccha]? --[[Usor:Alex1011|Alex1011]] 09:23, 14 Augusti 2010 (UTC)
::Gratias, amice. Nunc vide lemma. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 11:52, 14 Augusti 2010 (UTC)
:::I agree especially given the duCange attestation for the meaning of the gruppus term that it makes sense for gruppus to translate algebraic group. --[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 12:39, 14 Maii 2011 (UTC)
::::What's the state of our knowledge now? As it is, the notes give attestations of the existence of the word &quot;gruppus&quot;, but not its modern mathematical sense. If we do change to ''theoria grupporum'', which might be best, we could maybe include a &quot;convertimus&quot; note or the like. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 20:59, 16 Decembris 2014 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eehbc1n9l2qqraq2f8che177fvabqgd</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Henricus Schmid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>103149</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953461</id>
      <parentid>3678942</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:25:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de lingua tectoria</comment>
      <origin>3953461</origin>
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      <text bytes="642" sha1="d21hetfs1dn2op5yg979tfh0f1li3h1" xml:space="preserve">'''Henricus Schmid''' ([[Turicum (urbs)|Turici]] die [[6 Aprilis]] [[1921]] natus; ibidem die [[23 Februarii]] [[1999]] mortuus) fuit [[linguista]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]], qui inter alia sermonem ''[[Rumantsch grischun]]'' anno [[1982]] creavit, id est linguam, quae sit [[lingua franca]] inter locutores variarum [[dialectos|dialectorum]] [[lingua Rhaetica (Romanica)|linguae Rhaeticae]] modo [[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache|linguae tectoriae]].

== Nexus externus ==

* {{LHH|43153|Schmid, Henricus}}
{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1921|1999|Schmid, Henricus}}

[[Categoria:Linguistae]]
[[Categoria:Lingua Rhaetica (Romanica)]]</text>
      <sha1>d21hetfs1dn2op5yg979tfh0f1li3h1</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Caesalpinioideae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>114338</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953374</id>
      <parentid>3782891</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>1422</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:Bauhinia_×_blakeana_(Kachnar)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_1463.jpg]] pro File:Bauhinia_variegata_(Kachnar)_in_Hyderabad,_AP_W_IMG_1463.jpg. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]:</comment>
      <origin>3953374</origin>
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      <text bytes="5261" sha1="ck3oeryuj5hgz1p97x3n2xtkhtrapeq" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = Caesalpinioideae
|image = RoyalPoinciana.jpg
|image_caption = [[Homo|Homines]] sub ''[[Delonix regia|Delonice regia]]'' florenti conveniunt.
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
|subfamilia = '''Caesalpinioideae'''
|subdivision_ranks = [[Tribus]]
|subdivision = [[Caesalpinieae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cassieae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cercideae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Detarieae]]
|}}
[[Fasciculus:Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) W3 IMG_3339.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Caesalpinia sappan]]'' tribus [[Caesalpinieae|Caesalpiniearum]] [[flos|floret]].]]
'''Caesalpinioideae''' sunt [[subfamilia (taxinomia)|subfamilia]] [[angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Fabaceae|Fabacearum]]. Nomen ex ''[[Caesalpinia]],'' nomine [[genus (taxinomia)|generico]], deducitur.

Caesalpinioideae plerumque sunt [[arbor]]es in [[zona tropica|regionibus tropicis]] distributi. [[Flos|Flores]] [[zygomorphismus|zygomorphici]] quam maxime variant. [[Nodulae radicales|Nodulatio]] est rara, et ubi adest, nodulis est structura prisca.

[[Papilionoideae|Papilionoideis]] [[Mimosoideae|Mimosoideisque]] ex Caesalpinioideis ortis,&lt;ref name=&quot;tolweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://tolweb.org/Fabaceae/21093/2006.06.14 | title = Fabaceae | author = Martin F. Wojciechowski, Johanna Mahn, et Bruce Jones | date = 2006 | work = The Tree of Life Web Project }}.&lt;/ref&gt; subfamilia Caesalpinioidearum necessario est [[paraphyletismus|paraphyletica]]. Ergo, veri simile est eam in nonnullas subfamilias diffindi, quamquam dubitatur quae sint.&lt;ref name=&quot;tolweb&quot;/&gt; In nonnullis classificationibus, exempli gratia [[Systema Cronquist|Systemate Cronquist]], grex cognoscitur ut familia, Caesalpiniaceae.

Genera classificari possunt in quattuor [[tribus (planta)|tribus]]: [[Caesalpinieae|Caesalpinieas]], [[Cassieae|Cassieas]], [[Cercideae|Cercideas]], [[Detarieae|Detarieas]]. Cercideae aliquando in subfamilia [[Faboideae|Faboideis]] (etiam appellatis [[Papilionoideae|Papilionoideis]]) positae sunt.

==Tribus Caesalpinieae==
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Acrocarpus]]''
*''[[Arapatiella]]''
*''[[Arcoa]]''
*''[[Balsamocarpon]]''
*''[[Batesia]]''
*''[[Burkea]]''
*''[[Bussea]]''
*''[[Caesalpinia]]'' (vide ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'')
*''[[Campsiandra]]''
*''[[Cenostigma]]''
*''[[Chidlowia]]''
*''[[Colvillea]]''
*''[[Conzattia]]''
*''[[Cordeauxia]]''
*''[[Delonix]]''
*''[[Dimorphandra]]''
*''[[Diptychandra]]''
*''[[Erythrophleum]]''
*''[[Gleditsia]]''
*''[[Gymnocladus]]''
*''[[Haematoxylum]]''
*''[[Hoffmannseggia]]''
*''[[Jacqueshuberia]]''
*''[[Lemuropisum]]''
*''[[Lophocarpinia]]''
*''[[Melanoxylum]]''
*''[[Moldenhawera]]''
*''[[Mora (planta)|Mora]]''
*''[[Moullava]]''
*''[[Orphanodendron]]''
*''[[Pachyelasma]]''
*''[[Parkinsonia]]'' (= ''Cercidium'')
*''[[Peltophorum]]''
*''[[Poeppigia]]''
*''[[Pomaria (planta)|Pomaria]]''
*''[[Pterogyne]]''
*''[[Pterolobium]]''
*''[[Recordoxylon]]''
*''[[Schizolobium]]''
*''[[Sclerolobium]]''
*''[[Stachyothyrsus]]''
*''[[Stahlia]]''
*''[[Stenodrepanum]]''
*''[[Stuhlmannia]]''
*''[[Sympetalandra]]''
*''[[Tachigali]]''
*''[[Tetrapterocarpon]]''
*''[[Vouacapoua]]''
*''[[Zuccagnia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Cassieae==
[[Fasciculus:Chamaecrista absus W2 IMG_3465.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Chamaecrista absus]]'' tribus [[Cassieae|Cassiearum]] [[flos|floret]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Bauhinia × blakeana (Kachnar) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1463.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' tribus [[Cercideae|Cercidearum]] [[Hyderabad]] in civitate [[India|Indica]] [[flos|floret]].]]
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Androcalymma]]''
*''[[Apuleia]]''
*''[[Brenierea]]''
*''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]''
*''[[Ceratonia]]''
*''[[Chamaecrista]]''
*''[[Dialium]]''
*''[[Dicorynia]]''
*''[[Distemonanthus]]''
*''[[Duparquetia]]''
*''[[Eligmocarpus]]''
*''[[Kalappia]]''
*''[[Koompassia]]''
*''[[Labichea]]''
*''[[Martiodendron]]''
*''[[Mendoravia]]''
*''[[Petalostylis]]''
*''[[Senna (genus)|Senna]]''
*''[[Storckiella]]''
*''[[Zenia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Cercideae==
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Adenolobus]]''
*''[[Barklya]]''
*''[[Baudouinia]]''
*''[[Bauhinia]]''
*''[[Cercis]]''
*''[[Gigasiphon]]''
*''[[Griffonia]]''
*''[[Lysiphyllum]]''
*''[[Piliostigma]]''
*''[[Tylosema]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Detarieae==
[[Fasciculus:Tamarindus indica flower in Hyderabad W IMG 8905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' tribus [[Detarieae|Detariearum]] [[Hyderabad]] in civitate [[India|Indica]] [[flos|floret]].]]
Tribus in circa 81 genera consistit, praecipue in [[Africa]] distributa.

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bruneau, B., F. Forest, P. S. Herendeen, B. B. Klitgaard, et G. P. Lewis. [[2001]]. &quot;Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences.&quot; ''Systematic Botany'' 26: 487–514. [http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0363-6445&amp;volume=026&amp;issue=03&amp;page=0487 Abstractum.]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Caesalpinioideae|Caesalpinioideas}}
{{Vicispecies|Caesalpinioideae|Caesalpinioideas}}
{{Fontes biologici}}

[[Categoria:Caesalpinioideae| ]]
[[Categoria:Subfamiliae plantarum]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953437</id>
      <parentid>3953374</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T19:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953437</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5279" sha1="3drzkxg3o4h2wigyekuj9ori0kaum9v" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|name = Caesalpinioideae
|image = RoyalPoinciana.jpg
|image_caption = [[Homo|Homines]] sub ''[[Delonix regia|Delonice regia]]'' florenti conveniunt.
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiospermae]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicotyledones]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Rosidae]]
|ordo = [[Fabales]]
|familia = [[Fabaceae]]
|subfamilia = '''Caesalpinioideae'''
|subdivision_ranks = [[Tribus]]
|subdivision = [[Caesalpinieae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cassieae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Cercideae]]&lt;br/&gt;
[[Detarieae]]
|}}
[[Fasciculus:Caesalpinia sappan (Sappan wood) W3 IMG_3339.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Caesalpinia sappan]]'' tribus [[Caesalpinieae|Caesalpiniearum]] [[flos|floret]].]]
'''Caesalpinioideae''' sunt [[subfamilia (taxinomia)|subfamilia]] [[angiospermae|plantarum florentium]] [[familia (taxinomia)|familiae]] [[Fabaceae|Fabacearum]]. Nomen ex ''[[Caesalpinia]],'' nomine [[genus (taxinomia)|generico]], deducitur.

Caesalpinioideae plerumque sunt [[arbor]]es in [[zona tropica|regionibus tropicis]] distributi. [[Flos|Flores]] [[zygomorphismus|zygomorphici]] quam maxime variant. [[Nodulae radicales|Nodulatio]] est rara, et ubi adest, nodulis est structura prisca.

[[Papilionoideae|Papilionoideis]] [[Mimosoideae|Mimosoideisque]] ex Caesalpinioideis ortis,&lt;ref name=&quot;tolweb&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://tolweb.org/Fabaceae/21093/2006.06.14 | title = Fabaceae | author = Martin F. Wojciechowski, Johanna Mahn, et Bruce Jones | date = [[2006]] | work = The Tree of Life Web Project }}.&lt;/ref&gt; subfamilia Caesalpinioidearum necessario est [[paraphyletismus|paraphyletica]]. Ergo, veri simile est eam in nonnullas subfamilias diffindi, quamquam dubitatur quae sint.&lt;ref name=&quot;tolweb&quot;/&gt; In nonnullis [[taxinomia|classificationibus]], exempli gratia [[Systema Cronquist|Systemate Cronquist]], grex cognoscitur ut familia, Caesalpiniaceae.

Genera classificari possunt in quattuor [[tribus (planta)|tribus]]: [[Caesalpinieae|Caesalpinieas]], [[Cassieae|Cassieas]], [[Cercideae|Cercideas]], [[Detarieae|Detarieas]]. Cercideae aliquando in subfamilia [[Faboideae|Faboideis]] (etiam appellatis [[Papilionoideae|Papilionoideis]]) positae sunt.

==Tribus Caesalpinieae==
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Acrocarpus]]''
*''[[Arapatiella]]''
*''[[Arcoa]]''
*''[[Balsamocarpon]]''
*''[[Batesia]]''
*''[[Burkea]]''
*''[[Bussea]]''
*''[[Caesalpinia]]'' (vide ''[[Caesalpinia bonduc]]'')
*''[[Campsiandra]]''
*''[[Cenostigma]]''
*''[[Chidlowia]]''
*''[[Colvillea]]''
*''[[Conzattia]]''
*''[[Cordeauxia]]''
*''[[Delonix]]''
*''[[Dimorphandra]]''
*''[[Diptychandra]]''
*''[[Erythrophleum]]''
*''[[Gleditsia]]''
*''[[Gymnocladus]]''
*''[[Haematoxylum]]''
*''[[Hoffmannseggia]]''
*''[[Jacqueshuberia]]''
*''[[Lemuropisum]]''
*''[[Lophocarpinia]]''
*''[[Melanoxylum]]''
*''[[Moldenhawera]]''
*''[[Mora (planta)|Mora]]''
*''[[Moullava]]''
*''[[Orphanodendron]]''
*''[[Pachyelasma]]''
*''[[Parkinsonia]]'' (= ''Cercidium'')
*''[[Peltophorum]]''
*''[[Poeppigia]]''
*''[[Pomaria (planta)|Pomaria]]''
*''[[Pterogyne]]''
*''[[Pterolobium]]''
*''[[Recordoxylon]]''
*''[[Schizolobium]]''
*''[[Sclerolobium]]''
*''[[Stachyothyrsus]]''
*''[[Stahlia]]''
*''[[Stenodrepanum]]''
*''[[Stuhlmannia]]''
*''[[Sympetalandra]]''
*''[[Tachigali]]''
*''[[Tetrapterocarpon]]''
*''[[Vouacapoua]]''
*''[[Zuccagnia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Cassieae==
[[Fasciculus:Chamaecrista absus W2 IMG_3465.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Chamaecrista absus]]'' tribus [[Cassieae|Cassiearum]] [[flos|floret]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Bauhinia × blakeana (Kachnar) in Hyderabad, AP W IMG 1463.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Bauhinia variegata]]'' tribus [[Cercideae|Cercidearum]] [[Hyderabad]] in civitate [[India|Indica]] [[flos|floret]].]]
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Androcalymma]]''
*''[[Apuleia]]''
*''[[Brenierea]]''
*''[[Cassia (genus)|Cassia]]''
*''[[Ceratonia]]''
*''[[Chamaecrista]]''
*''[[Dialium]]''
*''[[Dicorynia]]''
*''[[Distemonanthus]]''
*''[[Duparquetia]]''
*''[[Eligmocarpus]]''
*''[[Kalappia]]''
*''[[Koompassia]]''
*''[[Labichea]]''
*''[[Martiodendron]]''
*''[[Mendoravia]]''
*''[[Petalostylis]]''
*''[[Senna (genus)|Senna]]''
*''[[Storckiella]]''
*''[[Zenia]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Cercideae==
{{div col|3}}
*''[[Adenolobus]]''
*''[[Barklya]]''
*''[[Baudouinia]]''
*''[[Bauhinia]]''
*''[[Cercis]]''
*''[[Gigasiphon]]''
*''[[Griffonia]]''
*''[[Lysiphyllum]]''
*''[[Piliostigma]]''
*''[[Tylosema]]''
{{div col end}}

==Tribus Detarieae==
[[Fasciculus:Tamarindus indica flower in Hyderabad W IMG 8905.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Tamarindus indica]]'' tribus [[Detarieae|Detariearum]] [[Hyderabad]] in civitate [[India|Indica]] [[flos|floret]].]]
Tribus in circa 81 genera consistit, praecipue in [[Africa]] distributa.

{{NexInt}}
*''[[Vachellia farnesiana]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Bruneau, B., F. Forest, P. S. Herendeen, B. B. Klitgaard, et G. P. Lewis. [[2001]]. &quot;Phylogenetic relationships in the Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) as inferred from chloroplast trnL intron sequences.&quot; ''Systematic Botany'' 26: 487–514. [http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&amp;issn=0363-6445&amp;volume=026&amp;issue=03&amp;page=0487 Abstractum.]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Caesalpinioideae|Caesalpinioideas}}
{{Vicispecies|Caesalpinioideae|Caesalpinioideas}}
{{Fontes biologici}}

[[Categoria:Caesalpinioideae| ]]
[[Categoria:Subfamiliae plantarum]]</text>
      <sha1>3drzkxg3o4h2wigyekuj9ori0kaum9v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grex (mathematica)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953493</id>
      <parentid>3883750</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Caterva (mathematica)]] ad [[Grex (mathematica)]] praeter redirectionem: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
      <origin>3883750</origin>
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      <text bytes="4133" sha1="n5ka078l8peugmsg24gh42xj8cm9yob" xml:space="preserve">'''Caterva''' (aut '''gruppus''' aut '''grex''')&lt;ref&gt;{{fontes desiderati}}&lt;/ref&gt; est structura algebraica [[algebra abstracta|abstracta]]: est [[copia]] cum operatione inter bina copiae elementa invertibili et associativa. Unum catervae elementum est ''idemfactor,'' hoc est, operatio inter idemfactorem et quodlibet aliud elementum hoc elementum facit. Esto ''e'' idemfactor et ''a'' aliud elementum; deinde ''e + a = a.'' Caterva clauditur sub operatione; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa catervae, deinde ''a + b'' est elementum.  [[Theoria catervarum]] est pars mathematicae quae de catervis tractat.

[[Caterva Abeliana]] est caterva cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] sit; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa catervae, deinde ''a + b = b + a''. Nomen honorem dat [[Niels Henrik Abel]], mathematicus norvegius.

[[Evaristus Galois]] francogallus primus nomen &quot;catervam&quot; dedit his structuris [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]].

== Definitio ==
Caterva est copia &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; cum operatione &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)&lt;/math&gt; inter bina elementa eius. Haec operatio quoque haec axiomata habet:

====== Clausitas ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; in caterva, &lt;math&gt;a \cdot b&lt;/math&gt; quoque in caterva est.

====== [[Associativitas (mathematica)|Associativitas]] ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; in caterva, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt;(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c).&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Idemfactor ======
Est elementum catervae, &quot;idemfactor&quot; vocatur (et saepe &lt;math&gt; e &lt;/math&gt; scribitur), quod omnia alia elementa catervae sub operatione non mutat. In alia verba, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt; a \cdot e = e \cdot a = a .&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Inversum ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt; a &lt;/math&gt; in caterva, est alium elementum, &lt;math&gt; a^{-1} &lt;/math&gt;, cum ita sit &lt;math&gt; a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e .&lt;/math&gt;

== Caterva numerorum ==
[[Numerus integer|Numeri integri]], cum [[additio]]ne, sunt caterva Abeliana.  Nam si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt integri, ''a + b'' quoque integer est;  [[0]] est idemfactor;  et ''-a'' est elementum inversum elementi ''a.''

== Caterva matricum, vel caterva linearis ==
[[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, cum [[additio]]ne, sunt caterva Abeliana.  Matrices quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, quae inversas habent, sunt caterva sub operatione [[multiplicatio]]ne, sed haec non est caterva Abeliana:  A × B ≠ B × A.

== Caterva symmetrica ==
Transformationes figurae quaedam in [[planum (geometria)|plano]], ut rotatio et reflectio, [[symmetria]]e dictae, catervam faciunt.  Operatio catervae est compositio:  hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt transformationes, ''a + b'' est transformatio nova ubi facimus ''b,'' dein ''a.''  Operatio non est commutativa.

Si figura est quadrata, nomen huius catervae est ''caterva dihedralis.'' Haec sunt elementa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:0 auto .5em auto;&quot;
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 id.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; idemfactor:  omnia puncta manent
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 90.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 90° ad dexteram partem
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 180.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 180°
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 270.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 270° ad dexteram, vel 90° ad sinistram partem
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fv.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio verticalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fh.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio horizontalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f13.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in uno diagonale
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f24.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in altero diagonale
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; colspan=4 | Transformationes quadratae:  elementa caterva dihedralis.
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Saunders MacLane and Garret Birkhoff, ''Algebra.'' New York: Macmillan, 1979.

* David S. Dummit and Richard S. Foote, ''Abstract Algebra'', 3rd edition. Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004.

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>n5ka078l8peugmsg24gh42xj8cm9yob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953507</id>
      <parentid>3953493</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:08:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam redintegravi</comment>
      <origin>3953507</origin>
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      <text bytes="4080" sha1="myqw3zzbwawoddkl2h8ic0xrguc6g44" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Grex}} (aut {{res|gruppus}} aut {{res|caterva}}){{FD ref}} est structura algebraica [[algebra abstracta|abstracta]]: est [[Classis (mathematica)|classis]] cum operatione inter bina copiae elementa invertibili et associativa. Unum gregis elementum est ''idemfactor,'' hoc est, operatio inter idemfactorem et quodlibet aliud elementum hoc elementum facit. Esto ''e'' idemfactor et ''a'' aliud elementum; deinde ''e + a = a.'' Grex clauditur sub operatione; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b'' est elementum.  [[Theoria gregum]] est pars mathematicae quae de gregibus tractat.

[[Grex Abelianus]] est grex cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] sit; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b = b + a''. Nomen honorem dat [[Niels Henrik Abel]], mathematicus norvegius.

[[Evaristus Galois]] francogallus primus nomen &quot;gregem&quot; dedit his structuris [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]].

== Definitio ==
Grex est copia &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; cum operatione &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)&lt;/math&gt; inter bina elementa eius. Haec operatio quoque haec axiomata habet:

====== Clausitas ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; in grege, &lt;math&gt;a \cdot b&lt;/math&gt; quoque in grege est.

====== [[Associativitas (mathematica)|Associativitas]] ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; in grege, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt;(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c).&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Idemfactor ======
Est elementum gregis, “idemfaciens” vocatur (et saepe &lt;math&gt; e &lt;/math&gt; scribitur), quod omnia alia elementa gregis sub operatione non mutat. In alia verba, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt; a \cdot e = e \cdot a = a .&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Inversum ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt; a &lt;/math&gt; in grege, est alium elementum, &lt;math&gt; a^{-1} &lt;/math&gt;, cum ita sit &lt;math&gt; a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e .&lt;/math&gt;

== Grex numerorum ==
[[Numerus integer|Numeri integri]], cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Nam si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt integri, ''a + b'' quoque integer est;  [[0]] est idemfactor;  et ''-a'' est elementum inversum elementi ''a.''

== Grex matricum, vel grex linearis ==
[[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Matrices quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, quae inversas habent, sunt grex sub operatione [[multiplicatio]]ne, sed haec non est grex Abelianus:  A × B ≠ B × A.

== Grex symmetrica ==
Transformationes figurae quaedam in [[planum (geometria)|plano]], ut rotatio et reflectio, [[symmetria]]e dictae, gregem faciunt.  Operatio gregis est compositio:  hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt transformationes, ''a + b'' est transformatio nova ubi facimus ''b,'' dein ''a.''  Operatio non est commutativa.

Si figura est quadrata, nomen huius gregis est ''grex dihedralis.'' Haec sunt elementa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:0 auto .5em auto;&quot;
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 id.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; idemfactor:  omnia puncta manent
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 90.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 90° ad dexteram partem
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 180.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 180°
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 270.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 270° ad dexteram, vel 90° ad sinistram partem
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fv.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio verticalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fh.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio horizontalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f13.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in uno diagonale
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f24.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in altero diagonale
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; colspan=4 | Transformationes quadratae:  elementa gregis dihedralis.
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Saunders MacLane and Garret Birkhoff, ''Algebra.'' New York: Macmillan, 1979.

* David S. Dummit and Richard S. Foote, ''Abstract Algebra'', 3rd edition. Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004.

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953512</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:32:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <text bytes="4098" sha1="01czzgyegd1bhrckbrv3sb49aubpql1" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Grex}} (aut fortasse {{res|gruppus}} aut fortasse {{res|caterva}}){{FD ref}} est structura algebraica [[algebra abstracta|abstracta]]: est [[Classis (mathematica)|classis]] cum operatione inter bina copiae elementa invertibili et associativa. Unum gregis elementum est ''idemfactor,'' hoc est, operatio inter idemfactorem et quodlibet aliud elementum hoc elementum facit. Esto ''e'' idemfactor et ''a'' aliud elementum; deinde ''e + a = a.'' Grex clauditur sub operatione; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b'' est elementum.  [[Theoria gregum]] est pars mathematicae quae de gregibus tractat.

[[Grex Abelianus]] est grex cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] sit; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b = b + a''. Nomen honorem dat [[Niels Henrik Abel]], mathematicus norvegius.

[[Evaristus Galois]] francogallus primus nomen &quot;gregem&quot; dedit his structuris [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]].

== Definitio ==
Grex est copia &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; cum operatione &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)&lt;/math&gt; inter bina elementa eius. Haec operatio quoque haec axiomata habet:

====== Clausitas ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; in grege, &lt;math&gt;a \cdot b&lt;/math&gt; quoque in grege est.

====== [[Associativitas (mathematica)|Associativitas]] ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; in grege, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt;(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c).&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Idemfactor ======
Est elementum gregis, “idemfaciens” vocatur (et saepe &lt;math&gt; e &lt;/math&gt; scribitur), quod omnia alia elementa gregis sub operatione non mutat. In alia verba, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt; a \cdot e = e \cdot a = a .&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Inversum ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt; a &lt;/math&gt; in grege, est alium elementum, &lt;math&gt; a^{-1} &lt;/math&gt;, cum ita sit &lt;math&gt; a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e .&lt;/math&gt;

== Grex numerorum ==
[[Numerus integer|Numeri integri]], cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Nam si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt integri, ''a + b'' quoque integer est;  [[0]] est idemfactor;  et ''-a'' est elementum inversum elementi ''a.''

== Grex matricum, vel grex linearis ==
[[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Matrices quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, quae inversas habent, sunt grex sub operatione [[multiplicatio]]ne, sed haec non est grex Abelianus:  A × B ≠ B × A.

== Grex symmetrica ==
Transformationes figurae quaedam in [[planum (geometria)|plano]], ut rotatio et reflectio, [[symmetria]]e dictae, gregem faciunt.  Operatio gregis est compositio:  hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt transformationes, ''a + b'' est transformatio nova ubi facimus ''b,'' dein ''a.''  Operatio non est commutativa.

Si figura est quadrata, nomen huius gregis est ''grex dihedralis.'' Haec sunt elementa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:0 auto .5em auto;&quot;
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 id.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; idemfactor:  omnia puncta manent
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 90.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 90° ad dexteram partem
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 180.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 180°
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 270.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 270° ad dexteram, vel 90° ad sinistram partem
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fv.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio verticalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fh.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio horizontalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f13.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in uno diagonale
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f24.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in altero diagonale
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; colspan=4 | Transformationes quadratae:  elementa gregis dihedralis.
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Saunders MacLane and Garret Birkhoff, ''Algebra.'' New York: Macmillan, 1979.

* David S. Dummit and Richard S. Foote, ''Abstract Algebra'', 3rd edition. Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004.

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>01czzgyegd1bhrckbrv3sb49aubpql1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953513</id>
      <parentid>3953512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:32:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953513</origin>
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      <text bytes="4098" sha1="snnotu8lvtap98rfqpwdehuyuvz7xqd" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Grex}} (vel fortasse {{res|gruppus}} vel fortasse {{res|caterva}}){{FD ref}} est structura algebraica [[algebra abstracta|abstracta]]: est [[Classis (mathematica)|classis]] cum operatione inter bina copiae elementa invertibili et associativa. Unum gregis elementum est ''idemfactor,'' hoc est, operatio inter idemfactorem et quodlibet aliud elementum hoc elementum facit. Esto ''e'' idemfactor et ''a'' aliud elementum; deinde ''e + a = a.'' Grex clauditur sub operatione; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b'' est elementum.  [[Theoria gregum]] est pars mathematicae quae de gregibus tractat.

[[Grex Abelianus]] est grex cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] sit; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a + b = b + a''. Nomen honorem dat [[Niels Henrik Abel]], mathematicus norvegius.

[[Evaristus Galois]] francogallus primus nomen &quot;gregem&quot; dedit his structuris [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]].

== Definitio ==
Grex est copia &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; cum operatione &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)&lt;/math&gt; inter bina elementa eius. Haec operatio quoque haec axiomata habet:

====== Clausitas ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; in grege, &lt;math&gt;a \cdot b&lt;/math&gt; quoque in grege est.

====== [[Associativitas (mathematica)|Associativitas]] ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; in grege, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt;(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c).&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Idemfactor ======
Est elementum gregis, “idemfaciens” vocatur (et saepe &lt;math&gt; e &lt;/math&gt; scribitur), quod omnia alia elementa gregis sub operatione non mutat. In alia verba, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt; a \cdot e = e \cdot a = a .&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Inversum ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt; a &lt;/math&gt; in grege, est alium elementum, &lt;math&gt; a^{-1} &lt;/math&gt;, cum ita sit &lt;math&gt; a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e .&lt;/math&gt;

== Grex numerorum ==
[[Numerus integer|Numeri integri]], cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Nam si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt integri, ''a + b'' quoque integer est;  [[0]] est idemfactor;  et ''-a'' est elementum inversum elementi ''a.''

== Grex matricum, vel grex linearis ==
[[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Matrices quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, quae inversas habent, sunt grex sub operatione [[multiplicatio]]ne, sed haec non est grex Abelianus:  A × B ≠ B × A.

== Grex symmetrica ==
Transformationes figurae quaedam in [[planum (geometria)|plano]], ut rotatio et reflectio, [[symmetria]]e dictae, gregem faciunt.  Operatio gregis est compositio:  hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt transformationes, ''a + b'' est transformatio nova ubi facimus ''b,'' dein ''a.''  Operatio non est commutativa.

Si figura est quadrata, nomen huius gregis est ''grex dihedralis.'' Haec sunt elementa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:0 auto .5em auto;&quot;
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 id.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; idemfactor:  omnia puncta manent
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 90.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 90° ad dexteram partem
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 180.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 180°
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 270.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 270° ad dexteram, vel 90° ad sinistram partem
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fv.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio verticalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fh.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio horizontalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f13.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in uno diagonale
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f24.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in altero diagonale
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; colspan=4 | Transformationes quadratae:  elementa gregis dihedralis.
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Saunders MacLane and Garret Birkhoff, ''Algebra.'' New York: Macmillan, 1979.

* David S. Dummit and Richard S. Foote, ''Abstract Algebra'', 3rd edition. Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004.

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>snnotu8lvtap98rfqpwdehuyuvz7xqd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953520</id>
      <parentid>3953513</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T04:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>ut consistant notatio binariae operationis quaedamque nomina</comment>
      <origin>3953520</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4149" sha1="mmxkar2k9kn83xcdpz6y1koe5fzu814" xml:space="preserve">{{res|Grex}} (vel fortasse {{res|gruppus}} vel fortasse {{res|caterva}}){{FD ref}} est structura algebraica [[algebra abstracta|abstracta]]: est [[Classis (mathematica)|classis]] cum operatione inter bina classi elementa invertibili et associativa. Unum gregis elementum est ''idemfactor,'' hoc est, operatio inter idemfactorem et quodlibet aliud elementum hoc elementum facit. Esto ''e'' idemfactor et ''a'' aliud elementum; deinde ''e · a = a.'' Grex clauditur sub operatione; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a · b'' est elementum.  [[Theoria gregum]] est pars mathematicae quae de gregibus tractat.

[[Grex Abelianus]] est grex cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] sit; hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, deinde ''a · b = b · a''. Nomen honorem dat [[Niels Henrik Abel]], mathematicus norvegius.

[[Evaristus Galois]] francogallus primus nomen &quot;gregem&quot; dedit his structuris [[corpus (mathematica)|corporis]].

== Definitio ==
Grex est copia &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; cum operatione &lt;math&gt;(\cdot)&lt;/math&gt; inter bina elementa eius. Haec operatio quoque haec axiomata habet:

====== Clausitas ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b&lt;/math&gt; in grege, &lt;math&gt;a \cdot b&lt;/math&gt; quoque in grege est.

====== [[Associativitas (mathematica)|Associativitas]] ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;a, b, c&lt;/math&gt; in grege, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt;(a \cdot b) \cdot c = a \cdot (b \cdot c).&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Idemfactor ======
Est elementum gregis, “idemfaciens” vocatur (et saepe &lt;math&gt; e &lt;/math&gt; scribitur), quod omnia alia elementa gregis sub operatione non mutat. In alia verba, haec identitas est apta: &lt;math&gt; a \cdot e = e \cdot a = a .&lt;/math&gt;

====== Elementum Inversum ======
Pro omnia elementa &lt;math&gt; a &lt;/math&gt; in grege, est alium elementum, &lt;math&gt; a^{-1} &lt;/math&gt;, cum ita sit &lt;math&gt; a \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot a = e .&lt;/math&gt;

== Grex numerorum ==
[[Numerus integer|Numeri integri]], cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Nam si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt integri, ''a + b'' quoque integer est;  [[0]] est idemfactor; et ''-a'' est elementum inversum elementi ''a'' (a + -a est enim idemfactor)''.''

== Grex matricum, vel grex linearis ==
[[Matrix (mathematica)|Matrices]] quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, cum [[additio]]ne, sunt grex Abelianus.  Matrices quadratae, eaedem magnitudinis, quae inversas habent, sunt grex sub operatione [[multiplicatio|multiplicationis]], sed haec non est grex Abelianus: A × B ≠ B × A.

== Grex symmetrica ==
Transformationes figurae quaedam in [[planum (geometria)|plano]], ut rotatio et reflectio, [[symmetria]]e dictae, gregem faciunt.  Operatio gregis est compositio:  hoc est, si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt transformationes, ''a · b'' est transformatio nova ubi facimus ''b,'' dein ''a.''  Operatio non est commutativa.

Si figura est quadrata, nomen huius gregis est ''grex dihedralis.'' Haec sunt elementa:

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:0 auto .5em auto;&quot;
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 id.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; idemfactor:  omnia puncta manent
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 90.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 90° ad dexteram partem
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 180.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 180°
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 270.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; r&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;:  rotatio 270° ad dexteram, vel 90° ad sinistram partem
|-
| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fv.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;v&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio verticalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 fh.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;h&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio horizontalis
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f13.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in uno diagonale
|| [[Fasciculus:group D8 f24.svg|140px]] &lt;br /&gt; f&lt;sub&gt;c&lt;/sub&gt;: reflexio in altero diagonale
|-
|style=&quot;text-align:left&quot; colspan=4 | Transformationes quadratae:  elementa gregis dihedralis.
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Saunders MacLane and Garret Birkhoff, ''Algebra.'' New York: Macmillan, 1979.

* David S. Dummit and Richard S. Foote, ''Abstract Algebra'', 3rd edition. Wiley and Sons Inc., 2004.

[[Categoria:Mathematica]]
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>mmxkar2k9kn83xcdpz6y1koe5fzu814</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Electronica numerica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953479</id>
      <parentid>3715810</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Electronica digitalis]] ad [[Electronica numerica]]: Forma classicior</comment>
      <origin>3715810</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5605" sha1="e45hyldzt9wdo7raf7ualpjd2n7ryy9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:NRZcode.png|thumb|Hi monstrantes sunt pulsi electronici in forma binaria, qua computatra uti et ratiocinari artificiose possunt.]]
'''Electronica digitalis''' &lt;ref&gt;http://obta.uw.edu.pl/~draco/docs/voccomp.html&lt;/ref&gt;est pars scientiae [[electronica]]e quae pertinet ad [[circuitus electronicus|circuitos electronicos]], et artificia, et apparatus operaturque discreta signa electronica ac [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logica Booleanis]].

Pertinentia horum apparatuum exempla sunt [[Computatrum|computatra]], apparatus [[informatica|informaticos]], camerae digitales, [[Televisio digitalis|televisorium digitale]], [[memoria fulgurea]], [[clavis memorialis USB]], [[telephonum gestabile|telephona gestabilia]], [[discus fixus|disci fixi]],[[Memoria computatralis|computatrales memoriae apparatus]]. 
== Circuitus digitalis ==
[[Fasciculus:ADC Symbol.jpg|thumbnail|ADC apparatus [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas(signales digitales aut informaticos digitales).]]Electronica digitalis ramus [[electronica]]e est facta ex circuito digitalis qui adhibet [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logicum booleanum]] enim usui portae electronico. Verus et falsus repraesentantur valoribus binaris differentibus cum 0 [[Voltium|voltes]] pro vero et 5 voltes pro falso. Minus forabilis est strepito sed magis vim consumit. Creatus in [[Saeculum 20|saeculo 20]] fundamentum est modernis digitalis machinatis, communicationibus digitalis, ordinatris. Immanes circuiti intricata cum milio portarum aedificari possunt in unum [[Circuitus integratus|circuitum]] talis ut [[Processor|microprocessor]] et decem centenum milionem operationium facere possunt.

