Logica

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="la">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Vicipaedia</sitename>
    <dbname>lawiki</dbname>
    <base>https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:Pagina_prima</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Specialis</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Disputatio</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Usor</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Disputatio Usoris</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Vicipaedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Disputatio Vicipaediae</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Fasciculus</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Disputatio Fasciculi</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Disputatio MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Formula</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Disputatio Formulae</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Auxilium</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Disputatio Auxilii</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Categoria</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Disputatio Categoriae</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Porta</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Disputatio Portae</namespace>
      <namespace key="118" case="first-letter">Adumbratio</namespace>
      <namespace key="119" case="first-letter">Disputatio Adumbrationis</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Modulus</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Disputatio Moduli</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Logica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3494</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953645</id>
      <parentid>3936669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:56:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Libri */ Liber Buridanis additur. Adderem Petri Hispani sed non potui.</comment>
      <origin>3953645</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13484" sha1="s1zztzmwygzoh7tgai0ob4a36kg7iud" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Gregor Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, Typus Logice.jpg|thumb|[[Gregorius Reisch|Gregirii Reisch]] ''Margarita Philosophica'' (saeculo 16).]]
'''Logica''' est [[ars abstracta]] de relationibus inter propositiones. [[Logica classica]] vel Aristotelica complectitur de discernendo [[veritas|verum]] a falso, hoc est de [[verificatio]]ne veritatis propositionum. Logica nostrae aetatis in [[logica mathematica|logicam mathematica]]m et in [[logica philosophica|logicam philosophica]]m dividitur.

Nomen a [[Graece|Graeco]] λόγος derivatur, quod '[[sermo]]nem' vel '[[argumentum]]' [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]; ἡ λογικὴ τέχνη ergo est '[[ars]] verborum' vel 'ars ratiocinationis'. [[Dialectica]] (quae pars [[trivium|trivii]] inter [[artes liberales]] [[Medium Aevum|mediaevales]] fuit), est logica in disputationibus adhibita.

== Logica propositionum ==
[[Logica propositionalis]] logicam simplicissimam de propositionibus tractat, et de coniunctionibus earum. Sint P et Q propositiones; tunc possumus cernere utrum &quot;P et Q,&quot; &quot;P vel Q,&quot; &quot;non P&quot; verae propositiones sint annon. Mos est [[index symbolorum logicorum|symbolis]] uti:

* P et Q: P ∧ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, et Q vera est
* P vel Q: P ∨ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, aut Q vera est, aut ambo
* non P: ¬ P, quae vera est si P falsa est
&lt;!-- then into predicates, first-order rules, and so on --&gt;

== Deductio et syllogismus ==
Deductio est ratiocinatio ex axiomatibus. [[Syllogismus]] est forma simplicima deductionis. Partes syllogismi hae sunt: propositio, adsumptio, conclusio. Propositio et adsumptio sunt principia. Si verae sunt, et si forma syllogismi valida est, conclusio quoque vera est.

=== De generibus propositionum ===
Propositionum definitarum quattuor genera sunt. Genus ''A'' est ''affirmatio universalis'': omnes R sunt P. Genus ''E'' est ''negatio unversalis'': nullum R est P. Genus ''I'' est ''affirmatio particularis'': aliquae R sunt P. Genus ''O'' est ''negatio particularis'': aliquae R non sunt P. Exempla:

:''Omnes homines sunt mortales.'' -- propositio generis ''A''
:''Nullus homo est angelus.'' -- propositio generis ''E''
:''Sunt homines qui milites sint.'' -- propositio generis ''I'': inter homines, sunt milites et fortasse sunt alii qui non sint milites
:''Sunt homines qui non sint milites.'' -- propositio generis ''O'': inter homines, non omnes sunt milites; fortasse etiam nulli sunt milites

Propositio quae de uno modo homine, vel de una re, tractat est universalis: ''Cicero est mortalis'' est propositio generis ''A'' quia dicit ''Omnes homines qui sunt Cicero sunt mortales'' -- etiamsi [[copia]] hominum-qui-sunt-Cicero unum tantum elementum habet.

[[Fasciculus:Johannesmagistris-square.jpg|thumb|Quadratus ubi quattuor genera propositionum inter se opponunt. 
* Genus A: ''quilibet homo est albus.''
* Genus E: ''nullus homo est albus.''
* Genus I: ''quidam homo est albus.''
* Genus O: ''quidam homo non est albus.'']]
In propositionibus generis ''A,'' subiectum R dicitur ''distributum,'' quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus tractat. Praedicans P autem non distribuitur, quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus non tractat. In propositionibus generis ''E,'' et subiectum R et praedicans P distributa sunt. In propositionibus generis ''I,'' nec subiectum R nec praedicans P distributum est. In propositionibus generis ''O,'' praedicans P distributus est, subiectum R non distributum est.

=== Definitio syllogismi ===
[[Syllogismus]] tres propositiones habet: propositio vel maior propositio; adsumptio vel minor propositio; et conclusio. Subiectum conclusionis est ''terminus minor'' syllogismi; praedicans conclusionis est ''terminus maior.'' Hoc est, conclusio dicit utrum Minor sit Maior annon. Propositio maior terminum maiorem continet; propositio minor vel adsumptio terminum minorem continet.

Hic est syllogismus, exempli gratia:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Conclusio est propositio generis ''A'' ubi R = &quot;Cicero&quot; et P = &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Terminus maior syllogismi est &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Propositio maior hunc terminum habet: est propositio (1). Terminus minor est &quot;Cicero&quot;; propositio minor vel adsumptio est propositio (2), ubi terminum minorem invenimus. Tertius terminus est &quot;terminus medius&quot;; hoc in syllogismo est &quot;hominem esse.&quot;

Schema huius syllogismi est ergo:

:1. omnes H sunt M -- propositio maior, generis ''A''
:2. omnes C sunt H -- adsumptio, generis ''A''
:Conclusio: omnes C sunt M -- generis ''A''

=== Validitas ===
Quomodo scimus utrum syllogismus validus sit? Regulae hae sunt:

:1. Propositiones non ambo negativae sunt.
:2. Si altera propositio sit negativa, conclusio esto negativa; si conclusio sit negativa, una propositio (vel maior vel minor) esto negativa. (Si ambo propositiones affirmativae sunt, igitur, conclusio quoque affirmativa erit.)
:3. Terminus medius distribuatur saltem in una propositione.
:4. Terminus quisque qui distribuatur in conclusione distributus esto in propositione.&lt;ref&gt;Runkle, p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;

Syllogismus noster supra validus est. (1) Propositiones sunt affirmativae, non ambo negativae. (2) Quod propositiones non sunt negativae, conclusio est affirmativa. (3) Terminus medius H distribuitur in propositione maiore. (4) Terminus minor C distribuitur in conclusione, et in adsumptione.

Hoc est exemplum syllogismi non validi:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Quare? Terminus medius (&quot;mortalem esse&quot;) numquam distribuitur. Est praedicans propositionis maioris, generis ''A''—sed in propositione generis ''A'' praedicans non distribuitur. Similiter, terminus medius est praedicans adsumptionis. Numquam ergo distribuitur: syllogismus regulam tertiam non consequitur.

Aliud exemplum:

:1. Nullus feles est homo.
:2. Sunt homines qui non sunt canes.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est canis.

Quamquam conclusio vera est, syllogismus non est validus --- regulam primam non consequitur, quod ambo propositiones negativae sunt.

Aliud:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus feles est homo.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est mortalis.

Syllogismus non est validus quia regulam quartam non consequitur. Terminus maior, &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; in conclusione distribuitur, quod conclusio est generis ''E,'' sed numquam in propositionibus distribuitur.

=== Figurae syllogismorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Paris-Museum Carnavalet710.JPG|thumb|Nullus angelus est mortalis.]]
Syllogismi conclusio semper et terminum minorem et terminum maiorem continet; terminus minor est subiectum conclusionis. Terminus medius in propositionibus apparet; potest esse vel subiectum vel predicans harum propositionum. Quattuor '''figurae''' exstant:

* Prima figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis, praedicans adsumptionis.
* Altera figura: terminus medius est predicans propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Tertia figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Quarta figura: terminus medius est praedicans propositionis, subiectum adsumptionis.

Exempli gratia,
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Terminus medius est &quot;hominem esse&quot;; est subiectum propositionis (maioris) et praedicans adsumptionis (propositionis minoris). Hic est ergo syllogismus primae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus [[angelus]] est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Nullus angelus est homo.

Terminus medius nunc est &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; quod praedicans est et maioris et minoris. Habemus ergo syllogismum secundae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Nullus angelus est mortalis.
:2. Omnes angeli sunt boni.
:Conclusio: Sunt boni qui non sunt mortales.

Propositio maioris est generis ''E'' cuius subiectum est terminus medius, &quot;angelum esse.&quot; Adsumptio, generis ''A,'' terminum medium quoque subiectum habet. Conclusio est generis ''O'' et syllogismus est tertiae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus mortalis est angelus.
:Conclusio: Nullus homo est angelus.

Hoc in syllogismo terminus medius est &quot;mortalem esse&quot; quod praedicans est propositionis maioris, subiectum propositionis minoris. Est ergo syllogismus quartae formae.

=== Versus &quot;Barbara celarent ...&quot; ===
Versus est qui omnes syllogismos valides describit. Plures versiones exstant, inter quos hic:

::Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferioque ''prioris'';
::Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco ''secundae'';
::''Tertia'' Darapti, Disamis, Datisi, Felapton,
::Bocardo, Ferison habet. ''Quarta'' insuper addit
::Bramantip, Camenes, Dimaris, Fesapo, Fresison.&lt;ref&gt;E pagina illius Quartz Hill School&lt;/ref&gt;

Vocales verborum genera propositionum dant. Hoc est, ''barbara'' significat tres propositiones generis ''A,'' et ''ferio'' significat propositionem maiorem generis ''E,'' minorem generis ''I,'' conclusionem generis ''O.'' Cum regulis supra dictis de positione termini medii possumus omnes syllogismos cernere, utrum validi sint annon.

Exempli gratia, 
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Hic syllogismus, ut iam videmus, validus est in figura prima: est ''barbara.''

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Ut iam videmus, hic non validus est (quod terminus medius numquam distribuitur). Terminus medius est praedicans amborum propositionum: syllogismus est ergo secundae figurae. Propositiones autem sunt generum ''A, A, A,'' quod non ad secundam figuram pertinet.

[[Gulielmus Sherwoodensis]] dicitur versum scripsisse; versio eius est fere:

::Barbara celarent darii ferio baralipton
::Celantes dabitis fapesmo frisesomorum;
::Cesare campestres festino baroco; darapti
::Felapton disamis datisi bocardo ferison&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [[:en:William of Sherwood|paginam anglicam]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Logica mathematica ==
[[Logica mathematica]] est pars principalis [[fundamentorum mathematicae]] (aliae partes principales fundamentorum mathematicae sunt [[theoria copiarum]], [[theoria exemplarum]], [[theoria categoriarum]], [[theoria facultatis calculandi]]). Logicae mathematicae motivatio est studium systematum deductivorum axiomatum ope formalium linguarum.

== Historia ==
[[Aristoteles]] systema logicae [[Organon (Aristoteles)|Organon]] in libris de ''Analyticis'' (prioribus et posterioribus), de ''Interpretatione,'' de ''Categoriis'' enuntiavit.

== Libri ==
{{Vicifons|Summa logicae|Summa logicae}}, [[Guillelmus de Ockham]]

* [https://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica| Summulae de dialectica], [[Ioannes Buridanus|Ioannis Buridani]]

* [[Wikisource:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus|Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Abstractio]]
* [[Argumentatio]]
* [[Demonstratio mathematica]]
* [[Dubium]]
* [[Elenchus]]
* [[Logica modalis]]
* [[Logica philosophica]]
* [[Scientia (ratio)]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Barwise, Jon. [[1977]]. ''Handbook of Mathematical Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2285-X.
* Bennett, Deborah J. [[2004]]. ''Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05748-8.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1958]]. ''Combinatory Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2208-6.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1963]]. ''Foundations of Mathematical Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 526475.
* De Boer, Karin, et Ruth Sonderegger, edd. [[2012]]. ''Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24522-8.
* Doxiadis, Apostolos, et Barry Mazur. [[2012]]. ''Circles Disturbed: The Interplay of Mathematics and Narrative.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14904-2.
* Manoscu, Paolo. [[2010]]. ''The Adventure of Reason: Interplay between Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Logic, 1900-1940.'' Oxonii: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954653-4.
* Mendelson, Elliott. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' Princeton: Van Nostrand. OCLC 259359.
* Patterson, Douglas. [[2012]]. ''Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22121-5.
* Runkle, Gerald. [[1978]]. ''Good Thinking: An Introduction to Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-023066-7.
* Styazhkin, N. I. [[1969]]. ''History of Mathematical Logic from Leibniz to Peano,'' editio anglica. Cantabridgiae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19057-5.
* Tieszen, Richard L. [[2011]]. ''Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83782-0.
* Turing, Alan M. [[2001]]. ''Mathematical Logic.'' In serie ''Collected Works,'' R. O. Gandy et C. E. M. Yates, edd. Amstelodami et Novi Eboraci: Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-50423-0.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060204000304/http://www.aslonline.org/index.htm ASL], Societas Americana pro logica symbolica
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120702140014/http://www.folli.org/ FoLLI], Societas Europaeana pro logica
* [http://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic Logica] apud PhilPapers
* [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Main_Page Logic Museum]
* [http://www.theology.edu/logic/logic21.htm De Syllogismis] apud Quartz Hill School of Theology

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Abstractio]]
[[Categoria:Logica|!]]</text>
      <sha1>s1zztzmwygzoh7tgai0ob4a36kg7iud</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953646</id>
      <parentid>3953645</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:57:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Removetur nexus: logica enim non &quot;visuali formarum, colorum, linearumque lingua utitur&quot;.</comment>
      <origin>3953646</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13480" sha1="4ab9aofidmbznp0mxx5j0mjhe4yu957" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Gregor Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, Typus Logice.jpg|thumb|[[Gregorius Reisch|Gregirii Reisch]] ''Margarita Philosophica'' (saeculo 16).]]
'''Logica''' est ars abstracta de relationibus inter propositiones. [[Logica classica]] vel Aristotelica complectitur de discernendo [[veritas|verum]] a falso, hoc est de [[verificatio]]ne veritatis propositionum. Logica nostrae aetatis in [[logica mathematica|logicam mathematica]]m et in [[logica philosophica|logicam philosophica]]m dividitur.

Nomen a [[Graece|Graeco]] λόγος derivatur, quod '[[sermo]]nem' vel '[[argumentum]]' [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]; ἡ λογικὴ τέχνη ergo est '[[ars]] verborum' vel 'ars ratiocinationis'. [[Dialectica]] (quae pars [[trivium|trivii]] inter [[artes liberales]] [[Medium Aevum|mediaevales]] fuit), est logica in disputationibus adhibita.

== Logica propositionum ==
[[Logica propositionalis]] logicam simplicissimam de propositionibus tractat, et de coniunctionibus earum. Sint P et Q propositiones; tunc possumus cernere utrum &quot;P et Q,&quot; &quot;P vel Q,&quot; &quot;non P&quot; verae propositiones sint annon. Mos est [[index symbolorum logicorum|symbolis]] uti:

* P et Q: P ∧ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, et Q vera est
* P vel Q: P ∨ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, aut Q vera est, aut ambo
* non P: ¬ P, quae vera est si P falsa est
&lt;!-- then into predicates, first-order rules, and so on --&gt;

== Deductio et syllogismus ==
Deductio est ratiocinatio ex axiomatibus. [[Syllogismus]] est forma simplicima deductionis. Partes syllogismi hae sunt: propositio, adsumptio, conclusio. Propositio et adsumptio sunt principia. Si verae sunt, et si forma syllogismi valida est, conclusio quoque vera est.

=== De generibus propositionum ===
Propositionum definitarum quattuor genera sunt. Genus ''A'' est ''affirmatio universalis'': omnes R sunt P. Genus ''E'' est ''negatio unversalis'': nullum R est P. Genus ''I'' est ''affirmatio particularis'': aliquae R sunt P. Genus ''O'' est ''negatio particularis'': aliquae R non sunt P. Exempla:

:''Omnes homines sunt mortales.'' -- propositio generis ''A''
:''Nullus homo est angelus.'' -- propositio generis ''E''
:''Sunt homines qui milites sint.'' -- propositio generis ''I'': inter homines, sunt milites et fortasse sunt alii qui non sint milites
:''Sunt homines qui non sint milites.'' -- propositio generis ''O'': inter homines, non omnes sunt milites; fortasse etiam nulli sunt milites

Propositio quae de uno modo homine, vel de una re, tractat est universalis: ''Cicero est mortalis'' est propositio generis ''A'' quia dicit ''Omnes homines qui sunt Cicero sunt mortales'' -- etiamsi [[copia]] hominum-qui-sunt-Cicero unum tantum elementum habet.

[[Fasciculus:Johannesmagistris-square.jpg|thumb|Quadratus ubi quattuor genera propositionum inter se opponunt. 
* Genus A: ''quilibet homo est albus.''
* Genus E: ''nullus homo est albus.''
* Genus I: ''quidam homo est albus.''
* Genus O: ''quidam homo non est albus.'']]
In propositionibus generis ''A,'' subiectum R dicitur ''distributum,'' quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus tractat. Praedicans P autem non distribuitur, quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus non tractat. In propositionibus generis ''E,'' et subiectum R et praedicans P distributa sunt. In propositionibus generis ''I,'' nec subiectum R nec praedicans P distributum est. In propositionibus generis ''O,'' praedicans P distributus est, subiectum R non distributum est.

=== Definitio syllogismi ===
[[Syllogismus]] tres propositiones habet: propositio vel maior propositio; adsumptio vel minor propositio; et conclusio. Subiectum conclusionis est ''terminus minor'' syllogismi; praedicans conclusionis est ''terminus maior.'' Hoc est, conclusio dicit utrum Minor sit Maior annon. Propositio maior terminum maiorem continet; propositio minor vel adsumptio terminum minorem continet.

Hic est syllogismus, exempli gratia:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Conclusio est propositio generis ''A'' ubi R = &quot;Cicero&quot; et P = &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Terminus maior syllogismi est &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Propositio maior hunc terminum habet: est propositio (1). Terminus minor est &quot;Cicero&quot;; propositio minor vel adsumptio est propositio (2), ubi terminum minorem invenimus. Tertius terminus est &quot;terminus medius&quot;; hoc in syllogismo est &quot;hominem esse.&quot;

Schema huius syllogismi est ergo:

:1. omnes H sunt M -- propositio maior, generis ''A''
:2. omnes C sunt H -- adsumptio, generis ''A''
:Conclusio: omnes C sunt M -- generis ''A''

=== Validitas ===
Quomodo scimus utrum syllogismus validus sit? Regulae hae sunt:

:1. Propositiones non ambo negativae sunt.
:2. Si altera propositio sit negativa, conclusio esto negativa; si conclusio sit negativa, una propositio (vel maior vel minor) esto negativa. (Si ambo propositiones affirmativae sunt, igitur, conclusio quoque affirmativa erit.)
:3. Terminus medius distribuatur saltem in una propositione.
:4. Terminus quisque qui distribuatur in conclusione distributus esto in propositione.&lt;ref&gt;Runkle, p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;

Syllogismus noster supra validus est. (1) Propositiones sunt affirmativae, non ambo negativae. (2) Quod propositiones non sunt negativae, conclusio est affirmativa. (3) Terminus medius H distribuitur in propositione maiore. (4) Terminus minor C distribuitur in conclusione, et in adsumptione.

Hoc est exemplum syllogismi non validi:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Quare? Terminus medius (&quot;mortalem esse&quot;) numquam distribuitur. Est praedicans propositionis maioris, generis ''A''—sed in propositione generis ''A'' praedicans non distribuitur. Similiter, terminus medius est praedicans adsumptionis. Numquam ergo distribuitur: syllogismus regulam tertiam non consequitur.

Aliud exemplum:

:1. Nullus feles est homo.
:2. Sunt homines qui non sunt canes.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est canis.

Quamquam conclusio vera est, syllogismus non est validus --- regulam primam non consequitur, quod ambo propositiones negativae sunt.

Aliud:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus feles est homo.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est mortalis.

Syllogismus non est validus quia regulam quartam non consequitur. Terminus maior, &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; in conclusione distribuitur, quod conclusio est generis ''E,'' sed numquam in propositionibus distribuitur.

=== Figurae syllogismorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Paris-Museum Carnavalet710.JPG|thumb|Nullus angelus est mortalis.]]
Syllogismi conclusio semper et terminum minorem et terminum maiorem continet; terminus minor est subiectum conclusionis. Terminus medius in propositionibus apparet; potest esse vel subiectum vel predicans harum propositionum. Quattuor '''figurae''' exstant:

* Prima figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis, praedicans adsumptionis.
* Altera figura: terminus medius est predicans propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Tertia figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Quarta figura: terminus medius est praedicans propositionis, subiectum adsumptionis.

Exempli gratia,
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Terminus medius est &quot;hominem esse&quot;; est subiectum propositionis (maioris) et praedicans adsumptionis (propositionis minoris). Hic est ergo syllogismus primae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus [[angelus]] est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Nullus angelus est homo.

Terminus medius nunc est &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; quod praedicans est et maioris et minoris. Habemus ergo syllogismum secundae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Nullus angelus est mortalis.
:2. Omnes angeli sunt boni.
:Conclusio: Sunt boni qui non sunt mortales.

Propositio maioris est generis ''E'' cuius subiectum est terminus medius, &quot;angelum esse.&quot; Adsumptio, generis ''A,'' terminum medium quoque subiectum habet. Conclusio est generis ''O'' et syllogismus est tertiae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus mortalis est angelus.
:Conclusio: Nullus homo est angelus.

Hoc in syllogismo terminus medius est &quot;mortalem esse&quot; quod praedicans est propositionis maioris, subiectum propositionis minoris. Est ergo syllogismus quartae formae.

=== Versus &quot;Barbara celarent ...&quot; ===
Versus est qui omnes syllogismos valides describit. Plures versiones exstant, inter quos hic:

::Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferioque ''prioris'';
::Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco ''secundae'';
::''Tertia'' Darapti, Disamis, Datisi, Felapton,
::Bocardo, Ferison habet. ''Quarta'' insuper addit
::Bramantip, Camenes, Dimaris, Fesapo, Fresison.&lt;ref&gt;E pagina illius Quartz Hill School&lt;/ref&gt;

Vocales verborum genera propositionum dant. Hoc est, ''barbara'' significat tres propositiones generis ''A,'' et ''ferio'' significat propositionem maiorem generis ''E,'' minorem generis ''I,'' conclusionem generis ''O.'' Cum regulis supra dictis de positione termini medii possumus omnes syllogismos cernere, utrum validi sint annon.

Exempli gratia, 
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Hic syllogismus, ut iam videmus, validus est in figura prima: est ''barbara.''

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Ut iam videmus, hic non validus est (quod terminus medius numquam distribuitur). Terminus medius est praedicans amborum propositionum: syllogismus est ergo secundae figurae. Propositiones autem sunt generum ''A, A, A,'' quod non ad secundam figuram pertinet.

[[Gulielmus Sherwoodensis]] dicitur versum scripsisse; versio eius est fere:

::Barbara celarent darii ferio baralipton
::Celantes dabitis fapesmo frisesomorum;
::Cesare campestres festino baroco; darapti
::Felapton disamis datisi bocardo ferison&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [[:en:William of Sherwood|paginam anglicam]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Logica mathematica ==
[[Logica mathematica]] est pars principalis [[fundamentorum mathematicae]] (aliae partes principales fundamentorum mathematicae sunt [[theoria copiarum]], [[theoria exemplarum]], [[theoria categoriarum]], [[theoria facultatis calculandi]]). Logicae mathematicae motivatio est studium systematum deductivorum axiomatum ope formalium linguarum.

== Historia ==
[[Aristoteles]] systema logicae [[Organon (Aristoteles)|Organon]] in libris de ''Analyticis'' (prioribus et posterioribus), de ''Interpretatione,'' de ''Categoriis'' enuntiavit.

== Libri ==
{{Vicifons|Summa logicae|Summa logicae}}, [[Guillelmus de Ockham]]

* [https://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica| Summulae de dialectica], [[Ioannes Buridanus|Ioannis Buridani]]

* [[Wikisource:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus|Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Abstractio]]
* [[Argumentatio]]
* [[Demonstratio mathematica]]
* [[Dubium]]
* [[Elenchus]]
* [[Logica modalis]]
* [[Logica philosophica]]
* [[Scientia (ratio)]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Barwise, Jon. [[1977]]. ''Handbook of Mathematical Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2285-X.
* Bennett, Deborah J. [[2004]]. ''Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05748-8.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1958]]. ''Combinatory Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2208-6.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1963]]. ''Foundations of Mathematical Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 526475.
* De Boer, Karin, et Ruth Sonderegger, edd. [[2012]]. ''Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24522-8.
* Doxiadis, Apostolos, et Barry Mazur. [[2012]]. ''Circles Disturbed: The Interplay of Mathematics and Narrative.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14904-2.
* Manoscu, Paolo. [[2010]]. ''The Adventure of Reason: Interplay between Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Logic, 1900-1940.'' Oxonii: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954653-4.
* Mendelson, Elliott. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' Princeton: Van Nostrand. OCLC 259359.
* Patterson, Douglas. [[2012]]. ''Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22121-5.
* Runkle, Gerald. [[1978]]. ''Good Thinking: An Introduction to Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-023066-7.
* Styazhkin, N. I. [[1969]]. ''History of Mathematical Logic from Leibniz to Peano,'' editio anglica. Cantabridgiae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19057-5.
* Tieszen, Richard L. [[2011]]. ''Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83782-0.
* Turing, Alan M. [[2001]]. ''Mathematical Logic.'' In serie ''Collected Works,'' R. O. Gandy et C. E. M. Yates, edd. Amstelodami et Novi Eboraci: Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-50423-0.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060204000304/http://www.aslonline.org/index.htm ASL], Societas Americana pro logica symbolica
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120702140014/http://www.folli.org/ FoLLI], Societas Europaeana pro logica
* [http://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic Logica] apud PhilPapers
* [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Main_Page Logic Museum]
* [http://www.theology.edu/logic/logic21.htm De Syllogismis] apud Quartz Hill School of Theology

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Abstractio]]
[[Categoria:Logica|!]]</text>
      <sha1>4ab9aofidmbznp0mxx5j0mjhe4yu957</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953694</id>
      <parentid>3953646</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T23:57:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Primam sententiam emendavi</comment>
      <origin>3953694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="13551" sha1="50e5amav4086q8zuu1tmxx18ov0a29y" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Fasciculus:Gregor Reisch, Margarita Philosophica, Typus Logice.svg|thumb|[[Gregorius Reisch|Gregirii Reisch]] ''Margarita Philosophica'' (saeculo 16).]]

{{res|Logica}} est disciplina quae relationibus inter propositiones studet. {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Logica classica||en|qid=Q237125}} vel Aristotelica complectitur de discernendo [[veritas|verum]] a falso, hoc est de [[verificatio]]ne veritatis propositionum. Logica nostrae aetatis in [[logica mathematica|logicam mathematica]]m et in [[logica philosophica|logicam philosophica]]m dividitur.

Nomen a [[Graece|Graeco]] λόγος derivatur, quod '[[sermo]]nem' vel '[[argumentum]]' [[significatio (linguistica)|significat]]; ἡ λογικὴ τέχνη ergo est '[[ars]] verborum' vel 'ars ratiocinationis'. [[Dialectica]] (quae pars [[trivium|trivii]] inter [[artes liberales]] [[Medium Aevum|mediaevales]] fuit), est logica in disputationibus adhibita.

== Logica propositionum ==
[[Logica propositionalis]] logicam simplicissimam de propositionibus tractat, et de coniunctionibus earum. Sint P et Q propositiones; tunc possumus cernere utrum &quot;P et Q,&quot; &quot;P vel Q,&quot; &quot;non P&quot; verae propositiones sint annon. Mos est [[index symbolorum logicorum|symbolis]] uti:

* P et Q: P ∧ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, et Q vera est
* P vel Q: P ∨ Q, quae vera est si P vera est, aut Q vera est, aut ambo
* non P: ¬ P, quae vera est si P falsa est
&lt;!-- then into predicates, first-order rules, and so on --&gt;

== Deductio et syllogismus ==
Deductio est ratiocinatio ex axiomatibus. [[Syllogismus]] est forma simplicima deductionis. Partes syllogismi hae sunt: propositio, adsumptio, conclusio. Propositio et adsumptio sunt principia. Si verae sunt, et si forma syllogismi valida est, conclusio quoque vera est.

=== De generibus propositionum ===
Propositionum definitarum quattuor genera sunt. Genus ''A'' est ''affirmatio universalis'': omnes R sunt P. Genus ''E'' est ''negatio unversalis'': nullum R est P. Genus ''I'' est ''affirmatio particularis'': aliquae R sunt P. Genus ''O'' est ''negatio particularis'': aliquae R non sunt P. Exempla:

:''Omnes homines sunt mortales.'' -- propositio generis ''A''
:''Nullus homo est angelus.'' -- propositio generis ''E''
:''Sunt homines qui milites sint.'' -- propositio generis ''I'': inter homines, sunt milites et fortasse sunt alii qui non sint milites
:''Sunt homines qui non sint milites.'' -- propositio generis ''O'': inter homines, non omnes sunt milites; fortasse etiam nulli sunt milites

Propositio quae de uno modo homine, vel de una re, tractat est universalis: ''Cicero est mortalis'' est propositio generis ''A'' quia dicit ''Omnes homines qui sunt Cicero sunt mortales'' -- etiamsi [[copia]] hominum-qui-sunt-Cicero unum tantum elementum habet.

[[Fasciculus:Johannesmagistris-square.jpg|thumb|Quadratus ubi quattuor genera propositionum inter se opponunt. 
* Genus A: ''quilibet homo est albus.''
* Genus E: ''nullus homo est albus.''
* Genus I: ''quidam homo est albus.''
* Genus O: ''quidam homo non est albus.'']]
In propositionibus generis ''A,'' subiectum R dicitur ''distributum,'' quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus tractat. Praedicans P autem non distribuitur, quod propositio de omnibus talibus rebus non tractat. In propositionibus generis ''E,'' et subiectum R et praedicans P distributa sunt. In propositionibus generis ''I,'' nec subiectum R nec praedicans P distributum est. In propositionibus generis ''O,'' praedicans P distributus est, subiectum R non distributum est.

=== Definitio syllogismi ===
[[Syllogismus]] tres propositiones habet: propositio vel maior propositio; adsumptio vel minor propositio; et conclusio. Subiectum conclusionis est ''terminus minor'' syllogismi; praedicans conclusionis est ''terminus maior.'' Hoc est, conclusio dicit utrum Minor sit Maior annon. Propositio maior terminum maiorem continet; propositio minor vel adsumptio terminum minorem continet.

Hic est syllogismus, exempli gratia:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Marcus Tullius Cicero|Cicero]] est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Conclusio est propositio generis ''A'' ubi R = &quot;Cicero&quot; et P = &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Terminus maior syllogismi est &quot;mortalem esse.&quot; Propositio maior hunc terminum habet: est propositio (1). Terminus minor est &quot;Cicero&quot;; propositio minor vel adsumptio est propositio (2), ubi terminum minorem invenimus. Tertius terminus est &quot;terminus medius&quot;; hoc in syllogismo est &quot;hominem esse.&quot;

Schema huius syllogismi est ergo:

:1. omnes H sunt M -- propositio maior, generis ''A''
:2. omnes C sunt H -- adsumptio, generis ''A''
:Conclusio: omnes C sunt M -- generis ''A''

=== Validitas ===
Quomodo scimus utrum syllogismus validus sit? Regulae hae sunt:

:1. Propositiones non ambo negativae sunt.
:2. Si altera propositio sit negativa, conclusio esto negativa; si conclusio sit negativa, una propositio (vel maior vel minor) esto negativa. (Si ambo propositiones affirmativae sunt, igitur, conclusio quoque affirmativa erit.)
:3. Terminus medius distribuatur saltem in una propositione.
:4. Terminus quisque qui distribuatur in conclusione distributus esto in propositione.&lt;ref&gt;Runkle, p. 143&lt;/ref&gt;

Syllogismus noster supra validus est. (1) Propositiones sunt affirmativae, non ambo negativae. (2) Quod propositiones non sunt negativae, conclusio est affirmativa. (3) Terminus medius H distribuitur in propositione maiore. (4) Terminus minor C distribuitur in conclusione, et in adsumptione.

Hoc est exemplum syllogismi non validi:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Quare? Terminus medius (&quot;mortalem esse&quot;) numquam distribuitur. Est praedicans propositionis maioris, generis ''A''—sed in propositione generis ''A'' praedicans non distribuitur. Similiter, terminus medius est praedicans adsumptionis. Numquam ergo distribuitur: syllogismus regulam tertiam non consequitur.

Aliud exemplum:

:1. Nullus feles est homo.
:2. Sunt homines qui non sunt canes.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est canis.

Quamquam conclusio vera est, syllogismus non est validus --- regulam primam non consequitur, quod ambo propositiones negativae sunt.

Aliud:

:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus feles est homo.
:Conclusio: Nullus feles est mortalis.

Syllogismus non est validus quia regulam quartam non consequitur. Terminus maior, &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; in conclusione distribuitur, quod conclusio est generis ''E,'' sed numquam in propositionibus distribuitur.

=== Figurae syllogismorum ===
[[Fasciculus:Paris-Museum Carnavalet710.JPG|thumb|Nullus angelus est mortalis.]]
Syllogismi conclusio semper et terminum minorem et terminum maiorem continet; terminus minor est subiectum conclusionis. Terminus medius in propositionibus apparet; potest esse vel subiectum vel predicans harum propositionum. Quattuor '''figurae''' exstant:

* Prima figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis, praedicans adsumptionis.
* Altera figura: terminus medius est predicans propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Tertia figura: terminus medius est subiectum propositionis et adsumptionis.
* Quarta figura: terminus medius est praedicans propositionis, subiectum adsumptionis.

Exempli gratia,
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Terminus medius est &quot;hominem esse&quot;; est subiectum propositionis (maioris) et praedicans adsumptionis (propositionis minoris). Hic est ergo syllogismus primae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus [[angelus]] est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Nullus angelus est homo.

Terminus medius nunc est &quot;mortalem esse,&quot; quod praedicans est et maioris et minoris. Habemus ergo syllogismum secundae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Nullus angelus est mortalis.
:2. Omnes angeli sunt boni.
:Conclusio: Sunt boni qui non sunt mortales.

Propositio maioris est generis ''E'' cuius subiectum est terminus medius, &quot;angelum esse.&quot; Adsumptio, generis ''A,'' terminum medium quoque subiectum habet. Conclusio est generis ''O'' et syllogismus est tertiae figurae.

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Nullus mortalis est angelus.
:Conclusio: Nullus homo est angelus.

Hoc in syllogismo terminus medius est &quot;mortalem esse&quot; quod praedicans est propositionis maioris, subiectum propositionis minoris. Est ergo syllogismus quartae formae.

=== Versus &quot;Barbara celarent ...&quot; ===
Versus est qui omnes syllogismos valides describit. Plures versiones exstant, inter quos hic:

::Barbara, Celarent, Darii, Ferioque ''prioris'';
::Cesare, Camestres, Festino, Baroco ''secundae'';
::''Tertia'' Darapti, Disamis, Datisi, Felapton,
::Bocardo, Ferison habet. ''Quarta'' insuper addit
::Bramantip, Camenes, Dimaris, Fesapo, Fresison.&lt;ref&gt;E pagina illius Quartz Hill School&lt;/ref&gt;

Vocales verborum genera propositionum dant. Hoc est, ''barbara'' significat tres propositiones generis ''A,'' et ''ferio'' significat propositionem maiorem generis ''E,'' minorem generis ''I,'' conclusionem generis ''O.'' Cum regulis supra dictis de positione termini medii possumus omnes syllogismos cernere, utrum validi sint annon.

Exempli gratia, 
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. Cicero est homo.
:Conclusio: Cicero ergo est mortalis.

Hic syllogismus, ut iam videmus, validus est in figura prima: est ''barbara.''

Aliud:
:1. Omnes homines sunt mortales.
:2. [[Feles]] meus est mortalis.
:Conclusio: Feles meus est homo.

Ut iam videmus, hic non validus est (quod terminus medius numquam distribuitur). Terminus medius est praedicans amborum propositionum: syllogismus est ergo secundae figurae. Propositiones autem sunt generum ''A, A, A,'' quod non ad secundam figuram pertinet.

[[Gulielmus Sherwoodensis]] dicitur versum scripsisse; versio eius est fere:

::Barbara celarent darii ferio baralipton
::Celantes dabitis fapesmo frisesomorum;
::Cesare campestres festino baroco; darapti
::Felapton disamis datisi bocardo ferison&lt;ref&gt;Secundum [[:en:William of Sherwood|paginam anglicam]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Logica mathematica ==
[[Logica mathematica]] est pars principalis [[fundamentorum mathematicae]] (aliae partes principales fundamentorum mathematicae sunt [[theoria copiarum]], [[theoria exemplarum]], [[theoria categoriarum]], [[theoria facultatis calculandi]]). Logicae mathematicae motivatio est studium systematum deductivorum axiomatum ope formalium linguarum.

== Historia ==
[[Aristoteles]] systema logicae [[Organon (Aristoteles)|Organon]] in libris de ''Analyticis'' (prioribus et posterioribus), de ''Interpretatione,'' de ''Categoriis'' enuntiavit.

== Libri ==
{{Vicifons|Summa logicae|Summa logicae}}, [[Guillelmus de Ockham]]

* [https://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Buridan/Summulae_de_dialectica| Summulae de dialectica], [[Ioannes Buridanus|Ioannis Buridani]]

* [[Wikisource:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus|Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus]], [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Abstractio]]
* [[Argumentatio]]
* [[Demonstratio mathematica]]
* [[Dubium]]
* [[Elenchus]]
* [[Logica modalis]]
* [[Logica philosophica]]
* [[Scientia (ratio)]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Barwise, Jon. [[1977]]. ''Handbook of Mathematical Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2285-X.
* Bennett, Deborah J. [[2004]]. ''Logic Made Easy: How to Know When Language Deceives You.'' Novi Eboraci: Norton. ISBN 0-393-05748-8.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1958]]. ''Combinatory Logic.'' Amstelodami: North Holland. ISBN 0-7204-2208-6.
* Curry, Haskell B. [[1963]]. ''Foundations of Mathematical Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 526475.
* De Boer, Karin, et Ruth Sonderegger, edd. [[2012]]. ''Conceptions of Critique in Modern and Contemporary Philosophy.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-24522-8.
* Doxiadis, Apostolos, et Barry Mazur. [[2012]]. ''Circles Disturbed: The Interplay of Mathematics and Narrative.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14904-2.
* Manoscu, Paolo. [[2010]]. ''The Adventure of Reason: Interplay between Philosophy of Mathematics and Mathematical Logic, 1900-1940.'' Oxonii: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954653-4.
* Mendelson, Elliott. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' Princeton: Van Nostrand. OCLC 259359.
* Patterson, Douglas. [[2012]]. ''Alfred Tarski: Philosophy of Language and Logic.'' Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-22121-5.
* Runkle, Gerald. [[1978]]. ''Good Thinking: An Introduction to Logic.'' Novi Eboraci: Holt Rinehart and Winston. ISBN 0-03-023066-7.
* Styazhkin, N. I. [[1969]]. ''History of Mathematical Logic from Leibniz to Peano,'' editio anglica. Cantabridgiae: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19057-5.
* Tieszen, Richard L. [[2011]]. ''Phenomenology, Logic, and the Philosophy of Mathematics.'' Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83782-0.
* Turing, Alan M. [[2001]]. ''Mathematical Logic.'' In serie ''Collected Works,'' R. O. Gandy et C. E. M. Yates, edd. Amstelodami et Novi Eboraci: Elsevier Science. ISBN 0-444-50423-0.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060204000304/http://www.aslonline.org/index.htm ASL], Societas Americana pro logica symbolica
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120702140014/http://www.folli.org/ FoLLI], Societas Europaeana pro logica
* [http://philpapers.org/browse/logic-and-philosophy-of-logic Logica] apud PhilPapers
* [http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Main_Page Logic Museum]
* [http://www.theology.edu/logic/logic21.htm De Syllogismis] apud Quartz Hill School of Theology

{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Philosophia}}

[[Categoria:Abstractio]]
[[Categoria:Logica|!]]</text>
      <sha1>50e5amav4086q8zuu1tmxx18ov0a29y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953644</id>
      <parentid>3950089</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:54:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mortui */</comment>
      <origin>3953644</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4194" sha1="lyb6uf2yex71b2nawqqokzmlewv12eu" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}
{{Eventus currens}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].</text>
      <sha1>lyb6uf2yex71b2nawqqokzmlewv12eu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953750</id>
      <parentid>3953644</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Eventa */</comment>
      <origin>3953750</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4286" sha1="jekfb3mep7t2robxtt004lumtg1gyxx" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}
{{Eventus currens}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].</text>
      <sha1>jekfb3mep7t2robxtt004lumtg1gyxx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>13346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953595</id>
      <parentid>3953570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:03:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14439" sha1="eky2fqrbfcj1dk8q2swriyi09mlxdl7" xml:space="preserve">{{Hic sunt tabularia disputationum}}

Disputationes anteriores hic habes: [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 1|Tabularium 1]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 2|Tabularium 2]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 3|Tabularium 3]], [[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby/Tabularium 4|Tabularium 4]]. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:04, 27 Martii 2009 (UTC)

== Άρης Neograece ==
{{Accepta|Disputatio:Andreas Dalby|Άρης Neograece}}

Salve, Andrea, dubius sum, quomodo verba Neograeca apud nos tractanda sint. Videas quaeso commentationem quam de [[Μήλα (pellicula 2020)]] nuper scripsi. Utrum Latine ''Mila'' an ''Mela'' and ''Mēla'' scribam? Et Άρης Σερβετάλης histrio: Utrum ''Aris Servetalis'' an ''Ares Servetales''? [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 17:34, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

:Quamquam ego Andreas non sum, nolo silere de modo quo Theodisce res tractatur: Neograeca (nomina propria praesertim) saepissime modum in antiquum transscribi solent. Inde ego praeferrem res Neograecas modum in veterem Latine reddere [[Usor:Giorno2|Giorno2]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Giorno2|disputatio]]) 18:39, 10 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

::Vide etiam hanc paginam: [[Vicipaedia:Translitteratio]]. [[Usor:Lesgles|Lesgles]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Lesgles|disputatio]]) 16:55, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::Date veniam: pro tempore rarius apud Vicipaediam versor. Tribus rationibus translitterationem classicam nominum Neograecorum commendo: primo quod lingua Latina utimur atque hoc modo antiqui lingua nostra utentes verba Graeca in Latina convertebant; secundo quod nullam translitterationem hodiernam sine ambiguitate, sine incongruitate, sine inconsistentia reperire possumus; tertio quia eruditi scientifici, qui etiam hodie neologismos Graecos vel Graecolatinos creant, saepius translitteratione Latina uti solent. Salvete! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 21:13, 12 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)
:::: Gratias omnibus vobis ago. Ipse quoque ita ut dicitis faciendum esse cogitavi. [[Usor:Neander|Neander]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Neander|disputatio]]) 14:34, 13 Ianuarii 2025 (UTC)

== Foods in Latin questions ==
Hello, I wrote a couple of questions on different pages related to food (&lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Capsicum e carne]], [[Disputatio:Salsa alba]], [[Disputatio:Gruellum Bretonicum]], [[Disputatio:Brodium]]&lt;/bdi&gt;, &lt;bdi&gt;[[Disputatio:Iuscellum]], [[Disputatio Categoriae:Embammata]],  [[Disputatio Categoriae:Pastilla_panicea]], [[Disputatio:Ius (cibus)]], [[Disputatio:Botulus]]&lt;/bdi&gt;) and then saw that you had worked on all of the pages, so linking the questions to you directly might be better. I understand this topic is difficult because medieval authors were very inaccurate with their terms and rather stole words from their own languages, and even the Latins themselves seem to have used the words to mean a wide range of things that don't quite match the terms moderns use and it's difficult so cypher foods/dishes from text anyway, but it would be nice to at least have some consistency on Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Krken|Krken]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Krken|disputatio]]) 07:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:It's difficult finding convincing names. I commented at [[Gruellum Bretonicum]]: I gave quite a bit of thought to that, and chose the medieval term intentionally, but I may not have reached the ideal conclusion after all! I'm too busy just now to spend long on Vicipaedia, but please write about food, please improve where you can. Pages can be moved easily: as a rule, a changed or new lemma should be justified with a footnote. I added a footnote to your well-justified addition of &quot;lupus&quot; under ''[[Esox lucius]]'': &quot;lupus&quot; is in fact more classical, so I moved it up to second place. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 16:32, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::Attestations of lemmata may also help. Where attestations are missing, the formula &quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; may want to be attached to lemmata. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 17:49, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:::Greetings, {{Ping|IacobusAmor}} you're quite right. I found attestations for the previous '''lucius''' and the '''lupus''' that Krken added -- if I'd had no time to do that, adding &lt;nowiki&gt;{{FD ref}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; would have been my fallback position. [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 18:09, 15 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== Create an article for Peshkopi (Penestae - in Latin) ==
@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi Andrew! I am LevaneNevale who has communicated with you last year regarding a request made by me to create an article for Peshkopi: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshkopi on Latin Wiki. The title for it should be &quot;Penestae&quot; in Latin. Please can you create the article for Peshkopi on Latin Wiki with short content? Then add it to its corresponding Wikidata page. I would thank you so much if you will create it. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 10:58, 17 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

:@[[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - Penestae in Latin yourself. Since Andrew isn't responding. Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 20:09, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
::@[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] Hi dear Andrew! Please can you create the article for Peshkopi - &quot;Penestae&quot; on Latin Wiki? Thanks [[Usor:NevaleLevane|NevaleLevane]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:NevaleLevane|disputatio]]) 11:00, 21 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)

== De nova formula citationum ==
Hi Andrew. If I don't remember wrong, you did not like the {{Fn|Cite book}}, {{Fn|Cite link}}, {{Fn|Cite journal}} templates due to their lack of flexibility. I am creating our own version, a single template that should be able to replace all of them. It's called {{Fn|Opus}} (sorry, the documentation is still minimal), and we can make it do whatever we want. I would like to know what exactly were the shortcomings of our &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite ...}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; templates according to you; maybe that will help me improve the {{Fn|Opus}} template accordingly! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:28, 19 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:Thanks for asking, Grufo. My objections were practical, not a matter of principle. 1. I felt it would be better to agree, if we could, on a format, before designing a template ... but I don't know whether we really could ever agree! 2. I feel that bibliographical templates encourage users who are unfamiliar with citations and bibliography to include too much information, to try to fill all the boxes (examples: on English Wikipedia, citing an unsigned news or periodical article, editors often write &quot;staff&quot; in the author space -- without evidence -- so as to fill the box; and sometimes, when citing a periodical, they add details of the publisher. In both cases, a editor who knows about citations would leave those boxes empty). It's hard to give concise advice on things like that, and the result is that Wikipedia bibliographies tend to be padded with unnecessary and distracting detail. However, if you want to make a suitable template, I still say, go ahead. Since I am currently busy elsewhere, I can't offer to help. (But watch out, this may well change!) [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:30, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi Andrew, I would be very happy to discuss the format! I am not really a big fan of using dots to separate the various fields, although after working on the template, I must admit that it solves several practical obstacles – but I am open to anything. As for filling too many fields, well, in the {{Fn|Opus}} template the only mandatory field is the title. And so
:: &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:: will produce
::: {{Opus
	| titulus = Divina Comoedia
}}
:: Everything else is optional. Maybe we could emphasize this aspect! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 15:25, 20 Aprilis 2025 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: If you are developing a citation template why would you name it &quot;Opus&quot;? Sure, a citation should refer to some work but unpublished works are not really that useful unless they are well known ancient manuscripts so wouldn't a better name be &quot;Citationem&quot; or even &quot;Publicatio&quot; (excuse my lack of Latin knowledge). It just seems to me, something named &quot;Opus&quot; might be better for something like an Infobox template for creating infoboxes about works or a Navbox about topics related to works, etc. Maybe &quot;Citatio opus&quot; or &quot;Opus cita&quot; would be okay but even something like &quot;Citatio publicatio&quot; (''a la'' {{tlx|citatio libri}}) or maybe &quot;Publicationem citare&quot; sounds better to me. The Opus/work can then be the article/chapter, etc. referred to in that publication (be it a book, magazine, etc.). So then you might have a publication title and a work title (of course they are sometimes the same like novels that are typically published in books with the same title as the work contained within). —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 13:00, 20 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:: Hi [[User:Uzume|Uzume]]. The latin word “opus” simply means “work” (noun). The idea is to have a template as generic as possible. Rather than “publicatio”, classical Latin would prefer “editio” (“edere” means “to publish” – for an English speaker it is a bit of a false friend). But as you mentioned, that would limit the template to published works. It would not be much of a problem, really; it is just that “opus” is the most open and generic name that came into my mind. Of course it could also indicate an infobox, but usually here on Latin Wikipedia we add “capsa” (“box”) to infobox templates (e.g. {{Fn|Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}, {{Fn|Capsa insulae}}, and many others). “Citatio” could also work, but we have already the old {{Fn|Citatio}} template, and the two will need to coexist for a while. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:08, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]]: So can I cite a sculpture, a building, or canal? These could all also be considered works or &quot;Opus&quot; I suppose you could do something limit it via something like &quot;opus litterarium&quot;. I just think &quot;opus&quot; is too general and as a citation it should contain &quot;citation&quot; somehow like &quot;Opus cita&quot; or some such. —[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Uzume|disputatio]]) 00:21, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)
:::: @[[Usor:Uzume|Uzume]]: Exactly, the idea was exactly that (I just love [[:en:Robustness principle|Postel's law]])! You can cite a sculpture, a building, or canal :-) It is an experiment, but so far it seems to be working well! I have not finished writing it however. I still have to differentiate the current {{para|series}} parameter into two different parameters: one for the case in which the series is a minor detail (e.g. a collection of books belonging to the same series) and one for the case in which the series is a more important feature (e.g. a journal). I have still to find the right wording, but it is in the back of my mind. Other capabilities will need to be implemented too. As you can see, the nomenclature is left open and generic on purpose. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 00:28, 21 Iulii 2025 (UTC)

== Wikipedia in Ancient Greek ==
Hi, I have seen that you speak Ancient Greek and I wanted to ask you whether you could please help us improve the Ancient Greek Wikipedia, which [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges?hidebots=1&amp;translations=filter&amp;hidecategorization=1&amp;hideWikibase=1&amp;hideWikifunctions=1&amp;limit=500&amp;days=30&amp;urlversion=2&amp;rc-testwiki-project=p&amp;rc-testwiki-code=grc we have been reviving for the past months]. --[[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 10:42, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
:Currently I have too little spare time even to work on the Latin Vicipaedia -- so, sadly, I cannot help with ancient Greek right now. I wish you good luck and success! [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 13:48, 27 Novembris 2025 (UTC)
::Thank you for the answer and good luck with the Latin Wikipedia, you are all doing a great job here. [[Usor:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Caro de Segeda|disputatio]]) 17:15, 28 Novembris 2025 (UTC)

== Mensis Martius adest ==
Salve, Andrea. Spero te bene valere. Iam mensis Martius adest; velisne Paginae Mensis nostrae [[Disputatio Vicipaediae:Pagina mensis#2026|opem ferre]]? Vale! --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 14:21, 26 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Cito respondeo -- Salve optime, mi Grufo! hoc tempore non iam possum sed inter duos menses revenire cupio -- [[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 19:04, 27 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Gratias tibi ago ob alacre responsum, Andrea. Gestio te videre in Vicipaediam revenientem! Vale. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 11:15, 28 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

== Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius ==

Dear Andrew Dalby, I found your paper &quot;Dining with the Caesars: written source and collective memory in Suetonius” on academia.eu. It is said to have been published in the proceedings of the Oxford Food Symposium, but I cannot find the precise bibliographic details (year and place of publication, page numbers etc.). Could you help me? I would like to cite your paper in a bibliographic overview of Suetonius. Kind regards, Marijke Crab [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|&amp;#126;2026-21490-69]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21490-69|talk]]) 11:41, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Dear Marijke, I am glad you found my paper useful. Here is a full citation: 
::Andrew Dalby, ”Dining with the Caesars” in Harlan Walker, ed., ''Food and the memory: proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery'' (Totnes: Prospect Books, 2001. ISBN 978-1-903018-16-3) pp. 62-88.
:[[Usor:Andrew Dalby|Andrew Dalby]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Andrew Dalby|disputatio]]) 15:03, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>eky2fqrbfcj1dk8q2swriyi09mlxdl7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>15 Februarii</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16098</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953650</id>
      <parentid>3944580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Saeculo 16 */ Literam elapsam reinserui.</comment>
      <origin>3953650</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9010" sha1="3wut9hu1lmnbyzbeiny2rsvw5va8tvy" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Februarii}}
'''15 Februarii''' [[dies]] 46ª anni est [[Calendarium Gregorianum|anni Gregoriani]]. 319 ([[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]] 320) dies manent.

Haec dies secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem decimum quintum Kalendas Martias''', quod a. d. XV Kal. Mar. abbreviatur.

[[Fasciculus:St. Gallen, Ms Cod. Sang. 731 fol 1r Title page for Codex Theodosianus in the Breviary of Alaric.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|[[Codex Theodosianus]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[438]] - [[Codex Theodosianus]] editur.

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1145]] - [[Eugenius III]] [[papa]] fit.

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1559]] - [[Bulla apostolica]] ''Cum ex apostolatus officio'' [[Paulus IV|Pauli IV]] de plenipotentia papae in gentes et populos promulgatur.

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1611]] - [[Praga]]e 15 monachi [[Ordo Fratrum Minorum|Franciscani]] a multitudine irata interficiuntur.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1763]] - Foedere in palatio eloctorali Hubertusburg signato [[bellum Septem Annorum]] inter [[Borussia]]m et [[Austria]]m finitur: [[Silesia]] nunc ad Borussiam pertinet.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1806]] - [[Napoleo I (imperator Franciae)|Napoleo]] imperator [[Francia]]e Borussiam permovet, ut [[Novicastrum (pagus)|Novicastrum]] regionem imperio traderet.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1902]] - [[Berolinum|Berolini]] [[ferrivia subterranea]] inauguratur.
* [[1942]] - [[Iaponia|Iaponici]] [[Singapura]]m, coloniam [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicam]], expugnant.
* [[1963]] - Insidiae [[Carolus de Gaulle|Carolo de Gaulle]] praesidi a societate clandestina legatum militum &quot;OAS&quot; paratae deteguntur: Scelerati praesidem rei publicae Francicae interficere in animo habebant, quod ille [[Algerium|Algerio]] libertatem concesserat.
* [[1965]] - [[Vexillum]] [[Canada]]e folio [[acer]]is addito decernitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2011]] - Initium [[Motus Libycus anni 2011|motus Libyci]]: populi contra corruptionem demonstrant. 
* [[2013]] - [[Meteorites]] magna in [[Celiabinsca]]m, urbem [[Russia]]e cadit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1368]] - [[Sigismundus Luxemburgicus]], [[imperator]] [[Sacrum Romanum Imperium|Sacri Romani Imperii]]  (mortuus anno [[1437]])
* [[1377]] - [[Ladislaus I rex Neapolitanus|Ladislaus I]], rex [[Neapolis]] (mortuus anno [[1414]]) 

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1571]] - [[Michael Praetorius]], [[organista]] et [[compositor]] [[Germania|Germanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1621]]) 
* [[1564]] - [[Galilaeus Galilaei]], [[physicus]] et astronomus [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus [[1642]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1710]] - [[Ludovicus XV]], rex Franciae (mortuus anno [[1774]])
* [[1748]] - [[Ieremias Bentham]], [[philosophus]] et [[iuris consultus]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (mortuus anno [[1832]])
* [[1759]] - [[Fridericus Augustus Wolfius]], philosophus et philologus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1824]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1811]] - [[Dominicus Faustinus Sarmiento]], praeses [[Argentina]]e (mortuus anno [[1888]])
* 1820 - [[Susanna Brownell Anthony]], activista Americana (mortua anno [[1906]])
* [[1831]] - [[Adolphus Deucher]], vir publicus Helveticus (mortuus anno [[1912]])
* [[1835]] - [[Demetrius Bikelas]], negotiator ac litterarum peritus [[Graecia|Graecus]] (mortuus anno 1902)
* [[1840]] - [[Titus Livius Maiorescu]], vir publicus [[Romania|Dacoromanicus]] (mortuus anno [[1917]])
* [[1841]] - [[Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales]], praeses [[Brasilia]]e (mortuus anno [[1913]])
* [[1845]] - [[Elihu Root]], iuris consultus et vir publicus Americanus (mortuus anno [[1937]])
* [[1858]] - [[Gulielmus Henricus Pickering]], [[astronomus]] Americanus (mortuus anno [[1938]])
* [[1859]] - [[Ludovicus Iosephus Maurin]], cardinalis Francicus (mortuus anno [[1936]])
* [[1861]] 
**[[Carolus Eduardus Guillaume]], physicus Helveticus (mortuus anno 1938)
**[[Alfredus North Whitehead]], mathematicus et philosophus Anglicus (mortuus anno [[1947]])
* [[1866]] - [[Paulus Trubeckoj]] (''Paolo Troubetzkoy''), sculptor Russicus ac Italianus (mortuus 1938)
* [[1873]] - [[Ioannes von Euler-Chelpin]], chemicus [[Suecia|Suecicus]] originis Germanicae (mortuus anno [[1964]])
* [[1874]] - [[Ernestus Shackleton]], explorator [[Hibernia|Hibernicus]] (mortuus anno [[1922]])
* [[1898]] - [[Hastings Kamuzu Banda]], vir publicus [[Malavium|Malavii]] (mortuus anno [[1997]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* 1906 - [[Moyses Cälil]], poeta [[Tatari]]cus [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (necatus [[1944]])
* [[1907]] - [[Ioannes Langlais]], organista et compositor caecus Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1991]])
* [[1909]] - [[Miep Gies]], mulier Nederlandica, quae familiae [[Iudaei|Iudaicae]] [[Anna Frank|Annae Franck]] a [[NSDAP|nazistis]] vexatae auxilium dedit (mortua [[2010]])
* [[1910]]
** [[David Dragunskij]], praefectus militaris Sovieticus (mortuus [[1992]]) 
** [[Irene Sendler]], [[mulier]] et aegrorum ministra [[Polonia|Polonica]], quae inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] pueris Iudaeis a nazistis vexatis auxilium dedit (mortua anno [[2008]])
* [[1920]] - [[Endicott Peabody]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (mortuus anno [[1997]])
* [[1923]] - [[Helena Bonner]], physici et viri publici Russici [[Andreas Sacharov|Andreae Sacharov]] [[uxor]], propugnatrix [[iura humana|iurum humanorum]] inter [[tyrannis|tyrannidem]] communisticam (mortua anno [[2011]])
* [[1927]] - [[Carolus Maria Martini]], cardinalis Italicus (mortuus anno [[2012]])
* [[1929]] 
** [[Graham Hill]], [[autocinetum|autocinetorum]] ductor Britannicus (mortuus anno [[1975]])
** [[Iacobus Rodney Schlesinger]], politicus Americanus (mortuus anno [[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Clara Bloom]], actrix Britannica 
* 1936 - [[Teivas Oksala]], latinista [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2018]]) 
* 1937
** [[Terry Everrett]], politicus Americanus factionis [[Factio republicana (Civitates Foederatae)|Republicanae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2024]])
** [[Conradus Moulijn]], pedilusor [[Nederlandia|Nederlandicus]] (mortuus anno 2011)
* [[1946]] - [[Clara Short]], rerum politicarum perita Britannica factionis [[Factio laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]]
* 1947 - [[Adamus Nádasdy]], [[linguista]], [[poeta]] et [[interpres]] [[drama]]tum Hungaricus 
* [[1948]] - [[Laurentius Meyer]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus
* [[1954]] - [[Matthaeus Groening]], creator seriei televisificae [[The Simpsons]]
* 1964 - [[David Kato]], progugnator [[ius|iurum]] [[Homophylophilia|homophylophilorum]] [[Uganda]]nus (mortuus anno 2011)
* [[1974]] - [[Omarosa Manigault]], actrix Americana
* 1975 - [[Thomas Bareiß]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]]
* [[1984]] - [[Dorota Rabczewska]], cantrix Polonica

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1145]] - [[Lucius II]] papa (natus ignoto anno)
* [[1152]] - [[Conradus III (imperator)|Conradus III]] [[rex Romanorum]] (natus anno [[1093]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1459]] - [[Stephanus Bodecker]], [[episcopus]] [[Brandenburgum (oppidum)|Brandenburgi ad Habalam siti]] (natus anno [[1384]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1731]] - [[Maria de León Bello y Delgado]], [[monialis]] [[Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum|ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum]] [[Hispania|Hispanica]] (nata anno [[1643]])
* [[1781]] - [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]], poeta Germanicus (natus [[1729]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1844]] - [[Henricus Addington]], primus minister Britanniarum Regni (natus anno [[1757]])
* [[1849]] - [[Petrus Franciscus Verhulst]], [[mathematica|mathematicus]] et doctus [[statistica]]e [[Belgica|Belgicus]] (natus anno [[1804]])
* [[1857]] - [[Michael Glinka]], compositor Russicus (natus 1804)
* [[1878]] - [[Carolus Franciscus Daubigny]], pictor Francicus (natus anno [[1817]])
* [[1897]] - [[Demetrius Ghica]], vir publicus Dacoromanicus (natus anno [[1816]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1926]] - [[Petrus Gobetti]], vir publicus Italicus (natus anno [[1901]])
* [[1928]] - [[Herbertus Henricus Asquith]], primus minister Britanniarum Regni (natus anno [[1852]])
* [[1941]] - [[Guido Adler]], [[musica]]e studiosus Austriacus (natus anno [[1855]])
* [[1959]] - [[Owen Willans Richardson]], physicus Britannicus (natus anno [[1879]])
* [[1976]] - [[Přemysl Pitter]], [[paedagogia|praeceptor]] [[Cechia|Bohemicus]], qui inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] pueris Iudaeis a nazistis vexatis auxilium dedit (natus anno [[1895]])
* [[1988]] - [[Ricardus Feynman]], physicus Americanus (natus anno [[1918]])
* [[1994]] - [[Andreas Čikatilo]], homicida multorum hominum in [[Ucraina]] viventium morte punitur (natus anno 1936)

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2003]] - [[Robertus Leydi]], studiosus antiquae musicae popularis Italicae (natus anno 1928)
* [[2006]] - [[Andreas Petrov]], compositor Sovieticus et Russicus (natus [[1930]])
* [[2016]] - [[Petrus Nocca]], sculptor Francicus

* [[2025]] - [[Gerhardus Baum]], administer Germanicus factionis [[FDP]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1932]])
* [[2026]] - [[Robertus Duvall]], histrio  et moderator cinematographicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;1931)

== Festa et feriae ==
* [[Lupercalia]] apud antiquos Romanos celebrantur.
* Dies vexilli nationalis (Canada)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>3wut9hu1lmnbyzbeiny2rsvw5va8tvy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>8 Aprilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16438</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953647</id>
      <parentid>3884155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:58:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Positionem et magnitudinem imaginis adaptavi.</comment>
      <origin>3953647</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6381" sha1="0oa6ln2jgvg15de68ml8y0hlh0sod6x" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''8 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 98 anni est (99 [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 267 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem sextum Idus Aprilis'', quod a. d. VI Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].


[[Fasciculus:Vénus de Milo - Musée du Louvre AGER LL 299 ; N 527 ; Ma 399.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|''[[Venus Melia]]'']]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1820]] - ''[[Venus Melia]]'' reperitur.
* [[1839]] - ''[[Saxonia (machina vectrix)|Saxonia]]'', prima [[vaporitraha]] [[Germania|Germanica]], primum a [[Lipsia]] [[Dresda]]m currit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1431]] - [[Franciscus Villon]], poeta [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus post annum [[1463]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1605]] - [[Philippus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus IV]], rex [[Hispania]]e et [[Lusitania]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1665]])
* [[1692]] - [[Iosephus Tartini]], [[violinista]] et compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1770]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1793]] - [[Carolus Zell]], sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] |Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1873]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1818]] - [[Christianus IX (rex Daniae)|Christianus IX]], rex [[Dania]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1906]])
* [[1859]]
** [[Edmundus Husserl]], [[philosophus]] et [[mathematicus]] Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])
** [[Theodorus Teodorov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1949]])
* [[1875]] - [[Albertus I (rex Belgarum)|Albertus I]], rex [[Belgica]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1934]])
* [[1892]] - [[Maria Pickford]], actrix cinematographica [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1894]] - [[Raimundus Schwartz]], scriptor Esperanticus natione Francica (†&amp;nbsp;[[1973]])
* [[1898]] - [[Achilles Van Acker]], primus minister Belgicae (†&amp;nbsp;[[1975]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1904]] 
** [[Ivo Congar]], cardinalis Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1995]])
** [[Ioannes Ricardus Hicks]], oeconomiae peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliano oeconomiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1989]])
* [[1911]]
** [[Melvinus Calvin]], chemicus et biochemicus [[CFA|Americanus]] [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1997]]) 
** [[Aemilius Michael Cioran]], scriptor et philosophus [[Romania|Dacoromanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1995]])
* [[1914]] - [[Maria Félix]], actrix [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2002]])
* [[1918]] - [[Elisabetha Ford]], Prima Domina CFA (†&amp;nbsp;[[2011]])
* [[1921]] - [[Franciscus Corelli]], tenor Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2003]])
* [[1922]] - [[Ioannes Vilnet]], [[Insula (urbs)|Insulae]] [[episcopus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
* [[1924]] - [[Fridericus Molden]], scriptor [[Austria]]cus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1926]] - [[Ioannes Iacobus Pauvert]], editor et scriptor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;2014)
* [[1929]] - [[Iacobus Brel]], cantor Belgicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1978]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ioannes Gavin]], histrio et legatus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2007]])
* [[1934]] - [[Kishō Kurokawa]], architectus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;2007)
* 1938 - [[Kofi Annan]], legatus [[Gana|Ganensis]] et [[Index secretariorum generalium Consociationis Nationum|secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2018]])
* [[1939]] - [[Edvinus Fridericus O'Brien]], cardinalis Americanus
* [[1943]] - [[Michael Bennett]], saltator et [[theatrum|theatri]] praefectus (mortuus anno [[1987]])
* [[1951]] - [[Geirus H. Haarde]], primus minister [[Islandia]]e 
* [[1957]] - [[Andreas Ypsilanti|Andrea Ypsilanti]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica olim factionis [[SPD]]
* 1987 - [[Darius Vidosic]], pedilusor [[Australia]]nus.

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 3 ===
* [[217]] - [[Caracalla]], [[imperator Romanus]] necatur (*&amp;nbsp;[[188]]).

=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[622]] - [[Shotoku Taishi]], princeps Iaponiae (*&amp;nbsp;[[572]])

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1143]] - [[Ioannes II Comnenus]], [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|Imperator Byzantinus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1087]])

=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1364]] - [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannes II]], rex [[Franci|Francorum]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1319]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1461]] - [[Georgius Peurbachius]], [[astronomus]] et [[mathematicus]] Austriacus (natus [[1423]])
* [[1492]] - [[Laurentius de Medici]], Dominus [[Florentia]]e (natus [[1449]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1586]] - [[Martinus Chemnitius]], [[theologus]] [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]] Germanicus (natus [[1522]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1735]] - [[Franciscus II Rákóczi]], seditionis [[Hungaria|Hungaricae]] contra Austriacos dux (*&amp;nbsp;[[1676]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1835]] - [[Gulielmus de Humboldt]], vir publicus [[Borussia]]e ac doctus Germanicus et conditor [[Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Unveristatis Berolinensis]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1767]])
* [[1848]] - [[Caietanus Donizetti]], compositor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1797]])
* [[1870]] - [[Carolus Augustus de Bériot]], [[Fides (instrumentum|fidicen]] musicusque Belgicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1802]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1901]] - [[Iulius Bizzozero]], [[medicus]] Italicus et medicinae professor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1846]])
* [[1924]] - [[Florentius Bava Beccaris]], dux militum Italianus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1831]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ericus Axel Karlfeldt]], scriptor [[Suecia|Suecicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1864]])
* [[1939]] - [[Egmont Colerus]], scriptor Austriacus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1888]])
* [[1973]] - [[Paulus Picasso]], pictor Hispanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1881]])
* [[1993]] - [[Mariana Anderson]], cantrix theatri lyrici Americana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1897]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* 2002 - [[Maria Félix]], actrix Mexicana (*&amp;nbsp;1914)
* [[2005]] - [[Colomanus Ferenczfalvi]], Hungaricus, qui inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Iudaei]]s a [[NSDAP|nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit (natus anno 1921)
* 2013
** [[Vladimirus Esteves da Cunha]], rex Momus Carnelevarii [[Urbs Sanctorum|Urbis Sanctorum]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1920]]) 
** [[Margarita Thatcher]], prima ministra Britanniarum Regni (*&amp;nbsp;[[1925]])
* 2014
** [[Emmanuel III Delly]], patriarcha [[Babylonia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1927]])
** [[Carolus Henricus Deschner]], scriptor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;1924)
* [[2015]] - [[Ioannes Claudius Turcotte]], cardinalis Canadiensis (*&amp;nbsp;[[1936]])
* [[2024]] - [[Petrus Higgs]], physicus Britannicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1929]])

== Festa et feriae ==
* [[Dies internationalis Zingarorum]]
{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>0oa6ln2jgvg15de68ml8y0hlh0sod6x</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953648</id>
      <parentid>3953647</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:59:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Scriptionem diei Romani correxi.</comment>
      <origin>3953648</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6383" sha1="gmqakxztwxszd6c5ifffz9pgdrts4j8" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''8 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 98 anni est (99 [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 267 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem sextum Idus Apriles''', quod a. d. VI Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].


[[Fasciculus:Vénus de Milo - Musée du Louvre AGER LL 299 ; N 527 ; Ma 399.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.6|''[[Venus Melia]]'']]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1820]] - ''[[Venus Melia]]'' reperitur.
* [[1839]] - ''[[Saxonia (machina vectrix)|Saxonia]]'', prima [[vaporitraha]] [[Germania|Germanica]], primum a [[Lipsia]] [[Dresda]]m currit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1431]] - [[Franciscus Villon]], poeta [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus post annum [[1463]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1605]] - [[Philippus IV (rex Hispaniae)|Philippus IV]], rex [[Hispania]]e et [[Lusitania]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1665]])
* [[1692]] - [[Iosephus Tartini]], [[violinista]] et compositor [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1770]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1793]] - [[Carolus Zell]], sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] |Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1873]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1818]] - [[Christianus IX (rex Daniae)|Christianus IX]], rex [[Dania]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1906]])
* [[1859]]
** [[Edmundus Husserl]], [[philosophus]] et [[mathematicus]] Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])
** [[Theodorus Teodorov]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1949]])
* [[1875]] - [[Albertus I (rex Belgarum)|Albertus I]], rex [[Belgica]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1934]])
* [[1892]] - [[Maria Pickford]], actrix cinematographica [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1894]] - [[Raimundus Schwartz]], scriptor Esperanticus natione Francica (†&amp;nbsp;[[1973]])
* [[1898]] - [[Achilles Van Acker]], primus minister Belgicae (†&amp;nbsp;[[1975]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1904]] 
** [[Ivo Congar]], cardinalis Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1995]])
** [[Ioannes Ricardus Hicks]], oeconomiae peritus [[Regnum Unitum|Britannicus]] [[Praemium Nobelianum oeconomicarum scientiarum|praemio Nobeliano oeconomiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1989]])
* [[1911]]
** [[Melvinus Calvin]], chemicus et biochemicus [[CFA|Americanus]] [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1997]]) 
** [[Aemilius Michael Cioran]], scriptor et philosophus [[Romania|Dacoromanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1995]])
* [[1914]] - [[Maria Félix]], actrix [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2002]])
* [[1918]] - [[Elisabetha Ford]], Prima Domina CFA (†&amp;nbsp;[[2011]])
* [[1921]] - [[Franciscus Corelli]], tenor Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2003]])
* [[1922]] - [[Ioannes Vilnet]], [[Insula (urbs)|Insulae]] [[episcopus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2013]])
* [[1924]] - [[Fridericus Molden]], scriptor [[Austria]]cus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1926]] - [[Ioannes Iacobus Pauvert]], editor et scriptor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;2014)
* [[1929]] - [[Iacobus Brel]], cantor Belgicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1978]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ioannes Gavin]], histrio et legatus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2007]])
* [[1934]] - [[Kishō Kurokawa]], architectus [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;2007)
* 1938 - [[Kofi Annan]], legatus [[Gana|Ganensis]] et [[Index secretariorum generalium Consociationis Nationum|secretarius generalis Nationum Unitarum]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2018]])
* [[1939]] - [[Edvinus Fridericus O'Brien]], cardinalis Americanus
* [[1943]] - [[Michael Bennett]], saltator et [[theatrum|theatri]] praefectus (mortuus anno [[1987]])
* [[1951]] - [[Geirus H. Haarde]], primus minister [[Islandia]]e 
* [[1957]] - [[Andreas Ypsilanti|Andrea Ypsilanti]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica olim factionis [[SPD]]
* 1987 - [[Darius Vidosic]], pedilusor [[Australia]]nus.

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 3 ===
* [[217]] - [[Caracalla]], [[imperator Romanus]] necatur (*&amp;nbsp;[[188]]).

=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[622]] - [[Shotoku Taishi]], princeps Iaponiae (*&amp;nbsp;[[572]])

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1143]] - [[Ioannes II Comnenus]], [[Imperatores Constantinopolitani|Imperator Byzantinus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1087]])

=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1364]] - [[Ioannes II (rex Francorum)|Ioannes II]], rex [[Franci|Francorum]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1319]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1461]] - [[Georgius Peurbachius]], [[astronomus]] et [[mathematicus]] Austriacus (natus [[1423]])
* [[1492]] - [[Laurentius de Medici]], Dominus [[Florentia]]e (natus [[1449]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1586]] - [[Martinus Chemnitius]], [[theologus]] [[Martinus Lutherus|Lutheranus]] Germanicus (natus [[1522]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1735]] - [[Franciscus II Rákóczi]], seditionis [[Hungaria|Hungaricae]] contra Austriacos dux (*&amp;nbsp;[[1676]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1835]] - [[Gulielmus de Humboldt]], vir publicus [[Borussia]]e ac doctus Germanicus et conditor [[Universitas Humboldtiana Berolinensis|Unveristatis Berolinensis]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1767]])
* [[1848]] - [[Caietanus Donizetti]], compositor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1797]])
* [[1870]] - [[Carolus Augustus de Bériot]], [[Fides (instrumentum|fidicen]] musicusque Belgicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1802]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1901]] - [[Iulius Bizzozero]], [[medicus]] Italicus et medicinae professor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1846]])
* [[1924]] - [[Florentius Bava Beccaris]], dux militum Italianus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1831]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ericus Axel Karlfeldt]], scriptor [[Suecia|Suecicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1864]])
* [[1939]] - [[Egmont Colerus]], scriptor Austriacus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1888]])
* [[1973]] - [[Paulus Picasso]], pictor Hispanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1881]])
* [[1993]] - [[Mariana Anderson]], cantrix theatri lyrici Americana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1897]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* 2002 - [[Maria Félix]], actrix Mexicana (*&amp;nbsp;1914)
* [[2005]] - [[Colomanus Ferenczfalvi]], Hungaricus, qui inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] [[Iudaei]]s a [[NSDAP|nazistis]] vexatis auxilium dedit (natus anno 1921)
* 2013
** [[Vladimirus Esteves da Cunha]], rex Momus Carnelevarii [[Urbs Sanctorum|Urbis Sanctorum]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1920]]) 
** [[Margarita Thatcher]], prima ministra Britanniarum Regni (*&amp;nbsp;[[1925]])
* 2014
** [[Emmanuel III Delly]], patriarcha [[Babylonia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1927]])
** [[Carolus Henricus Deschner]], scriptor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;1924)
* [[2015]] - [[Ioannes Claudius Turcotte]], cardinalis Canadiensis (*&amp;nbsp;[[1936]])
* [[2024]] - [[Petrus Higgs]], physicus Britannicus, [[Praemium Nobelianum physicae|praemio Nobeliano physicae]] affectus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1929]])

== Festa et feriae ==
* [[Dies internationalis Zingarorum]]
{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>gmqakxztwxszd6c5ifffz9pgdrts4j8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>9 Aprilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16439</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953638</id>
      <parentid>3884622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:41:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Solitas emendationes feci.</comment>
      <origin>3953638</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6715" sha1="khy9echkdojp7qjdudglv4zf71dxs5t" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''9 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 99ª anni est (100ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 266 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem quintum Idus Apriles''', a. d. V Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Henry5.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.4|[[Henricus V (rex Angliae)|Henricus V]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1413]] - [[Henricus V (rex Angliae)|Henricus V]] rex [[Anglia]]e [[coronatio|coronatur]].
* [[1486]] - [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximilianus I]] [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]] [[rex Romanorum]] coronatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1947]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 22 de lite inter [[Albania]] et [[Britanniarum regnum]] habita decernit.
* [[1991]] - [[Georgia]] libertatem ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] declarat.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2017]] - [[Cairus|Cairi]] [[Impetus palmarum in Ecclesiam orthodoxam Coptorum Aegypto anno 2017 factus|impetus]] tromocratiae [[bomba]]rum in [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum|ecclesiam orthodoxam Coptorum]] fit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1802]] - [[Elias Lönnrot]], medicus et scriptor [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1884]])
* [[1821]] - [[Carolus Baudelaire]], poëta et scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus anno [[1867]])
* [[1835]] - [[Leopoldus II (rex Belgarum)|Leopoldus II]], rex [[Belgica]]e (mortuus [[1909]])
* [[1867]]
** [[Christianus Watson]], primus minister [[Australia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1941]])
** [[Iosephus Bidez]], philologus classicus Belgicus (mortuus anno [[1945]])
* [[1872]] - [[Leo Blum]], rerum politicarum peritus Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1950]])
* [[1883]] 
** [[Bogdan Filov]], archaeologus et rerum politicorum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (supplicio affectus anno 1945)
** [[Ioannes Il'in]], philosophus et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1906]] - [[Hugo Gaitskell]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]] (mortuus anno [[1963]])
* [[1908]] - [[Elizabeth Allan]], actrix Britannica (mortua anno [[1990]])
* [[1912]] - [[Leo Kopelev]], scriptor Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1997]])
* [[1914]] - [[Koichi Oita]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1996]])
* [[1920]] - [[Georgius Pacheco Areco]], praeses [[Uruguaia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1998]])
* [[1921]] - [[Isaac Navon]], praeses [[Israel]]is (†&amp;nbsp;[[2015]])
* [[1925]] - [[Henricus Nixdorf]], constructor [[computatrum|computratorum]] Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1986]])
* [[1926]] - [[Hugo Hefner]], diurnarius [[CFA|Americanus]] atque editor ''[[Iuvenis Voluptarius|Iuvenis Voluptarii]]'' periodici (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1928]] - [[Dominicus Lam Ka-Tseung]], [[episcopus]] [[Macaum|Macainensis]] (mortuus anno [[2009]])
* [[1930]]
** [[Alphonsus Amadou Alley]], praeses [[Beninum|Benini]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1987]])
** [[Nathaniel Branden]], psychologus [[Canada|Canado]]-Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1933]] - [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]], actor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2021]])
* [[1938]] - [[Victor Černomyrdin]], rerum politicarum peritus Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2010]])
* [[1944]] - [[Ludovicus Stiegler]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[SPD]]
* [[1954]]
** [[Ioannes Duncan Smith]], [[Minister Laboris et Stipendiorum (Britanniarum Regnum)|minister laboris et stipendiorum]] Regni Britanniarum
** [[Laura Moffatt]], rerum politicarum perita Britannica factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]].
* [[1957]] - [[Severianus Ballesteros]], [[Pilamalleus|pilamallei]] lusor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2011]])
* [[1960]] - [[Robertus Beretta]], [[scriptor]] [[diarium|diarii]] [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[1963]] - [[Marcus Jacobs]], sumptuosorum [[vestis|vestium]] delineator.
* [[1964]]
**[[Duglassius Ducey]], gubernator [[Arizona]]e 
**[[Akihiro Nagashima]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* [[1967]] - [[Sergius Calugin]], [[poëta]], [[citharista]], et [[compositor]] Russicus
* [[1971]] - [[Iacobus Villeneuve]], autocinetor Canadiensis
* [[1972]] - [[Alanus Berset]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Factio Socialistica Helvetica|Socialisticae Helvetiae]] (SP/PS)
* [[1974]] - [[Wenevera Jameson]], [[Redemptor|redemptrix]] et prior [[Index actricium pornographicarum|actrix pornographica]].
* [[1999]] - [[Isaac Hempstead-Wright]], actor Anglicus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[491]] - [[Zeno (imperator)|Zeno]], imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[425]])

=== Saeculo 8 ===
* [[715]] - [[Constantinus (Papa)|Constantinus I]] papa (natus ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1024]] - [[Benedictus VIII]], papa (natus ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1483]] - [[Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)|Eduardus IV]], Angliae rex (natus [[1442]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1553]] - [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]], scriptor Francicus (natus ignoto anno)
* [[1557]] - [[Michael Agricola]], scriptor Finnicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1510
]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1803]] - [[Samuel de Brukenthal]], gubernator [[Transsilvania]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1721]])
* [[1886]] - [[Iosephus Victor de Scheffel]], scriptor Germanicus
* [[1897]] - [[Franciscus Ambrosi]], [[botanica|botanista]], bibliothecarius et rerum gestarum scriptor Italicus (natus anno [[1821]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1914]] - [[Ebenezer Sumner Draper]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (natus anno [[1858]])
* [[1921]] - [[Ernestus Nathan]], vir publicus Italicus, oriundus ex Anglia (*&amp;nbsp;[[1848]])
* [[1945]] - [[Georgius Elser]], adversarius [[NSDAP|nazismi]] et auctor decoctarum [[insidia]]rum contra [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[1947]] - [[Lilliana Sanderson]], cantrix Americano-Germanica (nata anno [[1866]])
* [[1961]] - [[Oliverius Onions]], scriptor Anglicus
* [[1968]] - [[Sophia Kossak-Szczucka]], femina [[Polonia|Polonica]], quae inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] contra nazistas pugnabat (nata anno [[1889]])
* [[1982]] - [[Robertus Havemann]], [[Chemia|chemicus]] et sodalis factionis  [[KPD]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1910]])
* [[1994]] - [[Iosephus B. Soloveitchik]], [[rabbinus]], [[philosophus]] et [[scriptor|auctor]] Americanus (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[1995]] - [[Paula Borboni]], actrix Italica (nata anno [[1900]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]] - [[Miriam Mafai]], diurnaria et rerum politicarum perita Italiana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1926]])
* [[2021]] - [[Princeps Philippus, dux Edimburgi]], coniunx [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Elizabeth II]] reginae Britanniae (*&amp;nbsp;[[1921]]),

== Festa et feriae ==
* Dies [[lingua Finnica|linguae Finnicae]] (Finlandia)
* Festum magnum [[Templum Ōmiwa|Ōmiwa templi]] (Iaponia)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>khy9echkdojp7qjdudglv4zf71dxs5t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953639</id>
      <parentid>3953638</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:44:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Genus unius adiewctivi correxi.</comment>
      <origin>3953639</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6713" sha1="341u2100t5d4f08fq3o1afzxebkq4kk" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''9 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 99ª anni est (100ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 266 dies manent.

Secundum [[Calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem quintum Idus Apriles''', a. d. V Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Henry5.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.4|[[Henricus V (rex Angliae)|Henricus V]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1413]] - [[Henricus V (rex Angliae)|Henricus V]] rex [[Anglia]]e [[coronatio|coronatur]].
* [[1486]] - [[Maximilianus I (imperator)|Maximilianus I]] [[Aquisgranum|Aquisgrani]] [[rex Romanorum]] coronatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1947]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 22 de lite inter [[Albania]] et [[Britanniarum regnum]] habita decernit.
* [[1991]] - [[Georgia]] libertatem ab [[Unio Sovietica|Unione Sovietica]] declarat.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2017]] - [[Cairus|Cairi]] [[Impetus palmarum in Ecclesiam orthodoxam Coptorum Aegypto anno 2017 factus|impetus]] tromocratiae [[bomba]]rum in [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Coptorum|ecclesiam orthodoxam Coptorum]] fit.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1802]] - [[Elias Lönnrot]], medicus et scriptor [[Finnia|Finnicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1884]])
* [[1821]] - [[Carolus Baudelaire]], poëta et scriptor [[Francia|Francicus]] (mortuus anno [[1867]])
* [[1835]] - [[Leopoldus II (rex Belgarum)|Leopoldus II]], rex [[Belgica]]e (mortuus [[1909]])
* [[1867]]
** [[Christianus Watson]], primus minister [[Australia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1941]])
** [[Iosephus Bidez]], philologus classicus Belgicus (mortuus anno [[1945]])
* [[1872]] - [[Leo Blum]], rerum politicarum peritus Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1950]])
* [[1883]] 
** [[Bogdan Filov]], archaeologus et rerum politicorum peritus [[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]] (supplicio affectus anno 1945)
** [[Ioannes Il'in]], philosophus et scriptor [[Russia|Russicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1906]] - [[Hugo Gaitskell]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]] (mortuus anno [[1963]])
* [[1908]] - [[Elizabeth Allan]], actrix Britannica (mortua anno [[1990]])
* [[1912]] - [[Leo Kopelev]], scriptor Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1997]])
* [[1914]] - [[Koichi Oita]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1996]])
* [[1920]] - [[Georgius Pacheco Areco]], praeses [[Uruguaia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1998]])
* [[1921]] - [[Isaac Navon]], praeses [[Israel]]is (†&amp;nbsp;[[2015]])
* [[1925]] - [[Henricus Nixdorf]], constructor [[computatrum|computratorum]] Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1986]])
* [[1926]] - [[Hugo Hefner]], diurnarius [[CFA|Americanus]] atque editor ''[[Iuvenis Voluptarius|Iuvenis Voluptarii]]'' periodici (†&amp;nbsp;[[2017]])
* [[1928]] - [[Dominicus Lam Ka-Tseung]], [[episcopus]] [[Macaum|Macainensis]] (mortuus anno [[2009]])
* [[1930]]
** [[Alphonsus Amadou Alley]], praeses [[Beninum|Benini]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1987]])
** [[Nathaniel Branden]], psychologus [[Canada|Canado]]-Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1933]] - [[Ioannes Paulus Belmondo]], actor Francicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2021]])
* [[1938]] - [[Victor Černomyrdin]], rerum politicarum peritus Russicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2010]])
* [[1944]] - [[Ludovicus Stiegler]], vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] factionis [[SPD]]
* [[1954]]
** [[Ioannes Duncan Smith]], [[Minister Laboris et Stipendiorum (Britanniarum Regnum)|minister laboris et stipendiorum]] Regni Britanniarum
** [[Laura Moffatt]], rerum politicarum perita Britannica factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]].
* [[1957]] - [[Severianus Ballesteros]], [[Pilamalleus|pilamallei]] lusor [[Hispania|Hispanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2011]])
* [[1960]] - [[Robertus Beretta]], [[scriptor]] [[diarium|diarii]] [[Italia|Italicus]].
* [[1963]] - [[Marcus Jacobs]], sumptuosarum [[vestis|vestium]] delineator
* [[1964]]
**[[Duglassius Ducey]], gubernator [[Arizona]]e 
**[[Akihiro Nagashima]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* [[1967]] - [[Sergius Calugin]], [[poëta]], [[citharista]], et [[compositor]] Russicus
* [[1971]] - [[Iacobus Villeneuve]], autocinetor Canadiensis
* [[1972]] - [[Alanus Berset]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] factionis [[Factio Socialistica Helvetica|Socialisticae Helvetiae]] (SP/PS)
* [[1974]] - [[Wenevera Jameson]], [[Redemptor|redemptrix]] et prior [[Index actricium pornographicarum|actrix pornographica]].
* [[1999]] - [[Isaac Hempstead-Wright]], actor Anglicus

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[491]] - [[Zeno (imperator)|Zeno]], imperator [[Imperium Romanum Orientale|Imperii Romani Orientalis]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[425]])

=== Saeculo 8 ===
* [[715]] - [[Constantinus (Papa)|Constantinus I]] papa (natus ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 11 ===
* [[1024]] - [[Benedictus VIII]], papa (natus ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1483]] - [[Eduardus IV (rex Angliae)|Eduardus IV]], Angliae rex (natus [[1442]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1553]] - [[Franciscus Rabelaesus]], scriptor Francicus (natus ignoto anno)
* [[1557]] - [[Michael Agricola]], scriptor Finnicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1510
]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1803]] - [[Samuel de Brukenthal]], gubernator [[Transsilvania]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1721]])
* [[1886]] - [[Iosephus Victor de Scheffel]], scriptor Germanicus
* [[1897]] - [[Franciscus Ambrosi]], [[botanica|botanista]], bibliothecarius et rerum gestarum scriptor Italicus (natus anno [[1821]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1914]] - [[Ebenezer Sumner Draper]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (natus anno [[1858]])
* [[1921]] - [[Ernestus Nathan]], vir publicus Italicus, oriundus ex Anglia (*&amp;nbsp;[[1848]])
* [[1945]] - [[Georgius Elser]], adversarius [[NSDAP|nazismi]] et auctor decoctarum [[insidia]]rum contra [[Adolfus Hitler|Adolphum Hitler]] (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[1947]] - [[Lilliana Sanderson]], cantrix Americano-Germanica (nata anno [[1866]])
* [[1961]] - [[Oliverius Onions]], scriptor Anglicus
* [[1968]] - [[Sophia Kossak-Szczucka]], femina [[Polonia|Polonica]], quae inter [[secundum bellum mundanum]] contra nazistas pugnabat (nata anno [[1889]])
* [[1982]] - [[Robertus Havemann]], [[Chemia|chemicus]] et sodalis factionis  [[KPD]] Germanicus (natus anno [[1910]])
* [[1994]] - [[Iosephus B. Soloveitchik]], [[rabbinus]], [[philosophus]] et [[scriptor|auctor]] Americanus (natus anno [[1903]])
* [[1995]] - [[Paula Borboni]], actrix Italica (nata anno [[1900]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]] - [[Miriam Mafai]], diurnaria et rerum politicarum perita Italiana (*&amp;nbsp;[[1926]])
* [[2021]] - [[Princeps Philippus, dux Edimburgi]], coniunx [[Elizabeth II (regina Britanniarum)|Elizabeth II]] reginae Britanniae (*&amp;nbsp;[[1921]])

== Festa et feriae ==
* Dies [[lingua Finnica|linguae Finnicae]] (Finlandia)
* Festum magnum [[Templum Ōmiwa|Ōmiwa templi]] (Iaponia)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>341u2100t5d4f08fq3o1afzxebkq4kk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Baetica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18150</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953583</id>
      <parentid>3868854</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:15:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2722" sha1="iyka73mud4mzbr975pbqbum1ad9k3ee" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Baetica''', vel '''Hispania Baetica''' fuit provincia Romana Hispaniae, ab [[Augustus|Augusto]] anno [[27 a.C.n.]] creata cum [[Hispania ulterior|Hispaniam Ulteriorem]] in Baeticam et [[Lusitania (provincia Romana)|Lusitaniam]] divisit. In dicione [[Senatus Romanus|senatus]] erat qui virum [[Praetor|praetorium]] ad eam administrandam designabat et  [[Quaestor|quaestorem]] et legatum secum habentem&lt;ref&gt;[[Strabo]] III.4.20.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Divisa est in quatuor conventus iuridicos apud [[Hispalis|Hispalim]], [[Corduba]]m, [[Gades]] et [[Astigi|Astigim]]. Corduba caput totius provincae fuit. 
== Historia ==
Longo tempore ex Punicis emporiis, sicut [[Gades|Gadibus]] pendebat, et opulentissima regio fuit. Naves enim quae iter ad Britanniam et aeriferas Insulas faciebant, per [[Columnae Herculis|Herculis Columnas]] et per portus Baeticae transibant. [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo bello punico]] Baeticam invaserunt Romani et occupaverunt. Rebellantes [[Turdetani]] anno [[195 a.C.n.]] postremo subacti sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab urbe condita libri|Ab Urbe condita]]'' XXXIV.17-19&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Marcus Porcius Cato Censor|Marco Catone]] [[Consul|consule]]  in Hispaniam misso. Primo Baetica pars Hispaniae ulterioris usque ad annum 19 a.C.n. fuit.


Fuit tandem provincia [[dioecesis Hispaniarum]] et [[administratio regni Visigothorum|provincia]] [[hispania Visigothica|Visigothorum regni]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Si vis plura legere ==
*Gonzalo Cruz Andreotti (ed.), ''Roman Turdetania: Romanization, Identity and Socio-Cultural Interaction in the south of the Iberian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries B.C.E.'', Brill, 2019 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=W9J7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=gonzalo+cruz+andreotti+roman+turdetania&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwigs5_LrqTgAhUJmhQKHUgcCgEQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=gonzalo%20cruz%20andreotti%20roman%20turdetania&amp;f=false Apud Guglum librorum]
* Francisco José García Fernández, '[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4478114 Tartesios, túrdulos, turdetanos. Realidad y ficción de la homogeneidad étnica de la Bética romana]' in  ''Romanización, fronteras y etnias en la Roma antigua: el caso hispano'', 2013 ː 691-734
* [[Tenney Frank]], ''Roman Imperialism''. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan, 1914 [https://archive.org/details/romanimperialism00fran Textus apud archive.org]
* Tenney Frank, ed., ''An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome''. 6 voll. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1933-1940
* A. H. M. Jones, ''The Later Roman Empire 284-602; a social, economic and administrative survey''. 3 voll. Oxoniae: Blackwell, 1964

{{Provinciae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Provinciae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]</text>
      <sha1>iyka73mud4mzbr975pbqbum1ad9k3ee</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953584</id>
      <parentid>3953583</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:16:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Si vis plura legere */</comment>
      <origin>3953584</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2724" sha1="s8p9etqeri20fnfxs0lp0d9i2g8vjwi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa subdivisionis Vicidata}}
'''Baetica''', vel '''Hispania Baetica''' fuit provincia Romana Hispaniae, ab [[Augustus|Augusto]] anno [[27 a.C.n.]] creata cum [[Hispania ulterior|Hispaniam Ulteriorem]] in Baeticam et [[Lusitania (provincia Romana)|Lusitaniam]] divisit. In dicione [[Senatus Romanus|senatus]] erat qui virum [[Praetor|praetorium]] ad eam administrandam designabat et  [[Quaestor|quaestorem]] et legatum secum habentem&lt;ref&gt;[[Strabo]] III.4.20.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Divisa est in quatuor conventus iuridicos apud [[Hispalis|Hispalim]], [[Corduba]]m, [[Gades]] et [[Astigi|Astigim]]. Corduba caput totius provincae fuit. 
== Historia ==
Longo tempore ex Punicis emporiis, sicut [[Gades|Gadibus]] pendebat, et opulentissima regio fuit. Naves enim quae iter ad Britanniam et aeriferas Insulas faciebant, per [[Columnae Herculis|Herculis Columnas]] et per portus Baeticae transibant. [[Secundum bellum Punicum|Secundo bello punico]] Baeticam invaserunt Romani et occupaverunt. Rebellantes [[Turdetani]] anno [[195 a.C.n.]] postremo subacti sunt&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]], ''[[Ab urbe condita libri|Ab Urbe condita]]'' XXXIV.17-19&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Marcus Porcius Cato Censor|Marco Catone]] [[Consul|consule]]  in Hispaniam misso. Primo Baetica pars Hispaniae ulterioris usque ad annum 19 a.C.n. fuit.


Fuit tandem provincia [[dioecesis Hispaniarum]] et [[administratio regni Visigothorum|provincia]] [[hispania Visigothica|Visigothorum regni]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Gonzalo Cruz Andreotti (ed.), ''Roman Turdetania: Romanization, Identity and Socio-Cultural Interaction in the south of the Iberian peninsula between the 4th and 1st centuries B.C.E.'', Brill, 2019 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=W9J7DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA1&amp;dq=gonzalo+cruz+andreotti+roman+turdetania&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwigs5_LrqTgAhUJmhQKHUgcCgEQ6AEIKzAA#v=onepage&amp;q=gonzalo%20cruz%20andreotti%20roman%20turdetania&amp;f=false Apud Guglum librorum]
* Francisco José García Fernández, '[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4478114 Tartesios, túrdulos, turdetanos. Realidad y ficción de la homogeneidad étnica de la Bética romana]' in  ''Romanización, fronteras y etnias en la Roma antigua: el caso hispano'', 2013 ː 691-734
* [[Tenney Frank]], ''Roman Imperialism''. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan, 1914 [https://archive.org/details/romanimperialism00fran Textus apud archive.org]
* Tenney Frank, ed., ''An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome''. 6 voll. Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1933-1940
* A. H. M. Jones, ''The Later Roman Empire 284-602; a social, economic and administrative survey''. 3 voll. Oxoniae: Blackwell, 1964

{{Provinciae Romanae}}

[[Categoria:Provinciae Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]</text>
      <sha1>s8p9etqeri20fnfxs0lp0d9i2g8vjwi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1187</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21023</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953756</id>
      <parentid>2928246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:48:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Eventa */</comment>
      <origin>3953756</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="671" sha1="e8k02c8p19lau3wy8oawuae7wdm8d85" xml:space="preserve">{{decennium|119}}

'''1187''' = MCLXXXVII

== Eventa ==
*[[4 Iulii]] - [[Saladinus]] dux Arabum exercitum Christianum apud Hattin vicit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[4 Septembris]] - Saladinus [[Ascalon|Ascalonem]] expugnavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
*[[2 Octobris]] - Saladinus [[Hierosolyma]] expugnavit.

== Nati ==
* [[29 Martii]] - [[Arthurus (dux Britanniae)|Arthurus]], dux [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], morrtuus est circa annum [[1203]]. 

== Mortui ==
* [[20 Octobris]] - [[Urbanus III]] papa ab anno [[1185]], natus est circa annum [[1120]].</text>
      <sha1>e8k02c8p19lau3wy8oawuae7wdm8d85</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953757</id>
      <parentid>3953756</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:48:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mortui */</comment>
      <origin>3953757</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="682" sha1="oo0k5aswvbzodrjbmik1njrjxxgc22i" xml:space="preserve">{{decennium|119}}

'''1187''' = MCLXXXVII

== Eventa ==
*[[4 Iulii]] - [[Saladinus]] dux Arabum exercitum Christianum apud Hattin vicit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[4 Septembris]] - Saladinus [[Ascalon|Ascalonem]] expugnavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
*[[2 Octobris]] - Saladinus [[Hierosolyma]] expugnavit.

== Nati ==
* [[29 Martii]] - [[Arthurus (dux Britanniae)|Arthurus]], dux [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae]], morrtuus est circa annum [[1203]]. 

== Mortui ==
* [[20 Octobris]] - [[Urbanus III]] papa ab anno [[1185]], natus est circa annum [[1120]].

==Notae==</text>
      <sha1>oo0k5aswvbzodrjbmik1njrjxxgc22i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>1125</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953752</id>
      <parentid>3072577</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:37:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Eventa */</comment>
      <origin>3953752</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="466" sha1="6l889xgimqs6baq59e6082lzf8b2ids" xml:space="preserve">{{decennium|113}}

'''1125''' = MCXXVI

== Eventa ==
* [[30 Augusti]] - [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lotharius III]] rex Romanorum eligitur.
* Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[19 Maii]] - [[Vladimirus II Monomachus]]</text>
      <sha1>6l889xgimqs6baq59e6082lzf8b2ids</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953753</id>
      <parentid>3953752</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:37:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Mortui */</comment>
      <origin>3953753</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="479" sha1="lvslj8z5pk5pnl3g2pfal4967c9q9a2" xml:space="preserve">{{decennium|113}}

'''1125''' = MCXXVI

== Eventa ==
* [[30 Augusti]] - [[Lotharius III (imperator)|Lotharius III]] rex Romanorum eligitur.
* Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[19 Maii]] - [[Vladimirus II Monomachus]]

== Notae ==</text>
      <sha1>lvslj8z5pk5pnl3g2pfal4967c9q9a2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Theodorus Jaspers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>35332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953704</id>
      <parentid>3944850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T01:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de vita academica</comment>
      <origin>3953704</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3826" sha1="798hb23m2vv2h3oj3v8c7v0fobpb3iq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Karl Jaspers Büste.JPG|thumb|[[Statua]] Caroli Jaspers. Platea Caeciliae [[Oldenburgum|Oldenburgi]].&lt;!--Bronzeplastik auf Sandsteinsockel.--&gt; Christa Baumgärtel, 1983.]]
'''Carolus Theodorus Jaspers''' (die [[23 Februarii]] [[1883]] [[Oldenburgum (Oldenburgum)|Oldenburgi]] natus; [[Basilia (urbs)|Basiliae]] die [[26 Februarii]] [[1969]] mortuus) fuit [[psychiatria|psychiater]] [[psychologia|psychologicus]] et [[philosophia|philosophus]] [[Germania|Germanicus]], qui [[theologia]]m, [[psychiatria]]m, et [[philosophia hodierna|philosophiam hodiernam]] magnopere movit.&lt;!-- +After being trained in and practicing psychiatry, Jaspers turned to philosophical inquiry and attempted to discover an innovative philosophical system.--&gt; Maior [[existentialista|existentialismi]] in [[Germania]] [[interpretatio|interpres]] saepe habebatur, sed hanc descriptionem ipse reiecit.

Anno [[1913]] [[liber definitivus|librum definitivum]] suum perclarum de [[psychopathologia]] divulgavit.

Anno [[1958]] [[Praemium pacis librariorum Germanorum|Praemio pacis librariorum Germanorum]] deinde [[1959]] [[Praemium Erasmianum|Praemio Erasmiano]] laudatus, civis [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] anno [[1967]] factus est.

Alumnus [[Universitas Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis|Universitatis Ruperto-Carola Heidelbergensis]] deinde professor [[Universitas Basiliensis|Universitatis Basiliensis]] factus fuit.

== Opera ==
*''Psychologie der [[Weltanschauung]]en''
*''Philosophy of [[exsistentia|Existence]].'' ISBN 0812210107.
*''[[Augustus Strindberg|Strindberg]] and [[Vincentius van Gogh|Van Gogh]]: An Attempt of a Pathographic Analysis with Reference to Parallel Cases of [[Emanuel Swedenborg|Swedenborg]] and [[Fridericus Hoelderlinus|Hoelderlin]].'' ISBN 0816506086.
*''Reason and Existenz.'' ISBN 0874626110.
*''Way to [[sapientia|Wisdom]].'' ISBN 0300001347.
*''Philosophy Is for Everyman''
*''Man in the Modern Age''
*''[[Fridericus Nietzsche|Nietzsche]]''
*''[[Nicolaus Cusanus|Nikolaus Cusanus]]''
*''The Origin and Goal of History'' (1949; liber Anglice conversus 1953)

==Bibliographia==
*Azurmendi, Joxe. [[2012]]. Bakearen inguruko diskurtsoaren jasangaitza. &lt;!--De ''Die Schuldfrage'' (Jaspers, 1946)--&gt; In ''Barkamena, kondena, tortura.'' Donostia: Elkar. ISBN 9788490270073.
*Engels, Huub. [[2009]]. Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache: erklären und verstehen. In ''Karl Jaspers im Schnittpunkt von Zeitgeschichte, Psychopathologie, Literatur und Film,'' ed. Dietrich von Engelhardt et Horst-Jürgen Gerigk, 331–343. Heidelberg: Mattes Verlag. ISBN 9783868090185.
*Miron, Ronny. [[2012]]. ''Karl Jaspers: From Selfhood to Being.'' Conv. Ruth Ludlam. Amstelodami et Novi Eboraci: Rodopi. ISBN 9789042035317.
*Rabanus, Christian, ed. [[2000]]. ''Primärbibliographie der Schriften Karl Jaspers.'' Francke, Tubingae, &amp; Basileae. ISBN 9783772020803.
*Tilliette, Xavier. [[1960]]. ''Karl Jaspers.'' Congeries Théologie. Aubier.
*Tilly, Michael. [[1990]]. &lt;small&gt;JASPERS,&lt;/small&gt; Karl. ''Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon,'' vol. 2, columnae 1567–1578. Hammonae. ISBN 3883090328. {{Ling|Germanice}}

==Nexus externi==
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/jaspers/ Biographia Caroli Theodori Jaspers] {{Ling|Anglice}}
*[http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/JaspersKarl/ Biographia Caroli Theodori Jaspers] {{Ling|Germanice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaspers, Carolus Theodorus}}
[[Categoria:Nati 1883]]
[[Categoria:Mortui 1969]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi historiae]] 
[[Categoria:Philosophi scientiae]]
[[Categoria:Philosophi technologiae]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Heidelbergensis]]
[[Categoria:Professores Universitatis Basiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Psychopathologia]]
[[Categoria:Psychiatri]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Helvetiae]]

{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>798hb23m2vv2h3oj3v8c7v0fobpb3iq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicolaus Gross</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>38974</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953670</id>
      <parentid>3950190</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:24:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SZC 03</username>
        <id>176677</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>plagula</comment>
      <origin>3953670</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="16916" sha1="8hq2bo2jtjk8m3hx77dt71ckeajz189" xml:space="preserve">'''Nicolaus Gross''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Nikolaus Groß'') est [[auctor]] et [[interpres|translator]] Latinus [[editor]]que operum Latinorum, [[Germania|Germanus]] qui [[Sendena]]e in oppido [[Bavaria]]e [[Suebia|Suebicae]] habitat. Idem conditor Leonis Latini, [[domus editoria|domunculae editoriae]], septimanatim ''Epistulam Leoninam'' [[periodicum]] Latinum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210924183731/http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/ Epistula Leonina] edit.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De vita == 
Nicolaus Groß natus est anno 1955 in Saraviá terrá Germaniae foederali australi-occidentali. Scholasticus [[Universitas Saraviensis|Universitatis Saraviensis]] studuit [[philologia]]e Latinae, [[biologia]]e, [[phonetica]]e, indogermanisticae pernoscendis; anno autem 1987 dissertatione philologiae Latinae perscriptá ad [[Ph.D.|doctoris gradum]] promotus est.

Ab anno 1981 usque ad annum 1989 in sede operarum Neolatinitatis (cui praefuerunt Professor Dr. [[Christianus Helfer]] et Pater Dr. [[Caelestis Eichenseer]]) moderatus est Colloquiis Latinis habendis, seminariis, in quibus disputabatur de Latinis auctoribus aetatis humanisticae et posthumanisticae, velut de Petrarcâ, Erasmo, [[Thomas Morus|Moro]], [[Copernicus|Copernico]], [[Franciscus Baco|Bacone]], Campanellâ, Cardano, [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbesio]]. Praeterea adiuvit Professorem Helfer tres editiones Lexici Auxiliaris Germanico-Latini curantem.

Ab anno 1994 usque ad annum 2004 in [[Corea|Coreá]] australi habitabat, ubi in universitatibus studiorum docuit linguas [[Theodisce|Theodiscam]] et [[lingua Latina|Latinam]]. Annis ad 1994 ad 2002 in Coreaná Universitate Seulensi Nationali curavit, ut candidatos promotionis doctoralis rationibus [[philologia]] [[res classicae|classicae]] praecipuis imbueret. Seminaria enim habuit philologiae Latinae, quae spectaverunt ad [[Cicero]]nem, [[Plautus|Plautum]], [[Terentius|Terentium]], [[Lucretius|Lucretium]], [[Vergilius|Vergilium]], [[Manilius|Manilium]], [[Tacitus|Tacitum]], [[Seneca]]m, [[Apuleius|Apuleium]], [[Augustinus|Augustinum]], necnon ad [[Petrus Abaelardus|Abaelardum]], [[Petrarca]]m, [[Erasmus|Erasmum]]. Quá in institutione cum scholasticis Latine colloquebatur.

Ex anno 2005, [[Ulma]]e in urbe Germaniae Suebicá magister gymnasii Humboldtiani docet [[biologia]]m et linguas Latinam et [[lingua Graeca|Graecam]]. Praeterea in [[Universitas Ulmensis|Universitatis Ulmensis]] Centro studiorum Humboldtiano ''(Humboldt Studienzentrum)'' habet cursús linguae Latinae, Graecae, [[lingua Sanscrita|Sanscritae]] institutorios.

Anno 2004 [[domus editoria|domum editoriam]] condidit, cui nomen est ''Leo Latinus.''&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170103210653/http://www.leolatinus.de/ Leo Latinus].&lt;/ref&gt; Idem solet edere textús Latinos et libris [[typographia|typographicis]] et auditoriis mandatos.

== De operibus ==
Ex anno 1977 in periodicis commentariis Latinis (qui sunt ''Ephemeris, Latinitas, Lupa, M.A.S., Melissa, Retiarius , Rumor Varius, Vox Latina'') publici iuris fecit numerosas symbolas Latinas. Quibus symbolîs praecipué tractavit artem criticam, lexicographiam, naturalium scientiarum terminologiam atque litteraturam, necnon versiones narrationum Latinas.

Nonnulla opera litteraturae modernae in linguam Latinam convertit (fabulas pueriles, quae sunt: Kästner, ''Münchhausen,'' Preußler, ''Der Räuber Hotzenplotz; Krabat;'' Goscinny, ''Le Petit Nicolas''), [[fabula]]s romanicas [[novella]]sque (Goethe, ''Die Leiden des jungen Werther;'' Gotthelf, ''Die schwarze Spinne;'' Hauptmann, ''Bahnwärter Thiel;'' [[Edgarus Allan Poe|E. A. Poe]], ''Black Cat,'' ''Hop Frog,'' ''The pit and the pendulum''; Dürrenmatt, ''Romulus der Große,'' Süskind, ''Parfum'' (cui addidit ''Glossarium Fragrantiae),'' Schlink, ''Der Vorleser'' ; et al.). 

In ''Ephemeride,'' periodico retiali, ''Epistulas Leoninas'' divulgare solet (usque nunc: EL 1-276 https://web.archive.org/web/20230505001723/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina.php), quae cum varia tum praecipuê continent versiones Latinas textuum modernorum necnon symbolas, quae spectant ad etymologiam et scientias naturales necnon ad Latina [[vocabulum|vocabula]] rariora, recentiora, recentissima, quae ex longo iam tempore colligit lexicon neolatinum compositurus. 