'''ADC''' aut A/D sigla sunt Anglice Analog to Digital Conversion aut Converter, apparatus qui [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas( signales digitales aut informaticos digitales). Magis elementum est circuito digitalis. Contra operatio geritur ab Digital-to-Analog Converter ('''DAC''').
[[Fasciculus:ADC-DAC.jpg|thumbnail|DAC apparatus quantitas discretas(signus digitales aut informatica digitales) mutat ad [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam.]]

&quot;Digitalis&quot; etiam modum rationemque refert operandi in quo videtur haud vis quam nuntii (In [[Lingua Neolatina|novae]] [[informatica]] vel ([[data]]) anglice et alia )vehantur, vis (facilior intelligendo ut unda) per exempla gratia, [[sonus]], [[lux]], chromaticus imaginiis, etc, magnitudinem numerosi fiet in primum gradum procedendis, in vicem forma [[Systema numericum binarium|binariis]] (0,1, facilior inteligendo ut impulsus) in secundum gradum fient vehaturque. Tandem, metae advento, signum generatus est. 

&quot;Digital&quot;, origo nimirum verbo latine [[Digitus|digito]], &lt;ref&gt;http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digital&lt;/ref&gt;iterum digitos refert manus qui in vicem numeros (1,2,3, .. etc) repraesentant et quos fiant omnes vis ob rem digiti discreto numerando usui sunt. Impulsi ipsi sunt 5 [[Voltium|volti]] vis per morem industriam hodie.

== Ratio ==
:Vide etiam [[Systema digitalis]].
[[Fasciculus:Conversion_AD_DA.png|thumb|180px|A/D et D/A conversiones.'fig.2' repraesentat formam ante porro convertitur formam pulsum(porro super vide). Etiam est forma ex circuito digitalis.]]
Inter alias, [[technologia|artificium]] digitalis societate modernae magna subsidio est praesertim [[Saeculum 20|vicenso saeculo]]. Systemate (vero circuito )digitalis electronis usui est quantitatibus discretis (non continuus). Autem [[analogus electronicus|Analogus]] [[copia]]bus continuis quantitabus usui est informaticum repraesentatum. Enim simpliciter digitalem, informaticos [[numerus]], [[sonus]], [[imago]], [[Littera|lettera]], fiant potest informaticos binarii et in contrarium cursum. 
[[Fasciculus:Componentes.JPG|thumbnail|left|Elementa circuitorum digitalis]]
Ratio digitalis vel [[Systema digitalis]] est [[technologia]] quod nuntiis (informaticis/data) utitur ut discreta (interrupta) valores. Natura autem non digitalis (enim analogus) usum systemata perpetuo iugo valores exprimere informationem. Cum imagines digitales discretos, notitia repraesentari potest vel discreta, ut numeri literarum icons, sive continuatis, ut sonis, statua, alias mensuras continui ratio. 'Digitalis' Verbum ex eodem fonte atque verbo Digito ut adhibeantur digitis discretis numerat.

== Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* R.H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.
* P.K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996.

{{NexInt}}
*[[instrumentum lasericum]]
*[[Integratus circuitus]]
*[[Porta logica]]
*[[Systema digitale]]
*[[Systema numericum binarium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ 6.004: Computation Structures]&quot;: pagina tironibus Massachusettensibus destinata
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110322134236/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ Experimenta digitalia]
* ''[http://bradwarestudios.com/downloads/fun/Digital_Logic_Simulator Digital Logic Simulator v0.3]''
* ''[http://sourceforge.net/projects/cedarlogic CEDAR Logic Simulator]''
* ''[http://www.logiccircuit.org/ LogicCircuit]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026071410/http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/ Logisim - Instrumenti pedagogi circuitos logicos cogitationem simulationameque] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{CommuniaCat|Digital electronics}}

[[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]]
[[Categoria:Circuitus electronici]]
[[Categoria:Electronica]]</text>
      <sha1>e45hyldzt9wdo7raf7ualpjd2n7ryy9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953483</id>
      <parentid>3953479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:23:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam redintegravi; +{{Latinitas|-3}}</comment>
      <origin>3953483</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5730" sha1="m9m0jew8m5jirt4wy15q32z7uj8aweu" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}

[[Fasciculus:NRZcode.png|thumb|Hi monstrantes sunt pulsi electronici in forma binaria, qua computatra uti et ratiocinari artificiose possunt.]]

{{res|Electronica numerica}}{{MLAL ref|digital|223|.comp digital (opp. analog)}} seu {{res|plene=Electronica digitalis|digitalis}}&lt;ref&gt;http://obta.uw.edu.pl/~draco/docs/voccomp.html&lt;/ref&gt; est pars scientiae [[electronica]]e quae pertinet ad [[circuitus electronicus|circuitos electronicos]], et artificia, et apparatus operaturque discreta signa electronica ac [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logica Booleanis]].

Pertinentia horum apparatuum exempla sunt [[Computatrum|computatra]], apparatus [[informatica|informaticos]], camerae digitales, [[Televisio digitalis|televisorium digitale]], [[memoria fulgurea]], [[clavis memorialis USB]], [[telephonum gestabile|telephona gestabilia]], [[discus fixus|disci fixi]],[[Memoria computatralis|computatrales memoriae apparatus]].
 
== Circuitus digitalis ==
[[Fasciculus:ADC Symbol.jpg|thumbnail|ADC apparatus [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas (signales digitales aut informaticos digitales).]]

Electronica numerica ramus [[electronica]]e est facta ex circuito digitalis qui adhibet [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logicum booleanum]] enim usui portae electronico. Verus et falsus repraesentantur valoribus binaris differentibus cum 0 [[Voltium|voltes]] pro vero et 5 voltes pro falso. Minus forabilis est strepito sed magis vim consumit. Creatus in [[Saeculum 20|saeculo 20]] fundamentum est modernis digitalis machinatis, communicationibus digitalis, ordinatris. Immanes circuiti intricata cum milio portarum aedificari possunt in unum [[Circuitus integratus|circuitum]] talis ut [[Processor|microprocessor]] et decem centenum milionem operationium facere possunt.

'''ADC''' aut A/D sigla sunt Anglice Analog to Digital Conversion aut Converter, apparatus qui [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas( signales digitales aut informaticos digitales). Magis elementum est circuito digitalis. Contra operatio geritur ab Digital-to-Analog Converter ('''DAC''').
[[Fasciculus:ADC-DAC.jpg|thumbnail|DAC apparatus quantitas discretas(signus digitales aut informatica digitales) mutat ad [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam.]]

&quot;Digitalis&quot; etiam modum rationemque refert operandi in quo videtur haud vis quam nuntii (In [[Lingua Neolatina|novae]] [[informatica]] vel ([[data]]) anglice et alia )vehantur, vis (facilior intelligendo ut unda) per exempla gratia, [[sonus]], [[lux]], chromaticus imaginiis, etc, magnitudinem numerosi fiet in primum gradum procedendis, in vicem forma [[Systema numericum binarium|binariis]] (0,1, facilior inteligendo ut impulsus) in secundum gradum fient vehaturque. Tandem, metae advento, signum generatus est. 

&quot;Digital&quot;, origo nimirum verbo latine [[Digitus|digito]], &lt;ref&gt;http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digital&lt;/ref&gt;iterum digitos refert manus qui in vicem numeros (1,2,3, .. etc) repraesentant et quos fiant omnes vis ob rem digiti discreto numerando usui sunt. Impulsi ipsi sunt 5 [[Voltium|volti]] vis per morem industriam hodie.

== Ratio ==
:Vide etiam [[Systema digitalis]].
[[Fasciculus:Conversion_AD_DA.png|thumb|180px|A/D et D/A conversiones.'fig.2' repraesentat formam ante porro convertitur formam pulsum(porro super vide). Etiam est forma ex circuito digitalis.]]
Inter alias, [[technologia|artificium]] digitalis societate modernae magna subsidio est praesertim [[Saeculum 20|vicenso saeculo]]. Systemate (vero circuito )digitalis electronis usui est quantitatibus discretis (non continuus). Autem [[analogus electronicus|Analogus]] [[copia]]bus continuis quantitabus usui est informaticum repraesentatum. Enim simpliciter digitalem, informaticos [[numerus]], [[sonus]], [[imago]], [[Littera|lettera]], fiant potest informaticos binarii et in contrarium cursum. 
[[Fasciculus:Componentes.JPG|thumbnail|left|Elementa circuitorum digitalis]]
Ratio digitalis vel [[Systema digitalis]] est [[technologia]] quod nuntiis (informaticis/data) utitur ut discreta (interrupta) valores. Natura autem non digitalis (enim analogus) usum systemata perpetuo iugo valores exprimere informationem. Cum imagines digitales discretos, notitia repraesentari potest vel discreta, ut numeri literarum icons, sive continuatis, ut sonis, statua, alias mensuras continui ratio. 'Digitalis' Verbum ex eodem fonte atque verbo Digito ut adhibeantur digitis discretis numerat.

== Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* R.H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.
* P.K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996.

{{NexInt}}
*[[instrumentum lasericum]]
*[[Integratus circuitus]]
*[[Porta logica]]
*[[Systema digitale]]
*[[Systema numericum binarium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ 6.004: Computation Structures]&quot;: pagina tironibus Massachusettensibus destinata
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110322134236/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ Experimenta digitalia]
* ''[http://bradwarestudios.com/downloads/fun/Digital_Logic_Simulator Digital Logic Simulator v0.3]''
* ''[http://sourceforge.net/projects/cedarlogic CEDAR Logic Simulator]''
* ''[http://www.logiccircuit.org/ LogicCircuit]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026071410/http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/ Logisim - Instrumenti pedagogi circuitos logicos cogitationem simulationameque] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{CommuniaCat|Digital electronics}}

[[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]]
[[Categoria:Circuitus electronici]]
[[Categoria:Electronica]]</text>
      <sha1>m9m0jew8m5jirt4wy15q32z7uj8aweu</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Abergement-la-Ronce</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953565</id>
      <parentid>3916477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T09:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et opus</comment>
      <origin>3953565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1149" sha1="580x52z1fs0pkj72jd0nw2dgzo1gjlu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Abergement la ronce mairie église-1.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Abergement-la-Ronce: despectus in vicum ([[vici conciliabulum]] et [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Sancto Ioanni Baptistae]] dicata).]]

{{res|Abergement-la-Ronce}} est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 827 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in regione orientali [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero comitatu]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundia et Libero Comitatu]]).

== Clari cives ==
* [[Adolphus Pointaire]], [[politicus]] ([[1877]] - [[1942]])

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae|Indicem communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Abergement-la-Ronce | Abergement-la-Ronce }}
{{INSEE commune|39001|de=Abergement-la-Ronce}}
* {{opus|url=http://cassini.ehess.fr/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=41 |titulus=De hoc communi |domus editoria=cassini.ehess.fr}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>580x52z1fs0pkj72jd0nw2dgzo1gjlu</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Electronica numerica</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>124830</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953481</id>
      <parentid>3265345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Electronica digitalis]] ad [[Disputatio:Electronica numerica]]: Forma classicior</comment>
      <origin>3265345</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3655" sha1="mb6iet2d3f8lp8z32h6gbocsesfkho5" xml:space="preserve">I would appreciate advice on how it can be improved or areas that need improvement eg proper use of deponents, adjective agreement in gender , etc. I am not asking for a rewrite but would like to do it myself. I am earnestly studying latin as best as I can.--[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 05:18, 16 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
:Forgive me, Jondel, if I don't help much. I know less about electronics than could be written on a postage stamp. But the title will need changing. Here's the reason. &quot;Electronicus&quot;, assuming the word is OK, is an adjective (compare English &quot;electronic&quot;). In this particular case, in a very classical way, English has made a noun out of it by pluralising it: &quot;electronics&quot; (similar to &quot;physics&quot;). That's exactly what Latin should do as well: take the adjective, convert it to the form in which it refers to &quot;plural non-gendered things&quot;, i.e. neuter plural, and make a noun out of it. So your noun is going to be &quot;Electronica&quot;, neuter plural, and the adjective corresponding with that, assuming the word is OK, is the neuter plural of &quot;digitalis&quot;, which is &quot;digitalia&quot;. Hence, still assuming the chosen words are OK -- others will comment! -- your pagename can be &quot;Electronica digitalia&quot;.
:The main reason for doing this correctly is that, if you do it wrong, others will not understand what you meant. If you take the masc. sing. form of the adjective, &quot;electronicus&quot;, and treat that as a noun, others will try to understand it as a &quot;masculine singular electronic thing&quot;, i.e. an electronic man or an electronic being. That's not what you want. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:37, 16 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
::Please feel free to make the necessary changes with the title and article contents. Or if no one is interested to do so, I will move it to &lt;s&gt;&quot;Electronca Digitalia&quot;&lt;/s&gt; as you suggest. [[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 04:01, 18 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
:::The appropriate name is &quot;electronica digitalis&quot; following the example of physica, e.g.. , if referring to the discipline (ars electronica), rather than to concrete examples of digital electronics (then it should be neuter and in the plural). The are many other serious problems in the article however, from incorrect declensions, to noun adjective agreements, not to mention creative vocabulary, all requiring careful redaction and rewriting once one has time.--[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 16:34, 18 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
::::Yes, although the English suggests an underlying plural, one can certainly argue for the feminine singular. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 17:28, 18 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
:::::''Electronica digitalis''.  (Sorry for the typo!)I assure you the words are not 'creative' but a lot of research was put into finding the right translation. I welcome the dubsigs (of Iacobus ? and others)and will provide the sources. But it is a lot of work.  I try my best not to leave things to negligence. I' m trying to study what you indicated Rafael (adjective agreements, etc) and will do my best to root them out.  --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 01:20, 19 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
::::::I don't see how any amount of research could suggest computeres as the plural of computatrum, etc.--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 16:22, 29 Iunii 2011 (UTC)--[[Specialis:Conlationes/123.192.69.44|123.192.69.44]] 16:22, 29 Iunii 2011 (UTC)
::::::::I'm sorry for being so 'creative' but I feel this would be rare. --[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 14:05, 1 Iulii 2011 (UTC)
:::::::Computri?after the pattern of magistri? There is also ordinatrum-ordinatra.[[Usor:Jondel|Jondel]] 13:01, 30 Iunii 2011 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mb6iet2d3f8lp8z32h6gbocsesfkho5</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>129119</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953419</id>
      <parentid>3711748</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T17:53:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de sociolonguistica et lingua normata</comment>
      <origin>3953419</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2550" sha1="5ufm433uk52krbyxlrhku7r19qzy19v" xml:space="preserve">Trias '''Ausbausprache''' (lingua elaborata) – '''Abstandsprache''' (lingua distantia definita)– '''Dachsprache''' (lingua tectoria) est  [[sociolinguistica]] [[typologia linguistica|linguarum typologia]] explicata a [[linguista]] [[Henricus Kloss]] ad linguas sive [[dialectos]] explicandas dispertiendasque (''Sprache'' [[Theodisce]] significat 'lingua'). Haec verba primo inveniri videntur in commentatione ab Henrico Kloss facto, &quot;Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages&quot; (Anthropological linguistics, 1967, 9), sed nunc sunt pars vocabularii sociolinguistici. 

Haec typologia causas diversas, quare alia lingua, alia [[dialectos]] vocetur, melius interpretari vult, hinc causas sociales statu, fortuna, limitibus inter civitates nisas, illinc structuram vocabulariumque linguarum spectans.
==Terminologia==
*'''Ausbausprache''' (lingua elaborata): Varietas &quot;Ausbausprache&quot; dicitur, si est autonoma ab aliis linguis, id est habet proprias normas, saepe in schola docetur, ad multas et varias res scribendas adhibetur, forsitan lingua cuiusdam civitatis publica est. Contra lingua non elaborata tantum in loquendo et in rebus privatis in usu est. 
*'''Abstandsprache''' (lingua distantia nata): Varietas &quot;Abstandsprache&quot; dicitur comparata cum alia lingua, si quaeque est talis diversa ab alia, ut dialecti dicere non possint. Criteria sunt structurae proprietates linguarum. Quae sit &quot;Abstand&quot; accurate disputatur, saepe mutua perspicuitas proponitur. Exemplum clarum est  [[Lingua Vasconica]] comparata cum [[Lingua Hispanica]]. Tales linguae saepe vile ducuntur, praecipue si earum &quot;Dachsprache&quot; (lingua tectoria) longa traditione scribendi gaudet. Est exempli gratia magna distantia inter [[Lingua Arabica|linguam Arabicam]] normatam et Arabicam Aegyptiam.
*'''Dachsprache''' (lingua tectoria):  Varietas &quot;Dachsprache&quot; dicitur, quae variis dialectis communi [[lingua normata|linguae normatae]] est (vide etiam: [[continuum dialectorum]]). Exempla sunt linguae [[Lingua Italiana|Italiana]] et [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]].

== Nexus externi ==
Termini amplius definiti sunt in commentationibus sequentibus:
*[http://www.sprakradet.no/Toppmeny/Om-oss/English_and_other_languages/English/Norwegian_as_a_Normal_Language/ Peter Trudgill, Norwegian as a Normal Language (2002)]  (Anglice)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313102742/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/Jack_Chambers/globalisation.pdf Peter Trudgill, Globalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (2004)] (Anglice)

[[Categoria:Linguae]]
[[Categoria:Linguistica]]</text>
      <sha1>5ufm433uk52krbyxlrhku7r19qzy19v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953458</id>
      <parentid>3953419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T21:30:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de Henrico Kloss</comment>
      <origin>3953458</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2569" sha1="t6howxnnkrmxjkyiptns8gdbdqqju4m" xml:space="preserve">Trias '''Ausbausprache''' (lingua elaborata) – '''Abstandsprache''' (lingua distantia definita)– '''Dachsprache''' (lingua tectoria) est  [[sociolinguistica]] [[typologia linguistica|linguarum typologia]] explicata a [[linguista]] [[Henricus Kloss]] ad linguas sive [[dialectos]] explicandas dispertiendasque (''Sprache'' [[Theodisce]] significat 'lingua'). Haec verba primo inveniri videntur in commentatione ab [[Henricus Kloss|Henrico Kloss]] facto, &quot;Abstand-languages and Ausbau-languages&quot; (Anthropological linguistics, 1967, 9), sed nunc sunt pars vocabularii sociolinguistici. 

Haec typologia causas diversas, quare alia lingua, alia [[dialectos]] vocetur, melius interpretari vult, hinc causas sociales statu, fortuna, limitibus inter civitates nisas, illinc structuram vocabulariumque linguarum spectans.
==Terminologia==
*'''Ausbausprache''' (lingua elaborata): Varietas &quot;Ausbausprache&quot; dicitur, si est autonoma ab aliis linguis, id est habet proprias normas, saepe in schola docetur, ad multas et varias res scribendas adhibetur, forsitan lingua cuiusdam civitatis publica est. Contra lingua non elaborata tantum in loquendo et in rebus privatis in usu est. 
*'''Abstandsprache''' (lingua distantia nata): Varietas &quot;Abstandsprache&quot; dicitur comparata cum alia lingua, si quaeque est talis diversa ab alia, ut dialecti dicere non possint. Criteria sunt structurae proprietates linguarum. Quae sit &quot;Abstand&quot; accurate disputatur, saepe mutua perspicuitas proponitur. Exemplum clarum est  [[Lingua Vasconica]] comparata cum [[Lingua Hispanica]]. Tales linguae saepe vile ducuntur, praecipue si earum &quot;Dachsprache&quot; (lingua tectoria) longa traditione scribendi gaudet. Est exempli gratia magna distantia inter [[Lingua Arabica|linguam Arabicam]] normatam et Arabicam Aegyptiam.
*'''Dachsprache''' (lingua tectoria):  Varietas &quot;Dachsprache&quot; dicitur, quae variis dialectis communi [[lingua normata|linguae normatae]] est (vide etiam: [[continuum dialectorum]]). Exempla sunt linguae [[Lingua Italiana|Italiana]] et [[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisca]].

== Nexus externi ==
Termini amplius definiti sunt in commentationibus sequentibus:
*[http://www.sprakradet.no/Toppmeny/Om-oss/English_and_other_languages/English/Norwegian_as_a_Normal_Language/ Peter Trudgill, Norwegian as a Normal Language (2002)]  (Anglice)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060313102742/http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/lang/Jack_Chambers/globalisation.pdf Peter Trudgill, Globalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe (2004)] (Anglice)

[[Categoria:Linguae]]
[[Categoria:Linguistica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henricus Kloss</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>129120</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953459</id>
      <parentid>3656609</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de theoria linguae elaboratae, linguae distantiae fefinitae et linguae tectoriae</comment>
      <origin>3953459</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1142" sha1="fa5u6yq59p92d5kex3k6b213bbbxh98" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Henricus''' ([[Theodisce|vulgo]] ''Heinz'') '''Kloss''' (natus [[Salinae Saxonicae|Salinis Saxonicis]] die [[30 Octobris]] anno [[1904]]; mortuus in [[Groß-Gerau]] die [[13 Iunii]] anno [[1987]]) fuit [[linguista]] [[Germania|Germanus]] et peritus inter gentes notus [[lingua]]rum [[minoritas|minoritariarum]], atque trias [[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache|linguae elaboratae, linguae distantiae definitae et linguae tectoriae]]. Alumnus fuit [[universitas|universitatum]] [[Universitas Fridericiana Halensis|Hallensis]] et [[universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Berolinensis]].

== Bibliographia ==
* Christopher Hutton, &quot;A complicated young man with a complicated fate, in a complicated time: Heinz Kloss and the ethnic missionaries of the Third Reich&quot; in ''Linguistics and the Third Reich: Mother-tongue Fascism, Race and the Science of Language'' (Londinii: Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0-415-18954-3)

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1904|1987|Kloss, Henricus}}
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Hallensis]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Humboldtianae Berolinensis]]
[[Categoria:Linguistae Germaniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Champagney (Iura)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146189</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953440</id>
      <parentid>3448117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="697" sha1="hhfeehfofozrx6zmc25yb92prba4kgp" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Champagney (Jura).JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Champagney: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Champagney}} est [[commune]] 473 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Champagney (Jura)|Champagney}}
{{INSEE commune|39096|de=Champagney}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chamole</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146191</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953441</id>
      <parentid>3448115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:15:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="679" sha1="erkcwabzsa7pm1qzhqy6lqsvc7pfxcn" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Church Chamole Jura France.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Chamole: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Iacobus|Sancto Iacobo]] dicata.]]

{{res|Chamole}} est [[commune]] 161 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Chamole|Chamole}}
{{INSEE commune|39094|de=Chamole}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>erkcwabzsa7pm1qzhqy6lqsvc7pfxcn</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Cernans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953568</id>
      <parentid>3448109</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T10:01:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953568</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="659" sha1="ne1xsjm9miskazhjp7agbqtomyf14mm" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise de CERNANS.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Cernans: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]

{{res|Cernans}} est [[commune]] 147 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cernans|Cernans}}
{{INSEE commune|39084|de=Cernans}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>ne1xsjm9miskazhjp7agbqtomyf14mm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-Aubin (Iura)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147395</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953563</id>
      <parentid>3659528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T08:53:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953563</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="992" sha1="80w67nvdalnubzmm4jqb4xrpd5ma1wx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint Aubin Eglise 02.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Aubin: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[Sanctus Albinus |Sancto Albino]] dicatae frons, quae  [[Res Novae Franciae|Rerum Novarum Franciae]] sententiam ''Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité'' ([[Libertas aequalitas fraternitas]]) fert.]]

{{res|Saint-Aubin}} est commune {{formatnum:1871}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundia et Libero Comitatu]] (ante 2016 [[Liber Comitatus (regio Franciae)|Libero comitatu]]).

== Notabilis civis ==
* [[Anna Thibaud]], (1861-1948) cantrix.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Aubin (Jura)|Saint-Aubin}}
{{INSEE commune|39476|de=Saint-Aubin}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>80w67nvdalnubzmm4jqb4xrpd5ma1wx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tavaux</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147446</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953564</id>
      <parentid>3448523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T08:58:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et regio</comment>
      <origin>3953564</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="628" sha1="3r1k277acxxx88v066080b81j3ryi19" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Mairie - Tavaux (Jura).jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Tavaux: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]

{{res|Tavaux}} est commune {{formatnum:3888}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Tavaux|Tavaux}}
{{INSEE commune|39526|de=Tavaux}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>3r1k277acxxx88v066080b81j3ryi19</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147972</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953442</id>
      <parentid>3461947</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:18:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953442</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="769" sha1="oaopa9dhfp65kpnoy6xx57a2tec9zma" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy - Église01.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Remigius|Sancto Remigio]] dicata.]]

{{res|La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy}} est [[commune]] 995 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy |La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy }}
{{INSEE commune|72067|de=La Chapelle-Saint-Rémy}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>oaopa9dhfp65kpnoy6xx57a2tec9zma</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Prévelles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148796</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953443</id>
      <parentid>3462052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3953443</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="706" sha1="7o0hpz389kn1lvs4kir20a9ubkvpr9x" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Prévelles - Église Saint-Hilaire 02.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Prévelles: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Hilarius|Sancto Hilario]] dicata.]]
{{res|Prévelles}} est [[commune]] 188 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Prévelles | Prévelles }}
{{INSEE commune|72246|de=Prévelles}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>7o0hpz389kn1lvs4kir20a9ubkvpr9x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Grex (mathematica)</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>149048</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953495</id>
      <parentid>1899258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Caterva (mathematica)]] ad [[Disputatio:Grex (mathematica)]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
      <origin>1899258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="431" sha1="8aycirc6e6318gxkxc9wzt4dvyyr3d1" xml:space="preserve">ubi attestaur caterva hoc sensu? Et si gruppus ubique hoc sensu attestatur, cur caterva hic ahibita loco gruppi?[[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] 08:58, 19 Februarii 2012 (UTC)
:Difficultas est, ut video, nullum librum latine scriptum de his rebus loqui.  Si talem invenies, quaeso, paginam corrige!  Paginas redirectionis habemus ab aliis nominibus &quot;grex&quot; et &quot;gruppus.&quot; [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] 19:00, 19 Februarii 2012 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8aycirc6e6318gxkxc9wzt4dvyyr3d1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gruppus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149198</id>
    <redirect title="Grex (mathematica)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953502</id>
      <parentid>1901318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:01:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
      <origin>3953502</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="32" sha1="0tmut4z9vpdlw1rpr3pr0he4gja6nmy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Grex (mathematica)]]</text>
      <sha1>0tmut4z9vpdlw1rpr3pr0he4gja6nmy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Angoville-sur-Ay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149715</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953444</id>
      <parentid>3443208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:28:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953444</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1051" sha1="kqmfemk3dqjjavnz6f63taz4dcx4d8u" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Église d'Angoville-sur-Ay.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left| Angoville-sur-Ay: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Angoville-sur-Ay}} est novi [[commune|communis]] [[Lessay]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione duorum pristinorum communium, Lessay et Angoville-sur-Ay, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] creatum est. Postea, [[9 Martii]] [[2020]], commune delegatum Angoville-sur-Ay abrogatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Angoville-sur-Ay 258 incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Angoville-sur-Ay | Angoville-sur-Ay }}
{{INSEE commune|50012|de=Angoville-sur-Ay}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia abrogata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>kqmfemk3dqjjavnz6f63taz4dcx4d8u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953445</id>
      <parentid>3953444</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:29:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sub</comment>
      <origin>3953445</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1059" sha1="mm030ulp1d5wwpq2vjw9dlpofztcsq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Église d'Angoville-sur-Ay.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left| Angoville-sur-Ay: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Angoville-sur-Ay}} est novi [[commune|communis]] [[Lessay]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione duorum pristinorum communium, Lessay et Angoville-sur-Ay, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] creatum est. Postea, [[9 Martii]] [[2020]], commune delegatum Angoville-sur-Ay abrogatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Angoville-sur-Ay 258 incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Angoville-sur-Ay | Angoville-sur-Ay }}
{{INSEE commune|50012|de=Angoville-sur-Ay}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia abrogata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>mm030ulp1d5wwpq2vjw9dlpofztcsq4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bretteville-sur-Ay</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>149815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953439</id>
      <parentid>3712568</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:11:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953439</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="856" sha1="o75bdz24yr5jk7hx6c0gcmuuxpvukmh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Bretteville-sur-Ay - Église Saint-Martin.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Bretteville-sur-Ay: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Martinus|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]]

{{res|Bretteville-sur-Ay}} est commune 444 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Bretteville-sur-Ay | Bretteville-sur-Ay }}
{{INSEE commune|50078|de=Bretteville-sur-Ay}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.brettevillesuray.fr/ |titulus=Bretteville-sur-Ay pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>o75bdz24yr5jk7hx6c0gcmuuxpvukmh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Denneville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150040</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953370</id>
      <parentid>3755842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:35:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et novissima</comment>
      <origin>3953370</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1101" sha1="o1f60piywninx6vnjl5xdb2zbeuqjkc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Denneville église.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left| Denneville: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[Sanctus Remigius|Sancto Remigio]] dicatae turris campanaria.]]

{{res|Denneville}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, Denneville, [[Portbail]] et [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]], die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Prisuquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Denneville 535 incolas (anno [[2008]]) habebat.
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Denneville | Denneville }}
{{INSEE commune|50160|de=Denneville}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220211060937/http://www.denneville.fr/ Denneville pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>o1f60piywninx6vnjl5xdb2zbeuqjkc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953372</id>
      <parentid>3953370</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:37:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>3953372</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1101" sha1="qhkvp03fc61q9gonh8brn3o3eyh8w4l" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Denneville église.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left| Denneville: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]]e [[Sanctus Remigius|Sancto Remigio]] dicatae turris campanaria.]]

{{res|Denneville}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, Denneville, [[Portbail]] et [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]], die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Denneville 535 incolas (anno [[2008]]) habebat.
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Denneville | Denneville }}
{{INSEE commune|50160|de=Denneville}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220211060937/http://www.denneville.fr/ Denneville pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>qhkvp03fc61q9gonh8brn3o3eyh8w4l</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Portbail</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150722</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953369</id>
      <parentid>3443587</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:32:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et novissima</comment>
      <origin>3953369</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1142" sha1="acluvstxesqk0qxj2n1j9gdw26dx47e" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Vue de Portbail, Manche.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Portbail: despectus in pagum cum litore aestu recesso.]]

{{res|Portbail}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, [[Denneville]], Portbail et [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]], die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Prisuquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Portbail {{formatnum:1671}} incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

== Coniunctio communium ==
Ab anno [[1985]] Portbail cum [[Wienhausen]] ([[Saxonia Inferior]]) [[Coniunctio communium|coniuncta]] est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Portbail | Portbail }}
{{INSEE commune|50412|de=Portbail}}
* [http://www.portbail.fr Portbail pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>acluvstxesqk0qxj2n1j9gdw26dx47e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953373</id>
      <parentid>3953369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>3953373</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1142" sha1="285em9t4nrii5eod1jknm2hz4zry5fy" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Vue de Portbail, Manche.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Portbail: despectus in pagum cum litore aestu recesso.]]

{{res|Portbail}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, [[Denneville]], Portbail et [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]], die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Portbail {{formatnum:1671}} incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

== Coniunctio communium ==
Ab anno [[1985]] Portbail cum [[Wienhausen]] ([[Saxonia Inferior]]) [[Coniunctio communium|coniuncta]] est.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Portbail | Portbail }}
{{INSEE commune|50412|de=Portbail}}
* [http://www.portbail.fr Portbail pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>285em9t4nrii5eod1jknm2hz4zry5fy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-Lô-d'Ourville</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150891</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953368</id>
      <parentid>3443667</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:29:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et novissima</comment>
      <origin>3953368</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" sha1="5kryhbdu7zmpbljjow8kjvvh60to9mw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint-Lô-d'Ourville - Église.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville: [[ecclesia (aedificum)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Laudus|Sancto Laudo]] dicata.]]

{{res|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, [[Denneville]], [[Portbail]] et Saint-Lô-d'Ourville, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Prisuquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Saint-Lô-d'Ourville 544 incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}}
{{INSEE commune|50503|de=Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>5kryhbdu7zmpbljjow8kjvvh60to9mw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953371</id>
      <parentid>3953368</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>3953371</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" sha1="liolysgqztpx1o0qimpx9lu6x8avh4n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint-Lô-d'Ourville - Église.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville: [[ecclesia (aedificum)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Laudus|Sancto Laudo]] dicata.]]

{{res|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}} est delegata novi [[commune|communis]] [[Port-Bail-sur-Mer]] pars; illud novum commune [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], e fusione trium pristinorum communium, [[Denneville]], [[Portbail]] et Saint-Lô-d'Ourville, die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est. Priusquam illi novo communi coniunctum fuisset, Saint-Lô-d'Ourville 544 incolas (anno [[2009]]) habebat.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville|Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}}
{{INSEE commune|50503|de=Saint-Lô-d'Ourville}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia delegata Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>liolysgqztpx1o0qimpx9lu6x8avh4n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Giscaro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152036</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953363</id>
      <parentid>3428958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:12:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="801" sha1="hd96sftf4lev669rdpfdt5eqin5kzmo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Giscaro (Gers, Fr) église côté chevet.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Giscaro: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
{{res|Giscaro}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Giscarò'') est [[commune]] 84 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]], quod tria [[Chiliometrum|chiliometra]] a [[Gimont]] abest.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Giscaro|Giscaro}}
{{INSEE commune|32148|de=Giscaro}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>hd96sftf4lev669rdpfdt5eqin5kzmo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gimont</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152037</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953364</id>
      <parentid>3802518</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:14:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953364</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="796" sha1="iw6841clmswasdeasgcnhxerocvpw9q" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Gimont (Gers, Fr) mairie.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gimont: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]
{{res|Gimont}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Gimont'') est commune {{formatnum:3146}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gimont|Gimont}}
{{INSEE commune|32147|de=Gimont}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120624070834/http://www.gimont.fr/accueil_mairie.vdom Gimont pagina interretialis]

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>iw6841clmswasdeasgcnhxerocvpw9q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953365</id>
      <parentid>3953364</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:14:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>situs</comment>
      <origin>3953365</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="754" sha1="1ew7yeib6zk9rq50pm7ywg380hrkobl" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Gimont (Gers, Fr) mairie.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gimont: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]
{{res|Gimont}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Gimont'') est commune {{formatnum:3146}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gimont|Gimont}}
{{INSEE commune|32147|de=Gimont}}
* {{opus-url=https://www.gimont.fr/|titulus=Gimont pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>1ew7yeib6zk9rq50pm7ywg380hrkobl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953366</id>
      <parentid>3953365</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:14:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ typo</comment>
      <origin>3953366</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="754" sha1="4f83nxnrmsamfkdhu0t7aeknc90usi3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Gimont (Gers, Fr) mairie.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gimont: [[vici conciliabulum]].]]
{{res|Gimont}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Gimont'') est commune {{formatnum:3146}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gimont|Gimont}}
{{INSEE commune|32147|de=Gimont}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.gimont.fr/|titulus=Gimont pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>4f83nxnrmsamfkdhu0t7aeknc90usi3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rouffiac (Mons Celtorum)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953361</id>
      <parentid>3453596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:09:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3953361</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="o5soz8ieknok2g484qmhz2rk0rb66hs" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Kerk Rouffiac.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rouffiac: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Rouffiac}} est [[commune]] 222 incolarum (anno [[2008]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rouffiac (Cantal)|Rouffiac}}
{{INSEE commune|15165|de=Rouffiac}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
      <sha1>o5soz8ieknok2g484qmhz2rk0rb66hs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953362</id>
      <parentid>3953361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:09:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recentius</comment>
      <origin>3953362</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="l8dbfljwgu58vqs9mkd9tiegeli1tlo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Kerk Rouffiac.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Rouffiac: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Martinus Turonensis|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]]
{{res|Rouffiac}} est [[commune]] 181 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Rouffiac (Cantal)|Rouffiac}}
{{INSEE commune|15165|de=Rouffiac}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
      <sha1>l8dbfljwgu58vqs9mkd9tiegeli1tlo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Laperrière-sur-Saône</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>167494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953567</id>
      <parentid>3437461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T09:43:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3953567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1008" sha1="rgvhaif5ssucrtm3btvtwapw2t1y5ws" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Laperrière sur Saône 2013 04 13 01.jpg|upright=0.8|thumb|left|Laperrière-sur-Saône: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria Magdalena|Sanctae Mariae Magdalenae]] dicata.]]
 [[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 21342.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Laperrière-sur-Saône: communis tabula]]
{{res|Laperrière-sur-Saône}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 432 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Clivus Aureus|Clivi Aurei]] in regione occidentali [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundia et Libero Comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Clivi Aurei]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Laperrière-sur-Saône|Laperrière-sur-Saône}}
{{INSEE commune|21342|de=Laperrière-sur-Saône}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.laperrieresursaone.fr/|titulus=Laperrière-sur-Saône pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Collis Aurei]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Collis Aurei]]</text>
      <sha1>rgvhaif5ssucrtm3btvtwapw2t1y5ws</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Samerey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>168470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953566</id>
      <parentid>3437694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T09:32:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3953566</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="710" sha1="e0fpb8fedb832l0frtwuy3sjxi3s2wk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Samerey 2013 04 14 03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Samerey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] Nativitati [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Virginis Mariae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Samerey}} est [[commune]] [[Francia|Francicum]] 141 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Clivus Aureus|Clivi Aurei]] in regione occidentali [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus|Burgundia et Libero Comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Clivi Aurei]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Samerey|Samerey}}
{{INSEE commune|21581|de=Samerey}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Collis Aurei]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Collis Aurei]]</text>
      <sha1>e0fpb8fedb832l0frtwuy3sjxi3s2wk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carola Gugino</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>190925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953449</id>
      <parentid>2584888</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:48:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et lifetime</comment>
      <origin>3953449</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="677" sha1="kmti8816rytb8xkszqv7o5hyxzi01vi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Carla Gugino 2011.jpg|thumb|Carola Gugino in [[Colloquium percontativum|colloquio percontativo]] [[Annus|anno]] [[2011]].]]