== Eius scripta ==
* 1977 : &quot;Seminarii Saraviensis brevis relatio&quot; in ''[[Vox Latina|Voce Latina]]'', tom. 13, pp. 164–166.
* 1977 : &quot;Quales pisces marini, qui squali sive canes marini nominantur&quot; in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 13, pp. 238–243.
* 1977 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (I)&quot; in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 13, pp. 386–396.
* 1978 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (II)&quot; in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 46–56.
* 1978 : &quot;Persoon, C. H.: Observationes mycologicae seu descriptiones tam novorum quam notabilium fungorum, New York 1967&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 102–103.
* 1978 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (III)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 153–164.
* 1978 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (IV)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 280–286.
* 1978 : &quot;De cervesia&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, a. 1978), pp. 287–301.
* 1978 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (V)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 388–394.
* 1978 : &quot;Duo verba problematica: «alcohol» et «gas(um)»&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 14, pp. 395–410.
* 1979 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (VI)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 58–67.
* 1979 : &quot;Textus rerum chemicarum quales sint&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 68–69.
* 1979 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (VII)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 162–171.
* 1979 : &quot;«Benzinum»: de terminationibus Latinis vocabulorum recentiorum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 172–173.
* 1979 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (VIII)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 263–273.
* 1979 : &quot;De historiae naturalis commentationibus Latine scriptis&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 392–401.
* 1979 : &quot;Esculenta et potulenta (IX)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, p. 406.
* 1979 : &quot;Quomodo homines minime utiles Latinitate sint usi perverse. Prima pellicula Latina&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 15, pp. 432–435.
* 1980 : &quot;De atomis (I)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 40–50.
* 1980 : &quot;De atomis (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 172–181.
* 1980 : &quot;Gailer, Jacob Eberhard: Neuer Orbis Pictus für die Jugend, Dortmund 1979&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 218–219.
* 1980 : &quot;De atomis (III)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 272–278.
* 1980 : &quot;De Luxemburgensi societate Latinitatis defendendae nuper condita&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, p. 315.
* 1980 : &quot;Fabula Plautina Vendalinopoli ingeniosissime peracta&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 316–317.
* 1980 : &quot;De atomis (IV)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 16, pp. 371–381.
* 1981 : &quot;De atomis (V)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 17, pp. 42–48.
* 1981 : &quot;De atomis (VI)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 17, pp. 162–171.
* 1981 : &quot;Index verborum specialium&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 17, pp. 373–377.
* 1982 : &quot;De conventu philologorum humanisticorum Andreopolitano (1982)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 18, pp. 377–379.
* 1982 : &quot;De atomis (VII)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 18, pp. 428–437.
* 1982 : &quot;De conventu philologorum humanisticorum Andreopolitano (1982) (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 18, p. 453.
* 1983 : &quot;De atomis (VIII)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 29–36.
* 1983 : &quot;Index verborum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 37–42.
* 1983 : &quot;Pace, Giuseppe: Piccolo dizionario delle denominazioni internazionali dei funghi. Onomasticon mycologicum, Ivrea 1982&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 102–104.
* 1983 : &quot;Verba Graecanica&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 186–187.
* 1983 : &quot;De atomis (IX)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 188–194.
* 1983 : &quot;Index verborum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 195–198.
* 1983 : &quot;De atomis (X)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 262–265.
* 1983 : &quot;Index verborum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 265–266.
* 1983 : &quot;De Hieronymo Cardano (1501–1576) (I)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 316–318.
* 1983 : &quot;Excerpta Cardaniana (I)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 319–321.
* 1983 : &quot;De Hieronymo Cardano (1501–1576) (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 443–446.
* 1983 : &quot;Excerpta Cardaniana (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 19, pp. 446–451.
* 1984 : &quot;Fabella Lituanica&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, pp. 95–97.
* 1984 : &quot;De Corea Coreanisque libris Latine docendi&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, pp. 105–109.
* 1984 : &quot;Caelestis Eichenseer sexaginta annos natus&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, p. 206.
* 1984 : &quot;Fabella Lituanica (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, pp. 212–213.
* 1984 : &quot;De academia Platonica&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, pp. 256–263.
* 1984 : &quot;Kierimo, Kyösti: Observationes de Latinitate Porthaniana, Helsinki 1983&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, p. 364.
* 1984 : &quot;Frontinum hodierna arma bellica non potuisse praesagire&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, p. 448.
* 1984 : &quot;Fabella Grimmiana: De quodam ad formidinem discendam profecto&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, pp. 460–466.
* 1984 : &quot;Telegraphema cum Beata Weber&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 20, p. 481.
* 1985 : &quot;De gryllo cateia trossulo&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 21, pp. 78–80.
* 1985 : &quot;Vocabula neolatina Utopiae Morianae&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 21, pp. 80–84.
* 1985 : &quot;Petrus Steinmetz sexaginta annos natus&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 21, pp. 108–109.
* 1985 : &quot;Baconiana vocabula neolatina&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 21, pp. 516–526.
* 1985 : &quot;Index verborum chemicorum et medicinorum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 21, pp. 531–535.
* 1986 : &quot;Acroasis cyclica: De tabe silvarum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 22, pp. 147–157.
* 1986 : &quot;Index verborum neolatinorum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 22, pp. 155–157.
* 1988 : &quot;Acroasis cyclica: De medicina hereditaria&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 24, pp. 306–314.
* 1988 : &quot;Index verborum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 24, pp. 314–315.
* 1989 : &quot;Fabella Edgarii Allani Poe: Ranunculus&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 25, pp. 68–73.
* 1989 : &quot;Petitio muneris academici&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 25, p. 157.
* 1989 : &quot;Petitio muneris academici&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 25, p. 332.
* 1989 : &quot;Petitio muneris academici&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 25, p. 487.
* 1990 : &quot;Petitio muneris academici&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 26, p. 70.
* 1993 : &quot;Saravus Latinus. Latina emissio radiophonica&quot; (cum Youn Hyunbin), in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 29, p. 436.
* 1994 : &quot;Nox Coreana. Patri Caelesti septuagenario&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 30, pp. 446–452.
* 1994 : &quot;De Coreana societate studiorum Graecorum et Romanorum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 30, pp. 580–582.
* 1995 : &quot;Sŏng, Yŏm: Kojŏn Lat'in-ŏ. Latinum classicum, Seoul 1994&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 31, pp. 130–144.
* 1995 : &quot;De conventu Latinitatis Coreano&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 31, pp. 282–283.
* 1996 : &quot;De nasalibus Burrianis&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 32, pp. 34–35.
* 1996 : &quot;Dictionarium Latino-Coreanum. Latin-Hangeul Sajeon, Wegwan 1995&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 32, pp. 131–146.
* 1996 : &quot;De chemica nomenclatione a Kielmeyer (1765–1844) adhibita&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 32, pp. 355–369.
* 1996 : &quot;Plinius Secundus d. Ä., C.: Naturkunde. Lateinisch-deutsch, Buch XXXII: Medizin und Pharmakologie: Heilmittel aus dem Wasser, ed. R. König, Darmstadt 1995&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 32, pp. 460–464.
* 1997 : &quot;Vetus puteus&quot; (Coreanice scripsit Oh Jung-Hee, in Latinum convertit Nicolaus Gross&quot;, in ''[[Melissa]]'', n° 77, anno 1997, pp. 9-11.
* 1997 : &quot;Vetus Puteus (II)&quot; (Coreanice scripsit Oh Jung-Hee, in Latinum convertit Nicolaus Gross), in ''Melissa'', n° 78, anno 1997, pp. 10-12.
* 1997 : &quot;De Aranea Nigra&quot; (a. 1842 scripsit Ieremias Gotthelf, in Latinum convertit Nicolaus Gross), in ''Melissa'', n° 80, anno 1997, pp. 12-15.
* 1997 : &quot;De aranea nigra (II)&quot; (a. 1842 scripsit Ieremias Gotthelf, in Latinum convertit Nicolaus Gross), in ''Melissa'', n° 81, anno 1997, pp. 9-13.
* 1997 : &quot;De ariera fructu mirabili (Plin. nat. XII, 24)&quot; in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 33, pp. 61–85, 208–227, 332–351.
* 1998 : &quot;De versione operum Immanuelis Kant Latina&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 83, anno 1998, pp. 6-8.
* 1998 : &quot;Vocabula «Civitatis Solis» a Thoma Campanella scriptae&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 34, pp. 70–81.
* 1998 : &quot;De Crambambulo&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 34, pp. 438–445.
* 1999 : &quot;Fragrantia. Praefatio interpretis. Capitulum quartum decimum Fragrantiae Patricii Süskind in latinum versum&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 89, anno 1999, pp. 12-13.
* 1999 : &quot;Fragrantia&quot;, (ex Fragrantia. Historia homicidae. Fabula romanica a Patricio Süskind Theodisce scripta anno 1985) in ''Melissa'', n° 90, anno 1999, pp. 9-11.
* 1999 : &quot;Fragrantia (III)&quot; (ex Fragrantia. Historia homicidae. Fabula romanica a Patricio Süskind Theodisce scripta anno 1985), in ''Melissa'', n° 91, anno 1999, pp. 10-11.
* 1999 : &quot;Fragrantia (IV)&quot; (ex Fragrantia. Historia homicidae. Fabula romanica a Patricio Süskind Theodisce scripta anno 1985), in ''Melissa'', n° 92, anno 1999, pp. 5-7.
* 1999 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae locis desperatis (I)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 35, pp. 416–425.
* 1999 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae locis desperatis (II)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 35, pp. 538–546.
* 2000 : &quot;Triadem Goetheanam in latinum vertit Nicolaus Gross&quot; (Die Leiden des jungen Werther), in ''Melissa'', n° 97, anno 2000, pp. 12-13.
* 2000 : &quot;Baronis Mynchusani mirabilia itinera a Nicolao Gross in linguam Latinam conversa&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 99, anno 2000, p. 6.
* 2000 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae locis desperatis (III)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 36, pp. 74–90.
* 2000 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae locis desperatis (IV)&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 36, pp. 203–224.
* 2000 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae locis desperatis (V). Pars quinta: Antra Sudhausiana&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 36, pp. 378–398.
* 2001 : &quot;Baronis Mynchusani pericula a Nicolao Gross Latine conversa, nunc sunt in lucem edita&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 101, anno 2001, p. 16.
* 2001 : &quot;Iuvenis Werther quae passus sit&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 103, anno 2001, pp. 6-8.
* 2001 : &quot;Iuvenis Werther quae passus sit&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 105, anno 2001, pp. 12-14.
* 2001 : &quot;Res menoratu digna proximo bello Borussico facta&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 37, pp. 131–132.
* 2001 : &quot;De carminis Aetnae desperatis (VI). Pars sexta: »Sic, avidi, semper qua visum est carius, istis!»&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 37, pp. 225–242.
* 2001 : &quot;De nudis servis subterraneis a regina subiecta&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 37, pp. 420–423.
* 2001 : &quot;De Helena ancilla Mercennaria&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 37, pp. 594–608.
* 2002 : &quot;Cricetologia&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 106, anno 2002, pp. 10-16.
* 2002 : &quot;Iuvenis Werther quae passus sit&quot; (excerpta in Latinum versa), in ''Melissa'', n° 108, anno 2002, pp. 14-15.
* 2002 : &quot;Iuvenis Werther quae passus sit&quot; (excerpta in Latinum versa), in ''Melissa'', n° 109, anno 2002, pp. 15-16.
* 2002 : &quot;Testamentum Latinum a. 1421 in Vestfalia scriptum&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 38, pp. 119–126.
* 2002 : &quot;De vespis et vespillonibus&quot;, in ''Voce Latina'', tom. 38, pp. 336–345.
* 2003 : &quot;Fragrantia, fabula romanica a Nicolao Gross in Latinum conversa&quot;, in ''Melissa'', n° 117, anno 2003, pp. 12-13.
* 2004 : &quot;P. Süskind, ''Fragrantia''. Historia homicidae. Fabula romanica a. 1985 Theodisce scripta sub titulo, q. e. &quot;Das Parfum. Die Geschichte eines Mörders&quot; a Nicolao Gross in Latinum conversa, Bruxellis, ed. [[Fundatio Melissa]] et [[Musée de la Maison d'Érasme]], 2004, 295 pp.
* 2004 : ''Glossarium Fragrantiae. Lexicon Latinorum nominum vocabulorumque rariorum recentiorumve, quae inveniuntur in fabula Fragrantiae a Nicolao Gross in sermonem Latinum conversa'', Bruxellis, [[Fundatio Melissa]] et [[Musée de la Maison d'Érasme]], 2004, 594 pp.
* 2012 : ''Recitator'',fabula romanica quam theodiscè scripsit Bernhard Schlink, in Latinum convertit Nikolaus GroӨ, editio prima in domo editoriâ, quae appellatur Leo Latinus, Senden, 2012 (ISBN 978-3-938905-32-6)
* 2013 : Otfried Preussler, ''De raptore Hotzeplotzio'', in Latinum convertit '''Nikolaus Groʃs''', Senden, Leo Latinus, 2013 (ISBN 978-3-938905-33-3)

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri Latine redditi]]

== Nexus externi ==
* {{PND|105745324}}
* [http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/inorbe.php?id=281 Commentatio a Nicolao Gross in ''Ephemeride'' scripta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924183731/http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/leonina/ Epistula Leonina]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20230505001723/https://ephemerisnuntii.eu/leonina.php Epistolae Leoninae]

{{Nexus absunt}}

{{Lifetime|saeculo 20||Gross, Nicolaus}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Diurnarii Germaniae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini hodierni]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Anglo-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes textuum Coreanorum]]
[[Categoria:Interpretes Theodisco-Latini]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Melissae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Vocis Latinae]]</text>
      <sha1>8hq2bo2jtjk8m3hx77dt71ckeajz189</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Schola Francica Romae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79851</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953578</id>
      <parentid>3726732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T13:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>-wuppertaler</username>
        <id>64557</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>changed one image for a better one</comment>
      <origin>3953578</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2355" sha1="ozlq9bg278av0uwqofpgljetea7lc1m" xml:space="preserve">{{L}}
[[Image:Palazzo Farnese in Rome.jpg|thumb|Palatium Farnese]]
'''Schola Francica Romae''' (''École française de Rome'' seu ''EFR'') est institutum [[Francia|Francicum]], [[Roma]]e anno [[1875]] conditum, quae iuxta [[Academia Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum|Academiam Inscriptionum et Litterarum Humaniorum]] studia eruditorum Francorum de historia, archaeologia et philologia tam Romanis quam Italianis favet. Labores [[Institutum Epistolarium Archaeologicum|Instituti Epistolarii Archaeologici]] (''Institut de correspondance archéologique''), anno [[1829]] conditi, continuit; e ramo [[Schola Athenarum Francica|Scholae Athenarum Francicae]], anno [[1873]] Romae constituto, effloruit. Una cum [[Legatio Francica (Italia)|legatione Francica]] in [[Palatium Farnesium|Palatio Farnesio]] sedet. Et series librorum (''Collection des l'École française de Rome'' necnon ''Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome'') et libella symbolarum (''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Antiquité'' seu ''MEFRA'', ''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Moyen Âge'' seu ''MEFRM'', ''Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Italie et Méditerranée'') divulgat.

== Index directorum ==
* 1875-1882 : [[Augustus Geffroy]]
* 1882-1888 : [[Edmundus Le Blant]]
* 1888-1895 : [[Augustus Geffroy]]
* 1895-1922 : [[Ludovicus Duchesne]]
* 1922-1923 ad interim : [[Andreas Pératé]]
* 1923-1937 : [[Aemilius Mâle]]
* 1937-1940 : [[Hieronymus Carcopino]]
* 1945-1952 : [[Albertus Grenier]]
* 1952-1960 : [[Ioannes Bayet]]
* 1960-1970 : [[Petrus Boyancé]]
* 1970-1983 : [[Georgius Vallet]]
* 1983-1991 : [[Carolus Pietri]]
* 1992-1995 : [[Claudius Nicolet]]
* 1995-2003 : [[Andreas Vauchez]]
* 2003- : [[Michael Gras]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141101061633/http://www.ecole-francaise.it/ Situs officialis]
* [http://publications.ecole-francaise.it/opencms/export/ecole-francaise.it/index.html Index publicationum]

== Bibliographia ==
* ''L'Histoire et l'œuvre de l'École française de Rome''. Lutetiae: de Boccard, 1931
* [[Hieronymus Carcopino|Jérôme Carcopino]], ''Souvenirs romains''. Lutetiae: Hachette, 1968
* ''L’École française de Rome 1875-1975''. Lutetiae, 1975
* ''Annuaire des membres (1873-1986)''. Romae: École française de Rome, 1987

[[Categoria:Schola Francica Romae|!]]</text>
      <sha1>ozlq9bg278av0uwqofpgljetea7lc1m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Logica propositionalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>82422</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953659</id>
      <parentid>3786937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:02:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Definitio operationum */ Nomenclaturam alteravi, secundum *Historiam Cantabrigiensem* cap. 15 (isbn 0-521-222605-8)</comment>
      <origin>3953659</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11653" sha1="g2britfsq5zkt0x8dl5lmjltceqgkcc" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur ''p'' propositio ''antecedens'' et ''q'' propositio ''consequens''. Verum est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsum est vel consequens verum; falsum tantum quando antecedens verum et consequens falsum.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \Rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \Rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \Leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \Leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Propositiones ''p'' et ''q'' ''disiuncta'' nuncupantur huius disiunctionis. Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (I)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>g2britfsq5zkt0x8dl5lmjltceqgkcc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953660</id>
      <parentid>3953659</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:05:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Rectificavi referentiae ad significationem \top et \bot</comment>
      <origin>3953660</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11248" sha1="rm0exqo3hg46g5d8yo3d374owiy59a3" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur ''p'' propositio ''antecedens'' et ''q'' propositio ''consequens''. Verum est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsum est vel consequens verum; falsum tantum quando antecedens verum et consequens falsum.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \Rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \Rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \Leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \Leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \Leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \Leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Propositiones ''p'' et ''q'' ''disiuncta'' nuncupantur huius disiunctionis. Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (I)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>rm0exqo3hg46g5d8yo3d374owiy59a3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953661</id>
      <parentid>3953660</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:07:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Mutavi meae ⇒ ad →</comment>
      <origin>3953661</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11248" sha1="of8fnv25656j3h8c3xg66c80lpo4uu0" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur ''p'' propositio ''antecedens'' et ''q'' propositio ''consequens''. Verum est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsum est vel consequens verum; falsum tantum quando antecedens verum et consequens falsum.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Propositiones ''p'' et ''q'' ''disiuncta'' nuncupantur huius disiunctionis. Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (I)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>of8fnv25656j3h8c3xg66c80lpo4uu0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953669</id>
      <parentid>3953661</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:23:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Leges logicae propositionalis */ Introduxi bi-implicationis symbola ubicumque erat &quot;idem valet&quot; in descriptione</comment>
      <origin>3953669</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11384" sha1="ndcr3mayib7u80dlnp2bz13sbri63cq" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur ''p'' propositio ''antecedens'' et ''q'' propositio ''consequens''. Verum est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsum est vel consequens verum; falsum tantum quando antecedens verum et consequens falsum.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Propositiones ''p'' et ''q'' ''disiuncta'' nuncupantur huius disiunctionis. Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (1)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \dashv \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Conversus exportationus
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>ndcr3mayib7u80dlnp2bz13sbri63cq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953707</id>
      <parentid>3953669</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T02:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Consequentia */ correxi generes</comment>
      <origin>3953707</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11410" sha1="5c2cv25jgym3k01x7klu9paaj6he3xl" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur propositio ''p'' consequentiae ''antecedens'' et propositio ''q'' consequentiae ''consequens''. Vera est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsa est vel consequens vera; falsa est tantum quando antecedens vera et consequens falsa.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Propositiones ''p'' et ''q'' ''disiuncta'' nuncupantur huius disiunctionis. Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (1)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \dashv \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Conversus exportationus
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>5c2cv25jgym3k01x7klu9paaj6he3xl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953708</id>
      <parentid>3953707</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T02:22:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Propositio disiunctiva */ eliminavi de disiunctis</comment>
      <origin>3953708</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11334" sha1="88cbzbhilvinzr7hj814acatn1v4dfs" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas|-2}}{{ScDub}}
'''Logica propositionalis''', in [[logica]] et [[mathematica]], dicitur cognitionis ratio quae praecipue ad [[argumentum|argumentorum]] analyses spectat. 

Argumentum quoddam in varias propositiones dividitur; quae appellantur praemisa et deductiones seu conclusiones, quae [[veritas|verae]] aut [[captio (logica)|falsae]] possunt esse; quae in denotatione formali litteris A, B, C, etc., repraesentantur et coniunguntur per sex operationes logicas, invicem symbolis repraesentatas, quae sunt: condicionale (&lt;math&gt;\to&lt;/math&gt;), bicondicionale (&lt;math&gt;\leftrightarrow&lt;/math&gt;), coniugens (&lt;math&gt;\land&lt;/math&gt;), disiugens (&lt;math&gt;\lor&lt;/math&gt;), excludens (&lt;math&gt;\veebar&lt;/math&gt;), [[negatio|negans]] (&lt;math&gt;\neg&lt;/math&gt;), et implicans (&lt;math&gt; \vdash&lt;/math&gt;).

Argumentum, cum legibus logicae propositionalis paret, validum esse dicitur; et argumentum validum, cum omnia praemisa eius sunt vera, verum dicitur.

== Definitio operationum ==
=== Consequentia ===
Consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \rightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur ''q''&quot;. Nuncupatur propositio ''p'' consequentiae ''antecedens'' et propositio ''q'' consequentiae ''consequens''. Vera est consequentia quandoque antecedens falsa est vel consequens vera; falsa est tantum quando antecedens vera et consequens falsa.

Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \rightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;&gt;Hic &lt;math&gt;\top&lt;/math&gt; significat quamlibet propositionem veram et &lt;math&gt;\bot&lt;/math&gt; quamlibet propositionem falsam.&lt;/ref&gt;

Nota autem quod hic sensus consequentiae, idest sensus consequentiae ut ''materialis implicatio'', valet in [[logica Booleana]]. Sed aliquantulum differt aliis in systematibus propositionalis logicae, exempli gratia [[logica intuitionistica]].

=== Bi-consequentia ===
Bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;Si ''p'', sequatur &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;, et e converso (si q, sequatur p)&quot;. Vera est bi-consequentia &lt;math&gt;p \leftrightarrow q&lt;/math&gt; quando ''p'' et ''q'' idem sunt logicaliter, alias falsa: 

* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \leftrightarrow \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Copulativa ===
Propositio copulativa &lt;math&gt;p \land q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;.&quot; Vera est quando uterque pars copulativae vera est, alias falsa. Ergo
  
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \land \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Propositio disiunctiva ===
Propositio disiunctiva &lt;math&gt;p \lor q&lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;''p'' vel ''q''.&quot; Disiunctiva falsa est quando uterque pars eius falsa est, alias verum est. Ergo

* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\top \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \top&lt;/math&gt; vera est;
* &lt;math&gt;\bot \lor \bot&lt;/math&gt; falsa est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

=== Negatio ===
Propositio negativa &lt;math&gt;\lnot p &lt;/math&gt; dicit: &quot;non ''p''.&quot; ''Negat'' enim propositionem &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;. Ergo,

* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \top&lt;/math&gt; falsa est;
* &lt;math&gt;\lnot \bot&lt;/math&gt; vera est.

&lt;ref name=&quot;notatio&quot;/&gt;

== Leges logicae propositionalis ==
Argumentum, cum legibus paret, validum esse dicitur. Quae leges in tabula infra ostenduntur.
&lt;span id=&quot;propcalc_table&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
{| align=&quot;center&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;6&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; width:100%&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Leges
|- &quot;
! Nomen
! Symbola
! Dictum
|-
| Modus ponens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Modus tollens
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land \neg q) \vdash \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus hypotheticus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (q \to r)) \vdash (p \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Syllogismus disiunctivus
| &lt;math&gt;((p \lor q) \land \neg p) \vdash q&lt;/math&gt;
| Aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;; ergo, &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma constructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land (p \lor r)) \vdash (q \lor s)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma destructivum
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(\neg q \lor \neg s)) \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Dilemma bidirectionale
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (r \to s) \land(p \lor \neg s)) \vdash (q \lor \neg r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; sed &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;s&lt;/math&gt;; ergo &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Simplificatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \vdash p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera; ergo &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum
|-
| Coniunctio
| &lt;math&gt;p, q \vdash (p \land q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera singula; ergo vera sunt una
|-
| Additio
| &lt;math&gt;p \vdash (p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum; ergo disiunctio (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt; q&lt;/math&gt;) est vera
|-
| Compositio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \to q) \land (p \to r)) \vdash (p \to (q \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;; et si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;; ergo si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; est verum tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; sunt vera
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (1)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \land q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; vel non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Theorema De Morgan (2)
| &lt;math&gt;\neg (p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \land \neg q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Negare (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor q) \dashv \vdash (q \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land q) \dashv \vdash (q \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Commutatio (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash (q \leftrightarrow p)&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem esse ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (&lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse idem ac &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Associatio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \lor r)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Associatio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \land r)&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Distributio (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \land (q \lor r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (p \land r))&lt;/math&gt;
| et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et (aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) at (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Distributio (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \lor (q \land r)) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor q) \land (p \lor r))&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut (et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;) idem valet ac et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;) et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt;)
|-
| Negatio duplex
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash \neg \neg p&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac (non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;) negare
|-
| Transpositio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg q \to \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac si non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; tunc non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Implicatio materialis
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to q) \dashv \vdash (\neg p \lor q)&lt;/math&gt;
| Si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; idem valet ac aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt;
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (1)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \to q) \land (q \to p))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; esse) significat quod (si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est) et (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (2)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \land q) \lor (\neg p \land \neg q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera esse) aut (et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; falsa esse)
|-
| Aequivalentia materialis (3)
| &lt;math&gt;(p \leftrightarrow q) \dashv \vdash ((p \lor \neg q) \land (\neg p \lor q))&lt;/math&gt;
| (&lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; idem ac &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; valere) significat, et (aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum esse) et (aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum ese)
|-
| Exportatio
| &lt;math&gt;((p \land q) \to r) \vdash (p \to (q \to r))&lt;/math&gt;
| De (si et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; vera sunt, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est) possumus demonstrare (si &lt;math&gt;q&lt;/math&gt; verum est, tunc &lt;math&gt;r&lt;/math&gt; verum est, si &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est)
|-
| Importatio
| &lt;math&gt;(p \to (q \to r)) \vdash ((p \land q) \to r)&lt;/math&gt;
| Conversus exportationus
|-
| Tautologia (1)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \lor p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; essev verum
|-
| Tautologia (2)
| &lt;math&gt;p \dashv \vdash (p \land p)&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum idem valet ac et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse verum
|-
| Tertium non datur 
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash (p \lor \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| aut &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; aut non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; verum est
|-
| Lex contradictionis
| &lt;math&gt;\vdash \neg (p \land \neg p)&lt;/math&gt;
| quod et &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; et non &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; esse falsum, verum est 

|}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|Algebra Booleeana]]
* [[Associativitas (mathematica)]]
* [[Formula bene formata]]
* [[Logica]]
* [[Logica mathematica]]
* [[Mathematica discreta]]
* [[Ratio propositionum]]
* [[Theoria copiarum]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brown, Frank Markham. [[2003]]. ''Boolean Reasoning: The Logic of Boolean Equations.'' Editio 1a. Norwell, Massachusettae. Editio 2a. Mineolae Novi Eboraci: Dover Publications.
* Chang, C. C., et [[Howardus Hieronymus Keisler|H. J. Keisler.]] [[1973]]. ''Model Theory.'' Amstelodami, Hollandiae Septentrionalis.
* [[Douglas Hofstadter|Hofstadter, Douglas.]] [[1979]]. ''[[Gödel, Escher, Bach|Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid]].'' Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-46-502656-2.
* Kohavi, Zvi. [[1970]], [[1978]]. ''Switching and Finite Automata Theory.'' McGraw–Hill.
* [[Robertus R. Korfhage|Korfhage, Robertus R.]] [[1974]]. ''Discrete Computational Structures.'' Novi Eboraci: Academic Press.
* [[Ioachim Lambek|Lambek, J.,]] et P. J. Scott. [[1986]]. ''Introduction to Higher Order Categorical Logic.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press
* Mendelson, Elliot. [[1964]]. ''Introduction to Mathematical Logic.'' D. Van Nostrand Company.

{{math-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Logica|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>88cbzbhilvinzr7hj814acatn1v4dfs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Antonius Lobo Antunes</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>83667</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953651</id>
      <parentid>3828022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:04:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>mortuus est</comment>
      <origin>3953651</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="659" sha1="g56gcesiqeo7q72s50d573um92k944i" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Antonius Lobo Antunes}} (natus in [[Olisipo]]ne die [[1 Septembris]] [[1942]]; mortuus ibid die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]]) est [[scriptor]], [[interpretatio|interpretator]] et [[psychiatria|psychiatricus]] [[Lusitania|Lusitanus]], qui inter alia anno [[2007]] [[Praemium Camões]] accepit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{IMDb Name|0516502}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100804033847/http://www.ala.nletras.com/ Website von Antonii Lobo Antunes pagina interretialis]

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1942|2026|Antunes, Antonius Lobo}}
[[Categoria:Scriptores Portugalliae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Lusitanici]]</text>
      <sha1>g56gcesiqeo7q72s50d573um92k944i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953663</id>
      <parentid>3953651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:14:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953663</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="665" sha1="t037t5xufmjrb8qg9lt8icxmjxiigbz" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Antonius Lobo Antunes}} (natus [[Olisipo]]ne in capite Portugalliae die [[1 Septembris]] [[1942]]; mortuus ibidem die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]]) fuit [[scriptor]], [[interpretatio|interpres]], et [[psychiatria|psychiater]] [[Lusitania|Lusitanus]], qui anno [[2007]] [[Praemium Camões]] accepit.

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* {{IMDb Name|0516502}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100804033847/http://www.ala.nletras.com/ Website von Antonii Lobo Antunes pagina interretialis]

{{scriptor-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1942|2026|Antunes, Antonius Lobo}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Lusitanici]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Portugalliae]]</text>
      <sha1>t037t5xufmjrb8qg9lt8icxmjxiigbz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Theoria gregum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>102938</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953625</id>
      <parentid>3953519</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:05:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ut consonet cum pagina &quot;Grex&quot;, mutavi ° ad ·</comment>
      <origin>3953625</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8681" sha1="56osmwkmeul4v5tpbbqc6i6bwmmsabv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione &lt;math&gt;( \cdot ): G \times G \rightarrow G&lt;/math&gt;.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a · b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a · b) · c = a · (b · c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a · b ≠ b · a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e · a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''&lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a.&lt;/math&gt;''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot (a \cdot e) = a^{-1} \cdot x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\cdot (a \cdot e) = (a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot e = e \cdot e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \cdot x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Sit &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; grex: tunc habebit omnis supergrex &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; multiplum numeris elementorum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \cdot x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>56osmwkmeul4v5tpbbqc6i6bwmmsabv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953628</id>
      <parentid>3953625</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Concisionem feci in expressione theorematis Lagrangi</comment>
      <origin>3953628</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8655" sha1="4kz45omgvggkp5jrdpf7f8ygnzfgy6k" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione &lt;math&gt;( \cdot ): G \times G \rightarrow G&lt;/math&gt;.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a · b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a · b) · c = a · (b · c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a · b ≠ b · a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e · a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''&lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a.&lt;/math&gt;''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot (a \cdot e) = a^{-1} \cdot x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\cdot (a \cdot e) = (a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot e = e \cdot e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \cdot x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Ordo (i.e. numerus elementorum) gregis quoddam multiplum est ordinis cuiusvis subgregis.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \cdot x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Ebroaci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>4kz45omgvggkp5jrdpf7f8ygnzfgy6k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953632</id>
      <parentid>3953628</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:29:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */ Corrigitur &quot;Ebroaci&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953632</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8655" sha1="c72ccd7mebqcmg0etauavfmxys7bf6m" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione &lt;math&gt;( \cdot ): G \times G \rightarrow G&lt;/math&gt;.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a · b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a · b) · c = a · (b · c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a · b ≠ b · a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e · a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''&lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a.&lt;/math&gt;''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot (a \cdot e) = a^{-1} \cdot x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\cdot (a \cdot e) = (a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot e = e \cdot e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \cdot x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Ordo (i.e. numerus elementorum) gregis quoddam multiplum est ordinis cuiusvis subgregis.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes formae &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \cdot x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>c72ccd7mebqcmg0etauavfmxys7bf6m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953702</id>
      <parentid>3953632</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T01:02:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Theoremata principia */ correxi</comment>
      <origin>3953702</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8718" sha1="tvf4mrnzmwndeq79mjf56v3cni0s3zo" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caesar3.svg|thumb|[[Caterva cyclica]] '''Z'''/26 sub notis [[Gaius Iulius Caesar|Caesaris]] iacet.]]
{{res|Theoria gregum}}{{FD ref}} vel {{res|plene=Theoria grupporum|grupporum}}{{FD ref}}&lt;ref&gt;Carolus Du Fresne Dominus Du Cange, et al., [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144543/http://ducange.enc.sorbonne.fr/GRUPPUS1 ''Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis''] (Niort: L. Favre, 1883–1887), s.v. ''Gruppus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Benvenutus Stracchae, [http://books.google.de/books?id=ilk-AAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA188&amp;lpg=PA188&amp;dq=grupporum&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=45w6kQePlN&amp;sig=4u8ysCxRsmgXF4cDL2xTZIJ_EuQ&amp;hl=de&amp;ei=2T1mTMbdJdCHOKrE6O8P&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCoQ6AEwBDhG#v=onepage&amp;q=grupporum&amp;f=false ''De Assecurationibus, Proxenetis, atque Proxeneticis''] (Amstelodami, Johannes Schipper, 1669), p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; in [[mathematica]] et [[algebra abstracta]] [[structura alghebraica|structuras algebraicas]] cognoscit appellatas [[grex (mathematica)|greges]]. Notio gregis est media [[algebra]]e abstractae pars: aliae notissimae structurae algebraicae, sicut [[anellus|anelli]] ([[Anglice]]: ''rings''), [[corpus (mathematica)|corpora]], et [[spatium vectoriale|spatia vectorum]] ([[Anglice]]: ''vector spaces'') videri possunt greges qui [[operatio (mathematica)|operationibus]] [[axioma]]tibusque additis praediti sunt.
[[Fasciculus:Cayley graph of F2.svg|thumb|Pictura Cayley 〈 x, y ∣ 〉, liberum gradūs alterius gregem ostendens.]]

Greges per omnem mathematicam fiunt, et rationes theoriae gregum multas algebrae partes valide moverunt. [[Linearis grex algebraicus|Lineares greges algebraici]] et [[Grex Lie|greges Lie]] sunt rami theoriae gregum qui progressum ingentem sustinuerunt ut res studii sui iuris fierent.

Varia systemata physica, sicut [[crystallus|crystalli]] et [[atomus hydrogenii]], a [[grex symmetricus|gregibus symmetricis]] fingi possunt. Ergo theoriae gregum et [[theoria repraesentationis|repraesentationis]], arte conexae, multos usus in [[physica]] et [[chemia]] habent.

Una ex gravissimis confectionibus in mathematica [[saeculum 20|saeculi vicensimi]] fuit opera communis, plus quam 10 000 paginas diurnariorum comprehendens, plerumque inter [[1960]] et [[1980]] editas, quae in [[classificatio finitorum gregum simplicium|classificatione finitorum gregum simplicium]] fastigium habuit.

== Definitio gregis ==
Grex est [[classis (mathematica)|classis]] G cum operatione &lt;math&gt;( \cdot ): G \times G \rightarrow G&lt;/math&gt;.  G sub operatione clauditur:  si ''a'' et ''b'' sunt elementa G, etiam ''a · b'' est in G.  Operatio est associativa:  ''(a · b) · c = a · (b · c),'' semper.  Non autem necesse est operationem commutativam esse:  ''a · b ≠ b · a,'' generaliter.  Si operatio commutativa est, grex dicitur [[Grex Abelianus|Abelianus]].

Unum elementum ''e'' est ''idemfactor'':  ''e · a = a,'' omnibus ''a'' in G.

Elementum quoddam ''a'' elementum inversum habet, &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, ut &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot a = e&lt;/math&gt;.

== Theoremata principia ==
1.  Idemfactor in dextera parte etiam elementum non mutat:  ''&lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a.&lt;/math&gt;''  [[Demonstratio mathematica|Demonstratio]]:  pone &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = x&lt;/math&gt;.  Tunc &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} \cdot (a \cdot e) = a^{-1} \cdot x.&lt;/math&gt;  Sed &lt;math&gt;a^{-1}\cdot (a \cdot e) = (a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot e = e \cdot e = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Scimus ergo &lt;math&gt;e = a^{-1} \cdot x,&lt;/math&gt;, hoc est &lt;math&gt;x = a&lt;/math&gt;, et &lt;math&gt;a \cdot e = a&lt;/math&gt;

2.  Elementa inversa quoque in dextera parte aguntur:  &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt;.  Demonstratio:  si &lt;math&gt;a \cdot a^{-1} = x&lt;/math&gt;,
tunc &lt;math&gt;(a^{-1} \cdot a) \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Hoc est, &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;.  Quia &lt;math&gt;e \cdot a^{-1} = a^{-1}&lt;/math&gt;, scimus &lt;math&gt;a^{-1} = a^{-1} \cdot x&lt;/math&gt;, ergo &lt;math&gt;x = e&lt;/math&gt;.

Subgrex est subclassis elementorum G qui est grex.

3.  Subclassis H classis G est grex si:
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1, h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_2 \in H&lt;/math&gt;
* si &lt;math&gt;h_1 \in H&lt;/math&gt;, tunc &lt;math&gt;h_1^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;

Demonstratio:  H sub operatione clauditur.  ''e'' est elementum H quia &lt;math&gt;h_1 \cdot h_1^{-1} = e&lt;/math&gt; et scimus producta duorum elementorum H esse in H.  Et inversa omnium H elementorum etiam in H sunt; H est igitur grex.

4.  (Theorema Lagrangi) Ordo (i.e. numerus elementorum) gregis multiplus est ordinis cuiusvis eius subgregis.

Demonstratio: Sit &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; grex et &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; subgrex eius. Demonstrandum est quod numerus elementorum in &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; est multiplus numeri elementorum in &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. Defini ergo [[Relatio_aequivalentiae|relationem aequivalentiae]] per &lt;math&gt;a \sim b&lt;/math&gt; si &lt;math&gt;ab^{-1} \in H&lt;/math&gt;. Facile scitum erit quod revera &lt;math&gt;\sim&lt;/math&gt; relatio est aequivalentiae: patunt enim reflexivitas, symmetria, et transitivitas quia &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; includit idemfactorem, inversas, et compositiones. Sub ea relatione identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;, et identificantur cum invicem omnia elementa translationis &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; (Anglice: ''coset'') in quam transferri potest &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; per praecompositionem. Ergo haec relatio aequivalentiae est divisio totius &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in aequinumerosas partes &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, unus quorum extat &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt;. (Aequinumerosi sunt &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt;, quia &lt;math&gt;x \mapsto a \cdot x&lt;/math&gt; bijectio &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; inter et &lt;math&gt;aH&lt;/math&gt; extat.) Quod vero talis divisio totius &lt;math&gt;G&lt;/math&gt; in partes aequinumerosas cum &lt;math&gt;H&lt;/math&gt; sit possibilis, erat scopus demonstrationis nostrae.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Augustinus Ludovicus Cauchy]]
* [[Evaristus Galois]]
* [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]]
* [[Felix Klein]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Vector (mathematica)]]

== Bibliographia ==
[[Fasciculus:Torus.png|thumb|[[Torus (mathematica)|Torus]] cuius structura [[Grex Abelianus|greges Abeliani]] inducitur ex tabula '''C''' → '''C'''/'''Z'''+''τ'''''Z''', ubi ''τ'' est parameter.]]
[[Fasciculus:Circle fifths.svg|thumb|[[Circulus quintorum]] in [[musica|musicā]] structurā gregis cyclici praeditus sit.]]
* Borel, Armand. [[1991]]. ''Linear algebraic groups.'' Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 126. Ed. 2a. Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. MR1102012. ISBN 978-0-387-97370-8.
* Carter, Nathan C. [[2009]]. ''Visual group theory.'' Classroom Resource Materials Series, Mathematical Association of America. MR2504193. ISBN 978-0-88385-757-1. https://web.archive.org/web/20211219212802/http://web.bentley.edu/empl/c/ncarter/vgt/.
* Cannon, John J. [[1969]]. &quot;Computers in group theory: A survey&quot;, Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12: 3–12, doi:10.1145/362835.362837, MR0290613 
* Frucht, R. [[1939]]. &quot;Herstellung von Graphen mit vorgegebener abstrakter Gruppe.&quot; ''Compositio Mathematica'' 6:239–250. ISSN 0010-437X, https://web.archive.org/web/20081201083831/http://www.numdam.org/numdam-bin/fitem?id=CM_1939__6__239_0.
* Golubitsky, Martin, et Ian Stewart. [[2006]] &quot;Nonlinear dynamics of networks: the groupoid formalism.&quot; ''Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.'' (N.S.) 43:305–364. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-06-01108-6, MR2223010.
* Judson, Thomas W. [[1997]]. ''Abstract Algebra: Theory and Applications.'' http://abstract.ups.edu.
* Kleiner, Israel. [[1986]]. &quot;The evolution of group theory: a brief survey.&quot; ''Mathematics Magazine'' 59(4):195–215. MR863090. ISSN 0025-570X.
* La Harpe, Pierre de. [[2000]]. ''Topics in geometric group theory.'' Sicagi: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-31721-2.
* Livio, M. [[2005]]. ''The Equation That Couldn't Be Solved: How Mathematical Genius Discovered the Language of Symmetry.'' Simon &amp; Schuster. ISBN 0-7432-5820-7.
* Mumford, David. [[1970]] ''Abelian Varieties.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-560528-0. OCLC 138290.
* Ronan M. [[2006]]. ''Symmetry and the Monster.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280722-6.
* Rotman, Joseph. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to the Theory of Groups.'' Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-94285-8.
* Schupp, Paul E., et Roger C. Lyndon. [[2001]]. ''Combinatorial Group Theory.'' Berolini, Novi Eboraci: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-41158-1.
* Scott, W. R. ([[1964]]) [[1987]]. ''Group Theory.'' Novi Eboraci: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65377-3.
* Shatz, Stephen S. [[1972]]. ''Profinite Groups, Arithmetic, and Geometry.'' Princeton University Press. MR0347778. ISBN 978-0-691-08017-8.
* Weibel, Charles A. [[1994]]. ''An Introduction to Homological Algebra.'' Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 38. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. MR1269324. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4, OCLC 36131259.

[[Categoria:Algebra]]
[[Categoria:Algebra abstracta]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>tvf4mrnzmwndeq79mjf56v3cni0s3zo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vaccinum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>115536</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953701</id>
      <parentid>3660282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:57:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de contagio et salute publica</comment>
      <origin>3953701</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4176" sha1="9h7jl15suws4x2g0ev9u3h6tvj74obs" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:SalkatPitt.jpg|thumb|[[Ionas Salk]] anno [[1955]] duas ampullas '''vaccini''' [[poliomyelitis|poliomyelitidis]] attollit.]]
'''Vaccinum''',&lt;ref&gt;{{TraupmanLatinEng3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Ebbe Vilborg]], ''Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok,'' ed. secunda (2009).&lt;/ref&gt; est [[compositio]] [[medicina|medica]], quae [[immunitas (medicina)|immunitatem]] a [[contagio]]ne vel [[morbus|morbo]] praebet. Continet plerumque substantiam [[microbium|microbio]] morbifero similem, saepe ex microbio infirmato vel interfecto, aut eius [[venenum|venenis]] vel [[proteinum|proteinis]] fabricatam. Haec pars [[anticorpus|efficax corporis]] [[systema immunitatis]] deinde ad microbia agnoscenda et delenda stimulat.

Nomen ''vaccinum'' a [[variola bovina]] vel vaccina deducitur. [[Eduardus Iennerus]] animadvertit [[agricola]]s, qui variolâ bovinâ affecti essent, a [[variola|variola vera]] munitos esse, annoque [[1796]] primum vaccinum effecit et feliciter adhibuit.

Temporibus nostris munera vaccinorum propter [[pandemia]]m attentionem animi obiter accipiunt et accipient.

== Vaccinorum machinatio et securitas in genere ==
Vaccinum vere ''quasi pars pathologici agentis'' videtur, quam corpus nostrum cognoscere potest, ut primum responsum immunitatis contra alienum agens praepararet, ut illim, cum alienum agens iterum intraverit, reciperatores idenei, [[anticorpus|anticorpora]] dicta, ad corpus contra alienum defendendum praestent, deinde nos a contagione protegerent.&lt;ref&gt;O'Brien K. (2020), Ordinis Mundi Sanitarii, Pellicula ''Episode #16 - COVID-19 - How do vaccines work?'', nexus: vide nexus externos.&lt;/ref&gt; Postremo haec anticorpora a [[systema immunitatis|systemate immunitatis]] numeris magnis generatur. Hodie duo modi scopum hunc procreandi noti sunt: Alter est, ut vaccino pars alieni, exempli causa pars [[SARS-CoV-2]] proteini S (spinarum, ORF2), addatur. Alter quidem est, ut cellulis informatio alieni (e. g. proteini S) suppleatur, ut hae ipsae anticorpora forment. Iter primum dictum contra multos morbos iam adhibetur: partes alienae additae de facto minimam vim habent, neque morbum causare possunt. Alterum iter autem novum ''facultatibus corporis'' supra dictis incumbit. Ad vaccinorum securitatem spectans tantum actiones systematis immunitatis cotidie effectus exerceant. Si adest vaccinum nihil corruptionis habeat, sed modo communis reactio systematis immunitatis provocatur. Vaccinum afferre nihil aliud est, ut exercitium systemati immunitatis instituatur. Praeterea [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|OMS]] systema gubernatorium constanter effectus adversos sentiendi et nuntiandi interiecit.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|3}}
* [[Antibioticum]]
* [[Bacteria]]
* [[Epidemia]]
* [[Immunitas gregalis]]
* [[Medicina]]
* [[Salus publica]]
* [[Serum]]
* [[Therapia]]
* [[Vaccinatio]]
* [[Vaccinum ARN]]
* [[Virologia]]
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Bibliographia==
* Carroll, Aaron E. [[2015]]. Not Up for Debate: The Science Behind Vaccination. ''New York Times,'' 17 Septembris 2015.
* Largent, Mark A. [[2012]]. ''Vaccine: The Debate in Modern America.'' Baltimorae: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0607-7.
* Walloch, Karen L. [[2015]]. ''The Antivaccine Heresy: Jacobson v. Massachusetts and the Troubled History of Compulsory Vaccination in the United States.'' Roffae Novi Eboraci: University of Rochester Press.

== Nexus externi ==
* College of Physicians of Philadelphia. [http://www.historyofvaccines.org/ &quot;The History of Vaccines.&quot;]

=== Ordinis mundi sanitarii ===
{{main|Ordo mundi sanitarius}}
* [https://www.who.int/topics/vaccines/en/ Pagina de vaccinis] [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordinis mundi sanitarii]] {{ling|Anglice|Arabice|Francogallice|Hispanice|Russice|Sinice}}
* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/media-resources/science-in-5/episode-16---covid-19---how-do-vaccines-work Quomodo vaccina effectus suos exercent?] {{Ling|Anglice}}
* [https://www.who.int/immunization/documents/positionpapers/en/ De vaccinis.]
* [http://www.emro.who.int/entity/vpi/ &quot;Vaccine preventable diseases and immunization.&quot;]

[[Categoria:Medicina]]
[[Categoria:Vaccina|!]]
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Biologia}}</text>
      <sha1>9h7jl15suws4x2g0ev9u3h6tvj74obs</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Electronica numerica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119937</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953668</id>
      <parentid>3953483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:18:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953668</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5772" sha1="7i9o2hz2clvovrjlibbiimqe2f2wgj2" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-3}}
[[Fasciculus:NRZcode.png|thumb|Hi monstrantes sunt pulsi electronici in forma binaria, qua computatra uti et ratiocinari artificiose possunt.]]
{{res|Electronica numerica}}{{MLAL ref|digital|223|.comp digital (opp. analog)}} seu {{res|plene=Electronica digitalis|digitalis}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://obta.uw.edu.pl/~draco/docs/voccomp.html Res.]&lt;/ref&gt; est pars scientiae [[electronica]]e quae pertinet ad [[circuitus electronicus|circuitos electronicos]], et artificia, et apparatus operaturque discreta signa electronica ac [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logica Booleanis]].

Pertinentia horum apparatuum exempla sunt [[Computatrum|computatra]], apparatus [[informatica|informaticos]], camerae digitales, [[Televisio digitalis|televisorium digitale]], [[memoria fulgurea]], [[clavis memorialis USB]], [[telephonum gestabile|telephona gestabilia]], [[discus fixus|disci fixi]],[[Memoria computatralis|computatrales memoriae apparatus]].
 
== Circuitus digitalis ==
[[Fasciculus:ADC Symbol.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|ADC apparatus [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas (signales digitales aut informaticos digitales).]]

Electronica numerica ramus [[electronica]]e est facta ex circuito digitalis qui adhibet [[Algebra Booleana (logica)|logicum booleanum]] enim usui portae electronico. Verus et falsus repraesentantur valoribus binaris differentibus cum 0 [[Voltium|voltes]] pro vero et 5 voltes pro falso. Minus forabilis est strepito sed magis vim consumit. Creatus in [[Saeculum 20|saeculo 20]] fundamentum est modernis digitalis machinatis, communicationibus digitalis, ordinatris. Immanes circuiti intricata cum milio portarum aedificari possunt in unum [[Circuitus integratus|circuitum]] talis ut [[Processor|microprocessor]] et decem centenum milionem operationium facere possunt.

'''ADC''' aut A/D sigla sunt Anglice Analog to Digital Conversion aut Converter, apparatus qui [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam convertit ad quantitas discretas( signales digitales aut informaticos digitales). Magis elementum est circuito digitalis. Contra operatio geritur ab Digital-to-Analog Converter ('''DAC''').
[[Fasciculus:ADC-DAC.jpg|thumbnail|DAC apparatus quantitas discretas(signus digitales aut informatica digitales) mutat ad [[Tensio electrica|tensionem electricam]] continuam.]]

&quot;Digitalis&quot; etiam modum rationemque refert operandi in quo videtur haud vis quam nuntii (In [[Lingua Neolatina|novae]] [[informatica]] vel ([[data]]) anglice et alia )vehantur, vis (facilior intelligendo ut unda) per exempla gratia, [[sonus]], [[lux]], chromaticus imaginiis, etc, magnitudinem numerosi fiet in primum gradum procedendis, in vicem forma [[Systema numericum binarium|binariis]] (0,1, facilior inteligendo ut impulsus) in secundum gradum fient vehaturque. Tandem, metae advento, signum generatus est. 

&quot;Digital&quot;, origo nimirum verbo latine [[Digitus|digito]], &lt;ref&gt;http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/digital&lt;/ref&gt;iterum digitos refert manus qui in vicem numeros (1,2,3, .. etc) repraesentant et quos fiant omnes vis ob rem digiti discreto numerando usui sunt. Impulsi ipsi sunt 5 [[Voltium|volti]] vis per morem industriam hodie.

== Ratio ==
:Vide etiam [[Systema digitalis]].
[[Fasciculus:Conversion_AD_DA.png|thumb|upright=0.8|A/D et D/A conversiones.'fig.2' repraesentat formam ante porro convertitur formam pulsum(porro super vide). Etiam est forma ex circuito digitalis.]]
[[Technologia|Artificium]] digitale societate huius temporis magno subsidio est praesertim [[Saeculum 20|vicenso saeculo]]. Systemate (vero circuito )digitalis electronis usui est quantitatibus discretis (non continuus). Autem [[analogus electronicus|Analogus]] [[copia]]bus continuis quantitabus usui est informaticum repraesentatum. Enim simpliciter digitalem, informaticos [[numerus]], [[sonus]], [[imago]], [[Littera|lettera]], fiant potest informaticos binarii et in contrarium cursum. 
[[Fasciculus:Componentes.JPG|thumb|upright=0.7|left|Elementa circuitorum digitalis.]]

Ratio digitalis vel [[systema digitalis]] est [[technologia]] quod nuntiis (informaticis/data) utitur ut discreta (interrupta) valores. Natura autem non digitalis (enim analogus) usum systemata perpetuo iugo valores exprimere informationem. Cum imagines digitales discretos, notitia repraesentari potest vel discreta, ut numeri literarum icons, sive continuatis, ut sonis, statua, alias mensuras continui ratio. 'Digitalis' Verbum ex eodem fonte atque verbo Digito ut adhibeantur digitis discretis numerat.

== Fontes ==
&lt;references /&gt;
* R.H. Katz, ''Contemporary Logic Design'', The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, 1994.
* P.K. Lala, ''Practical Digital Logic Design and Testing'', Prentice Hall, 1996.

{{NexInt}}
*[[instrumentum lasericum]]
*[[Integratus circuitus]]
*[[Porta logica]]
*[[Systema digitale]]
*[[Systema numericum binarium]]

== Nexus externi ==
* &quot;[http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-004-computation-structures-spring-2009/ 6.004: Computation Structures]&quot;: pagina tironibus Massachusettensibus destinata
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110322134236/http://www.play-hookey.com/digital/experiments/ Experimenta digitalia]
* ''[http://bradwarestudios.com/downloads/fun/Digital_Logic_Simulator Digital Logic Simulator v0.3]''
* ''[http://sourceforge.net/projects/cedarlogic CEDAR Logic Simulator]''
* ''[http://www.logiccircuit.org/ LogicCircuit]''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111026071410/http://ozark.hendrix.edu/~burch/logisim/ Logisim - Instrumenti pedagogi circuitos logicos cogitationem simulationameque] {{Ling|Anglice}}

{{CommuniaCat|Digital electronics|electronica numerica}}

[[Categoria:Circuitus electronici]]
[[Categoria:Electronica]]
[[Categoria:Technologia digitalis]]</text>
      <sha1>7i9o2hz2clvovrjlibbiimqe2f2wgj2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Circuitus digitalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>119939</id>
    <redirect title="Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953664</id>
      <parentid>1613072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:14:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Electronica numerica]]</comment>
      <origin>3953664</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Jung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>120124</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953703</id>
      <parentid>3841004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T01:03:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>categoriam addo</comment>
      <origin>3953703</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7927" sha1="e36zof4umks9yugs07jgjgp0b7ea66r" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Carl Jung (1912).png|thumb|upright=0.8|Carolus Jung anno [[1912]].]]
'''Carolus Gustavus Jung''' ([[Theodisce]] ''Carl Gustav Jung''&amp;thinsp;; natus die [[26 Iulii]] [[1875]]; mortuus die [[6 Iunii]] [[1961]]) fuit [[psychiater|medicus psychiatricus]] [[Helvetia|Helveticus]], qui [[psychologia analytica|psychologiam analyticam]] instituit et in numero illustrissimorum [[psychologus|psychologorum]] [[saeculum 20|vicesimi saeculi]] habetur.

Non solum ad [[psychologia clinica|theoriam clinicam]] multa apportavit, sed etiam dimensionem [[psychologia religionis|religiosam]] et [[spiritualitas|spiritualem]] [[homo|hominis]] acquisivit. Eius opera [[psychiatria]]m, [[archaeologia]]m, [[litterae|litteras]], [[philosophia]]m, [[psychologia]]m,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Darowski|first1=Emily|last2=Darowski|first2=Joseph|date=1 Iunii [[2016]]|title=Carl Jung's Historic Place in Psychology and Continuing Influence in Narrative Studies and American Popular Culture|url=https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol52/iss2/2|journal=Swiss American Historical Society Review|volume=52|issue=2|issn=0883-4814}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et [[scientia religionum|scientiam religionum]] magnopere moverunt. [[Scientista]] [[disquisitio scientifica|disquisitionis]] opera [[valetudinarium|valetudinario]] psychiatrico [[Burghölzli]]ano [[Turicum|Turici]] sub [[Eugenius Bleuler|Eugenio Bleuler]] dedit. Se [[mens|mentem]] potentem instituens, [[amicitia]]m cum [[Sigismundus Freud|Sigismundo Freud]], [[psychoanalysis]] conditore, fecit, ut in {{Creanda|en|The Freud/Jung Letters|LEpistolae Freud et Jung|multis epistolis}} legi possit, eorum mutuam psychologiae humanae [[notio (philosophia)|notionem]] testantibus. Jung late habetur unus e psychologis maxime moventibus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://thebuzzdiary.com/carl-jung-one-of-the-most-influential-psychiatrists-of-all-time/ | title=Carl Jung - One of the Most Influential Psychiatrists of All Time | date=26 Iulii [[2022]]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Corbett |first=Sara |date=16 Septembris[[2009]] |title=The Holy Grail of the Unconscious |language= |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/20/magazine/20jung-t.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |issn=0362-4331}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== De vita ==
Carolus Gustavus Jung natus est {{Creanda|en|Kesswil|Kessvilia|Kessviliae}} in [[Turgovia]] [[pagus|pago]] Helvetico, quartus [[filius]] superstes Pauli Achilles Jung (1842–1896) et Aemiliae Preiswerk (1848–1923).&lt;ref name='birth_whoami'&gt;{{cite journal|last=Schellinski|first=Kristina|date=[[2014]]|title=Who am I?|journal=Journal of Analytical Psychology|volume=59|issue=2|pages=189–210|doi=10.1111/1468-5922.12069|pmid=24673274}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pater]] fuit [[pastor]] {{Creanda|en|Swiss Reformed Church|Ecclesia Reformata Helvetica|Ecclesiae Reformatae Helveticae}}.

Anno [[1895]] studium [[medicina]]e in [[Universitas Basiliensis|Universitate Basiliensi]] suscepit. Examine finali confecto, ab anno [[1900]] uti medicus assistens in nosocomio psychiatrico universitatis Basiliensis laborabat. Disserationem inauguralem anno [[1902]] confecit in quo de psychologia et [[pathologia]] [[occulta|rerum occultarum]] disseruit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''Traumanalyse: Nach Aufzeichnungen der Seminare 1928–1930''
* ''Kinderträume: Zur Methodik der Trauminterpretation. Psychologische Interpretation von Kinderträumen''
* ''Der Mensch und seine Symbole''
* ''Das Rote Buch'' (Liber ruber)
* ''[[Antwort auf Hiob]]'' (1952, Responsum Iob)

== Bibliographia ==
* Antier, Jean-Jacques. [[2011]]. ''Jung: O la experiencia de lo sagrado.'' Barcinonae: Editorial Kairós. ISBN 978-84-7245-998-4.
* Carotenuto, Aldo. [[2012]]. ''Diario de una secreta simetría: Sabina Spielrein entre Freud y Jung.'' Barcinonae: Editorial Gedisa. ISBN 978-84-9784-710-0.
* Corbin, Henry. [[2015]]. ''Acerca de Jung: El buddhismo y la Sophia.'' Matriti: Ediciones Siruela. ISBN 978-84-16465-27-9.
* Dunne, Claire. [[2012]]. ''Carl Jung: Psiquiatra pionero, artesano del alma.'' Barcinonae: Editorial Blume. ISBN 978-84-9801-642-0.
* Hannah, Barbara. [[2019]]. ''Jung: Vida y obra. Una memoria biográfica.'' Barcinonae: Editorial Escola de Vida.
* Hoerni, Ulrich, Thomas Fischer, et Bettina Kaufmann, eds. [[2019]]. ''The Art of C. G. Jung.'' Novi Eboraci: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. ISBN 978-0-393-25487-7.
* Kerr, John. [[1993]]. ''A Most Dangerous Method: the story of Jung, Freud, and Sabina Spielrein''. Novi Eboraci: Knopf. {{Google Books|GbWFzct0bfgC|Paginae selectae}}
* McLynn, Frank. [[1996]]. ''Carl Gustav Jung: a biography''. Novi Eboraci: Bantam. ISBN 0-593-03391-4.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|4}}
* [[Anima]]
* [[Astrologia]]
* [[Adolphus Bastian]]
* [[Martinus Buber]]
* [[Epistemologia]]
* [[Genius saeculi]]
* [[Hermannus Hesse]]
* [[Id, ego, et superego]]
* [[Identitas]]
* [[Intuitio]]
* ''[[Liber mutationum]]''
* [[Libido]]
* {{Creanda|en|Unconscious mind|Mens insensibilis}}
* [[Mythologia]]
* [[Numen]]
* [[Pantheismus]]
* [[Persona]]
* {{Creanda|en|Psychedelic drug|Psychedelica}}
* [[Psychologia personalitatis]]
* {{Creanda|en|Folk psychology|Psychologia vulgaris}}
* [[Solidaritas]]
* {{Creanda|en|Synchronicity|Synchronicitas}}
* [[Syzygia (gnosis)]]
* {{Creanda|en|Dance therapy|Therapia saltationis}}
* [[Tolerantia]]
* {{Creanda|en|Shadow (psychology)|Umbra (psychologia)}}
* [[Ubuntu (philosophia)]]
* [[Universalitas (philosophia)]]
* [[Unus mundus]]
{{div col end}}

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Carl Jung|Carolum Jung}}
{{Vicicitatio|Carl Jung|Carolum Jung}}
{{Victionarium|Carl Jung|Carolum Jung}}
* [http://www.iaap.org/ Associatio Psychoanalytica Internationalis]&lt;!--
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Carl Gustav Jung |sopt=t}}
* {{Librivox author |id=3213}}
* {{Helveticat}}--&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204164335/https://www.cgjunghaus.ch/en/ Domus et Museum C. G. Jung] Küsnacht in vico Turici.)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100429222044/http://carl-jung.net/ Fontes Caroli Jung.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190707171458/https://www.junginstitut.ch/english/about/ Institutum C. G. Jung Turici.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061210030730/http://www.iging.com/intro/foreword.htm Caroli Jung ''Foreword to the I Ching.'']
* [http://www.all-about-psychology.com/association-method.html &quot;The Association Method.&quot;] Commentarius anni 1916.&lt;!-- Originally Published in the ''Collected Papers on Analytical Psychology''.--&gt;
* [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044020083374;view=1up;seq=7 &quot;The Theory of Psychoanalysis.&quot;] Commentarius anni 1915.&lt;!-- Originally published in ''The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease''--&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191005044937/http://www.philosopher.eu/others-writings/essay-on-wotan-w-nietzsche-c-g-jung/ &quot;Essay on Wotan.&quot;]
* [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/031.html Bollingen Foundation Collection.] Ex [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Library of Congress.]
* [https://thejap.org/ ''The Journal of Analytical Psychology.'']
* [https://jungstudies.net/ijjs-journal/ ''International Journal for Jungian Studies.'']
* [http://www.cgjungpage.org/ Pagina Jungiana.]
* [http://www.gnosis.org/library/7Sermons.htm ''The Seven Sermons to the Dead'' (1916).]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190922184715/https://philemonfoundation.org/ Societas Fundata Philemonis.]