'''Carola Gugino''' (vulgo ''Carla Gugino''), nata in ''[[Sarasota (Florida)|Sarasota]]'' die [[29 Augusti]] [[1971]],&lt;ref&gt;{{IMDb name|0001303|Carola Gugino}}.&lt;/ref&gt; est in opere [[actrix]].

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Carla Gugino|Carolam Gugino}}
* {{IMDb name|0001303|Carola Gugino}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1971||Gugino, Carla}}
[[Categoria:Actores Civitatum Foederatarum]]
[[Categoria:Actores e Spin City]]</text>
      <sha1>kmti8816rytb8xkszqv7o5hyxzi01vi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ars coquinaria mediaevalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>206899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953448</id>
      <parentid>3678339</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T20:39:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3953448</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4386" sha1="bx5dpa6f7i9aa0bgun4vi0ccke88vk3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Peasants breaking bread.jpg|thumb|Grex viatorum panem et potum gustant, in pictura ''[[Livre du roi Modus et de la reine Ratio]]'' saeculi XIV]]
'''Ars coquinaria mediaevalis''' comprehendit [[cibus|cibos]] ac consuetudines [[ars coquinaria|coquendi]] et edendi [[Europa]]e [[Medium Aevum|mediaevalis]], id est inter [[saeculum|saecula]] [[saeculum 5|quintum]] et [[saeculum 16|sextum decimum]]. Quod tempus aevo [[Imperium Romanum|Imperii Romani]] successit, et antecessit [[Novum Aevum|Novo Aevo]], cum cibi et ars coquinaria multum mutati sunt, fundamenta iacientes artis coquinariae Europaeae hodiernae.

[[Fasciculus:Libellus de arte coquinaria MS K incipit.jpg|thumb|''Libellus de arte coquinaria'', inter antiquissimos Europae omnis, ante annum fere 1250 in [[Dania]] compositus, textu [[lingua Danica|Danico]], rubricis Latinis ([[Bibliotheca Regia (Haunia)|Bibliotheca Regia]] [[Haunia]]e)]]
[[Frumentum|Frumenta]] erant cibi principales, quod [[oryza]] solum ad finem aevi advenit, et [[solanum tuberosum]] solum anno 1536 e [[Mundus Novus|Mundo Novo]] invectum est et multum postea populare fit. [[Hordeum vulgare|Hordeum]], [[avena sativa|avena]], ac [[secale cereale|secale]] apud pauperes, et [[triticum]] apud classes dominantes, in formis [[panis]], [[puls|pultis]], ac [[collyra]]e edebantur. [[Vicia faba|Faba]] et [[holus|holera]] erant supplementa magna huic victui. (Fabaceae generis [[Phaseolus|Phaseoli]] in Mundo Novo ortae sunt et tantum post [[Permutatio Columbiana|permutationem Columbianam]] saeculi XVI sunt invectae.)

[[Caro]] cara erat, ergo maioris aestimabatur, et praecipue ferina, quae usualis erat solum in epulis nobilium. Carnes communissimae animalium erant [[suilla|porcina]], [[vervecina]], [[pullina]] aliarumque [[aves|avium]]; caro [[bubula]], quae maiores tractus terrae poscebat, minus usualis erat. [[Pisces]] [[gadus]] et [[clupea harengus|harengus]] erant magna elementa victus populorum septentrionis; hi pisces siccati, fumosi, vel salsi etiam in mediam continentem penetraverunt. Multi alii pisces aquarum dulcis et salsae edebantur.

Vectura lenta et conditura [[siccatio]]ne, [[salsura]], [[fumatio]]ne, vel [[muria]] commercium super longum intervallum sumptuosum fecit. Idcirco cibus nobilium plus quam cibus pauperum ad effectum extraneum erat pronus, ex [[condimentum|condimentis]] exoticis et aliis invectionibus pretiosis pendens. Cum quisque gradus societatis superiorem imitando exprimeret, epulae novae ex commercio vel bellis inter nationes a [[saeculum 12|saeculo XII]] ad classes medios urbanos permanare coepit. Eodem tempore [[sumptuaria lex|sumptuariae leges]] consumptionem conspicuam a divitibus novis circumscripserunt. Praeterea, quia congruentiam naturalem inter laborem et cibum esse credebatur, idcirco normae sociales cibum classis operariae minus politum esse dictabant.

Ars coquinaria polita Medio aevo posteriore exculta est et communis factus est in culinis nobilium per Europam. Condimenta usualia erant {{Creanda|en|verjuice|agresta}}, [[vinum]], [[acetum]], [[piper nigrum]], [[safranum]], [[zingiber]], qui cum [[saccharum|saccharo]] vel [[mel]]le pluribus cibos saporem dulcem et acidum dabant. Etiam aestimabantur [[lac amygdalinum]], quod adhibebatur ad [[Ius (cibus)|ius]] densandum.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de re culinaria medio aevo scripti]]
* [[Chebeb]]
* [[Mammonia]]
* [[Romania (ferculum)]]

== Bibliographia ==
* Adamson, Melitta Weiss. ''Food in Medieval Times''.  Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32147-7 {{ling|Anglice}}
* Bourin, Jeanne et Jeannine Thomassin. ''Cuisine médiévale pour tables d'aujourd'hui''. Paris: Flammarion, 2010. ISBN 978-2081240650 {{ling|Francogallice}}
* Carnevale Schianca, Enrico. ''La cucina medievale. Lessico, storia, preparazioni''. Firenze: Olschki, 2011. ISBN 9788822260734 {{ling|Italiane}}
* Carole Lambert, ed., ''Du manuscrit à la table: essais sur la cuisine au Moyen Âge et répertoire des manuscrits médiévaux contenant des recettes culinaires''. Monte Regali: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 19922; [https://archive.org/details/dumanuscritalata0000unse/ Exemplar mutuabile]
* Montanari, Massimo. ''Gusti del Medioevo. I prodotti, la cucina, la tavola''. Roma: Laterza, 2014. ISBN 978-8858115640 {{ling|Italiane}}

[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria mediaevalis Europaea|!]]
[[Categoria:Ars coquinaria historica]]</text>
      <sha1>bx5dpa6f7i9aa0bgun4vi0ccke88vk3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anthropologia linguistica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>244568</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953460</id>
      <parentid>3893961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de anthropologia sociali</comment>
      <origin>3953460</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4047" sha1="nm93amwsx1t19wwzzfafezlv1i9gkil" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:W.v.Humboldt.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Gulielmus de Humboldt]], [[lingua]]m cum [[societas humana|societate]] viva conexuit.]]
'''Anthropologia linguistica''' est studium [[interdisciplinaritas|interdisciplinarium]] [[lingua]]e [[auctor]]is [[vita]]e [[societas humana|socialis]] studium. Quod est disciplina [[anthropologia]]e ex conatu ad [[lingua periclitata|linguas periclitatas]] conservandas oriunda, et post [[centum]] annos paene ullam [[structura linguae|structurae]] ususque linguae proprietatem nunc circumplectitur.&lt;ref&gt;Duranti 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Anthropologia linguistica modos investigat quibus lingua [[communicatio]]nem informat, greges et [[identitas (scientia socialis)|identitatem socialem]] efficit, magnas [[cultura]]e [[fides]] et [[ideologia]]s ordinat, ac communem [[cultura]]lem mundorum [[natura]]lis et [[societas humana|socialis]] exemplaria excolit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180111072510/http://linguisticanthropology.org/about/ De Societate Anthropologiae Linguisticae,] www.linguisticanthropology.org.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|cols=2}}
*[[Anthropologia semiotica]]
*[[Anthropologia socialis]]
*[[Ethnopoetica]]
*[[Identitas (scientia socialis)]]
*[[Ideologia]]
*[[Linguistica anthropologica]]
*[[Linguistica socioculturalis]]
*[[Narratio]]
*[[Metapragmatica]]
*[[Sociolinguistica]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Ahearn, Laura M. [[2011]]. ''Living Language: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology.'' Malden Massachusettae: Wiley-Blackwell.
*Blount, Ben G., ed. [[1995]]. ''Language, Culture, and Society: A Book of Readings.'' Prospect Heights Illinoesiae: Waveland Press.
*Bonvillain, Nancy. [[1993]]. ''Language, Culture, and Communication: The Meaning of Messages.'' Englewood Cliffs Novae Caesareae: Prentice Hall.
*Brenneis, Donald, et Ronald K. S. Macaulay, eds. [[1996]]. ''The Matrix of Language: Contemporary Linguistic Anthropology.'' Boulder Colorati: Westview.
*Duranti, Alessandro. [[1997]]. ''Linguistic Anthropology.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
*Duranti, Alessandro, ed. [[2001]]. ''Linguistic Anthropology: A Reader.'' Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell.
*Duranti, Alessandro, ed. [[2004]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=3jMmmQjssaEC ''Companion to Linguistic Anthropology.''] Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell.
*Giglioli, Pier Paolo. [[1972]]. ''Language and Social Context: Selected Readings.'' Middlesexiae: Penguin Books.
*Salzmann, Zdenek, James Stanlaw, et Nobuko Adachi. [[2012]]. ''Language, Culture, and Society.'' Westview Press.
*Society for Linguistic Anthropology. N.d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180111072510/http://linguisticanthropology.org/about/ ''About the Society for Linguistic Anthropology.'']
*Underhill, James W. [[2009]]. ''Humboldt, Worldview and Language.'' Edimburgi: Edinburgh University Press.
*Underhill, James W. [[2012]]. ''Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate &amp; war.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://webtv.univ-rouen.fr/permalink/c1253a18f7e5ecnge8dp/ Acroases Humboldtianae Georgii Trabant habitae (septem horae),] webtv.univ-rouen.fr
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060714032825/http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/duranti/publish.htm Opera Alexandri Duranti,] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060720173030/http://home.gwu.edu/~kuipers/ Opera Ioelis Kuipers,] home.gwu.edu
*[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/anthro/faculty/ochs/publish.htm Opera Alienorae Ochs,] www.sscnet.ucla.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606234912/http://homepages.nyu.edu/~bs4/ Opera Bambi Schieffelin,] homepages.nyu.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061205190843/http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jmw22/cv/index.html Opera Iacobi Wilce,] jan.ucc.nau.edu
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080126084056/http://linguisticanthropology.org/ Situs proprius,] linguisticanthropology.org (Societas Anthropologiae Linguisticae)

[[Categoria:Anthropologia]]
[[Categoria:Linguistica adhibita]]

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exsistentia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4799" sha1="qs5whpdyh6y4wp9nqwhb298mum86zd3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Plato Silanion Musei Capitolini MC1377.jpg|thumb|[[Plato]]: exemplar [[Roma antiqua|Romanum]] imaginis a [[Silanion]]e pro [[Academia]] Athenis circa [[370 a.C.n.]] factae. Primae amplae exsistentiae disputationes in [[traditio]]ne [[cultura Occidentalis|Occidentali]] in [[liber|libris]] ''[[Phaedo (Plato)|Phaedone]],'' ''[[Politia (Plato)|Politia]],'' et ''[[Politicus (Plato)|Politico]]'' operibus Platonis inveniuntur.]]
'''Exsistentia'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Vocabulum]] etiam ''existentia'' scriptum.&lt;/ref&gt; generaliter habetur illud quod [[veritas|vere]] perseverat praeter praesentiam sui.

[[Ontologia]] plerumque est [[philosophia|philosophicum]] [[natura]]e [[ens|entitatis]], exsistentiae, vel [[realitas|realitatis]] studium, cum primis [[categoria entis|categoriis entis]] et earum cognationibus. [[Disciplina academica|Pars philosophia]], [[metaphysica]] a maioribus appellata, quaestiones tractat quae investigant quales [[entitas|entitates]] exsistunt sive exsistere dici possunt (exempli gratia, &quot;Exsistit [[UDFj-39546284]] structura stellaris?&quot;'), et quomodo tales entitates disponi, intra [[hierarchia]]m coniungi, et per similitudines et differentias dividi possunt.

[[Materialismus]] docet solas res quae exsistunt [[materia]]m et [[energia]]m esse, omnes res ex materia componi, omnes actiones energiae egent, omnesque [[phaenomenon|phaenomena]] (inter quae [[conscientia]]) ex interactionibus materialibus oriuntur.

[[Vita]] est proprietas quae [[res (philosophia)|res]] quibus sunt [[ratio biologica|rationes biologicae]] se sustinentes distinguit a proprietabus quae tales res non habent&lt;ref&gt;Koshland 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHDLife&gt;''American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'' ed. 4a (Houghton Mifflin Company), via [http://www.answers.com/topic/life Answers.com]:
* &quot;The property or quality that distinguishes living organisms from dead organisms and inanimate matter, manifested in functions such as metabolism, growth, reproduction, and response to stimuli or adaptation to the environment originating from within the organism.&quot;
* &quot;The characteristic state or condition of a living organism.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;—aut quia tales functiones desierunt ([[mors]]), aut quia talibus functionibus carent et inanimatae describuntur.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=inanimate Definitio vocabuli ''inanimate.''] WordNet Search, Princeton University.&lt;/ref&gt;

Exsistentia in [[mathematica]] a quantifactore asseritur, [[quantifactor exsistentialis|quantifactore exsistentiali]], uno ex quantifactoribus, quorum alius est [[quantifactor universalis]]. Proprietates quantifactoris per [[axioma]]ta constituuntur.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
* [[Argumentum cosmologicum]]
* [[Dasein]]
* [[Exsistentialismus]]
* ''[[Cogito ergo sum]]''
* [[Conscientia]]
* [[Cosmogonia]]
* [[Ius naturale]]
* [[Realismus philosophicus]]
* [[Scientia cognitiva]]
* [[Sensus vitae|Significatio vitae]]
* [[Solipsismus]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* [[Aristoteles]]. [[1999]]. ''The Metaphysics,'' conv. Hugh Lawson-Tancred. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044619-2, ISBN 978-0-14-044619-7.
* Arnauld, Antoine, et Pierre Nicole. [[1996]]. ''Logic, or the Art of Thinking,'' conv. J. Buroker. Cantabrigiae.
* Eagleton, Terry. [[2007]]. ''The Meaning of Life.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-921070-5, ISBN 978-0-19-921070-1.
* [[Heraclitus]]. [[2003]]. ''Fragments,'' conv. Brooks Hexton; praefatio James Hilton. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-243765-4, ISBN 978-0-14-243765-0.
* Koshland, Daniel E., Jr. [[2002]]. The Seven Pillars of Life. ''Science'' 295(5563):2215–2216. PMID 11910092. doi:10.1126/science.1068489.
* Loux, Michael J. ''Ockham's Theory Of Terms.'' Liber I ''Summa Logicae'' (circa 1327) conversus.
* Magee, Bryan. [[1998]]. ''The Story of Philosophy.'' Londinii: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 0-7513-0590-1.
* [[Ioannes Stuart Mill|Mill, John Stuart]]. [[1908]], [[2003]]. ''A System of Logic.'' Ed. 8a.
* [[Plato]]. [[2003]]. ''The Republic,'' conv. Desmond Lee. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-044914-0, ISBN 978-0-14-044914-3.
* Thalheimer, Alvin. [[1920]]. ''The Meaning of the Terms: Existence and Reality.'' Princetoniae: Princeton University Press.
* Williams, C. J. F. [[1981]]. ''What is Existence?'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press.

== Nexus externi ==
* [http://www.ontology.co/existence.htm The Concept of Existence: History and Definitions from Leading Philosophers]
* Sayf al-Din al-Amidi. [[1805]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210620160912/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2983/ &quot;A Treatise on Book Titles&quot;] de &quot;original&quot; and &quot;mental existence&quot;.

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Exsistentialismus]]
[[Categoria:Notiones in metaphysica]]
[[Categoria:Ontologia]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia vitae]]
[[Categoria:Realitas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Topologia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>264418</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>additur synonyma topologiae-copium-punctorum</comment>
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      <text bytes="1602" sha1="7ulyzozd7xqz2kcri0vn28krqqo4t3z" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[File:Les trois types de tores.PNG|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] a dextra et aliae formae]]
'''Topologia''' (nomen creabatur ex Graeco τόπος, quod est Latine &quot;[[locus]]&quot; vel &quot;situs&quot;, et ex Graeco &quot;λόγος&quot;;  etiam &quot;analysis situs&quot; nominatur) est pars [[mathematica]]e. Agit de illis proprietatibus structurarum mathematicarum quae servantur si structurae modo [[Continuitas (mathematica)|continuitario]] deformantur. Topologia oritur ex [[geometria]]  et [[Theoria copiarum|theoria copiarum]].

Fine [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] topologia originem cepit nominibus Latinis quae sunt &quot;geometria situs&quot; vel &quot;analysis situs&quot;.

Haec sunt duae res quae in topologia homoeomorphae sunt, ambo habent unum foramen:
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Caneca.jpg
File:Orange Torus.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Aliud problema topologiae est [[Problema Regiomontanum de septem pontibus|problema Regiomontanum de septem pontibus]].

[[Topologia algebraica]] est pars topologiae quae utiliis vel modis [[algebra]]e utitur ad spatia topologica describenda.  [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] vel ''topologia generalis'' similior est [[analysis mathematica|analysi]] quam algebrae.  

{{NexInt}}
*[[Foramen vermis]]
*[[Mathematica adhibita]]
*[[Theoria copiarum]]
*[[Taenia Moebii]]
*[[Torus (mathematica)]]

==Bibliographia==
* [http://eulerarchive.maa.org//docs/originals/E053.pdf Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis auctore Leonhardo Eulero]
*Listing, Johann Benedict, &quot;Vorstudien zur Topologie&quot;, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, [[Gottinga|Göttingen]], p.&amp;nbsp;67, 1848

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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      <minor />
      <comment>corrigitur &quot;vel&quot; ad &quot;seu&quot;, ad clarificandum quod topologia generalis aliud est nomen pro eadem re</comment>
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[[File:Les trois types de tores.PNG|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] a dextra et aliae formae]]
'''Topologia''' (nomen creabatur ex Graeco τόπος, quod est Latine &quot;[[locus]]&quot; vel &quot;situs&quot;, et ex Graeco &quot;λόγος&quot;;  etiam &quot;analysis situs&quot; nominatur) est pars [[mathematica]]e. Agit de illis proprietatibus structurarum mathematicarum quae servantur si structurae modo [[Continuitas (mathematica)|continuitario]] deformantur. Topologia oritur ex [[geometria]]  et [[Theoria copiarum|theoria copiarum]].

Fine [[saeculum 19|saeculi XIX]] topologia originem cepit nominibus Latinis quae sunt &quot;geometria situs&quot; vel &quot;analysis situs&quot;.

Haec sunt duae res quae in topologia homoeomorphae sunt, ambo habent unum foramen:
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Caneca.jpg
File:Orange Torus.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;
Aliud problema topologiae est [[Problema Regiomontanum de septem pontibus|problema Regiomontanum de septem pontibus]].

[[Topologia algebraica]] est pars topologiae quae utiliis vel modis [[algebra]]e utitur ad spatia topologica describenda.  [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] seu ''topologia generalis'' similior est [[analysis mathematica|analysi]] quam algebrae.  

{{NexInt}}
*[[Foramen vermis]]
*[[Mathematica adhibita]]
*[[Theoria copiarum]]
*[[Taenia Moebii]]
*[[Torus (mathematica)]]

==Bibliographia==
* [http://eulerarchive.maa.org//docs/originals/E053.pdf Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis auctore Leonhardo Eulero]
*Listing, Johann Benedict, &quot;Vorstudien zur Topologie&quot;, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, [[Gottinga|Göttingen]], p.&amp;nbsp;67, 1848

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sociolinguistica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>269045</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>3727214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T17:57:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de &quot;Ansbausprache -Abstandsprache - Dachsprache&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953420</origin>
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      <text bytes="4838" sha1="1s8n925r3dh0d4r4oi9fcf62qvoxrmk" xml:space="preserve">'''Sociolinguistica''' est descriptivum effectuum omnium rerum [[societas humana|societatis]] studium, inter quas [[norma (sociologia)|normae]] [[cultura]]e, exspectationes, et contextus de usu [[lingua]]e et quo modo societas linguae valet. Sociolinguistica a [[sociologia linguae]] differt quia [[sociologia]] linguae rationem tractat per quam lingua in societate valet, cum autem sociolinguistica rationem tractat per quam societas in lingua valet. Sociolinguistica cum [[pragmatica]] magnopere congruit. Cum [[anthropologia linguistica]] in [[historia]] artissime conectitur, et discrimen harum disciplinarum in dubium vocatum est.&lt;ref&gt;Gumperz et Cook-Gumperz 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sociolinguistica [[varietas (linguistica)|variationem]] inter greges a certis [[variabilis|variabilibus]] socialibus separatos (e.g., ab [[ethnos|ethnicitate]], [[religio]]ne, [[status socialis|statu sociali]], [[genus|genere]]&lt;!--gender--&gt;, [[gradus|gradibus]] [[educatio]]nis, [[aetas|aetate]]&lt;!--age--&gt;) et regulas creatas et adhaesas ad homines in [[classis socialis|classes sociales vel sociooeconomicas]] describendos etiam tractat. Quia usus linguae inter locos et [[classis socialis|classes sociales]] variat, sociolinguistica [[sociolectos|sociolectos]] investigat. [[Gulielmus Labov]], conditor sociolinguisticae saepe habitus, quantitativo variationis et mutationis linguae studio praecipue innotuit,&lt;ref&gt;Paolillo 2001; Tagliamonte 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; sociologiam linguae [[disciplina academica|disciplinam academicam]] reddens.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Anthropologia linguistica]]
*[[Auctoritas (sociolinguistica)]]
*[[Ausbausprache - Abstandsprache - Dachsprache]]
*[[Dialectos auctoritatis]]
*[[Dialectologia]]
*[[Diglossia]]
*[[Ethnolectos]]
*[[Explicatio sermonis]]
*[[Intellegibilitas mutua]]
*[[Linguistica anthropologica]]
*[[Linguistica socioculturalis]]
*[[Linguistica sociohistorica]]
*[[Metapragmatica]]
*[[Theoria undarum]]
*[[Variatio (linguistica)]]
*[[Varietas (linguistica)]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Chambers, J. K. [[2009]]. ''Sociolinguistic Theory: Linguistic Variation and Its Social Significance.'' Malden: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781405152464.
*Darnell, Regna. [[1971]]. ''Linguistic Diversity in Canadian Society.'' Edmontoniae: Linguistic Research. OCLC 540626.
*Deckert, Sharon K., et Caroline H. Vickers. [[2011]]. ''An Introduction to Sociolinguistics: Society and Identity.'' Londinii et Novi Eboraci: Continuum. ISBN 9781441100283, ISBN 1441100288, ISBN 9781441150233, ISBN 1441150234.
*Dubois, Sylvie, et Barbara Horvath. [[1998]]. Let's tink about dat: Interdental Fricatives in Cajun English. ''Language Variation and Change'' 10(3):245–61.
*Gumperz, John J., et Jenny Cook-Gumperz. [[2008]]. Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology? ''Journal of Sociolinguistics'' 12(4): 532-545.
*Kordić, Snježana. [[2009]]. Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik.&quot; ''Zeitschrift für Balkanologie'' 45(2): 210–215. ISSN 0044-2356. OCLC 680567046. ZDB-ID 201058-6.
*Kordić, Snježana. [[2014]]. ''Lengua y Nacionalismo.'' Matriti: Euphonía Ediciones. ISBN 9788493666880. OL 16814702W.
*Labov, William. [[2010]]. ''Principles of Linguistic Change.'' 3 vol. Malden: Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781444327885.
*Lakoff, Robin Tolmach. [[2000]]. ''The Language War.'' Berkeleiae: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520928077.
*Meyerhoff, Miriam. [[2011]]. ''Introducing Sociolinguistics.'' Taylor &amp; Francis. ISBN 9781135284435.
*Milroy, Lesley, et Matthew Gordon. [[2008]]. ''Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation.'' John Wiley &amp; Sons. ISBN 9780470758205.
*Paolillo, John C. [[2001]]. ''Analyzing Linguistic Variation: Statistical Models and Methods.'' CSLI Press
*Paulston, Christina Bratt, et G. Richard Tucker. [[2010]]. ''The Early Days of Sociolinguistics: Memories and Reflections.'' Dallas: SIL International. ISBN 9781556712531.
*Tagliamonte, Sali A. [[2006]]. ''Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation.'' Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521778183.
*Trudgill, Peter. [[2000]]. ''Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society.' Penguin. ISBN 9780141926308.
*Watts, Richard J. [[2003]]. ''Politeness.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978052179406-0.

==Nexus externi==
*{{dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Applied_Linguistics|Applied Linguistics}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncsu.edu/linguistics/ncllp/aboutfieldwork.php |title=About sociolinguistic fieldwork |work=The North Carolina Language and Life Project}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101011073136/http://www.revel.inf.br/site2007/_pdf/9/entrevistas/revel_9_interview_labov.pdf Sociolinguistica: colloquium interrogatorium cum Gulielmi Labov.] ''ReVEL'' 5(9), 2007.

[[Categoria:Sociolinguistica|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Syngraphus</title>
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        <username>SpinnerLaserzthe2nd</username>
        <id>137059</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:People's Republic of China Biometric passport.jpg]] → [[File:Chinese passport.svg]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2710" sha1="tsaw9tth42ot7h5foc81i6n0qb54v3m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:First Japanese passport 1866.jpg|thumb|Primus syngraphus [[Iaponicus]], anni 1866.]]
{{Latinitas|-3}}
'''Syngraphus'''&lt;ref&gt;''Cassell's Latin Dictionary,'' ed. 5a (1968), s.v. ''passport''; etiam ''facultas eundi data'' (p. 784).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vide exemplar syngraphi diplomatici Sanctae Sedis [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/en/VAT-AD-01004/image-286975.html hic].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''commeatus diploma'''&lt;ref&gt;Traupman 2007, s.v. ''passport.''&lt;/ref&gt; est documentum civi factum a [[civitas sui iuris|civitate sui iuris]] ut ad alios civitates [[peregrinatio|peregrinari]] possit.

Syngraphi usitate continent [[photographema]] et nonnulla civis data, saltem&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200620113926/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 4], p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[nomen]] plenum (duobus versibus, plerumque nomen gentile&lt;ref&gt;''Cognomen'' dicitur in syngraphis Sanctae Sedis.&lt;/ref&gt; in primo versu et praenomina&lt;ref&gt;''Nomen'' dicitur in syngraphis Sanctae Sedis.&lt;/ref&gt; in secundo versu)
* [[Civitas (ius civium)|civitas]]
* [[sexus]] (codicibus [[Mulier|F]], [[Vir|M]] vel [[Genus non binarium|X]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200620113926/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 4], p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* dies [[natalis]]
* [[locus]] natalis

Regulis [[Institutum Unitarum Nationum Aviationis Civilis|Instituti Unitarum Nationum Aviationis Civilis (ICAO)]], mentiones syngraphorum vel [[Anglice]] vel [[Francogallice]] vel [[Hispanice]] scriptae esse debent (praeter alios sermones quos civitas eligere potest).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250207213709/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 3].&lt;/ref&gt;

Saepe syngraphus non sufficit ad finem peregrinandi et necesse est [[visum]] civitatis visitatae obtinere.

Syngraphorum sunt tria genera: generalis (civibus), muneris causa (magistratibus) et [[diplomatia|diplomaticus]] ([[Legatus (civilitas)|legatibus]]).

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Chinese passport.svg|Syngraphus Sericus (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Chinese passport 2018-09-29.png|Syngraphus Sericus (in interiora)
Fasciculus:Sudan passport cover.JPG|Syngraphus Sudaniensis (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Passport_of_Sudan.jpg|Syngraphus Sudaniensis (in interiora)
Fasciculus:Nederlanden_paspoort.jpg|Syngraphus Batavus (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Dutch_passport_specimen_issued_9_March_2014.jpg|Syngraphus Batavus (in interiora)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foedus Schengis ictum]]
* [[Ratihabitio]]
* [[Syngrapha]]
* [[Tessera identitatis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{stipula}}
{{Myrias|Societas}}

[[Categoria:Periegesis]]</text>
      <sha1>tsaw9tth42ot7h5foc81i6n0qb54v3m</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953571</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T11:48:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~ (10K)</comment>
      <origin>3953571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2710" sha1="d2ghj6k9esfmbe694mq10phey4s77et" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:First Japanese passport 1866.jpg|thumb|Primus syngraphus [[Iaponicus]], anni [[1866]].]]
{{Latinitas|-3}}
'''Syngraphus'''&lt;ref&gt;''Cassell's Latin Dictionary,'' ed. quinta (1968), s.v. ''passport''; etiam ''facultas eundi data'' (p. 784).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Vide exemplar syngraphi diplomatici Sanctae Sedis [https://www.consilium.europa.eu/prado/en/VAT-AD-01004/image-286975.html hic].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''commeatus diploma'''&lt;ref&gt;Traupman 2007, s.v. ''passport.''&lt;/ref&gt; est documentum a [[civitas sui iuris|civitate sui iuris]] civi factum ut ad alias civitates [[peregrinatio|peregrinari]] possit.

Syngraphi usitate continent [[photographema]] et nonnulla civis data, saltem&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200620113926/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 4], p. 6.&lt;/ref&gt;:
* [[nomen]] plenum (duobus versibus, plerumque nomen gentile&lt;ref&gt;''Cognomen'' dicitur in syngraphis Sanctae Sedis.&lt;/ref&gt; in primo versu et praenomina&lt;ref&gt;''Nomen'' dicitur in syngraphis Sanctae Sedis.&lt;/ref&gt; in secundo versu)
* [[Civitas (ius civium)|civitas]]
* [[sexus]] (codicibus [[Mulier|F]], [[Vir|M]] vel [[Genus non binarium|X]])&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20200620113926/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p4_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 4], p. 14.&lt;/ref&gt;
* dies [[natalis]]
* [[locus]] natalis

Regulis [[Institutum Unitarum Nationum Aviationis Civilis|Instituti Unitarum Nationum Aviationis Civilis (ICAO)]], mentiones syngraphorum vel [[Anglice]] vel [[Francogallice]] vel [[Hispanice]] scriptae esse debent (praeter alios [[sermo]]nes quos civitas eligere potest).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250207213709/https://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/9303_p3_cons_en.pdf Documentum 9303 ICAO, pars 3].&lt;/ref&gt;

Saepe syngraphus ad finem peregrinandi non sufficit et necesse est [[visum]] civitatis visitatae obtinere.

Syngraphorum sunt tria genera: generale (civibus), muneris causa (magistratibus), et [[diplomatia|diplomaticum]] ([[Legatus (civilitas)|legatibus]]).