{{Lifetime|1875|1961|Jung, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Auctores Theodisci]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Jung|!]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Universitatis Basiliensis]]
[[Categoria:Consociatio Psychanalytica Internationalis]]
[[Categoria:Eruditi Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Sigismundus Freud]]
[[Categoria:Mysticismus]]
[[Categoria:Psychiatri Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Psychanalystae]]
[[Categoria:Psychodynamica]]
[[Categoria:Psychologia religionis]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Helvetiae]]
[[Categoria:Socionica]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>e36zof4umks9yugs07jgjgp0b7ea66r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Electronicus digitalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>125239</id>
    <redirect title="Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953666</id>
      <parentid>1612114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:15:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Electronica numerica]]</comment>
      <origin>3953666</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Electronicus digitalis</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>125240</id>
    <redirect title="Disputatio:Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953667</id>
      <parentid>1612116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:15:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Disputatio:Electronica numerica]]</comment>
      <origin>3953667</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="45" sha1="8ygftgjjo5f14a0xscc0r4i5gl7n55a" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>8ygftgjjo5f14a0xscc0r4i5gl7n55a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Leodegarius (Ella et Vicenonia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127967</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953609</id>
      <parentid>3927694</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Sanctus Leodegarius]] ad [[Sanctus Leodegarius (Ella et Vicenonia)]]: aliis referitur cum hac locutione</comment>
      <origin>3927694</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1270" sha1="d086s732x3xxlllbn5i3kovvuti3x0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint-Léger-des-Prés (35) Mairie.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Sancti Leodegarii [[municipium]]]]
{{res|Sanctus Leodegarius}}&lt;ref&gt;G. de Lesquen, G. Mollat, ''Mesures fiscales exercées en Bretagne par les papes d'Avignon à l'époque du Grand Schisme d'Occident (suite)''. In: Annales de Bretagne. T. 19, nº 2, 1903. pp. 133-184. [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/abpo_0003-391x_1903_num_19_2_1173?_Prescripts_Search_tabs1=standard&amp;] {{Ling|Latine|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] {{barbarice|Saint-Léger-des-Prés}}, [[Lingua Gallonica|Gallonice]] {{barbarice|Saent-Lijaer}}, [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] {{barbarice|Sant-Lezer-ar-Pradeier}}) est commune 295 incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Illa et Vicinonia|Illae et Vicinoniae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Illae et Vicinoniae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Léger-des-Prés|Sanctum Leodegarium}}
{{INSEE commune|35286|de=Sancto Leodegario pagina}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]</text>
      <sha1>d086s732x3xxlllbn5i3kovvuti3x0e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dalstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>131905</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953574</id>
      <parentid>3454350</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:49:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>1422</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:Blason_ville_fr_Dalstein_(Moselle).svg]] pro File:Dalstein.svg. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: Criterion 2 + filename meeting the blazon-project's guideline</comment>
      <origin>3953574</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="544" sha1="cf3glvngy2mlze1f1qjwdjwexlktk3d" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Dalstein (Moselle).svg|thumb|Dalstein: vexillum]]
''' Dalstein ''' est commune 329 incolarum (anno [[1999]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mosella (praefectura Franciae)|Mosellae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Lotharingia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Mosellae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Dalstein | Dalstein }}
* {{INSEE commune|57167|de=Dalstein}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Mosellae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Mosellae]]</text>
      <sha1>cf3glvngy2mlze1f1qjwdjwexlktk3d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953577</id>
      <parentid>3953574</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:58:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="553" sha1="gjx0v1az7gc5nc9rl9vflclkf2nxml0" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason ville fr Dalstein (Moselle).svg|thumb|Communis [[vexillum]].]]
'''Dalstein''' est [[commune]] 329 incolarum (anno [[1999]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mosella (praefectura Franciae)|Mosellae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Lotharingia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Mosellae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Dalstein | Dalstein }}
* {{INSEE commune|57167|de=Dalstein}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Mosellae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Mosellae]]</text>
      <sha1>gjx0v1az7gc5nc9rl9vflclkf2nxml0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Guesnain</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>134776</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953748</id>
      <parentid>3927267</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:06:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JackyM59</username>
        <id>202366</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Photograph updated</comment>
      <origin>3953748</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="721" sha1="5ckreir63n34w1luohrilfl61oz5acw" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église Sainte-Aldegonde de Guesnain.jpg |thumb|left|upright=0.7|Guesnain: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sancta Adelgundis|Sanctae Adelgundi]] dicata.]]

{{res|Guesnain}} est [[commune]] {{formatnum:4645}} incolarum (anno [[2022]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Septentrio (praefectura Franciae)|Septentrionis]] in [[Francia]]e borealis regione [[Alta Franciae|Altis Franciae]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Septentrionis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Guesnain|Guesnain}}
{{INSEE commune|59276|de=Guesnain}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia Praefecturae Septentrionis]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Septentrionis]]</text>
      <sha1>5ckreir63n34w1luohrilfl61oz5acw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cesancey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146197</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953604</id>
      <parentid>3448112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:26:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3953604</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="693" sha1="qffbkm2uihckilcy3l20wc1o3tp5j8f" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église St Nicet Cesancey oct 2018 13.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Cesancey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicetus|Sancto Niceto]] dicata.]]
{{res|Cesancey}} est [[commune]] 389 incolarum (anno [[2026]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Cesancey|Cesancey}}
{{INSEE commune|39088|de=Cesancey}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>qffbkm2uihckilcy3l20wc1o3tp5j8f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gevingey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>146793</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953611</id>
      <parentid>3507746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:35:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>imago</comment>
      <origin>3953611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="692" sha1="r6qkjwaylpp111yjl6y482mufwgtszi" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église St Léger Gevingey 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gevingey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Leodegarius|Sancto Leodegario]] dicata.]]
{{res|Gevingey}} est [[commune]] 462 incolarum (anno [[2006]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gevingey|Gevingey}}
{{INSEE commune|39251|de=Gevingey}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>r6qkjwaylpp111yjl6y482mufwgtszi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953612</id>
      <parentid>3953611</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:36:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recentius</comment>
      <origin>3953612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="692" sha1="3utkzj6t9qewrs7w4blt69kcnp8ztwp" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Église St Léger Gevingey 1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Gevingey: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Leodegarius|Sancto Leodegario]] dicata.]]
{{res|Gevingey}} est [[commune]] 442 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Iura (praefectura Franciae)|Iurae]] in [[Francia]]e orientalis regione [[Burgundia et Liber Comitatus |Burgundia et Libero comitatu]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Iurae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gevingey|Gevingey}}
{{INSEE commune|39251|de=Gevingey}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Iurae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Iurae]]</text>
      <sha1>3utkzj6t9qewrs7w4blt69kcnp8ztwp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Data digitalia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162631</id>
    <redirect title="Electronica numerica" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953665</id>
      <parentid>2127351</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:14:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>EmausBot</username>
        <id>23083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>rectificatio redirectionis duplicis → [[Electronica numerica]]</comment>
      <origin>3953665</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Electronica numerica]]</text>
      <sha1>b2xi15p7qvmjcn2nfqufak236wgd6im</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Falvy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>170600</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953745</id>
      <parentid>3461286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:47:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kontributor 2K</username>
        <id>172405</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+ {{capsa urbis Vicidata}}</comment>
      <origin>3953745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="656" sha1="0o1kz28ga2vk7fmdktva36gr4s2uz0o" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 80300.png|thumb|upright=.7|left|Communis tabula.]]
[[Fasciculus:Etangfalvy1.jpg|thumb|Palus.]]

''' Falvy ''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 163 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Samara (praefectura Franciae)|Samara]] in regione [[Picardia]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Samarae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat| Falvy | Falvy }}
* {{INSEE commune|80300|de=Falvy}}
* [http://falvy.free.fr/ Falvy pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Suminae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Suminae]]</text>
      <sha1>0o1kz28ga2vk7fmdktva36gr4s2uz0o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Pagina prima/Nuntii</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>174428</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953749</id>
      <parentid>3949861</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T09:27:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* 2026 */</comment>
      <origin>3953749</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4414" sha1="gpsfjl7y5cdho33tzy3x4190y0q9aim" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Compendia paginae|VP:N}}
Contenta huius paginae in [[Vicipaedia:Pagina prima|Pagina prima]] ostenduntur.

NB: eodem tempore, quo hic nuntium quemque addis, eandem rem in pagina [[2026]] adde aut sub &quot;Eventis&quot; aut sub &quot;Mortuis&quot;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

==2026==
[[Fasciculus:Artemis II patch.svg|90px|right|Emblema missionis cum nominibus astronautarum]]
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.
[[Fasciculus:Mojtaba Khamenei 2019.jpg|90px|right|Mojtaba Khamenei]]
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
[[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|90px|right|Tabula bombardamentorum Februarii anni 2026]]
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum [[bomba]]rum ad [[Irania]]m faciunt, illum impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
[[Fasciculus:2026 Winter Olympics logo.svg|90px|right|[[Olympia hiemalia 2026]]]]
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit. 
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
[[Fasciculus:Leo XIV (june 2025).jpg|80px|right|[[Leo XIV]]]]
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
[[Fasciculus:Nicolas Maduro on December 31, 2025 (cropped2).jpg|80px|right|[[Nicolaus Maduro]]]]
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est, [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.

== 2025 ==  
* 28 Novembris: Leo XIV [[papa]] in loco [[Concilium Nicaenum Primum|concilii Nicaeni]] [[Bartholomaeus I|Bartholomaeum]] patriarcham convenit et admonet, ut dissensiones superarentur.
[[Fasciculus:A &quot;pillar&quot; formed by the flame on a building during 2025 Tai Po apartment fire.jpg|80px|right|Incendium domorum altarum in Hogkongi vico Taipo]]
* 26 Novembris: Hongcongi incendium complurum domorum praealtarum in [[Hongcongum|Hongcongi]] vico Taipo exardescit. Saltem 123 homines necantur.
[[Fasciculus:Sagrada Família side view.jpg|right|80px|[[Basilica Sanctae Familiae]]]]
* 31 Octobris: [[Basilica Sanctae Familiae]] [[Barcino]]nensis nunc altissima ecclesiarum Christianarum est, 162,9 m habens et ecclesia cathedrali [[Ulma|Ulmensi]] altior; sed aedificatio nondum perfecta est.
* 28 Octobris: [[Melissa (Hurracanum)|Melissa]], unum e fortissimis hurracanis umquam in oceano Atlantico observatis, [[Iamaica]]m insulam aggreditur.
[[File:Sanae_Takaichi_2025.jpg|80px|right|[[Sanae Takaichi]]]]
* 21 Octobris: [[Sanae Takaichi]] prima ministrix Iaponiae eligitur.
[[File:María Corina Machado perfil retouched.jpg|right|80px|[[Maria Corina Machado]]]]
[[Fasciculus:Diadème de la parure de la reine Marie-Amélie et de la Reine Hortense - Musée du Louvre Objets d'art OA 11030.jpg|80px|right|Diadema [[Maria Amalia de Neapoli-Sicilia|Mariae Amaliae]] reginae e Lupara raptum]]
* 19 Octobris: Quattuor homines paucis minutis octo pretiosissima ornamenta regalia et imperialia gemmis completa e [[Museum Luparense|museo Luparensi]] rapiunt.
* 10 Octobris: [[Maria Corina Machado|Mariae Corinae Machado]] [[praemium Nobelianum pacis]] attribuitur.
[[Fasciculus:Damage in Gaza Strip during the October 2023 - 07.jpg|80px|right|[[Gaza]] urbs]]
* 9 Octobris: Factio [[Hamasia]] finem [[Bellum Israëlianum-Hamasianum anni 2023|belli]] annuntiat.
* 30 Iulii: [[Terrae motus]] magnitudinis 8.8 litora [[Camtschatca]]e et [[Curiles|insularum Curilensium]] concutit; [[portus]] Urbis Curilensis Borealis (''Severo-Kuril'sk'') [[megacyma]]te devastatur. Mense Augusto ineunte post terrae motum [[mons Fontinalis]] et [[mons Krascheninnikovii]] erumpunt.
* 22 Iunii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] iussu praesidis [[Donaldus Trump|Donaldi Trump]] in [[Irania]] officinas uranii subterraneas telis bombisque explosivis devastant.</text>
      <sha1>gpsfjl7y5cdho33tzy3x4190y0q9aim</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gimel-les-Cascades</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>186060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953744</id>
      <parentid>3438576</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:45:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kontributor 2K</username>
        <id>172405</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+ {{capsa urbis Vicidata}}</comment>
      <origin>3953744</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="725" sha1="a47i31doe0l5irzxfra441xl39j7biy" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Map commune FR insee code 19085.png|thumb|upright=.7|left|Communis tabula.]]
[[Fasciculus:Gimel-les-Cascades_bourg_(3).JPG|thumb|Despectus in vicum.]]

''' Gimel-les-Cascades''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 755 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Curretia (praefectura Franciae)|Curretiae]] in provincia [[Lemovicensis (regio Franciae)|Lemovicensi]].
{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Curretiae]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Gimel-les-Cascades|Gimel-les-Cascades}}
* {{INSEE commune|19085|de=Gimel-les-Cascades}}
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Curretiae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Curretiae]]</text>
      <sha1>a47i31doe0l5irzxfra441xl39j7biy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Duodecim festa principalia Orthodoxa</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>225058</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953575</id>
      <parentid>3904589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:50:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>1422</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[c:COM:CDC|automaton]]: Substituens [[File:The_Holy_Apostles_Peter_and_Paul._Novgorod_School_of_Icon_Painting,_12th-13th_centuries._Belozersk.jpg]] pro File:Belozersk_icon.jpg. CommonsDelinker hanc rationem dedit: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#</comment>
      <origin>3953575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4746" sha1="mnw3m213zpo8x4kpx1w2tgfv246e531" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2025|7}}
'''Duodecim festa principalia Orthodoxa''' ([[Graece]] Δωδεκάορτον) ex octo festis [[Iesus|Iesu Christo]] dedicatis et quattuor festis, quibus [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Virgo Maria (Θεοτόκος)]] celebratur, constant. [[Festum]] [[resurrectio]]nis Iesu Christi, [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]] dictum, ut festum maximi momenti &quot;festum festorum&quot; vocatur. 

Duo sunt genera festorum: festa mobilia atque fixa. Fixa singulis annis eodem die occurrunt, cum mobilia quotannis varient. Mobilia a die paschali deducuntur, quare cyclus festorum mobilium cyclus paschalis appellatur.

== Index festorum ==
Index [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]] respondet. Pars ecclesiarum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] (sive antiquum) sequitur; quod si ita est tredecim dies addendi sunt: Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis exempli gratia non in die 8 Septembris, sed in die 21 Septembris celebratur.

*Die 8 Septembris: [[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Nativitas Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]
*Die 14 Septembris: [[Exaltatio Crucis]]
*Die 21 Novembris: [[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis|Praesentatio Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]
*Die 25 Decembris: [[Christi Natalis|Nativitas Domini]]
*Die 6 Ianuarii: [[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Epiphaniae Domini]] sive Theophania (Baptisma Domini)
*Die 2 Februarii: [[Festum in praesentatione domini|Praesentatio Domini in templo]] sive [[Hypapante]]
*Die 25 Martii: [[Annuntiatio Domini]]
*Dies Domini ante [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]]: [[Dominica in Palmis de passione Domini|Dominica Palmarum]] sive introitus Domini in Hierosolyma
*Quadraginta dies post Pascha: [[Ascensio Domini]]
*Quinquaginta dies post Pascha: [[Pentecoste]]
*Die 6 Augusti: [[Transfiguratio]] sive Metamorphosis
*Die 15 Augusti: [[Dormitio Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]

Praeter duodecim festa principalia in Ecclesiis Orthodoxis sunt alia quinque festa maiora: 
*[[Circumcisio Domini]] (Die 1 Ianuarii), 
*[[Nativitas Ioannis Baptistae|Nativitas Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]] (die 24 Iunii), 
*[[dies Petri et Pauli|Festum apostolorum Petri et Pauli]] (die 29 Iunii), 
*[[Decollatio Ioannis Baptistae|Passio Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]] (die 29 Augusti), 
*[[Patrocinium Dei Genetricis]] sive Omophorium Dei Genetricis (die 1 Octobris — Vide etiam: [[Auxilium Christianorum]])

== Structura festorum ==
* Resurrectio Domini festum est maximum;
*Octo festa Domini principalia et 
* Quattuor festa Mariae principalia;
*Quinque alia festa maiora:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; vertical-align:top; border-width: 3px&quot;
|colspan=&quot;8&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Harrowing of hell (15th c., Byzantine, Hermitage).jpg|100px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Resurrectio Domini]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Nativity (15th c., Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas]] &lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Candlemas (1420s, Sergiev Posad).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hypapante]] &lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Epiphany_(XVIc).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Baptisma]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Преображение (18443317189).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Transfiguratio]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Вход Господень в Иерусалим XIV.jpg|65px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dominica in Palmis de passione Domini|Introitus in Hierosolyma]]
|[[Fasciculus:Ascension from Vasilyevskiy chin (15th c., GTG) 2.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ascensio]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:The Descent of the Holy Spirit Novgorod.jpeg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pentecoste]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Unknown painter - Exaltation of the Cross - WGA23497.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Exaltatio Crucis]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Рождество Богородицы Украина XVI.jpeg|55px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Nativitas Dei genetricis]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Presentation of Mary, Cretan school.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Благовещение Суздаль XV.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Annuntiatio]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Dormition (1420s, Sergiev Posad).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dormitio]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Stjohn-nativity.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas Ioannis Baptistae]]
|[[Fasciculus:Обрезание Христа.jpeg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Circumcisio Domini]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Execution of John the Baptist icon02.jpg|57px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Decollatio Ioannis Baptistae]]
|[[Fasciculus:The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Novgorod School of Icon Painting, 12th-13th centuries. Belozersk.jpg|50px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dies Petri et Pauli]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Образописов Покров. Болгария.jpg|55px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Patrocinium Dei Genetricis]]
|}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Calendarium liturgicum Orthodoxum]]
*[[Computus paschalis]]

[[Categoria:Duodecim festa principalia Orthodoxa|!]]
[[Categoria:Feriae Christianae| !]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]]
[[Categoria:Res enumeratae|12]]</text>
      <sha1>mnw3m213zpo8x4kpx1w2tgfv246e531</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953576</id>
      <parentid>3953575</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:57:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953576</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4746" sha1="kjup3y160m8792m067f9rxl784xoxqp" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2025|7}}
'''Duodecim festa principalia Orthodoxa''' ([[Graece]] Δωδεκάορτον) ex octo festis [[Iesus|Iesu Christo]] dedicatis et quattuor festis, quibus [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Virgo Maria (Θεοτόκος)]] celebratur, constant. [[Festum]] [[resurrectio]]nis Iesu Christi, [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]] dictum, ut festum maximi momenti &quot;festum festorum&quot; vocatur. 

Duo sunt genera festorum: festa mobilia atque fixa. Fixa singulis annis eodem die occurrunt, cum mobilia quotannis varient. Mobilia a die paschali deducuntur, quare cyclus festorum mobilium cyclus paschalis appellatur.

== Index festorum ==
Index [[Calendarium Gregorianum|Calendario Gregoriano]] respondet. Pars ecclesiarum [[Calendarium Iulianum]] (sive antiquum) sequitur; quod si ita est tredecim dies addendi sunt: Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis exempli gratia non in die 8 Septembris, sed in die 21 Septembris celebratur.

*Die 8 Septembris: [[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Nativitas Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]
*Die 14 Septembris: [[Exaltatio Crucis]]
*Die 21 Novembris: [[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis|Praesentatio Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]
*Die 25 Decembris: [[Christi Natalis|Nativitas Domini]]
*Die 6 Ianuarii: [[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Epiphaniae Domini]] sive Theophania (Baptisma Domini)
*Die 2 Februarii: [[Festum in praesentatione domini|Praesentatio Domini in templo]] sive [[Hypapante]]
*Die 25 Martii: [[Annuntiatio Domini]]
*Dies Domini ante [[Pascha (festum Christianum)|Pascha]]: [[Dominica in Palmis de passione Domini|Dominica Palmarum]] sive introitus Domini in Hierosolyma
*Quadraginta dies post Pascha: [[Ascensio Domini]]
*Quinquaginta dies post Pascha: [[Pentecoste]]
*Die 6 Augusti: [[Transfiguratio]] sive Metamorphosis
*Die 15 Augusti: [[Dormitio Sanctae Dei Genetricis]]

Praeter duodecim festa principalia in Ecclesiis Orthodoxis sunt alia quinque festa maiora: 
*[[Circumcisio Domini]] (Die 1 Ianuarii), 
*[[Nativitas Ioannis Baptistae|Nativitas Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]] (die 24 Iunii), 
*[[dies Petri et Pauli|Festum apostolorum Petri et Pauli]] (die 29 Iunii), 
*[[Decollatio Ioannis Baptistae|Passio Sancti Ioannis Baptistae]] (die 29 Augusti), 
*[[Patrocinium Dei Genetricis]] sive Omophorium Dei Genetricis (die 1 Octobris — Vide etiam: [[Auxilium Christianorum]])

== Structura festorum ==
* Resurrectio Domini festum est maximum;
*Octo festa Domini principalia et 
* Quattuor festa Mariae principalia;
*Quinque alia festa maiora:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; vertical-align:top; border-width: 3px&quot;
|colspan=&quot;8&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Harrowing of hell (15th c., Byzantine, Hermitage).jpg|100px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Resurrectio Domini]]
|-
|[[Fasciculus:Nativity (15th c., Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas]] &lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Candlemas (1420s, Sergiev Posad).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hypapante]] &lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Epiphany_(XVIc).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sollemnitas Epiphaniae Domini|Baptisma]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Преображение (18443317189).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Transfiguratio]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Вход Господень в Иерусалим XIV.jpg|65px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dominica in Palmis de passione Domini|Introitus in Hierosolyma]]
|[[Fasciculus:Ascension from Vasilyevskiy chin (15th c., GTG) 2.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ascensio]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:The Descent of the Holy Spirit Novgorod.jpeg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pentecoste]]&lt;br&gt;
|[[Fasciculus:Unknown painter - Exaltation of the Cross - WGA23497.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Exaltatio Crucis]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Рождество Богородицы Украина XVI.jpeg|55px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas Beatae Mariae Virginis|Nativitas Dei genetricis]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Presentation of Mary, Cretan school.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Praesentatio Dei Genetricis]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Благовещение Суздаль XV.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Annuntiatio]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Dormition (1420s, Sergiev Posad).jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dormitio]]
|-
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Stjohn-nativity.jpg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Nativitas Ioannis Baptistae]]
|[[Fasciculus:Обрезание Христа.jpeg|60px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Circumcisio Domini]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Execution of John the Baptist icon02.jpg|57px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Decollatio Ioannis Baptistae]]
|[[Fasciculus:The Holy Apostles Peter and Paul. Novgorod School of Icon Painting, 12th-13th centuries. Belozersk.jpg|50px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Dies Petri et Pauli]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Fasciculus:Образописов Покров. Болгария.jpg|55px|]]&lt;br&gt;[[Patrocinium Dei Genetricis]]
|}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Calendarium liturgicum Orthodoxum]]
*[[Computus paschalis]]

[[Categoria:Duodecim festa principalia Orthodoxa|!]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Orthodoxae]]
[[Categoria:Feriae Christianae| !]]
[[Categoria:Res enumeratae|12]]</text>
      <sha1>kjup3y160m8792m067f9rxl784xoxqp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Propheta (Islamus)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>231228</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953706</id>
      <parentid>3822476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T01:59:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de Imamo</comment>
      <origin>3953706</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3995" sha1="isamh3nqjrj1mbev6ngtfnwodre8itk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Al-Anbiya.png|thumb|175px|Anbiya.]]
'''Propheta''' ([[Arabice]] الأنبياء في الإسلام) est [[homo]] cui, apud necessariam&lt;ref&gt;[[Alcoranus]], [[Sura (religio Islamica)|sura]] 14:4.&lt;/ref&gt; [[opinio]]nem [[religio Islamica|Islamicam]], praecipuum finem ut homines ducerent delegavit [[Deus (Islam)|Deus]]. [[Traditio]] Islamica tenet Deum nuntios omnibus [[natio]]nibus misisse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite quran|10|47|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] credunt omnes [[propheta|prophetas]] [[fides|fidem]] in Deum veneraturum accepisse, quem [[veneratio|venerari]] debent, quod eorum assectatores vicissim crediderunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite quran|2|131|e=133|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Quisque propheta apud Musulmanos eandem fidem praedicavit: [[Tawhid|unitatem dei]], [[veneratio]]nem illius [[Deus (Islam)|dei]] unius, vitationem [[idololatria]]e (''shirk'') et [[opiniones Islamicae de peccatis|peccatorum]], et fidem in [[eschatologia Islamica|diem resurrectionis vel diem iudicii]] et [[vita]]m post [[mos|mortem]]. Quisque ad [[Islam]] praedicandum variis [[historia]]e temporibus advenit, nonnullique praedicaverunt adventum prophetae et nuntii ultimi, ''Ahmed'' nominaturi, nunc [[Mahometus|Mahometi]] generatim appellati. Quisque propheta nuntium variis gregibus hominum praedicavit, Islam ergo secundum tempora praedicans.

Nuntii-prophetae fuerunt homines quos Deus iusserat quod se eis [[revelatio|revelaverat]] propagare. [[Fides]] in nuntios-prophetas significat credere Deum eos ad [[mundus Musulmanus|mundum]] missise ut eos ducant et eorum vitam vitamque post mortem perficiant, atque ipse eos [[miraculum|miraculis]] adiuvisse quae eorum [[veritas|veritatem]] demonstrant; et nuntium Dei significavisse; et quod iussi erant singulis hominibus fidis relevavisse; et Musulmanos eos omnes observare debere, inter eos non distinguentes et non discernentes.&lt;ref&gt;Shaatri 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; De [[infallibilitas|erroris immunitate]] Mahometi et aliorum prophetarum vel nuntiorum,&lt;!-- +or unquestionable for any of their acts,--&gt; vide [[Alcoranum]] (5:116) (11:36–37, 40–47) (37:139–142) (66:1).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|5|116|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|11|36|e=47|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|37|139|e=142|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite quran|66|1|s=ns}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Musulmani credunt Deum tandem [[Mahometus|Mahometum]] misisse ad [[Alcoranus|Alcoranum]] transmittendum, cuius nuntius universus est. Praeterea credunt verba [[Alcoranus|Alcorani]] incorrupta manere, quia priores [[liber sanctus|libri sancti]] Islamici ([[Tawrat|Torah Moysi datum]], [[Zabur|Psalmae Davidi datae]], [[Injeel|Evangelium Iesu datum]]) certo tempore et certo [[commune|communi]] data sunt, et quia, etiam si [[liber|libri]] corrupti fiant, multi prophetae iam advenient qui homines dicant quod in [[scriptura|scripturis]] emendatum sit ac de corruptionibus moneant. Mahometo autem, [[Khatam an-Nabiyyin|prophetae ultimo]], liber datus est qui verus rite manebit usque ad [[tempus ultimum|diem ultimum]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Qur'an Surah 15:9&quot;&gt;[[Alcoranus]] 15:9.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sura (religio Islamica)|Sura]] 15:9 Alcoranum [[Dhikr]] appellat,&lt;ref name=&quot;The Qur'an Surah 15:9&quot;/&gt; simul auctoritatem a Deo ipso [[Abraham (Islam)|Abrahae]] datam vocans.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Divinatio]]
*[[Duodecim Prophetae Minores]]
*[[Imamus]]
*[[Maulid]]&lt;!--
*[[Legenda et Alcoranum]]
*[[Narrationes biblicae et Alcoranum]]
*[[Prophetae maiores]] in Bibliis Sacris
*[[Propheta falsus]]
*[[Prophetae Ulu'l azm]]--&gt;
*[[Vaticinatio]]&lt;!--
*[[Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Shaatri, A. I. [[2007]]. ''Nayl al Rajaa' bisharh' Safinat an'najaa.'' Dar Al Minhaj.

==Nexus externi==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140802154113/http://true-muslim.com/1449/legacy-of-the-prophets/ Fortuna prophetarum in Islam,] true-muslim.com
*[http://lasjan.page.tl/Prophets.htm Prophetae in Islam,] lasjan.page.tl

[[Categoria:Tituli]]
[[Categoria:Prophetiae]]
[[Categoria:Personae Alcorani]]
[[Categoria:Theologia Islamica]]</text>
      <sha1>isamh3nqjrj1mbev6ngtfnwodre8itk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Le Faget</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>234310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953643</id>
      <parentid>3720672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:52:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1070" sha1="sc6u9xappjcw3o01y36q27b4cdngzgz" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blason_ville_fr_Le_Faget_%28Haute-Garonne%29.svg |thumb|250 px|Le Faget: [[insigne]]]]
[[Fasciculus: Map commune FR insee code 31179.png|250 px|left|thumb|Le Faget: communis tabula]]

''' Le Faget''' est commune [[Francia|Francicum]] 374 incolarum (anno [[2012]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Garunna Superior|Garunnae Superioris]] in regione australi [[Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]] (a die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[2016]] [[Occitania Ruscino Meridianum et Pyrenaei|Occitania Ruscinone Meridiano et Pyrenaeis]]).

{{NexInt}}

* [[Index communium praefecturae Garunnae Superioris]]
== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Le Faget|Le Faget}}

* {{INSEE commune|31179|de=Le Faget}}
* [http://cassini.ehess.fr/cassini/fr/html/fiche.php?select_resultat=13422 De hoc communi apud cassini.ehess.fr]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141129145255/http://www.lefaget.fr/ Huius communis pagina interretialis]
{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Garumnae superioris]]</text>
      <sha1>sc6u9xappjcw3o01y36q27b4cdngzgz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imamus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>238026</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953705</id>
      <parentid>3915150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T01:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de propheta Islami</comment>
      <origin>3953705</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6213" sha1="4t5t9tkecn6dgme0mvtdyrncvraxcip" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg|thumb|Imamus [[prex|preces]] [[Cairus|Cairi]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] anno [[1865]] ducit.]]

'''Imamus'''&lt;ref&gt;Annales regum Mauritaniae, vol. post., Upsaliae, anno 1846 {{Google Books|DbBCAAAAcAAJ|pag. 62, 63}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Arabice]] &lt;big&gt;إمام&lt;/big&gt; ''imām''&lt;span style=&quot;margin:1px;&quot;&gt;,&lt;/span&gt; pl. &lt;big&gt;أئمة&lt;/big&gt; ''aʼimmah''&lt;span style=&quot;margin:2.5px;&quot;&gt;;&lt;/span&gt; Farsi &lt;big&gt;امام&lt;/big&gt;) dicitur ille apud [[Religio Islamica|Islamicos]] [[dignitas|dignitate]] et [[honor|honore]] insignis. Qui plerumque dux venerationis [[mescita]]e et [[communitas|communitatis]] [[Musulmanus|Musulmanicae]] in [[secta Sunnitica]] invenitur. Hoc in contextu, imamus [[religio]]nes&lt;!--services--&gt; [[veneratio|venerationis Islamicae]] ducere, duces communitatis merere, et consilium religiosum praebere potest. In [[secta Siitica]], imamus partes maioris momenti in Islam agit et per notionem [[imamah]], [[vocabulum|nomen]] quod solum sociis [[domus]] [[propheta (Islamus)|prophetae]] ([[ahl al-Bayt]]) adhibetur, [[quattuordecim qui errare non possunt]] appellatis.&lt;ref&gt;Corbin 1993:30.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vocabulum]] etiam pro appellatione praeclarorum [[educatio|eruditorum]] Musulmanicorum adhiberi potest.

==Pinacotheca==
===Imami===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Asif muharram 1795 1.jpg|Imamus versus [[Alcoranus|alcoranicos]] legit post [[Isha']] (preces nocturnas) in [[Imperium Mughalense|Imperio Mughalensi]].
Fasciculus:Govardhan. A Discourse Between Muslim Sages ca. 1630 LACMA.jpg|Disputatio nonnullorum umam [[Islam]]icorum in [[Imperium Mughalense|Imperio Mughalensi]].
Fasciculus:Карло Боссоли. Татарская школа для детей.jpg|Nonnulli imami Crimaeani Tatari [[Alcoranum]] docent.
Fasciculus:Imam presidant la priere.jpg|Imamus [[prex|preces]] in [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africa Septentrionali ducit.]]
Fasciculus:Pirosmani. Shamil with a Bodyguard. Oil on oil-cloth, 112x90 cm. The State Museum of Fine Arts of Georgia, Tbilisi.jpg|[[Imamus Shamil]] [[Caucasus|Caucasianus]].
Fasciculus:Bruner-Dvorak, Rudolf - Bosna, imam (ca 1906).jpg|Imamus in [[Bosnia]], circa [[1906]].
Fasciculus:Mahdist in the Khalifa's house, Omdurman, Sudan.png|Imamus Omdurman in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Sudania]]e.
Fasciculus:Bosniak imam.jpg|Imamus militaris [[Bosnia]]cus in Exercitu Austro-Hungarico.
Fasciculus:Imam ndiawar.JPG|Imamus Thierno Ibrahima Thiello. 
Fasciculus:Muslim sheikh, Tbilisi (de Baye).JPG|Imamus [[Tiphlis|Tiphlensis]] [[Georgia]]e.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Mufti===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Mirza Huseyn Qayibzade.jpg|Mirza Huseyn Qayibzade [[Tiphlis|Tiphlensis]] mufti maximus
Fasciculus:Moeurs et costumes des Orientaux (recueil).f024.jpg|''Mufti Imperii Ottomanici iter facientes.'' [[Adumbratio]].
Fasciculus:Jakub Szynkiewicz.png|Mufti [[Iacobus Szynkiewicz]].
Fasciculus:Absattar Derbisali.png|[[Absattar Derbisali]] [[Kazakhstania]]e mufti maximus
Fasciculus:Muftí.jpg|Mufti maximus Ottomanicus.
Fasciculus:Türkischer Mufti.jpg|Mufti maximus Ottomanicus.
Fasciculus:Makam Surgi Mufti (2).jpg|[[Sepulcrum]] cuiusdam mufti in [[Indonesia]].
Fasciculus:Supreme Mufti of Russia Talgat Tadzhuddin.jpeg|[[Talgat Tadzhuddin]] mufti maximus
Fasciculus:Gérôme - Mufti Reading in His Prayer Stool.jpg|Mufti [[Lectio|praelegens]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

===Shaykh===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Portrait of Sheikhulislam by Huseinzade.jpg|Shaykh ul-Islam. Imago ab [[Ali bey Huseynzade]] facta.
Fasciculus:Hamza Yusuf.png|Shaykh [[Hamza Yusuf]].
Fasciculus:G1895 pg006 KURDISH SHEIKHS.jpg|Sheikh [[homines Kurdici|Kurdici]], 1895.
Fasciculus:Sheykh of the Rufai Dervishes.jpg|Sheykh Ordinis Sufiani Rufai.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Imama muliebre]]
*[[Jaʿfar ibn Muḥammad aṣ-Ṣādiq]]
*[[Mufti]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
===Encyclopediae===
*''Encyclopædia Britannica Online.'' Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
*''Encyclopædia Iranica.'' Novi Eboraci: Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. ISBN 1568590504.
*''Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa.'' [[2004]]. Gale Group. ISBN 9780028657691.
*Martin, Richard C., ed. ''Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world.''&lt;!--vol.1--&gt; Macmillan. ISBN 0028656040.
===Alii libri===
*Corbin, Henry. [[1964]], [[1993]]. ''History of Islamic Philosophy.'' Conv. Liadain Sherrard et Philip Sherrard. Londinii: Kegan Paul International, cum Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. Ed. prima Francice [[1964]]. ISBN 9780710304162. ISBN 0710304161.
*Momen, Moojan. [[1985]]. ''An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve.'' Portu Novo: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300035314.
*Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein. [[1988]]. ''The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence.'' Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195119150.
*Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. [[1979]]. ''Shi'ite Islam.'' Conv. Seyyed Hossein Nasr. SUNY Press ISBN 0873952723.

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Imams|imamos}}&lt;!--
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Imam}}--&gt;
*[http://al-islam.org/imamate/ Descriptio per singula fidei Siiticae,] al-islam.org
*[http://www.ummah.net/khoei/imam.htm#12 Historia Vitarum Duodecim Imamorum,] www.ummah.net
*[http://ibnalhyderabadee.wordpress.com/2006/10/31/imaams-of-the-sunnah-vanguards-of-islamic-aqeedah-contents/ Index nonnullorum imamorum Sunniticorum,] ibnalhyderabadee.wordpress.com
*[http://al-islam.org/twelve/7.htm Introductio Duodecim Imamorum,] al-islam.org
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190710173717/http://globalimam.com/ Organizatio Internationalis Imamorum,] www.globalimam.com
*Tabatabaei, Allameh. [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021073240/http://geocities.com/ahlulbayt14/12imams.html &quot;Duodecim Imami,&quot; capitulum libri ''A Shi'ite Anthology,''] www.geocities.com
*Tabatabaei, Allameh. [http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm#00011 &quot;Historia Brevis Vitarum Duodecim Imamorum,&quot; capitulum libri ''Shi'a Islam,''] www.balagh.net

[[Categoria:Munera]]
[[Categoria:Religio Islamica]]
[[Categoria:Tituli dignitatis]]&lt;!--en:Religious leadership roles + en:Titles of national or ethnic leadership--&gt;
[[Categoria:Verba Arabica]]&lt;!--]--&gt;

{{Myrias|Philosophia}}</text>
      <sha1>4t5t9tkecn6dgme0mvtdyrncvraxcip</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Dies mundialis salutis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>256742</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953657</id>
      <parentid>3884245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:56:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de sententia anno 2026</comment>
      <origin>3953657</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1755" sha1="5r9po9zcwarz9enkqj63mt04zklpuxx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:World Health Organization Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Vexillum]] [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordinis mundi sanitarii]].]]

'''Dies mundialis salutis''' est dies internationalis ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine mundi sanitario]] celebratus die [[7 Aprilis]], quo die Ordo mundi sanitatis constitutus est, quotannis ad [[salus|salutem]] omnium promovendam celebratus.

&lt;!-- I have added scholia concerning only the grammar, but the word choice should be fixed too -- Grufo --&gt; &lt;!-- Commentatiunculam correxi omninoque disposui. Grufoni assentior dicenti verborum dilectum maximi momenti esse. -- Neander --&gt;

[[Sententiola praeconialis|Sententia]]s novissimorum annorum exemplo citamus: 
* 2026: Coniuctum pro salute, scientia proesto
* 2025: Initui sani, futurae cum [[spes|spe]]
* 2024: Mea salus, meus ius
* 2023: Ad salutem omnibus parandam  
* 2022: [[Planeta]] noster, nostra salus   
* 2021: Ad mundum aequiorem et salubriorem omnibus creandum  
* 2020: Subvenite nosocomis et obstetricibus
* 2019: Cura valetudinis universalis :: omnes ubique 
* 2018: Cura valetudinis universalis :: omnes ubique 
* 2017: De [[depressio (psychiatria)|depressione]]: quin loquamur 
* 2016: Proelium contra [[diabetes mellitus|diabetem]] 
* 2015 [[Securitas cibaria]] 
* 2014 De morbis [[vector (epidemiologia)|vector]]igeris: morsus minimus, minacium maximum

{{NexInt}}
*[[Dies mundi salutis mentis]]

== Nexus externi ==
*[https://www.who.int/campaigns/world-health-day Situs publicus] {{Ling|Anglice}}
*[https://www.who.int/fr/campaigns/world-health-day Situs publicus] {{Ling|Francogallice}}
*[https://www.who.int/es/campaigns/world-health-day Situs publicus] {{Ling|Hispanice}}

[[Categoria:Ordo mundi sanitarius]]
[[Categoria:Ritus Aprilis]]
[[Categoria:Salus]]</text>
      <sha1>5r9po9zcwarz9enkqj63mt04zklpuxx</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Salus publica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>257961</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953684</id>
      <parentid>3807007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:52:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de contagione</comment>
      <origin>3953684</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10812" sha1="sozz9bg7jqzhzytcicvjtrqcrqz2msf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:phs.svg|thumb|upright=0.45|left|Sigillum [[Ministerium Salutis Publicae Civitatum Foederatarum|Ministerii Salutis Publicae Civitatum Foederatarum]].]]
[[Fasciculus:Salk headlines.jpg|thumb|200px|Tituli actorum de experimentis [[vaccinum poliomyelitis|vaccini poliomyelitis]], 13 Aprilis 1955.]]
[[Fasciculus:Directors of Global Smallpox Eradication Program.jpg|thumb|200px|Tres rectores [[variola|programmatis exstirpationis variolae mundialis]] nuntios exstirpationis legunt, 1980.]]
[[Fasciculus:Burying Plague Victims of Tournai.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Medicina]] [[Medium Aevum|mediaevalis]] [[Mors Atra|Mortem Atram]] [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] tractare non potuit. Fragmentum miniaturae ex ''Annalibus Gilles Li Muisis'' (1272-1352). Bibliotheca Regia Belgica, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.]]
[[Fasciculus:The cow pock.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Eduardus Jenner]] patientes [[vaccinatio|vaccinat]] timentes ne sese appendices bovinas promittant. Gryllus, [[1802]].]]
[[Fasciculus:SirEdwinChadwick.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Eduinus Chadwick]] Eques societatem prima salutis publicae expeditionem magnopere movit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Snow-cholera-map-1.jpg|thumb|[[Tabula]] punctorum [[Ioannes Snow (medicus)|Ioannis Snow]] [[corona (epidemiologia)|coronas]] casuum [[cholerae]] in pestilentia [[Londinium|Londinii]] anno [[1854]] monstrat.]]
[[Fasciculus:Paul-Louis Simond injecting plague vaccine June 4th 1898 Karachi.jpg|thumb|[[Paulus Ludovicus Simond]] [[vaccinum]] [[pestis]] [[Karachi]] in [[urbs|urbe]] anno [[1898]] inicit.]]
'''Salus publica,'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.linkedin.com/company/salus-publica Situs interretialis.]&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''salus populi'''&lt;ref&gt;Confer [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salus_populi_suprema_lex_esto Salus populi suprema lex esto,]'' locutionem antiquam.&lt;/ref&gt; et '''sanitas publica,'''&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books/about/An_conspirantibus_medicis_et_magistgrati.html?id=ldgAHAAACAAJ ''An conspirantibus medicis et magistgratibus, sanitas publica conservari et morbi præca-veri possint,''] liber (1759). Etiam ''valetudo publica'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=zr4tTMvawOcC&amp;pg=PA218&amp;lpg=PA218&amp;dq=%22valetudo+publica%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=afT9HKY4Jr&amp;sig=fTqrt4nIGkjK8LCArcYCJf1RWB8&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjA3oGV1MjMAhVCqB4KHTP0CBUQ6AEIODAE#v=onepage&amp;q=%22valetudo%20publica%22&amp;f=false ''Litterae annuae Societatis Iesu, anni 1602'']).&lt;/ref&gt; est &quot;[[scientia (ratio)|scientia]] et [[ars]] [[morbus|morbi]] prohibendi, [[vita]]e producendae, et [[salus|salutis]] promovendae per nisus ordinatos et electiones scientes [[societas humana|societatum]], [[organizatio]]num, publicarum et privatarum, [[civitas|civitatum]], et singulorum.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]]: &quot;the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals&quot; (Winslow 1920).&lt;/ref&gt; Quae minas [[medicina|medicas]] tractat secundum generales valetudinis hominum enodationes. Homines appositi esse possunt tam pauci quam manipulus, aut tam multi quam omnes nonnullarum [[continens|continentium]] incolae, exempli gratia, in [[pandemia|evagata pestilentia]]. Spatia valetudinis &quot;statum plenae salutis [[corpus|corporis]], [[mens|mentis]], et [[societas humana|societatis]], ac non solum absentiam morbi vel [[debilitas|debilitatis]]&quot; amplecti possunt, secundum [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordinem Mundi Sanitarium]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/suggestions/faq/en/ FAQ] ex exordio constitutionis Ordinis Mundi Sanitarii, a Congressu Salutis Internationalis anno [[1946]] ascitae.&lt;/ref&gt; Salus publica rationes [[interdisciplinarius|interdisciplinarias]] [[epidemiologia]]e, [[biostatistica]]e, et [[ministeria salutis|ministeriorum salutis]] contribuit. [[Salus circumiectorum]], [[salus communitatum]], [[salus morum]], [[oeconomica salutis]], [[ratio publica]], [[medicina indemnitatis]], [[salus mentis]], et [[salus et valetudo occupationum]] sunt cognatae [[disciplina academica|disciplinae]] magni momenti.

Finis rationum salutis publicae est mutatio qualitatis{{dubsig}} [[vita]]e in meliorem statum per impeditionem et tractationem [[morbus|morborum]], [[morbus mentis|morbis mentis]] non exclusis. Quod fit per [[inspectio morborum|inspectionem]]&lt;!--disease surveillance|surveillance--&gt;{{dubsig}} casuum et [[signum salutis|signa salutis]], ac per [[mores]] sanos promovendos. Inter usitatas valetudinis publicae rationes sunt promotio [[lavatio manuum|lavationis manuum]] [[nutritio per mammas effecta|nutritionisque per mammas effectae]]&lt;!--breastfeeding--&gt;{{dubsig}}, suppeditatio [[vaccinum|vaccinationum]], [[impeditio mortis voluntariae]], et distributio [[praeservativum|praeservativorum]] ad divulgationem [[morbus venereus|morborum venereorum]] continendam.

Hodierna valetudinis publicae rationes nituntur [[multidisciplinaritas|multidisciplinariis]] opificum salutis publicae hominumque professionalium gregibus, inter quos greges sunt [[epidemiologia|epidemiologi]], [[biostatistica|biostatistici]], [[adiutor medicus|adiutores medici]], [[nutrix salutis publicae|nutrices salutis publicae]], [[obstetrix|obstetrices]], [[microbiologista|microbiologistae medici.]]&lt;!--Depending on the need,--&gt; [[Magistratus salutis circumiectorum]] vel [[inspectores salutis publicae]], [[bioethica|bioethicae periti]], et adeo [[veterinarius|veterinarii]] auxiliari possunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Joint Task Group on Public Health Human Resources |author2=Advisory Committee on Health Delivery &amp; Human Resources |author3=Advisory Committee on Population Health &amp; Health Security |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada |title=Building the public health workforce for the 21st century |location=Otavae |year=2005 |oclc=144167975}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Accessus ad [[cura valetudinis|curam valetudinis]]&lt;!--healthcare--&gt; et rationes salutis publicae in [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectilibus]] sunt quaestiones difficiles quia [[infrastructura]]e salutis publicae iam formantur.

{{NexInt}}
{{div col|2}}
*[[Contagio]]
*[[Curia salutis universalis]]&lt;!--?universal healthcare--&gt;
*[[Epidemiologia circumiectorum]]
*[[Epidemiologia molecularis]]
*[[Hygiene]]
*[[Medicina morum]]&lt;!--behavioral m.--&gt;
*[[Miasma]]
*[[Morbi affluentiae]]&lt;!--diseases of a.--&gt;
*[[Morbi paupertatis]]
*[[Morbus mentis]]
*[[Proposita millennalia progressionis|Proposita millennialia progressionis]]
*[[Salus globalis]]
*[[Vaccinum|Vaccinatio]]&lt;!--
*[[10 Essential Public Health Services]]
*[[American Board of Preventive Medicine]]
*[[American Osteopathic Board of Preventive Medicine]]
*[[Breastfeeding promotion]]
*[[Evidence-based medicine]]
*[[Molecular pathological epidemiology]]
*[[GIS and public health]]
*[[Global Mental Health]]
*[[Health care delivery]]
*[[Health care provider]]s
*[[Health Officers]]
*[[Health profession]]
*[[List of preventable causes of death]]
*[[National public health institutes]]
*[[One Health]]
*[[Personalized medicine]]
*[[Precision medicine]]
*[[Preventive medicine]]
*[[Public health journal]]s
*[[Public health law]]
*''[[World Health Report]]''
International public health strategies and programs
*[[Global Strategy for Women's and Children's Health]]
*[[The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria]]
*[[World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control|WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]]--&gt;
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Breslow, Lester, ed. [[2002]]. ''Encyclopedia of Public Health.'' Novi Eboraci: Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 9780028653549.
*Garrett, Laurie. [[2000]]. ''Betrayal of Trust: the Collapse of Global Public Health.'' Novi Eboraci: Hyperion. ISBN 0786865229.
*Heymann, David L. [[2008]]. ''Control of Communicable Diseases Manual.'' Vasingtoniae: American Public Health Association. ISBN 9780875531892.
*Heggenhougen, Kris, et Stella R. Quah. [[2008]]. ''International Encyclopedia of Public Health.'' Amstelodami et BGostoniae: Elsevier/Academic Press. ISBN 9780122272257.
*Jalil, Hanni. [[2015]]. &quot;Curing a Sick Nation: Public Health and Citizenship in Colombia, 1930-1940.&quot; Dissertatio PhD, University of California, Santa Barbara.
*La Berge, Ann F. [[1992]]. ''Mission and Method: The Early Nineteenth-Century French Public Health Movement''. Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press.
*Novick, Lloyd F., Cynthia B. Morrow, et Glen P. Mays. [[2008]]. ''Public Health Administration: Principles for Population-Based Management.'' Ed. 2a. Sudburgi Massachusettae: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763738426.
*''Oxford Textbook of Public Health.'' [[2009]]. Ed. 5a. Oxoniae et Novi Eboraci: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199218707.
*Pacino, Nicole. [[2013]]. Prescription for a Nation: Public Health in Post-Revolutionary Bolivia, 1952-1964. Dissertatio PhD, University of California, Santa Barbara.
*Rosen, George. [[1957]]. ''A History of Public Health.'' Novi Eboraci: MD Publications.
*Schneider, Dona, et David E Lilienfeld. [[2008]]. ''Public Health: the Development of a Discipline.'' Novi Brunsvici Novae Caesareae: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813542317.
*Stokols, D., K. L. Hall, et A. L. Vogel. [[2013]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210220131841/https://webfiles.uci.edu/dstokols/Pubs/Stokols%2C%20Hall%2C%20%26%20Vogel%20%282013%29%20%20TD%20Public%20Health.pdf?uniq=-ftqwn4 Transdisciplinary public health: Core characteristics, definitions, and strategies for success.] In ''Transdisciplinary public health:  Research, methods, and practice.'' Ed. D. Haire-Joshu et T. D. McBride, 3–30. Franciscopolis: Jossey-Bass.
*Turnock, Bernard. [[2009]]. ''Public Health: What It Is and How It Works.'' Ed. 4a. Sudburgi Massachusettae: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. ISBN 9780763754440.
*White, Franklin, Lorann Stallones, et John M. Last. [[2013]]. ''Global Public Health: Ecological Foundations.'' Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199751907. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iE8SXPGGbeMC Google Books.]
*Winslow, Charles-Edward Amory. [[1920]]. The Untilled Field of Public Health. ''Modern Medicine'' 2:183–191.

==Nexus extrni==
{{CommuniaCat}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150905152555/https://www.aclscertificationonline.org/sitemap/ Commentarii de salute publica.] United Medical Education.
*[http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu Situs proprius Unionis Europaeae de salute publica.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131112223935/http://www.healthyvillage.org.au/ The Healthy Village.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20020930122507/http://www.whatispublichealth.org/ What Is Public Health?] Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health.

{{Myrias|Societas}}

[[Categoria:Euthenica]]
[[Categoria:Valetudo]]
[[Categoria:Salus publica| ]]&lt;!--
[[Category:Health policy]]
[[Category:Medical humanities]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sozz9bg7jqzhzytcicvjtrqcrqz2msf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Logica</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>266242</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953652</id>
      <parentid>3251100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:04:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953652</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="761" sha1="1v6aldjk04cjms99xdf0bmqv3nanj1v" xml:space="preserve">For &quot;Sit P et Q propositiones&quot;  should one not write &quot;Sint P et Q ...&quot; ? [[Usor:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|C.M.Sperberg-McQueen]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|disputatio]]) 18:24, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)
:Indeed:  thanks for pointing it out, and don't be shy about fixing that sort of thing!  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 20:11, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)

== Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? ==

Logica non est &quot;ars abstracta&quot; in sensu nexus. Sed, quia consuetudo est referre aliae paginae in principio paginae, velim proponere &quot;ars liberalis&quot; ut nexus hypernymo logicae. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:04, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1v6aldjk04cjms99xdf0bmqv3nanj1v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953680</id>
      <parentid>3953652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:10:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? */ +</comment>
      <origin>3953680</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1097" sha1="h62nv8y9jhkpe3pz2git72quoh2j0of" xml:space="preserve">For &quot;Sit P et Q propositiones&quot;  should one not write &quot;Sint P et Q ...&quot; ? [[Usor:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|C.M.Sperberg-McQueen]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|disputatio]]) 18:24, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)
:Indeed:  thanks for pointing it out, and don't be shy about fixing that sort of thing!  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 20:11, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)

== Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? ==
Logica non est &quot;ars abstracta&quot; in sensu nexus. Sed, quia consuetudo est referre aliae paginae in principio paginae, velim proponere &quot;ars liberalis&quot; ut nexus hypernymo logicae. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:04, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:De artibus liberalibus (Anglice ''liberal arts'') apud Wikipedia legimus &quot;Liberal arts is an academic program in Western higher education, which traditionally covers the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.&quot; [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 21:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>h62nv8y9jhkpe3pz2git72quoh2j0of</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953681</id>
      <parentid>3953680</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? */ +</comment>
      <origin>3953681</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1172" sha1="18puwm1gvd0gx0d8pi1fojfs4xxbmme" xml:space="preserve">For &quot;Sit P et Q propositiones&quot;  should one not write &quot;Sint P et Q ...&quot; ? [[Usor:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|C.M.Sperberg-McQueen]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|disputatio]]) 18:24, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)
:Indeed:  thanks for pointing it out, and don't be shy about fixing that sort of thing!  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 20:11, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)

== Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? ==
Logica non est &quot;ars abstracta&quot; in sensu nexus. Sed, quia consuetudo est referre aliae paginae in principio paginae, velim proponere &quot;ars liberalis&quot; ut nexus hypernymo logicae. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:04, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:De artibus liberalibus (Anglice ''liberal arts'') apud Wikipedia legimus &quot;Liberal arts is an academic program in Western higher education, which traditionally covers the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.&quot; Praetera, commentarium de [[artes liberales|talibus artibus]] iam habemus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 21:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>18puwm1gvd0gx0d8pi1fojfs4xxbmme</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953683</id>
      <parentid>3953681</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:15:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953683</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1607" sha1="ph07czjtftiwjsb5mw1xwpqop0d361r" xml:space="preserve">For &quot;Sit P et Q propositiones&quot;  should one not write &quot;Sint P et Q ...&quot; ? [[Usor:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|C.M.Sperberg-McQueen]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:C.M.Sperberg-McQueen|disputatio]]) 18:24, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)
:Indeed:  thanks for pointing it out, and don't be shy about fixing that sort of thing!  [[Usor:Amahoney|A. Mahoney]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Amahoney|disputatio]]) 20:11, 1 Martii 2017 (UTC)

== Melior prima nexus huic paginae quam &quot;ars abstracta&quot;? ==
Logica non est &quot;ars abstracta&quot; in sensu nexus. Sed, quia consuetudo est referre aliae paginae in principio paginae, velim proponere &quot;ars liberalis&quot; ut nexus hypernymo logicae. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:04, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:De artibus liberalibus (Anglice ''liberal arts'') apud Wikipedia legimus &quot;Liberal arts is an academic program in Western higher education, which traditionally covers the natural sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities.&quot; Praetera, commentarium de [[artes liberales|talibus artibus]] iam habemus. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 21:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Fortasse inclare dixi… It is the custom in Wikipedia for most pages on a topic to link to a hypernym of that topic in the first sentence, no? And so I suggested that ''liberal art'' might perhaps be a better hypernym than ''abstract art'' given the contents of their respective pages on ''Vicipaedia''. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 21:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ph07czjtftiwjsb5mw1xwpqop0d361r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>O Fortuna</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>267177</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953737</id>
      <parentid>3952013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:25:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>infobox</comment>
      <origin>3953737</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3072" sha1="5v2v9jd7gna89v4cy72d3rllmwyitt6" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =Textus originalis ''O Fortuna'', ortus a ''[[Carmina Burana|Carminis Buranis]]''. &quot;Fortunae rota&quot; in Codice Burano picta
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|O Fortuna}} est titulus primae et notissimae sectionis seriei mediaevalium [[poëma]]tum, [[Saeculum 13|saeculo 13]] scriptorum, quae vocantur ''[[Carmina Burana]]'' (propter nomen [[Abbatia|abbatiae]] [[Benediktbeuern]] ubi anno [[1803]] patefacta sunt&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20170507211226/http://www.classicfm.com/composers/orff/guides/story-behind-orffs-carmina-burana/#WYZtDOj8ZjjW4lsc.99 The Story Of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana] apud classicfm.com {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Verba &quot;O Fortuna&quot; sectionis [[incipit]] sunt.

''O Fortuna'' est prior duarum [[Versuum series|versuum serierum]] in prima parte contentarum titulata ''Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi''. Lamentatio in [[lingua Latina]] est de sorte et de [[Fortuna (dea)|Fortuna]], dea Romana quae [[Fortuna|fortunae]] [[allegoria]] est.

== Textus ==
&lt;blockquote&gt;&lt;poem&gt;
O Fortuna 
velut luna 
statu variabilis,
semper crescis 
aut decrescis;
vita detestabilis
nunc obdurat
et tunc curat
ludo mentis aciem,
egestatem,
potestatem
dissolvit ut glaciem.

Sors immanis
et inanis,
rota tu volubilis,
status malus,
vana salus 
semper dissolubilis,
obumbrata 
et velata
michi quoque niteris;
nunc per ludum
dorsum nudum
fero tui sceleris.

Sors salutis 
et virtutis
michi nunc contraria,
est affectus
et defectus
semper in angaria.
Hac in hora
sine mora
corde pulsum tangite;
quod per sortem
sternit fortem,
mecum omnes plangite!
&lt;/poem&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== [[Allusio|Allusiones]] culturales ==
* Annis 1935-1936, carmen ''O Fortuna'' in musicam conversum est a Germanico [[Musicographus|musicographo]] [[Carolus Orff|Carolo Orff]] in [[cantata]] ''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana]]'';
* Nas usus est loco carminis ''O Fortuna'' anno 1999 in [[Cantus|cantu]] suo ''Hate me now'';
* Anno 2013, [[Grex musicus|grex]] ''[[Momoiro Clover Z]]'' anteponit ''O Fortuna'' cantui suo ''Neo Stargate'', primo disci ''5th Dimension'' titulato;
* Anno 2014, ''Thirty Seconds to Mars'' loco carminis ''O Fortuna'' utitur ut initialem spectaculorum suorum musicam;
* Anno 2015, ''Little Mix'' carminis parte utitur in cantu ''Lighting''.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Carmina Burana]]''
* ''[[Carmina Burana (Orff)|Carmina Burana (cantata)]]''
* [[Carolus Orff|Carl Orff]]

== Nexus externi ==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180204064844/http://www.lamusiqueclassique.com/2011/10/carl-orff-carmina-burana-fortuna-imperatrix-mundi/ Carl Orff – Carmina Burana – Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi]'' apud LaMusiqueClassique.com {{Ling|Francogallice}}
{{Vicifons|Fortuna Imperatrix Mundi}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Carolus Orff]]</text>
      <sha1>5v2v9jd7gna89v4cy72d3rllmwyitt6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lex Romana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>275136</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953585</id>
      <parentid>3697170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:33:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Notissimae leges Romanae */</comment>
      <origin>3953585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5466" sha1="azxjdfkhg89a7f0ats17oaolobjxhyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Vicificanda}}
== Quomodo vox ''legis ''variis rei publicae Romanae aetatibus definita sit ==
Etiamsi quomodo mos legum ferendarum ortus sit adhuc ambiguitur videtur antiquissimum usum legis, id est ''legis actionem'', [[religio]]nis ex potestate magis quam e consilio rei publicae valuisse. Postquam res Romana ab imperatoribus haberi consuevisset vocatione ''lex'' plerumque praecepta per auctoritatem rei publicae principiumque eius designata sunt. Exempli gratia iuris consultus [[Papinianus]] in ''[[Digesta|digestis]]'' 1 tit.3 s1 rem ita definivit: Lex est commune praeceptum, virorum prudentium consultum, delictorum, quae sponte vel ignorantia contrahuntur, coercitio, communis rei publicae sponsio.

[[Iustinianus|Iustiniano]] imperatore in ''[[Institutiones|institutionibus]]'' (1 tit.2 s4) vox ita definitur: ''Lex est quod Populus Romanus senatorio magistratu interrogante, veluti consule, constituebat.''

== Quomodo leges aetate rei publicae latae sint ==

* 1. [[Magistratus]] quidam senatui novam legem proponit
* 2. De lege ferenda in senatu disputatur
* 3. Lex publice promulgatur
* 4. De lege in [[Comitia|comitiis]] deliberatur (''[[rogatio]]'') et duabus sententiis fit [[suffragium]] (''uti rogas'' aut ''antiquo'')
* 5. Lex in comitiis accepta publicatur.

Duo sunt formae legum Romanarum, '''leges curiatae'' et ''leges centuriatae''. Principio pro ''legibus'' solum ''leges curiatae'' in ''[[Comitia|comitiis curiatis]]'' sanctae nominabantur. Institutis autem ''[[Comitia Centuriata|comitiis centuriatis]]'' curiata comitia tantum magistratibus ''imperium'' per ''[[Lex curiata de imperio|legem curiatam de imperio]]'' adrogare solebant.

Exinde leges a ''comitiis centuriatis'' sanciri, e magistratibus rogantbius nominari mos erat. Ex anno 287 v. Chr. [[Lex Hortensia|lege Hortensia]] constitutum est plebiscita legibus aequiparari. Aetate imperiali leges plebiscitaque a ''[[Senatus consultum|senatus consultis]]'' et praecipue a ''constitutionibus'' gradatim substituta sunt.

== Quomodo mos legum ferendarum abolutus sit ==
Apud [[Tacitus|Tacitum]] legimus (''Annales'' iii.25-28) legum frequentiam magnopere auctam esse. [[Iulius Caesar]] cum etiam arbitratus esse feratur num legum collationem curari opporteat ''[[Leges Iuliae|leges Iulias]]'' tulit. Teste quidem Gaio iuris consulto (i.2ff) ''leges'' et plebis scita etiam aetate imperatorum retinebantur, exempli gratia ''lex Visellia'', altera ''lex agraria'' imperante [[Caligula]] nec non ''lex Claudia'' de manumissione feminarum (Gaius, i. 157, 171). Nulla autem lex post [[Nerva|Nervam]] imperatorem esse latam in ''digestibus'' 47 tit.21 s3 § 1 legimus (cf. [[Herennius Modestinus|Herennium Modestinum]]).

== Quo consilio voce aetate media usum sit ==
Initio saeculo VI sub voce ''legis'' in regno [[Visigothi|Visigothorum]] complures codices iudicales ad Romanam partem habitantium spectantem (''lex Romana Visigotorum'') et [[Burgundiones|Burgundorum]] (''lex Romana Burgundionum'') edicti sunt. Etiam in moribus Germanorum tribuum conscribendis nomen ''legis'' identidem adhibita est (''[[lex Alamannorum]]'', ''[[lex Baiuvariorum]]'', [[Lex Frisionum]], ''[[lex Ribuaria]]'', ''[[lex Salica]]'', ''[[lex Saxonum]]'' etc.).

== Notissimae leges Romanae ==
(secundum annum conceptionis)

* [[Lex XII Tabularum]]
* Lex Valeria Horatia
* Lex curiata de imperio
* [[Lex Canuleia]]
* [[Leges Liciniae Sextiae]]
* Lex Poetelia Papiria de nexis
* [[Lex Aquilia]]
* Lex Ogulnia
* [[Lex Hortensia]] de plebiscitis
* Lex Flaminia de [[Ager Gallicus|agro Gallico]] et [[Picenum|Piceno]] viritim dividundo
* [[Lex Claudia de nave senatorum|Lex Claudia de modo navium]]
* [[Lex Cincia|Lex Cincia de donationibus]]
* [[Lex Furia testamentaria]]
* [[Lex Voconia]]
* Lex Calpurnia de repetundis
* Lex Rupilia:
* Lex Acilia de repetundis pecuniis
* [[Leges Semproniae]]
** Lex agraria
** Lex frumentaria
** Lex iudiciaria
** Lex militaris
** Lex de provincia [[Asia (Provinz)|Asia]]
** Lex de provinciis consularibus
** Lex de provocatione
** Lex de viis muniendis
* Lex agraria
* Lex Appuleia agraria
* Lex Appuleia de piratis persequendis
* Lex Tarentina
* Lex Iulia de civitate
* [[Lex Plautia Papiria]]
* Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis
** Lex iudiciaria
** Lex de magistratibus
** Lex de praetoribus
** Lex de repetundis
** Lex de tribunis plebis
** Lex de XX quaestoribus
* [[Lex Gabinia|Lex Gabinia de piratis persequendis]]
* Lex Roscia theatralis
* [[Lex Manilia]]
* [[Lex Papia]]
* Lex Pompeia
* [[Leges Iuliae]]:
** Lex agraria
** Lex de repetundis
** Lex Vatinia de imperio Caesaris
** Lex Licinia Pompeia
** Lex municipalis
* Lex Antonia de mense Quintili
* [[Lex Ursonensis]]
* Lex Rubria de [[Gallia cisalpina]]
* [[Lex Falcidia]]
* [[Leges Iuliae]] [[Augustus|Augusti]]:
** Lex de adulteriis coërcendis
** Lex iudiciorum publicorum et privatorum
** Lex de maritandis ordinibus
* [[Lex Fufia Caninia]]
* [[Lex Aelia Sentia]]
* [[Lex Iulia et Papia|Lex Papia Poppaea]]
* Lex Iunia Norbanna:
* Lex Iunia Petronia:
* [[Lex Petronia]]
* [[Lex de imperio Vespasiani]]
* Lex Manciana
* [[Lex Malacitana]]
* [[Lex Salpensana]]
* [[Lex municipalis Irnitana|Lex Irnitana]]
* Lex provinciae
* Lex Hadriana de rudibus agris
* Lex metalli Vipascensis

== Bibliographia ==
* &quot;[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Lex.html Lex]&quot; in {{Smith-dgra}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Ius Romanum]]
*[[Lex maiestatis]]

[[Categoria:Leges Romanae|!]]
[[Categoria:Ius Romanum]]</text>
      <sha1>azxjdfkhg89a7f0ats17oaolobjxhyy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Noradinus Badawī</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>279343</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953733</id>
      <parentid>3952797</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Nūr al-Dīn Badawī]] ad [[Noradinus Badawī]] praeter redirectionem: praenomen Latinum, vide historiam paginae</comment>
      <origin>3952797</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1696" sha1="1yizpzl09fg1hs26w9nfrc6j6bp9j0s" xml:space="preserve">{{Movenda|Noradinus Badawī}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Noradinus Badawī''', litteris Arabicis نور الدين بدوي, ''Nūr al-Dīn Badawī'', linguis vernacularibus saepius ''Noureddine Bedoui'' (die [[22 Decembris]] [[1959]] natus ad [[Aïn Taya]] in [[Algeria]]e suburbanis) est politicus [[Algerium|Algerii]]. Alumnus est [[schola Nationalis Administrationis (Algeria)|scholae nationalis administrationis]] [[Algeria]]e in urbe. Minister ab eruditione technica a die [[11 Septembris]] [[2013]], minister a rebus internis a die [[14 Maii]] [[2015]] meruit. Primo ministro [[Ahmedus Ūyaḥyā|Ahmedo Ūyaḥyā]] causa tumultuum popularium deiecto, praeses [[Abdelazizus Būtaflīqa|Abdelazizus Būtaflīqa]] ad idem officium Nūr al-Dīn Badawī die [[11 Martii]] [[2019]] convocavit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Farid Alilat, &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/747782/politique/algerie-le-premier-ministre-ahmed-ouyahia-demissionne-noureddine-bedoui-le-remplace/ Algérie : le Premier ministre Ahmed Ouyahia démissionne, Noureddine Bedoui le remplace]&quot; in ''Jeune Afrique'' (11 Martii 2019)
* Neila Latrous, &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/559401/politique/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-noureddine-bedoui-le-ministre-de-linterieur-algerien/ Algérie : dix choses à savoir sur Noureddine Bedoui, le nouveau Premier ministre]&quot; in ''Jeune Afrique'' (12 Martii 2019)

{{Primi ministri Algerii}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Algerienses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badawi, Nuraldin}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1959]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Algerii]]
[[Categoria:Primi ministri Algerii]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Nationalis Administrationis (Algeria)]]</text>
      <sha1>1yizpzl09fg1hs26w9nfrc6j6bp9j0s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953735</id>
      <parentid>3953733</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:24:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1667" sha1="f128fyx85ybccfvpsmxwf30qvvg9hg3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Noradinus Badawī''', litteris Arabicis نور الدين بدوي, ''Nūr al-Dīn Badawī'', linguis vernacularibus saepius ''Noureddine Bedoui'' (die [[22 Decembris]] [[1959]] natus ad [[Aïn Taya]] in [[Algeria]]e suburbanis) est politicus [[Algerium|Algerii]]. Alumnus est [[schola Nationalis Administrationis (Algeria)|scholae nationalis administrationis]] [[Algeria]]e in urbe. Minister ab eruditione technica a die [[11 Septembris]] [[2013]], minister a rebus internis a die [[14 Maii]] [[2015]] meruit. Primo ministro [[Ahmedus Ūyaḥyā|Ahmedo Ūyaḥyā]] causa tumultuum popularium deiecto, praeses [[Abdelazizus Būtaflīqa|Abdelazizus Būtaflīqa]] ad idem officium Nūr al-Dīn Badawī die [[11 Martii]] [[2019]] convocavit.

== Bibliographia ==
* Farid Alilat, &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/747782/politique/algerie-le-premier-ministre-ahmed-ouyahia-demissionne-noureddine-bedoui-le-remplace/ Algérie : le Premier ministre Ahmed Ouyahia démissionne, Noureddine Bedoui le remplace]&quot; in ''Jeune Afrique'' (11 Martii 2019)
* Neila Latrous, &quot;[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/559401/politique/dix-choses-a-savoir-sur-noureddine-bedoui-le-ministre-de-linterieur-algerien/ Algérie : dix choses à savoir sur Noureddine Bedoui, le nouveau Premier ministre]&quot; in ''Jeune Afrique'' (12 Martii 2019)

{{Primi ministri Algerii}}
{{Ministri rerum internarum Algerienses}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badawi, Noradinus}}

[[Categoria:Nati 1959]]
[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Politici Algerii]]
[[Categoria:Primi ministri Algerii]]
[[Categoria:Gubernatores civitatum]]
[[Categoria:Alumni Scholae Nationalis Administrationis (Algeria)]]</text>
      <sha1>f128fyx85ybccfvpsmxwf30qvvg9hg3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Adumbratio:Ascalon</title>
    <ns>118</ns>
    <id>282079</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953658</id>
      <parentid>3953433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:58:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */</comment>
      <origin>3953658</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14870" sha1="l8ng7vveun402s3vdvriffn7oznahtq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l8ng7vveun402s3vdvriffn7oznahtq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953672</id>
      <parentid>3953658</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:28:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */</comment>
      <origin>3953672</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15395" sha1="g197p83kgm277e0bbooguu3ebtu13hq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>g197p83kgm277e0bbooguu3ebtu13hq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953674</id>
      <parentid>3953672</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:46:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */</comment>
      <origin>3953674</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15580" sha1="0wuiubgrugj085ww50u3ur1imgcbcoy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Iulii|quarto die mensis Iulii]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0wuiubgrugj085ww50u3ur1imgcbcoy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953675</id>
      <parentid>3953674</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:54:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */</comment>
      <origin>3953675</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15647" sha1="ohocbniez1nugvr4r86wcgde3xtmfra" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Iulii|quarto die mensis Iulii]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ohocbniez1nugvr4r86wcgde3xtmfra</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953755</id>
      <parentid>3953675</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */</comment>
      <origin>3953755</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15657" sha1="cfam6us81l9xptsc8qzk6ckmeh4vgl8" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. Portum habebat unde merces et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[File:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|Ascalonis chananaeae porta]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum cecidit, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cfam6us81l9xptsc8qzk6ckmeh4vgl8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ostrea edulis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>285342</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953634</id>
      <parentid>3905665</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:32:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3953634</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="22733" sha1="cmpj3paewq1up3g7cpai4ccl4v1yrc1" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Capsa taxinomica
| image = Ostrea edulis 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'': testa intus extusque visa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| ordo = [[Ostreoida]]
| subordo = [[Ostreina]]
| familia = [[Ostreidae]]| genus = ''[[Ostrea]]''
| species = ''O. edulis''
| species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}
'''''Ostrea edulis''''', Latinitate classica '''ostrea''' seu rarius '''ostreum''' ([[Graece]] ὄστρεον, ὄστρειον),&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S}} s.v. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dostrea &quot;ostrea&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; est illa species [[bivalvia|bivalvium]] generis ''[[Ostrea]]e'' quae olim fere ubique in litoribus [[Europa]]e reperta multis locis culta est. Ibidem hodie species ''[[Magallana gigas]]'' introducta est. ''Ostrea edulis'' in variis partibus Europae rursus introducta, rarius viget. Ad litora multarum [[Europa]]e civitatum colitur, insuper in [[Tunesia]], [[Marocum|Maroco]], [[Namibia]], [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] necnon [[Cenomannica]]. ''O. edulium'' cultarum anno 2015 2&amp;nbsp;872&amp;nbsp;000 [[chiliogramma]]ta venditata sunt, pretio $19&amp;nbsp;363&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref&gt;''FAO Fisheries Yearbook 2015: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/navigation/index_intro_e.htm Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics]'' (2017) [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/root/aquaculture/b53.pdf pp. 116-117]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Exeter Book f 127r Oyster riddle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Aenigma]] ostrei: [[liber Exoniensis]] (saeculo XI exscriptus) f. 127r]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Fobsen Van Es Déjeuner Nancy 250808.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Prandium e cibo marino compositum ab {{creanda|nl|Jacob Foppens van Es|Iacobus Foppens van Es|Iacobo van Es}} medio saeculo XVII pictum ([[Museum Bellarum Artium Nanceiense]])]]
[[Fasciculus:2017-02 Johann Wilhelm Preyer - Still life with champagne and oysters.jpg|thumb|''Ostreae edules'' cum [[limon]]e, [[capsicum (fructus)|capsico]], [[prunum|prunis]] et [[vinum Campanicum|Campanico]] ad comedendum oblatae. Tabula [[Ioannes Gulielmus Preyer|Ioannis Gulielmi Preyer]] anni 1857]]

== Historia ==
Iam aevo praehistorico ostreae huius speciei ad litora [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranea]] et [[Europa]]ea ab hominibus quaerebantur. Graeci Romanique ostreas saepe cruda, saepe et cocta comederunt: ita de nutrimento [[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]] saeculo II exeunte &quot;ostrea inter alia testacea&quot; ait &quot;carnem habent mollissimam ... alvum valentius subducunt, corpus autem imbecillius nutriunt&quot;; at quamquam alia ostracoderma &quot;omnia elixantur, ostrea vero citra elixationem mandunt[ur]; quidam autem etiam in sartagine frigunt&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]], ''[[De alimentorum facultatibus]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hapantaoperaomni06galeuoft/page/734/mode/1up vol. 6 p. 734 Kühn]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Geographia ostrearia antiqua ===
Sub monarchiis [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticis]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanoque]] gastronomi assidui ostreas harum regionum fere omnium degustare potuerunt: ita aestimatio ostrearum nonnumquam in fontibus Graecis et Romanis descripta est. [[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis|Xenocrates]] diaeteticus saeculo I p.C.n., facultatibus ostrearum diaeteticis expositis, ostrea optima e talibus explorationibus reperta sic enumeravit:
:Ὄστρεα τὰ πελάγια σπάνια καὶ ἀχρεῖα διὰ τὸ μὴ θεωρεῖσθαι ὑφ' ἡλίου ... διὸ κάλλιστα κατὰ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Νείλου ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. Καὶ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τοῦ Καϋστρίου εἰς καταβόλους ... πάλιν κατὰ Βρεντέσιον, Ταρακῶνα, Ναρβῶνα, Δικαιαρχείαν ἐν Λουκρίνῳ λάκκῳ, Χελιδονίας, Λευκάδα, Ἄκτιον, Λιβυκοὺς κόλπους
(&quot;Ostrea pelagica tenues et sine nutrimento quia sole non videntur ... ergo pulcherrima ad ostia [[Nilus|Nili]] reperiuntur [[Ephesus|Ephesique]] in aditu [[Cayster|Caystri]] ... [[Brundisium|Brundisii]] etiam, [[Tarraco]]ne, [[Narbo]]ne, [[Puteoli|Dicaearchiae]] in [[lacus Lucrinus|lacu Lucrino]], Chelidoniis, [[Leucas|Leucade]], [[Actium|Actii]] et in [[Syrtes|sinubus Libycis]]&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Xenocrates}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius]] encyclopaedicus eodem aevo e relationibus [[Gaius Licinius Mucianus|Muciani]] ter consulis haec citavit:
:sunt ergo Muciani verba, quae subiciam: [[Cyzicus|Cyzicena]] maiora [[lacus Lucrinus|Lucrinis]], dulciora [[Britannia|Britannicis]], suaviora [[Meduli]]s, acriora [[Ephesus|Ephesiis]], pleniora [[Illici|Iliciensibus]], sicciora [[Coryphantis|Coryphantenis]], teneriora [[Istria|Histricis]], candidiora [[Circeii|Circeiensibus]]: sed his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla esse compertum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#62 32.62]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Variantur coloribus&quot;, addidit Plinius, fonte non citato, &quot;rufa Hispaniae, fusca Illyrico, nigra et carne et testa Circeiis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#60 32.60]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]] saeculo IV exeunte productius, sed praecipue de provinciis occidentalibus:
:Sed mihi prae cunctis mitissima quae [[Meduli|Medulorum]]&lt;br/&gt;
:Educat oceanus, quae [[Burdigala|Burdigalensia]] nomen&lt;br/&gt;
:Usque ad Caesareas tulit admiratio mensas ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Proxima sint quaevis, sed longe proxima multo&lt;br/&gt;
:Ex intervallo quae [[Massilia|Massiliensia]]: portum&lt;br/&gt;
:Quae [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Veneris]] nutrit; cultuque carentis&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Hellespontus|Hellespontiaci]] quae protegit aequor [[Abydus|Abydi]]:&lt;br/&gt;
:Vel quae [[Baiae|Baianis]] pendent qui tantia pilis:&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Oceanus Santonicus|Santonico]] quae tecta salo: quae nota Genonis:&lt;br/&gt;
:Aut [[Ebora]]e mixtus pelago quae protegit amnis ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Sunt et [[Armorica|Aremorici]] qui laudent ostrea ponti:&lt;br/&gt;
:Et quae [[Pictavi|Pictonici]] legit accola litoris: et quae&lt;br/&gt;
:Mira [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonius]] nonnunquam detegit aestus.&lt;br/&gt;
:Accedunt, quae fama recens [[Byzantium|Byzantia]] subter&lt;br/&gt;
:Litora, et insana generata [[Propontis|Propontidis]] acta,&lt;br/&gt;
:Promoti celebrata ducis de nomine, laudat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 3.18-40 (ed. Green [1991] pp. 194-195, 608-611); Ferdinand Gidon, &quot;Sur la biogéographie de l'huître dans Ausone, huîtres du Calvados ou huîtres d'Eboura?&quot; in ''Comptes rendus sommaires des séances de la Société de Biogéographie'' vol. 16 no. 132 (1939)&lt;/ref&gt;

E talibus citationibus pluribus, inter se haud dissonantibus, geographia classica ''Ostreae edulis'' reconstruitur in qua regiones, quae sequuntur, innotuunt:
* Ostia [[Nilus|Nili]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Syrtis minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hellespontus]]: &quot;ora Hellespontia, ceteris ostreosior oris&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[Catullus]], fragmenta 1.3-4&lt;/ref&gt; praesertim [[Abydos]]: &quot;aspera ostrea plurima Abydi&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Ennius|Ennius]], ''[[Hedyphagetica]]'', post [[Archestratus|Archestratum]] fr. 7 ed. Olson et Sens {{apud Ath}} 92d&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ostriferi fauces ... Abydi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]], ''[[Georgica]]'' 1.207&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aenigma ostrei ''P. Louvre inv. 7733 verso'': P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR], cf. [[Ostrearium genus]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Propontis]], praesertim [[Cyzicus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; &quot;ostrifer [[Calchedon]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' 9.968&lt;/ref&gt; necnon &quot;ostrifer [[Geraestus]]&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Flaccus]], ''[[Argonautica (Valerius Flaccus)|Argonautica]] 1.456&lt;/ref&gt; [[Constantinopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Aegaeum mare]], praesertim [[Ephesus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; [[Coryphantis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Actium]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Leucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Illyricum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; [[Istria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Brundisium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Puteoli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; et praesertim [[lacus Lucrinus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt;
* [[Circeii]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; &quot;nigra et carne et testa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; &quot;his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Narbonensis]], praesertim [[Massilia]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Portum Veneris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hispania]]e &quot;rufa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; praesertim [[Tarraco]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Illici]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Oceanus Santonicus]], praesertim civitates [[Meduli|Medulorum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Santones|Santonum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Pictavi|Pictonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Armorica|Aremorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Britannia|Britannica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; (ostrea &quot;[[Rutupiae|Rutupino]] ... edita fundo&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis|Iuvenalis]], ''Saturae'' 4.140; ''These oysters may have come from Whitstable or from Colchester'': {{qc|id=Thompson (1947)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Caillebotte Nature morte aux huîtres.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gustavus Caillebotte]], ''Nature morte aux huîtres'' anno 1881 picta. Marie Berhaut, ''Caillebotte'' (Wilderstein Institute, 1994) no. 195]]
[[Fasciculus:Huitres Cancale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Ostreae edules'' [[Cancale]] in oppido [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] ad comedendum parantur]]

=== Cultura antiqua ===
Graeci antiqui ostreas viventes transvehebant, teste [[Aristoteles|Aristotele]], a [[Pyrrha (Lesbos)|Pyrrha]] in insula [[Lesbos|Lesbo]] ad [[Chius|Chium]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De generatione animalium]]'' 763 b 1&lt;/ref&gt; Ita transvectae semper florebant, dixit Plinius.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#61 32.61]&lt;/ref&gt; Ad usum Romanorum ostreae [[Brundisium|Brundisinae]], per [[mons Appenninus|Appenninos]] transportatae, in lacu Lucrino saturabantur vel impinguebantur (&quot;Ostrea tu sumis stagno saturata Lucrino&quot; ait cliens, [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]] epigrammatistae persona).&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]], ''Epigrammata'' 3.60&lt;/ref&gt; Testimonia picta culturae ostrearum Romanae collegit R. T. Günther.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Günther (1897)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliae in [[vivarium|vivariis]] ostreariis colebantur, per exemplum [[Baiae|Baiis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassiodorus]], ''Varia'' 9.6&lt;/ref&gt; Quas consuetudines [[Sergius Orata]] saeculo I a.C.n. primum invenisse &quot;non gulae causa, sed avaritiae&quot; dictus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/9*.html#168 9.168-169]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Britannia]] nuper in statum provinciae Romanae reducta ostreae a Rutupiis missa Romae celebrabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; Coquus [[Apicius (saeculum 2)|Apicius]] appellatus, tertius fortasse huius cognominis, in expeditione [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamena]] iuxta imperatorem [[Traianus|Traianum]] operam dans, methodum ostrearum crudarum a [[Syria]] ad exercitum transvehendarum primum invenisse dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Deipnosophistarum epitome]]'' 7d&lt;/ref&gt; Talis methodus in libro ''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicius]]'' nuncupato, saeculo fere IV confecto, descripta est: &quot;Ostrea ut diu durent: Vas ab aceto, aut ex aceto vasculum picitum laba, et ostrea compone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Apicius}} 1.12 (Grocock et Grainger [2006] pp. 136-137)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aestimatio recentior ===
[[Thomas Flatman]] poëta anno 1674 sermonem [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatianam]] de Catio ganeone ([[Unde et quo Catius|''Satirae'' 2.4]]) [[lingua Anglica|Anglice]] refecit: ibi ostreariam gastronomiam Britannicam saeculi XVII recapitulavit, ''Your Wallfleet Oysters no man will prefer Before the juicy Grass-green Colchester,'' insulam Wallfleet [[Essexia]]e urbemque [[Camulodunum]] fontes ostrearum [[Londinium|Londinii]] requisitarum indicans.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Flatman (1674)}}; Drew Smith, &quot;[http://theoysterman.blogspot.com/2008/05/mystery-of-wellfleet.html Mystery of Wellfleet]&quot; (2008)&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]] in [[Scotia]] ostreae insulae [[Cramond (insula)|Cramond]] laudabantur.&lt;ref&gt;''Ye ar sib to Cramond oysters &amp; puiter vessel ye ar ay clattering'' (c. 1625?) in E. Beveridge, J. D. Westwood, edd., ''Fergusson's Scottish Proverbs'' (1924) no. 1562 fide {{OED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multo tardius, ''The English green oysters are the best that is known'' (&quot;virides ostreae Anglicae optimae sunt omnium nobis cognitorum&quot;), ait anno [[1813]] [[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude]] coquus Francicus in [[Anglia]] degens.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude|Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The French Cook'' (Londinii, 1813) [https://archive.org/details/b21471721/page/358/mode/2up p. 359]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Etiam anno [[1861]] [[Herbertus Byng Hall]] Europaea litora ostreifera huius speciei plurima enumerare potuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Hall (1861)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sed a saeculo XIX abundantia ''Ostreae edulis'' ad litora [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantica]] boreorientalibus rapidissime deminuta est, tribus rationibus:&lt;ref&gt;Piscatus ostrearum in insula Cramond iam anno [[1806]] deletus est: ''Oysters beds on the coast, and about the islands of Cramond and Inchmickery, are almost destroyed from over fishing'' {{Google Books|TnBbAAAAQAAJ|s.v. &quot;Cramond&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; invasionem speciei ''[[Magallana gigas|Magallanae gigantis]]'' (iamdudum in aquas [[Portugallia]]e incaute introductae); urbibus litoralibus peregrinatione frequentatis et magnopere auctis, aquas adiacentes polluentibus; piscatum nimis assiduum ad incolas magnarum urbium procul mare iacentium per vias ferreas suppeditandos.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Huxley (1885)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie ergo maxima quantitas ostrearum, quas in [[Europa]] venditantur, ad speciem ''M. gigantem'' pertinent. Plura inquisitiones scientificae de oecologia huius speciei citari possunt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Acarlı (2015)}}; {{qc|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)}}; {{qc|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)}}&lt;/ref&gt; nihilominus perpauca litora manent ubi species ''O. edulis'' contra invasores protegitur et sine pollutione viget.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Laing et al.}}; {{qc|id= Oysters galore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* ante 79 : {{ec|id=Plinius|c={{Pnh}} 2.109, 9.168-169, 32.59-62 et alibi}}
* saeculo I medio : {{ec|id=Xenocrates|c=[[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis]], ''De alimento ex aquatilibus'' 95-96 apud [[Oribasius|Oribasii]] ''[[Collectiones medicae]]'' [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/oribase/deuxgrec.htm 2.58] (Ioannes Raeder, ed., ''Oribasii Collectionum medicarum reliquiae''. 2 voll. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1929 [https://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_06_01_01.php vol. 1 p. 53])}}
* saeculo IV exeunte: [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 5 [https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CQC-381/page/12/mode/2up Textus]
* saec. IV? : {{ec|id=Apicius|c=''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 1.12], [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 9.6, 9.11] (Christopher Grocock, Sally Grainger, edd., ''Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation'' [Totenais: Prospect Books, 2006. ISBN 1903018137] pp. 136, 292, 296)}}
* saeculo VIII/X : [[Liber Exoniensis]] aenigma 74 vel 77 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903091110/http://www2.kenyon.edu/AngloSaxonRiddles/Riddles/Riddle74.htm Textus]
* 1594 : [[Ioannes Norden|John Norden]], ''Speculi Britanniae pars: an historical and chorographical description of the county of Essex'' ([[Henricus Ellis|Henry Ellis]], ed., ''Speculi Britanniae pars''. Londinii: Camden Society, 1840 {{Google Books|bc0_AAAAcAAJ}}
* ante 1674 : {{ec|id= Flatman (1674)|c= &quot;A character of a belly god&quot; in [[Thomas Flatman]], ''Poems and songs'' (Londinii: Benjamin Took, 1674) [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A39652.0001.001/1:62?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Recensio interretialis] }}
* 1778 : Emanuel Mendes da Costa, ''Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae, or, The British conchology'' (Londinii: Millan) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13116783#page/173/mode/1up pp. 154-163] (&quot;Ostreum vulgare&quot;)
* 1805 : [[Grimod de la Reynière]] et al., ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' vol. 3 (2a ed. 1805) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0003 pp. 176-177]; vol. 5 (1807) p. 24; vol. 8 (1812) pp. 37-40
* 1817/1827 : [[Gulielmus Kitchiner|William Kitchiner]], ''Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle''. Londinii: Bagster, 1817 [https://archive.org/details/b21533908/page/n171/mode/2up no. 181]; [https://archive.org/details/b22016430/page/n247/mode/2up no. 181-183 novae ed. 1827]
* 1825 : [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (Lutetiae, 1826) [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0001/page/168/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 169-171], 347-348; [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0002/page/322/mode/2up vol. 2 p. 323]
* 1861 : {{ec|id= Hall (1861)|c= [[Herbertus Byng Hall]], ''The Oyster: where, how, and when to find, breed, cook, and eat it''. Londinii: Trübner, 1861 [https://archive.org/details/b21526862 Textus] }}
* 1883 : {{ec|id= Huxley (1885)|c= [[Thomas Henricus Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], &quot;[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgltm&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=11&amp;skin=2021 Oysters and the Oyster Question]&quot; in ''Articles on the propagation of oysters'' (Sydneii: Government Printer, 1885) pp. 1-44 }}
* 1890-1891 : John R. Philpots, ''Oysters, and all about them''. 2 voll. Londinii: John Richardson, 1890-1891 [https://archive.org/details/oystersallaboutt01phil Textus] {{GB|8lkYAAAAYAAJ|Vol. 1}} {{Google Books|R1oYAAAAYAAJ|vol. 2}}

; Eruditio
* Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21827693/Comparative_Growth_Survival_and_Condition_Index_of_Flat_Oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Linnaeus_1758_in_Mersin_Bay_Aegean_Sea_Turkey Comparative Growth, Survival and Condition Index of Flat Oyster, Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus 1758) in Mersin Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey]&quot; in ''Kafkas Universitet Vet. Fac. Dergisi'' vol. 17 (2011) pp. 203-210
* {{ec|id= Acarlı (2015)|c= Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1601 Seasonal variation in reproductive activity and biochemical composition of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in the Homa Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Turkey]&quot; in ''Scientia Marina'' vol. 74 (2015) }}
* A. C. Andrews, &quot;Oysters as a food in Greece and Rome&quot; in ''Classical Journal'' vol. 43 (1948) pp. 299-303
* {{ec|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)|c= Andy Beaumont et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41706017_Genetics_of_Scottish_populations_of_the_native_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Gene_flow_human_intervention_and_conservation Genetics of Scottish populations of the native oyster, Ostrea edulis: Gene flow, human intervention and conservation]&quot; in ''Aquatic Living Resources'' vol. 19 (2006) }}
* {{ec|id=Günther (1897)|c=R. T. Günther, &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37287#page/390/mode/1up The Oyster Culture of the Ancient Romans]&quot; in ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'' n.s. vol. 4 (1895/1897) pp. 360-365}}
* {{ec|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)|c= Margot Maathuis, Joop W.P. Coolen, Tom Van der Have, Pauline Kamermans, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337937622_Factors_determining_the_timing_of_swarming_of_European_flat_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_L_larvae_in_the_Dutch_Delta_area_Implications_for_flat_oyster_restoration Factors determining the timing of swarming of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) larvae in the Dutch Delta area: Implications for flat oyster restoration]&quot; in ''Journal of Sea Research'' (Decembri 2019) }}
* P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR]
* Ramasamy Santhanam, ''Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs'' (Apple Academic Press, 2018) pp. 40-41, 389-391 {{Google Books|8llgDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Thompson (1947)|c=D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, ''Glossary of Greek Fishes'' (Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1947) pp. 190-192}}
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.winder Oysters and Other Marine Shells]&quot; in M. Atkinson, S.J. Preston, ''Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5'' (''Internet Archaeology vol. 40, 2015)
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[https://conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld25/8 Two thousand years of eating oysters in the UK: an archaeological perspective]&quot; in ''Mollusc World'' no. 25 (2011)

; Praecepta culinaria
{{Vide-etiam|Ostrearium genus#Praecepta culinaria}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ostrearium genus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Ostrea edulis|Ostream edulem}}
{{Vicispecies}}
* &quot;[http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Ostrea_edulis/en Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758)]&quot; apud [[FAO]] ''Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme''
* {{ec|id= Laing et al.|c= Ian Laing, Peter Walker, Francisco Areal, &quot;[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/119344/response/296705/attach/6/A%20feasibility%20study%20of%20native%20oyster%20Ostrea%20edulis%20stock%20regeneration%20in%20the.pdf A feasibility study of native oyster (Ostrea edulis) stock regeneration in the United Kingdom]&quot; }}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211022155558/https://www.kentandessex-ifca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Appendix-1.pdf Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries Marine Conservation Zone: native oyster permit byelaw consultation]&quot;
* &quot;[https://www.pangeashellfish.com/belon-oyster Belon Oysters: Quahog Bay, Harpswell, Maine]&quot; apud ''Oysterology''
* &quot;[http://wsg.washington.edu/oysterstew/cool/oystervarieties.html Oyster Varieties]&quot; (i.e. species in civitate Vasingtoniensi cultae) apud universitatem Vasingtoniensem
* {{ec|id= Oysters galore|c= &quot;[http://edinburghshoreline.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Shoreline-detailed-file-oysters.pdf Oysters galore!]&quot; }} (de ostreis Scoticis)
* Connor Law, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231102170803/https://nen.press/2021/04/17/cramond-islands-rich-history/ Cramond Island’s rich history]&quot; (Aprili 2021) apud ''North Edinburgh News''

[[Categoria:Ostreidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Mollusca culta]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
{{Appendicula de hac pagina|
{{PagMens|10|2024}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>cmpj3paewq1up3g7cpai4ccl4v1yrc1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ioannes Vincartius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>306220</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953671</id>
      <parentid>3944483</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:25:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Sacrarum Heroidum Vincartii index */</comment>
      <origin>3953671</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6254" sha1="957i58sqtit58n6nkp9ihbumdtmy0k5" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
'''Ioannes Vincartius''' ([[Francogallice]] ''Jean Vincart''), natus [[Insulae (urbs Franciae)|Insulis]] [[2 Februarii]] anno 1593 et mortuus [[Turnacum|Turnaci]] [[4 Februarii]] [[1679]], fuit [[Iesuita]] Francogallicus et Belgicus et poeta Latinus.

== Vita ==

Philosophiae studuit et in [[Societas Iesu|Societatem Iesu]] anno 1612 intravit. Turnaci in collegio Iesuitico poeticam, rhetoricam, linguam Graecam et theologiam docebat. Sacerdos erat.

==Opera==

* ''[https://ccfr.bnf.fr/portailccfr/ark:/06871/0012527347 Beata Virgo Cancellata, Insulis culta et miraculis celebris]''. Insulis, 1636. (Ipse haec Francogallice vertit: ''Histoire de Nostre-Dame de la Treille, auguste et miraculeuse, dans l’Eglise Cathedrale de S. Pierre, Patrone de la ville de Lille…'',Turnaci, 1671.)
* ''[[:s:la:Heroides (Vincartius)|Sacrarum Heroidum Epistolae]]''. Turnaci, 1639; Leodii, 1673; Moguntiae, 1737 (Cum argumentis, notis et emblemata symbolica cum explicationibus).
* ''Vita et documenta S. Ioannis Chrysostomi''. Turnaci, 1639.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Nq5csDm-zZUC De cultu Deiparae libri tres]''. Insulis, 1648. petit in-ix. pp. 240 (elegiae Latinae; ipse eas Francogallice versibus et oratione soluta vertit, sed versio inedita manere videtur)
* ''Vita sanctorum Ioannis Eleemosynarii, Climaci et Damasceni, cum documentis moralibus''. Duaci, 1650.
* ''[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4PxN-BH_S9kC/page/n1/mode/2up Elogia Mariana, ordine alphabetico, sanctorum Patrum sententiis, ac moralibus documentis illustrata]''. Tornaci, 1667.
* In ''Vie de S. Aldegonde'' auctore P. Triquet, 1665, duae elegiae Latinae et ode Francogallica Vincartii editae sunt.

Inedita:
* ''Paraphrasis Latino-Gallica Poetica in Litanias Lauretanas''.
* ''Expositio moralis in illa S. Jacobi verba: «Omne gaudium existimate, fratres mei, cum in varias tentationes incideritis»''.

==''Sacrarum Heroidum'' Vincartii index==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; 
|
===Liber I===
# [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]] — [[Iesus Christus|Christo]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/1/mode/1up p. 1])
# Iephtias — [[Iephthae]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/11/mode/1up p. 12])
# Anna — [[Liber Tobiae|Tobiae]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/20/mode/1up p. 21])
# [[Mariamme I|Mariamna]] — [[Herodes Magnus|Herodi]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/28/mode/1up p. 29])
# [[Dorothea (sancta)|Dorothea]] — Theophilo ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/36/mode/1up p. 37])
# Elapis — Iacobo ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/44/mode/1up p. 46])
# Theopista — [[Eustachius (sanctus)|Eustachio]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/53/mode/1up p. 53])
# [[Ursula Coloniensis|Ursula]] — Cordulae ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/61/mode/1up p. 61])
||

===Liber II===

# Aglae — {{Creanda|en|Boniface of Tarsus|Bonifatius Tarsensis|Bonifacio}} ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/68/mode/1up p. 68])
# Anthusa — [[Ioannes Chrysostomus|Chrysostomo]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/68/mode/1up p. 77])
# Polydora — [[Alexius Romanus|Alexio]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/84/mode/1up p. 86])
# {{Creanda|fr|Théodora et Didyme|Theodora et Didymus|Theodora — Didymo}} ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/94/mode/1up p. 96])
# Alena — Phosphoriano ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/102/mode/1up p. 104])
# Lucia — Scotiano ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/111/mode/1up p. 112])
# {{Creanda|fr|Austreberthe de Pavilly|Austraberta}} — Frameildi ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/119/mode/1up p. 121])
# [[Barbara (sancta)|Barbara]] — Dioscoro ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/127/mode/1up p. 128])
||

===Liber III===

# Loiolis — [[Ignatius de Loyola|Ignatio]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/134/mode/1up p. 136])
# Xaverias — Jasso Parenti&lt;ref&gt;[[Franciscus Xaverius|Francisci Xaverii]] soror et pater.&lt;/ref&gt; ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/144/mode/1up p. 145])
# {{Creanda|es|Francisca de Jesús|Francisca de Iesu}} — [[Franciscus Borgia|Borgiae]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/152/mode/1up p. 154])
# Honovinga — [[Petrus Canisius|Canisio]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/160/mode/1up 162])
# [[Stanislaus Kostka|Kostka]] — [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Deiparae]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/169/mode/1up p. 170])
# [[Aloisius Gonzaga|Aloysius]] — [[Claudius Aquaviva|Aquavivae]] ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/180/mode/1up p. 182])
# {{Creanda|fr|Jean Berchmans|Ioannes Berchmannus|Berchmannus}} — Beatae Virgini Aspricollensi ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/193/mode/1up p. 195])
# [[Societas Iesu]] — filiis suis, anno suo saeculari ([https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/202/mode/1up p. 203])
|}

==Anagramma==

[[Ovidius|Ovidium]] abundanter imitabatur et in nomine suo anagramma invenit: ''Ioannes Vincartius'' = ''Nasoni arte vicinus''.

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://books.google.com/books?hl=fr&amp;id=gMY-AAAAcAAJ&amp;q=Jean+Vincart#v=snippet&amp;q=Jean%20Vincart&amp;f=false Vita Vincartii] in: Jean Noe͏̈l Paquot, ''Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire littéraire des dix-sept provinces des Pays-Bas de la Principauté de Liège et de quelques contrées voisines'', vol. 2, 1768, pp. 630-631. {{ling|Francogallice}}
* [https://worldcat.org/identities/lccn-no2013035729/ Vincartius] in ''WorldCat''
* [https://archive.org/details/rpjoannisvincart00vinc/page/n4/mode/1up ''Sacrarum Heroidum epistolae''] in ''archive.org''

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{Lifetime|1593|1679|Vincartius, Ioannes}}

{{nexus absunt}}

[[Categoria:Scriptores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Belgicae]]
[[Categoria:Iesuitae]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Latini recentiores]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Belgiae]]
[[Categoria:Poetae Latini Franciae]]</text>
      <sha1>957i58sqtit58n6nkp9ihbumdtmy0k5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Balduinus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>310860</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953673</id>
      <parentid>3812060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:30:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Reges Hierosolymitani */🤦🏻‍♂️</comment>
      <origin>3953673</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1312" sha1="hnrpkpub2rc69d5mzr6p4a2uxl6zabz" xml:space="preserve">{{Disnomen}}
{{Nomen|genus=Masculinum|origo=Germanica|significatio=&quot;amicus audax&quot;|imago=Baldwin I of Jerusalem.jpg|capitulum=[[Balduinus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]|dies=}}
'''Balduinus''' est nomen [[praenomen|praenomenque]] masculinum, Germanica origine, quod e [[Vocabulum|vocabulis]] ''bald'' (&quot;audax&quot;) et ''win'' (&quot;amicus&quot;) originem ducit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;''Behind the Name'', s.v. &quot;[https://www.behindthename.com/name/baldwin Baldwin]&quot;. {{Ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt;
==Qui hoc nomen habuerint==

* [[Balduinus (rex Belgarum)]]
* [[Balduinus Exoniensis]]
* [[Balduinus Tolosanus]]

=== Imperatores Imperii Latini ===

* [[Balduinus I (imperator)]]
* {{Creanda|Wikidata|Q269573|Balduinus II (imperator)}}

=== Reges Hierosolymitani ===

* {{Creanda|Wikidata|Q51717|Balduinus I (rex Hierosolymitanus)}}
* {{Creanda|Wikidata|Q51718|Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)}}
* [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]
* [[Balduinus IV (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]
* [[Balduinus V (rex Hierosolymitanus)]]

== Qui hoc praenomen habuerint ==

* [[Balduinus de Bodinat]]
* {{Creanda|nl|Boudewijn de Groot|Balduinus de Groot}}
* [[Balduinus de Ibelino]]
* [[Balduinus Lonsdale]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[1491 Balduinus]], asteroides

[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina masculina]]</text>
      <sha1>hnrpkpub2rc69d5mzr6p4a2uxl6zabz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus/Harenarium</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>313004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953591</id>
      <parentid>3951935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1285" sha1="tpthq04wrrwnc1e91igf3nedtj8dj4h" xml:space="preserve">[https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_ergebnis.php]
[https://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_url.php?s_sprache=en&amp;p_publication=InscrIt-13-02,+00017]
{{CIL|12|236}}
{{AE|2007|00312}} {{AE|1979|00648}} {{AE|1922|00088}}

{{CIL|15|691}} {{CIL|15|692}} {{CIL|15|693}} {{CIL|15|694}} {{CIL|15|695}} {{CIL|15|696}} {{CIL|15|697}} {{CIL|15|698}} {{CIL|15|699}} {{CIL|12|5678}}
{{AE|2018|325}} {{CIL|13|5384}}  {{CIL|13|80}} {{CIL|1|1503}} 
{{AE|2018|325}}
{{CIL|6|988}} {{CIL|6|989}} {{CIL|6|990}} 
{{CIL|2|5041}} {{CIL|9|5564}} {{CIL|6|1304}}

{{CIL|13|5383}} 
{{CIL|13|5380}} {{CIL|13|5381}} {{CIL|13|5384}} 
{{CIL|13|5368}} {{CIL|13|5366}}  {{CIL|13|5371}}  {{CIL|13|5373}}  {{CIL|13|5375}} 
 {{CIL|10|408}}  {{CIL|15|554}}
{{CIL|15|1087}} {{CIL|15|1024}} 
{{In usu}}  CIL VI 28774 {{CIL|6|28774}}
53}}   1s{{2}}
{{CIL|1|593}}  {{AE|1986|333}}

habet et in religionibus locum ad expiandas suffitu domos. sentitur vis eius et in aquis ferventibus, neque alia res facilius accenditur, quo apparet ignium vim magnam ei inesse. fulmina, fulgura quoque sulpuris odorem habent, ac lux ipsa eorum sulpurea est.
}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|«Εἴπας 'Ἥλιε χαῖρε'
Κλεόμβροτος Ὡμβρακιώτης

ἥλατ΄ἀφ΄ὑψηλοῦ

τείχεος εἰς Ἀίδην,

{{chem|31|15|PO|4|3-}}</text>
      <sha1>tpthq04wrrwnc1e91igf3nedtj8dj4h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Grufo/Officina</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>314478</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953586</id>
      <parentid>3953329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:37:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953586</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3239" sha1="7gt1vbggqw3ivn3njuicxlqjdq0wrrv" xml:space="preserve">{{Notae caducae
	| titulus = Memoranda
	| pagina = /notae
}}

[[Specialis:Praefixa/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpaginae]]:
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Facienda|Facienda]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Experimenta|Experimenta]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Tabularium|Tabularium]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Lorem ipsum|Lorem ipsum]]
* [[Usor:Grufo/Officina/Annotationes|Annotationes]]

== Alia ==
* [[:Categoria:Categoriae exploratoriae]]
* &lt;code&gt;[https://github.com/wikimedia/mediawiki-extensions-Scribunto/blob/e93d49ff0570930922a25ca515068c89397ae5ae/includes/Engines/LuaCommon/lualib/mw.lua#L153-L456 newFrame]&lt;/code&gt;
* [[phab:T405104|Consider linting/deprecating blank template parameter names – Phabricator]]
* {{Nexus planus
	| 1 = //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Acategory&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22intitle%22%3A%22category%22%7D%7D&amp;ns8=1
	| 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Anglicae
}}
* [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/design-tokens/color.html Color _ Codex]
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = intitle:category
	| profile = advanced
	| fulltext = 1
	| advancedSearch-current = {&quot;fields&quot;:{&quot;intitle&quot;:&quot;category&quot;}&lt;nowiki /&gt;}
	| ns8 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Nomina categoriarum systematis Vicipaediae Latinae
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| 1  =  Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2  =  Paginae documentationis quae &amp;#123;&amp;#123;Categoriae vestigatoriae formulae&amp;#125;&amp;#125; requirunt
	| search = insource:/\{{!}}\s*!\s*\]\]/i
	| limit = 500
	| offset = 0
	| ns10 = 1
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| searchToken = d52ms0m5mhbjrlausqohxllfv
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{safesubst:/i
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| profile = advanced
	| limit = 500
	| fulltext = 1
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns118 = 1
	| ns119 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns828 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;safesubst:&lt;/code&gt;
}}
* {{Nexus cum parametris
	| search = insource:/\&lt;ref[^&gt;\/]*\&gt;[^&lt;]*\{\{subst:/i
	| sort = last_edit_desc
	| profile = advanced
	| limit = 500
	| fulltext = 1
	| ns0 = 1
	| ns1 = 1
	| ns10 = 1
	| ns100 = 1
	| ns101 = 1
	| ns11 = 1
	| ns118 = 1
	| ns119 = 1
	| ns12 = 1
	| ns13 = 1
	| ns14 = 1
	| ns15 = 1
	| ns2 = 1
	| ns3 = 1
	| ns4 = 1
	| ns5 = 1
	| ns6 = 1
	| ns7 = 1
	| ns8 = 1
	| ns828 = 1
	| ns829 = 1
	| ns9 = 1
	| 1 = Specialis:Quaerere
	| 2 = Annotationes cui est &lt;code&gt;subst:&lt;/code&gt;
}}

== De novo spatio nominali adumbrationum ==
* [[phab:T418706|New “Draft” namespace for lawiki: “Adumbratio” – Phabricator]]
* [[phab:T419100|Pass the target of the redirect as $1 to MediaWiki:Move-redirect-text – Phabricator]]
* [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext]]
* [[MediaWiki:Editnotice-0]]
* [[Specialis:Nexus ad paginam/Alkinum]]
* [[MediaWiki:Hf-nsheader-Adumbratio]]
* [[MediaWiki:Top-notice-ns-118]]
* [[MediaWiki:Draft header]]
* [[MediaWiki:Namespacenotice-118]]

Alia:
* [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Edit notice]]
* [[Mw:Manual:Interface/Sitenotice]]
* [[Mw:Extension:PageNotice]]</text>
      <sha1>7gt1vbggqw3ivn3njuicxlqjdq0wrrv</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hortus Aestivus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>321117</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953746</id>
      <parentid>3929040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:52:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953746</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1304" sha1="9exzwduplx5jesw8xrlhtmkdhtiuguf" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Летний сад. Фонтан &quot;Пирамида&quot; на Центральной аллее. 2012.JPG|thumb|Fons &quot;Pyramis&quot; nominatus in via media Horti Aestivi]]
'''Hortus Aestivus'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Летний сад'') est insula in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], quae tota [[hortus|horto]] eiusdem nominis occupata est. Inter [[Neva]], [[Fontanka]]. [[Moika]] et [[Canaliculus Cygnorum|canaliculo Cygnorum]] sita est.

Anno 1704 [[Ioannes Ugriumov]] iussu [[Petrus Magnus|Petri Magni]] aedificare hortum coepit. Ab anno 1707 [[Alexander Kikin]] labores dirigebat. [[Palatium Aestivum]] in angulo horti boreorientali, ubi Fontaka a Neva averit, anno 1709 constructus est, primo ligneus, post novus, architecto [[Dominicus Trezzini|Dominico Trezzini]]. Anno 1710 canaliculus Cygnorum et alter canaliculus, Transversus (''Poperečnyj''), nunc obrutus, effossi sunt. [[Ioannes Baptista Le Blond]], [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli]] allique labores continuabunt. Simulacra marmorea permulta hortum ornant, his annis collecta. Consaeptum nobile secundum Nevam ductum a [[Georgius Veldten|Georgio Veldten]] anno 1771 creata est. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Insulae in delta Nevae]]
[[Categoria:Aedificia Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Horti]]</text>
      <sha1>9exzwduplx5jesw8xrlhtmkdhtiuguf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953747</id>
      <parentid>3953746</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:53:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953747</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1305" sha1="chdc1jk5a7cbpsj54cidehqt1jh0pmu" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Летний сад. Фонтан &quot;Пирамида&quot; на Центральной аллее. 2012.JPG|thumb|Fons &quot;Pyramis&quot; nominatus in via media Horti Aestivi]]
'''Hortus Aestivus'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Летний сад'') est insula in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]], quae tota [[hortus|horto]] eiusdem nominis occupata est. Inter [[Neva]], [[Fontanka]]. [[Moika]] et [[Canaliculus Cygnorum|canaliculo Cygnorum]] sita est.

Anno 1704 [[Ioannes Ugriumov]] iussu [[Petrus Magnus|Petri Magni]] aedificare hortum coepit. Ab anno 1707 [[Alexander Kikin]] labores dirigebat. [[Palatium Aestivum]] in angulo horti boreorientali, ubi Fontanka a Neva averit, anno 1709 constructus est, primo ligneus, post novus, architecto [[Dominicus Trezzini|Dominico Trezzini]]. Anno 1710 canaliculus Cygnorum et alter canaliculus, Transversus (''Poperečnyj''), nunc obrutus, effossi sunt. [[Ioannes Baptista Le Blond]], [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli]] allique labores continuabunt. Simulacra marmorea permulta hortum ornant, his annis collecta. Consaeptum nobile secundum Nevam ductum a [[Georgius Veldten|Georgio Veldten]] anno 1771 creata est. 