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Chinese passport.svg|Syngraphus Sericus (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Chinese passport 2018-09-29.png|Syngraphus Sericus (in interiora)
Fasciculus:Sudan passport cover.JPG|Syngraphus Sudaniensis (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Passport_of_Sudan.jpg|Syngraphus Sudaniensis (in interiora)
Fasciculus:Nederlanden_paspoort.jpg|Syngraphus Batavus (in exteriora)
Fasciculus:Dutch_passport_specimen_issued_9_March_2014.jpg|Syngraphus Batavus (in interiora)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Foedus Schengis ictum]]
* [[Ratihabitio]]
* [[Syngrapha]]
* [[Tessera identitatis]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Myrias|Societas}}

[[Categoria:Periegesis]]</text>
      <sha1>d2ghj6k9esfmbe694mq10phey4s77et</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adumbratio:Ascalon</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Urbes Geminae */</comment>
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      <text bytes="13770" sha1="69aj5lwhyq6d5f08upc4d01mqznfite" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

=== Aetas Byzantina ===
Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rawwqws777it357j6dprni5e206oxbw</sha1>
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      <text bytes="14380" sha1="s5hcwzc6okke18g2chnfbxngj44ow8g" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

=== Aetas Byzantina ===
Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="14390" sha1="bhjm5yuuqmc7gxt938iwa522dpyu3vi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

=== Aetas Romana ac Byzantina ===
[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="14356" sha1="2icdahrhfmdnhy1zi4tuej7xev2mlwd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14605" sha1="2rq9mh89k7wmfziganfwntx8o90i6kn" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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    <title>Elbochasim</title>
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'''Elluchasem Elimithar''' sive '''Elbochasim''' [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensis]], vero nomine Arabico ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'' (natus saeculo XI ineunte; [[Antiochia]]e mortuus anno [[1066]]) fuit medicus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicus]] et clericus [[Nestorianismus|Nestorianus]]. Bagdati medicinam et philosophiam docebat usque in [[1049]], quo anno iter per [[Halapia]]m [[Cairus|Cairum]] fecit. Ibi degens controversiam cum medico Aegyptio [[Haly Rodoam]] persecutus est. [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] anno [[1054]] suadente [[patriarcha]] [[Michael Cerularius|Michaele Cerulario]] tractatum de [[eucharistia]] composuit. Ab anno insequenti Antiochiae iterum habitavit, ubi in monasterio die [[2 Septembris]] [[1066]] mortem obiit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Daʿwat al-atibbāʾ'' (&quot;Convivium medicorum&quot;, satira)
* ''Daʿwat al-qusūs'' (&quot;Convivium praedicatorum&quot;, satira)
* [[Tacuinum sanitatis|تقويم الصحة]] ''Taqwīm al‑ṣiḥḥa'' (&quot;Tabularium sanitatis&quot;: apud lectores Europaeos mediaevales ''[[Tacuinum sanitatis]]'')

== Bibliographia ==
{{Vide-etiam|Tacuinum sanitatis#Bibliographia}}
; Editiones operum
* 1533 : ''Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar; Albengnefit De virtutibus medicinarum et ciborum; Iac. Alkindus De rerum gradibus''. Argentorati: apud Ioannem Schottum [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10197837-7 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1937 : J. Schacht, [[Max Meyerhof]], edd. et interprr., ''The medico-philosophical controversy between Ibn Butlan of Baghdad and Ibn Ridwan of Cairo''. Cairi
* 2004 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des prêtres: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner [https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bcai/22/67/ recensio]
* 2008 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des médecins: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner 

; Eruditio
* J. Schacht, &quot;[https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/03.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewMenPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v3.H-Iram.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1971.1986.#page/n771/mode/2up Ibn Buṭlān]&quot; in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' 2a ed. vol. 3 (1971) pp. 740-742
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ibn Butlan}}

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1066]]
[[Categoria:Medici Iracae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Syriae]]
[[Categoria:Nestorianismus]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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'''Elluchasem Elimithar''' sive '''Elbochasim''' [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensis]], vero nomine Arabico ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'' (natus saeculo XI ineunte; [[Antiochia]]e mortuus anno [[1066]]) fuit medicus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicus]] et clericus [[Nestorianismus|Nestorianus]]. Bagdati medicinam et philosophiam docebat usque in [[1049]], quo anno iter per [[Halapia]]m [[Cairus|Cairum]] fecit. Ibi degens controversiam cum medico Aegyptio [[Haly Rodoam]] persecutus est. [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] anno [[1054]] suadente [[patriarcha]] [[Michael Cerularius|Michaele Cerulario]] tractatum de [[eucharistia]] composuit. Ab anno insequenti Antiochiae iterum habitavit; sunt qui suadent eum ibi [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonem Sethi]] cognovisse et docuisse. Ibi in monasterio die [[2 Septembris]] [[1066]] mortem obiit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Daʿwat al-atibbāʾ'' (&quot;Convivium medicorum&quot;, satira)
* ''Daʿwat al-qusūs'' (&quot;Convivium praedicatorum&quot;, satira)
* [[Tacuinum sanitatis|تقويم الصحة]] ''Taqwīm al‑ṣiḥḥa'' (&quot;Tabularium sanitatis&quot;: apud lectores Europaeos mediaevales ''[[Tacuinum sanitatis]]'')

== Bibliographia ==
{{Vide-etiam|Tacuinum sanitatis#Bibliographia}}
; Editiones operum
* 1533 : ''Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar; Albengnefit De virtutibus medicinarum et ciborum; Iac. Alkindus De rerum gradibus''. Argentorati: apud Ioannem Schottum [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10197837-7 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1937 : J. Schacht, [[Max Meyerhof]], edd. et interprr., ''The medico-philosophical controversy between Ibn Butlan of Baghdad and Ibn Ridwan of Cairo''. Cairi
* 2004 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des prêtres: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner [https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bcai/22/67/ recensio]
* 2008 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des médecins: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner 

; Eruditio
* J. Schacht, &quot;[https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/03.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewMenPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v3.H-Iram.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1971.1986.#page/n771/mode/2up Ibn Buṭlān]&quot; in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' 2a ed. vol. 3 (1971) pp. 740-742
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ibn Butlan}}

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1066]]
[[Categoria:Medici Iracae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Syriae]]
[[Categoria:Nestorianismus]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="3467" sha1="76t4txq91i622w7xwnf02vgznasczp5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Elluchasem Elimithar''' sive '''Elbochasim''' [[Bagdatum|Bagdatensis]], vero nomine Arabico ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'' (natus saeculo XI ineunte; [[Antiochia]]e mortuus anno [[1066]]) fuit medicus [[lingua Arabica|Arabicus]] et clericus [[Nestorianismus|Nestorianus]]. Bagdati medicinam et philosophiam docebat usque in [[1049]], quo anno iter per [[Halapia]]m [[Cairus|Cairum]] fecit. Ibi degens controversiam cum medico Aegyptio [[Haly Rodoam]] persecutus est. [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] anno [[1054]] suadente [[patriarcha]] [[Michael Cerularius|Michaele Cerulario]] tractatum de [[eucharistia]] composuit. Ab anno insequenti Antiochiae iterum habitavit; sunt qui suadent eum ibi [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonem Sethi]] cognovisse et docuisse. Ibi in monasterio die [[2 Septembris]] [[1066]] mortem obiit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Daʿwat al-atibbāʾ'' (&quot;Convivium medicorum&quot;, satira)
* ''Daʿwat al-qusūs'' (&quot;Convivium praedicatorum&quot;, satira)
* [[Tacuinum sanitatis|تقويم الصحة]] ''Taqwīm al‑ṣiḥḥa'' (&quot;Tabularium sanitatis&quot;: apud lectores Europaeos mediaevales ''[[Tacuinum sanitatis]]'')

== Bibliographia ==
{{Vide-etiam|Tacuinum sanitatis#Bibliographia}}
; Editiones operum
* 1533 : ''Tacuini sanitatis Elluchasem Elimithar; Albengnefit De virtutibus medicinarum et ciborum; Iac. Alkindus De rerum gradibus''. Argentorati: apud Ioannem Schottum [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10197837-7 Textus] apud Monacenses
* 1937 : J. Schacht, [[Max Meyerhof]], edd. et interprr., ''The medico-philosophical controversy between Ibn Butlan of Baghdad and Ibn Ridwan of Cairo''. Cairi
* 2004 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des prêtres: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner [https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bcai/22/67/ recensio]
* 2008 : Joseph Dagher, Gérard Troupeau, interprr., ''Ibn Buṭlān, Le Banquet des médecins: une maqâma chrétienne du XIe siècle''. Lutetiae: Geuthner 

; Eruditio
* Antoine Petrobelli, Marie Conier, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359697346_Arabic_Galenism_from_Antioch_to_Byzantium_Ibn_Butlan_and_Symeon_Seth Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth]&quot; in ''Mediterranea International Journal on the Transfer of Knowledge'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281-315
* J. Schacht, &quot;[https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/03.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewMenPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v3.H-Iram.PhotRepr.Leid.EJBrill.1971.1986.#page/n771/mode/2up Ibn Buṭlān]&quot; in ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'' 2a ed. vol. 3 (1971) pp. 740-742
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ibn Butlan}}

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1066]]
[[Categoria:Medici Iracae]]
[[Categoria:Medici Syriae]]
[[Categoria:Nestorianismus]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Arabici]]
[[Categoria:Theologi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exstinctio Quaternaria tarda</title>
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      <text bytes="2027" sha1="fu3ilnf3g9i7dkwmjdtllo8zwjw63ox" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:9 Bisonte Magdaleniense polícromo.jpg|thumb|''[[Bison priscus]]'' hodie exstinctus in [[spelunca Altamira]] [[Hispania]]e abhinc annorum 36 milia pictus]]
'''Exstinctio Quaternaria tarda''', praecipue [[megafauna|magnorum animalium]], partim ab hominibus profecta, respondet nihilominus etiam frigiditati [[Dryas iunior|iunioris Dryadis]].

== Bibliographia ==
* Brian J. Enquist et al., &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-14369-y The megabiota are disproportionately important for biosphere functioning]&quot; in ''[[Nature]] Communications'' vol. 11 no. 699 (2020)
* S. Kathleen Lyons, Felisa A. Smith, James H. Brown, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306013121/http://biology.unm.edu/fasmith/Web_Page_PDFs/Lyons_et_al_2004_EER.pdf Of mice, mastodons and men: human-mediated extinctions on four continents]&quot; in ''Evolutionary Ecology Research'' vol. 6 (2004) pp. 339–358
* Mario Pino et al., &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-38089-y Sedimentary record from Patagonia, southern Chile supports cosmic-impact triggering of biomass burning, climate change, and megafaunal extinctions at 12.8 ka]&quot; in ''[[Nature]] Scientific Reports'' vol. 9 no. 4413 (13 Martii 2019)
* Jillian A. Swift et al., &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biz105/5572098 Micro Methods for Megafauna: Novel Approaches to Late Quaternary Extinctions and Their Contributions to Faunal Conservation in the Anthropocene]&quot; in ''BioScience'' biz105 (2 Octobris 2019)
* J. Francis Thackeray, Louis Scott, P. Pieterse, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220425132951/http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/28129 The Younger Dryas interval at Wonderkrater (South Africa) in the context of a platinum anomaly]&quot; in ''Palaeontologia africana'' vol. 54 (2019/2020)

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/stoneage/mega-list.html The Extinct Late Pleistocene Mammals of North America]&quot;

[[Categoria:Exstinctiones maiores]]
[[Categoria:Pleistocaenum]]
[[Categoria:Eventa geologica]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus</title>
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      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Lilius Gyraldus]] ad [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]] praeter redirectionem: nomen magis usitatum -- OK?</comment>
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'''Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus'''&lt;ref&gt;Vel ''Lilius Graegorius Zyraldus''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Lilio'' vel ''Giglio Gregorio Giraldi''), die 13 Iunii anno 1479 [[Ferraria (Italia)|Ferrariae]] natus et mense Februario anno 1552 ibidem mortuus,  [[humanista]] Italicus et scriptor Latinus fuit.

==Vita==
[[File:Lilio Gregorio Giraldi De deis gentium.jpg|thumb|Lilii Giraldi ''De deis gentium'' editionis Lugdunensis titulus]]
[[Ferraria (Italia)|Ferrariae]] natus, [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] educabatur, ubi [[Iovianus Pontanus|Pontano]] et [[Iacobus Sannazarius|Sannazario]] familiaris fuit. Anno 1507 [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] discipulus [[Demetrius Chalcocondyles|Demetrii Chalcocondylis]] factus est. {{Creanda|it|Ercole Rangoni|Hercules Rangoni}} cardinalis Gyraldi discipulus et patronus fuit. Anno 1527 [[Direptio Romana|Roma capta]] et direpta et cardinali Rangoni mortuo Lilius domum et bibliothecam perdidit et in [[Bononia]]m abiit, post in Ferrariam revertit, ubi in circulo [[Renata (principissa Franciae)|Renatae ducissae]] versabatur. Non in paupertate extrema mortuus est, ut [[Montanus]] putabat&lt;ref&gt;[http://bribes.org/trismegiste/es1ch34.htm ''Essais'', I 34.&lt;/ref&gt;, quamquam [[Podagra|podagra]] affectus lectum non relinquebat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Opera==
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=-HFeAAAAcAAJ De Musis syntagma]
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EqRMPC922_kC/page/n13 De historia poetarum tam Græcorum quam Latinorum dialogi decem]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=tdFoHQAACAAJ De poetis nostrorum temporum dialogi duo]
*[https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11193473_00005.html De deis gentium libri XVII]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=zSJSAAAAcAAJ  Herculis vita]
*Philosophi Pythagoræ symbolorum interpretatio, cui adjecta sunt Pythagorica præcepta mystica a Plutarcho interpretata
*Libellus quo ænigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur
*De annis et mensibus ceterisque temporum partibus, una cum calendario Romano et Græco
*De re nautica libellus
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Ro9JAAAAcAAJ De sepulcris et vario sepeliendi ritu libellus]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=cfY7AAAAcAAJ Dialogismi XXX]

==Editiones novae==
* Claudia Pandolfi (ed.), Lilio Gregorio Giraldi. Due dialoghi sui poeti dei nostri tempi, Ferrariae 1999 (''Dialogi de poetis'' cum versione Italica)
* John N. Grant (ed.), Lilio Gregorio Giraldi. Modern Poets. The I Tatti Renaissance Library, vol. 48, Harvard University Press, 2011 (''Dialogi de poetis'' cum versione Anglica).

==Bibliographia==
{{Fontes biographici}}
*Mary Helen Deel, The Theory of Poetry of Lilius Gyraldus (tesis), State College of Washington, 1934.
*Maia W. Gahtan, Giraldi's Ænigmata, Tempe, Arizona, 2006.

{{Lifetime|1479|1552|Gyraldus, Lilius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]
[[Categoria:Mythographi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2935" sha1="mze024sq40915vwlc3tyvdjw0kup2j1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}

'''Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus'''&lt;ref&gt;Vel ''Lilius Graegorius Zyraldus''.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Italice]] ''Lilio'' vel ''Giglio Gregorio Giraldi,'' die [[13 Iunii]] [[1479]] [[Ferraria (Italia)|Ferrariae]] natus; mense Februario anno [[1552]] ibidem mortuus) fuit [[humanista]] Italicus et scriptor Latinus.

==Vita==
[[File:Lilio Gregorio Giraldi De deis gentium.jpg|thumb|Lilii Giraldi ''De deis gentium'' editionis Lugdunensis titulus]]
[[Ferraria (Italia)|Ferrariae]] natus, [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] educabatur, ubi [[Iovianus Pontanus|Pontano]] et [[Iacobus Sannazarius|Sannazario]] familiaris fuit. Anno 1507 [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] discipulus [[Demetrius Chalcocondyles|Demetrii Chalcocondylis]] factus est. {{Creanda|it|Ercole Rangoni|Hercules Rangoni}} cardinalis Gyraldi discipulus et patronus fuit. Anno 1527 [[Direptio Romana|Roma capta]] et direpta et cardinali Rangoni mortuo Lilius domum et bibliothecam perdidit et in [[Bononia]]m abiit, post in Ferrariam revertit, ubi in circulo [[Renata (principissa Franciae)|Renatae ducissae]] versabatur. Non in paupertate extrema mortuus est, ut [[Montanus]] putabat&lt;ref&gt;[http://bribes.org/trismegiste/es1ch34.htm ''Essais'', I 34.&lt;/ref&gt;, quamquam [[Podagra|podagra]] affectus lectum non relinquebat.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Opera==
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=-HFeAAAAcAAJ De Musis syntagma]
*[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_EqRMPC922_kC/page/n13 De historia poetarum tam Græcorum quam Latinorum dialogi decem]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=tdFoHQAACAAJ De poetis nostrorum temporum dialogi duo]
*[https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb11193473_00005.html De deis gentium libri XVII]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=zSJSAAAAcAAJ  Herculis vita]
*Philosophi Pythagoræ symbolorum interpretatio, cui adjecta sunt Pythagorica præcepta mystica a Plutarcho interpretata
*Libellus quo ænigmata pleraque antiquorum explicantur
*De annis et mensibus ceterisque temporum partibus, una cum calendario Romano et Græco
*De re nautica libellus
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=Ro9JAAAAcAAJ De sepulcris et vario sepeliendi ritu libellus]
*[https://books.google.ru/books?id=cfY7AAAAcAAJ Dialogismi XXX]

==Editiones novae==
* Claudia Pandolfi (ed.), Lilio Gregorio Giraldi. Due dialoghi sui poeti dei nostri tempi, Ferrariae 1999 (''Dialogi de poetis'' cum versione Italica)
* John N. Grant (ed.), Lilio Gregorio Giraldi. Modern Poets. The I Tatti Renaissance Library, vol. 48, Harvard University Press, 2011 (''Dialogi de poetis'' cum versione Anglica).

==Bibliographia==
{{Fontes biographici}}
*Mary Helen Deel, The Theory of Poetry of Lilius Gyraldus (tesis), State College of Washington, 1934.
*Maia W. Gahtan, Giraldi's Ænigmata, Tempe, Arizona, 2006.

{{Lifetime|1479|1552|Gyraldus, Lilius}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini Renascentiae]]
[[Categoria:Humanistae]]
[[Categoria:Mythographi]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Italiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fabrica (officina)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9431" sha1="ma39gamqxswuhs39rhktig05oq1520j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Wolfsburg VW-Werk.jpg|thumb|Fabrica [[Volkswagen]] [[Wolfsburgum|Wolfsburgi]] in [[Germania]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Zilina zapalkaren.jpg|right|thumb|Fabrica historica [[Solna (urbs)|Solnae]] in [[Slovacia]] refecta. Ramenta flammifera fabricabatur. [[Aedificium]] primum anno [[1915]] exstructum est pro societate ''Wittenberg and son.'']]
[[Fasciculus:View of the entrance to the Arsenal by Canaletto, 1732.jpg|thumb|''Aditus [[armamentarium Veneticum|armamentarii Veeticil]].'' [[Pictura]] a [[Canaletto]] anno [[1732]] facta.]]
[[Fasciculus:WaterMill Interior MotionBlur.jpg|thumb|Pars interior [[mola]]e aquaticae ad [[Lyme Regis]] (saeculo quarto decimo).]]
[[Fasciculus:Cromford 1771 mill.jpg|thumb|[[Fabrica Cromfordiana]] ut hodie videtur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Factory Automation Robotics Palettizing Bread.jpg|thumb|[[Robotum|Robota]] [[industria]]lia [[panis|panem]] aliosque [[cibus|cibos]] in [[pistrinum|pistrino]] in [[Germania]] tractant.]]
[[Fasciculus:Highland park plant 1.jpg|thumb|Fabrica Highland Park Ford circa [[1922]].]]
[[Fasciculus:WomanFactory1940s.jpg|thumb|Operarius fabrilis [[Arx Vorthensis|Arce Vorthensi]] in [[Texia]] [[anni 1940|annis 1940]].]]
'''Fabrica''' vel '''officina''' est situs [[industria]]lis, qui plerumque in [[aedificium|aedificio]] [[machina|machinisque]], vel usitatius in multis aedificiis consistit, ubi operarii [[mercimonium|mercimonia]] [[fabricatio|fabricantur]], vel [[machina]]s operantur, alias [[res]] in alias commutantes. Fabricae [[machinamentum|machinamento]] aetate [[conversio industrialis|conversionis industrialis]] introducto ortae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;Landes 1969.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ricardus Arkwright]] (1732–1792), [[inventor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]], primum fabricae hodiernae exemplar [[inventio|excogitavisse]] habetur.

==Pinacotheca==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Herten - Zeche Ewald 12 ies.jpg|Zeche Ewald in [[Herten]], pars exterior (2011)
Fasciculus:Herten - Zeche Ewald 14 ies.jpg|Zeche Ewald in [[Herten]], pars interior (2011)
Fasciculus:Fox Brothers, Coldharbour Mill, Uffculme - geograph.org.uk - 97156.jpg|[[Coldharbour Mill Working Wool Museum|Coldharbour Mill]], fabrica [[textile|textilium]], anno [[1799]] aedificata.
Fasciculus:Adolph Menzel - Eisenwalzwerk - Google Art Project.jpg| ''Moderne Cyklopen.'' Pictura ab [[Adolphus de Menzel|Adolpho de Menzel]] facta.
Fasciculus:New Lanark buildings 2009.jpg|Fabrica [[New Lanark]] in [[Scotia]].
Fasciculus:Workers in the fuse factory Woolwich Arsenal Flickr 4615367952 d40a18ec24 o.jpg|Operarii in fabrica fusorum.{{dubsig}}&lt;!--fuses--&gt; [[Royal Arsenal|Woolwich Arsenal]], [[saeculum 19|saeculo undevicenssmo]] exeunte.
Fasciculus:Airacobra P39 Assembly LOC 02902u.jpg|Fabrica compositionis&lt;!--?assembly--&gt; [[Societas Bell Aircraft|Societatis Bell Aircraft]] ad [[Wheatfield]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[1944]].
Fasciculus:River Rouge tool and die8b00276r.jpg|Pars interior multiplicis [[Multiplex Ford River Rouge|Rouge]] Tool &amp; Die Works, [[1944]]/
Fasciculus:Hyundai car assembly line.jpg|Linea compositionis, [[Hyundai Motor Company]], circa [[2005]].
Fasciculus:Apmisc-MSFC-6870792.jpg|alt=A large horizontal rocket with USA painted on the side inside of a manufacturing facility|Primae stationes rochetarum [[Saturn V]] in [[Michoud Assembly Facility]] NASA [[anni 1960|annis 1960]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
*[[Administratio]]
*[[Automatio]]
*[[Canalis]]
*[[Consumerismus]]
*[[Conversio inductrialis]]
*[[Electrificatio]]
*[[Fabricatio]]
*[[Ferriviaria]]
*[[Henricus Ford]] 
*[[Globalizatio]]
*[[Horreum]]
*[[Ingeniaria industrialis]]
*[[Kongo Gumi]]
*[[Instrumentum]]
*[[Nanotechnologia]]
*[[Operarius]]
*[[Productio magnaria]]&lt;!--mass p.--&gt;
*[[Robotum]]
*[[Urbanizatio]]
*[[Vicinia mendica]]&lt;!--?slum--&gt;
*[[Maximilianus Weber]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Biggs, Lindy. [[1996]]. ''The rational factory: architecture, technology, and work in America's age of mass production.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-5261-9. [https://archive.org/details/rationalfactorya0000bigg Editio interretialis.]
*Douglas, J. G., et N. Douglas. [[2012]]. ''Ancient Households of the Americas: Conceptualizing What Households Do.'' O'Reilly Media, Inc. ISBN 1457117444. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zs-dXU0-24cC&amp;pg=PT262&amp;dq=ancient+factory+production&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=mNL-T9zpHc7B0gXtvfnBCg&amp;ved=0CEgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&amp;q=ancient%20factory%20production&amp;f=false Google Books.]
*Dublin, Thomas. [[1981]]. &quot;Women at Work: The Transformation of Work and Community in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1826–1860.'' Novi Eboraci: Columbia University Press.
*Dublin, Thomas. [[1994]]. ''Transforming women's work: New England lives in the industrial revolution.'' Ithacae Novi Eboraci: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801428440.
*Landes, David S. [[1969]]. ''The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present.'' Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-09418-6.
*Love, John R. [[1991]]. ''Antiquity and Capitalism: Max Weber and the Sociological Foundations of Roman Civilization.'' Routledge. ISBN 0415047501. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WGTYmsryhDcC&amp;pg=PA129&amp;dq=ancient+factory+production&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=fs3-T5LiNI-Z0QXrqMiHBw&amp;ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=ancient%20factory%20production&amp;f=false Google Books.]
*Marglin, Stephen A. [[1974]]. &quot;What Do Bosses Do?: The Origins and Functions of Hierarchy in Capitalist Production.&quot; ''Review of Radical Political Economics'' 6 (60): 60-112. doi:10.1177/048661347400600206. [https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/marglin/files/review_of_radical_political_economics-1974-marglin-60-112_0.pdf PDF.]
*Musson, et Robinson. [[1969]]. ''Science and Technology in the Industrial Revolution .'' Toronti: University of Toronto Press. [https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu/page/491 Pagina 491.] [https://archive.org/details/sciencetechnolog00aemu Archivum.]
*Needham, Joseph. [[1986]]. ''Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1.'' Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.
*Price, Alfred. [[1986]]. ''The Spitfire Story.'' Ed. secunda. Londinii: Arms and Armour Press Ltd. ISBN 0-85368-861-3.
*Pugh, Peter. [[2000]]. ''The Magic of a Name: The Rolls-Royce Story: The First 40 Years.'' Cantabrigiae: Icon Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84046-151-9.
*[[Maximilianus Weber|Weber, Max]]. [[1981]]. ''General Economic History.'' Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0878556907. [https://books.google.com/books?id=S4BJKqVYjrEC&amp;pg=PA162&amp;dq=history+of+factory+production&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=09X-T-fXBOSo0AXsrMXFCA&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=history%20of%20factory%20production&amp;f=false Google Books.]

==Bibliographia addita==
*Christian, Gallope D.&lt;!--?--&gt; [[1987]]. &quot;Are the classical management functions useful in describing managerial processes?&quot; ''Academy of Management Review'' 12 (1): 38–51.
*Hales, C. [[1999]]. &quot;Why do managers do what they do? Reconciling evidence and theory in accounts of managerial processes.&quot; ''British Journal of Management'' 10 (4): 335–50.
*McDonald, G. [[2000]]. &quot;Business ethics: practical proposals for organisations.&quot; ''Journal of Business Ethics'' 25 (2): 169–85.
*Mintzberg, H. [[1975]]. &quot;The manager's job: Folklore and fact.&quot; ''Harvard Business Review'' 53, no. 4 (Iulius–Augustus): 49–61.
*Mintzberg, H. [[1994]]. &quot;Rounding out the Managers job.&quot; ''Sloan Management Review'' 36 (1): 11–26.
*Peterson, T. [[2004]]. &quot;Ongoing legacy of R. L. Katz: an updated typology of management skills.&quot; ''Management Decision'' 42 (10): 1297–1308.
*Rodrigues, C. [[2001]]. &quot;Fayol's 14 principles then and now: A plan for managing today's organizations effectively.&quot; ''Management Decision'' 39 (10): 880–89.
*Twomey, D. F. [[2006]]. &quot;Designed emergence as a path to enterprise.&quot; ''Emergence, Complexity &amp; Organization'' 8 (3): 12–23.
*Uhl, Karsten. [[2016]]. &quot;Work Spaces: From the Early–Modern Workshop to the Modern Factory.&quot; ''European History Online'' Moguntiaci: Leibniz Institute of European History. [http://www.ieg-ego.eu/uhlk-2015-en Editio interretialis.]

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Factories|fabricas}}
{{Wiktionary|factory|fabricam}}
*&quot;Mill.&quot; [[1911]]. ''Encyclopaedia Britannica,'' ed. Hugh Chisolm, vol. 18.
*Case, Bob, John Dodge, et Horace Dodge. [[2010]]. ''Henry Ford and Innovation.'' [https://web.archive.org/web/20181026025027/https://www.thehenryford.org/docs/default-source/default-document-library/default-document-library/henryfordandinnovation.pdf?sfvrsn=0 The Henry Ford.]
*Dickens, Phill, Michael Kelly, et John R. Williams. [[2013]]. &quot;What are the significant trends shaping technology relevant to manufacturing?&quot; Government Office for Science UK. [https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/277164/ep6-technology-trends-relevant-to-manufacturing.pdf PDF.]
*Fishman, Charles. [[2017]]. &quot;The Future of Zero-Gravity Living Is Here.&quot; ''Smithsonian Magazine,'' Iunius. [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/future-zero-gravity-living-is-here-180963243/ Editio interretialis.]
*[https://www.assetbuilding.com.au/industrial-commercial-buildings/industrial-sheds/ &quot;What Are Industrial Sheds?&quot;] Asset Building.

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    <title>Renatus Andegavensis</title>
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      <text bytes="56475" sha1="bo9leqvrm437fe3szf7z38oo3dplggc" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Renatus Andegavensis''' cognomento '''bonus''',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Renatus ille, cognomine Bonus, Rex Neapolis et Siciliae, Dux Andegavensis, Comes Provinciae, filius fuit Ludovici III. Regis Neapolitani&quot;: Caspar Sagittarius, 1691 {{Google Books|N8tcAAAAcAAJ|p. 20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francogallice ''René d'Anjou'' atque saepe ''le bon roi René'',&lt;ref&gt;&quot;madame Marguerite Danjou fille du bon roy Rene&quot;: Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|f. 166r}}&lt;/ref&gt; fuit nobilis [[Francia]]e qui etiam regna transmarina sibi vindicavit, videlicet [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum|Hierosolymitanum]], [[Regnum Neapolitanum|Neapolitanum]], [[Regnum Siciliae|Siculum]]. Filius fuit [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis [[Andecavensis|Andegavensis]] et [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolandae]] [[Aragonia|Aragonensis]]. Pater fuit [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margaritae Andegavensis]] reginae [[Anglia]]e. Neque [[Hierosolyma]]m neque [[Sicilia]]m unquam visitavit. [[Neapolis|Neapoli]] haud regnavit, nisi quod inter annos [[1437]] et [[1442]] in terris huius regni vano militabat. [[Francogallice]] de amore et de nobilitate scripsit. [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] anno [[1448]] condidit.

== De vita ==
[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou02 detail.jpg|thumb|[[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Sanctus Renatus]], episcopus aevo antiquo Andegavensis, cum effigie [[Ludovicus II (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovici II]] ducis nuper mortui, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;{{Creanda|fr|Maître de Rohan|Magister de Rohan|magistro de Rohan}}&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 61r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]

=== Iuventus ===
Renatus die fere [[16 Ianuarii]] [[1409]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f31 vol. 1 pp. 3-4]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; in [[castellum Andegavense|castello Andegavensi]] natus est ubi pater, qui ante decem annos e Neapoli expulsus erat, ducatum suum Andecavensem gubernabat. Praenomen ad honorem sancti episcopi Andegavensis [[Renatus (episcopus Andecavensis)|Renati]] datum est. Frater natu maximus [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]] haeres fuerit tam huius ducatus quam [[comitatus Provinciae]]; soror natu maior [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] anno 1413 desponsa est [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] comiti Pontievriae, cui Renatus annis insequentibus contubernalis erat dum Carolus (rex Francorum futurus) sub Yolandae tutela vivebat. Patre anno 1417 mortuo, Renatus breve temporis spatium cum matre fratribusque Caroloque remansit, sed sponsalia eius cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e die [[20 Martii]] [[1419]] conventa sunt e consiliis coniunctis Yolandae matris suae et [[Ludovicus I (dux Barri)|Ludovici]], Yolandae avunculi, cardinalis episcopi ducisque [[Barrum|Barri]]. Ergo [[Nanceium|Nancei]] a die [[10 Augusti]] [[1419|huius anni]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f81 vol. 1 pp. 53-59]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; apud illam socrumque [[Carolus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Carolum]] ducem educatus est in prisco [[castellum ducale (Nanceium)|castello ducali]] (quod nepos [[Renatus II (dux Lotharingiae)|Renatus II]] stilo novo reconstruxerit).

Isabellam Nancei die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] in matrimonium duxit, obeunte [[Henricus de Villa|Henrico de Villa]] episcopo [[Tullum Leucorum|Tullensi]]. Ludovicus Barrensis gubernium ducatus sui anno fere 1420 Renato et Isabellae confidit. Mariam Renati sororem Carolus Valesius anno 1422 in matrimonium duxit eodemque anno apud [[Avaricum Biturigum|Bituriges]] se regem Francorum proclamavit. [[Anglia|Anglis]] devictis et e maiori Franciae parte expulsis, Carolus tandem die [[17 Iulii]] [[1429]] rex consecratus est in [[ecclesia cathedralis Remensis|ecclesia cathedrali Remensi]], Renato cum aliis regni nobilibus adstante. Die [[15 Augusti]] [[1429|huius anni]] Renatus exercitum suum iuxta copias Francicas contra Anglos ad [[Mons Speculatorius|Montem Speculatorium]] duxit, ubi tandem proelium nullum commissum est.

Ludovico duce mortuo, Renatus ducatum Barri die [[26 Iunii]] [[1430]] accepit. Socro mortuo anno 1431 iure uxoris dux Lotharingiae factus est, sed hunc ducatum in pace non tenebat: [[Antonius (comes Vaudimontii)|Antonius]] enim comes [[Vaudimontium|Vaudimontii]], qui, semel a Renato anno [[1425]] in obsidione [[Wizilium|Wizilii]] devicto, rursus ducatum Lotharingiensem sibi vindicabat atque iam socio [[Philippus Bonus|Philippo]] [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundo]] bellum gerebat, Renatum die [[2 Iulii]] [[1431]] proelio cepit et Philippo statim tradidit, aemulo familiae Andecavensium fere sempiterno.

=== Captivitas Burgundica ===
Renatus primum in castello [[Mons Talenti|montis Talenti]] prope [[Divio]]nem, mox in arce [[Bracon (Iura)|Bracone]], deinde ad [[Rochefort-sur-Nenon|Rochefort]] prope [[Dola]]m incarceratus est, denuo in [[castellum Divionense|castello Divionensi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f93 vol. 1 pp. 65-66, 81-95]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi Philippus captivum suum primum die [[16 Februarii]] [[1432]] visitavit. Licentiam exeundi die [[1 Maii]] [[1432|huius anni]] concedit: Renatus autem filios [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannem]] et [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicum]] loco suo tradere coactus est. [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] die [[13 Februarii]] [[1433]], praeside Philippo, induciae temporariae inter Renatum et Antonium compositae sunt per sponsalia Ferrici, huius filii, cum Yolanda, filia illius (e quo Antonii nepos futurus heres Lotharingiae fuerit): deinde patres, usque adhuc inimici, ad pacem Lotharingiae reddendam socii laboraverunt. Renatus mense Ianuario [[1434]] Carolum regem [[Vienna]]e in [[delphinatus Viennensis|delphinatu]], Februario [[Amadeus VIII (dux Sabaudiae)|Amadeum VIII]] ducem [[Ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudiae]] incurrit filiumque eius [[Ludovicus (dux Sabaudiae)|Ludovicum]] cuius matrimonium eis diebus [[Camberiacum|Camberiaci]] in urbe celebratum est.

Mox cum Antonio [[Basilea]]e progressus est ubi de hereditate ducatus Lotharingiae praeside imperatore [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus|Sigismundo]] disputaverunt, Renato victore. Ducatum suum manibus imperatoris in [[ecclesia cathedralis Basileensis|cathedrali Basileensi]] die [[24 Aprilis]] [[1434]] rite accepit. Quam rem aegre ferens Philippus Burgundus, qui decretum de Lotharingia sibi Bruxellis reservaverat, captivum exemptum statim in carcerem Divionensem revocavit et duos annos retinuerit, filio natu maximo Ioanne minime liberato. Renatus interdum dux Andegavensis comesque [[Cenomanensis]] et [[comitatus|Provinciae]] die [[12 Novembris]] [[1434]] factus est, fratre Ludovico hoc die mortuo. Eodem casu [[regnum Neapolitanum]] mox accepit, cuius regina [[Ioanna II (regina Neapolitana)|Ioanna II]], filiis carens, [[Alphonsus V (rex Aragonum)|Alphonso Aragonensi]] &quot;Magnifico&quot; breviter ad hereditatem accepto denuoque reiecto, Ludovicum Andegavensem haeredem anno 1431 constituerat. Ioanna enim die [[2 Februarii]] [[1435]] mortem obiit.

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou03.jpg|thumb|Renatus Andegavensis barbatus (sicut in carcere Burgundo iacebat) precans, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 81v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Qui carcerem dux Barri et Lotharingiae intraverat, plurimos titulos gerens (Ioanna enim se reginam Hierosolymae, Siciliae et Hungariae praetenderat) ibi iacebat, quippe qui, mente captoris, redemptionem sumptuosiorem meruerit. De fortuna sua Neapolitana Renatus, stricte inclusus, a consiliario [[Vitalis de Cabanis|Vitale de Cabanis]] iuris consulto Provinciali certior factus est. Die [[27 Octobris]] [[1435|huius anni]] eruditus [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius]], [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes]] [[Ducatus Mediolanensis|ducis]] [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] legatus, de foedere quaerens Renatum visitavit. Hic nihil palam dicere temptans, vigilum Burgundorum causa, colloquia postridie inter consiliarium secretum suum [[Iacobus de Sierck|Iacobum de Sierck]] (archiepiscopum futurum) Candidumque Decembrium fieri suasit. Tali severitate agens Philippus diu cessionem [[ducatus Barrensis]] vano postulabat.&lt;ref&gt;''El re Rayneri non pote heri parlare como desiderava per li guardii cha dintorno ... El duca de Borgogna, lassato el parentato del re di Francia, si cerca el parentato del dito re Rayneri, per havere el ducato di Barri'': relatio [[Petrus Candidus Decembrius|Petri Candidi Decembrii]] apud {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f240 vol. 2 pp. 220-222]&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimo [[Insula (urbs Franciae)|Insulae]] in urbe die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] dominia minora plura, magnum pretium pecuniarium, sponsalia neptis suae [[Maria Borbonia (1428–1448)|Mariae Borboniae]] accepit cum Renati filio Ioanne,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f148 vol. 1 pp. 120-128]&lt;/ref&gt; qui Divione incarceratus manebat.

Mater Yolanda iam ante annum 1435 ducatum Andecavensem dirigebat, loco Ludovici ducis qui in Italia moraverat. Uxor Isabella, titulo vicariae generalis a marito captivo die [[4 Iunii]] [[1435]] dato, gubernium Lotharingiae episcopis [[Conradus Bayerus de Boppardo|Conrado Bayero]] [[Mettis|Mettensi]] et [[Ludovicus de Haraucurte|Ludovico de Haraucurte]] [[Virodunum|Virodunensi]] confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f138 vol. 1 pp. 110-114]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Neapolis|Neapolim]] die [[18 Octobris]] [[1435]] progressa est cum filio natu secundo Ludovico.&lt;ref&gt;Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 790}}; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi {{Creanda|it|Castel Capuano|Castellum Capuanum}} sibi domum principalem constituit, sed non sine aemulo regnum pro marito suscepit. Alphonsus enim, iam Aragoniam et Siciliam possidens, sibi titulum regni Neapolitani nuper amissum vindicabat. Mense Augusto captus et incarceratus a duce [[Mediolanum|Mediolanensi]] [[Philippus Maria Vicecomes|Philippo Maria Vicecomite]], mense Octobri 1435 liberatus est ut Neapolim conquisiverit, annutante captore quem rapidissime in socium converterat. Isabella igitur cum militibus suis exercituque ab [[Iacobus Caldora|Iacobo Caldora]] duce [[Barium|Barii]] conductis bellum contra Alphonsum gerebat. Die [[25 Februarii]] [[1437]] foedus cum [[Genua|Genuensibus]] concludit, qui nuper sibi a ducatu Mediolanensi libertatem proclamaverant. Mense Aprili [[1437]] advenit [[Ioannes Maria Vitelleschi]] cardinalis, auxilia a papa [[Eugenius IV|Eugenio IV]] missa ducens, sed, paucis rebus factis, dissonantiis cum Isabella Iacoboque Caldora ortis, mox abiit.

=== Regnum Neapolitanum amissum ===
Renatus ipse die [[7 Februarii]] [[1437]] liberatus terras suas rapidius visitavit. Gubernium Lotharingiae et Barrensis binis episcopis cum Erardo de Chastelet confidit. Filium Ioannem e carcere ipse redemit, ducem [[Calabria]]e creavit, secum ad urbem [[Andecavis|Andecavorum]] conduxit ubi matrimonium eius (nuper Insulae in urbe convento) celebratum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/234/mode/2up vol. 1 p. 234-235]; Augustin Calmet, ''Histoire ecclésiastique et civile de Lorraine'' (1728) vol. 2 {{Google Books|j0pP_MDm90IC|col. 805}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#JeanAnjoudied1470 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Inde mense Iulio villam regiam de [[Gyen]] petivit ubi rex Carolus VII degebat. Ibi Renatus privatim cum sorore [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] regina et fratre natu tertio [[Carolus Andegavensis|Carolo]], consiliario regis, de comitatu Cenomanensi ad Carolum transferendo atque de rebus aulicis a Carolo curandis die [[2 Augusti]] [[1437|eiusdem anni]] statuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f159 vol. 1 pp. 131-132]&lt;/ref&gt; Deinde res Barrenses et Lotharingienses corrigere curavit, pace cum Antonio Vaudimontii iterum compacta. Mense Novembri Provinciam petivit (quam usque adeo nunquam viderat),&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}} nota 4&lt;/ref&gt; filio Ioanne nuroque Maria assistentibus, ubi inter ritos sollemnes festaque popularia die [[7 Decembris]] [[1437]] [[Arelate]] intravit, die 15 [[Massilia]]m, die 17 eiusdem mensis Aquis Sextiis. Propter tumultus contra [[Iudaei|Iudaeos]] a civibus huius urbis recenter iniuste motis [[consilium eminens]] a fratre [[Ludovicus III (dux Andegavensis|Ludovico]] Aquis Sextiis institutum [[Massilia]]m removi iussit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Villeneuve (1825)}} [https://archive.org/details/histoirederendan01vill/page/240/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 241-251]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Armes du roi rené d'anjou.jpg|thumb|Insignia Renati Andegavensis e ''Statutis Ordinis Crescentis Lunae'' ab illo anno [[1448]] conditae (''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Fr. 25204 f. 52r)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc53671s Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Renatus Ioannesque et Maria cum copiis suis, navibus sociorum Genuensium septem utentes (quarum tres mercede conduxerant), [[Genua]]m de [[15 Aprilis]] [[1438]], inde {{Creanda|it|Porto Pisano|Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum}}, inde Neapolim die [[19 Maii]] [[1438|proximo]] pervenerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f191.image vol. 1 pp. 161-166]&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi ducem exercituum iam senem Iacobum Caldora primum cognovit, quem &quot;loco patris&quot; se honorare nuntiavit,&lt;ref&gt;''Diaria Neapolitana'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n588/mode/2up col. 1108]&lt;/ref&gt; et uxorem filiumque Ludovicum post multos annos revidit. Ludovicum statim Nanceium misit, titulis marchionis [[Pons Montionis|Pontis Montionis]] et gubernatoris [[comitatus Barrensis]], mox etiam ducatus Lotharingiae locum tenentis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt; Alphonsus cum fratre [[Petrus Aragonensis|Petro]] bellum gerens, castella Neapolitana [[castellum novum (Neapolis)|novum]] et [[castellum Ovi|Ovi]] iam possidens, die [[17 Octobris]] [[1438]] ipsam urbem Neapolim cepit, fratre in obsidione interfecto. Renatus post duos menses urbem, mense Augusto [[1439]] etiam castella sibi vindicavit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f204 vol. 1 pp. 174-180]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis per provincias vario successu pugnatum est. Iacobo Caldora mense Novembri [[1439]] in obsidione [[Collis (Campania)|Collis Samnitici]] mortuo, filius eius Antonius semper inconstans ad Alphonsum se iungit. Impensis crescentibus, victoria magis magisque incerta, Isabella a Neapoli die fere [[10 Augusti]] [[1440]] discedens, titulis vicariae generalis Provinciae Lotharingiaeque et Andecavensis munita, Massiliam petivit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f214 vol. 1 pp. 184-199]; {{qc|id=Russo (2016)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus deinde habitationem suam in Castello novo constituens ibi die [[28 Februarii]] [[1441|anni insequentis]] festa celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Oren J. Margolis, &quot;Cipriano de' Mari's Lucianic speech for René of Anjou (St-Dié, MS 37): humanism and diplomacy in Genoa and beyond&quot; in ''Renaissance Studies'' vol. 27 (2013) pp. 219-235 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24420153 JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt; sed a mense Februario [[1442]], Castello Ovi deperdito, nihil regni Neapolitani retinuit nisi Castellum novum mediamque urbem Neapolim, moeniis cinctam, ubi cives mox fame affligebantur. Renatus ex urbe capta die [[2 Iunii]] [[1442|huius anni]] recedere coactus est. Sic e regno exclusus itinere marino [[Portus Pisanus|Portum Pisanum]], inde [[Florentia]]m regressus est, ubi subsidia apud papam Eugenium IV iterum postulavit. Honoribus sed non militibus oneratus, ad [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquas Sextias]] mense Octobri pervenit, regno Neapolitano amissa.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f240 vol. 1 pp. 210-220]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Filiae Margaritae matrimonium ===
Dum [[Massilia]]e in Provincia res huius comitatus iuxta Isabellam uxorem corrigebat, mater [[Yolanda Aragoniae|Yolanda]], qui locum tenens ducatum Andecavensem pro filio suo gubernabat, die [[14 Novembris]] [[1442]] mortua est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 p. 226]&lt;/ref&gt; Quo ducatu his annis ab exercitu [[Anglia|Anglo]] minato, Renatus de pace cum Anglis componenda iam fortasse cogitabat. Ergo decretis Provincialibus Massiliae et [[Tarasco]]ne latis ad aulam regis Francici [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Caroli VII]] cum Isabella properavit, qui, [[Guienna]] nuper devicta, mense Martio [[1443]] [[Tolosa]]e morabat cum regina [[Maria Andegavensis|Maria]] Renati sorore. Unde hi quattuor cum [[Carolus Aurelianensis|Carolo Aurelianensi]] (nuper e captivitate Anglica redempto) per [[Tulla]]m [[Pictavium]]que in ducatum [[Andecavensis|Andegavensem]] revenerunt. Ibi [[Chinonium|Chinonii]] die [[1 Decembris]] [[1443|huius anni]] [[Magdalena Valesia|Magdalena]], filia Mariae minima, nata erit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f256 vol. 1 pp. 226-229]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Les Heures de Paris de Rene d'Anjou01 detail.jpg|thumb|Virgo lunae crescentis, ex ''Horis Renati Andegavensis'' a &quot;magistro de Rohan&quot; ornatis (''Heures de René d'Anjou, roi de Sicile''. [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Lat. 1156 A, olim Cangé 61, f. 18v)&lt;ref&gt;[https://archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cc134533 Catalogus]&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Anno insequenti e consiliis politicis praesertim Caroli ducis Aurelianensis ipsiusque Renati inter Francicos, [[Henricus Beaufort (cardinalis)|Henrici Beaufort]] cardinalis inter Anglos, pacem inter duas nationes componendam proiectum est. Die [[22 Maii]] [[1444]] per [[induciae Turonenses|inducias Turonenses]] conventa est, legatis Anglicis Henrico Beaufort et comite [[Suffolcia]]e [[Willelmus de la Pole|Willelmo de la Pole]] cum [[Adam Moleyns|Adamo Moleyns]] decano [[Wintonia|Wintoniensi]], pacem duos annos inter [[Francia|Francos]] et Anglos fore, provincias [[Andecavensis|Andecavensem]] [[Cenomanensis|Cenomanensemque]] regno Francico dandas, matrimonium regis Henrici VI cum [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]] Renati filia, annum aetatis suae quidecimum agente, celebrandum. Illa dum colloquia tenebantur iam prope legatos cum matre in {{Creanda|fr|Abbaye de Beaumont|abbatia Belli Montis prope Turones|abbatia}} [[Bellus Mons prope Turones|Belli Montis prope Turones]] manebat. Sponsalia [[Turonum|Turonis]] in [[basilica Sancti Martini Turonensis|basilica S. Martini]] die [[24 Maii|24]] [[1444|huius mensis]] rite celebratae sunt, obeunte legato apostolico [[Petrus de Monte|Petro de Monte]], adstante rege Francico [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo VII]], delphino [[Ludovicus XI|Ludovico]], patruo [[Carolus IV (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo]], amita Maria regina. Renatus pater, tamquam rex Siciliae et Hierusalem, Carolusque rex Franciae, inter homines; Margarita, tamquam regina Angliae, Mariaque regina Franciae, inter mulieres aequis honoribus ad epulas consederunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f260 vol. 1 pp. 230-233]; &quot;Procès-verbal&quot; (narratio sponsalium) ibidem [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f274.image vol. 2 pp. 254-257]; &quot;Mariage de Marguerite d'Anjou&quot; in Auguste Vallet de Viriville, ''Histoire de Charles VII, roi de France, et de son époque'' (Lutetiae, 1862-1865) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k28987p/f469 vol. 2 pp. 453-454 in nota subiuncta]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Mettis|Mettenses]], Renato subiecti, restitutionem pecuniarum eo iamdudum mutuatarum postulantes, ornamenta et impedimenta ceperunt quae Isabella ad matrimonium filiae suae celebrandum [[Pons Montionis|Ponte Montionis]] mitterat. Quae ut recuperarent Renatus et Carolus VII socii mense Septembri 1444 expeditionem fecerunt dieque [[3 Martii]] [[1445]] capitulationem urbis acceperunt. Matrimonium ergo Margaritae et Henrici [[Nanceium|Nancei]] mense Martio 1445 celebratum est cum magnificis {{Creanda|fr|Tournoi (Moyen Âge)|ludi equestres|ludis equestribus}}. Adfuit et [[Ferricus II (comes Vaudimontii)|Ferricus Vaudimontii]], Antonii filius, cui diebus insequentibus Yolanda Renati filia natu maxima nupsit, saltationibus [[hastiludium|hastiludiisque]] tam pastoralibus quam militaribus datis. Territoriis suis late sparsis aegre rectis, Renatus gubernium Lotharingiae filio Ioanni, annum aetatis vigesimum primum agenti, confidit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f263 vol. 1 pp. 233-244], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f169 vol. 2 pp. 149-150]&lt;/ref&gt; Filius Ludovicus hoc fere tempus (sed die etiamque anno incertis) mortuus est.

[[Fasciculus:Passion de saint Maurice - Arsenal940 - Assemblée de l'ordre du croissant.jpg|thumb|Congregatio equitum [[Ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinis crescentis lunae]]. ''Passio Mauritii et sociorum eius'' (1453). [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS. Arsénal 940 f. ante primum]]
Inde ad ducatum Andegavensem revenit, ubi anno [[1446]] hastiludia duo celebravit,&lt;ref&gt;Numerus hastiludiorum hoc anno celebratorum vario modo datur: tria enim fuerunt, videlicet Raziliaci, Launay, Salmurii, secundum Guillaume Bureaux, &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/peme/12792 Pas d’armes et vide iconographique: quand le texte doit remplacer l’image (xve siècle)]&quot; in ''Perspectivess médiévales'' no. 38 (2017)&lt;/ref&gt; videlicet ''[[Emprise de la gueule du dragon]]'' ad villam {{Creanda|fr|Château de Razilly|Raziliacum}} iuxta [[Chinonium]] et ''{{Creanda|fr|Emprise du château de Joyeuse-Garde|Emprise du château de la joyeuse garde}}'' apud villam {{Creanda|fr|Château de Launay (Villebernier)|Launay prope Salmurium|Launay}} prope [[Salmurium]]&lt;ref&gt;Sébastien Nadot, &quot;Le manuscrit français F. p. XIV, no 4 de la Bibliothèque Nationale de Russie: Chronique illustrée des Pas de Razilly et de Saumur (1446)&quot; in S. Nadot, ''Le Spectacle des joutes'' (Redonis) pp. i-xiv [https://books.openedition.org/pur/134457 de hac commentatione]; Marc Vulson de la Colombière, ''Le vray théâtre d'honneur et de chevalerie'' (Lutetiae, 1648) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k480023j/f107 vol. 1 pp. 81-106]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f166 vol. 2 pp. 146-147]&lt;/ref&gt; quam nuper uxori Isabellae dono dederat.

=== Debellatio Anglorum ===
Pax autem cum Anglis anno 1444 facta breve spatium tantum duraverat. Cessionem enim comitatus [[Cenomanensis]], de iure ducibus Andegavensibus obnoxii, quam rex Henricus VI verbis promiserat, non perficiebat. Colloquiis rursus [[Cenomanum|Cenomani]] mense Octobri [[1447]] habitis, comitatu nihilominus usque in mensem Martium [[1448]] ab Anglis retento, Carolus rex urbem Cenomanum obsedit comitatumque omnem armis reduxit et [[Carolus (comes Cenomanensis)|Carolo Andegavensi]] concedit, Renati fratri intimoque regis ipsius consiliario, heredi Cenomanensis e testamento fratris natu maximi.&lt;ref&gt;[[Willelmus Worcestre]], ''Collections'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Letters and papers illustrative of the wars of the English in France during the reign of Henry the Sixth'' (Londinii, 1861) [https://archive.org/details/letterspapersill22stev/page/n269/mode/2up vol. 2ii pp. 634-718]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f278 vol. 1 pp. 248-252, 263]&lt;/ref&gt;

Renatus a mense Februario 1447 usque in Iulium 1449 in Provincia morabat. Ibi [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus]] delphinus, qui in [[Dalfinatus Viennensis|territorio suo]] procul a patre se retraxerat, [[Tarasco]]ne eum petivit dum [[peregrinatio Sanctae Mariae de Mari|peregrinationem]] [[ecclesia Sanctae Mariae de Mari|Sanctae Mariae de Mari]] absolvebat. De hoc loco sacro explorando consentierunt, sed non de politica contra regem Carolum coniunctione. Renatus ergo anno insequenti effossiones in [[villa de Mari]] fieri iussit ubi reliquias sanctarum [[Maria Iacobi|Mariae Iacobi]] et [[Maria Salome|Mariae Salomae]] repertas nuntiatum est.&lt;ref&gt;Abbé Faillon, ''Monuments inédits sur l'apostolat de Sainte Marie-Madeleine en Provence'' (1848-1865) [http://jeanderoquefort.free.fr/6_1_4_abbe_faillon.html Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; His annis episcopus [[Telo Martius|Telonensis]] [[Ioannes Gombard]] episcopusque [[Massilia|Massiliensis]] [[Nicolaus de Brancas]], legati eius, cum legatis Caroli VII per [[Lugdunum]] [[Roma]]m missi sunt ut [[schisma]] terminare conarentur, quae res die [[7 Aprilis]] [[1449]] efficitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f283 vol. 1 pp. 253-257]&lt;/ref&gt; Tarascone a die 3 usque in [[8 Iunii]] [[1449]] [[hastiludium]] celebravit, titulo ''[[Pas de la bergère]]'', cuius victor Ferricus Vaudimontii gener Renati praemium basiarum accepit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Crapelet (1828)}}; {{qc|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2 p. 43 sqq.}}; {{qc|id=Frizet (2009)}}; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f167 vol. 2 pp. 147-149]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibidem iam die [[11 Augusti]] [[1448]] [[ordo crescentis lunae|Ordinem crescentis lunae]] condiderat,&lt;ref&gt;''Statuts de l'Ordre du Croissant'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8470042b Manuscriptum]&lt;/ref&gt; exemplo [[ordo Aurei Velleris|Ordine aurei velleris]] aemulorum [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundorum]], cuius equites maxima parte Renati milites et fautores necnon clientes fuerint. Capitulum primum huius ordinis Tarascone die [[22 Septembris]] [[1448|eiusdem anni]] tenuit, senatore primo {{Creanda|fr|Gui de Laval-Loué|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidone de Valle}} domino [[Laudiacum|Laudiaci]], senatoribus insequentibus Renato ipso, [[Ioannes Cossa|Ioanne Cossa]] Italo, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovico de Bello Valle]] patruoque huius [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrando]] Andegavensibus.&lt;ref&gt;Christian de Mérindol, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250123231956/https://www.torrossa.com/en/catalog/preview/2254857 L'Ordre du croissant: mises au point et perspectives]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La Noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge'' (École Française de Rome, 2000) pp. 499-509; Michael T. Reynolds, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/3316843/René_of_Anjou_King_of_Sicily_and_the_order_of_the_Croissant René of Anjou, King of Sicily, and the Order of the Croissant]&quot; in ''Journal of Medieval History'' vol. 19 (1993) pp. 125–161; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f560 vol. 1 pp. 530-536]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:René d'Anjou.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Comment le roy de Cecille vint devers le feu roy en Normandie'': Renatus &quot;rex Siciliae&quot;, regis Caroli VII socius, milites suos in expeditionem [[Normannia|Normannicam]] anno [[1449]] ducens. [[Martialis de Arvernia]], ''Vigilia Caroli VII'', 1484 ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 5054 f. 171r [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b105380390 Catalogus])]]
Renatus filiusque Ioannes a mense Octobri [[1449]] cum [[Carolus VII (rex Francorum)|Carolo]] rege in [[Normannia]] contra Anglos militaverunt, qui pacem abrumpens [[Filiceriae|Filicerias]] ceperant. Socii in [[Rothomagus|Rothomagum]] die [[10 Novembris]] [[1449|huius anni]] sine proelio recepti [[Cadomum]] die [[6 Iulii]] [[1450]] post obsidionem ceperunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Le Recouvrement de Normendie'' in Joseph Stevenson, ed., ''Narratives of the expulsion of the English from Normandy, 1449-1450'' (Londinii, 1863) [https://archive.org/details/narrativesofexpu00stev/page/286/mode/2up pp. 287-359 passim]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f288 vol. 1 pp. 258-261]&lt;/ref&gt; Renatus rursus mense Augusto [[1451]] [[Talleburgum|Talleburgi]] in urbe regionis [[Santonensis]] cum Carolo collocutus est, qui [[Guienna]]m ab Anglis eo anno munitam oppugnabat, bono successu. Hic apud [[Turonum|Turones]] aliquot menses, ille [[Andecavis]] in urbe haud longe distante morabat ut colloquia continuare possent. Mense Februario [[1452]] Renatus Provinciam petivit sed cito in ducatum Andegavensem reditus est ubi uxor Isabella apud Launay aegrotabat. Quae die [[28 Februarii]] [[1453]] mortua est. Viduus ducatum Lotharingiae, quem iure uxoris gubernaverat, filio Ioanni die [[26 Martii]] [[1453|eiusdem anni]] cedit, consignantibus Antonio et Ferrico Vaudimontii.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f291 vol. 1 pp. 261-265]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Expeditio Italica secundumque matrimonium ===
[[Fasciculus:Regnault et Jehanneton BNF colophon.jpg|thumb|Ultima pagina carminis ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' ubi personae huius fabulae per insignia Renato et [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannae de Valle]] amatae adaequantur. Exemplar saec. XIX manuscripti saec. XV ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Fr. 12178)]]
His diebus [[Florentia|Florentini]] et [[Mediolanum|Mediolanenses]], quippe qui potestatem Alphonsi Magnifici metuebant, novam expeditionem Italicam suaserunt apud Carolum regem, qui, [[Genua]]m sibi subigere cupiens, in castello suo [[Plessiacum prope Turones|Montiliorum]] die [[21 Februarii]] [[1452]] foedus concludit quo non ipse sed filius Ludovicus delphinus sociusque Renatus expeditionem anno insequenti susceperint ad Genuenses Venetosque, Alphonsi socios, debellandos. Renatus nihil ex hoc foedere habuerit nisi his rebus prospere factis milites sui meridiei versus regnum Neapolitanum conquisiverint. Renatus ergo mense Iulio 1453 ab [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] per [[Segustero]]nem usque ad [[Vapincum]] cum equitum fere duo milia progressus est, sed, [[Transitus Alpium|transitu Alpino]] a [[ducatus Sabaudiae|Sabaudis]] interdictis, Massiliam redire coactus est. Trans mare [[Albintimilium]], inde per [[Hasta Pompeia|Hastam Pompeiam]], [[Alexandria Statiellorum|Alexandriam]], [[Papia]]m, [[Cremona]]m pervenit ubi copias suas cum sociis coniunxit. [[Brixia]]m statim oppugnaverunt, olim Mediolano subiectam, recenter a Venetis captam. Urbem pagumque Brixianum rapidissime conquisiverunt, sed sub pluviis hiemalibus plura non potebant. Florentini (qui, sicut Renatus, adeo nihil profecerant) subsidia promissa retraxerunt pacemque adiuvante papa [[Nicolaus V|Nicolao V]] peterunt. Renatus, qui [[Placentia]]e mense Decembri morabat, de his colloquiis iratus, statim per Alexandriam [[Alba Pompeia|Albamque Pompeiam]] et [[Mons Matrona|montem Matronam]] (Sabaudis permittentibus) Aquas Sextias die fere [[9 Februarii]] [[1454]] revenit, a pluribus tam Italis quam Francis contemptus.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f300 vol. 1 pp. 270-287]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Pietro da milano, medaglia di renato d'angiò, 1461.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|&lt;small&gt;RENATVS . DEI . GRAGIA . IHERVSALEM . ET . SICILIE . REX . &amp; . CETERA&lt;/small&gt;: effigies a Petro Milanensi anno 1461 sculpta]]
Si poëtae res veras cantitant, [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannam de Valle]], quam mox in matrimonium duxerit, iam ante expeditionem Italicam aut cognoverat aut per effigiem conspexerat. Carmine enim allegorico, titulo ''Regnault et Jeanneton'' (ut qui diceret &quot;Renatus et Ioanna&quot;) de hoc amore et de itinere transalpino hiemali refertur:
::''Mon cuer dès lors vous donnay'' ...&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Que force fut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Seulement au rapport qu'il eut''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De vostre beauté, tant que peut,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vous amer''
(&quot;Cor meum statim tibi dedi ... quod de forma tua certius factum te amare quo melius coactum est&quot;); etiam
::''Par quoy me convint estre duit''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De passer les haulx mons sans bruit''&lt;br/&gt;
:::''Ne pour mourir''&lt;br/&gt;
::''En la nège et illec pourrir''
(&quot;unde ductus sum altos montes silentiose transire ne mortuus illic putrefierem&quot;);
::''Mais delà les mons je laissay''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Mon avoir que plus ne garday''
(&quot;res meas&quot;, regnum scilicet Neapolitanum, &quot;ultra montes reliqui neque plura habebo&quot;). Quas sollicitudines non a solo ''Regnault'' confitentur, sed et a [[Franciscus I Sfortia|Francisco Sfortia]] duce Mediolanensi referuntur, qui mense Decembri &quot;bidui itinere Placentiam profectus, causamque regii discessus percontatus, reperit esse levem ac paene puerilem, quod ... sola muliebri cura in tanta rerum actione movebatur&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ioannes Simoneta, ''Rerum gestarum Francisci Sfortiae libri'' [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n358/mode/1up ed. 1732 coll. 661-662 in nota subiuncta]; {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f327 vol. 1 pp. 297-301]&lt;/ref&gt; Certe mense Augusto 1454 in ducatum Andegavensem reditus statim senatores tres Ordinis crescentis lunae, videlicet {{Creanda|fr|Gui de Laval-Loué|Guido de Valle (dominus Laudiaci)|Guidonem dominum Laudiaci}}, [[Ludovicus de Bello Valle|Ludovicum]] et [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandum de Bello Valle]] ad [[Guido XIV (comes de Valle)|Guidonem comitem de Valle]] Ioannae patrem misit ut de matrimonio concordent. Die [[10 Septembris]] [[1454|eiusdem anni]] in [[abbatia Sancti Nicolai (Andecavis)|abbatia Sancti Nicolai]] Andecavis in urbe nuptiis se iunxerunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f325 vol. 1 pp. 295-308]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Díptico Matheron..JPG|thumb|upright=2|Renatus Andegavensis uxorque secunda [[Ioanna de Laval]]. &quot;Diptychon Matheron&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno c. 1475 factum ([[Museum Lupariense]] [[Lutetia]]e)]]
Nutrice Renati sororisque [[Maria Andegavensis|Mariae]] anno [[1459]] mortua, Renatus sepulturam in [[ecclesia Nostrae Dominae de Andiliaco|ecclesia Nostrae Dominae]] de [[Andiliacum|Andiliaco]] [[Salmurium|Salmurii]] suburbio erigere curavit, carmine inscripto quod incipit:
::''Ci gist la nourrice Thiephaine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La Magine, qui ot grant paine''&lt;br/&gt;
::''A nourrir de let en enfance''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Marie d'Anjou royne de France''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et apres son frere René ...''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f34.image vol. 1 pp. 6-7]&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Hic iacet nutrix Typhaena ''La Magine'' quae summa cura infantes Mariam Andegavensem Franciae reginam fratremque Renatum lacte suo nutrivit ...&quot;) In Provincia rursus a mense Martio [[1457]] morabat, ubi expeditionem Italicam iterum praeparavit, non suam sed a filio [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioanne]] susceptam. Qui de regno Neapolitano, sicut pater, bellum multos annos vano gesserit. Inde anno [[1461]] ad [[Genua]]m revenit, suadente rege Carolo VII, ut hanc civitatem ad societatem Francicam revocaret. Renatus eodem tempore naves bellicas cohortemque militum a [[Massilia]] Genuam conduxit, ubi die [[17 Iulii]] [[1461|huius anni]] adveniens nihil potuit nisi refugos exercituum Francici Neapolitanique, nuper devictos, in naves suas recipere.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 327-330]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ultimi anni ===
[[Fasciculus:Nicola Froment, Triptych of the Burning Bush, 1475, Aix-en-Provence, Church Saint-Sauveur.jpg|thumb|upright=2|&quot;[[Triptychon rubi ardentis]]&quot; a [[Nicolaus Froment|Nicolao Froment]] anno 1475 factum. Renatus Andegavensis uxorque Ioanna de Laval ad genua procumbentes ([[Ecclesia cathedralis Aquissextiensis|Ecclesia cathedralis S. Salvatoris Aquissextiensis]])]]
Rex Carolus, sub cuius imperio Renatus ducatum suum tenuit, cui insuper fidelis consiliarius amicusque a iuventute erat, die 22 eiusdem mensis mortuus est. Successor [[Ludovicus XI (rex Francorum)|Ludovicus XI]], olim delphinus, Renatum aliosque nobiles patris socios e consiliis suis statim removit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f357 vol. 1 pp. 331-337, 342-345]&lt;/ref&gt; Tandem hoc modo bellum civile evocavit ducesque antea inter se inimicos in foederationem &quot;[[foederati de bono publico|de bono publico]]&quot; (ita nuncupatam) sibi coniungere coëgit, videlicet [[Carolus Temerarius|Carolum comitem Carolensem]] (ducis [[ducatus Burgundiae|Burgundiae]] filius), [[Carolus (dux Biturigum)|Carolum ducem Biturigum]] (Ludovici ipsius fratrem), [[Ioannes II (dux Borboniae)|Ioannem ducem Borboniae]], Ioannem Renati filium ducem [[Lotharingia]]e, [[Franciscus II (dux Britanniae)|Franciscum]] ducem [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], alios nonnullos, quos aegre debellavit. Neque Renatus neque filius Carolus dux Cenomanensis se illis iunxerant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f386 vol. 1 pp. 356-366]&lt;/ref&gt; Nobiles [[Catalonia]]e consiliumque urbis [[Barcino]]nis anno [[1466]] Renatum appellaverunt ad regnum [[Aragonia]]e comitatumque Barcinonensem contra [[Ioannes II (rex Aragoniae)|Ioannem II]] capienda, id quod facere volens filium Ioannem generumque Ferricum suo loco misit, qui anno insequenti vano in Aragoniam arma intulerunt. Ipse autem bellum in Franciscum Britanniae ducem Carolumque ducem Biturigum renovabat et [[Ancenisium|Ancenisii]] ad pacem die [[10 Septembris]] [[1468]] coëgit. Haec suadente rege Ludovico perfecit, qui eo titulum vicarii generalis Andegavensis Cenomanensis Britanniaeque Minoris attribuerat&lt;ref name=&quot;Catalonia Britannia Burgundia&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f396 vol. 1 pp. 366-379]&lt;/ref&gt; laudesque die [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]] dum [[Montilia prope Turones|Montiliis]] morabat his verbis expressit:
:Cum itaque, ingruentibus plurimis divisionibus, guerris, bellis plus quam civilibus ac sedicionibus intestinis, que ab aliquibus annis citra regnum nostrum totamque rem publicam regni invaserunt, unus inter preclaros principes inventus est, qui nullo pacto nullaque racione impelli potuit ut a fidelitate tociusque rei publice tuicione regieque nostre corone zelo minime secederet: is est carissimus avunculus noster, quem merito patrem nostrum dixerimus, serenissimus Renatus, Jherusalem, Sicilie et Arragonum rex, Andegavie, Barri, etc. dux, comes Provincie, etc., qui indomita constancia, invicta fidelitate, rectissima voluntate optimus princeps quoad potuit hujus regni antiquam tamen et summam dignitatem observavit, maxima in reverencia habuit, semper magnifecit, in precipiciumque ruituram erexit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus XI|Ludovici XI]] litterae patentes [[28 Ianuarii]] [[1469]]: {{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f352 vol. 2 pp. 332-334] (orthographia mediaevali servata)&lt;/ref&gt;

In Provincia ab anno [[1471]] sine interruptione habitabat. [[Aquae Sextiae|Aquis Sextiis]] die [[10 Iulii]] [[1480]] mortuus,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f409 vol. 1 pp. 379-428]&lt;/ref&gt; sua voluntate in [[ecclesia cathedralis Andecavensis|ecclesia cathedrali Andecavensi]] sepultus est.

== De Renato scriptore et patrono ==
Carmen titulo ''Regnault et Janneton'', quo anno circiter 1454 amores Renati [[Ioanna de Valle|Ioannaeque de Valle]] sicut pastorum bucolicorum enarrantur, non a Renato ipso sed a poëta aulico scriptum est. Coaevi nihilominus posterioresque satis multi rege ipso attribuerunt. Iam [[Georgius Castellanus]] in carmine [[aenigma]]tico ''Recollection des merveilleuses advenues'' ad hoc poëma alludit:
::''J'ai ung roi de Cecille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Vu devenir berger,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Et sa femme gentille''&lt;br/&gt;
::''De ce meme mestier''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Portant la pannetiere,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''La houlette et chappeau,''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Logeans sur la bruyere''&lt;br/&gt;
::''Auprès de leur trouppeau&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Chichmaref (1929)}} pp. 226-241&lt;/ref&gt;
(&quot;Regem Siciliae vidi qui pastor factus est et nobilem eius mulierem taliter corbem pedumque necnon mitellam gerentem, in saltu prope gregem morantes&quot;). Sed Renatus, iam opusculi de hastiludiis dirigendis ''Traité de la forme et devis comme on fait les tournois'' (1452)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84522067 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]&lt;/ref&gt; auctor, his annis opere morali ''Le Mortifiement de Vaine Plaisance'' oratione soluta (1455) fabulaque allegorica ''Le Livre du coeur d'amour épris'' (1457)&lt;ref&gt;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b60005361 Manuscriptum e scriptorio auctoris]; [https://search.onb.ac.at/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=ONB_alma21302514430003338&amp;context=L&amp;vid=ONB&amp;lang=de_DE Manuscriptum Vindobonense: imprime &quot;Digitales Objekt&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; composuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indoles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f458 vol. 1 pp. 428-433], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f567 537-554]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Proles ==
[[Fasciculus:Memento homo.jpg|thumb|[[Mors]] coronam regiam induta verbaque monstrans &quot;[[Memento homo quia pulvis es et in pulverem reverteris]]&quot;. &quot;''Horae Egerton''&quot;, anno fere 1415 factae, anno fere 1443 iussu Renati Andegavensis novis imaginibus auctae ([[Bibliotheca Britannica|BL]] MS. Egerton 1070 f. 53) [http://searcharchives.bl.uk/IAMS_VU2:IAMS032-001984149 Catalogus] ]]
E matrimonio cum [[Isabella (ducissa Lotharingiae)|Isabella]] [[Lotharingia]]e, quam die [[24 Octobris]] [[1420]] duxit, novem liberi nati sunt, videlicet:
* [[Ioannes Andegavensis|Ioannes]], natus die [[2 Augusti]] [[1424]], futurus marchio [[Pons Montionis|Pontis]] (fratri successor) duxque Lotharingiae
* [[Ludovicus (filius Renati Andegavensis)|Ludovicus]], natus die [[16 Octobris]] [[1427]], futurus marchio Pontis
* [[Yolanda Andegavensis|Yolanda]], nata die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], futura ducissa Lotharingiae
* [[Margarita Andegavensis|Margarita]], nata die [[24 Martii]] [[1430]], futura regina [[Anglia]]e
* Nicolaus (natus die [[2 Novembris]] [[1428]], Yolandae gemellus), Carolus (natus 1431), Isabella, Renatus, Anna (nata 1437), qui omnes mox mortui sunt.