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Insulae in delta Nevae]]
[[Categoria:Aedificia Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Horti]]</text>
      <sha1>chdc1jk5a7cbpsj54cidehqt1jh0pmu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carme Carminum Buranorum</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953717</id>
      <parentid>3950651</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:28:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953717</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1307" sha1="ak88ujy3089qql0clxvg51a6p36ewf2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{Wikidata|P1545|{{{Numerus|}}}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{{Numerus}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ak88ujy3089qql0clxvg51a6p36ewf2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953718</id>
      <parentid>3953717</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:32:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abrogans recensionem 3953717 ab usore [[User:~2026-21578-08|~2026-21578-08]] ([[User talk:~2026-21578-08|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/~2026-21578-08|conlationes]])</comment>
      <origin>3953718</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1288" sha1="meeyulkl07h0exm2my58xo4ki301gla" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{{Numerus|}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{{Numerus}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>meeyulkl07h0exm2my58xo4ki301gla</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953719</id>
      <parentid>3953718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:39:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numerus</comment>
      <origin>3953719</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1473" sha1="2zesd73ocfx53xiei1a44jyvf9couqk" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2zesd73ocfx53xiei1a44jyvf9couqk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953720</id>
      <parentid>3953719</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:41:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Abrogans recensionem 3953719 ab usore [[User:~2026-21578-08|~2026-21578-08]] ([[User talk:~2026-21578-08|Disputatio]] | [[Special:Contributions/~2026-21578-08|conlationes]])</comment>
      <origin>3953720</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1288" sha1="meeyulkl07h0exm2my58xo4ki301gla" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{{Numerus|}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{{Numerus}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>meeyulkl07h0exm2my58xo4ki301gla</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953722</id>
      <parentid>3953720</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:51:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953722</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1799" sha1="0ip3fv24rwm06mhz6kunyde4pb65pob" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

| si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
| res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0ip3fv24rwm06mhz6kunyde4pb65pob</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953723</id>
      <parentid>3953722</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:52:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953723</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1819" sha1="evrdz4avqjj77p3ljpqku40tqu9lmqj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{{Argumenta}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>evrdz4avqjj77p3ljpqku40tqu9lmqj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953724</id>
      <parentid>3953723</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:53:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953724</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1872" sha1="f4vzmqnvrcdp37desmdnljqb9lrywba" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{{Argumenta|}}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getRawValue|P921|{{{Argumenta|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f4vzmqnvrcdp37desmdnljqb9lrywba</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953726</id>
      <parentid>3953724</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:56:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953726</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1914" sha1="4fls874kgq3jx7jun2eu72xi6c8lxng" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

    | si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P921|}}|1}}
    | caput 6 = Argumenta
    | res 6 = {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P921|{{{Argumenta|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4fls874kgq3jx7jun2eu72xi6c8lxng</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953727</id>
      <parentid>3953726</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:58:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>argumenta</comment>
      <origin>3953727</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1879" sha1="9kdcamk8iey523kcjptii0qu0chf6yd" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

    | si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|1|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}
    | caput 4 = Numerus
    | res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P1545|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|{{#property:P921}}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9kdcamk8iey523kcjptii0qu0chf6yd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953728</id>
      <parentid>3953727</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:59:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numerus</comment>
      <origin>3953728</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1742" sha1="cdzao8692w0d4z2au72wiw2mwikxp1w" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#property:P1545}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|{{#property:P921}}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

    | si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}|1|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|1}}}}
    | res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|← {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P155|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}}|{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P156|FETCH_WIKIDATA}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cdzao8692w0d4z2au72wiw2mwikxp1w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953729</id>
      <parentid>3953728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:05:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953729</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1537" sha1="chseq41wv68tikttonfg2bg1t0zcv23" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
    | caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}

    | si 2 = {{{Imago|}}}
    | res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{{Imago}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

    | si 3 = {{{Categoria|}}}
    | caput 3 = Categoria
    | res 3 = {{{Categoria}}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#property:P1545}}}}

    | si 5 = {{{Auctor|}}}
    | caput 5 = Auctor
    | res 5 = {{{Auctor}}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|{{#property:P921}}}}

    | si 7 = {{{Datum|}}}
    | caput 7 = Datum
    | res 7 = {{{Datum}}}

    | si 8 = {{{Lingua|}}}
    | caput 8 = Lingua
    | res 8 = {{{Lingua}}}

    | si 9 = {{{Musica|}}}
    | caput 9 = Musica
    | res 9 = {{{Musica}}}

    | si 10 = {{{Orff|}}}
    | caput 10 = Carl Orff
    | res 10 = {{{Orff}}}

| si 11 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 11 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← {{#property:P155}}}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|{{#property:P156}} →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>chseq41wv68tikttonfg2bg1t0zcv23</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953730</id>
      <parentid>3953729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:14:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953730</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1860" sha1="m3kls93d78b6kvpawvgxosp18dmz48q" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{#if:{{{Titulus|}}}|{{{Titulus}}}|{{#property:P1476}}}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m3kls93d78b6kvpawvgxosp18dmz48q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953732</id>
      <parentid>3953730</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:22:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953732</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1816" sha1="3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953739</id>
      <parentid>3953732</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:34:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numerus</comment>
      <origin>3953739</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1909" sha1="9uot0hmnuujx8n5il97120jogvpex78" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P361|qualifier=P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P361|qualifier=P1545}}|CB {{#invoke:Wikidata|getValue|P361|qualifier=P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9uot0hmnuujx8n5il97120jogvpex78</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953742</id>
      <parentid>3953739</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:36:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numerus</comment>
      <origin>3953742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1891" sha1="sm7843xvwws5a15el9x93af2vt3bsq3" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#invoke:Wd|property|P361|qualifier=P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#invoke:Wd|property|P361|qualifier=P1545}}|CB {{#invoke:Wd|property|P361|qualifier=P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sm7843xvwws5a15el9x93af2vt3bsq3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953743</id>
      <parentid>3953742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:38:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>numerus</comment>
      <origin>3953743</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1816" sha1="3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carme Carminum Buranorum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953731</id>
      <parentid>3950652</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:19:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953731</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1875" sha1="nwqcg1vkmc6vl3o0ddt8nbcbh1iapbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad res gestas et indicia carminum e manuscripto ''Carminum Buranorum'' depromptorum breviter demonstranda. Haec formula Wikidata utitur: si argumentum vacuum relictum est, systema indicia ex Wikidata automatice extrahit.

== De usu ==
Ecce exemplum quomodo formula in paginis apparet:

{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    = O Fortuna
| Imago      = Carmina Burana Fortuna.jpg
| Descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano.
| Categoria  = Carmina moralia et satirica
| Numerus    = 17
| Auctor     = Anonymus
| Argumenta  = De varietate fortunae
| Datum      = Saeculum XIII
| Lingua     = [[Latina mediaevalis]]
| Album      = [[Codex Buranus]]
| Praecedi   = Fortune plango vulnera
| Sequi      = Veris leta facies
}}

=== Syntaxis vacua ===
Potes hoc volumen exscribere et in paginam carminis inserere:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Argumenta et Wikidata ==
Si argumentum non scribis, formula has proprietates ex Wikidata petet:

*Titulus: P1476 (titulus operis).
*Imago: P18 (imago).
*Categoria: P136 (genus litterarium).
*Numerus: P1545 (numerus in serie). Nota: Formula praefixum &quot;CB&quot; addit si ex Wikidata venit.
*Auctor: P50 (auctor).
*Argumenta: P921 (argumentum primarium).
*Datum: P571 (tempus creationis).
*Lingua: P407 (lingua operis).
*Album: P1433 (opus in quo invenitur).
*Praecedi / Sequi: P155 et P156 (nexus ad res vicinas).

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nwqcg1vkmc6vl3o0ddt8nbcbh1iapbj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953700</id>
      <parentid>3953464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:42:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>eventa addo</comment>
      <origin>3953700</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9949" sha1="hrl0sf4j4bmq0brytkemneipg5qw7im" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]]
'''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt; Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cursus belli ==
[[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]]
Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt; Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant.

Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html &quot;Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 &quot;Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call &quot;UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump &quot;A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says &quot;'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian &quot;Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian.&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo &quot;Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], &lt;!--unus???--&gt; auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no &quot;War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o &quot;US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro &quot;Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.&lt;ref&gt;Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad &quot;[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]&quot; mittere potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a &quot;veto&quot; [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Re publica pupolari Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz]&lt;/ref&gt; Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}}

[[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]]
[[Categoria:2026]]</text>
      <sha1>hrl0sf4j4bmq0brytkemneipg5qw7im</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Manus ferens munera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953738</id>
      <parentid>3953352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:29:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953738</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6306" sha1="36ff9bhxlw6mw5106gont7g648v3uzb" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Manus ferens munera}} est carmen [[Latinitas mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 1 in Codice Latino Monacensi 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione{{dubsig}} ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In Codice Burano (clm 4660), carmen in folio 43 reperitur, quod est primum folium archetypi servati.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Attamen ordo codicis ab editionibus hodiernis discrepat. Editio critica ab Alphonso Hilka et Ottone Schumann curata textum restituit ope aliorum fontium, cum in primo codice tantum finis sextae strophae supersit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamvis auctor ignoretur, carmen [[ideologia]]m clericorum litteratorum exprimit, qui [[Latine|sermone nostro]] ad societatem criticandam utebantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 11, 15.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Manus ferens munera
pium facit impium;
nummus iungit federa,
nummus dat consilium;
nummus lenit aspera,
nummus sedat prelium.
nummus in prelatis
est pro iure satis;
nummo locum datis
vos, qui iudicatis.

Nummus ubi loquitur,
fit iuris confusio;
pauper retro pellitur,
quem defendit ratio,
sed dives attrahitur
pretiosus pretio.
hunc iudex adorat,
facit, quod implorat;
pro quo nummus orat,
explet, quod laborat.

Nummus ubi predicat,
labitur iustitia,
et causam, que claudicat,
rectam facit curia,
pauperem diiudicat
veniens pecunia.
sic diiudicatur,
a quo nichil datur;
iure sic privatur,
si nil offeratur.

Sunt potentum digiti
trahentes pecuniam;
tali preda prediti
non dant gratis gratiam,
sed licet illiciti
censum censent veniam.
clericis non morum
cura, sed nummorum,
quorum nescit chorum
chorus angelorum.

«Date, vobis dabitur:
talis est auctoritas»
danti pie loquitur
impiorum pietas;
sed adverse premitur
pauperum adversitas.
quo vult, ducit frena,
cuius bursa plena;
sancta dat crumena,
sancta fit amena.

Hec est causa curie,
quam daturus perficit;
defectu pecunie
causa Codri deficit.
tale fedus hodie
defedat et inficit
nostros ablativos,
qui absorbent vivos,
moti per dativos
movent genitivos.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

==Descriptio==
Nummus est argumentum principale clarissimi carminis satirici medii aevi, in codicibus sicut Carminibus Buranis servati, quod de potentia corruptrice pecuniae in societate Christiana, praesertim in curiis et inter clericos, severe disputat. Hoc opus, stilo eleganti sed acerbo scriptum, describit mundum ubi divina lex et iustitia humana omnino pecuniae imperio subiciuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In hoc textu, Nummus quasi [[numen]] quoddam fingitur, cuius praesentia naturam rerum hominumque commutat. Auctor affirmat manus munera ferentes etiam pios in impios convertere posse, cum pecunia non solum foedera iungat et consilia det, sed etiam asperas res leniat et proelia sedet. In iudiciis autem, Nummus pro iure ipso habetur, ita ut iudices non secundum veritatem, sed secundum praemia sibi oblata sententias pronuntient. Ubi enim pecunia loquitur, ibi ius confunditur et ratio ipsa, licet pauperem defendat, ante divitum potentiam cedit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Iustitia ipsa nutare dicitur ubi Nummus praedicat; curiae enim causas claudicantes ac pravas rectam in speciem vertunt si pecunia intervenit. Qui nihil dare valet, iure suo privatur, dum dives, pretio suo fultus, a iudicibus adoratur et voti compos efficitur. Haec corruptio praecipue in clero reprehenditur, ubi non morum cura, sed nummorum cupido regnat. Auctor ironice asseverat choros horum clericorum a choro angelorum penitus ignorari, cum gratia divina non gratis, sed sub pretio turpi detur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, scriptor singulari metaphora utitur ad describendam avaritiam potentum, grammaticos casus ad res pecuniarias transferens. &quot;Ablativi&quot; dicuntur illi qui alios exhauriunt et vivos absorbent, qui solum &quot;dativis&quot; (id est donis) moventur ut &quot;genitivos&quot; (possessores) adiuvent vel creent. Sic tota societas, a summis curiis usque ad infimos clericos, foedere pecuniae inficitur, et causa cuiuslibet hominis, sicut olim Codri egeni, sola inopia penitus deficit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Carmen corruptionem et pecuniae potentiam denuntiat, quae argumenta in parte morali codicis praevalent.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Auctor avaritiam ac [[simonia|simoniam]] reprehendit, deplorans liberalitatem (largitatem) evanuisse dum probitas veritasque negleguntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Textus, in scholis cathedralibus Franciae borealis exortus, subtili intertextualitate et parodia distinguitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 15, 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Notabile est in carmine usus metaphoricus terminorum grammaticorum ad satiram faciendam.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt; In versibus extremis (1.6.5-10), casus Latini (ablativus, dativus, genitivus) ad aviditatem cleri describendam adhibentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Per hos schematismos scholasticos, clerici minores hierarchiam ecclesiasticam, praesertim Curiam Romanam, libere iudicabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 47, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>36ff9bhxlw6mw5106gont7g648v3uzb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cloacina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323939</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953678</id>
      <parentid>3949047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:01:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* De sacello */</comment>
      <origin>3953678</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4799" sha1="o8os9pufhbngylo751twlzgi533oj44" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Coins-venus-cloacina.jpg|thumb|[[Denarius]] anno [[42 a.C.n.]] a triumviro Lucio Mussidio Longo signatus in quo sacellum Cloacinae videre potes.]]
'''Cloacina''' vel '''Cluacina''' fuit vetus [[Dei Romani|dea Romana]] purgationis cuius nomen antiqui e verbo non alias contestato 'cluere'&lt;ref&gt;[[Plinius Maior]] XV,120: ''cluere enim antiqui purgare dicebant.''&lt;/ref&gt; aut etiam 'cloare'&lt;ref&gt;[[Servius grammaticus|Servius]], ''Ad Aeneidem'' I.720:  ''quia veteres cloare purgare dixerunt''.&lt;/ref&gt; (cf Graece κλύζω) ductum existimabant idem atque purgare valente. Mox tamen [[Venus (dea)|Veneri]] adsimulata est atque tempore classico tamquam deae [[Epitheton|epitheton]] nota est: Venus Cloacina cui sacellum in [[Forum Romanum|Foro Romano]] prope [[Basilica Aemilia|basilicam Aemiliam]] et [[Cloaca Maxima|Cloacam Maximam]] aedificatum est. Nam ex eadem [[Radix (linguistica)|radice]] principalis inquinatarum aquarum Romae canalis Cloaca Maxima appellata est. Quocirca similitudine nominum animadversa [[Apologeta|apologetae]] Christiani [[Paganismus|paganismi]] irridendi causa scriptis suis Cloacinam saepe memorabant. Ita exempli gratia [[Lactantius]] scribebat: ''Cloacinae simulacrum in cloaca maxima repertum [[Titus Tatius|Tatius]] consecravit, et quia cujus esset effigies ignorabat, ex loco illi nomen imposuit&lt;ref&gt;''Divinae institutiones'' I.20. Vide etiam [[Augustinus Hipponensis]], ''[[De civitate Dei|de Civitate Dei]]'' IV.8.155 et VI.10. [[Tertullianus]], ''De Pallio'' 4. &lt;/ref&gt;.''

== De sacello ==
[[Fasciculus:Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Delineatio coniecturalis (1904).]]
[[Fasciculus:Röm. Republik- L. Mussidius Longus - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5530962.jpg|thumb|In hoc denarii exemplo deae fortasse aves ([[Columba (avis)|columbas]]) tenent]]
Habemus [[Denarius|denarios]] qui nobis sacellum Cloacinae ostendant a [[triumvir monetalis|triumviro monetali]] [[Lucius Mussidius Longus|Lucio Mussidio Longo]] anno [[42 a.C.n.]] signatos&lt;ref&gt;Babelon, Mussidia 7-8. Crawford 494/42-3.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ex una parte videmus sive [[Concordia (dea)|Concordiae]] deae caput velatum diadematumque cum litteris CONCORDIA sive caput radiatum dei [[Deus solis|Solis]] sine litteris; ex altera parte suggestum conspicimus in quo stant duae statuae muliebres incertas res (fortasse myrteum ramum) tenentes, in basi vero legitur CLOACIN et laeva parte gradus ad ascensum ponuntur. Quod bene cum [[Plinius Maior|Pliniana]] descriptione congruit qui scribebat:  ''in eo loco qui nunc signa Veneris Cluacinae habet'', plurali numero&lt;ref&gt; [[Plinius Maior]] XV.119.&lt;/ref&gt;. Bene congruit etiam cum rotunda basi ab [[Archaeologus|archaeologis]] in situ reperta. Utrum duo signa eiusdem deae an seorsum fuerint Veneris et Cloacinae nescitur.

Idem Plinius  hoc ipso loco auctor erat [[Sabini|Sabinos]] et Romanos bello confecto verbenis myrteis caedis labe purgatos esse ideoque regem [[Titus Tatius|Tatium]] hunc cultum instituisse. Magistratus monetalis hoc exemplum referens fortasse ad concordiam et reconciliationem partium hortari volebat.

Ibidem, ''prope Cloacinae ad tabernas, quibus nunc Nouis est nomen''&lt;ref&gt;[[Titus Livius]] III.48. Sacellum iam a [[Plautus|Plauto]] memoratur: ''[[Curculio (Plautus)|Curculio ]]'' 471.&lt;/ref&gt;, Verginius [[Verginia (virgo Romana)|filiam suam]] cultro transfixit ne a [[Decemviri legibus scribundis|decemviro]] Appio Claudio stupraretur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
[[Fasciculus:Sacrum Cloacina.jpg|thumb|Reliquiae Cloacinae sacelli]]
*S. Eitrem, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/699528 Venus Calva and Venus Cloacina]&quot;, ''The Classical Review'', 1923: 14-16
*C. C. van Essen, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4427825?read-now=1 Venus Cloacina]&quot;, ''Mnemosyne'', 1956: 137-144
* Robertus Schilling, ''[https://www.academia.edu/99286039/Robert_Schilling_La_Religion_Romaine_de_V%C3%A9nus_depuis_les_origines_jusquau_temps_dAuguste_1954_ La religion romaine de Vénus depuis les origines jusqu'au temps d'Auguste]'' (Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, fasc. 178), De Boccard, 1954. [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_1956_num_58_1_3543_t1_0138_0000_2 Recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rscir_0035-2217_1958_num_32_3_2198_t1_0293_0000_1 Altera recensio critica] [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1984_num_201_3_4289 Tertia recensio critica]
*H. Wagenvoort, ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/4428900 De deae Veneris origine]'', ''Mnemosyne'', 1964: 47-77
[[Categoria:Deae Romanae]]

== Nexus externi ==
* [[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shrine_of_Venus_Cloacina Venerem Cloacinam] pertinent
*[https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/term/BIOG177758 Nummi L. Mussidi Longi] in [[Museum Britannicum|Museo Britannico]]</text>
      <sha1>o8os9pufhbngylo751twlzgi533oj44</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Responde, qui tanta cupis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953740</id>
      <parentid>3953325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:35:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3500" sha1="t1ynh3b2ksmt07tf3trf7l396uqbtcc" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Responde, qui tanta cupis}} est carmen [[Latinitas mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 2 in Codex Latinus Monacensis 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 14, 15, 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Carmen breviter avaritiam hominis reprehendit, qui, opibus numquam contentus, semper plura flagitat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
	| cid = Deavaritia1-25
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
&lt;poem&gt;
Responde, qui tanta cupis! modo Copia dicat.
Pone modum! que vis dono. ― Volo plena sit arca. ―
Plena sit! ― Adde duas! ― Addo. ― Si quattuor essent,
Sufficerent. ― Sic semper agis: cum plurima dono,
Plus queris, nec plenus eris, donec morieris.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/poem&gt;

== Descriptio ==
Carmen sermonem fingit inter personam (fortasse Copiam vel Fortunam) et hominem cupidum. Cum homo arcam plenam petat et accipiat, statim duplicari ac quadruplicari opes vult. Textus demonstrat naturam insatiabilem avaritiae, quae neminem satiat usque ad mortem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
CB 2 in nucleo initiali codicis ponitur, ubi venalitas et potestas pecuniae acriter reprehenduntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Sicut carmen praecedens (''[[Manus ferens munera]]''), hoc quoque vitium avaritiae stigmatizat, quod argumentum apud clericos litteratos illius aetatis maximi momenti erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc carmen refert sollicitudinem ordinis clericalis de amissa liberalitate (''largitas'') et de incremento oeconomiae monetariae, quae prisca officia mutua corrumpebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 138, 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Satira hic adhibetur ut &quot;logica moralis&quot; ad denuntiandam distortionem virtutum in mundo sublunari.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 62, 125, 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Codex Buranus|Codice Burano]], carmen folio 43 reperitur, quod est initium antiquissimi nuclei collectionis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamvis auctor ignotus sit, sumptuositas codicis (ca. 1225/1230 scripti) indicat compilationem ab alta auctoritate ecclesiastica in Europa centrali curatam esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 10, 12, 15, 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Stilus eruditionem scholarum Franciae septentrionalis sapit, crebris allusionibus ad auctores classicos sicut [[Horatius]] et [[Iuvenalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 15, 16, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>t1ynh3b2ksmt07tf3trf7l396uqbtcc</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ecce torpet probitas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953741</id>
      <parentid>3953323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:35:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953741</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4254" sha1="04hw6jh2pl2p4iz68iy291v5hyz6q8g" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Ecce torpet probitas}} est carmen [[Latinitas mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 3 in Codex Latinus Monacensis 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.  Hoc opus, de morum corruptela et de virtutum interitu lamentatur, praecipue avaritiam saeculi reprehendens.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
1. Ecce torpet probitas,
virtus sepelitur;
fit iam parca largitas,
parcitas largitur;
verum dicit falsitas,
veritas mentitur.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad res illicitas
licite recedunt.

2. Regnat avaritia,
regnant et avari;
mente quivis anxia
nititur ditari,
cum sit summa gloria
censu gloriari.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad prava quelibet
impie recedunt.

3. Multum habet oneris
do das dedi dare;
verbum hoc pre ceteris
norunt ignorare
divites, quos poteris
mari comparare.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et in rerum numeris
numeros excedunt.

4. Cunctis est equaliter
insita cupido;
perit fides turpiter,
nullus fidus fido,
nec Iunoni Iupiter
nec Enee Dido.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad mala devia
licite recedunt.

5. Si recte discernere
velis, non est vita,
quod sic vivit temere
gens hec imperita;
non est enim vivere,
si quis vivit ita.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et fidem in opere
quolibet excedunt.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Carmini argumentum est vehemens vituperatio contra ethicam dissolutionem. Auctor queritur probitatem torpere et virtutem quasi sepultam esse. Dominatur in mundo avaritia, quae radix omnium malorum habetur. Veritas in mendacium vertitur et iura passim violantur. Notabilis est satira contra divites, qui verbum &quot;dare&quot; coniugare nesciunt et mari insatiabili comparantur.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen in prima parte [[Carmina Burana|Codicis Burani]] invenitur, quae textus morales ac satiricos colligit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; In codice MS clm 4660, textus folio 43 legitur, quae est prima charta archetypi servati.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamquam editiones modernae quinque strophas praebent, in Codice Burano tantum tres priores exstant; ceterea (4 et 5) ab Alfons Hilka et Otto Schumann ex aliis fontibus hausta sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Productum est hoc opus intra cultum clericorum litteratorum inter saecula XII et XIII.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 9, 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Sicut aliae satirae de venalitate, &quot;Ecce torpet probitas&quot; respondet mutationibus oeconomicis illius aetatis, cum pecuniaria ratio et administratio burocratica antiquas necessitudines mutarent.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Usus terminorum grammaticorum (ut coniugatio verbi &quot;do&quot;) ad ethicam docendam mos erat communis in scholis cathedralibus illius temporis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]

[[fr:Ecce torpet probitas]]
[[es:Ecce torpet probitas]]</text>
      <sha1>04hw6jh2pl2p4iz68iy291v5hyz6q8g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Amaris stupens casibus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324072</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953721</id>
      <parentid>3953326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953721</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4361" sha1="lzmwkm5kek5ge9hdhc6apokzzmu89vd" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
    | Titulus = Amaris stupens casibus
    | Imago = 
    | Classis = Carmina moralia
    | Numerus = FETCH_WIKIDATA
    | Argumenta = 
    | Auctor = Incertus
    | Saeculum = XII-XIII
    | Lingua = 
    | Musica = 
    | Orff = Non
    | Praecedi = FETCH_WIKIDATA
    | Sequi = FETCH_WIKIDATA
}}

{{lres|Amaris stupens casibus}} est carmen [[Latina mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 4 in Codex Latinus Monacensis 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
    | titulus = De avaritia 1-25
    | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Amaris stupens casibus
vox exultationis
organa in salicibus
suspendit Babylonis;
captiva est confusionis,
involuta doloribus
Sion cantica leta sonis
permutavit flebilibus.

Propter scelus perfidie,
quo mundus inquinatur,
fluctuantis ecclesie
sic status naufragatur.
gratia prostat et scortatur
foro venalis curie;
iuris libertas ancillatur
obsecundans pecunie.

Hypocrisis, fraus pullulat
et menda falsitatis,
que titulum detitulat
vere simplicitatis.
frigescit ignis caritatis,
fides a cunctis exulat,
aculeus cupiditatis
quos mordet atque stimulat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, scriptor allegoriam biblicam captivitatis Babylonicae adhibet ad deplorandum statum corruptum Ecclesiae et mundi sui temporis. Vox exultationis, amaris casibus perculsa, organa sua in salicibus suspendit, sicut olim Hebraei fecerunt, quia laetitia spiritualis in fletum et confusionem conversa est. Sion, quae Ecclesiam vel animam iustam significat, captiva tenetur in doloribus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum centrale est naufragium morale Ecclesiae, quod accidit propter &quot;scelus perfidiae&quot; et ubique diffusam mundi inquinamentum. Auctor acerbe denuntiat gratiam divinam iam non gratis dari, sed in curiis venalem prostare sicut meretricem. Libertas iuris, quae libera esse deberet, ancillatur et pecuniae imperio omnino obsecundat, quod est gravis accusatio simoniae et corruptionis iudiciariae.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen describit societatem ubi virtutes Christianae penitus exstinguuntur. Hypocrisis, fraus, et mendacia pro vera simplicitate regnant. Caritas, quae est fundamentum legis Christianae, frigescit, et fides exulat ab hominibus. Omnia haec mala ex &quot;aculeo cupiditatis&quot; oriuntur, qui hominum mentes stimulat et ad perniciem trahit, ordinem divinum evertens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Carmen praecipue avaritiam reprehendit atque liberalitatis (sive ''largitatis'') interitum deplorat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 139.&lt;/ref&gt;. Una cum ceteris primae partis carminibus, ''Amaris stupens casibus'' mentem refert clericorum saeculi XII et XIII eruditorum, qui poesi tamquam instrumento ad ethica argumenta et moralem suasionem utebantur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Textus quendam animi stuporem exprimit erga aetatis commutationes sociales: clerici enim illius temporis novam oeconomiam monetariam reformidabant, quam putabant ordinem moralem antiquasque necessitudines delere &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 13, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque carmen quasi &quot;speculum&quot; (sive ''speculum clericorum'') mundi sublunaris habetur, quo instabilitas corruptioque rerum humanarum ante oculos ponuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 40, 169.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
        | cognomen = Lehtonen
        | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
        | nomenclatura = compendiaria
        | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
        | annus = 1995
        | lingua = en
        | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
        | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
        | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>lzmwkm5kek5ge9hdhc6apokzzmu89vd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953725</id>
      <parentid>3953721</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T07:53:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>wikidata</comment>
      <origin>3953725</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4375" sha1="ae900sdfpaeo8fgtq6rx68dehhwskj0" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
    | Titulus = Amaris stupens casibus
    | Imago = 
    | Classis = Carmina moralia
    | Numerus = FETCH_WIKIDATA
    | Argumenta = FETCH_WIKIDATA
    | Auctor = Incertus
    | Saeculum = XII-XIII
    | Lingua = 
    | Musica = 
    | Orff = Non
    | Praecedi = FETCH_WIKIDATA
    | Sequi = FETCH_WIKIDATA
}}

{{lres|Amaris stupens casibus}} est carmen [[Latina mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 4 in Codex Latinus Monacensis 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
    | titulus = De avaritia 1-25
    | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Amaris stupens casibus
vox exultationis
organa in salicibus
suspendit Babylonis;
captiva est confusionis,
involuta doloribus
Sion cantica leta sonis
permutavit flebilibus.

Propter scelus perfidie,
quo mundus inquinatur,
fluctuantis ecclesie
sic status naufragatur.
gratia prostat et scortatur
foro venalis curie;
iuris libertas ancillatur
obsecundans pecunie.

Hypocrisis, fraus pullulat
et menda falsitatis,
que titulum detitulat
vere simplicitatis.
frigescit ignis caritatis,
fides a cunctis exulat,
aculeus cupiditatis
quos mordet atque stimulat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, scriptor allegoriam biblicam captivitatis Babylonicae adhibet ad deplorandum statum corruptum Ecclesiae et mundi sui temporis. Vox exultationis, amaris casibus perculsa, organa sua in salicibus suspendit, sicut olim Hebraei fecerunt, quia laetitia spiritualis in fletum et confusionem conversa est. Sion, quae Ecclesiam vel animam iustam significat, captiva tenetur in doloribus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum centrale est naufragium morale Ecclesiae, quod accidit propter &quot;scelus perfidiae&quot; et ubique diffusam mundi inquinamentum. Auctor acerbe denuntiat gratiam divinam iam non gratis dari, sed in curiis venalem prostare sicut meretricem. Libertas iuris, quae libera esse deberet, ancillatur et pecuniae imperio omnino obsecundat, quod est gravis accusatio simoniae et corruptionis iudiciariae.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen describit societatem ubi virtutes Christianae penitus exstinguuntur. Hypocrisis, fraus, et mendacia pro vera simplicitate regnant. Caritas, quae est fundamentum legis Christianae, frigescit, et fides exulat ab hominibus. Omnia haec mala ex &quot;aculeo cupiditatis&quot; oriuntur, qui hominum mentes stimulat et ad perniciem trahit, ordinem divinum evertens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Carmen praecipue avaritiam reprehendit atque liberalitatis (sive ''largitatis'') interitum deplorat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 139.&lt;/ref&gt;. Una cum ceteris primae partis carminibus, ''Amaris stupens casibus'' mentem refert clericorum saeculi XII et XIII eruditorum, qui poesi tamquam instrumento ad ethica argumenta et moralem suasionem utebantur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Textus quendam animi stuporem exprimit erga aetatis commutationes sociales: clerici enim illius temporis novam oeconomiam monetariam reformidabant, quam putabant ordinem moralem antiquasque necessitudines delere &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 13, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque carmen quasi &quot;speculum&quot; (sive ''speculum clericorum'') mundi sublunaris habetur, quo instabilitas corruptioque rerum humanarum ante oculos ponuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 40, 169.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
        | cognomen = Lehtonen
        | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
        | nomenclatura = compendiaria
        | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
        | annus = 1995
        | lingua = en
        | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
        | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
        | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>ae900sdfpaeo8fgtq6rx68dehhwskj0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953736</id>
      <parentid>3953725</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:24:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21578-08</username>
        <id>207698</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>3953736</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4245" sha1="rq3fltkd1vvcd3axn59sp41wbksj7rm" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Amaris stupens casibus}} est carmen [[Latina mediaevalis|Latine]] scriptum, sub numero CB 4 in Codex Latinus Monacensis 4660 (vulgo ''[[Carmina Burana]]'') servatum. Hoc opus in sottosectione ''De avaritia'' invenitur, intra sectionem quae ''Carmina moralia et satirica'' inscribitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
    | titulus = De avaritia 1-25
    | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Amaris stupens casibus
vox exultationis
organa in salicibus
suspendit Babylonis;
captiva est confusionis,
involuta doloribus
Sion cantica leta sonis
permutavit flebilibus.

Propter scelus perfidie,
quo mundus inquinatur,
fluctuantis ecclesie
sic status naufragatur.
gratia prostat et scortatur
foro venalis curie;
iuris libertas ancillatur
obsecundans pecunie.

Hypocrisis, fraus pullulat
et menda falsitatis,
que titulum detitulat
vere simplicitatis.
frigescit ignis caritatis,
fides a cunctis exulat,
aculeus cupiditatis
quos mordet atque stimulat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, scriptor allegoriam biblicam captivitatis Babylonicae adhibet ad deplorandum statum corruptum Ecclesiae et mundi sui temporis. Vox exultationis, amaris casibus perculsa, organa sua in salicibus suspendit, sicut olim Hebraei fecerunt, quia laetitia spiritualis in fletum et confusionem conversa est. Sion, quae Ecclesiam vel animam iustam significat, captiva tenetur in doloribus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum centrale est naufragium morale Ecclesiae, quod accidit propter &quot;scelus perfidiae&quot; et ubique diffusam mundi inquinamentum. Auctor acerbe denuntiat gratiam divinam iam non gratis dari, sed in curiis venalem prostare sicut meretricem. Libertas iuris, quae libera esse deberet, ancillatur et pecuniae imperio omnino obsecundat, quod est gravis accusatio simoniae et corruptionis iudiciariae.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen describit societatem ubi virtutes Christianae penitus exstinguuntur. Hypocrisis, fraus, et mendacia pro vera simplicitate regnant. Caritas, quae est fundamentum legis Christianae, frigescit, et fides exulat ab hominibus. Omnia haec mala ex &quot;aculeo cupiditatis&quot; oriuntur, qui hominum mentes stimulat et ad perniciem trahit, ordinem divinum evertens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Carmen praecipue avaritiam reprehendit atque liberalitatis (sive ''largitatis'') interitum deplorat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 139.&lt;/ref&gt;. Una cum ceteris primae partis carminibus, ''Amaris stupens casibus'' mentem refert clericorum saeculi XII et XIII eruditorum, qui poesi tamquam instrumento ad ethica argumenta et moralem suasionem utebantur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Textus quendam animi stuporem exprimit erga aetatis commutationes sociales: clerici enim illius temporis novam oeconomiam monetariam reformidabant, quam putabant ordinem moralem antiquasque necessitudines delere &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 13, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque carmen quasi &quot;speculum&quot; (sive ''speculum clericorum'') mundi sublunaris habetur, quo instabilitas corruptioque rerum humanarum ante oculos ponuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 40, 169.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
        | cognomen = Lehtonen
        | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
        | nomenclatura = compendiaria
        | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
        | annus = 1995
        | lingua = en
        | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
        | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
        | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>rq3fltkd1vvcd3axn59sp41wbksj7rm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953754</id>
      <parentid>3953300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:38:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953754</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="120568" sha1="0lnzh5435f37ek7px55qlhwcwvusrdw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities (Ortsgemeinden) in Rhineland-Palatinate.svg|thumb|Communia Rhenaniae et Palatinatus usque ad gradum ordinationis communis localis (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinde'').]]

'''Index urbium et communium [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]''' [[urbs|urbes]] et [[commune|communia]] in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra foederali]] [[Germania|Germanica]] Rhenania et Palatinatu sita continet. Sunt 2&amp;nbsp;300 communibus politice independentibus (e Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2025).

Haec ita distribuuntur:

* 130 urbes, inter quas
** 12 [[circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''Kreisfreie Stadt''),
** 8 urbes magnae circulo subiectae (Theodisce ''kreisangehörige Städte''),
** 13 urbes sine consociatione communium (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Städte''),
** 97 urbes consociationi communium adscriptae (Theodisce ''verbandsangehörige Städte'');

* 2170 alia communia, inter quae
** 8 communia sine consociatione (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Gemeinden''),
** 2162 communia localia -consociationi adscripta- (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinden'').

Illae 97 urbes et 2162 communia localia ad 129 consociationes communium pertinent, quae administrationem pro communibus sibi subiectis gerunt. 

== Circuli urbani ==
{{div col|3}}
# [[Augusta Treverorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Trier''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Tréier'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Bipontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Zweibrücken''; [[Palatinice]] ''Zweebrigge'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Caesarea Lutra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaiserslautern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Lautre'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Koblenz''; dialectaliter ''Kowelenz'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Francodalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Frankenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Landavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Landau in der Pfalz''; [[Palatinice]] ''Landaach'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bezzel 1845&quot;&gt;Bezzel, H. M. (1845). ''Historia Rei Literariae Norimbergensis''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ludwigshafen am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Moguntiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mainz'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Neischdadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Sancti Pirminii Sedes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Pirmasens''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bärmesens'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Speyer'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Wormatia]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie14_01/groo001brie14_01_0023.php ''Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius''], ubi dicitur &quot;Dux Carolus a Wormatia militem mittit tuendo Ascafenburgo.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Worms'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes magnae circulo subiectae ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Angulisamum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ingelheim am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antunnacum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]: ''Antunnaco''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Venantius Fortunatus: ''Antonnacensis castelli …'' Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 4.4. Fortunati carminum liber X (de navigatione Childeberti regis).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Andernach''; dialectaliter ''Annenach'' seu ''Annernach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Lexicon Universale}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bingen am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Kreuznach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Idara-Supra Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;&gt;Steininger, J. (1834). ''Codex diplomaticus Trevirensis e-archivio et libris manuscriptis'' (Vol. 1). In Commission der Fr. Lintz’schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;&gt;Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher; et : Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Idar-Oberstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahnstenium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/thumbview/63151 ''37 - (46) - Lahnstenium (ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit) Confluentia venienti || Lhaanstein, komende van Koblenz - +â+ôbersicht - Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz'' apud www.dilibri.de] &quot;Lahnstenium ubi [[Loganus|Loganum]] [[Rhenus]] suscipit.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lahnstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mayen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neoweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuwied'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes sine consociatione communium ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Alceia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alzey'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendorffium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merian 1646&quot;&gt;Merian, M. (1646). ''Topographia Palatinatus Rheni et Vicinarum Regionum: Das ist Beschreibung und Eigentliche Abbildung der Vornehmsten Stätte Plätze der Untern Pfalz am Rhein''. Matthäus Merian.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Babardia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boppard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bitburg''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bebuersch'' seu ''Beburig''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Béibreg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Rheni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mone 1848&quot;&gt;Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' (Vol. 1). G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wörth am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iulius Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Germersheim'' seu ''Germersheim am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novae Aquae-Arvilare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rigomagus (Germania)|Rigomagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Remagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sentiaca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sinzig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Turingum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Dürkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Nautica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X. (1852). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer'' (Vol. 1). Kirchheim und Schott.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schifferstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Viridopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Irenicus 1518&quot;&gt;Irenicus, F. (1518). ''Germaniae exegeseos volumina duodecim''. Impensis Urbani Regii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Grünstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vitelliacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wittlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes consociationi communium adscriptae ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Adenova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Adenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algesheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gau-Algesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Angulus Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lauterecken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anvilara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1849&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1849). ''Regesta Imperii: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern'' (Vol. 1). Verlag der J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Annweiler am Trifels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Brisiacenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Peutinger 1888&quot;&gt;Peutinger, C. (1888). ''Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324'' (K. Miller, Ed.). Otto Maier Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Breisig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Mariaemontanae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat II 1824&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1824). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2). Johann Peter Bachem.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Marienberg''; dialectaliter ''Marmerich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Sobernheimenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Sobernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bacaracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bacharach'' seu ''Bacharach am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bemondula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stadt Baumholder&quot;&gt;Stadt Baumholder. (s. f.). [https://www.baumholder.de/en/our-city/history/ ''History''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baumholder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernicastellum-Cusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx 1905&quot;&gt;Marx, J. (1905). ''Geschichte des Armen-Hospitals zum h. Nicolaus zu Cues'' (Vol. 1). Kommissions-Verlag der Paulinus-Druckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bernkastel-Kues'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;&gt;Bärsch, G. (1844). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Betzdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bollenheimum ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rheinböllen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brubacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Caesariacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaisersesch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Candela (Palatinatus)|Candela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kandel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Kyllae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kyllburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cattimelibocum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Katzenelnbogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella ad Mosellam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Zell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cochemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cochem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Contionacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Konz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cosla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kusel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cuba]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaub'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dada (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dada]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;&gt;Gensicke, H. (1999). ''Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes'' (II ed.). Historische Kommission für Nassau.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daaden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;&gt;Görz, A. (1879). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten oder chronologische Zusammenstellung des Quellenmaterials für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier'' (Vol. II). Denkert &amp; Groos.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Decia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diez'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didesheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deidesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dierdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Bousonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Busenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Sancti Goaris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sankt Goarshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dumno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daun'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ecclesiae ad Segam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ecclesiopolium Bolandicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchheimbolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Kerschem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ediginhovum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;&gt;Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis'' (Vol. 3). Historischer Verein für Hessen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Edenkoben''; [[Palatinice]] ''Edekowe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embasis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Ems'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Emmelshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freinsheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Freinsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Fränsem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gamundium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Gamundium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hornbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerolstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gerolstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hachenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hachenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hermenskeila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hermeskeil'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillesheimium (Eiflia)|Hillesheimium]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hillesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Becker, Mayer, Prinz &amp; Halpern 2021&quot;&gt;Becker, W., Mayer, M. G., Prinz, S. T., &amp; Halpern, J. P. (2021). ''Hoinga: A large and nearby ROSAT-detected supernova remnant''. Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, 648, A30. doi.org&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Hönningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horium-Grancineshausa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Höhr-Grenzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hunnorum Castellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kastellaun'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago ad Rivum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hagenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kyrina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Kyrina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landstulia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Landstuhl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lincia ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Linz am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lupi Petra (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Lupi Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wolfstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Manderscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Manderscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meisenheimium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Meisenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Latomus 1562&quot;&gt;Latomus, B. (1562). ''Genealogia d. d. baronum in Meisenheimium et Oberstein''. (Reimpressio a I. Friderico edita, anno 1870, Reuther).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Meisenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mendigum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mendig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molendinopolis-Kerlecha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mülheim-Kärlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monasterium Meinfeldiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Münstermaifeld''; dialectaliter ''Meenster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ecclesiae (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Ecclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ferreus (Palatinatus)|Mons Ferreus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisner 1623&quot;&gt;Meisner, D. (1623). ''Thesaurus Philo-Politicus: Hoc est: Emblemata sive Moralia Politica'' (Vol. 1). Eberhard Kieser.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Tabor (Germania)|Mons Tabor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Montabaur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Torrentis (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Torrentis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Stromberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moschela Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat II 1824&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Obermoschel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nassovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nassau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nastadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nastätten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neristeinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nierstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Castellum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Novum Castellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuerburg''; dialectaliter [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Neierbuersch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Occidentale Castrum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Occidentale Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Westerburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oppenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oppenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostowa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Osthofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otterburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Otterberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Policha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Polch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pruma (urbs)|Pruma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Prüm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ramsteinium-Mesenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ramstein-Miesenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ransbacum-Babenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ransbach-Baumbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Renneroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rennerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rhens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rocconis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rockenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodalba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rodalben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Saltrissa in Silva Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Selters''; dialectaliter ''Seldersch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sancti Goaris Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sankt Goar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sanctus Lambertus (Palatinatus)|Sanctus Lambertus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der ehemaligen Abteien und Klöster im jetzigen Rheinbayern'' (Vol. 1). Ensslin; et: Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lambrecht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Saravicastrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Saarburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Simmera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Simmern/Hunsrück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schweich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spicarium (Eiflia)|Spicarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Speicher'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tabernae Montanae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Bergzabern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Berchzawwre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Trabena-Trarbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Traben-Trarbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Turris Alba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Turris Alba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Weißenthurm''; dialectaliter ''Thur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulmena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ulmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulmena Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Greule 2021&quot;&gt;Greule, A. (2021). ''Die Ortsnamen der Verbandsgemeinde Nieder-Olm''. Regionalgeschichte.net&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nieder-Olm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Unchela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;&gt;Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln'' (Vol. 1). Wolf'sche Buchdruckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Unkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valendra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Vallendar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vesalia Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oberwesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vetus Ecclesia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Moraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Waldmohr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wachenheimium ad Viam Vinariam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wachenheim an der Weinstraße'' seu ''Wachenheim an der Haardt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weristadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wörrstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiridicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wirges'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wissena ad Segam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wissen'' seu ''Wissen/Sieg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Communia sine consociatione ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bobenhemium-Roxhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling Geschichte 1852&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X., (1852); ''Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Kirchheim &amp; Schott.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenheim-Roxheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bohila et Ugelhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böhl-Iggelheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Budenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim III 1839&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J. (1839). ''Pragmatische Geschichte der deutschen Concilien: vom vierten bis zum Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (Vol. 3). Moguntiaci: Verlag von Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Budenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Comitatus (Rhenania)|Comitatus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive memorabilis et geographica historicaque dominorum eifliae illustrium''. Typis Ioannis Baptistae; et: Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica descriptionis comitatus Eifliae''. Typis J.A. Köthen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Grafschaft'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Limburgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Limburgerhof'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Palatinatus)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Haßloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Morbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Morbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutterstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mutterstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Communia localia ==
=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abbatis Villa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Abbatis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Abtweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Abentheuerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J., &amp; Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung'' (Vol. 2). Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Abentheuer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acta (Eiflia)|Acta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Acht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adinbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae II 1770&quot;&gt;Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae. (1770). ''Historia et commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Litterarum Theodoro-Palatinae'' (Vol. 2). Typis Academicis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Adenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Afflaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Affler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Agitelsbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Achtelsbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ailertchenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ailertchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albersweilerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albersweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albessenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albucha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albulfi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albisheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alflona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alflen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alcana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alcana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisontia (Palatinatus)|Alisontia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsenz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allenbachum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allendorfium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Allendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allenfeldium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almersbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Almersbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alpenrodium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alpenrod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsbacum (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsdorfium (Eiflia)|Alsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsdorfium (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alta Regia (Rhenania)|Alta Regia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alta Ripa (Palatinatus)|Alta Ripa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altrip'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alterkulzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alterkülz''; [[Hunnice]] ''Allerkilz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bleialf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ammeldinga ad Novum Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen bei Neuerburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ammeldinga ad Ouram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen an der Our'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Anhausen''; dialectaliter ''Onese'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anschavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Anschau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Dizuna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altendiez'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Laya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altlay'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Scheida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Villa (Palatinatus)|Antiqua Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Boimburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;&gt;Gudenus, V. F. (1743). ''Codex diplomaticus: exhibens anecdota Moguntiaca, iura, provincias, et adiacentes regiones'' (Vol. 1). Typis Ioannis Baptistae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenbamberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Strimmigium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altstrimmig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Widelbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altweidelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Aldweirelbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antweilerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Antweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Appenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aqua (prope Augustam Treverorum)|Aqua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ara (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenahr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aremontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aremberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arenrathium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arenrath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arftium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arft'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Argenthalium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Argenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ajedahl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ariswancum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dotzauer 2001&quot;&gt;Dotzauer, W. (2001). ''Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes: Von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution''. Franz Steiner Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Argenschwang'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Armshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Armsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arzbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arzbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ardesfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arzfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asbachium (Occidentalis Silva)|Asbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Asbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aspishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aspisheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astertium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Astert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Attenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Attenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Atzelgiftium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Atzelgift'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auderathium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auderath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auel'')&lt;/small&gt;.
* [[Augia (Tergum Caninum)|Augia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trithemius 1601&quot;&gt;Trithemius, I. (1601). ''Chronicon Coenobii Sponheimensis''. Typis Ioannis Albini; et: Trithemius, I. (1601). Chronicon Sponheimense, ca. 1495-1509. (Ed. Carl Velten, 1969). [[Cruciniacum|Cruciniaci]]: Eigenverlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia ad Kyllam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auw an der Kyll'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia ad Prumiam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auw bei Prüm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia Dusonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dausenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aullium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aull'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bachenbergium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bachenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bacunnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bekond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bademium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Badenhardia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badenhard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Banert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Badenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baldringum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnodalius 1570&quot;&gt;Gnodalius, P. (1570). ''Seditio repentina vulgi, praecipue rusticorum, anno M.D.XXV. per universam fere Germaniam exorta''. Henricus Petri&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baldringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bannum (Palatinatus)|Bannum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;&gt;Lehmann, J. G. (1857). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der Pfalz''. Verlag der Joh. Chr. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bann'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bannberscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steub 1846&quot;&gt;Steub, L. (1846). ''Die oberdeutschen Familiennamen''. Verlag von George Joseph Manz.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bannberscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barae (Eiflia)|Barae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baudobrica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büdlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baulerum (Circulus terrae Arvilarensis)|Baulerum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1855&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1855). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica comitatus Eifliae descriptio''. Jacobus Antonius Mayer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Arvilarensis|Circulo Arvilarensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Arvilarensis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bauler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baustertum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baustert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bechelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;&gt;Steininger, J. (1836). ''Codex principis et metropolis Trevirensis: res Trevericas a saeculo X. usque ad nostra tempora illustrans''. Friederich Lintz.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becheln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bechtrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechtheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beindersheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widder 1788&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beindersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belgica (Germania)|Belgica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Belg''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellisch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belinga (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Belinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beilingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belinga (Occidentalis Silva)|Belinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz 1886&quot;&gt;Görz, A. (1886). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. Verlag von F. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bellingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bellum (Tergum Caninum)|Bellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bellum (prope Mendigum)|Bellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Mendigum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beltema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beltheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Belldem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bercilingua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bermola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bertriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilles 1988&quot;&gt;Gilles, K.-J. (1988). ''Die Entersburg bei Bad Bertrich. Ein &quot;Troja&quot; der Eifel''. Apud ''Jahrbuch für den Kreis Cochem-Zell''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Bertrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bettilonis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Betteldorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bettinga (Eiflia)|Bettinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betularia-Honigsessenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885&quot;&gt;Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Provinz Rheinland'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus; et: Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Auf Grund der Materialien der Volkszählung vom 1. Dezember 1885'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birken-Honigsessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betularum Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berkhem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bibaraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Biewere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bibericum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bickenbacum (Tergum Caninum)|Bickenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bickenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bidasium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;&gt;Lehmann, J. G. (1841). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der ehemaligen Pfalz am Rheine''. Kaiserslautern: Tascher. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biedesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Birressem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilestinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beilstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binninga (Eiflia)|Binninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Binningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binsfelda (Eiflia)|Binsfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Binsfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birgelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wackenroder 1928&quot;&gt;Wackenroder, E. (1928). ''Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Daun'' (P. Clemen, Ed.; Vol. 12/III). Dusseldorpii: L. Schwann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birgel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birgesbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birresborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birtinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birtlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bitzenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böchingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bolandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bolanne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bollanevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bollendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borlerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;&gt;Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Zweiter Band. Die Karte von 1789''. Bonnae: Hermann Behrendt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bovina (Nava)|Bovina]] &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boos'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunshornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braunshorn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brousert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredallum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Briedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breidena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Briedern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bremba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bremm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bretzenheimum ad Navam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bretzenheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brätzenem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Briedina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brieden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Briminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;&gt;Linden, I. (1852). ''Hierarchia Trevirensis: Catalogus omnium ecclesiarum et cleri dioecesis Trevirensis''. Ex Officina Typographica B. Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brimingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brinichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brenk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1829&quot;&gt;Schannat, I. F. (1829). ''Eiflia illustrata oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Tranl.). Mayer. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brockscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brodenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brodenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brohla-Luezilinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brommer 2003&quot;&gt;Brommer, P. (2003). ''Die Kanzlei der Erzbischöfe von Trier im 12. Jahrhundert''. Gesellschaft für Mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brohl-Lützing'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchamulbacum-Misavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchmühlbach-Miesau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchertseifia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchertseifen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchwilarius-Berenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler-Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brucusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunswillarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brauweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brey'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruscheida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruschied'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruttigum-Fancale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruttig-Fankel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubenheimium (Hassia Rhenana)|Bubenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Brilmayer, K. I. (1905). ''Rheinhessen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart''. [[Giessa]]e: Roth.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubonum Villa (Palatinatus)|Bubonum Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubenheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Buwerum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Budonis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büdesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buidonivilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenheim am Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buhlenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beulich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulleia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bullay'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunglum (Mosella)|Bunglum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bengel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Mosella)|Burgus]] &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Mosella Inferior)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam Inferiorem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Eiflia)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (prope Bernicastellum-Cusam)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Bernicastellum-Cusam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx 1905&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burovillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burrweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burtscheidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burtscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buveza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boos'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Caminus Picis (Palatinatus)|Caminus Picis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Animalium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Baierorum et Steckweilerum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Widder 1788&quot;&gt;Widder, J. G. (1788). ''Versuch einer vollständigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz am Rheine''. Francofurti et Lipsiae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bayerfeld-Steckweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Balesii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;&gt;Hontheim, N. (1750). ''Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica''. Apud viduam et filium Joannis Gulielmi Huisch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Balesfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Bettonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Bonini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bonefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Dedinis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deudesfeld''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Deisseld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Campus Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dellfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Caan'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carolomontium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Carolomontium]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Charlottenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carolomontium (Circulus terrae Turingensis)|Carolomontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Turingensis|Circulo terrae Turingensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTTuringensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Turingensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Dürkheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Turingensis-e&quot; ad [[Turingum]] refertur.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Carlsberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casa Bubonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börfink'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae ad Montem (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Casae ad Montem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berghausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Beionis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beinhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bennonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bennhausen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bennese'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bergonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergenhausen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bärjehouse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Berizonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bidari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biedershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Faginae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büchenbeuren''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bischebäjere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Brule]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgbrohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Larae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burglahr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Clausa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Clausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wasserzieher 1927&quot;&gt;Wasserzieher, E. (1927). ''Hans und Grete: Eine Einführung in die Studium der deutschen Personennamen''. Ferdinand Dümmler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büchel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenbeul'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Condate Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Condate Vicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gemeinde-contwig.de/index.php/ortsgeschichte ''Gemeinde Contwig''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Namen „condate vicus“ (oder ähnlich) erhielt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Contwig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curiae Arnonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arnshöfen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curtes Dissonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dessighofen''; dialectaliter ''Dessje'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dackenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dackenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dackscheidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dackscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Daleidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daleiden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dancano]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Datinberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dattenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Decima (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Detzem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deesenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinspure]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Densborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dernavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derschenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Derschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deslochium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Desloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dieblichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dieblich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Difficilis Scissus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bisterschied'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didonevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dingdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis|Circulo terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheidt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Tergum Caninum)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Dammae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Damscheid''; [[Hunnice]] ''Domschiehd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Darsonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Darscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Exustum (Eiflia)|Discrimen Exustum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Exustum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Exustum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Spissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickenschied''; [[Hunnice]] ''Diggeschiehd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Divortium (Tergum Caninum)|Divortium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bescheid''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Baäschd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Divortium Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Docconis Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dockweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Docconisvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dockendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dommari Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dommershausen''; dialectaliter [[Hunnice]] ''Dommasch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Candida (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Candida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bleckhausen''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Blääkes'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Davilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dauwelshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Tabulata]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bretthausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dorsheim]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dörth]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dossinhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moos &amp; Kober 2009&quot;&gt;Moos, P. S., &amp; Kober, K. (2009). ''Die Geschichte von Dachsenhausen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dachsenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Döttesfeld]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Drees]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreifelden]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreikirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreis]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreisbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Dreisbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreis-Brück]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreisen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duchroth]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudeldorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudenhofen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudonis Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dodenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dulgisvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dolgesheim]'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dümpelfeld]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dünfus]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Düngenheim]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunzweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duppach]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dürrholz]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Ebernhahn]]
* [[Ebertshausen]]
* [[Ebertsheim]]
* [[Echternacherbrück]]
* [[Echtershausen]]
* [[Eckelsheim]]
* [[Eckenroth]]
* [[Eckersweiler]]
* [[Eckfeld]]
* [[Edesheim]]
* [[Ediger-Eller]]
* [[Egla (Germania)|Egla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ayl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ehlenz]]
* [[Ehlscheid]]
* [[Ehr]]
* [[Ehweiler]]
* [[Eich (Hassia Rhenana)|Eich]]
* [[Eichelhardt]]
* [[Eichen (Occidentalis Silva)|Eichen]]
* [[Eichenbach]]
* [[Eilscheid]]
* [[Eimsheim]]
* [[Einig]]
* [[Einöllen]]
* [[Einselthum]]
* [[Eisenach (Eiflia)|Eisenach]]
* [[Eisenschmitt]]
* [[Eisighofen]]
* [[Eitelborn]]
* [[Elben (Occidentalis Silva)|Elben]]
* [[Elbingen]]
* [[Elchweiler]]
* [[Elkenroth]]
* [[Ellenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Ellenberg]]
* [[Ellenhausen]]
* [[Ellenz-Poltersdorf]]
* [[Ellern (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Ellerstadt]]
* [[Ellscheid]]
* [[Ellweiler]]
* [[Elmstein]]
* [[Elsoff (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Elzweiler]]
* [[Emmelbaum]]
* [[Emmerzhausen]]
* [[Endlichhofen]]
* [[Engelstadt]]
* [[Enkenbach-Alsenborn]]
* [[Enkirch]]
* [[Ensch]]
* [[Ensheim]]
* [[Enspel]]
* [[Enzen (Eiflia)|Enzen]]
* [[Episcopi Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Episcopi Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bischheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bischem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eppelsheim]]
* [[Eppenberg (Eiflia)|Eppenberg]]
* [[Eppenbrunn]]
* [[Eppenrod]]
* [[Erbach (Tergum Caninum)|Erbach]]
* [[Erbes-Büdesheim]]
* [[Erden (Mosel)|Erden]]
* [[Erdesbach]]
* [[Erfweiler]]
* [[Ergeshausen]]
* [[Ericetum Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenheide'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erlenbach bei Dahn]]
* [[Erlenbach bei Kandel]]
* [[Ernst (Mosel)|Ernst]]
* [[Ernzen]]
* [[Erpel]]
* [[Erpolzheim]]
* [[Ersfeld]]
* [[Erzenhausen]]
* [[Esch (bei Gerolstein)|Esch]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Gerolstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esch (bei Wittlich)|Esch]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Wittlich)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschbach (bei Nastätten)|Eschbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Nastätten)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschbach (Pfalz)|Eschbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschfeld]]
* [[Esselborn]]
* [[Essenheim]]
* [[Essingen (Pfalz)|Essingen]]
* [[Eßlingen]]
* [[Eßweiler]]
* [[Esthal]]
* [[Etgert]]
* [[Etschberg]]
* [[Etteldorf]]
* [[Ettinghausen]]
* [[Ettringen (Eiflia)|Ettringen]]
* [[Etzbach]]
* [[Eulenberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Eulenberg]]
* [[Eulenbis]]
* [[Eulgem]]
* [[Euscheid]]
* [[Eußerthal]]
* [[Ewighausen]]
* [[Exstirpatio Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berndroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fachbach]]
* [[Fagetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fagetum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buchet'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fagus (Taunus)|Fagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fagus (Tergum Caninum)|Fagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Booch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Faid]]
* [[Falkenstein (Pfalz)|Falkenstein]]
* [[Farschweiler]]
* [[Fehl-Ritzhausen]]
* [[Feilbingert]]
* [[Feilsdorf]]
* [[Fell (Mosel)|Fell]]
* [[Fensdorf]]
* [[Ferschweiler]]
* [[Feuerscheid]]
* [[Feusdorf]]
* [[Fiersbach]]
* [[Filsen]]
* [[Filz (Eiflia)|Filz]]
* [[Finkenbach-Gersweiler]]
* [[Fisch (Saargau)|Fisch]]
* [[Fischbach bei Dahn]]
* [[Fischbach (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Fischbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fischbach (bei Kaiserslautern)|Fischbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kaiserslautern)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fischbach-Oberraden]]
* [[Flacht]]
* [[Flammersfeld]]
* [[Flemlingen]]
* [[Fleringen]]
* [[Flexus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Flexus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bogel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fließem]]
* [[Flomborn]]
* [[Flonheim]]
* [[Flörsheim-Dalsheim]]
* [[Flußbach]]
* [[Fluterschen]]
* [[Fluxus Dammae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Damflos'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Föckelberg]]
* [[Föhren]]
* [[Fohren-Linden]]
* [[Fons Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bereborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fons Boeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börsborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fons Tumuli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böllenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Forst an der Weinstraße]]
* [[Forst (bei Wissen, Sieg)|Forst]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Wissen, Sieg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Forst (Eiflia)]]
* [[Forst (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Forstmehren]]
* [[Framersheim]]
* [[Frankelbach]]
* [[Frankeneck]]
* [[Frankenstein (Pfalz)|Frankenstein]]
* [[Frankweiler]]
* [[Franzenheim]]
* [[Frauenberg (Nahe)|Frauenberg]]
* [[Fraxinibachium (Palatinatus Occidentalis)|Fraxinibachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aschbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fraxinibachium (Tergum Caninum)|Fraxinibachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Asbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freckenfeld]]
* [[Frei-Laubersheim]]
* [[Freilingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Freilingen]]
* [[Freimersheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Freimersheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Freimersheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freirachdorf]]
* [[Freisbach]]
* [[Frettenheim]]
* [[Freudenburg]]
* [[Friedelsheim]]
* [[Friedewald (Occidentalis Silva)|Friedewald]]
* [[Friesenhagen]]
* [[Friesenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Friesenheim]]
* [[Frohnhofen]]
* [[Fronhofen]]
* [[Frücht]]
* [[Fuchshofen]]
* [[Fundus (Occidentalis Silva)|Fundus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürfeld]]
* [[Fürthen]]
* [[Fußgönheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Gabsheim]]
* [[Gackenbach]]
* [[Galenberg]]
* [[Gamlen]]
* [[Gappenach]]
* [[Gau-Bickelheim]]
* [[Gau-Bischofsheim]]
* [[Gauersheim]]
* [[Gaugrehweiler]]
* [[Gau-Heppenheim]]
* [[Gau-Odernheim]]
* [[Gau-Weinheim]]
* [[Gebhardshain]]
* [[Gebroth]]
* [[Gefell (Eiflia)|Gefell]]
* [[Gehlert]]
* [[Gehlweiler]]
* [[Gehrweiler]]
* [[Geichlingen]]
* [[Geilnau]]
* [[Geiselberg]]
* [[Geisfeld]]
* [[Geisig]]
* [[Gelenberg]]
* [[Gemmerich]]
* [[Gemünd (Our)|Gemünd]]
* [[Gemünden (Tergum Caninum)|Gemünden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemünden (Occidentalis Silva)|Gemünden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gensingen]]
* [[Gentingen]]
* [[Gerach (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Gerach]]
* [[Gerbach]]
* [[Gerhardsbrunn]]
* [[Gering]]
* [[Gerolsheim]]
* [[Gevenich]]
* [[Gieleroth]]
* [[Gielert]]
* [[Gierschnach]]
* [[Giershausen]]
* [[Giesdorf]]
* [[Giesenhausen]]
* [[Gillenbeuren]]
* [[Gillenfeld]]
* [[Gilzem]]
* [[Gimbsheim]]
* [[Gimbweiler]]
* [[Gindorf]]
* [[Ginsweiler]]
* [[Gipperath]]
* [[Girkenroth]]
* [[Girod]]
* [[Gladbach (Eiflia)|Gladbach]]
* [[Glan-Münchweiler]]
* [[Glanbrücken]]
* [[Glanna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenglan'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glees]]
* [[Gleisweiler]]
* [[Gleiszellen-Gleishorbach]]
* [[Göcklingen]]
* [[Goddert]]
* [[Gödenroth]]
* [[Gollenberg (prope Bircofeldam)|Gollenberg]]
* [[Göllheim]]
* [[Gommersheim]]
* [[Gonbach]]
* [[Gondenbrett]]
* [[Gondershausen]]
* [[Gondorf]]
* [[Gönnersdorf (bei Bad Breisig)|Gönnersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Bad Breisig)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gönnersdorf (Eiflia)|Gönnersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gönnheim]]
* [[Görgeshausen]]
* [[Gornhausen]]
* [[Gösenroth]]
* [[Gossersweiler-Stein]]
* [[Graach an der Mosel]]
* [[Gräfendhron]]
* [[Gransdorf]]
* [[Greimerath (bei Trier)|Greimerath]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Trier)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Greimerath (Eiflia)|Greimerath]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Greimersburg]]
* [[Grenderich]]
* [[Griebelschied]]
* [[Gries (Pfalz)|Gries]]
* [[Grimburg]]
* [[Grolsheim]]
* [[Großbundenbach]]
* [[Großfischlingen]]
* [[Großholbach]]
* [[Großkampenberg]]
* [[Großkarlbach]]
* [[Großlangenfeld]]
* [[Großlittgen]]
* [[Großmaischeid]]
* [[Großniedesheim]]
* [[Großseifen]]
* [[Großsteinhausen]]
* [[Grumbach (Landkreis Kusel)|Grumbach]]
* [[Grünebach]]
* [[Guckheim]]
* [[Gückingen]]
* [[Guldental]]
* [[Güllesheim]]
* [[Gumbsheim]]
* [[Gunderath]]
* [[Gundersheim]]
* [[Gundersweiler]]
* [[Gundheim]]
* [[Guntersblum]]
* [[Gusenburg]]
* [[Gusterath]]
* [[Gutenacker]]
* [[Gutenberg/Nahe|Gutenberg]]
* [[Gutweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Habscheid]]
* [[Hackenheim]]
* [[Hahn am See]]
* [[Hahn bei Marienberg]]
* [[Hahn (Tergum Caninum)|Hahn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hahnenbach]]
* [[Hahnheim]]
* [[Hahnstätten]]
* [[Hahnweiler]]
* [[Hainau]]
* [[Hainfeld (Pfalz)|Hainfeld]]
* [[Halbs]]
* [[Hallgarten (Pfalz)|Hallgarten]]
* [[Hallschlag]]
* [[Halsdorf]]
* [[Halsenbach]]
* [[Hambach (bei Diez)|Hambach]]
* [[Hambuch]]
* [[Hamm am Rhein]]
* [[Hamm (Eiflia)|Hamm]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamm (Sieg)]]
* [[Hammerstein (am Rhein)|Hammerstein]]
* [[Hangen-Weisheim]]
* [[Hanhofen]]
* [[Hanroth]]
* [[Harbach (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Harbach]]
* [[Hardert]]
* [[Hardt (Occidentalis Silva)|Hardt]]
* [[Hargarten (Eiflia)|Hargarten]]
* [[Hargesheim]]
* [[Harschbach]]
* [[Harscheid (bei Adenau)|Harscheid]]
* [[Harspelt]]
* [[Hartenfels]]
* [[Harthausen]]
* [[Härtlingen]]
* [[Harxheim]]
* [[Hasborn (Eiflia)|Hasborn]]
* [[Haschbach am Remigiusberg]]
* [[Haserich]]
* [[Hasselbach (Tergum Caninum)|Hasselbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasselbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Hasselbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattert]]
* [[Hattgenstein]]
* [[Hatzenbühl]]
* [[Hatzenport]]
* [[Hauenstein (Pfalz)|Hauenstein]]
* [[Hauptstuhl]]
* [[Hauroth]]
* [[Hausbay]]
* [[Hausen (Tergum Caninum)|Hausen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hausen (Wied)]]
* [[Hausten]]
* [[Hausweiler]]
* [[Hecken (Tergum Caninum)|Hecken]]
* [[Heckenbach]]
* [[Heckenmünster]]
* [[Heckhuscheid]]
* [[Heddert]]
* [[Hefersweiler]]
* [[Heidenburg]]
* [[Heidweiler]]
* [[Heilbach]]
* [[Heilberscheid]]
* [[Heilenbach]]
* [[Heiligenmoschel]]
* [[Heiligenroth]]
* [[Heimbach (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Heimbach]]
* [[Heimborn]]
* [[Heimweiler]]
* [[Heinzenbach]]
* [[Heinzenberg (bei Kirn)|Heinzenberg]]
* [[Heinzenhausen]]
* [[Heisdorf]]
* [[Heistenbach]]
* [[Helferskirchen]]
* [[Hellenhahn-Schellenberg]]
* [[Hellertshausen]]
* [[Helmenzen]]
* [[Helmeroth]]
* [[Heltersberg]]
* [[Hemmelzen]]
* [[Henau (Tergum Caninum)|Henau]]
* [[Hennweiler]]
* [[Henschtal]]
* [[Hentern]]
* [[Herborn (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Herborn]]
* [[Herbstmühle]]
* [[Herchweiler]]
* [[Herforst]]
* [[Hergenfeld]]
* [[Hergenroth]]
* [[Hergersweiler]]
* [[Herl]]
* [[Hermersberg]]
* [[Herold (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Herold]]
* [[Herren-Sulzbach]]
* [[Herresbach]]
* [[Herrstein]]
* [[Herschbach]]
* [[Herschbach (Oberwesterwald)]]
* [[Herschberg]]
* [[Herschbroich]]
* [[Herschweiler-Pettersheim]]
* [[Hersdorf]]
* [[Herxheim am Berg]]
* [[Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz]]
* [[Herxheimweyher]]
* [[Herzfeld (Eiflia)|Herzfeld]]
* [[Heßheim]]
* [[Hesweiler]]
* [[Hettenhausen (Pfalz)|Hettenhausen]]
* [[Hettenleidelheim]]
* [[Hettenrodt]]
* [[Hetzerath (Eiflia)|Hetzerath]]
* [[Heuchelheim bei Frankenthal]]
* [[Heuchelheim-Klingen]]
* [[Heupelzen]]
* [[Heuzert]]
* [[Hilgenroth]]
* [[Hilgert]]
* [[Hillesheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Hillesheim]]
* [[Hillscheid]]
* [[Hilscheid]]
* [[Hilst]]
* [[Himmighofen]]
* [[Hintertiefenbach]]
* [[Hinterweidenthal]]
* [[Hinterweiler]]
* [[Hinzenburg]]
* [[Hinzert-Pölert]]
* [[Hinzweiler]]
* [[Hirschberg (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Hirschberg]]
* [[Hirschfeld (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Hirschhorn/Pfalz]]
* [[Hirschthal (Pfalz)|Hirschthal]]
* [[Hirten]]
* [[Hirz-Maulsbach]]
* [[Hochborn]]
* [[Hochdorf-Assenheim]]
* [[Hochscheid]]
* [[Hochspeyer]]
* [[Hochstadt (Pfalz)]]
* [[Hochstätten]]
* [[Höchstberg]]
* [[Höchstenbach]]
* [[Hochstetten-Dhaun]]
* [[Hockweiler]]
* [[Hof (Occidentalis Silva)|Hof]]
* [[Hoffeld (Eiflia)|Hoffeld]]
* [[Höheinöd]]
* [[Höheischweiler]]
* [[Hohenfels-Essingen]]
* [[Hohenleimbach]]
* [[Hohenöllen]]
* [[Hohen-Sülzen]]
* [[Höhfröschen]]
* [[Höhn]]
* [[Holler (Occidentalis Silva)|Holler]]
* [[Hollnich]]
* [[Holsthum]]
* [[Holzappel]]
* [[Holzbach]]
* [[Holzerath]]
* [[Holzhausen an der Haide]]
* [[Holzheim (Aar)|Holzheim]]
* [[Homberg (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Homberg]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Homberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Homberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hömberg]]
* [[Hommerdingen]]
* [[Honerath]]
* [[Hönningen]]
* [[Hontheim]]
* [[Hoppstädten]]
* [[Hoppstädten-Weiersbach]]
* [[Horath]]
* [[Horbach (bei Simmertal)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Simmertal)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbach (Pfalz)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbruch]]
* [[Hördt]]
* [[Horhausen (Nassau)|Horhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horhausen (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Höringen]]
* [[Horn (Tergum Caninum)|Horn]]
* [[Hornbacum Antiquum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Althornbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horperath]]
* [[Horrweiler]]
* [[Horschbach]]
* [[Hörscheid]]
* [[Hörschhausen]]
* [[Hortus Arborum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bongard'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hosten]]
* [[Hottenbach]]
* [[Hövels]]
* [[Hübingen]]
* [[Hüblingen]]
* [[Hüffelsheim]]
* [[Hüffler]]
* [[Hümmel]]
* [[Hümmerich]]
* [[Hundsangen]]
* [[Hundsbach]]
* [[Hundsdorf (Occidentalis Silva)|Hundsdorf]]
* [[Hungenroth]]
* [[Hunzel]]
* [[Hupperath]]
* [[Hütschenhausen]]
* [[Hütten (Eiflia)|Hütten]]
* [[Hütterscheid]]
* [[Hüttingen an der Kyll]]
* [[Hüttingen bei Lahr]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Idelberg]]
* [[Idenheim]]
* [[Idesheim]]
* [[Igel (Mosel)|Igel]]
* [[Ilbesheim (Donnersbergkreis)|Ilbesheim]] &lt;small&gt;(Donnersbergkreis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ilbesheim bei Landau in der Pfalz]]
* [[Illerich]]
* [[Immerath]]
* [[Immert]]
* [[Immesheim]]
* [[Impflingen]]
* [[Imsbach]]
* [[Imsweiler]]
* [[Indago ad Montem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berzhahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ingelbach]]
* [[Ingendorf]]
* [[Insheim]]
* [[Insul]]
* [[Ippenschied]]
* [[Irmenach]]
* [[Irmtraut]]
* [[Irrel]]
* [[Irrhausen]]
* [[Irsch (bei Saarburg)|Irsch]]
* [[Isenburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Isenburg]]
* [[Isert]]
* [[Isselbach]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jakobsweiler]]
* [[Jeckenbach]]
* [[Jettenbach (Pfalz)|Jettenbach]]
* [[Jockgrim]]
* [[Jucken (Gemeinde)|Jucken]]
* [[Jugenheim in Rheinhessen]]
* [[Jünkerath]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kaden]]
* [[Kadenbach]]
* [[Kaifenheim]]
* [[Kail]]
* [[Kalenborn (bei Altenahr)|Kalenborn]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Altenahr)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kalenborn (bei Kaisersesch)|Kalenborn]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kaisersesch)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kalenborn-Scheuern]]
* [[Kalkofen (Pfalz)|Kalkofen]]
* [[Kallstadt]]
* [[Kalt]]
* [[Kaltenborn]]
* [[Kaltenengers]]
* [[Kaltenholzhausen]]
* [[Kammerforst (Occidentalis Silva)|Kammerforst]]
* [[Kamp-Bornhofen]]
* [[Kanzem]]
* [[Kapellen-Drusweiler]]
* [[Kaperich]]
* [[Kappel (Tergum Caninum)|Kappel]]
* [[Kappeln (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kappeln]]
* [[Kapsweyer]]
* [[Karbach (Tergum Caninum)|Karbach]]
* [[Karl (Eiflia)|Karl]]
* [[Karlshausen]]
* [[Kasbach-Ohlenberg]]
* [[Kaschenbach]]
* [[Kasdorf]]
* [[Kasel (bei Trier)|Kasel]]
* [[Käshofen]]
* [[Kastel-Staadt]]
* [[Katzenbach (Donnersbergkreis)|Katzenbach]]
* [[Katzweiler]]
* [[Katzwinkel (Eiflia)|Katzwinkel]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katzwinkel (Sieg)]]
* [[Kausen]]
* [[Kehlbach (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Kehlbach]]
* [[Kehrig]]
* [[Keidelheim]]
* [[Kelberg]]
* [[Kell am See]]
* [[Kellenbach]]
* [[Kemmenau]]
* [[Kempenich]]
* [[Kempfeld]]
* [[Kenn]]
* [[Keppeshausen]]
* [[Kerben]]
* [[Kerpen (Eiflia)]]
* [[Kerschenbach (Eiflia)|Kerschenbach]]
* [[Kerzenheim]]
* [[Kescheid]]
* [[Kesfeld]]
* [[Kesseling]]
* [[Kesten]]
* [[Kestert]]
* [[Kettenhausen]]
* [[Kettenheim]]
* [[Kettig]]
* [[Kickeshausen]]
* [[Kindenheim]]
* [[Kinderbeuern]]
* [[Kindsbach]]
* [[Kinheim]]
* [[Kinzenburg]]
* [[Kirburg]]
* [[Kircheib]]
* [[Kirchheim an der Weinstraße]]
* [[Kirchsahr]]
* [[Kirchwald]]
* [[Kirchweiler]]
* [[Kirf]]
* [[Kirrweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kirrweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirrweiler (Pfalz)]]
* [[Kirsbach]]
* [[Kirschroth]]
* [[Kirschweiler]]
* [[Kisselbach]]
* [[Klausen (Eiflia)|Klausen]]
* [[Kleinbundenbach]]
* [[Kleinfischlingen]]
* [[Kleinich]]
* [[Kleinkarlbach]]
* [[Kleinlangenfeld]]
* [[Kleinmaischeid]]
* [[Kleinniedesheim]]
* [[Kleinsteinhausen]]
* [[Klein-Winternheim]]
* [[Kliding]]
* [[Klingelbach]]
* [[Klingenmünster]]
* [[Klosterkumbd]]
* [[Klotten]]
* [[Kludenbach]]
* [[Klüsserath]]
* [[Knittelsheim]]
* [[Knopp-Labach]]
* [[Knöringen]]
* [[Kobern-Gondorf]]
* [[Kölbingen]]
* [[Kollig]]
* [[Kollweiler]]
* [[Kolverath]]
* [[Kommen]]
* [[Köngernheim]]
* [[Königsau]]
* [[Königsfeld (Eiflia)|Königsfeld]]
* [[Konken]]
* [[Kopp (Vulkaneifel)|Kopp]]
* [[Körborn]]
* [[Kordel (Eiflia)|Kordel]]
* [[Kördorf]]
* [[Korlingen]]
* [[Körperich]]
* [[Korweiler]]
* [[Kottenborn]]
* [[Kottenheim]]
* [[Kötterichen]]
* [[Kottweiler-Schwanden]]
* [[Köwerich]]
* [[Koxhausen]]
* [[Kraam]]
* [[Kradenbach]]
* [[Krähenberg]]
* [[Kratzenburg]]
* [[Krautscheid]]
* [[Kreimbach-Kaulbach]]
* [[Kretz]]
* [[Krickenbach]]
* [[Kriegsfeld]]
* [[Kronweiler]]
* [[Kroppach]]
* [[Kröppen]]
* [[Krottelbach]]
* [[Kröv]]
* [[Kruchten]]
* [[Kruft]]
* [[Krümmel (Occidentalis Silva)|Krümmel]]
* [[Krummenau (Tergum Caninum)|Krummenau]]
* [[Krunkel]]
* [[Kuhardt]]
* [[Kuhnhöfen]]
* [[Külz (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Kümbdchen]]
* [[Kundert]]
* [[Kurtscheid]]
* [[Kyllburgweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Lahr (Eiflia)|Lahr]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahr (Tergum Caninum)|Lahr]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lambertsberg]]
* [[Lambsborn]]
* [[Lambsheim]]
* [[Lampaden]]
* [[Landkern]]
* [[Landscheid]]
* [[Langenbach bei Kirburg]]
* [[Langenbach (Pfalz)|Langenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langenfeld (Eiflia)|Langenfeld]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langenhahn]]
* [[Langenlonsheim]]
* [[Langenscheid]]
* [[Langenthal (Tergum Caninum)|Langenthal]]
* [[Langscheid (bei Mayen)|Langscheid]]
* [[Langsur]]
* [[Langweiler (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Langweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Langweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwieden]]
* [[Lascheid (Eiflia)|Lascheid]]
* [[Lasel]]
* [[Latitudo (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Latitudo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breit'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubach (Eiflia)|Laubach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubach (Tergum Caninum)|Laubach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubenheim]]
* [[Laudert]]
* [[Laufeld]]
* [[Laufersweiler]]
* [[Laumersheim]]
* [[Lauperath]]
* [[Laurenburg]]
* [[Lauschied]]
* [[Lautersheim]]
* [[Lautert]]
* [[Lautzenbrücken]]
* [[Lautzenhausen]]
* [[Lehmen]]
* [[Leidenborn]]
* [[Leienkaul]]
* [[Leimbach (bei Adenau)|Leimbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Adenau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leimbach (bei Neuerburg)|Leimbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Neuerburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leimen (Pfalz)|Leimen]]
* [[Leimersheim]]
* [[Leiningen (Tergum Caninum)|Leiningen]]
* [[Leinsweiler]]
* [[Leisel]]
* [[Leitzweiler]]
* [[Leiwen]]
* [[Lemberg (Pfalz)|Lemberg]]
* [[Lettweiler]]
* [[Leubsdorf (am Rhein)|Leubsdorf]]
* [[Leuterod]]
* [[Leutesdorf]]
* [[Lichtenborn]]
* [[Liebenscheid]]
* [[Liebshausen]]
* [[Lieg]]
* [[Lierfeld]]
* [[Lierschied]]
* [[Liesenich]]
* [[Lieser (Gemeinde)|Lieser]]
* [[Ließem (Eiflia)|Ließem]]
* [[Limbach (bei Kirn)|Limbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kirn)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Limbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Limbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lind (bei Altenahr)|Lind]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Altenahr)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lind (bei Mayen)|Lind]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linden (Pfalz)|Linden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linden (Occidentalis Silva)|Linden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindenberg (Pfalz)|Lindenberg]]
* [[Lindenschied]]
* [[Lingenfeld]]
* [[Lingerhahn]]
* [[Linkenbach]]
* [[Lipporn]]
* [[Lirstal]]
* [[Lissendorf]]
* [[Lochum]]
* [[Locus Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börrstadt''; [[Palatanice]] ''Berrschdadd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löf]]
* [[Lohnsfeld]]
* [[Lohnweiler]]
* [[Lohrheim]]
* [[Löllbach]]
* [[Lollschied]]
* [[Longen]]
* [[Longkamp]]
* [[Longuich]]
* [[Lonnig]]
* [[Lonsheim]]
* [[Lorscheid]]
* [[Lörzweiler]]
* [[Lösnich]]
* [[Lötzbeuren]]
* [[Luckenbach]]
* [[Lückenburg]]
* [[Ludwigshöhe]]
* [[Ludwigswinkel]]
* [[Lug (Pfalz)|Lug]]
* [[Lünebach]]
* [[Lustadt]]
* [[Lütz]]
* [[Lutzerath]]
* [[Lützkampen]]
* [[Luxem]]
* [[Lykershausen]]
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Macken]]
* [[Mackenbach]]
* [[Mackenrodt]]
* [[Mähren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mähren]]
* [[Maikammer]]
* [[Maisborn]]
* [[Maitzborn]]
* [[Malberg (Eiflia)|Malberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Malberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Malberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Malbergweich]]
* [[Malborn]]
* [[Mammelzen]]
* [[Mandel (Gemeinde)|Mandel]]
* [[Mandern]]
* [[Manderscheid (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Manderscheid]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannebach (bei Saarburg)|Mannebach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Saarburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannebach (Eiflia)|Mannebach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannweiler-Cölln]]
* [[Manubach]]
* [[Marienfels]]
* [[Marienhausen]]
* [[Marienrachdorf]]
* [[Maring-Noviand]]
* [[Marnheim]]
* [[Maroth]]
* [[Martinshöhe]]
* [[Martinstein]]
* [[Marzhausen (Westerwaldkreis)|Marzhausen]]
* [[Masburg]]
* [[Maßweiler]]
* [[Mastershausen]]
* [[Masthorn]]
* [[Matzenbach]]
* [[Matzerath]]
* [[Mauchenheim]]
* [[Mauden]]
* [[Mauel]]
* [[Mauschbach]]
* [[Maxdorf]]
* [[Maxsain]]
* [[Mayschoß]]
* [[Meckel]]
* [[Meckenbach (prope Bircofeldam)|Meckenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckenbach (bei Kirn)|Meckenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kirn)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckenheim (Pfalz)|Meckenheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Medard (Glan)|Medard]]
* [[Meddersheim]]
* [[Meerfeld]]
* [[Mehlbach]]
* [[Mehlingen]]
* [[Mehren (Eiflia)|Mehren]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mehren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mehren]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mehring (Mosel)|Mehring]]
* [[Meinborn]]
* [[Meisburg]]
* [[Melsbach]]
* [[Mengerschied]]
* [[Menningen (an der Prüm)|Menningen]]
* [[Merkelbach]]
* [[Merlscheid (bei Pronsfeld)|Merlscheid]]
* [[Mermuth]]
* [[Merschbach]]
* [[Mertesdorf]]
* [[Mertesheim]]
* [[Mertloch]]
* [[Merxheim (Nahe)|Merxheim]]
* [[Merzalben]]
* [[Merzkirchen]]
* [[Merzweiler]]
* [[Mesenich]]
* [[Messerich]]
* [[Mettendorf (Eiflia)|Mettendorf]]
* [[Mettenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mettenheim]]
* [[Metterich]]
* [[Mettweiler]]
* [[Metzenhausen]]
* [[Meudt]]
* [[Meuspath]]
* [[Michelbach (Tergum Caninum)|Michelbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Michelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Miehlen]]
* [[Miellen]]
* [[Minden (Sauer)|Minden]]
* [[Minderlittgen]]
* [[Minfeld]]
* [[Minheim]]
* [[Misselberg]]
* [[Mittelbrunn]]
* [[Mittelfischbach]]
* [[Mittelhof]]
* [[Mittelreidenbach]]
* [[Mittelstrimmig]]
* [[Mogendorf]]
* [[Molsberg]]
* [[Mölsheim]]
* [[Molzhain]]
* [[Mommenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mommenheim]]
* [[Monreal]]
* [[Mons (Palatinatus)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons (Taunus)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons (prope Arvilare)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Arvilare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Basii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Basberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Battonis (Palatinatus)|Mons Battonis]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Battenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Bilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;&gt;Gensicke, H. (1999). Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes (3ª ed.). [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Nassau.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bölsberg''; dialectaliter ''Bilsbisch'' seu ''Bölsberisch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Busonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Busenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Coronae (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Mons Coronae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cronenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Crampii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cramberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Dasonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dasburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Didonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deimberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Fuscus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Fuscus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp-Schreiber 1664&quot;&gt;Karp-Schreiber, W. (1664). ''Chronica Braunebergensis: De vineis et uvis in Iuffer sitis''. Monte Fusco: Officina Domestica.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brauneberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Hirci (Eiflia)|Mons Hirci]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boxberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Lucidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Lucidus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berglicht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ruborum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Ruborum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bremberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Vallis (prope Cruciniacum)|Mons Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dalberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monsheim]]
* [[Möntenich]]
* [[Montes (prope Kyrinam)|Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monzelfeld]]
* [[Monzernheim]]
* [[Monzingen]]
* [[Moritzheim]]
* [[Mörlen]]
* [[Mörsbach]]
* [[Mörschbach]]
* [[Morscheid]]
* [[Morschheim]]
* [[Mörschied]]
* [[Mörsdorf (Tergum Caninum)|Mörsdorf]]
* [[Mörsfeld]]
* [[Morshausen]]
* [[Mörstadt]]
* [[Mosbruch]]
* [[Moschheim]]
* [[Moselkern]]
* [[Mückeln]]
* [[Müden (Mosel)]]
* [[Mudenbach]]
* [[Mudersbach]]
* [[Mudershausen]]
* [[Mühlpfad]]
* [[Mülbach]]
* [[Mülheim an der Mosel]]
* [[Müllenbach (bei Adenau)|Müllenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Adenau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müllenbach (bei Mayen)|Müllenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Münchwald]]
* [[Münchweiler am Klingbach]]
* [[Münchweiler an der Alsenz]]
* [[Münchweiler an der Rodalb]]
* [[Mündersbach]]
* [[Münk]]
* [[Münsterappel]]
* [[Münster-Sarmsheim]]
* [[Mürlenbach]]
* [[Müsch]]
* [[Müschenbach]]
* [[Musweiler]]
* [[Mutterschied]]
* [[Mützenich (bei Prüm)|Mützenich]]
* [[Muxerath]]
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nachtsheim]]
* [[Nack]]
* [[Nackenheim]]
* [[Nannhausen]]
* [[Nanzdietschweiler]]
* [[Nasingen]]
* [[Nattenheim]]
* [[Naunheim]]
* [[Nauort]]
* [[Nauroth]]
* [[Naurath (Eiflia)]]
* [[Naurath (Wald)]]
* [[Neef]]
* [[Nehren (Mosel)|Nehren]]
* [[Neichen]]
* [[Neidenbach]]
* [[Neidenfels]]
* [[Neitersen]]
* [[Nentershausen (Occidentalis Silva)|Nentershausen]]
* [[Nerdlen]]
* [[Neroth]]
* [[Nerzweiler]]
* [[Netzbach]]
* [[Neu-Bamberg]]
* [[Neuburg am Rhein]]
* [[Neuendorf (Eiflia)|Neuendorf]]
* [[Neuerkirch]]
* [[Neuhäusel]]
* [[Neuheilenbach]]
* [[Neuhemsbach]]
* [[Neuhofen (Pfalz)|Neuhofen]]
* [[Neuhütten (Silva Alta)|Neuhütten]]
* [[Neuleiningen]]
* [[Neumagen-Dhron]]
* [[Neunkhausen]]
* [[Neunkirchen am Potzberg]]
* [[Neunkirchen (Tergum Caninum)|Neunkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neunkirchen (Occidentalis Silva)|Neunkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neupotz]]
* [[Neustadt/Westerwald]]
* [[Neustadt (Wied)]]
* [[Newel]]
* [[Ney (Tergum Caninum)|Ney]]
* [[Nickenich]]
* [[Niederahr]]
* [[Niederalben]]
* [[Niederbachheim]]
* [[Niederbreitbach]]
* [[Niederbrombach]]
* [[Niederburg]]
* [[Niederdreisbach]]
* [[Niederdürenbach]]
* [[Niederelbert]]
* [[Niedererbach]]
* [[Niederfell]]
* [[Niederfischbach]]
* [[Niederhambach]]
* [[Niederhausen (Nahe)|Niederhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Nahe)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederhausen an der Appel]]
* [[Niederheimbach]]
* [[Nieder-Hilbersheim]]
* [[Niederhofen]]
* [[Niederhorbach]]
* [[Niederhosenbach]]
* [[Niederirsen]]
* [[Niederkirchen (Westpfalz)|Niederkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederkirchen bei Deidesheim]]
* [[Nieder Kostenz]]
* [[Niederkumbd]]
* [[Niederlauch]]
* [[Niedermohr]]
* [[Niedermoschel]]
* [[Niederneisen]]
* [[Niederöfflingen]]
* [[Niederotterbach]]
* [[Niederpierscheid]]
* [[Niederraden]]
* [[Niederroßbach]]
* [[Niedersayn]]
* [[Niederscheidweiler]]
* [[Niederschlettenbach]]
* [[Niedersohren]]
* [[Niederstadtfeld]]
* [[Niederstaufenbach]]
* [[Niederstedem]]
* [[Niedersteinebach]]
* [[Niedert]]
* [[Niedertiefenbach]]
* [[Niederwallmenach]]
* [[Niederwambach]]
* [[Niederweiler (Eiflia)|Niederweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederweiler (Tergum Caninum)|Niederweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederweis]]
* [[Niederwerth]]
* [[Nieder-Wiesen]]
* [[Niederwörresbach]]
* [[Niederzissen]]
* [[Niehl]]
* [[Niersbach]]
* [[Nievern]]
* [[Nimshuscheid]]
* [[Nimsreuland]]
* [[Nister (Gemeinde)|Nister]]
* [[Nisterau]]
* [[Nisterberg]]
* [[Nister-Möhrendorf]]
* [[Nistertal]]
* [[Nittel]]
* [[Nitz]]
* [[Nochern]]
* [[Nohen]]
* [[Nohn]]
* [[Nomborn]]
* [[Norath]]
* [[Nordhofen]]
* [[Norheim]]
* [[Norken]]
* [[Nörtershausen]]
* [[Nothweiler]]
* [[Novale Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berkoth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Beronis ad Vallemerodam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berod bei Wallmerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Beronis prope Hachenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berod bei Hachenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Bonii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Bononis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bonerath''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bönert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Candidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Blankenrath''; [[Hunnice]] ''Blanggad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Daconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Datzeroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Danckradi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dankerath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Diemundi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Demerath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nünschweiler]]
* [[Nürburg (Gemeinde)|Nürburg]]
* [[Nusbaum]]
* [[Nußbach (Pfalz)|Nußbach]]
* [[Nußbaum]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberahr]]
* [[Oberalben]]
* [[Oberarnbach]]
* [[Oberbachheim]]
* [[Oberbettingen]]
* [[Oberbillig]]
* [[Oberbrombach]]
* [[Oberdiebach]]
* [[Oberdreis]]
* [[Oberdürenbach]]
* [[Oberehe-Stroheich]]
* [[Oberelbert]]
* [[Oberelz]]
* [[Obererbach (bei Montabaur)|Obererbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Montabaur)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obererbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Oberfell]]
* [[Oberfischbach]]
* [[Ober-Flörsheim]]
* [[Obergeckler]]
* [[Oberhaid (Occidentalis Silva)|Oberhaid]]
* [[Oberhambach]]
* [[Oberhausen (bei Bad Bergzabern)|Oberhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Bad Bergzabern)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oberhausen an der Appel]]
* [[Oberhausen an der Nahe]]
* [[Oberhausen bei Kirn]]
* [[Oberheimbach]]
* [[Ober-Hilbersheim]]
* [[Oberhonnefeld-Gierend]]
* [[Oberhosenbach]]
* [[Oberirsen]]
* [[Oberkail]]
* [[Oberkirn]]
* [[Ober Kostenz]]
* [[Oberlahr]]
* [[Oberlascheid]]
* [[Oberlauch]]
* [[Oberndorf (Pfalz)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Oberneisen]]
* [[Obernheim-Kirchenarnbach]]
* [[Obernhof]]
* [[Oberöfflingen]]
* [[Ober-Olm]]
* [[Oberotterbach]]
* [[Oberpierscheid]]
* [[Oberraden]]
* [[Oberreidenbach]]
* [[Oberrod]]
* [[Oberroßbach]]
* [[Oberscheidweiler]]
* [[Oberschlettenbach]]
* [[Obersimten]]
* [[Oberstadtfeld]]
* [[Oberstaufenbach]]
* [[Oberstedem]]
* [[Obersteinebach]]
* [[Oberstreit]]
* [[Obersülzen]]
* [[Obertiefenbach (Taunus)|Obertiefenbach]]
* [[Oberwallmenach]]
* [[Oberwambach]]
* [[Oberweiler (Eiflia)|Oberweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oberweiler im Tal]]
* [[Oberweiler-Tiefenbach]]
* [[Oberweis]]
* [[Oberwies]]
* [[Oberwiesen]]
* [[Oberwörresbach]]
* [[Oberzissen]]
* [[Obrigheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Ochtendung]]
* [[Ockenfels]]
* [[Ockenheim]]
* [[Ockfen]]
* [[Odenbach]]
* [[Odernheim am Glan]]
* [[Oelsberg]]
* [[Offenbach an der Queich]]
* [[Offenbach-Hundheim]]
* [[Offenheim]]
* [[Offstein]]
* [[Ohlenhard]]
* [[Ohlweiler]]
* [[Ohmbach]]
* [[Ollmuth]]
* [[Olmscheid]]
* [[Olsbrücken]]
* [[Olsdorf (Eiflia)|Olsdorf]]
* [[Ölsen]]
* [[Olzheim]]
* [[Onsdorf]]
* [[Oppertshausen]]
* [[Orbis]]
* [[Orenhofen]]
* [[Orfgen]]
* [[Orlenbach]]
* [[Ormont]]
* [[Orsfeld]]
* [[Osann-Monzel]]
* [[Osburg]]
* [[Osterspai]]
* [[Otterbach (Westpfalz)|Otterbach]]
* [[Ottersheim]]
* [[Ottersheim bei Landau]]
* [[Otterstadt]]
* [[Ötzingen]]
* [[Otzweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Palus (Eiflia)|Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;&gt;Wampach, C. (1935). ''Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit''. St. Paulus-Druckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palzem]]
* [[Pantenburg]]
* [[Panzweiler]]
* [[Partenheim]]
* [[Paschel]]
* [[Pascua Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenhördt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Patersberg]]
* [[Peffingen]]
* [[Pellingen]]
* [[Pelm]]
* [[Perscheid]]
* [[Petersberg (Pfalz)|Petersberg]]
* [[Peterslahr]]
* [[Peterswald-Löffelscheid]]
* [[Petra Darstonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Darstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pfaffen-Schwabenheim]]
* [[Pfalzfeld]]
* [[Pfeffelbach]]
* [[Philippsheim]]
* [[Pickließem]]
* [[Piesport]]
* [[Pillig]]
* [[Pintesfeld]]
* [[Pittenbach]]
* [[Plaidt]]
* [[Plascheid]]
* [[Platten (bei Wittlich)|Platten]]
* [[Pleckhausen]]
* [[Plein]]
* [[Pleisweiler-Oberhofen]]
* [[Pleitersheim]]
* [[Pleizenhausen]]
* [[Plütscheid]]
* [[Pluwig]]
* [[Pohl (Nassau)|Pohl]]
* [[Pölich]]
* [[Pommern (Mosel)|Pommern]]
* [[Pomster]]
* [[Pons (Palatinatus)|Pons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons (prope Birconfeldam)|Pons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons Alaphotis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ahrbrück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Porta (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dohr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pottum]]
* [[Pracht]]
* [[Prath]]
* [[Pratum Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Pratum Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Fagineum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bockenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Preischeid]]
* [[Preist]]
* [[Pronsfeld]]
* [[Prümzurlay]]
* [[Puderbach]]
* [[Pünderich]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Queidersbach]]
* [[Quiddelbach]]
* [[Quirnbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Quirnbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quirnbach/Pfalz]]
* [[Quirnheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Racksen]]
* [[Ralingen]]
* [[Ramberg (Pfalz)|Ramberg]]
* [[Rammelsbach]]
* [[Ramsen (Pfalz)|Ramsen]]
* [[Ranschbach]]
* [[Ransweiler]]
* [[Rascheid]]
* [[Rathskirchen]]
* [[Rathsweiler]]
* [[Ratzert]]
* [[Raubach]]
* [[Raumbach]]
* [[Ravengiersburg]]
* [[Raversbeuren]]
* [[Rayerschied]]
* [[Rech]]
* [[Reckenroth]]
* [[Reckershausen]]
* [[Rehbach (bei Sobernheim)|Rehbach]]
* [[Rehborn]]
* [[Rehe (Occidentalis Silva)|Rehe]]
* [[Rehweiler]]
* [[Reich (Tergum Caninum)|Reich]]
* [[Reichenbach (bei Baumholder)|Reichenbach]]
* [[Reichenbach-Steegen]]
* [[Reichenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Reichenberg]]
* [[Reichsthal]]
* [[Reichweiler]]
* [[Reidenhausen]]
* [[Reifenberg]]
* [[Reiferscheid]]
* [[Reiff]]
* [[Reiffelbach]]
* [[Reifferscheid]]
* [[Reil]]
* [[Reimerath]]
* [[Reinsfeld]]
* [[Reipeldingen]]
* [[Reipoltskirchen]]
* [[Reitzenhain (Taunus)|Reitzenhain]]
* [[Relsberg]]
* [[Rengsdorf]]
* [[Retterath]]
* [[Rettersen]]
* [[Rettershain]]
* [[Rettert]]
* [[Reudelsterz]]
* [[Reuth (Eiflia)|Reuth]]
* [[Rhaunen]]
* [[Rheinbreitbach]]
* [[Rheinbrohl]]
* [[Rheinzabern]]
* [[Rhodt unter Rietburg]]
* [[Riedelberg]]
* [[Rieden (Eiflia)|Rieden]]
* [[Riegenroth]]
* [[Rieschweiler-Mühlbach]]
* [[Riesweiler]]
* [[Rimsberg]]
* [[Rinnthal]]
* [[Rinzenberg]]
* [[Riol]]
* [[Rittersdorf (Eiflia)|Rittersdorf]]
* [[Rittersheim]]
* [[Rivenich]]
* [[Riveris]]
* [[Rivulus Becheri (Palatinatus)|Rivulus Becheri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becherbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivulus Bedonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bedesbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivulus Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Amplus (Palatinatus)|Rivus Amplus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Becheri prope Kyrinam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becherbach bei Kirn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birlenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Bisonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bosenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Bottonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bottenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Rivus Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Rhenus]]&quot; et &quot;[[Tergum Caninum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Hunsrück'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Hunsrück'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Hunsrück'' et Рейн-Хунсрюк.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Budenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Burebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Rivus Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis|Circulo terrae Birkenfeldensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bundenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bundebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Caeruleus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Blaubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Calidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Calidus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Callbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Columbae (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Columbae]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Columbae (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Columbae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dammarum (prope Bircofeldam)|Rivus Dammarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dambach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dedonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dedenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (ad Tabernas Montanas)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; (ad [[Tabernae Montanae|Tabernas Montanas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;) &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Circulus terrae Neowidensis)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis|Circulo terrae Neowidensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Neowidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Neowidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)&quot;. Quo de Latino toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Palatinatus)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dictilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dichtelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dieschdelbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dusonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deuselbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Fundi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bodenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Hirundinis]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgschwalbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Longus in Monte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berglangenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Novalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brachbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Oneris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bürdenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Pirorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birnbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Profundus (prope Vitelliacum)|Rivus Profundus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diefenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Purgans (Eiflia)|Rivus Purgans]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Siccus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Siccus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrenbach''; [[Palatinice]] ''Derrebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Spissus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickesbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Tumuli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bollenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Ursorum (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Ursorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rockeskyll]]
* [[Rodder]]
* [[Rödelhausen]]
* [[Rodenbach (Westpfalz)|Rodenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodenbach bei Puderbach]]
* [[Rödern (Tergum Caninum)|Rödern]]
* [[Rodershausen]]
* [[Rödersheim-Gronau]]
* [[Roes]]
* [[Röhl]]
* [[Rohrbach (bei Baumholder)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Baumholder)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrbach (Tergum Caninum)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrbach (Pfalz)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Römerberg (Pfalz)|Römerberg]]
* [[Rommersheim]]
* [[Rorodt]]
* [[Roschbach]]
* [[Roscheid]]
* [[Rosenheim (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Rosenheim]]
* [[Rosenkopf]]
* [[Roßbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Roßbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roßbach (Wied)|Roßbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Wied)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rota Barwardi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Barbelroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotenhain]]
* [[Roth (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Altenkirchen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (bei Stromberg)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Bad Kreuznach)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth an der Our]]
* [[Roth bei Prüm]]
* [[Rothenbach]]
* [[Rothselberg]]
* [[Rötsweiler-Nockenthal]]
* [[Rott (Occidentalis Silva)|Rott]]
* [[Roxheim]]
* [[Rüber]]
* [[Rückeroth]]
* [[Rückweiler]]
* [[Rüdesheim (Nahe)|Rüdesheim]]
* [[Rülzheim]]
* [[Rumbach]]
* [[Rümmelsheim]]
* [[Rupes Abietum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dannenfels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ruppach-Goldhausen]]
* [[Ruppertsecken]]
* [[Ruppertsberg]]
* [[Ruppertshofen (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Ruppertshofen]]
* [[Ruppertsweiler]]
* [[Ruschberg]]
* [[Rüscheid]]
* [[Rüssingen]]
* [[Ruthweiler]]
* [[Rutsweiler am Glan]]
* [[Rutsweiler an der Lauter]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Saalstadt]]
* [[Saffig]]
* [[Salm (Eiflia)|Salm]]
* [[Salmtal]]
* [[Salz (Occidentalis Silva)|Salz]]
* [[Salzburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Salzburg]]
* [[Sankt Alban (Pfalz)|Sankt Alban]]
* [[Sankt Aldegund]]
* [[Sankt Johann (bei Mayen)|Sankt Johann]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Johann (Hassia Rhenana)|Sankt Johann]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Julian]]
* [[Sankt Katharinen (prope Cruciniacum)|Sankt Katharinen]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Katharinen (Landkreis Neuwied)]]
* [[Sankt Martin (Pfalz)|Sankt Martin]]
* [[Sankt Sebastian (am Rhein)|Sankt Sebastian]]
* [[Sankt Thomas (Eiflia)|Sankt Thomas]]
* [[Sargenroth]]
* [[Sarmersbach]]
* [[Sassen (Eiflia)|Sassen]]
* [[Sauerthal]]
* [[Saulheim]]
* [[Saxler]]
* [[Saxum Balduini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1839&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1839). ''Regesta chronologico-diplomatica metropolitae Moguntinae: inde a primo archiepiscopo usque ad seculi decimi sexti finem''. F. Varrentrapp.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Balduinstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schalkenbach]]
* [[Schalkenmehren]]
* [[Schallodenbach]]
* [[Schankweiler]]
* [[Scharfbillig]]
* [[Schauerberg]]
* [[Schauren (bei Blankenrath)|Schauren]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Blankenrath)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schauren (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Schauren]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scheibenhardt]]
* [[Scheid (Eiflia)|Scheid]]
* [[Scheidt (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Scheidt]]
* [[Scheitenkorb]]
* [[Schellweiler]]
* [[Schenkelberg]]
* [[Scheuerfeld]]
* [[Scheuern]]
* [[Schiersfeld]]
* [[Schiesheim]]
* [[Schillingen]]
* [[Schindhard]]
* [[Schladt]]
* [[Schleich]]
* [[Schleid (prope Bedense Castrum)|Schleid]]
* [[Schlierschied]]
* [[Schloßböckelheim]]
* [[Schmalenberg]]
* [[Schmidthachenbach]]
* [[Schmißberg]]
* [[Schmitshausen]]
* [[Schmitt (Eiflia)|Schmitt]]
* [[Schmittweiler]]
* [[Schneckenhausen]]
* [[Schneppenbach]]
* [[Schnorbach]]
* [[Schoden]]
* [[Schömerich]]
* [[Schönau (Pfalz)]]
* [[Schönbach (Eiflia)|Schönbach]]
* [[Schönberg (bei Thalfang)|Schönberg]]
* [[Schönborn (Tergum Caninum)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönborn (Pfalz)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönborn (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöndorf (an der Ruwer)|Schöndorf]]
* [[Schöneberg (Tergum Caninum)|Schöneberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöneberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Schöneberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönecken]]
* [[Schönenberg-Kübelberg]]
* [[Schopp]]
* [[Schornsheim]]
* [[Schuld (Ahr)|Schuld]]
* [[Schüller]]
* [[Schürdt]]
* [[Schutz (Eiflia)|Schutz]]
* [[Schutzbach]]
* [[Schwabenheim an der Selz]]
* [[Schwall (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Schwall]]
* [[Schwanheim (Pfalz)|Schwanheim]]
* [[Schwarzen]]
* [[Schwarzenborn (Eiflia)|Schwarzenborn]]
* [[Schwarzerden]]
* [[Schwedelbach]]
* [[Schwegenheim]]
* [[Schweigen-Rechtenbach]]
* [[Schweighausen]]
* [[Schweighofen]]
* [[Schweinschied]]
* [[Schweisweiler]]
* [[Schweix]]
* [[Schweppenhausen]]
* [[Schwerbach]]
* [[Schwirzheim]]
* [[Schwollen]]
* [[Seck]]
* [[Seelbach (Nassau)|Seelbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seelbach bei Hamm (Sieg)]]
* [[Seelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Seelen]]
* [[Seesbach]]
* [[Seffern]]
* [[Sefferweich]]
* [[Sehlem (Eiflia)|Sehlem]]
* [[Seibersbach]]
* [[Seifen (Occidentalis Silva)|Seifen]]
* [[Seinsfeld]]
* [[Seiwerath]]
* [[Selbach (Sieg)]]
* [[Selchenbach]]
* [[Sellerich]]
* [[Selzen]]
* [[Sembach]]
* [[Sengerich]]
* [[Senheim]]
* [[Senscheid]]
* [[Sensweiler]]
* [[Serrig]]
* [[Sessenbach]]
* [[Sessenhausen]]
* [[Sevenig bei Neuerburg]]
* [[Sevenig (Our)]]
* [[Sicca Muschella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrmoschel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Siebeldingen]]
* [[Siebenbach]]
* [[Siefersheim]]
* [[Sien]]
* [[Sienhachenbach]]
* [[Sierscheid]]
* [[Siershahn]]
* [[Siesbach]]
* [[Silva Fagina (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Fagina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buchholz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silz (Pfalz)|Silz]]
* [[Simmern (Occidentalis Silva)|Simmern]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Simmertal]]
* [[Singhofen]]
* [[Sinspelt]]
* [[Sippersfeld]]
* [[Sitters]]
* [[Sohren]]
* [[Sohrschied]]
* [[Sommerau (an der Ruwer)|Sommerau]]
* [[Sommerloch (prope Cruciniacum)|Sommerloch]]
* [[Sonnenberg-Winnenberg]]
* [[Sonnschied]]
* [[Sörgenloch]]
* [[Sörth]]
* [[Sosberg]]
* [[Spabrücken]]
* [[Spall]]
* [[Spangdahlem]]
* [[Spanhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trithemius 1601&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgsponheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spay]]
* [[Spesenroth]]
* [[Spessart (Brohltal)|Spessart]]
* [[Spiesheim]]
* [[Spinifex Mons]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörnberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spinifex Theodericidomus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorn-Dürkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spinosi Nemoris Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dornholzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spirkelbach]]
* [[Sponheim]]
* [[Sprendlingen]]
* [[Stadecken-Elsheim]]
* [[Stadtkyll]]
* [[Stahlberg]]
* [[Stahlhofen (Occidentalis Silva)|Stahlhofen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stahlhofen am Wiesensee]]
* [[Standenbühl]]
* [[Starkenburg (Mosel)|Starkenburg]]
* [[Statio Danonis-Domus Scauerni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dannstadt-Schauernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staudernheim]]
* [[Staudt]]
* [[Stebach]]
* [[Steffeln]]
* [[Steimel]]
* [[Steinalben]]
* [[Steinbach (Tergum Caninum)|Steinbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinbach am Donnersberg]]
* [[Steinbach am Glan]]
* [[Stein-Bockenheim]]
* [[Steinborn]]
* [[Steinebach an der Wied]]
* [[Steinebach/Sieg]]
* [[Steineberg]]
* [[Steinefrenz]]
* [[Steinen (Occidentalis Silva)|Steinen]]
* [[Steineroth]]
* [[Steinfeld (Pfalz)|Steinfeld]]
* [[Steiningen]]
* [[Stein-Neukirch]]
* [[Steinsberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Steinsberg]]
* [[Steinweiler]]
* [[Steinwenden]]
* [[Stein-Wingert]]
* [[Stelzenberg]]
* [[Stetten (Pfalz)|Stetten]]
* [[Stipshausen]]
* [[Stockem (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Stockem]]
* [[Stockhausen-Illfurth]]
* [[Stockum-Püschen]]
* [[Straßenhaus]]
* [[Streithausen]]
* [[Strickscheid]]
* [[Strohn]]
* [[Strotzbüsch]]
* [[Strüth]]
* [[Stürzelbach]]
* [[Sülm]]
* [[Sulzbach (Tergum Caninum)|Sulzbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sulzbach (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Sulzbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sulzheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Sulzheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Taben-Rodt]]
* [[Talling]]
* [[Tawern]]
* [[Tellig]]
* [[Temmels]]
* [[Teschenmoschel]]
* [[Thaleischweiler-Fröschen]]
* [[Thalfang]]
* [[Thalhausen]]
* [[Thallichtenberg]]
* [[Theisbergstegen]]
* [[Theoderici Separatio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;&gt;Lamprecht, K. (1886). ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellen zunächst des Mosellandes'' (Vol. 1). Alphons Dürr.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericicella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidivisa |Theodericidivisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidivisa (Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis)|Theodericidivisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis|Circulo terrae Magniacensi et Confluentensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTMEC&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Magniacensis-e&quot; et &quot;Confluentensis-e&quot; ad urbes [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]] et [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]] referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ditscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidomium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dintesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidomus et Coryletum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dittelsheim-Heßloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dietrichingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericirivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericisedes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Donsieders''; [[Palatanice]] ''Dunsiters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericistreia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dirmstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Theodericivilla]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Theodericivilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dillendorf''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dilledoref'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericohardus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diethardt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericorivus (Palatinatus)|Theodericorivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericovilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dittweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomae et Lamberti Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dohm-Lammersdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomm]]
* [[Thörlingen]]
* [[Thörnich]]
* [[Thulinkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dielkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thür]]
* [[Tiefenbach (Tergum Caninum)|Tiefenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tiefenthal (Pfalz)|Tiefenthal]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tiefenthal (Hassia Rhenana)|Tiefenthal]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Todenroth]]
* [[Torrens Ursorum (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Torrens Ursorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Traisen (Nahe)|Traisen]]
* [[Trassem]]
* [[Trechtingshausen]]
* [[Treis-Karden]]
* [[Trierscheid]]
* [[Trierweiler]]
* [[Trimbs]]
* [[Trimport]]
* [[Trippstadt]]
* [[Trittenheim]]
* [[Troneccum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dhronecken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Trulben]]
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Übereisenbach]]
* [[Udenheim]]
* [[Üdersdorf]]
* [[Udler]]
* [[Uelversheim]]
* [[Uersfeld]]
* [[Ueß]]
* [[Uhler]]
* [[Ulmet]]
* [[Undenheim]]
* [[Unkenbach]]
* [[Unnau]]
* [[Unterjeckenbach]]
* [[Untershausen]]
* [[Unzenberg]]
* [[Uppershausen]]
* [[Urbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Urbach]]
* [[Urbar (bei Koblenz)|Urbar]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Koblenz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Urbar (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Urbar]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Urmersbach]]
* [[Urmitz]]
* [[Urschmitt]]
* [[Ürzig]]
* [[Usch (Eiflia)|Usch]]
* [[Utscheid]]
* [[Üttfeld]]
* [[Utzenhain]]
* [[Utzerath]]
* [[Üxheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vallemeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wallmerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Ampla (Tergum Caninum)|Vallis Ampla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bränel'' seu ''Brään'l'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Bodonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Domus (Hassia Rhenana)|Vallis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dalheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahlheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Picta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bundenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Pontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücktal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Servitutis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienethal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valwig]]
* [[Veitsrodt]]
* [[Veldenz]]
* [[Vendersheim]]
* [[Venningen]]
* [[Vettelschoß]]
* [[Vetus Ecclesia (Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vetus Lininga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altleiningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Beronis (Eiflia)|Vicus Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vielbach]]
* [[Vierherrenborn]]
* [[Villa Ampla (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Ampla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Baltrammi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bassonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bassenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Beconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bellonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bellheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bellem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bermari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermersheim vor der Höhe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bertolfi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Roth, Stolper &amp; von Bechtolsheim 2007&quot;&gt;Roth, M. T., Stolper, M. W., &amp; von Bechtolsheim, P. (2007). ''Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2000''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechtolsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bettonis (Taunus)|Villa Bettonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bibilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bickonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bickendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bieri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyll 1988&quot;&gt;Kyll, T. (1988). ''Biersdorf - Eine kleine Chronik: Dorfgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart''. Villae Bieri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biersdorf am See'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bilca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel 1843&quot;&gt;Vogel, C. D. (1843). ''Beschreibung des Herzogthums Nassau''. [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Beyerle.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bilkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Billingi et Ingeni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;&gt;Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Burgen und Bergschlösser in den ehemaligen Gauen, Grafschaften und Herrschaften der bayerischen Pfalz''. [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesareae Lutrae]]: Tascher: et; Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der vormaligen Pfalz''. Verlag der J. J. Tascher'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Billigheim-Ingenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bizzirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bissersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bobonis (Palatinatus)|Villa Bobonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böbingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bocconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bockenheim an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bockrem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bodonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann 1976&quot;&gt;Kaufmann, H. (1976). ''Rheinhessische Ortsnamen''. Monaci: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bodenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bousonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bausendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Brachiti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brecht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Brachti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brachtendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bubilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebelnheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Budonis (Eiflia)|Villa Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Meiller, A. von. (1866). ''Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium: Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erzbischöfe''. [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biesdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Crassa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Deghonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dexheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Dinonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Lahn-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Rhenanus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Lauganensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Laugana]]m referuntur. De primo hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; de secundo, vide {{Murray}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Lahn'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Lahn'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Lano'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Lahn'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Lahn'' et Рейн-Лан.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Hassia Rhenana)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann 1976&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/a608058900schuuoft/a608058900schuuoft.pdf ''Status dioecesium catholicarum in Austria germanica''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hassia rhenana (ubi jus francogallicum valet) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Palatinatus)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Vallis (prope Bedense Castrum)|Villa Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare ad Casas (Eiflia)|Villare ad Casas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beuren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare ad Casas (Silva Alta)|Villare ad Casas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Silva Alta&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beuren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Battonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Battweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Bavonis (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Villare Bavonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Eiflensis-e&quot; et &quot;Bedensis-e&quot; et &quot;Prumiensis-e&quot; ad [[Eifla]]m et &quot;Bedense castrum&quot; et &quot;[[Prumia (monasterium)|Prumiam]]&quot; referuntur. Omnibus de his toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bauler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Belgicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Belgweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellischwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Benzonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Benzweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bensad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Berichonis prope Bemondulam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stadt Baumholder&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Baumholder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Berichonis prope Kyrinam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Kirn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berschwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Barweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Bruningis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breunigweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Brunonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braunweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dannonis-Rivus Dominicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dennweiler-Frohnbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dassonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daxweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dintzonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienstweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare in Monte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Paludosum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bruchwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Ursi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vinningen]]
* [[Virneburg]]
* [[Völkersweiler]]
* [[Volkerzen]]
* [[Volkesfeld]]
* [[Vollmersbach]]
* [[Vollmersweiler]]
* [[Volxheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Wachenheim (Pfrimm)|Wachenheim]]
* [[Wagenhausen (Eiflia)|Wagenhausen]]
* [[Wahlbach (Tergum Caninum)|Wahlbach]]
* [[Wahlenau]]
* [[Wahlheim]]
* [[Wahlrod]]
* [[Wahnwegen]]
* [[Waigandshain]]
* [[Waldalgesheim]]
* [[Waldböckelheim]] (Theodisce ''Waldböckelheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggelum'')
* [[Waldbreitbach]]
* [[Waldesch]]
* [[Waldfischbach-Burgalben]]
* [[Waldgrehweiler]]
* [[Waldhambach (Pfalz)|Waldhambach]]
* [[Waldhof-Falkenstein]]
* [[Waldlaubersheim]]
* [[Waldleiningen]]
* [[Waldmühlen]]
* [[Waldorf (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Waldorf]]
* [[Waldrach]]
* [[Waldrohrbach]]
* [[Waldsee (Pfalz)|Waldsee]]
* [[Waldweiler]]
* [[Walhausen]]
* [[Wallenborn]]
* [[Wallendorf (Eiflia)|Wallendorf]]
* [[Wallersheim (Eiflia)|Wallersheim]]
* [[Wallertheim]]
* [[Wallhalben]]
* [[Wallhausen (prope Cruciniacum)|Wallhausen]]
* [[Wallmenroth]]
* [[Wallscheid]]
* [[Walsdorf (Eiflia)|Walsdorf]]
* [[Walshausen]]
* [[Walsheim]]
* [[Walterschen]]
* [[Warmsroth]]
* [[Wartenberg-Rohrbach]]
* [[Wasenbach]]
* [[Wassenach]]
* [[Wasserliesch]]
* [[Wattenheim]]
* [[Watzerath]]
* [[Wawern (Eiflia)|Wawern]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wawern (Saar)|Wawern]] &lt;small&gt;(Saar)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Waxweiler]]
* [[Wehr (Eiflia)|Wehr]]
* [[Weibern (Eiflia)|Weibern]]
* [[Weiden (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Weiden]]
* [[Weidenbach (Eiflia)|Weidenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weidenbach (Taunus)|Weidenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weidenhahn]]
* [[Weidenthal]]
* [[Weidingen]]
* [[Weiler (bei Mayen)|Weiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weiler (bei Ulmen)|Weiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Ulmen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weiler bei Bingen]]
* [[Weiler bei Monzingen]]
* [[Weilerbach]]
* [[Weinähr]]
* [[Weingarten (Pfalz)]]
* [[Weinolsheim]]
* [[Weinsheim (prope Cruciniacum)|Weinsheim]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weinsheim (Eiflia)|Weinsheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weisel (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weisel]]
* [[Weisenheim am Berg]]
* [[Weisenheim am Sand]]
* [[Weitefeld]]
* [[Weitersbach]]
* [[Weitersborn]]
* [[Weitersburg]]
* [[Weitersweiler]]
* [[Welcherath]]
* [[Welchweiler]]
* [[Welgesheim]]
* [[Welkenbach]]
* [[Wellen (Mosel)|Wellen]]
* [[Welling]]
* [[Welschbillig]]
* [[Welschenbach]]
* [[Welschneudorf]]
* [[Welterod]]
* [[Weltersburg]]
* [[Wendelsheim]]
* [[Werkhausen]]
* [[Wernersberg]]
* [[Weroth]]
* [[Wershofen]]
* [[Weselberg]]
* [[Westernohe]]
* [[Westheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Westhofen]]
* [[Wettlingen]]
* [[Weyer (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weyer]]
* [[Weyerbusch]]
* [[Weyher in der Pfalz]]
* [[Wickenrodt]]
* [[Wiebelsheim]]
* [[Wied (bei Hachenburg)|Wied]]
* [[Wierschem]]
* [[Wiersdorf (Eiflia)|Wiersdorf]]
* [[Wiesbach (Pfalz)|Wiesbach]]
* [[Wiesbaum]]
* [[Wiesemscheid]]
* [[Wiesweiler]]
* [[Wilgartswiesen]]
* [[Willingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Willingen]]
* [[Willmenrod]]
* [[Willroth]]
* [[Willwerscheid]]
* [[Wilsecker]]
* [[Wiltingen]]
* [[Wilzenberg-Hußweiler]]
* [[Wimbach]]
* [[Wincheringen]]
* [[Winden (Nassau)|Winden]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winden (Pfalz)|Winden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Windesheim]]
* [[Windhagen]]
* [[Winkel (Eiflia)]]
* [[Winkelbach]]
* [[Winnen]]
* [[Winnerath]]
* [[Winningen]]
* [[Winnweiler]]
* [[Winringen]]
* [[Winterbach (Pfalz)]]
* [[Winterbach (Soonwald)|Winterbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Soonwald)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winterborn (Pfalz)|Winterborn]]
* [[Winterburg]]
* [[Winterscheid]]
* [[Wintersheim]]
* [[Winterspelt]]
* [[Winterwerb]]
* [[Wintrich]]
* [[Wirft]]
* [[Wirfus]]
* [[Wirscheid]]
* [[Wirschweiler]]
* [[Wißmannsdorf]]
* [[Wittgert]]
* [[Woldert]]
* [[Wölferlingen]]
* [[Wolfsheim (Gemeinde)|Wolfsheim]]
* [[Wolken (bei Koblenz)|Wolken]]
* [[Wollmerath]]
* [[Wöllstein]]
* [[Wölmersen]]
* [[Wolsfeld]]
* [[Womrath]]
* [[Wonsheim]]
* [[Woppenroth]]
* [[Würrich]]
* [[Würzweiler]]
* [[Wüschheim (Tergum Caninum)|Wüschheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zehnhausen bei Rennerod]]
* [[Zehnhausen bei Wallmerod]]
* [[Zeiskam]]
* [[Zellertal]]
* [[Zeltingen-Rachtig]]
* [[Zemmer]]
* [[Zendscheid]]
* [[Zerf]]
* [[Zettingen]]
* [[Ziegenhain (Occidentalis Silva)|Ziegenhain]]
* [[Zilshausen]]
* [[Zimmerschied]]
* [[Zornheim]]
* [[Zotzenheim]]
* [[Züsch]]
* [[Zweifelscheid]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria: Urbes Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]]</text>
      <sha1>0lnzh5435f37ek7px55qlhwcwvusrdw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953626</id>
      <parentid>3953151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bibl</comment>
      <origin>3953626</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2836" sha1="ouct8knixny08yhnw34fvm8mfq67fkk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidata}}
{{Videdis|Xenocrates}}
'''Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis''', [[Graece]] {{Polytonic|Ξενοκράτης Άφροδισιεύς}}, fuit scriptor medicus et diaeteticus. [[Aphrodisias|Aphrodisiadi]] [[Cilicia]]e natus, saeculo I p.C.n. floruit.