E concubinis vel amasiis nati sunt:
* Blanchia, in Provincia nata anno fere 1438, uxor futura [[Bertrandus de Bello Valle|Bertrandi de Bello Valle]]&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f293 vol. 1 p. 263]; ''[http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ANJOU,%20MAINE.htm#LouisAnjoudied1444 Medlands]''&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Ioannes (nothus Andegavensis)|Ioannes]], futurus marchio Pontis (fratrum successor)
* Magdalena

Filii omnes ante eum mortui sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proles&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f463 vol. 1 pp. 433-435]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fortuna&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g/f465 vol. 1 pp. 435-437]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fontes de vita et principatu Renati Andegavensis ==
* ''Cronica del regno di Napoli'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f448 vide pp. 428-435]
* ''Diaria Neapolitana ab anno MCCLXVI usque ad annum MCCCCLXXVIII'' (''Rerum Italicarum scriptores'' vol. 21 [1732] coll. 1027-1238) [https://archive.org/details/RerumItalicarumScriptores21/page/n583/mode/2up coll. 1098-1127]
* Jean de Bourdigné, ''Hystoire agrégative des annales et cronicques d'Anjou'' {{Google Books|-f5TAAAAcAAJ|editio 1529}} {{GB|WLDnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|p8nnAAAAMAAJ|vol. 2 editionis 1842}}
* [[Ioannes Chartier]], ''[[Chronique de Charles VII (Chartier)|Chronique de Charles VII]]'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k277120 Editio 1858 vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27713b 2] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k27714p 3]
* [[Aegidius Le Bouvier|Gilles Le Bouvier]], ''Chroniques du roi Charles VII'' [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1043385b Editio 1594]
* [[Caesar Nostradameus]], ''L'Histoire et chronique de Provence'' [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_R4Cd0TiO2igC Editio 1624]
* [[Ianus Pannonius]], ''De laudibus Renati Siciliae regis''&lt;ref&gt;Géza Szentmártoni Szabó, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124764 Du péril de Parthénope : la découverte de la version intégrale du panégyrique de René d’Anjou par Janus Pannonius]&quot; in {{qc|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)}} pp. 287-312&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gasparus Pelegrinus, ''Historiae de actibus regis Alphonsi'' lib. 8-10 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b/f421 vide pp. 401-428]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum et documentorum
* {{ec|id=Crapelet (1828)|c=G.-A. Crapelet, ed., ''Le pas d'armes de la bergère, maintenu au tournoi de Tarascon; publié d'après le manuscrit de la Bibliothèque du roi''. Lutetiae: Crapelet, 1828 [https://archive.org/details/lepasdarmesdelab00beauuoft Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''}}
* Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ed., ''Extraits des comptes et mémoriaux du roi René: pour servir à l'histoire des arts au XVe siècle''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1873 {{Google Books|OdkZAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{ec|id=Quatrebarbes (1843-1846)|c=Comte de Quatrebarbes, ed., ''Oeuvres complètes du roi René''. Andecavis: Cosnier et Lachaise, 1843-1846 {{GB|CYlTAAAAcAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|GRhtnj1X-PcC|vol. 2}} {{GB|ZO1sveFmwxoC|vol. 3}} {{Google Books|FUhA2oSgM4sC|vol. 4}}; 2a ed. Lutetiae, 1849 {{GB|j1czAQAAMAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|gD4-AQAAMAAJ|vol. 2}}}}

; Colloquia
* ''Le roi René: René, duc d’Anjou, de Bar et de Lorraine, Roi de Sicile et de Jérusalem, roi d’Aragon, comte de Provence (1409-1480)''. Avennione, 1986
* {{ec|id=Matz et Tonnerre (2011)|c=Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement''. Redonis: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2011. ISBN 978-2-7535-1702-8 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 Textus]}}
* Jean-Michel Matz, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Le Roi René dans tous ses États''. Lutetiae: Éditions du patrimoine, Centre des monuments nationaux, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7577-0069-3

; Vitae
* Noël Coulet, Alice Planche, Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René: le prince, le mécène, l'écrivain, le mythe''. Aquis Sextiis: Édisud, 1982
* Jean Favier, ''Le Roi René''. Lutetiae: Fayard, 2008. ISBN 978-2-213-63480-7
* Marie Louyse de Garnier Des Garets, ''Un artisan de la renaissance française au xve siècle, le Roi René (1409-1480)''. Éditions de la table ronde, 1946
* Margaret L. Kekewich, ''The Good King: René of Anjou and Fifteenth Century Europe''. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 {{Google Books|3GCCDAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Lecoy de la Marche (1875)|c=Albert Lecoy de La Marche, ''Le roi René, sa vie, son administration, ses travaux artistiques et littéraires, d'après les documents inédits des archives de France et d'Italie''. 2 voll. Lutetiae: Firmin-Didot, 1875 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6467705g vol. 1] [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6460820b 2] apud Gallica}}
* Jacques Levron, ''Le Bon Roi René''. Lutetiae: Arthaud, 1973
* Françoise Robin, ''Le Roi René : Prince des fleurs de lys''. Éditions Ouest-France, 2015. ISBN 978-2-7373-6445-7
* {{ec|id=Villeneuve (1825)|c=F. L. de Villeneuve Bargemont, ''Histoire de René d'Anjou, roi de Naples, duc de Lorraine et cte de Provence''. Lutetiae: Blaise, 1825 {{GB|92EOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 1}} {{GB|E2IOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 2}} {{Google Books|JWIOAAAAQAAJ|vol. 3}}}}

; Biographica et historica
* R. Busquet, &quot;Les Créations administratives, judiciaires et fiscales du roi René en Provence&quot; in ''Mémoires de l’Institut historique de Provence'' vol. 1 (1924) pp. 12-57
* Noël Coulet, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254848 La noblesse provençale dans l'entourage du roi René]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* N. F. Faraglia, ''Storia della lotta tra Alfonso V d’Aragona e Renati d’Angiò''. Lanciano, 1908
* Yannick Frizet, ''Louis XI, le roi René et la Provence''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2015. ISBN 978-2-85399-970-0
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Le Roi René et la seconde Maison d'Anjou: emblématique, art, histoire''. Lutetiae: Le Léopard d'or, 1987. ISBN 2-86377-057-8
* Christof Ohnesorge, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/18348 Les ambitions et l’échec de la seconde maison d’Anjou (vers 1380-vers 1480)]&quot; in Noël-Yves Tonnerre, Élisabeth Verry, edd., ''Les Princes angevins du xiiie au xve siècle : un destin européen'' (Redonis: Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003. ISBN 2-86847-735-6 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/18320 ~]) pp. 265-276
* Françoise Robin, &quot;[https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/2254842 La cour de René d'Anjou en Provence. Demeures, itinéraires et séjours]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël Coulet, edd., ''La noblesse dans les territoires angevins à la fin du Moyen Âge : actes du Colloque international organisé par l'Université d'Angers : Angers-Saumur, 3-6 juin 1998'' (Romae, 2000)
* Hélène Schneider, &quot;Le roi René et le Barrois dans les années 1470: l'apport de ses lettres patentes&quot; in Patrick Gilli, Jacques Paviot, edd., ''Hommes, cultures et sociétés à la fin du Moyen Âge: Liber discipulorum en l'honneur de Philippe Contamine'' (Lutetiae: Presses de l'Université de Paris-Sorbonne, 2012. ISBN 978-2-84050-845-8) pp. 361-374

; De scriptis et patronatu
* J.-H. Albanès, &quot;La bibliothèque du roi René&quot; in ''Revue des sociétés savantes des départements'' 5a ser. vol. 8 (1874) pp. 301-310
* Anna Orriols Alsina, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/36617299/_De_René_d_Anjou_y_Jeanne_de_Laval_a_Regnault_et_Janneton_ambientes_artísticos_ De René d’Anjou y Jeanne de Laval a Regnault et Janneton: ambientes artísticos]&quot; in N. A. Elaguina et al., edd., ''Les amours de René d’Anjou. Libro de Estudios'' (Petropoli: Biblioteca Nacional de Rusia, 2005)
* G. Biancotto, &quot;La Cour de René d’Anjou et les premières traductions d’œuvres italiennes en France&quot; in Ch. Brucker, ed., ''Traduction et adaptation en France à la fin du Moyen Âge et à la Renaissance: actes du colloque de Nancy, 199522 (Lutetiae, 1997) pp. 187-203
* Nicolas Bock, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21145798/Médailles_et_humanisme._René_d_Anjou_et_la_diplomatie_artistique_en_Italie Médailles et humanisme. René d’Anjou et la diplomatie artistique en Italie]&quot; in Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)'' (2011) pp. 159-177
* Florence Bouchet, ed., ''René d’Anjou, écrivain et mécène (1409-1480)''. Tornaci: Brepols, 2011. ISBN 978-2-503-53350-6
* {{ec|id=Chichmaref (1929)|c=V. Chichmaref, &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k16063h/f220 Notes sur quelques oeuvres attribuées aut roi René]&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 55 (1929) pp. 214-250 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45044823 JSTOR]}}
* Chantal Connochie-Bourgne, Valérie Gontero-Lauze, edd., ''Les arts et les lettres en Provence au temps du roi René''. Aquis Sextiis: Presses Universitaires de Provence, 2013. ISBN 978-2-85399-889-5 [https://web.archive.org/web/20210812111022/https://presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/sites/presses-universitaires.univ-amu.fr/files/p1_20/files//tdm_ARTSLETTRESROIRENE.pdf Index huius operis] [https://journals.openedition.org/peme/7556 Recensio huius operis]
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La cuisine dans la maison aixoise du XVe siècle (1400-1450)&quot; in Carole Lambert, ed., ''Du manuscrit à la table: essais sur la cuisine au Moyen Âge et répertoire des manuscrits médiévaux contenant des recettes culinaires'' (Monte Regali: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1992) pp. 163-172; [https://archive.org/details/dumanuscritalata0000unse/page/162/mode/2up Exemplar mutuabile]
* Y. Esquieu, N. Coulet, &quot;La Musique à la cour provençale du roi René&quot; in ''Provence historique'' vol. 31 (1981) pp. 299-312
* {{ec|id=Frizet (2009)|c=Yannick Frizet, &quot;[https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01828688/document Les apports culturels de deux grands princes français en Provence, René d’Anjou et Louis XI]&quot; in ''Les Arts et les Lettres en Provence au temps du roi René, Actes du colloque international tenu en 2009'' pp. 141-157}}
* Marc-Édouard Gautier, François Avril, edd., ''Splendeur de l'enluminure: le roi René et les livres''. Arelate: Actes Sud, 2009. ISBN 978-2-7427-8611-4
* Hélène Haug, &quot;&quot;Maistre Pierre de Hurion, agille imitateur&quot;: bilan sur les auteurs actifs à la cour de René d'Anjou (1434-1480)&quot; in ''Romania'' vol. 131 (2013) pp. 130-151 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/45038784 JSTOR]
* Eugène Hucher, ''Iconographie du roi René, de Jeanne de Laval, sa seconde femme et de divers autres princes de la maison d'Anjou''. Cenomanis: Monnoyer, 1879 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57272945 Textus] apud Gallica
* Jean-Michel Matz, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124782 La « bibliothèque » de René d’Anjou : un instrument de gouvernement ?]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 339-354
* Christian de Mérindol, ''Les Fêtes de chevalerie à la cour du roi René : Emblématique, art et histoire (les joutes de Nancy, le pas de Saumur et le pas de Tarascon)''. Lutetiae: CTHS, 1993 {{Google Books|8FJYDwAAQBAJ|Fragmenta}}
* C. Murciaux, &quot;René d’Anjou peintre, poète et mystique&quot; in ''La Table ronde'' no. 165 (1961) pp. 7-28
* J. Renouvier, ''Les Peintres et enlumineurs du roi René''. Montispessulani, 1857
* Françoise Robin, ''La Cour d'Anjou-Provence. La vie artistique sous le règne de René''. Lutetiae: Picard, 1985
* G. A. Runnalls, &quot;René d'Anjou et le théâtre&quot; in ''Annales de Bretagne'' vol. 88 (1981) pp. 157-180

; De fortuna
* Florence Bouchet, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_2013_num_131_521_7403 Supplément au ‘procès de bonification’ du roi René : les Épitaphes du roi de Sicile]&quot; in ''Romania'' no. 521-522 (2013) pp. 100-127
* Noël Coulet, &quot;La mort et les obsèques aixoises du roi René: une prolifération narrative tardive&quot; in R. Bertrand, A. Carol, J. N. Pelen, edd., ''Les narrations de la mort'' (Aquis Sextiis, 2005) pp. 89-100
* Murielle Gaude-Ferragu, &quot;[https://books.openedition.org/pur/124788 Tribulations corporelles et inhumation royale : les funérailles de René Ier d’Anjou (1480-1481)]&quot; in Jean-Michel Matz, Noël-Yves Tonnerre, edd., ''René d'Anjou (1409-1480): pouvoirs et gouvernement'' (2011 [https://books.openedition.org/pur/124668 ~]) pp. 373-385
* Maria Magdalena Székely, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/11716916/Monarhul_ideal_în_imaginarul_Evului_Mediu._René_d_Anjou_şi_Ştefan_cel_Mare Monarhul ideal în imaginarul Evului Mediu. René d’Anjou şi Ştefan cel Mare]&quot; in ''Analele Putnei'' vol. 1 (2010) pp. 283-302

; Aliae encyclopaediae
* &quot;[[:s:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/René I.|René I]]&quot; in {{EncyBrit11}}
* {{ec|id=Russo (2016)|c={{DBI|http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/renato-d-angio_(Dizionario-Biografico)|Renato d'Angio|Enza Russo|2016}}}}
* {{ADB|28|207|209|René d’Anjou|Wilhelm Wiegand|ADB:René d’Anjou}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|René I of Naples|Renatum Andegavensem}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
* ''Horae Renati regis Siciliae'': manuscriptum [[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] Latin 1156 A
** [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6000466t Catalogus et series imaginum]
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230515182725/https://www.arlima.net/qt/rene_danjou.html René d'Anjou]&quot; apud ''ARLIMA''
* &quot;[http://www.ecolebizu.org/Angers/contesEtLegendesDanjou/laBailleeDesFilles/index.htm La Baillée des Filles]&quot; (vide et [https://web.archive.org/web/20200620021235/https://www.wiki-anjou.fr/index.php/Baill%C3%A9e_des_filles hic])

{{Duces Andegavenses}}

{{Lifetime|1409|1480|Renatus, Andegavensis}}
{{FA stella}}

[[Categoria:Renatus Andegavensis| ]]
[[Categoria:Nobiles Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Regnum Hierosolymitanum]]
[[Categoria:Incarcerati]]
[[Categoria:Duces Lotharingiae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Grex Abelianus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Caterva Abeliana]] ad [[Grex Abelianus]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Abelmonument.jpg|thumb|Monumentum [[Nicolaus Henricus Abel|Nicolai Henrici Abel]], [[Osloa]]e, cuius nomen tales catervae habent]]
'''Caterva Abeliana''' est [[caterva (mathematica)|caterva]] cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] est, hoc est si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa catervae, ''ab = ba.'' in [[algebra abstracta]]  Etiam ''caterva commutativa'' nominatur.  In caterva Abeliana, tabula operationis [[symmetria|symmetrica]] est circa diagonalem:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;
! °
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || …
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | e
| e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt;|| a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;''' || a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| … || ||  ||
|}

Tabula monstrat &lt;math&gt;a_2 \circ a_0 = a_0 \circ a_2 = a_k&lt;/math&gt;.

== Bibliographia ==
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover.

{{math-stipula}}

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]</text>
      <sha1>2zivewkuuy1bqnxjlcpeeyeo9de1526</sha1>
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      <id>3953509</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:20:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Paginam redintegravi</comment>
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[[Fasciculus:Abelmonument.jpg|thumb|Monumentum [[Nicolaus Henricus Abel|Nicolai Henrici Abel]], [[Osloa]]e, cuius nomen tales greges habent]]

{{res|Grex Abeliana}} est [[grex (mathematica)|grex]] cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] est, hoc est si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, ''ab = ba.'' in [[algebra abstracta]]  Etiam ''grex commutativus'' nominatur.  In grege Abeliano, tabula operationis [[symmetria|symmetrica]] est circa diagonalem:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;
! °
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || …
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | e
| e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt;|| a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;''' || a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| … || ||  ||
|}

Tabula monstrat &lt;math&gt;a_2 \circ a_0 = a_0 \circ a_2 = a_k&lt;/math&gt;.

== Bibliographia ==
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover.

{{math-stipula}}

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]</text>
      <sha1>e1c8qlrbdqeem0ctli4kckk1drqbykc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953510</id>
      <parentid>3953509</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:26:30Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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[[Fasciculus:Abelmonument.jpg|thumb|Monumentum [[Nicolaus Henricus Abel|Nicolai Henrici Abel]], [[Osloa]]e, cuius nomen tales greges habent]]

{{res|Grex Abelianus}} est [[grex (mathematica)|grex]] cuius operatio [[commutativitas (mathematica)|commutativa]] est, hoc est si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa gregis, ''ab = ba.'' in [[algebra abstracta]]  Etiam ''grex commutativus'' nominatur.  In grege Abeliano, tabula operationis [[symmetria|symmetrica]] est circa diagonalem:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;
! °
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || …
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | e
| e || a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;  || a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;0&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;i&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;'''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;j&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;l&lt;/sub&gt;|| a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; |a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;
| a&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; || '''a&lt;sub&gt;k&lt;/sub&gt;''' || a&lt;sub&gt;m&lt;/sub&gt; || a&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;
|-
| … || ||  ||
|}

Tabula monstrat &lt;math&gt;a_2 \circ a_0 = a_0 \circ a_2 = a_k&lt;/math&gt;.

== Bibliographia ==
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover.

{{math-stipula}}

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}
[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]</text>
      <sha1>kvi19t9jvbuf5z55xuu7uz8cuc3dfpe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Caterva abeliana</title>
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      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="muohjxcyejpz0dq4omfvom3md1eeng2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Grex Abelianus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Exstinctio humana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="2159" sha1="bkr2zc8pjepfrfyijtv8f15wt6jk0tk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:The explosion of the hydrogen bomb Ivy Mike.jpg|thumb|Bellum [[arma nuclearia|armis nucleariis]] causa extinctionis humanitatis esse potest.]]
'''Humana extinctio''' est [[extinctio]] [[gens humana|gentis humanae]] quae [[hypothesis|hypothesi]] in futura fieri potest. Causae extinctionis humanae sunt [[bellum]] ab [[arma nuclearia]], [[pandemia]], [[calamitas naturalis]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/how-humanity-discovered-its-possible-extinction-timeline/ How Humanity Came To Contemplate Its Possible Extinction: A Timeline]{{Nexus deficit|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[mutatio climatica]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://phys.org/news/2010-06-humans-extinct-years-eminent-scientist.html Humans will be extinct in 100 years syas eminent sscientist.]&lt;/ref&gt; [[superincolatio]],&lt;ref&gt;[[Thomas Robertus Malthus]], ''An Essay on the Principles of Population''&lt;/ref&gt; [[intellegentia artificialis]], abusus [[biotechnologia]]e, e.t.c.

[[Sigismundus Freud]] enim in suo libro possibilitatem interfectionis omnes himonies vel exstinctionem causae [[instinctus naturae|instinctus]] [[aggressionismus|aggressionismi]] et artis naturam regendi quae [[civilizatio]] parit.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Das Unbehagen in der Kultur]]'', Pars VII, quod [[Theodisce]]: &quot;Die Menschen haben es jetzt in der Beherrschung der Naturkräfte so weit gebracht, dass sie es mit deren Hilfe leicht haben, einander bis auf den letzten Mann auszurotten.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Quali scientista sicut [[Stephanus Hawking]] in ceteram planetam fugere postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.space.com/20657-stephen-hawking-humanity-survival-space.html Stephan Hawking;Humanity Must Colonize Space to Survive]&lt;/ref&gt; Sed philosophus [[antinatalismus|antinatalista]] [[David Benatar]] extinctionem humanam admisit. Etiam [[Motus voluntariae exstinctionis generis humani]] extincitionem generis humani affirmat pro [[protectio naturae|protectione naturae]] et [[oecosystema]]tis.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Eschatologia]]
*[[Misanthropia]]
*[[Transhumanismus]]

[[Categoria:Exstinctio]]
[[Categoria:Eschatologia]]
[[Categoria:Philosophia vitae]]
[[Categoria:Theoriae ethicae]]</text>
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    <title>Sanctus Laudus</title>
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      <comment>discretiva</comment>
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      <text bytes="362" sha1="l9pcl34hij09od7bcxn4qhv5hphyjxn" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Sanctus Laudus''' ad sanctum nomine '''Lupus''' vel '''Laudus''' refertur :
* [[Laudus Constantiensis]] († circa 567), episcopus [[Dioecesis Constantiensis|Constantiensis]].

Postea, diversis locis nomine huius sancti designatis refertur :
* [[Briovera]] sive ''Sanctus Laudus''
* [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]] (Manica)

[[Categoria:Sancti|Lupus]]</text>
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      <comment>clavis</comment>
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      <text bytes="363" sha1="gi2fav46g6vtutl5rj8z4voh5xhp7v0" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Sanctus Laudus''' ad sanctum nomine '''Lupus''' vel '''Laudus''' refertur :
* [[Laudus Constantiensis]] († circa 567), episcopus [[Dioecesis Constantiensis|Constantiensis]].

Postea, diversis locis nomine huius sancti designatis refertur :
* [[Briovera]] sive ''Sanctus Laudus''
* [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]] (Manica)

[[Categoria:Sancti|Laudus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Familia Song</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3953476</id>
      <parentid>3853265</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T01:51:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="15327" sha1="3thykl0xdw499lci2i9xnjgsb9njir3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus: Song Taizu.jpg|alt=Painted image of a portly man sitting in a red throne-chair with dragon-head decorations, wearing white silk robes, black shoes, and a black hat, and sporting a black mustache and goatee.|thumb|upright=1|[[Taizu Imperator Songensis]] (regnavit 960–976), [[pictura]] curialis.]]
'''Familia Song''' ([[Mandarinice]] 宋朝; [[pinyin]] ''Sòng cháo'') fuit imperialis [[Sina]]rum [[familia]], quae inter annos [[960]] et [[1279]] regnabat. Quam familiam [[Taizu]] [[imperator]] condidit, [[regnum|regno]] [[familia Zhou posterior|domus Zhou posterioris]] posterioris usurpato, quem temporis intervallum [[Quinque Familiarum et Decem Regnorum spatium]] terminavit. Familia ipsa saepenumero cum coaevo Liao, Xia Occidentali, et Jin, familiis Sinarum septentrionalium conflictaratur. Decenniis post resistentiae armatae meridianas Sinas defendentis, demum [[Mongoli]], nomine familiae Yuan, dicioni suae subiecerunt.
[[Fasciculus:Taizong of Song.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|alt=A man in heavy white robes, wearing a black hat with long horizontal protrusions coming from the bottom of the hat.|[[Taizong Imperator Songensis]] (regnavit 976–997), [[pictura]] curialis.]]

Regnum Songense in duo temporis spatia dividitur: Song septentrionale et meridianum. Song septentrionali regnante (960–1127), [[caput (urbs)|caput]] urbis septentrionalis Bianjing (nunc Kaifeng) erat, et familia maximam partem moderabatur terrae quae nunc Sinae Orientales occupant. Song Meridianum (1127–1279) ad tempus pertinet postquam dynastia potestatem super dimidium septentrionale terrae dynastiae Jin in [[bellum|bellis]] Jin-Song amisit. Eo tempore, curia Song recessit meridiana parte [[Flumen Caeruleum|Fluminis Caerulei]] et caput eius Lin'an constituebat.

Quamvis familia priorum terrarum Sinensium apud [[Flumen Flavum]] potestatem amisit, Imperium Song meridianum magnum regnicolarum numerum [[ager|agrosque]] fecundos continuit, quae [[oeconomia]]m robustam sustinuerunt. Anno [[1234]], familiam Jin occupaverunt Mongoli, qui exinde Sinas septentrionales moderari coeperant, relationes difficiles cum Song meridiano conservantes. Möngke Imperii Mongolici chanis, anno [[1259]] obiit castellum Diaoyucheng obsessurus. [[Kublai]], frater natu minor et successor chanis, mox imperator Sinensis declaratus, [[familia Yuan|familiam Yuan]] condidit. Transactis belli praedatorii decennis, copiae chanis domum Song anno [[1279]] occupaverunt, devicerunt, Sinas dicione suae reuniverunt.
[[Fasciculus:Song-Bodhisattva1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Bodhisattva]] [[lignum|ligneus]] ex domu Song (960–1279).]]

Aetate familiae Song [[technologia]], [[scientia (ratio)|scientia]], [[philosophia]], [[mathematica]], et [[ars ingeniaria]] [[floruit|floruerunt]]. Domus inter primas refertur quae in [[historia]] mundi chartas nummarias exhibuerint classemque permanentem constituerunt. Imperium primum formulam [[chemia|chemicam]] pulveris incendiarii litteris mandavit, sicut [[sagitta]]s [[lancea]]sque igniferas, [[bomba]]s. Primo pyxi nautica septentrionem discreverunt, primo descriptionem [[cataracta]]e tradiderunt, consilia [[horologium|horologii]] [[astronomia|astronomici]] amelioraverunt.

==Bibliographia==
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* {{Citation|last=Anderson|first=James A.|editor=Wyatt|title=Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period|year=[[2008]]|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}.
* {{Citation|last=Bai|first=Shouyi|year=[[2002]]|title=An Outline History of China|publisher=Foreign Languages Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Bol|first=Peter K.|year=[[2001]]|title=The Rise of Local History: History, Geography, and Culture in Southern Song and Yuan Wuzhou}}.
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* {{Citation|last=Brose|first=Michael C.|editor=Wyatt|title=Battlefronts Real and Imagined: War, Border, and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period|year=[[2008]]|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan}}.
* {{Citation|last=Cai|first=Yanxin|title=Chinese Architecture|publisher=Cambridge University Press (first published by China Intercontinental Press)|url=https://archive.org/details/chinesearchitect0000caiy}}.{{Citation|last=Chan|first=Alan Kam-leung|title=Historical Perspectives on East Asian Science, Technology and Medicine|year=[[2002]]|publisher=Singapore University Press}}.
*{{Citation|last=Chaffee|first=John W.|year=[[2015]]|title=The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two Sung China, 960–1279|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Chen|first=Yuan Julian|title=Legitimation Discourse and the Theory of the Five Elements in Imperial China|url=https://www.academia.edu/23276848}}.
* {{Citation|last=Chen|first=Yuan Julian|year=[[2018]]|title=Frontier, Fortification, and Forestation: Defensive Woodland on the Song-Liao Border in the Long Eleventh Century}}.
* {{Citation|last=Ebrey|first=Patricia Buckley|title=East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History|year=[[2006]]|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|url=https://archive.org/details/eastasiacultural00ebre_0}}.
* {{Citation|last=Ebrey|first=Patricia Buckley|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|year=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00ebre}}.
* {{Citation|last=Embree|first=Ainslie Thomas|title=Asia in Western and World History: A Guide for Teaching|year=[[1997]]|publisher=ME Sharpe|url=https://archive.org/details/asiainwesternwor00ains}}.
* {{Citation|last=Fairbank|first=John King|title=China: A New History|year=[[2006]]|publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Fraser|first=Julius Thomas|title=Time, Science, and Society in China and the West|year=[[1986]]|publisher=University of Massachusetts Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Gernet|first=Jacques|title=Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion, 1250–1276|year=[[1962]]|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/dailylifeinchina00gern}}.
* {{Citation|last=Golas|first=Peter|title=Rural China in the Song|year=[[1980]]}}.
* {{Citation|last=Graff|first=David Andrew|title=A Military History of China|year=[[2002]]|publisher=Westview Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Guo|first=Qinghua|year=[[1998]]|title=Yingzao Fashi: Twelfth-Century Chinese Building Manual}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hall|first=Kenneth|title=Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia|year=[[1985]]|publisher=University of Hawaii Press}}.
* {{Cite web|year=[[2000]]|last=Halsall|first=Paul|editor=Jerome S. Arkenberg|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/eastasia/romchin1.html|title=East Asian History Sourcebook: Chinese Accounts of Rome, Byzantium and the Middle East, c. 91 B.C.E.–1643 C.E.|publisher=Fordham University|access-date=2016-09-16}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hansen|first=Valerie|title=The Open Empire: A History of China to 1600|year=[[2000]]|location = Novi Eboraci |publisher=W. W. Norton &amp; Company}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hargett|first=James M.|year=[[1985]]|title=Some Preliminary Remarks on the Travel Records of the Song Dynasty (960–1279)}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hargett|first=James M.|year=[[1996]]|title=Song Dynasty Local Gazetteers and Their Place in The History of Difangzhi Writing}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hartwell|first=Robert M.|year=[[1982]]|title=Demographic, Political, and Social Transformations of China, 750–1550}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hymes|first=Robert P.|title=Statesmen and Gentlemen: The Elite of Fu-Chou, Chiang-Hsi, in Northern and Southern Sung|year=[[1986]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Hsu|first=Mei-ling|year=[[1993]]|title=The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development}}.
* {{Citation|last=Levathes|first=Louise|title=When China Ruled the Seas|year=[[1994]]|publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster]]}}.
*{{Citation|last=Liu|first=William Guangling|year=[[2015]]|title=The Chinese Market Economy 1000–1500}}.
* {{Citation|last=Lorge|first=Peter|title=War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795|year=[[2005]]|publisher=Routledge}}.
* {{Citation|last=Lorge|first=Peter|title=The Reunification of China: Peace through War under the Song Dynasty|year=[[2015]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=McKnight|first=Brian E.|title=Law and Order in Sung China|year=[[1992]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Mohn|first=Peter|title=Magnetism in the Solid State: An Introduction|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Springer-Verlag}}.
* {{Citation|last=Mote|first=F. W.|title=Imperial China: 900–1800|year=[[1999]]|publisher=Harvard University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 1, Introductory Orientations|year=[[1986]]a|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth|year=[[1986]]b|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2: Mechanical Engineering|year=[[1986]]c|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3: Civil Engineering and Nautics|year=[[1986]]d|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7: Military Technology; The Gunpowder Epic|year=[[1986]]e|publisher=Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Paludan|first=Ann|title=Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors|year=[[1998]]|publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofchine00palu}}.
* {{Citation|last=Peers|first=C. J.|title=Soldiers of the Dragon: Chinese Armies 1500 BCE–CE 1840|year=[[2006]]|publisher=Osprey Publishing}}.
* {{Citation|last=Rossabi|first=Morris|title=Khubilai Khan: His Life and Times|year=[[1988]]|publisher=University of California Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Rudolph|first=R. C.|year=[[1963]]|title=Preliminary Notes on Sung Archaeology}}.
* {{Citation|last=Sastri|first=Nilakanta, K.A.|title=The CōĻas|year=[[1984]]|publisher=University of Madras}}.
* {{Citation|last=Schafer|first=Edward H.|year=[[195]]|title=War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China}}.
* {{Citation|last=Sen|first=Tansen|title=Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400|year=[[2003]]|publisher=Asian Interactions and Comparisons, a joint publication of the University of Hawaii Press and the Association for Asian Studies}}.
* {{Citation|last=Shen|first=Fuwei|title=Cultural flow between China and the outside world|year=[[1996]]|publisher=Foreign Languages Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Sivin|first=Nathan|title=Science in Ancient China|year=[[1995]]|publisher=VARIORUM, Ashgate Publishing}}.
* {{Citation|last=Steinhardt|first=Nancy Shatzman|year=[[1993]]|title=The Tangut Royal Tombs near Yinchuan}}
* {{Citation|last=Sung|first=Tz'u|title=The Washing Away of Wrongs: Forensic Medicine in Thirteenth-Century China|year=[[1981]]|publisher=University of Michigan Press}}.
* {{Citation|title=Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia|first=Rein|last=Taagepera|year=[[1997]]|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3cn68807}}
* {{Citation|last=Temple|first=Robert|title=The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention|year=[[1986]]|publisher=Simon and Schuster}}.
* {{Citation|last=Veeck|first=Gregory|title=China's Geography: Globalization and the Dynamics of Political, Economic, and Social Change|year=[[2007]]|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/chinasgeographyg0000veec}}.
* {{Citation|last=Wagner|first=Donald B.|year=[[2001]]|title=The Administration of the Iron Industry in Eleventh-Century China}}.
* {{Citation|last=Wang|first=Lianmao|title=Return to the City of Light: Quanzhou, an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture|year=[[2000]]|publisher=Fujian People's Publishing House}}.
* {{Citation|last=West|first=Stephen H.|year=[[1997]]|title=Playing With Food: Performance, Food, and The Aesthetics of Artificiality in The Sung and Yuan}}.
* {{Citation|last=Wright|first=Arthur F.|title=Buddhism in Chinese History|year=[[1959]]|publisher=Stanford University Press}}.
* {{Citation|last=Yen-Mah|first=Adeline|title=China; Land of Dragon and Emperors|publisher=Random House|url=https://archive.org/details/chinalandofdrago00maha}}.
* {{Citation|last=Yuan|first=Zheng|year=[[1994]]|title=Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment}}.

==Bibliographia addita==
* {{cite book|title=&quot;This Culture of Ours&quot;: Intellectual Transitions in T'ang and Sung China|last=Bol|first=Peter K.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=[[1992]]|isbn=978-0-8047-1920-9|location=Stanfordiae Californiae|ref=none}}.
* {{Citation|last=Cotterell|first=Arthur|title=The Imperial Capitals of China – An Inside View of the Celestial Empire|year=[[2007]]|ref=none|location=Londinii|publisher=Pimlico|isbn=978-1-84595-009-5}}.
* {{Citation|last=Gascoigne|first=Bamber|title=The Dynasties of China: A History|year=[[2003]]|ref=none|location=Novi Eboraci|publisher=Carroll &amp; Graf|isbn=978-1-84119-791-3}}.
* {{Citation|last=Gernet|first=Jacques|title=A history of Chinese civilization|year=[[1982]]|ref=none|location=Cantabrigiae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24130-4}}.
* {{Citation|last=Kruger|first=Rayne|title=All Under Heaven: A Complete History of China|year=[[2003]]|ref=none|location=Chichester|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-0-470-86533-0|url=https://archive.org/details/allunderheavenco0000krug}}.
* {{cite book|title=The Age of Confucian Rule: The Song Transformation of China|last=Kuhn|first=Dieter|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|year=[[2009]]|isbn=978-0-674-03146-3|location=Cantabrigiae Massachusettae|ref=none}}.
* {{cite book|title=China among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries|last=Rossabi|first=Morris|publisher=University of California Press|year=[[1983]]|isbn=978-0-520-04383-1|location=Berkeliae|ref=none}}.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Song Dynasty|domum Song}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210225224253/http://www.chinaheritagequarterly.org/features.php?searchterm=006_elm.inc&amp;issue=006 Canticum domus in ''Sinis Heritage Quarterly.'']
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120903075459/http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/chinahist/song.html Canticum domus.]
* [http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/timelines/china/song.html Carmen ars et Liao.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907063837/http://www.artsmia.org/art-of-asia/history/dynasty-sung.cfm Canticum domus, ars cum commentario.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201019190706/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11383/ Nuper Composuit Super Geographicis Survey.]{{dubsig}}

[[Categoria:Continetur textus Sinice scriptus]]
[[Categoria:Familiae imperiales Sinarum]]

{{Myrias|Historia}}</text>
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    <title>Symeon Sethi</title>
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      <text bytes="9162" sha1="pnx9shpbzjrx0l9o8kspjoqv1irakr1" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine dicavit. Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων (''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus]]'')
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-127. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2 (Leodii, 1939) pp. 1–127 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan Astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kadellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kadellis, &quot;[http://nautil.us/blog/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11321" sha1="r5qw9wfc7gqslfxw5p4uytuic9nzbpa" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine dicavit. Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Symeon Seth (11th century) gives a number of proofs that the earth is a sphere. First, the sun dawns in the east before it sets in the west, so when it is afternoon among the Persians, it is morning among us. But how do we know that there are time differences? We know it from eclipses of the sun and moon: the same eclipse is recorded as taking place in the afternoon by the Persians but in the morning by us. Second, we see mountaintops appear first on the horizon when we are sailing at sea, just as we see the top of the mast of a ship first that is sailing toward us. Third, were the earth not spherical, all the stars in the night sky would be visible from everywhere at the same time, but there are some seen in the north that are not seen in the south, and vice versa (Summary of Physics 1.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων (''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus]]'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|{{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= M. Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, A. Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11321" sha1="af9dugbyqp3y8vewfc3jizkfzchy23r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine dicavit. Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!-- Symeon Seth (11th century) gives a number of proofs that the earth is a sphere. First, the sun dawns in the east before it sets in the west, so when it is afternoon among the Persians, it is morning among us. But how do we know that there are time differences? We know it from eclipses of the sun and moon: the same eclipse is recorded as taking place in the afternoon by the Persians but in the morning by us. Second, we see mountaintops appear first on the horizon when we are sailing at sea, just as we see the top of the mast of a ship first that is sailing toward us. Third, were the earth not spherical, all the stars in the night sky would be visible from everywhere at the same time, but there are some seen in the north that are not seen in the south, and vice versa (Summary of Physics 1.5).&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων (''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus]]'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|{{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= M. Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, A. Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officia magistri et vestiarii in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= M. Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, A. Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12077" sha1="kqtc26vtd1bkauvms3uy2tfvnbr4w6r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officia magistri et vestiarii in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= M. Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, A. Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11893" sha1="d5o18fjduslak7mrevv8a14ugdtubw6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officia magistri et vestiarii in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= M. Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, A. Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }} 
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12729" sha1="d9ayvou9iwzoq9vlw8e9vwgqo3l2exd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12731" sha1="3nvisdjm01g6lwwog4scqpvxwrc60mb" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12961" sha1="jrfchx5jiygyio604su50vy7xcfdamx" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Paul Magdalino, &quot;The Byzantine Reception of Classical Astrology&quot; in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Antirrhetica contra Galenum''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Roland Betancourt, ''Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2018) pp. 78–85 (&quot;Symeon Seth and the Arab World&quot;)
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Paul Magdalino, &quot;The Byzantine Reception of Classical Astrology&quot; in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="13179" sha1="51kg11pno4lq0blsoqo3yqmhfil33f4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ἀντιρρητικὸς πρὸς Γαληνόν (''Antirrhetica contra Galenum'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Roland Betancourt, ''Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2018) pp. 78–85 (&quot;Symeon Seth and the Arab World&quot;)
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997; [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Paul Magdalino, &quot;The Byzantine Reception of Classical Astrology&quot; in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12518" sha1="bfj9kv98ph7t1syhb7atnb4hirfdysd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ἀντιρρητικὸς πρὸς Γαληνόν (''Antirrhetica contra Galenum'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
{{Vide-etiam|Tacuinum sanitatis#Bibliographia}}
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Roland Betancourt, ''Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2018) pp. 78–85 (&quot;Symeon Seth and the Arab World&quot;)
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997 [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Paul Magdalino, &quot;The Byzantine reception of classical astrology&quot; in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12536" sha1="8bz0e6o2a76kmlhl8mbxtp4hq2w5s28" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Symeon Sethi''', [[Graece]] Συμεών ὁ Σηθί, fuit eruditus et [[interpres]] [[Imperium Byzantinum|Byzantinus]], origine [[Antiochia|Antiochenus]], qui imperatori [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaeli VII Ducae]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] de regimine, titulo [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''), dicavit. Bilinguis libros physicos medicosque tam Arabicos quam Graecos cognovit; placita eruditorum ex Arabica in Graecam linguam transferre solebat historiamque fabulosam ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]'' Graece vertit.

Antiochiae inter annos 1030 et 1040 natus est, ubi iuvenis eruditum [[Elbochasim]] (ابن بطلان ''Ibn Buṭlān'') auscultavisse censetur. Deinde [[Cairum]] profectus est ubi [[defectio Solis|eclipsim Solis]] [[defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa|die 25 Februarii 1058]] observavit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEsearch/SEsearchmap.php?Ecl=10580225 De defectione 1058]&lt;/ref&gt; sicut ipse in opusculo Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') narraverit. Denuo Constantinopolim petivit. Ibi officium magistri in aula imperatorum tenebat, regnantibus Michaele VII Duca (1071-1078) cui librum de regimine, atque [[Alexius I Comnenus|Alexio I Comneno]] cui versionem fabulae ''Kalila et Dimna'', dicavit.

Villam iuxta [[Rhaedestus|Rhaedestum]] possidebat, ubi olim in exsilium missus est; quae villa post eius mortem ad [[Monasterium Pantocratoris (Constantinopolis)|Monasterium Pantocratoris]] [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopolitanum]] pertinuit.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes II Comnenus]], ''Typicum Christi Salvatoris Pantocratoris'' cap. 65 (P. Gautier, ed., &quot;Le Typikon du Christ Sauveur Pantocrator&quot; in ''Revue des études byzantines'' vol. 32 (1974) pp. 1-145, vide pp. 114-115; John Thomas, Angela Constantinides Hero, interprr., ''Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents'' vol. 2 [Vasingtoniae: Dumbarton Oaks, 1998] vol. 2 pp. 725-781, vide p. 769)&lt;/ref&gt;

Symeon Sethi in ''Conspectu rerum naturalium'' (1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: prima, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Kaldellis (2017)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opera ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
* [[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων]] (''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'') pluribus recensionibus transmissum
* Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 1-89&lt;/ref&gt;
* Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 90-126. {{qc|id=Pingree (1964)}} p. 138; {{qc|id=Anastos (1947)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Opusculum astrologicum de praecessione aequinoctium, ms. Vat. Gr. 1056 f. 32 (opus τοῦ Σὴθ ἐκείνου i.e. &quot;illius Seth&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Pingree (1976)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ἀντιρρητικὸς πρὸς Γαληνόν (''Antirrhetica contra Galenum'')&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cronier et al. (2015)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Lexicon botanicum mss. Vindobonensis med. gr. 25 ff. 1r-9v et Athous Iviron 182 ff. 145r-156v&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)}} pp. 339-361&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Le nom de Seth n’apparaît pas dans le manuscrit de l’Athos et il a été ajouté par une seconde main dans le manuscrit viennois. {{qc|id=Pietrobelli (2016)}} --&gt;
* Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης (''Stephanites et Ichnelates''), versio Graeca libri fabulosi ''[[Kalila et Dimna]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Sjöberg (1962)}}; {{qc|id=Brodersen (2021)}}; {{qc|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)}}. &quot;[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=44&amp;letter=K Kalilah wa-Dimnah]&quot; in ''Jewish Encyclopedia'' (1906); {{qc|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes fere coaevi
* [[Anna Comnena]], ''[[Alexias]]'' 6.7

; Editiones operum
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1697 : {{ec|id=Starkius, ed. (1697)|c=Sebastianus Gottofridus Starkius, interpr., ''Specimen sapientiae Indorum veterum: Στεφανίτης καὶ Ἰχνηλάτης''. Berolini: Rüdiger, 1697 {{Google Books|Y3I7AAAAcAAJ}} }}
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2. Leodii, 1939 }}
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 1962 : {{ec|id=Sjöberg (1962)|c=L.-O. Sjöberg, ''Stephanites und Ichnelates: Überlieferungsgeschichte und Text''. Upsalae, 1962 (Studia Graeca Upsaliensia 2) }}
* 1976 : {{ec|id=Pingree (1976)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;The Indian and pseudo-Indian passages in Greek and Latin astronomical and astrological texts&quot; in ''Viator'' vol. 7 (1976) pp. 141-195 }}
* 2015 : {{ec|id=Cronier et al. (2015)|c= Marie Cronier, A. Guardasole, C. Magdelaine, Antoine Pietrobelli, &quot;Galien en procès à Byzance: l’Antirrhétique de Syméon Seth&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 9 (2015) pp. 89-139 }}
* 2021 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2021)|c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Fabelbuch''. Spirae, 2021. ISBN 9783939526469 }}
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}
* 2023 : Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth: Weltall, Erde, Mensch. Zweisprachige Ausgabe''. Speyer, 2023

; Eruditio
{{Vide-etiam|Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus#Bibliographia}}
* {{ec|id=Anastos (1947)|c=M. V. Anastos, &quot;Ύπόγειος, a Byzantine term for perigee, and some Byzantine views of the date of perigee and apogee&quot; in ''Orientalia Christiana periodica'' vol. 13 (1947) pp. 385-403 }}
* Georges Arabatzis, &quot;Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot; in M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Intellect et imagination dans la philosophie médiévale'' (Tornaci: Brepols, 2006. ''Rencontres de philosophie médiévale'', vol. 11) pars 1 pp. 483-493
* Hans-Georg Beck, ''Geschichte der byzantinischen Volksliteratur'' (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.2.3. Monaci, 1971) pp. 41–45
* Roland Betancourt, ''Sight, Touch, and Imagination in Byzantium'' (Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press, 2018) pp. 78–85 (&quot;Symeon Seth and the Arab World&quot;)
* Petros Bouras-Vallianatos, Sophia Xenophontos, &quot;[https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/viewFile/15257/7103 Galen's Reception in Byzantium: Symeon Seth and his Refutation of Galenic Theories on Human Physiology]&quot; in ''Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies'' vol. 55 (2015) pp. 431–469, praesertim 436–442
* {{ec|id=Condylis-Bassoukos (1997)|c=Hélène Condylis-Bassoukos, ''Stéphanitès kai Ichnélatès, traduction grecque (xie siècle) du livre Kalīla wa-Dimna d'Ibn al-Muqaffa (viiie siècle). Étude lexicologique et littéraire''. Lovanii: Peeters, 1997 [https://www.academia.edu/49271232/Hélène_Condylis_Bassoukos_Stéphanitès_kai_Ichnélatès_traduction_grecque_XI_siècle_du_livre_Kal_la_wa_Dimna_d_Ibn_al_MuqaffaÆ_VIII_siècle_Étude_lexicologique_et_littéraire_Académie_Royale_de_Belgique_Classe_des_Lettres_Fonds_René_Draguet_11_Leuven_Peeters_1997_xxxi_239_pp Textus] }}
* Marie-Hélène Congourdeau, &quot;Le traducteur grec du traité de Rhazès sur la variole&quot; in Antonio Garzya, Jacques Jouanna, edd., ''Storia e ecdotica dei testi medici greci. Atti del II Convegno Internazionale, Parigi, 24-26 maggio 1994'' (Neapoli, 1996)
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Herbert Hunger, ''Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner'' vol. 2 (''Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft'' vol. 12.5.2. Monaci, 1978) pp. 308–309
* Paul Magdalino, &quot;The Byzantine reception of classical astrology&quot; in Catherine Holmes, Judith Waring, edd., ''Literacy, Education and Manuscript Transmission in Byzantium and Beyond'' (Lugduni Batavorum: Brill, 2002, pp. 33–57
* {{ec|id=Magdalino (2006)|c=Paul Magdalino, ''L'Orthodoxie des astrologues. La science entre le dogme et la divination à Byzance (viie – xive siècle)''. Lutetiae: Lethielleux, 2006 }}
* {{ec|id=Moore (2005)|c=Paul Moore, ''Iter Psellianum: a Detailed Listing of Manuscript Sources for All Works Attributed to Michael Psellos, Including a Comprehensive Bibliography'' (Toronti: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 2005. ISBN 0888443757) p. 437 no. 1045 }}
* M. C. Pacheco, J. Meirinhos, edd., ''Phantasia et intellect chez Syméon Seth. Sur les sources du &quot;Conspectus rerum naturalium&quot;'' (Turnholti: Brepols, 2006)
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}
* Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Interacciones entre Bizancio y el islam en el medio letrado: Simeón Seth en el contexto del siglo XI&quot; in ''Erytheia'' vol. 38 (2017) pp. 51-74; [https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6154539 Textus]
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 11]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 11 aut 12]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Constantinopoleos]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Syropalaestinae mediaevalis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Arabo-Graeci]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores fabularum]]</text>
      <sha1>8bz0e6o2a76kmlhl8mbxtp4hq2w5s28</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eques (equitatio)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Scip.</username>
        <id>77624</id>
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      <text bytes="3652" sha1="dy72qopyfh4ubej8a2l8pu8zfxyazkk" xml:space="preserve">{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Eques (discretiva)}}
[[Fasciculus:Internationale Military te Boekelo, Prinses Anne van Engeland in aktie, Bestanddeelnr 931-1059 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Anna, Principissa Britanniarum, in certamine equestri anno 1980 peracto]]
'''Eques''' est homo, vir aut femina, [[Equitatio|equitans]]&lt;ref&gt;In lingua Latina classica nomen equitis viros semper fere significabat, sed praesertim in lingua postclassica etiam feminas, unde et hoc nomen tum pro masculino tum pro feminino habetur. Vide: Kruczkiewicz, Boleslaus (1925) ''Słownik łacińsko-polski dla użytku szkół średnich.'' Leopoli–Varsoviae: Książnica-Atlas. ISBN 83-86381-65-5&lt;/ref&gt;.

Homines abhinc annorum circiter quinque milia equitare coeperunt.&lt;ref&gt;Trautmann, Martinus et al. (2023) First bioanthropological evidence for Yamnaya horsemanship. ''Science Advances'' 9: eade2451 [https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ade2451 Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ephippium|Ephippia]] autem, maximi momenti tum pro equitibus cum pro [[Equus ferus caballus|equis]], postea inventa sunt; antiquissimum eorum quae usque ad nos pervenit ante duo milia quadringentos annos factum est.&lt;ref&gt;Wertmann, Patricius ''et al.'' (2023). The earliest directly dated saddle for horse-riding from a mid-1st millennium BCE female burial in Northwest China. ''Archaeological Research in Asia'', 35: 100451. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352226723000235?via%3Dihub Textus]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Eques, antequam in equum ascendet, ephippium cum [[cingula]] et frenum cum habena ei imponit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Commenius, Johannes Amos (1658) ''Orbis sensualium pictus, hoc est, Omnium fundamentalium in Mundo Rerum &amp; in Vitâ Actionum Pictura &amp; Nomenclatura.'' Norimbergae: Typis &amp; Sumptibus Michaelis Endteri. ISBN 978-83-235-1720-7&lt;/ref&gt; Equites saepius [[Stivale|stivalia]] seu perones in pedibus et [[Chirotheca|chirothecas]] in manibus habent, atque virgula utuntur;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; sed saeculo vicesimo primo, ante haec omnia vestimenta, galea in capite gravissima censetur, qua antea rarius vel minime utebatur.&lt;ref&gt;Deutsch, Julia (2006), ''Débuter l'équitation.'' Parisiis: Artemis. ISBN 2-84416-340-8 &lt;/ref&gt;

Inter equites claros inveniuntur [[miles|milites]] et [[rex|reges]], exempli gratia [[Alexander Magnus]], cuius equo [[Bucephalas|Bucephali]] nomen erat, et sancta [[Ioanna de Arc]]. Temporibus autem nostris, qui artem equestrem colunt [[Athleta|athletae]] potius sunt qui sine [[sanguis|sanguinis]] effusione inter se certantur, ut puta [[Maria Zandbang]] et [[Anna (principissa Britanniarum)|Anna]], Principissa Britanniarum.

Haud pauci homines, cum imaginem suam a [[pictor]]ibus [[sculptor]]ibusve fieri iuberentur, sese splendoris causa repraesentari tum equitantes, tum saltem in vestitu equestri voluerunt.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;nolines&quot; widths=&quot;220&quot;&gt;
Fasciculus:Equestrian statue Marcus Aurelius replica, Capitole, Rome, Italy.jpg|[[Marcus Aurelius]] imperator, sculptura saeculo II p.Ch.n. facta
Fasciculus:Diego Velázquez 053.jpg|[[Philippus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus IV]], imago a [[Didacus Velazquius|Didaco Velazquio]] picta (ca. 1635)
Fasciculus:Antoine Pesne hofdame ; Prinzessin Amalia von Preussen als Amazone.jpg|[[Anna Amalia Borussiae]] in vestitu equestri (ante 1757)
Fasciculus:Wojciech Kossak - Portret Marii Sobańskiej.jpg|Comitissa Maria Sobańska, imago ab Adalberto Kossak a. 1907 picta
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Nexus externi== 
{{CommuniaCat|Horse riding|equites}}
*[https://curlie.org/World/Deutsch/Sport/Tiersport/Pferdesport/ termini technici et nexus equitationem specantes]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Equites (equitantes)]]
[[Categoria:Equus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Grufo</title>
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      <comment>/* Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? */ nova pars</comment>
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      <text bytes="19823" sha1="jlasz97eu5b6gubjlv7sa9oeq6cqcbk" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jlasz97eu5b6gubjlv7sa9oeq6cqcbk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953529</id>
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      <comment>/* Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? */</comment>
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      <text bytes="20247" sha1="ecwjlhid462nlyxt3ht4snfhdqymmqn" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensuis communibus differt, non in sensuis ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confecta, ut pagina dicit.) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' invēnit. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="20862" sha1="h1ef4q6ozi081r8upp1xr2jb0esfw8h" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' invēnit. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Disputationes veteres:
{{Specialis:Praefixa/Disputatio Usoris:Grufo/Tabularium}}

== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuit. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Translation request ==

Hello, Grufo.

Can you create an article about the American Democratic Vice Presidential candidate [[:en:Tim Walz]] ([[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]]) in Latin Wikipedia, just like for the Republican Vice Presidential candidate [[Iacobus David Vance]]?

Yours sincerely, [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 12:48, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

: Hi. I did not create the [[Iacobus David Vance]] page, I only [[Specialis:Diff/3848980/3849044|corrected a few things]], mostly of typographical nature. Of course a [[Timotheus Iacobus Walz]] page would be a nice thing to have. But asking users to do something for us usually rarely works. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::I understand. Thank you for the reply. I also posted the same question to the original uploader. Though I think he or she is a &quot;one timer&quot; and might not upload or edit again. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:22, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::: I do not know why the original author created Vance's page, but it is not to be excluded that they did it as a consequence of political affiliation (nothing is wrong with that, as long their contribution is encyclopedic), and if that is the case asking the same person to create the page of their political adversary will likely not work. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:27, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::That also later crossed my mind. I personally did not request a translation due to political reasons. I just thought that the other Vice Presidential candidate should also have an article in Latin Wikipedia. Never mind. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 13:34, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::: No problem. Let's see how the original author reacts. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 13:41, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::To my surprise, the original author uploaded the second article as well. I have thanked him or her and I thank you as well. [[Specialis:Conlationes/31.200.11.5|31.200.11.5]] 15:59, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)
::::::: I am happy they did! :) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:01, 31 Augusti 2024 (UTC)

== Nomination ==
Hi, Grufo. I just proposed you at [[Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus/Grufo]]. When you have a spare moment, please go there and indicate your willingness -- thank you! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 08:23, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
: Thank you, Andrew! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:46, 7 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
::As you may have noticed, you are elected nemine contradicente. An excellent result! I will now attempt to give you the appropriate permissions. I'm sorry I have been absent rather often on real world concerns, and this may continue for a while. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:23, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::Done, I think. Next time you log in, verify if you have some unaccustomed powers. Notably, you should be able to delete a page (which should be helpful to you and to others who may need to have a page deleted), and protect a page from some groups of editors, and you should be able to block a user, named or anonymous. Tell me if I can help with anything. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:36, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Hooray! :-) You have absolutely nothing to apologize for, Andrew. I am very grateful for your sponsorship. I hope your real world concerns will soon calm down. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:19, 15 Septembris 2024 (UTC)

== Candidatus ad magistratum propositus ==

Gratias tibi ago, Grufo optime! Me maxime honorasti me ad electionem in circulum magistratuum proponens. Praeter doctrinam meam debiliorem imprimis inopia temporis liberi me monet, ne hoc munus acciperem. Per septuaginta horas cuiusque hebdomadae munere medici occupatus sum. Ideo non prius quam circa mediam noctem ad Vicipaediam nostram accedere soleo. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 20:47, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, Bis-Taurine, quia mihi scripsisti. Paucum tempus non est magnum incommodum, multi sunt magistratus apud nos qui inter se laborem distribuunt (nihilominus a magistratu haud maior labor, sed sapientia tantum requiritur). Nisi tibi displacet “magistratus mediae noctis” fieri, tuam petitionem proponere adhuc cupio. Attamen importunē insistere nolo! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:46, 11 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: @[[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]]: Demetrium Talpam et Marcum Terentium Bibliophilum [[Vicipaedia:Taberna#Magistratus: novae nominationes|nuper proposui]]; et te, volentem, proponere cupio. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 08:44, 15 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Bis-Taurinus Grufoni salutem! Si paucum tempus et peritia mea exigua non impediunt, me canditatum proponas! [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 05:29, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: Euax! :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:47, 16 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Request ==

As mentioned in [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 30#Disney cartoon articles]], there are some semi-protected pages that have been protected for 15 years now. Do you think it'd be OK to remove protection from them? I'm asking you because I see you've handled protections before. I also think that there should be some improvement to these pages, as they are generally stubs that have been short for 15 years. Should I start a new discussion at [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] to get someone to add more content to the pages? [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 16:56, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi. It seems that the discussion you linked was not really in favour of removing the protection. It is true that four years have passed, however these pages are only semi-protected, all you need to edit them is an account. Have you considered creating one? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:01, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:: Some of the pages were unprotected, and those haven't been vandalized since. I actually thought that the discussion was in favor by the end of it. Just a note, I'd have to wait four days to edit after creating an account. However, I was wondering if anyone could add more content to these pages. I saw [[Babe: Pig in the City]] was deleted, but could a new page be written to replace it? Also, I see the tag at [[Rugrats]], should that page be deleted? If I create an account, I'll let you know. [[Specialis:Conlationes/2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB|2602:306:3384:B280:F98F:6E9D:3FBC:E1BB]] 17:06, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
::: Account created. [[Usor:Shopping metaphor|Shopping metaphor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Shopping metaphor|disputatio]]) 17:10, 18 Octobris 2024 (UTC)
:::: That is great! Happy editing! :-)

== Petitio de Formula:AE ==
Salve Grufo! Potesne Formulam:AE in nostra Vicipaedia ratam facere ut exempli gratia in Vicipaedia Anglica. Nam nexum ad inscriptiones Latinas et Graecas praebet quae in ''[[L'Année épigraphique]]'' publicatae sunt. Vide exempli gratia [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindia_gens Mindia gens] apud Anglicos (AE|2018|325). Etenim epigraphia Latinitati fons non negligendus aestimanda est. Ante aliquot annos Andreas Dalby hoc idem ad Formulam [[CIL]] effecerat. Te amabo si temptabis. --[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:17, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

Tibi gratias ago. Non difficile fortasse erat sed talium rerum non peritus sum.--[[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|disputatio]]) 15:28, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

: Noli timere, magnopere quidem fuit facile factu. :-) --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:33, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

:: {{Tpe|Postilla}} [[Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus|Marce]], formulam {{Fn|AE ref}} quoque nunc habemus. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:54, 20 Octobris 2024 (UTC)

== Capsa mendosa? ==

Hi! I’ve just noticed your [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 33#Capsa mendosa?|your ping from over a year ago]], but the problem seems to still persist, so better late than never. ☺ It’s probably because the same coats of arms are listed both [[d:Q81162#P154|as logos]] and [[d:Q81162#P94|as actual coats of arms]], so the solution is removing the logos from the Wikidata items. —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 11:39, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
: Hi [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]], thank you for reaching out. How about [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861571|this solution]]? To be really unbreakable it should be extended to the other image properties as well – because, for example, [[Collegium Sanctae Catharinae (Oxonia)|here]] the problem still persists. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:48, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} Maybe [[Specialis:Diff/3850542/3861576|this other solution]] solves everything once and for all. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:59, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::I think it’s more of a workaround than a solution: Wikidata data is simply wrong (these images are coats of arms, not logos), so that should be fixed instead of changing the Wikipedia infobox. [https://www.wikidata.org/w/index.php?title=Property_talk:P94&amp;diff=2273008387 I’ve added a complex constraint on Wikidata that lists exact duplicates] (it won’t catch St Catherine’s College, but it will catch the others). —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 22:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::: It makes sense. What our template does is simply a check for duplicate images (which under no circumstances need to be shown twice). Feel free to restore the check-free version if you want. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:28, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::I &lt;em&gt;think&lt;/em&gt; the checks shouldn’t be there, but I don’t &lt;em&gt;want&lt;/em&gt; to remove them, because I don’t consider myself part of the Latin Wikipedia community and thus want to leave the decision up to the community. (I’m not angry or something like that; it’s perfectly fine for me that you do whatever you want.) —[[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Tacsipacsi|disputatio]]) 23:15, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)
:::::: No problem, [[Usor:Tacsipacsi|Tacsipacsi]]. [[Specialis:Diff/3861576/3861607|I removed the checks]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:35, 10 Novembris 2024 (UTC)

== Create a page for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin ==
@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi dear Grufo! I am from Albania and I have a request. I want to ask you please can you create a page for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi  (Penestae in Latin) on Latin Wiki. I have asked Andrew Dalby to create it and he didn't created it. So I would be very grateful to you if you will create it yourself. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 13:28, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Hi, [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]. You have already sent me an email three days ago, to which I already replied. Please stop spamming. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:46, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Hi Grufo! Now I see the email as I didn't checked it. When you will have time, you will create it? The title for Peshkopi in Latin is Penestae: https://www.loquis.com/en/loquis/2174022/Peshkopi https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 17:14, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]]: As I already wrote you via email, it is not my intention to create the page you are requesting, for at least the following reasons:
:::* The subject is not among my priorities
:::* Based on what I know '''and your own sources''' ([https://latin_latin.en-academic.com/45532/PENESTAE #1], [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Penestae_(tribe) #2]), the ''Penestae'' were a tribe, not a place, and I don't know reliable sources that state otherwise (I will be happy to be contradicted) – actually, the Latin name of Peshkopi seems to be [[Episcopia (discretiva)|Episcopia]] (again, I am happy to be contradicted), whereas the locality where the ''Penestae'' lived was called ''Penestia'', as it seems
:::* If I ever had any intention to create such page, your fixation on a proper name without sources made any intention vanish (you started insisting on it already [[Vicipaedia:Taberna/Tabularium 34#Create articles for Korçë (Coryza - in Latin), Kukës (unknown name in Latin) and Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin)|five months ago]]) – Btw, we can attempt to propose our translations of common names (see {{Fn|Convertimus}}), but doing the same with proper names is definitely out of question (it's like if I insisted – without sources – that your name is “Donald”)
::: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:04, 22 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De quadam difficultate ==
Salve Grufo, scisne, cur &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Titulus italicus}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; non valeat textum italicum reddere in commentatione [[Fabian oder Der Gang vor die Hunde (pellicula 2021)]]? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:10, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
: Salve Neander! Credo titulum nimis longum esse causam (formula {{Fn|Titulus italicus}} non est sine defectibus). [[Specialis:Diff/3887061/3887066|Haec excogitatio]] similia incommoda solvere potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 17:31, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Rectum igitur hominem adii auxilium petens. Gratias ago quam maximas! [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 25 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De voce [[Disportus in Italia]] ==
Ciao, Grufo. Avrei voluto scriverti in latino, ma presumendo che tu sia italiano ti parlerò nella nostra lingua. Scusami tanto se ti disturbo, ma volevo chiederti: come mai hai cancellato la voce [[Disportus in Italia]], creata da me nella giornata di ieri? Sarebbe stato un approfondimento importante sullo sport italiano (argomento di cui mi sto occupando molto), presente anche in molte altre edizioni di Wikipedia. È vero che quando hai cancellato la pagina essa consisteva in un mero elenco di sport con link rossi indirizzanti a sottopagine, ma avrei avuto l'intenzione di scriverla, ampliarla, correggerla, magari in giorni futuri: quindi non l'avrei lasciata in sospeso, abbandonando una voce appena creata, anzi, avrei anche scritto le pagine con i dettagli per ogni disciplina e magari creato una voce simile per altri paesi del mondo. Perciò volevo chiederti soltanto se la voce potrà essere riammessa o potrò comunque ricrearla (anche non adesso, lavorandoci magari prima sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium|sandbox]]). Puoi rispondermi sulla mia [[Usor:Davide2025/Disputatio|talk]] ed eventualmente continuare a darmi suggerimenti per il futuro. A presto e ''magnas gratias tibi, mi Grufo''! [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide2025]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Davide2025|disputatio]]) 14:07, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)
: Ciao [[Usor:Davide2025|Davide]]. Il problema è che non si accettano pagine non finite nello spazio enciclopedico. Ci possono essere dei lavori in corso, ma allora si aggiunge {{Fn|In usu}} in cima alla pagina, altrimenti altri utenti assumeranno che la pagina è stata lasciata così (e infatti un altro utente ha chiesto la cancellazione immediata della pagina in quanto incompleta). Ho ripristinato la pagina in [[Usor:Davide2025/Harenarium/Disportus in Italia]]. Ti consiglio di svilupparla ulteriormente prima di metterla nello spazio enciclopedico. Buon lavoro. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:25, 21 Octobris 2025 (UTC)

== Transylvania et dies 11 Ianuarii ==

Salve Grufo!
Tibi [[Disputatio:11 Ianuarii|hic]] respondi. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 22:10, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Gratias tibi ago, [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurine]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:41, 5 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Tiro sum ==

Salve Grufo! Tiro hic sum, et magis scire volo de Vikipedia Latina. Nunc disco grammaticam Latinan libro Arnoldiis qui vocatur est “A practical introduction to Latin prose”, et libros Ciceronis lego. Estne fas hic scribere ut linguam Latinam discam? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 17:37, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Utilissimum est Latine scribere ad Latinum discendum! Tua peritia linguae mihi videtur esse satis bona. Suadeo ut incipias paginas iam exstantes emendando. Si autem novas paginas scribere cupis, tibi licet sive eas statim creare sive nostro novo “[[Vicipaedia:Adumbratio|systemate adumbrationum]]” uti. Tibi faustas emendationes auguror! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 21:11, 11 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Gratias tibi ago! -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:53, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Adumbratorne ego? ==
Salve Grufo, demiror, qua de causa pagina [[Der fliegende Holländer (melodrama)]] a me incepta Adumbrationis titulo dignata sit. Melius hoc intellegerem, si fere omnes aliae paginae &quot;Adumbrationes&quot; essent. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 18:13, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Neander|Neander]]! Hoc evēnit quia [[Usor:Bartholomite]] putavit [[Special:PermanentLink/3948086|hanc versionem paginae]] esse nimis brevem, idcirco in spatium adumbrationum [[Special:Diff/3948160/3948161|movit]]. Puto motionem rectam fuisse, sed nunc pagina est satis longa. Nihilominus [[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite#De paginis ad spatium adumbrationum motis|ei scripsi]] te monendum fore quotienscumque paginam a te creatam moveret. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 19:47, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== [[UEFA Nations League]] ==

Salve Grufo, potesne paginae huius nomen ex Anglico in Latinum mutare? Vale, -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 14:39, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: Salve [[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]]. Credo istam mutationem in [[Disputatio:UEFA Nations League|pagina disputationis illius commentationis]] melius petendam esse. Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:10, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
::Petivi. Vale. -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 15:20, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Quae sunt &quot;negativa lineamenta&quot;? ==

Dixisti quod differt motus &quot;caterva&quot; et &quot;grex&quot; inquantum caterva est grex negativis cum lineamentis. Cur? Caterva ergo annon extat ut motus pro structura abstracta-algebraica in Neo-Latinitate? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:11, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Salve, [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]. “Caterva” est sicut “turba”, “multitudo sine ordine” (cf. “caterva verborum”), at “grex” est tantummodo aggregatio quaedam. Romani “catervam” saepe excercitūs aliarum gentium appellabant, raro suos. Vide {{Lewshort|caterva|catervam}} et {{L&amp;S|grex|gregem}}. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:06, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Oh, ergo in sensibus communibus differt, non in sensibus ut termata artis. (Sed &quot;grex&quot; erat terma ab Evaristo Galois confectum, ut pagina dicit.) Gratias ago! -- [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::: @[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]]: Ita. Ultro, quod ad nomen ab Evaristo Galois confectum attinet, mihi videtur ipse nullum nomen Latinum, sed tantummodo vocabulum Francogallicum ''groupe'' adhibuisse. Erravine? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:25, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::::Sic videtur. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:40, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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Haec pagina nuntios technicos qui e [[MediaVici]] proveniunt praebet.

Vide etiam [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2016|nuntios anni 2016]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2017|nuntios anni 2017]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2018|nuntios anni 2018]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2019|nuntios anni 2019]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2020|nuntios anni 2020]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2021|nuntios anni 2021]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2022|nuntios anni 2022]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2023|nuntios anni 2023]], [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2024|nuntios anni 2024]] et [[Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|nuntios anni 2025]].
}}

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-03&lt;/span&gt; ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Tech News: 2026-03|Nuntia ad novum annum mota --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W03&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596]
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support &quot;map&quot; as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]]

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&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:32, 12 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 ==
{{Accepta|Vicipaedia:Nuntii Technici/2025|Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Nuntium ad novum annum motum --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]}}
Dear Wikimedia communities,

We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year.

''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.''

In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects.

We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community.

📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]]

If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs:  
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]]
* [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]]

''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]'''''

''Stay connected and receive updates:''  
* [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel]  
* [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list]

We look forward to collaborating with you and your community.

'''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon ==

&lt;div style=&quot;border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;&quot;&gt;

[[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]]
::&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
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;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 

Dear Wiki Community,

We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia.

The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects.

;About the Campaign 
'''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices.

;What Can Participants Write About? 
Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to:
* Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations  
* Folk dances, music, and traditional performances  
* Women and queer figures in folklore  
* Women in mythology and oral traditions  
* Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives  
* Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends  
* Folk games, sports, and cultural practices  

Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools.

;How to Sign Up as an Organizer 
Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community:
# Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] 
# Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool  
# Prepare a local article list and clearly mention:
#* Campaign timeline  
#* Local and international prizes  
# Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]]  
# Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]'''

;Campaign Tools

The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants:

* '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats.
* '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore.

Both tools are now available for use in the campaign.  '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]'''

;Learn More &amp; Get Support
For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''.

If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via:
* '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]'''
* Email us using details on the contact page.

;Join Us 
We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia.

Thank you and best wishes,
  
'''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]'''

----

''Stay connected:''  
[[File:B&amp;W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&amp;nbsp;
[[File:B&amp;W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center; width: 100%;&quot;&gt;''{{int:please-translate}}''&lt;/div&gt;

[[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]]
Hello everyone,

We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe.

;About Wiki Loves Folklore 

'''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight:
* Folk traditions and rituals  
* Cultural festivals and celebrations  
* Traditional attire and crafts 
* Performing arts, music, and dance  
* Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage  

Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world.

[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] 

; Host a Local Edition 

As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to:
* Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture  
* Engage new contributors in your community  
* Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content  

'''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:'''  

If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know.

If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region.

;Get in Touch 
If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via:

* The project Talk pages  
* Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org'''

We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail.

Warm regards,  

'''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team'''
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 13:21, 18 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-04&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] 
* [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/&lt;/code&gt;) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]].
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]!
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there!

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W04&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 20:29, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]].

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]].

Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate.

-- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])&lt;section end=&quot;announcement-content&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

21:01, 19 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-05&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February.
* All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project.
* Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the &quot;prevent this user from editing their own talk page&quot; is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new AbuseFilter variable, &lt;code&gt;account_type&lt;/code&gt;, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the &lt;code&gt;createaccount&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;autocreateaccount&lt;/code&gt; actions. As part of this change, the variable &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; has been renamed to &lt;code&gt;account_name&lt;/code&gt;, and &lt;code&gt;accountname&lt;/code&gt; is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049]
* Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;upload.wikimedia.org/…&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W05&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 21:17, 26 Ianuarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-06&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The &quot;{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}&quot; feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]]

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product &amp; Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W06&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:43, 2 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-07&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors.
* A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] 
* When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458]
* The automatic &quot;magic links&quot; for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{#isbn}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604]
* Two new wikis have been created: 
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|&lt;code&gt;w:kaj:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283]
** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|&lt;code&gt;w:ppl:&lt;/code&gt;]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. 

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]]

'''Meetings and events'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W07&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23:29, 9 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30026671 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-08&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237]

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval]
* The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias.
* Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add &lt;code dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;#siteNotice { display: none; }&lt;/code&gt; to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the &quot;view new changes since…&quot; button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W08&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:16, 16 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30086330 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-09&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html]
'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764]
* Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new &quot;Edit full page&quot; button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered &quot;beta&quot; on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:skin-theme-description&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag&lt;/code&gt; to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta.
* The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild&lt;/code&gt;, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W09&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:03, 23 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30119102 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-10&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki.

'''Updates for editors'''
* [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]].
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&amp;filter=&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate help to localize] this and related features.
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912]
* Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807]
* Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;uselang=&lt;/code&gt; URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111]
* The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily.
* For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust &amp; Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696]
* The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views.
* The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users.
* [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W10&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 17:51, 2 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30137798 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-11&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.
* Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]).

'''Updates for editors'''
* Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118]
* Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]].
* The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests].
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W11&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 18:52, 9 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30213008 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-12&lt;/span&gt; ==
&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059]
* Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055]
* On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016]
* Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]].
* Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263]
'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874]
* Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332]
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.lib&lt;/code&gt; modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;ext.CodeMirror.switch&lt;/code&gt; hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720]
* The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects).
* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W12&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:35, 16 Martii 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-13&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|&quot;Log in with passkey&quot; button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step.
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies.

'''Updates for editors'''
* Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948]
* Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647]
* The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823]
* Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia.

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&amp;oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127]

* The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]]

'''In depth'''
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W13&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 16:50, 23 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30268305 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-14&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available.

'''Weekly highlight'''
* The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]].

'''Updates for editors'''
* The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]].
* The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap &quot;Edit&quot;. This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W14&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 19:25, 30 Martii 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30329462 --&gt;

== Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
[[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]]
{{int:please-translate}}

Dear Wikipedians!

[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge &quot;'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''&quot;, which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''.

The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences.

🧩'''How to participate?'''

Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine.

🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''.

'''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.'''

If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&amp;messages=&amp;language=en&amp;x=D banner] into your own language.

Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! 

[[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;/div&gt;
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== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Usor:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:MediaWiki message delivery|disputatio]]) 17:11, 3 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
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== &lt;span lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Tech News: 2026-15&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W15&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available.

'''Updates for editors'''

* The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]].
* [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171]

'''Updates for technical contributors'''
* The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304]
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  <page>
    <title>Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:39:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>eventa addo</comment>
      <origin>3953464</origin>
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      <text bytes="9338" sha1="04qvbyhiyjasf0gi0grfhg3dd3h6svu" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]]
'''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt; Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cursus belli ==
[[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]]
Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt; Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant.

Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html &quot;Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 &quot;Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call &quot;UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump &quot;A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says &quot;'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian &quot;Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian.&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo &quot;Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], &lt;!--unus???--&gt; auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no &quot;War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o &quot;US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro &quot;Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.&lt;ref&gt;Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad &quot;[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]&quot; mittere potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']&lt;/ref&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}}

[[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]]
[[Categoria:2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gulielmus Howardus Taftius</title>
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    <redirect title="Gulielmus HowardusTaftius" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953470</id>
      <parentid>3953205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T00:34:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xqbot</username>
        <id>9619</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Gulielmus HowardusTaftius]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="r8icogi5c8p871vj063xfbw3i4h6gat" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Gulielmus HowardusTaftius]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lilius Gyraldus</title>
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    <redirect title="Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus" />
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:02:46Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Lilius Gyraldus]] ad [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]] praeter redirectionem: nomen magis usitatum -- OK?</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="iajedf1f7i4kb22znr3hdq9g6xi29kb" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Port-Bail-sur-Mer</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324259</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953375</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:42:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>creatio</comment>
      <origin>3953375</origin>
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      <text bytes="910" sha1="3nk7ovhxiooibt45ij3tfaqr4zv6gj7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:02 NOR - Manche - Port-Bail-sur-Mer (2023-09-13 11-28-32).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Port-Bail-sur-Mer: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Port-Bail-sur-Mer}} est novum commune {{formatnum:2520}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]], quod e fusione trium pristinorum communium, [[Denneville]], [[Portbail]] et [[Saint-Lô-d'Ourville]], die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2019]] creatum est.
{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Port-Bail-sur-Mer|Port-Bail-sur-Mer}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Port-Bail-sur-Mer</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-06T13:44:47Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Pippobuono</username>
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      <comment>attributio</comment>
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      <text bytes="45" sha1="aa9mce22tutpdu9ljyln4oifhe3ft0k" xml:space="preserve">{{attributio|fr|Port-Bail-sur-Mer|234619168}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tritium (chemia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953383</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:40:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus[[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] in...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1059" sha1="sdqev3f1qqyf6aq0ibxuf52u6hj0pfn" xml:space="preserve">'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus[[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus deuterii nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterium deuterium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953384</id>
      <parentid>3953383</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:41:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="1060" sha1="dpidzdoj1djmdyk31aa9m2oka5l3shg" xml:space="preserve">'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus deuterii nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterium deuterium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>dpidzdoj1djmdyk31aa9m2oka5l3shg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953385</id>
      <parentid>3953384</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:43:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953385</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1056" sha1="jzu2t4mfzb1tshei8zeizbi8faijj0h" xml:space="preserve">'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus deuterii nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>jzu2t4mfzb1tshei8zeizbi8faijj0h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953386</id>
      <parentid>3953385</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3953386</origin>
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      <text bytes="1070" sha1="r3mkb5v5hfhwa4vjcm2w566iodvgvqq" xml:space="preserve">'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953387</origin>
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      <text bytes="1168" sha1="3psq7cfeqpgdwtmx4fd6inq0gjz9ngy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>3psq7cfeqpgdwtmx4fd6inq0gjz9ngy</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953388</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:48:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3953388</origin>
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      <text bytes="1295" sha1="lax3i4kukr3ablkyvq8s71sdei18cu4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>lax3i4kukr3ablkyvq8s71sdei18cu4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953389</id>
      <parentid>3953388</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <origin>3953389</origin>
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      <text bytes="1415" sha1="t94mdpno2wxdibkorscdivbwgrwal0r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et quadrante. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>t94mdpno2wxdibkorscdivbwgrwal0r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953390</id>
      <parentid>3953389</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:54:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953390</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1413" sha1="1khp8dt39uwe669340hps3pdhaqzomf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>1khp8dt39uwe669340hps3pdhaqzomf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953391</id>
      <parentid>3953390</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:56:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953391</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1495" sha1="2bnz0ttycflwqsixcqlefo0aqprh8dm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>2bnz0ttycflwqsixcqlefo0aqprh8dm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953394</id>
      <parentid>3953391</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T14:58:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953394</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1554" sha1="dv6h8yyyhn9xxk3e3l7u0ag1o7newdt" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>dv6h8yyyhn9xxk3e3l7u0ag1o7newdt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953395</id>
      <parentid>3953394</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:03:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953395</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1816" sha1="7ocp221jva2vbu6u4ubvn9hoxaem3xc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.


== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>7ocp221jva2vbu6u4ubvn9hoxaem3xc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953396</id>
      <parentid>3953395</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:04:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953396</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1843" sha1="s1k1ajss0uakcxq8txsyo4dmimi76pv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]


[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>s1k1ajss0uakcxq8txsyo4dmimi76pv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953397</id>
      <parentid>3953396</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:06:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1989" sha1="3howz1kdm23p2xuoeq0tq7vrn8bvy3z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>3howz1kdm23p2xuoeq0tq7vrn8bvy3z</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notae */</comment>
      <origin>3953400</origin>
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      <text bytes="2295" sha1="dqvjoocecc5z8af8lczic724vepe00h" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953401</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2700" sha1="9gq5t1xlj6lzxm3pz01lamfoke0spth" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3076" sha1="5s7n8xtqpnp2jyzfrmz4gmyj4e3ofdm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>5s7n8xtqpnp2jyzfrmz4gmyj4e3ofdm</sha1>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953403</origin>
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      <text bytes="3399" sha1="00y8hpnsdre65boquofx3xnn0cwreqi" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>00y8hpnsdre65boquofx3xnn0cwreqi</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,
* Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]&quot;, ''Molecules'', 2024:4109

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953405</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3950" sha1="k3rs9gpv13qrkgifydkpf31nvjp1tz5" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Andrew K. Gillespie, Cuikun Lin, Ian Jones, Brad Jeffries, Joseph Caleb Philipps, Sandeep Puri, John Gahl, John Brockman, R.V. Duncan. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state]&quot;, ''Nuclear Engineering and Technology'', 2026: 104031
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,
* Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]&quot;, ''Molecules'', 2024:4109

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953406</id>
      <parentid>3953405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:39:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953406</origin>
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      <text bytes="3989" sha1="th72ppn58uke50vm13dfr6vbzk74o2a" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur&lt;ref&gt;A. Gillespie et alii (2026).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Andrew K. Gillespie, Cuikun Lin, Ian Jones, Brad Jeffries, Joseph Caleb Philipps, Sandeep Puri, John Gahl, John Brockman, R.V. Duncan. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state]&quot;, ''Nuclear Engineering and Technology'', 2026: 104031
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563,
* Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]&quot;, ''Molecules'', 2024:4109

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>th72ppn58uke50vm13dfr6vbzk74o2a</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953407</id>
      <parentid>3953406</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:52:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953407</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4293" sha1="baat4ycuyaronljsx642b80ao5ciqoq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit fusis duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum reactionem: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur&lt;ref&gt;A. Gillespie et alii (2026).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Andrew K. Gillespie, Cuikun Lin, Ian Jones, Brad Jeffries, Joseph Caleb Philipps, Sandeep Puri, John Gahl, John Brockman, R.V. Duncan. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state]&quot;, ''Nuclear Engineering and Technology'', 2026: 104031
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563
*Andrew J. Parker, Michael D. Aspinall, Colin Boxall, Frank D. Cave, Malcolm J. Joyce. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149197023001683 Radiometric techniques for the detection and assessment of tritium in aqueous media - a review]&quot;,  ''Progress in Nuclear Energy'', 2023, 104733
* Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]&quot;, ''Molecules'', 2024:4109

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>baat4ycuyaronljsx642b80ao5ciqoq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cairum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324262</id>
    <redirect title="Cairus" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953409</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T15:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[Cairus]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="20" sha1="jf7zck02yat34xd0534p54km7v0dd7f" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cairus]]</text>
      <sha1>jf7zck02yat34xd0534p54km7v0dd7f</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Night of the Hunter (pellicula 1955)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953413</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T16:50:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Pellicula |Imago= The Night of the Hunter (1955 poster).jpg |Titulus=The Night of the Hunter   |Latinus titulus=    |Annus=[[1955]] |Moderator=[[Carolus Laughton]] |Scriptor= [[Davis Grubb]]  |Actores= [[Robertus Mitchum]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Shelley Winters]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lilliana Gish]]   |Compositor= [[Walter Schumann]] |Duratio=93 minuta |Lingua=[[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] }} {{res|The Night of the Hunter}} est [[pellicula horrifica]] ad [[genus (ars)|]] ''[[film noir]]'' v...'</comment>
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      <text bytes="1290" sha1="qiwh9uhh45hqzg8krm0alga9tuse2we" xml:space="preserve">{{Pellicula
|Imago= The Night of the Hunter (1955 poster).jpg
|Titulus=The Night of the Hunter  
|Latinus titulus=   
|Annus=[[1955]]
|Moderator=[[Carolus Laughton]]
|Scriptor= [[Davis Grubb]] 
|Actores= [[Robertus Mitchum]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Shelley Winters]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lilliana Gish]]  
|Compositor= [[Walter Schumann]]
|Duratio=93 minuta
|Lingua=[[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
}}
{{res|The Night of the Hunter}} est [[pellicula horrifica]] ad [[genus (ars)|genus]] ''[[film noir]]'' vergens, [[album et nigrum|albo nigroque distincta colore]]. [[Dispositor cinematographicus|Dispositor]] pelliculae fuit [[Carolus Laughton]], homo histrionia arte inlustrior, qui post hanc anno [[1955]] cpnfectam [[pellicula|taeniam]] nullam iam pelliculam disposuit. Etsi suo tempore parum in gratia esset, postea inter studiosos fama crevit statumque operis classici nacta est.

== Argumentum ==
[[Anni 1930|Annis 1930]], cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[depressio oeconomica magna|depressione oeconomica]] discerpitur, sedes [[argentaria]] a Benedicto Harper spoliatur, quo consilio desperato duos liberos et uxorem Willam sustentare posse putat.


== Bibliographia ==
* Couchman, Jeffrey (2009) ''The Night of the Hunter: A Biography of a Film''. Northwestern University Press.


[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>qiwh9uhh45hqzg8krm0alga9tuse2we</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953414</id>
      <parentid>3953413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T17:20:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953414</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1289" sha1="e1dx59xk4ipcycef9bacdg3tfrzg064" xml:space="preserve">{{Pellicula
|Imago= The Night of the Hunter (1955 poster).jpg
|Titulus=The Night of the Hunter  
|Latinus titulus=   
|Annus=[[1955]]
|Moderator=[[Carolus Laughton]]
|Scriptor= [[Davis Grubb]] 
|Actores= [[Robertus Mitchum]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Shelley Winters]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lilliana Gish]]  
|Compositor= [[Walter Schumann]]
|Duratio=93 minuta
|Lingua=[[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
}}
{{res|The Night of the Hunter}} est [[pellicula horrifica]] ad [[genus (ars)|genus]] ''[[film noir]]'' vergens, [[niger et albus|albo nigroque distincta colore]]. [[Dispositor cinematographicus|Dispositor]] pelliculae fuit [[Carolus Laughton]], homo histrionia arte inlustrior, qui post hanc anno [[1955]] cpnfectam [[pellicula|taeniam]] nullam iam pelliculam disposuit. Etsi suo tempore parum in gratia esset, postea inter studiosos fama crevit statumque operis classici nacta est.

== Argumentum ==
[[Anni 1930|Annis 1930]], cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[depressio oeconomica magna|depressione oeconomica]] discerpitur, sedes [[argentaria]] a Benedicto Harper spoliatur, quo consilio desperato duos liberos et uxorem Willam sustentare posse putat.


== Bibliographia ==
* Couchman, Jeffrey (2009) ''The Night of the Hunter: A Biography of a Film''. Northwestern University Press.


[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>e1dx59xk4ipcycef9bacdg3tfrzg064</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Defectio Solis die 25 Februarii 1058 visa</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953415</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T17:43:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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      <comment>nova</comment>
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      <text bytes="1646" sha1="tnau9vskiv9365mw7dh9b29iynheq46" xml:space="preserve">'''Defectio Solis''' die [[25 Februarii]] [[1058]] per [[mare Mediterraneum]], [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanumque Atlanticum]] et partes septentrionales [[America Australis|Americae australis]] visa est. Eruditus Arabo-Graecus [[Symeon Sethi]] eclipsim observavit dum [[Cairus|Cairi]] degebat medicinaeque et rebus physicis studebat. Deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] degens eclipsim in libro Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') descripsit. Denuo in opere cuius titulus est Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'': 1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2 (Leodii, 1939) pp. 1-126 }} (editio operum physicorum Simeonis Sethi
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:Defectiones]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1673" sha1="h95z38pj2ju76rvde0ziwe9en5w2qgk" xml:space="preserve">'''Defectio Solis''' die [[25 Februarii]] [[1058]] per [[mare Mediterraneum]], [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanumque Atlanticum]] et partes septentrionales [[America Australis|Americae australis]] visa est. Eruditus Arabo-Graecus [[Symeon Sethi]] eclipsim observavit dum [[Cairus|Cairi]] degebat medicinaeque et rebus physicis studebat. Deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] degens eclipsim in libro Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') descripsit. Denuo in opere cuius titulus est Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'': 1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2 (Leodii, 1939) pp. 1-126 }} (editio operum physicorum Simeonis Sethi
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}

[[Categoria:Defectiones]]</text>
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      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: +[[Categoria:1058]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1692" sha1="5087co4tds2bms4sodxvu9k2ka6jx75" xml:space="preserve">'''Defectio Solis''' die [[25 Februarii]] [[1058]] per [[mare Mediterraneum]], [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanumque Atlanticum]] et partes septentrionales [[America Australis|Americae australis]] visa est. Eruditus Arabo-Graecus [[Symeon Sethi]] eclipsim observavit dum [[Cairus|Cairi]] degebat medicinaeque et rebus physicis studebat. Deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] degens eclipsim in libro Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') descripsit. Denuo in opere cuius titulus est Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'': 1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2 (Leodii, 1939) pp. 1-126 }} (editio operum physicorum Simeonis Sethi
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}

[[Categoria:Defectiones]]
[[Categoria:1058]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1717" sha1="sjxbh78yfghp21ccgsuvg4tjm7cuz8s" xml:space="preserve">'''Defectio Solis''' die [[25 Februarii]] [[1058]] per [[mare Mediterraneum]], [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanumque Atlanticum]] et partes septentrionales [[America Australis|Americae australis]] visa est. Eruditus Arabo-Graecus [[Symeon Sethi]] eclipsim observavit dum [[Cairus|Cairi]] degebat medicinaeque et rebus physicis studebat. Deinde [[Constantinopolis|Constantinopoli]] degens eclipsim in libro Περὶ χρείας τῶv οὐρανίων σωμάτων (''De usu corporum caelestium'') descripsit. Denuo in opere cuius titulus est Σύνοψις τῶν φυσικῶν (''Conspectus rerum naturalium'': 1.5) tribus probationibus tellurem sphaericam esse monstravit: una, quia eclipsis Solis ab orientalibus occidentalibusque horis variis observatur; altera, quia navigantes culmina montium ante litora videmus; tertia, quia stellae neque omnes neque eadem hora ab omnibus conspiciuntur.

== Bibliographia ==
* {{ec|id=Delatte, ed. (1939)|c=Armand Delatte, ''Anecdota Atheniensia et alia'' vol. 2 (Leodii, 1939) pp. 1-126 }} (editio operum physicorum Simeonis Sethi
* {{ec|id=Pingree (1964)|c=[[David Pingree]], &quot;Gregory Chioniades and Palaeologan astronomy&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 18 (1964) pp. 133-160 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291210 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Kaldellis (2017)|c=Anthony Kaldellis, &quot;[https://nautil.us/the-hidden-science-and-tech-of-the-byzantine-empire-236887 The Hidden Science and Tech of the Byzantine Empire]&quot; (2017) apud ''Nautilus'' }}

[[Categoria:Defectiones]]
[[Categoria:1058]]
[[Categoria:Geophysica]]</text>
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'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]</text>
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'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]</text>
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'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
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'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]]</text>
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'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://abm.hypotheses.org/category/le-projet-symeon-seth Projet Syméon Seth]''
** {{ec|id=Pietrobelli (2016)|c=Antonie Pietrobelli, &quot;[https://abm.hypotheses.org/41 Qui est Syméon Seth?]&quot; (2016) apud ''Projet Syméon Seth'' }}
* {{ec|Pinzón Avendaño (2016)|c=Eduardo Pinzón Avendaño, &quot;Syméon Seth et son époque: Portrait d’un passeur de culture&quot; (dissertatio magisterii Universitatis Parisiensis Sorbonae, 2016) }} [in interrete reperienda]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 11]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4368" sha1="som238fhcr4o25nbx2f4tuy7qsmhu4m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de regimine medio aevo scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* Liber manuscriptus BNF grec 2324 f. 35r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10723840x/ series imaginum]
* Liber manuscriptus BNF suppl. grec 634 f. 216r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501352s/f469.item series imaginum]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 11]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4471" sha1="k9a5qmiviz0ktf8zosur30h01lchwiw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913)
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de regimine medio aevo scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* Liber manuscriptus BNF grec 2301 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b11000236k/ series imaginum]
* Liber manuscriptus BNF grec 2324 f. 35r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10723840x/ series imaginum]
* Liber manuscriptus BNF suppl. grec 634 f. 216r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501352s/f469.item series imaginum]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 11]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4543" sha1="snvom86d602kpupdlwk50i6plo8nkna" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Simeon Seth, BNF MS suppl grec 634 f 216r.jpg|thumb|Initium ''[[Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus|Syntagmatis de alimentorum facultatibus]]'' Symeonis Sethi ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica|BNF]] MS suppl. grec 634, f. 216r)]]
'''''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''''', Graece {{Polytonic|Σύνταγμα κατὰ στοιχείων περὶ τροφῶν δυνάμεων}}, opus de regimine physici et medici [[Symeon Sethi|Symeonis Sethi]] origine [[Antiochia|Antiocheni]], inter annos 1071 et [[1078]] scriptum, imperatori Byzantino [[Michael VII Ducas|Michaele VII Duca]] [[enchiridion|librum manualem]] dicatum est. Pluribus recensionibus multisque libris manuscriptis nobis traditur.

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operis
* 1538 : [[Lilius Gregorius Gyraldus]], ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiochiae Syntagma per literarum ordinem de cibariorum facultate''. Basileae, 1538; [https://archive.org/details/hin-wel-all-00003036-001 Textus apud Internet Archive] {{Google Books|FJukcSowkeMC}}
** 1561: Nova editio, emendationibus Dominici Montesauri castigata 
* 1658 : Martinus Bogdanus, ed. et interpr., ''Symeonis Sethi magistri Antiocheni Volumen de alimentorum facultatibus iuxta ordinem literarum digestum''. Lutetiae, 1658 [https://archive.org/details/volumendealimen00bogdgoog Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1893 : Bernhardus Langkavel, ed., ''Simeonis Sethi Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus''. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1893 [http://dbooks.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/books/PDFs/600037508.pdf Textus]
* 1939 : Marc Émile Prosper Louis Brunet, ''Siméon Seth, médecin de l’empereur Michel Doucas; sa vie, son oeuvre. Première traduction en français du traité &quot;Recueil des propriétés des aliments par ordre alphabétique&quot;''. Burdigalae: Delmas, 1939
* 2022 : {{ec|id=Brodersen (2022) |c=Kai Brodersen, ed. et interpr., ''Symeon Seth, Das A und O vom Essen und Trinken''. Aquis Mattiacis: Marix, 2022. ISBN 978-3-7374-1194-3 }}

; Eruditio
* David Deakle, &quot;Simeon Seth on Cannabis (Cognoscenti of Cannabis II)&quot; in ''Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics'' vol. 1 (2001) no. 2; eadem res in ''Handbook of cannabis therapeutics'' (2006) [https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781136752865_A23879768/preview-9781136752865_A23879768.pdf Textus]
* Robert Fuchs, &quot;[https://archive.org/details/philologus57archgoog/page/448/mode/2up Simeon Seth und der Cod. Par. Graec. 2324 s. XVI]&quot; in ''Philologus'' vol. 53 (1894) pp. 449-464
* Georg Harig, &quot;Von den arabischen Quellen des Simeon Seth&quot; in ''Medizinhistorisches Journal'' vol. 2 (1967) pp. 248–268 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25803188 JSTOR]
* [[Georgius Helmreich|Georg Helmreich]], &quot;Handschriftliche Studien zu Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Programm Gymnasium Ansbach 1912/13'' (Anspachi, 1913); [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001769020 Exemplaria quaerenda]
* Anna Maria Ieraci Bio, &quot;Symeon Seth, ''Syntagma de alimentorum facultatibus'': la versione latina misconosciuta di Giorgio Valla&quot; in ''Galenos'' vol. 14 (2020) pp. 257-276 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/27222397 JSTOR]
* Antoine Pietrobelli, Marie Cronier, &quot;Arabic Galenism from Antioch to Byzantium: Ibn Buṭlān and Symeon Seth&quot; in ''Mediterranea'' vol. 7 (2022) pp. 281–315
* Jakub Sypiański, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378821041_Ibn_Butlan_et_Symeon_Seth_personnages_cles_de_l%27importation_des_sciences_proche-orientales_a_Constantinople_dans_la_seconde_moitie_du_XIe_siecle Ibn Buṭlān et Syméon Seth, personnages clés de l’importation des sciences proche-orientales à Constantinople dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle]&quot; in Marie Cronier et al., edd., ''De Bagdad à Constantinople: le transfert des savoirs médicaux (XIe -XIVe siècles)'' (Lovanii: Peeters, 2023) pp. 131-168
* {{ec|id=Temkin (1962)|c=Owsei Temkin, &quot;Byzantine Medicine: Tradition and Empiricism&quot; in ''Dumbarton Oaks Papers'' vol. 16 (1962) pp. 95-115 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291159 JSTOR] }}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de regimine medio aevo scripti]]

== Nexus externi ==
* Liber manuscriptus BNF grec 2301 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b11000236k/ series imaginum]
* Liber manuscriptus BNF grec 2324 f. 35r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10723840x/ series imaginum]
* Liber manuscriptus BNF suppl. grec 634 f. 216r sqq. [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b52501352s/f469.item series imaginum]

[[Categoria:Constantinopoleos scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de regimine]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Graecae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta saeculo 11]]</text>
      <sha1>snvom86d602kpupdlwk50i6plo8nkna</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324266</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953462</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:27:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created user page</comment>
      <origin>3953462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="240" sha1="dbu3cm8hh04yqfe0mnec0hz8rc1dn7y" xml:space="preserve">My main interests are mathematics, philosophy, and various languages.

I am new but expect to contribute most to some of the projects I have myself found helpful: *Vicipædia* (the Latin Wikipedia), Wikisource, and some of the Wiktionaries.</text>
      <sha1>dbu3cm8hh04yqfe0mnec0hz8rc1dn7y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953463</id>
      <parentid>3953462</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T22:31:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ab Anglica ad Latinam versa est pagina mea</comment>
      <origin>3953463</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="2nr8vfq7de65suxc0ekv6jhenvjw0ld" xml:space="preserve">Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia.

Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis profit: praecipue hoc in *Vicipædia*, in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte.</text>
      <sha1>2nr8vfq7de65suxc0ekv6jhenvjw0ld</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953518</id>
      <parentid>3953463</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:52:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>s/hoc/hac/</comment>
      <origin>3953518</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="toqxtlmv7ekz8sn8zmczsj0tdonyarb" xml:space="preserve">Magis curiosa sunt mihi mathematica (quod abstractis de structuris spectat, non de astris), philosophia, et philologia.

Magis intendo editare his in partibus Vicimediae, quae mihimetipsi magis profit: praecipue hac in *Vicipædia*, in Victionariis, et fortasse in Vicifonte.</text>
      <sha1>toqxtlmv7ekz8sn8zmczsj0tdonyarb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Graphum (mathematica)</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324267</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953465</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T23:45:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen paginae */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953465</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="639" sha1="koo7uq02qxs9ydo65u06tgmup5jzsvm" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen paginae ==

Fortasse alterari debet nomen ad &quot;chartam&quot;? Namque ''graphum'' iam utitur pro graphis ''theoriae graphorum'' (vide e.g. [[Leonhardus_Eulerus|huius vocabuli usum in pagina de Eulero]]).

Non autem inveni motum Latinum pro hac re. Nicholas Oresme utitur &quot;figura&quot; ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme#/media/File:Nicolas_d'Oresme_%E2%80%93_De_latitudinibus_formarum,_1486_%E2%80%93_BEIC_164981.jpg]). In lingua Francogallica utitur &quot;carte&quot;, quod descensum est ab Latinae motus &quot;charta&quot;. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 23:45, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>koo7uq02qxs9ydo65u06tgmup5jzsvm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953490</id>
      <parentid>3953465</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:50:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen paginae */</comment>
      <origin>3953490</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1031" sha1="20r4v96xz6rmru8ogq34qfwbic5f5ai" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen paginae ==

Fortasse alterari debet nomen ad &quot;chartam&quot;? Namque ''graphum'' iam utitur pro graphis ''theoriae graphorum'' (vide e.g. [[Leonhardus_Eulerus|huius vocabuli usum in pagina de Eulero]]).

Non autem inveni motum Latinum pro hac re. Nicholas Oresme utitur &quot;figura&quot; ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme#/media/File:Nicolas_d'Oresme_%E2%80%93_De_latitudinibus_formarum,_1486_%E2%80%93_BEIC_164981.jpg]). In lingua Francogallica utitur &quot;carte&quot;, quod descensum est ab Latinae motus &quot;charta&quot;. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 23:45, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Bene est quod dubitas. Boni tituli mihi videntur esse “Delineatio functionis” vel “Delineatio (mathematica)” vel fortasse “Graphis (mathematica)” (vide annotationes in pagina de [[Delineatio]]ne). “[[Charta]]” autem mihi videtur significatum nimis remotum in lingua Latina habere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>20r4v96xz6rmru8ogq34qfwbic5f5ai</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953492</id>
      <parentid>3953490</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:51:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1031" sha1="m1ruxd7mzkhcgs1zd6mxwxobzc0zp0a" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen paginae ==

Fortasse alterari debet nomen ad &quot;chartam&quot;? Namque ''graphum'' iam utitur pro graphis ''theoriae graphorum'' (vide e.g. [[Leonhardus_Eulerus|huius vocabuli usum in pagina de Eulero]]).

Non autem inveni motum Latinum pro hac re. Nicholas Oresme utitur &quot;figura&quot; ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Oresme#/media/File:Nicolas_d'Oresme_%E2%80%93_De_latitudinibus_formarum,_1486_%E2%80%93_BEIC_164981.jpg]). In lingua Francogallica utitur &quot;carte&quot;, quod descensum est ab Latinae motus &quot;charta&quot;. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 23:45, 6 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

: Bene est quod dubitas. Boni tituli mihi videntur esse “Delineatio functionis” vel “Delineatio (mathematica)” vel fortasse “Graphis (mathematica)” (vide annotationes in pagina de [[Delineatio]]ne). “[[Charta]]” autem in lingua Latina mihi videtur significatum nimis remotum habere. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m1ruxd7mzkhcgs1zd6mxwxobzc0zp0a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia/Theoria representationum</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324268</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953466</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-06T23:49:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Adumbratio paginae pro theoria representationum</comment>
      <origin>3953466</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="335" sha1="gyq1qibwlarfr5phi0llbv0jlgbl6xc" xml:space="preserve">Theoria representationis est pars algebrae quae de representationibus versatur, idest de homomorphismis [[Theoria_catervarum|catervae]] vel aliae structurae in algebram matricium.

Exempli gratia caterva dihedralis, secundum quam ad invicem referunt symmetrias polygoni, potest .


Intime cum theoria characterum &lt;ref&gt;1&lt;/ref&gt; nectitur</text>
      <sha1>gyq1qibwlarfr5phi0llbv0jlgbl6xc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Electronica</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953467</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T00:16:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rafaelgarcia</username>
        <id>1771</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953467</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="448" sha1="99ki4hdokyxs2w9yydy4519z7m626ek" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>99ki4hdokyxs2w9yydy4519z7m626ek</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953477</id>
      <parentid>3953467</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:15:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */</comment>
      <origin>3953477</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="av3iac9t1kpynjn5scvxzvn75b0284y" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio:
:* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]]
:* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]]
:* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]]
:* [[Electronica numerica]]{{MLAL ref|digital|223|.comp digital (opp. analog)}} (?) → [[:d:Q173156]]
:* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]]
: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>av3iac9t1kpynjn5scvxzvn75b0284y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953478</id>
      <parentid>3953477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:16:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */</comment>
      <origin>3953478</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="848" sha1="t72atvefb40ngmyf6x69605c4safvll" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio:
:* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]]
:* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]]
:* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]]
:* [[Electronica digitalis]] → [[:d:Q173156]]
:* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]]
: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t72atvefb40ngmyf6x69605c4safvll</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953484</id>
      <parentid>3953478</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:24:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */</comment>
      <origin>3953484</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="847" sha1="4pdrra56hs3rhyg3b9s8ul9jzy0c3hq" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio:
:* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]]
:* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]]
:* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]]
:* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]]
:* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]]
: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4pdrra56hs3rhyg3b9s8ul9jzy0c3hq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Electronica digitalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324270</id>
    <redirect title="Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953480</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Electronica digitalis]] ad [[Electronica numerica]]: Forma classicior</comment>
      <origin>3953480</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Electronica digitalis</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324271</id>
    <redirect title="Disputatio:Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953482</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Electronica digitalis]] ad [[Disputatio:Electronica numerica]]: Forma classicior</comment>
      <origin>3953482</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="8ygftgjjo5f14a0xscc0r4i5gl7n55a" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>8ygftgjjo5f14a0xscc0r4i5gl7n55a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>324272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953485</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:26:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>{{subst:salve}}</comment>
      <origin>3953485</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3303" sha1="byf4ymo14j0u0gvcd22w7rwn17wbcxd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
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* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>byf4ymo14j0u0gvcd22w7rwn17wbcxd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953486</id>
      <parentid>3953485</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:27:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>multa contenta ex pagina removit, contenta nova: '{{subst:salve}} --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)'</comment>
      <origin>3953486</origin>
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      <text bytes="3338" sha1="j9k2rugtwyfp5f63ymmx4u51vovi2di" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953515</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953515</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3979" sha1="81rhmuz1rz3a02xc34syvz98wyvdgxh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953516</id>
      <parentid>3953515</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953516</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4236" sha1="7wkpbaii7qy8id7pbuwomviwnpn6n2w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed tam stultus eram, ut latebat mihi… [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953517</id>
      <parentid>3953516</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:51:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>editur commentum recentissimum meum</comment>
      <origin>3953517</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4307" sha1="hjswlbfnktbrnnl4tr3z87qnofri7u9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953543</id>
      <parentid>3953517</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:35:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Topologia copiarum punctorum */ Nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953543</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4709" sha1="1vro89dus1xwv18t0sii3pewuflfe9y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="5078" sha1="nmk95llxhgm2jj9a1ex0w1xgazepmzs" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Josephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="5078" sha1="sbhyezbh052qewvv7nt4be563l01qtv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="6033" sha1="tqmb1kllo5jqtx78zwrhymzqfbdesib" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis. In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="6288" sha1="2t4e0on4v63ptpud1k31l95atagj8a6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis. In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="6356" sha1="ldctpz5jtezp97clxqwo8udjo7c4536" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="6762" sha1="au9ziqpknw4y6cxn18jkgw3dw8h53pj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>au9ziqpknw4y6cxn18jkgw3dw8h53pj</sha1>
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      <text bytes="7286" sha1="snfw2zc8h9945xwiea0q9amvloqoemi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:07, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="7293" sha1="lqpb9v6wpegteloozhd4vwoopxbon41" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est quod abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:08, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <text bytes="7536" sha1="jcx618ln2404pqxj1fs0ls9aiwt9q1y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est quod abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:08, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Oh, intelligo: &quot;non licet&quot; mihi &quot;hanc paginam movere&quot;, quia &quot;non licet… paginas movere&quot;, ut dixit Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jcx618ln2404pqxj1fs0ls9aiwt9q1y</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953557</id>
      <parentid>3953554</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T06:14:39Z</timestamp>
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        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>/* Topologia copiarum punctorum */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7720" sha1="bmrzgdxvbob189dskalzvlyzfrr9ida" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est quod abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:08, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Oh, intelligo: &quot;non licet&quot; mihi &quot;hanc paginam movere&quot;, quia &quot;non licet… paginas movere&quot;, ut dixit Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Fortasse tibi nondum sunt satis recensiones ut tibi liceat paginas movere? Ego feci. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Caterva (mathematica)</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:59:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Caterva (mathematica)]] ad [[Grex (mathematica)]] praeter redirectionem: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Caterva (mathematica)]] ad [[Disputatio:Grex (mathematica)]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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      <text bytes="43" sha1="oh6akde7g3q35xx8shcslfqboxtqxti" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Grex (mathematica)]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T02:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Theoria catervarum]] ad [[Theoria gregum]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="27zo59srls2tsr1o0vahcqon06gwuiw" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Theoria gregum]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3953500</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
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      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Disputatio:Theoria catervarum]] ad [[Disputatio:Theoria gregum]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
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      <text bytes="39" sha1="3ga86rf6kad6he6mj5c4i7jydj7onqq" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Theoria gregum]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-07T03:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Caterva Abeliana]] ad [[Grex Abelianus]]: Saepe caterva non est grex tantum, sed est grex negativis lineamentis</comment>
      <origin>3953504</origin>
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      <text bytes="28" sha1="muohjxcyejpz0dq4omfvom3md1eeng2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Grex Abelianus]]</text>
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  <page>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
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      <comment>creatur pagina de topologia generali</comment>
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      <text bytes="1648" sha1="pspslnke18875k5fnaad378a7m2slcv" xml:space="preserve">''Topologia copiarum punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt copiae in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subcopiae&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subcopiae&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subcopiis, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis omnium apertarum copiarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest idem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; copiae punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subcopiarum &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod copia &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; est ''clause'' quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia copiarum punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas copiarum apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum copiarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam cuius unio est totam topologiam).</text>
      <sha1>pspslnke18875k5fnaad378a7m2slcv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953527</id>
      <parentid>3953526</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T04:51:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953527</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1648" sha1="bdb0nk9yxut3zatarl624zlzp1bcp2r" xml:space="preserve">''Topologia copiarum punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt copiae in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subcopiae&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subcopiae&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subcopiis, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis omnium apertarum copiarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest idem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; copiae punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subcopiarum &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod copia &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; est ''clausa'' quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia copiarum punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas copiarum apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum copiarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam cuius unio est totam topologiam).</text>
      <sha1>bdb0nk9yxut3zatarl624zlzp1bcp2r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953528</id>
      <parentid>3953527</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T04:54:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>corrigitur ordo axiomatum Kuratovii</comment>
      <origin>3953528</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1649" sha1="fxz0a0zs41icdqcdnvz0g6zq5z5v4ka" xml:space="preserve">''Topologia copiarum punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt copiae in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subcopiae&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subcopiae&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subcopiis, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis omnium apertarum copiarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest idem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; copiae punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subcopiarum &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;


Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod copia &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; est ''clausa'' quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia copiarum punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas copiarum apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum copiarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam cuius unio est totam topologiam).</text>
      <sha1>fxz0a0zs41icdqcdnvz0g6zq5z5v4ka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953546</id>
      <parentid>3953528</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T05:47:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Alteravi &quot;copiam&quot; ad &quot;classem&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1647" sha1="k6pdy1nbabu51ogualgfmxvnsyosus0" xml:space="preserve">''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt classes in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;


Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).</text>
      <sha1>k6pdy1nbabu51ogualgfmxvnsyosus0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953555</id>
      <parentid>3953546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T06:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ad [[Topologiam classium punctorum]]: Videatur [[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia#Topologia copiarum punctorum]]</comment>
      <origin>3953546</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1647" sha1="k6pdy1nbabu51ogualgfmxvnsyosus0" xml:space="preserve">''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt classes in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;


Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).</text>
      <sha1>k6pdy1nbabu51ogualgfmxvnsyosus0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topologia copiarum punctorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324279</id>
    <redirect title="Topologiam classium punctorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953556</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T06:12:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Grufo movit paginam [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ad [[Topologiam classium punctorum]]: Videatur [[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia#Topologia copiarum punctorum]]</comment>
      <origin>3953556</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="b9tjcke8h6fysfu983djlrrfvds0nom" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Topologiam classium punctorum]]</text>
      <sha1>b9tjcke8h6fysfu983djlrrfvds0nom</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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