Opera eius e fragmentis tantum nobis cognoscuntur. [[Plinius maior]], Xenocrati coaevus, opus eius semel citavit: &quot;Xenocrates pulei ramum lana involutum in tertianis ante accessionem olfactandum dari aut stragulis subici et ita collocari aegrum inter remedia tradit&quot; (''[[Naturalis Historia]]'' 22.155). Posteriores plures citant: [[Clemens Alexandrinus]], [[Galenus]], [[Artemidorus Daldianus]] onirocriticus, [[Oribasius]], [[Aëtius Amidenus]], [[Alexander Trallianus]].

== Opera ==
* ''De alimento ex aquatilibus'' (opusculum apud Oribasium servatum; fortasse pars fuit sequentis)
* ''De alimento ex animalibus''&lt;ref&gt;[[Clemens Alexandrinus]], ''[[Stromata]]'' 7&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''De medicamentis quae ex hominibus animalibusque derivantur''

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones operum
* 1559 : [[Conradus Gesnerus]], ed., ''{{Creanda|en|Jan Dubravius|Ianus Dubravius|Iani Dubrauii}} ... De piscinis et piscium in eis aluntur naturis libri quinque ... item Xenocratis De alimento ex aquatilibus Graecè &amp; Latinè nunc primùm aeditus'' Io. Baptista Rosario interprete]. 1559 [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_G1coX1N3B30C/ Textus]
* 1794 : Caietanus de Ancora, ed., ''Xenocratis de alimento ex aquatilibus, cum Latina înterpretatione Jo. Bapt. Rasarii, scholîis Conradi Gesneri et notis integris Jo. Friderici Franzii''. Neapoli: Typis Regiis, 1794; [https://archive.org/details/gxenokrtouspert00gesngoog/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1814 : [[Adamantius Coraes]], ed., ''[Xenocratis et Galeni de alimento ex aquatilibus]''. Parisiis: Théophile Barrois, 1814; [https://archive.org/details/b29337203/ Textus apud Internet Archive]
* 1841 : [[Iulius Ludovicus Ideler]], ed., ''Physici et medici Graeci minores'' vol. 1 (Berolini: Reimer, 1841) [https://archive.org/details/physicietmedicig01ideluoft/page/n129/mode/2up pp. 121-133]

; Critica
* Ben Cartlidge, &quot;Juvenal 5.104: text and intertext&quot; in ''Classical Quarterly'' n.s. vol. 69 (2019) pp. 370-377 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/26852176 JSTOR] 
* D'Arcy W. Thompson, &quot;Fish in Tiber&quot; in ''Classical Review'' vol. 52 (1938) pp. 166-167 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/703113 JSTOR]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* [https://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_06_01_01.php Vide p. 47:] textus opusculi ''De alimento ex aquatilibus'' intra textum Oribasii editus

[[Categoria:Medici Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Anatoliae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de re cibaria]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]</text>
      <sha1>ouct8knixny08yhnw34fvm8mfq67fkk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Deuterium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324252</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953580</id>
      <parentid>3953272</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:12:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953580</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2520" sha1="1ml260hwm02yu76ootnef1lm6wyfbrd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0527 Hydrogen-2 Deuterium.png|thumb|Atomus deuterii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Deuterium''' (e Graeco δεύτερος 'secundus', nota {{chem|2|1|H|}}   aut D) est [[isotopus]] stabilis [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et uno [[Neutron|neutrone]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]&lt;ref&gt;Illud nuclidum (nucleus sine electrone) 'deuteron' appellari solet.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] duplam praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1931 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Haroldus Clayton Urey|Haroldo Clayton Urey]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarum est (0,0156% atomorum hydrogenii in tellure). Nonnumquam in [[Molecula|moleculis]] dideuterii versatur, plerumque tamen cum atomo {{chem|1|1|H|}} vinctum [[gas]] H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; format.

Moleculae aquae quae deuterium continent (oxidum deuterii: D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) 'aqua gravis' dicuntur quae in biologia utilis est ad molecularum originem et cursum intra corpus investigandum. Nihilominus si talis aqua praemineret vitam [[Eukaryota|eukaryotorum]] prohiberet quia [[Mitosis|mitosim]] impedit.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Chang-Hwei Chen, ''Deuterium Oxide and Deuteration in Biosciences'', Springer, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=kQGEEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Volker Derdau , &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41929-025-01460-0 The deuterium source matters]&quot;, ''Nature Catalysis'', 2025: 1264–1265
*Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino, Brad D Maxwell, Tracey Pirali. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241557/ Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges]&quot;, ''Nature reviews. Drug discovery.'', 2023: 562-584
*Tracey Pirali, Marta Serafini, Sarah Cargnin, Armando A. Genazzani. &quot;[https://ptacts.uspto.gov/ptacts/public-informations/petitions/1555049/download-documents?artifactId=7Y9Tp7sOOpnyai6MmucFwU-t12MLh1B9DEybqiNEA3XPzoW-1IHIzlQ Applications of Deuterium in Medicinal Chemistry]&quot;, ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry'', 2019: 5276-5297

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterium deuterium] pertinent
* [https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=what+is+deuterium&amp;mid=B26BB2727C6613BE8562B26BB2727C6613BE8562&amp;FORM=VIRE What is deuterium?] in YouTube.
[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>1ml260hwm02yu76ootnef1lm6wyfbrd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953581</id>
      <parentid>3953580</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:12:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2564" sha1="oqcs9yc6xu2jgbdsb4qyy5e9qxodlq7" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0527 Hydrogen-2 Deuterium.png|thumb|Atomus deuterii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Deuterium''' (e Graeco δεύτερος 'secundus', nota {{chem|2|1|H|}}   aut D) est [[isotopus]] stabilis [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et uno [[Neutron|neutrone]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]&lt;ref&gt;Illud nuclidum (nucleus sine electrone) 'deuteron' appellari solet ut ab atomo integro, deuterio, distinguatur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] duplam praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1931 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Haroldus Clayton Urey|Haroldo Clayton Urey]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarum est (0,0156% atomorum hydrogenii in tellure). Nonnumquam in [[Molecula|moleculis]] dideuterii versatur, plerumque tamen cum atomo {{chem|1|1|H|}} vinctum [[gas]] H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; format.

Moleculae aquae quae deuterium continent (oxidum deuterii: D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) 'aqua gravis' dicuntur quae in biologia utilis est ad molecularum originem et cursum intra corpus investigandum. Nihilominus si talis aqua praemineret vitam [[Eukaryota|eukaryotorum]] prohiberet quia [[Mitosis|mitosim]] impedit.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Chang-Hwei Chen, ''Deuterium Oxide and Deuteration in Biosciences'', Springer, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=kQGEEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Volker Derdau , &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41929-025-01460-0 The deuterium source matters]&quot;, ''Nature Catalysis'', 2025: 1264–1265
*Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino, Brad D Maxwell, Tracey Pirali. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241557/ Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges]&quot;, ''Nature reviews. Drug discovery.'', 2023: 562-584
*Tracey Pirali, Marta Serafini, Sarah Cargnin, Armando A. Genazzani. &quot;[https://ptacts.uspto.gov/ptacts/public-informations/petitions/1555049/download-documents?artifactId=7Y9Tp7sOOpnyai6MmucFwU-t12MLh1B9DEybqiNEA3XPzoW-1IHIzlQ Applications of Deuterium in Medicinal Chemistry]&quot;, ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry'', 2019: 5276-5297

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterium deuterium] pertinent
* [https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=what+is+deuterium&amp;mid=B26BB2727C6613BE8562B26BB2727C6613BE8562&amp;FORM=VIRE What is deuterium?] in YouTube.
[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>oqcs9yc6xu2jgbdsb4qyy5e9qxodlq7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953582</id>
      <parentid>3953581</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:13:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953582</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2592" sha1="2jr9gk4rgbw3ylcw0c1pd3impc0vtoy" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0527 Hydrogen-2 Deuterium.png|thumb|Atomus deuterii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Deuterium''' (e Graeco δεύτερος 'secundus', nota {{chem|2|1|H|}}   aut D) est [[isotopus]] stabilis [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et uno [[Neutron|neutrone]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]&lt;ref&gt;Illud nuclidum (nucleus sine electrone) 'deuteron' appellari solet ut ab atomo integro, deuterio, distinguatur.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] duplam praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1931 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Haroldus Clayton Urey|Haroldo Clayton Urey]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarum est (0,0156% atomorum hydrogenii in tellure). Nonnumquam in [[Molecula|moleculis]] dideuterii versatur, plerumque tamen cum atomo {{chem|1|1|H|}} vinctum [[gas]] H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; format.

Moleculae aquae quae deuterium continent (oxidum deuterii: D&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O) 'aqua gravis' dicuntur quae in biologia utilis est ad molecularum originem et cursum intra corpus investigandum. Nihilominus si talis aqua praemineret vitam [[Eukaryota|eukaryotorum]] prohiberet quia [[Mitosis|mitosim]] impedit.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Chang-Hwei Chen, ''Deuterium Oxide and Deuteration in Biosciences'', Springer, 2022 [https://books.google.fr/books?id=kQGEEAAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Nonnullae paginae apud Guglum librorum]
*Volker Derdau , &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41929-025-01460-0 The deuterium source matters]&quot;, ''Nature Catalysis'', 2025: 1264–1265
*Rita Maria Concetta Di Martino, Brad D Maxwell, Tracey Pirali. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10241557/ Deuterium in drug discovery: progress, opportunities and challenges]&quot;, ''Nature reviews. Drug discovery.'', 2023: 562-584
*Tracey Pirali, Marta Serafini, Sarah Cargnin, Armando A. Genazzani. &quot;[https://ptacts.uspto.gov/ptacts/public-informations/petitions/1555049/download-documents?artifactId=7Y9Tp7sOOpnyai6MmucFwU-t12MLh1B9DEybqiNEA3XPzoW-1IHIzlQ Applications of Deuterium in Medicinal Chemistry]&quot;, ''Journal of Medicinal Chemistry'', 2019: 5276-5297

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Deuterium deuterium] pertinent
* [https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=what+is+deuterium&amp;mid=B26BB2727C6613BE8562B26BB2727C6613BE8562&amp;FORM=VIRE What is deuterium?] in YouTube.
[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>2jr9gk4rgbw3ylcw0c1pd3impc0vtoy</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tritium (chemia)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324261</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953579</id>
      <parentid>3953407</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:07:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4343" sha1="4huup2tmylm5ctwvhzhmvmka4ldthih" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Blausen 0528 Hydrogen-3 Tritium.png|thumb|Atomus tritii pulchris coloribus pictus.]]
'''Tritium''' (e Graeco τρίτος 'tertius', nota {{chem|3|1|H|}}   aut T) est [[isotopus]] [[Radioactivitas|radioactivus]] [[Hydrogenium|hydrogenii]] elementi cum uno [[Proton|protone]] et duobus [[Neutron|neutronibus]] in [[Nucleus atomi|nucleo]]. Ita [[Massa atomica|massam]] triplicem praebet quam hydrogenium commune alias [[Protium|protium]] ({{chem|1|1|H|}}). Anno 1934 tantummodo a [[Chemia physica|chemista]] [[Ernestus Rutherford|Ernesto Rutherford]] inventum est quia et in [[Universum|universo]] et in tellure rarissimum est (1 pro 10&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt; atomis hydrogenii). Plerumque in moleculis [[Dihydrogenium|dihydrogenii]] versatur. Rutherford tritium invenit [[Fusio nuclearis|fusis]] duobus [[Deuterium|deuterii]] nucleis secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]]: D + D →  T + H. Hodie minus rarum est quia in [[Reactrum nucleare|reactris nuclearibus]] creatur&lt;ref&gt;A. Gillespie et alii (2026).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Atomi tritii particulas beta (electrones) emittunt atque paulatim in [[helium]]-3 mutantur cum [[Semivita biologica|semivita]] duodecim annorum et triente. Helium fit secundum [[Reactio nuclearis|reactionem]] infrascriptam:
: {{chem|3|1|H}} → {{chem|3|2|He|}} +  {{chem|0|-1|e}}e.

Aquae quoque incorporatur tritium quae tunc aqua tritiata dicitur. An illa aqua saluti nocere possit disputatur&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.lemonde.fr/les-decodeurs/article/2019/07/21/tritium-dans-l-eau-potable-le-vrai-du-faux-sur-la-contamination_5491813_4355770.html Tritium dans l'eau potable]&quot;, ''[[Le Monde]]'', 19 iulii 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Frédérique Eyrolle, Yoann Copard, Hugo Lepage, Loic Ducros, Amandine Morereau, Cécile Grosbois, Catherine Cossonnet, Rodolfo Gurriaran, Shawn Booth &amp; Marc Desmet . &quot;[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-47821-1 Evidence for tritium persistence as organically bound forms in river sediments since the past nuclear weapon tests]&quot;, ''Scientific Reports'', 2019: 11487 
* Frédérique Eyrolle, Loïc Ducros, Séverine Le Dizès, Karine Beaugelin-Seiller, Sabine Charmasson, Patrick Boyer, Catherine Cossonnet. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17307956 An updated review on tritium in the environment]&quot;, ''Journal of Environmental Radioactivity'', 2018: 128-137
*Andrew K. Gillespie, Cuikun Lin, Ian Jones, Brad Jeffries, Joseph Caleb Philipps, Sandeep Puri, John Gahl, John Brockman, R.V. Duncan. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1738573325005996 Enhanced tritium production in irradiated TiD2 from collisional fusion in the solid-state]&quot;, ''Nuclear Engineering and Technology'', 2026: 104031
*Pierre Le Goff, ''[https://theses.hal.science/tel-01124330 Le tritium de l'écosystème à l'homme : Etude des mécanismes et des constantes qui régissent les équilibres et les différentes voies de transfert]''. [[Vesontio|Vesontione]], Université de Franche-Comté, 2013
*Hideki Matsumoto , Yoshiya Shimada , Asako J Nakamura , Noriko Usami , Mitsuaki Ojima , Shizuko Kakinuma , Mikio Shimada , Masaaki Sunaoshi , Ryoichi Hirayama , Hiroshi Tauchi. &quot;[https://academic.oup.com/jrr/article/62/4/557/6256015 Health effects triggered by tritium: how do we get public understanding based on scientifically supported evidence?]&quot;, ''Journal of Radiation Research'', 2021: 557–563
*Andrew J. Parker, Michael D. Aspinall, Colin Boxall, Frank D. Cave, Malcolm J. Joyce. &quot;[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0149197023001683 Radiometric techniques for the detection and assessment of tritium in aqueous media - a review]&quot;,  ''Progress in Nuclear Energy'', 2023, 104733
* Yu Teng, Hong Yang, Yulin Tian. &quot;[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11397416/ The Development and Application of Tritium-Labeled Compounds in Biomedical Research]&quot;, ''Molecules'', 2024:4109

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tritium tritium] pertinent
* [https://ressources.inrs.fr/visionneuse/ED%204303/index.html#page-1 Scheda INRS]
* [https://recherche-expertise.asnr.fr/savoir-comprendre/environnement/quels-sont-effets-biologiques-tritium ASNR] de biologicis tritii actionibus

[[Categoria:Elementa chemica]]</text>
      <sha1>4huup2tmylm5ctwvhzhmvmka4ldthih</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Night of the Hunter (pellicula 1955)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324263</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953618</id>
      <parentid>3953414</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T16:39:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neander</username>
        <id>1973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953618</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2130" sha1="ahdj2zbn40fx5mozo3nvyy5ihrz33ab" xml:space="preserve">{{Pellicula
|Imago= The Night of the Hunter (1955 poster).jpg
|Titulus=The Night of the Hunter  
|Latinus titulus=   
|Annus=[[1955]]
|Moderator=[[Carolus Laughton]]
|Scriptor= [[Davis Grubb]] 
|Actores= [[Robertus Mitchum]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Shelley Winters]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Lilliana Gish]]  
|Compositor= [[Walter Schumann]]
|Duratio=93 minuta
|Lingua=[[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]]
}}
{{res|The Night of the Hunter}} est [[pellicula horrifica]] ad [[genus (ars)|genus]] ''[[film noir]]'' vergens, [[niger et albus|albo nigroque distincta colore]]. [[Dispositor cinematographicus|Dispositor]] pelliculae fuit [[Carolus Laughton]], homo histrionia arte inlustrior, qui post hanc anno [[1955]] cpnfectam [[pellicula|taeniam]] nullam iam pelliculam disposuit. Etsi suo tempore parum in gratia esset, postea inter studiosos fama crevit statumque operis classici nacta est.

== Argumentum ==
[[Anni 1930|Annis 1930]], cum [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] [[depressio oeconomica magna|depressione oeconomica]] discerpitur, sedes [[argentaria]] a Benedicto Harper spoliatur, quo consilio desperato duos liberos et uxorem Willam sustentare posse putat. Duo homines in rapina a Benedicto Harper occiduntur. Benedictus decem milia dollariorum, pecuniam furto surreptam, intra filiae suae Margaritae [[pupa pannosa|pupam pannosam]] celat, et filiam quinquennem decennemque filium iubet, ne locum pecuniae patefaciant. Vigiles mox adveniunt. Benedictum abducunt, qui sceleris ad suspendium condemnatur.

In carcere, Harper supplicium opperiens [[Harrius Powell|Harrium Powell]] fraudulentum praedicatorem a se ipso creatum cognoscit, qui, quadam iuncta amicitia, frustra illum de pecunia indicia quaerit. Powell, postquam liberatus est, oppidum patrium Benedicti Harper profectus familiam eius convenit. Willa vidua amore praedicatoris blandiloqui capta est, et mox ei nubit. 


== Bibliographia ==
* Couchman, Jeffrey (2009) ''The Night of the Hunter: A Biography of a Film''. Northwestern University Press.
* Jones, Preston Neal (2002) ''Heaven &amp; Hell To Play With: The Filming of The Night of the Hunter''. Limelight Editions.

[[Categoria:Pelliculae 1955]]</text>
      <sha1>ahdj2zbn40fx5mozo3nvyy5ihrz33ab</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>324272</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953633</id>
      <parentid>3953557</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:32:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Topologia copiarum punctorum */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953633</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8152" sha1="4sm3gascskt5e959gvz9ojmcdldl8s5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est quod abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:08, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Oh, intelligo: &quot;non licet&quot; mihi &quot;hanc paginam movere&quot;, quia &quot;non licet… paginas movere&quot;, ut dixit Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Fortasse tibi nondum sunt satis recensiones ut tibi liceat paginas movere? Ego feci. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Gratias ago multas pro recensione tua bibliographicali. Quod mihi adhuc obstat, est quod Luae-functio &quot;Sfn&quot;, per quam possit referre fonti in textu, videtur abesse. Etenim quaesivi aliis in paginis, et non utitur, nescio qua ratione. Fortasse possum vertere in Latinam Vicipaediam?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 18:32, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>4sm3gascskt5e959gvz9ojmcdldl8s5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953637</id>
      <parentid>3953633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:38:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Topologia copiarum punctorum */</comment>
      <origin>3953637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8437" sha1="6xey3l49tbctop6vbkh0redhv4trcqe" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Pseudo-philodoxia! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Pseudo-philodoxia|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:26, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Multas habeo gratias egomet! 
:Lexi quod classicali cum Latinitate debet scribere documenta (sed vocabula mediaevalis Latinitatis possumus uti, quando necesse est---et praesumerem, quod etiam vocabula Euleriana vel Gaussiana possumus, quando de eis rebus versatur in quo ii scripserunt)? Annon? Et, quandoquidem differentiae sunt stilorum inter Latinam unius et alius temporis, utrum extat pagina hac in Vicipaedia quod legens possim ad priscam Latinitatem conformare mea contributa?--03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC) [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:44, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Heume, oportet meum nomen esse &quot;pseudo-philodoxias&quot; (masculinum, in declensione prima), sed ita stultus eram, ut latebat mihi. Sed certe, minime &quot;offensus&quot; (ut ita dicam) ero, si aliquis hoc nesciat. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 03:48, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== [[Topologia copiarum punctorum]] ==
Fontes habemus qui “classem” dicunt (non “copiam”). Vide:
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Copia|Die 7 Aprilis 2026 — Estne haec pagina ad “Classis (mathematica)” movenda?}}
* {{Nexus ad caput|Disputatio:Theoria classium|Fons tituli? copia vs. classis?}}
--[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:35, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:Sic. Quod difficile erat est evitandum usus vocabulorum &quot;copia copiae&quot; vel similium. Iosephus Peano autem utitur &quot;aggregatio&quot; pro &quot;classis&quot;. Fortasse melius est uti e.g. &quot;Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: “Sit &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; aggregatio omnium classium punctorum” est bene intelligibilis (sed cave accumulationem plurium genitivorum! Latinis non placebat). In Peano [https://archive.org/details/arithmeticespri00peangoog/page/n16/mode/2up legitur] “classis, sive entium aggregatio”. Incommodum mihi videtur esse hoc, quod si “classem” pro Anglico “[[:en:Set (mathematics)|set]]” eligimus, quid erit nobis pro Anglico “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” eligendum? Vicipaedianus/a [[Usor:Oracle of Truth|Oracle of Truth]] hoc [[Disputatio:Theoria classium#c-Oracle of Truth-20250601204800-Grufo-20250601192800|proposuit]]:
::* [[:en:Set (mathematics)]] → “classicula”
::* [[:en:Class (set theory)]] → “classis”
:: Mihi videtur esse bona excogitatio, attamen adhuc paginā “[[:en:Class (set theory)|class]]” caremus, ergo pro tempore “classis” tantum Anglicum “set” indicare potest. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 05:56, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo; gratias habeo. Quomodo autem movere paginam a &quot;topologia copiarum punctorum&quot; ad &quot;topologiam classium punctorum&quot;? --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:58, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: Sive nexum “Movere” apud marginem dexterum paginae “[[Topologia copiarum punctorum]]” invenis, sive {{Nexus cum parametris
	| wpReason = Locus opportunior
	| prefix = 
	| wpNewTitle = Topologiam classium punctorum
	| 1 = Special:MovePage/Topologia copiarum punctorum
	| 2 = hunc nexum
}} sequi potes. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:02, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Gratias habeo pro nexu, sed mirum est quod abest hic nexus, quem dixisti, ab hoc margino. Tantum adsunt &quot;General,Nexus ad paginam,Nuper mutata annexorum,Fasciculum imponere,Nexus perpetuus,De hac pagina,Hanc paginam citare,Get shortened URL,Switch to legacy parser,Report visual bug ,Add interlanguage links,Imprimere vel exportare,Librum creare,Paginam prehendere formá PDF,Forma impressibilis&quot;. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:08, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::Oh, intelligo: &quot;non licet&quot; mihi &quot;hanc paginam movere&quot;, quia &quot;non licet… paginas movere&quot;, ut dixit Vicipaedia. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 06:10, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Fortasse tibi nondum sunt satis recensiones ut tibi liceat paginas movere? Ego feci. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 06:14, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:@[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] Gratias ago multas pro recensione tua bibliographicali. Quod mihi adhuc obstat, est quod Luae-functio &quot;Sfn&quot;, per quam possit referre fonti in textu, videtur abesse. Etenim quaesivi aliis in paginis, et non utitur, nescio qua ratione. Fortasse possum vertere in Latinam Vicipaediam?--[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 18:32, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Vide [[Specialis:Diff/3953635/3953636|ultimam emendationem meam]]: nunc scribere potes &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; inline&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Viro et al., 2008}}, p. XXX.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt; --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:38, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6xey3l49tbctop6vbkh0redhv4trcqe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topologia classium punctorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953573</id>
      <parentid>3953555</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T12:02:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Augenda</comment>
      <origin>3953573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1708" sha1="kn751o4vy1kylef3iyikl1atf4xamdh" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est mathematicae quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt classes in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definire &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;


Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}</text>
      <sha1>kn751o4vy1kylef3iyikl1atf4xamdh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953620</id>
      <parentid>3953573</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:33:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additur citatio et nexus ad alias paginas</comment>
      <origin>3953620</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1879" sha1="k8m6tp15tvqptifwijhzpt1hlribyvj" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Dixmier, Jacques. [[1984]]. ''General Topology''. Novi Eboraci, Heidelbergi, Tokii: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90972-9.</text>
      <sha1>k8m6tp15tvqptifwijhzpt1hlribyvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953621</id>
      <parentid>3953620</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:43:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Citatio additur ad fontem interretiaculicam, quod fortasse erit melior usoribus</comment>
      <origin>3953621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2071" sha1="79gillj7vi6l3r3g98s81c5hdsvzvpf" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* Dixmier, Jacques. 1984. ''General Topology''. Novi Eboraci, Heidelbergi, Tokii: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-90972-9.
* Viro, O. Ya., Ivanov, O. A., Kharlamov, V. M., et Netsvetaev, N. Y. [[1984. ''Elementary Topology Problem Textbook''. https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf</text>
      <sha1>79gillj7vi6l3r3g98s81c5hdsvzvpf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953623</id>
      <parentid>3953621</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:03:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+{{[[Formula:Opus|Opus]]}}</comment>
      <origin>3953623</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2528" sha1="3qjg5iegqwrowonbhefq0fzsuqyo3vs" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Heidelbergum|Heidelbergi]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = O. A.
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}</text>
      <sha1>3qjg5iegqwrowonbhefq0fzsuqyo3vs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953624</id>
      <parentid>3953623</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:03:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953624</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2528" sha1="9aon17iqk4k05zxplwtd7tnzxdljrpl" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = O. A.
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}</text>
      <sha1>9aon17iqk4k05zxplwtd7tnzxdljrpl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953627</id>
      <parentid>3953624</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:07:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Bibliographia */</comment>
      <origin>3953627</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2542" sha1="doxre64cs62geidw96wlfdrt9zgfbz0" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}</text>
      <sha1>doxre64cs62geidw96wlfdrt9zgfbz0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953629</id>
      <parentid>3953627</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:14:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Corrigitur citatio Iacobo Dixmier</comment>
      <origin>3953629</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2566" sha1="btpg6ld9y0i1svs2ta8tqe88who06jk" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}</text>
      <sha1>btpg6ld9y0i1svs2ta8tqe88who06jk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953630</id>
      <parentid>3953629</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:22:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Transfertur categoriae et myrias ab pagina hypernymis &quot;Topologia&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953630</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2666" sha1="dtjmy1j85cpa765l396xxmj5mgeb6dg" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}{{nexus absunt}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>dtjmy1j85cpa765l396xxmj5mgeb6dg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953631</id>
      <parentid>3953630</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:28:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Addantur nexus interiores</comment>
      <origin>3953631</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2670" sha1="n9trszv2j3nd2rqp1k06pl8a5vgk2wt" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{dubcat}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>n9trszv2j3nd2rqp1k06pl8a5vgk2wt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953635</id>
      <parentid>3953631</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formulam {{Nexus absunt}} restitui: hi sunt nexus interviciales, tibi invenienda est pagina aliis linguis et eius entitatem Vicidatorum ad hanc paginam nectere</comment>
      <origin>3953635</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2686" sha1="pm30fioblb9h7tlrtz9q1y33tmz6agj" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{Nexus absunt}}{{dubcat}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>pm30fioblb9h7tlrtz9q1y33tmz6agj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953636</id>
      <parentid>3953635</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:35:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Quomodo {{sfn}} apud nos valeat</comment>
      <origin>3953636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2751" sha1="qj141qf3xbibpme22osuqrb64irh3pi" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa topologiis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;(X, \mathcal{O})&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia si &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;, classis nempe omnium apertarum in &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt;, includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;.

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{Nexus absunt}}{{dubcat}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	| titulus = General Topology
	| annus = 1984
	| domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	| locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	| isbn = 0-387-90972-9
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>qj141qf3xbibpme22osuqrb64irh3pi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953642</id>
      <parentid>3953636</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:52:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additur referentia ad citationem Iacobi Dixmier</comment>
      <origin>3953642</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2926" sha1="jj0i5oux2ggf4kdh804psmzw02ownl8" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).{{Nexus absunt}}{{dubcat}}

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>jj0i5oux2ggf4kdh804psmzw02ownl8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953676</id>
      <parentid>3953642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:55:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Remota sunt {{nexus absunt}} et {{dubcat}} quandoquidem additur referentia a Vicidata</comment>
      <origin>3953676</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2900" sha1="1n0t2erpcrki2rmag1doaw1b5hcns02" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>1n0t2erpcrki2rmag1doaw1b5hcns02</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953677</id>
      <parentid>3953676</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:59:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Additur referentia Projecto Acervorum (ut ita dicam)</comment>
      <origin>3953677</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3193" sha1="naxefr52xeumd1sn3wca8p8bvc7vacc" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>naxefr52xeumd1sn3wca8p8bvc7vacc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953679</id>
      <parentid>3953677</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:08:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Additur paragraphum de nexio topologiam inter et logicam modalem</comment>
      <origin>3953679</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3611" sha1="kxgjb74k2y1237rsqwon3sz9kn3uac5" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; idem vult sibi, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii aequivalent axiomatibus S4 in logica modali; ergo omnis logica modali&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 respondet topologiae, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt; respondet topologiae, et e converso.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Topologia]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Logica modalis]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>kxgjb74k2y1237rsqwon3sz9kn3uac5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953682</id>
      <parentid>3953679</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T21:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Ordo alphabeticus</comment>
      <origin>3953682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3611" sha1="e29t4qijcn0mk1gppzmbwqny4m6wv1q" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; idem vult sibi, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii aequivalent axiomatibus S4 in logica modali; ergo omnis logica modali&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 respondet topologiae, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt; respondet topologiae, et e converso.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Logica modalis]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Topologia]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>e29t4qijcn0mk1gppzmbwqny4m6wv1q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953685</id>
      <parentid>3953682</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T22:09:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Topologiam classium punctorum]] ad [[Topologia classium punctorum]]: cur accusativus?</comment>
      <origin>3953682</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3611" sha1="e29t4qijcn0mk1gppzmbwqny4m6wv1q" xml:space="preserve">{{Augenda|2026|4}}
{{Vicificanda}}
''Topologia classium punctorum'' seu ''topologia generalis'' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicalibus versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quo definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausi subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;aperti subclassis&quot;---apertae subcopiae sunt complementae clausis subclassium, et e converso).

Multis aequivalentis rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; idem vult sibi, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii aequivalent axiomatibus S4 in logica modali; ergo omnis logica modali&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 respondet topologiae, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt; respondet topologiae, et e converso.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Logica modalis]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Topologia]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>e29t4qijcn0mk1gppzmbwqny4m6wv1q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953689</id>
      <parentid>3953685</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T22:11:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953689</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3629" sha1="oqmltj9tikunok7zk8u8llg605g9moo" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}
'''Topologia classium punctorum''' seu '''topologia generalis''' pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatiis topologicis versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis|classes]] in quibus definitur &quot;topologia&quot; i.e. notio &quot;clausae subclassis&quot; (vel aequivalenter &quot;apertae subclassis&quot; — apertae subcopiae sunt complementa clausarum subclassium, et vice versa).

Multis aequivalentibus rationibus potest definiri &quot;topologia&quot;. Saepius definitur quod &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; sit topologia super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; si includat omnes uniones et omnes finitarias intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ut ''classis apertarum in X classium''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 1984}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae definiri per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii''. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;. Tunc definiri possunt axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones est quod classis &lt;MATH&gt;A&lt;/MATH&gt; ''clausa'' est quando &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; idem vult sibi, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii aequivalent axiomatibus S4 in logica modali; ergo omnis logica modali&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 respondet topologiae, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt; respondet topologiae, et e converso.

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorff (quae dicit omnes punctas &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementas apertarum disjunctarum), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam).

{{NexInt}}
*[[Logica modalis]]
*[[Theoria classium]]
*[[Topologia]]

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Viro et al., 2008
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
		| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
		| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
		| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
		| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
		| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
		| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
		| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
		| annus = 2008
		| isbn = 9780821845066
		| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
	}}
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>oqmltj9tikunok7zk8u8llg605g9moo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953693</id>
      <parentid>3953689</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T23:36:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ubi potui correxi; +{{Verba obscura}}; +{{Latinitas dolet}}</comment>
      <origin>3953693</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3788" sha1="8x389q3b56glmc2l8zkl53t97j4bm30" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''classis {{Verba obscura|apertarum in X classium}}''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo omnis logica modalis topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorffiana (quae dicit omnia puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementa {{verba obscura|apertarum disjunctarum}}), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit {{Latinitas dolet|quod omnes classi apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam habunt subclassum finitam apertarum cuius unio est totam topologiam}}).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>8x389q3b56glmc2l8zkl53t97j4bm30</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953695</id>
      <parentid>3953693</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:27:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rectificavi cases indicatis in paragraphis</comment>
      <origin>3953695</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3786" sha1="gaqpeqmk3zam2ctikss8suarvtksn6j" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio {{Verba obscura|classium apertarum in X}}''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo omnis logica modalis topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorffiana (quae dicit omnia puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementa {{verba obscura|apertarum sejunctarum}}), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit {{Latinitas dolet|quod omnes classes apertarum cuius unio est topologia tota habunt subclassem finitam apertarum cuius unio est topologia tota}}).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>gaqpeqmk3zam2ctikss8suarvtksn6j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953696</id>
      <parentid>3953695</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:31:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>alteravi &quot;topologia&quot; ad &quot;spatium topologicum&quot;</comment>
      <origin>3953696</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3793" sha1="dml6tyjqznnrtf964aok4v8jcjhk6fd" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio {{Verba obscura|classium apertarum in X}}''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo omnis logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorffiana (quae dicit omnia puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementa {{verba obscura|apertarum seiunctarum}}), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit {{Latinitas dolet|quod omnes classes apertarum cuius unio est topologia tota habunt subclassem finitam apertarum cuius unio est topologia tota}}).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>dml6tyjqznnrtf964aok4v8jcjhk6fd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953697</id>
      <parentid>3953696</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:33:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recensitur definitio quasi-compactionis</comment>
      <origin>3953697</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3798" sha1="nl2dpk2w2ohfbew11niiecnk4b4hlzk" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} pars est [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Hae sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio {{Verba obscura|classium apertarum in X}}''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Etiam potest eadem notio topologiae per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri. Sit enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo omnis logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum quaeri solet non de omnibus his topologiis sed de topologiis quae satisficiunt quasdam conditiones, exempli gratia conditio Hausdorffiana (quae dicit omnia puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementa {{verba obscura|apertarum seiunctarum}}), vel conditio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit {{Latinitas dolet|quod omnis celatio spatii—idest omnis aggregatio apertarum classium unio quarum est totum spatium—habet subcelationem finitam}}).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>nl2dpk2w2ohfbew11niiecnk4b4hlzk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953709</id>
      <parentid>3953697</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T03:53:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Denuo ubi potui correxi, sed adhuc verba obscura manent—quae sunt “elementa apertarum seiunctarum”? De rebus hic scriptus satis peritus non sum ut diiudicem utrum omnia sint correcta necne</comment>
      <origin>3953709</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3774" sha1="cnsdfkiulkz8kxaqvmvnzry7jrpt8sy" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} est pars [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio classium apertarum in X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eadem notio topologiae etiam per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri potest. Sint enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo quaeque logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum non omnes hae topologiae quaeri solent, sed topologiae tantum quae quasdam condiciones satisficiunt, exempli gratia condicionem Hausdorffianam (quae dicit omnia puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; esse elementa {{verba obscura|apertarum seiunctarum}}), vel condicio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit omnes celationes spatii—{{*ie}} omnes aggregationes classium apertarum, quarum totum spatium unio est—habere subcelationem finitam).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>cnsdfkiulkz8kxaqvmvnzry7jrpt8sy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953711</id>
      <parentid>3953709</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T04:51:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&quot;omnia&quot; correxi ad &quot;quaeque&quot; in definitio condicionis Hausdorffianae</comment>
      <origin>3953711</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3802" sha1="csrizhe4n0cgzjzyulampb4huqfysrk" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} est pars [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassiibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio classium apertarum in X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eadem notio topologiae etiam per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri potest. Sint enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo quaeque logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum non omnes hae topologiae quaeri solent, sed topologiae tantum quae quasdam condiciones satisficiunt, exempli gratia condicionem Hausdorffianam (quae dicit quaeque puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; habere {{verba obscura|classes apertas ab invicem seiunctas}} quae ea continent), vel condicio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit omnes celationes spatii—{{*ie}} omnes aggregationes classium apertarum, quarum totum spatium unio est—habere subcelationem finitam).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>csrizhe4n0cgzjzyulampb4huqfysrk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953712</id>
      <parentid>3953711</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T04:54:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Quare 'subclassiibus'?</comment>
      <origin>3953712</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3801" sha1="kdy08dpmtpip3qf2sjs0qh903m60w9n" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} est pars [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quae sunt subclasses apertae clausisque subclassibus complementariae, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio classium apertarum in X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eadem notio topologiae etiam per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri potest. Sint enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo quaeque logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum non omnes hae topologiae quaeri solent, sed topologiae tantum quae quasdam condiciones satisficiunt, exempli gratia condicionem Hausdorffianam (quae dicit quaeque puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; habere {{verba obscura|classes apertas ab invicem seiunctas}} quae ea continent), vel condicio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit omnes celationes spatii—{{*ie}} omnes aggregationes classium apertarum, quarum totum spatium unio est—habere subcelationem finitam).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>kdy08dpmtpip3qf2sjs0qh903m60w9n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953714</id>
      <parentid>3953712</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T04:57:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Clarificavi sensus motus &quot;complementum</comment>
      <origin>3953714</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3871" sha1="ah7i6gtcbkaxf7nn2yksxrj2qdjkhtb" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} est pars [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Complementum|complementum|en|qid=Q242767}} cuiusque classis aperta est classis clausa, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio classium apertarum in X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eadem notio topologiae etiam per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri potest. Sint enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo quaeque logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum non omnes hae topologiae quaeri solent, sed topologiae tantum quae quasdam condiciones satisficiunt, exempli gratia condicionem Hausdorffianam (quae dicit quaeque puncta &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; habere {{verba obscura|classes apertas ab invicem seiunctas}} quae ea continent), vel condicio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit omnes celationes spatii—{{*ie}} omnes aggregationes classium apertarum, quarum totum spatium unio est—habere subcelationem finitam).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>ah7i6gtcbkaxf7nn2yksxrj2qdjkhtb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953715</id>
      <parentid>3953714</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T05:04:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nexum additur, etiam (spero ut) clarificatur definitio condicionis Hausdorffianae</comment>
      <origin>3953715</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3915" sha1="mdpiihhts3bqqeatgrdm0ueqljjkqzw" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}

{{res|Topologia classium punctorum}} seu {{res|topologia generalis}} est pars [[Mathematica|mathematicae]] quae circa spatia topologica versatur. Haec sunt [[Classis (mathematica)|classes]] in quibus “topologia” definitur—{{*ie}} notio “clausarum subclassium” (vel aequivalenter “apertarum subclassium”—quia {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Complementum|complementum|en|qid=Q242767}} cuiusque classis aperta est classis clausa, et vice versa).

“Topologia” multis aequivalentibus rationibus definiri potest. Saepius dicitur &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt;  esse topologiam super &lt;math&gt;X&lt;/math&gt; quotienscumque omnes uniones omnesque finitas intersectiones elementorum &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; includat. Tunc &lt;math&gt;\mathcal{O}&lt;/math&gt; interpretatur ''aggregatio classium apertarum in X''.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Dixmier, 2008}}, pp. 4–5.&lt;/ref&gt;

Eadem notio topologiae etiam per quattuor ''axiomata Kuratovii'' definiri potest. Sint enim &lt;math&gt;A, B \subseteq X&lt;/math&gt; classes punctorum in &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt; et &lt;math&gt;\diamond: \mathcal{P}(X) \rightarrow \mathcal{P}(X)&lt;/math&gt; functio subclassium &lt;MATH&gt;X&lt;/MATH&gt;; tunc axiomata Kuratovii hoc modo definiri possunt:

* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \emptyset = \emptyset&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;A \subseteq \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond \diamond A = \diamond A&lt;/math&gt;
* &lt;math&gt;\diamond (A \lor B) = \diamond A \lor \diamond B&lt;/math&gt;

Nexus inter duas has definitiones hoc est, quod classis &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; est ''clausa'' quotienscumque &lt;math&gt;\diamond A = A&lt;/math&gt;. 

&lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt; sibi idem vult, sicut in [[logica modalis|logica modali]]. Etenim axiomata Kuratovii axiomatibus S4 in logica modali aequivalent; ergo quaeque logica modalis spatio topologico respondet, et e converso.&lt;ref&gt;Strictius dictum: omnis ''algebra'' logicae modalis (algebra nempe Booleana cum operator possibilitatis &lt;math&gt;\diamond&lt;/math&gt;) quae satisficat axiomata S4 topologiae respondet, et e converso.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sed in topologia classium punctorum non omnes hae topologiae quaeri solent, sed topologiae tantum quae quasdam condiciones satisficiunt, exempli gratia condicionem Hausdorffianam (quae dicit quibusque punctis &lt;math&gt;x,y&lt;/math&gt; respondere classes apertae &lt;math&gt;A \ni x,B \ni y&lt;/math&gt; sejunctae ab invicem), vel condicio quasi-compactionis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Stacks}}, tag 0059.&lt;/ref&gt; (quae dicit omnes celationes spatii—{{*ie}} omnes aggregationes classium apertarum, quarum totum spatium unio est—habere subcelationem finitam).

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Dixmier, 2008
	| c = {{Opus
    	| cognomen auctoris = Dixmier
    	| nomen auctoris = Iacobus
	    | titulus = General Topology
	    | annus = 1984
	    | domus editoria = Springer-Verlag
	    | locus = [[Novum Eboracum|Novi Eboraci]], [[Berolinum|Berolini]], [[Heidelberga|Heidelbergae]], [[Tokium|Tokii]]
	    | isbn = 0-387-90972-9
   }}
}}
* {{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Viro
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Oleg Yanovich
	| cognomen auctoris 2 = Ivanov
	| nomen auctoris 2 = Oleg Aleksandrovich
	| cognomen auctoris 3 = Kharlamov
	| nomen auctoris 3 = Viatcheslav Mikhaĭlovich
	| cognomen auctoris 4 = Netsvetaev
	| nomen auctoris 4 = Nikita Yur’evich
	| nomenclatura = compendiaria
	| titulus = Elementary Topology Problem Textbook
	| annus = 2008
	| isbn = 9780821845066
	| url = https://www.math.stonybrook.edu/~oleg/easymath/topoman/eng-book-nopfs.pdf
}}
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Stacks
    | c = {{Opus
        | nomen auctoris = The
        | cognomen auctoris = Stacks Project Authors
        | titulus = The Stacks Project
        | url = https://stacks.math.columbia.edu
        | annus = 2026
     }}
}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Logica modalis]]
* {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Spatium Hausdorffianum||en|qid=Q326908}}
* [[Continuitas_(mathematica)|Continuitas]]
* [[Theoria classium]]
* [[Topologia]]

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Topologia|!]]

{{Myrias|Mathematica}}</text>
      <sha1>mdpiihhts3bqqeatgrdm0ueqljjkqzw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topologia copiarum punctorum</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324279</id>
    <redirect title="Topologia classium punctorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953690</id>
      <parentid>3953556</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T23:07:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Duplam redirectionem correxi</comment>
      <origin>3953690</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="sbt8snlu2pu3za03vusz87nwirf91n1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Topologia classium punctorum]]</text>
      <sha1>sbt8snlu2pu3za03vusz87nwirf91n1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lex municipalis Irnitana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324280</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]]...'</comment>
      <origin>3953587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="727" sha1="7yxk1yzrx0lxespngl2823qe5uw1u6e" xml:space="preserve">'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.


[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>7yxk1yzrx0lxespngl2823qe5uw1u6e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953588</id>
      <parentid>3953587</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:52:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953588</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="805" sha1="q6derxgzfpf83umro7ybh05ut6dfd8s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.


[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>q6derxgzfpf83umro7ybh05ut6dfd8s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953589</id>
      <parentid>3953588</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:55:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="951" sha1="f7oa5am8uzauwa3yb5ari50e954fiab" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Nexus externi ==
*Vicimedia communia plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.


[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>f7oa5am8uzauwa3yb5ari50e954fiab</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953590</id>
      <parentid>3953589</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953590</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="974" sha1="mbr3xlcl8o1dfqtsgo2lbaiji9bwhbn" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.


[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>mbr3xlcl8o1dfqtsgo2lbaiji9bwhbn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953592</id>
      <parentid>3953590</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:58:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953592</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="993" sha1="edccl1jo2mtbrsmtn6grzx4kltlq8hd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}:

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>edccl1jo2mtbrsmtn6grzx4kltlq8hd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953593</id>
      <parentid>3953592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1037" sha1="n0gfqmpvb12zjx6hsb69vuviz38aftb" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani invcognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>n0gfqmpvb12zjx6hsb69vuviz38aftb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953594</id>
      <parentid>3953593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T14:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953594</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1034" sha1="az7342485wlapodsotde8pue8qtalrq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>az7342485wlapodsotde8pue8qtalrq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953596</id>
      <parentid>3953594</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:04:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953596</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1164" sha1="tamc02hshjv662fimnn69ve1lwiusl4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca Lamberti, ''Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>tamc02hshjv662fimnn69ve1lwiusl4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953597</id>
      <parentid>3953596</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:06:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1410" sha1="j0r2z2b3hph9pled5o88onkbc1be8w8" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>j0r2z2b3hph9pled5o88onkbc1be8w8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953598</id>
      <parentid>3953597</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:08:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953598</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1567" sha1="lozbjdmod5zya674pgy3jnvujmlberj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, « The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>lozbjdmod5zya674pgy3jnvujmlberj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953599</id>
      <parentid>3953598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:13:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1605" sha1="8a56txvt57t9hqvt85aut6htdw615i3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in sex laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>8a56txvt57t9hqvt85aut6htdw615i3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953600</id>
      <parentid>3953599</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1675" sha1="948to6eabr3230n26kphn5thte9isgx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>948to6eabr3230n26kphn5thte9isgx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953601</id>
      <parentid>3953600</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:16:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1683" sha1="1eych72pdk96wphrsxawn0ebtjbq2tk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>1eych72pdk96wphrsxawn0ebtjbq2tk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953602</id>
      <parentid>3953601</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:19:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953602</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1843" sha1="gsxfktsfjmimsa4sciwqvxolb7ewnjq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>gsxfktsfjmimsa4sciwqvxolb7ewnjq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953603</id>
      <parentid>3953602</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1995" sha1="ok7dthc5etycvbufexpv8sfs3ruf10n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>ok7dthc5etycvbufexpv8sfs3ruf10n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953605</id>
      <parentid>3953603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:27:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2371" sha1="jqg5ot40u29yzdgg2o8h1zb9e9rlhr9" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
Fait partie d’un numéro thématique : 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>jqg5ot40u29yzdgg2o8h1zb9e9rlhr9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953606</id>
      <parentid>3953605</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:28:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953606</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2329" sha1="iscwzfrl8ig23tiuzsbqthjvigitplp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>iscwzfrl8ig23tiuzsbqthjvigitplp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953607</id>
      <parentid>3953606</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:31:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2444" sha1="ptc3pcooggo3dit0o5br0mm8bjd10ne" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>ptc3pcooggo3dit0o5br0mm8bjd10ne</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953608</id>
      <parentid>3953607</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:33:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953608</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2623" sha1="hj8j2i5egajz5wcft335g70uy7slxf6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>hj8j2i5egajz5wcft335g70uy7slxf6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953613</id>
      <parentid>3953608</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953613</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2849" sha1="de9e9ufcv47v1vcwvijspkft0d0knrw" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>de9e9ufcv47v1vcwvijspkft0d0knrw</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953614</id>
      <parentid>3953613</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:43:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953614</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3037" sha1="ruiphrdgh3wgr5nkeprlveykbtru003" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>ruiphrdgh3wgr5nkeprlveykbtru003</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953615</id>
      <parentid>3953614</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
      <origin>3953615</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3063" sha1="0fpi3ppgy2qujdrbierrruwvifz018z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>0fpi3ppgy2qujdrbierrruwvifz018z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953616</id>
      <parentid>3953615</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:47:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
      <origin>3953616</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3168" sha1="b2ugk6mlhw72blyg456c0gpxui5rnzd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spolenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>b2ugk6mlhw72blyg456c0gpxui5rnzd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sanctus Leodegarius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324281</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953610</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T15:34:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pippobuono movit paginam [[Sanctus Leodegarius]] ad [[Sanctus Leodegarius (Ella et Vicenonia)]]: aliis referitur cum hac locutione</comment>
      <origin>3953610</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53" sha1="rqygquv2ym318a99mtswkigukckvzfy" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Sanctus Leodegarius (Ella et Vicenonia)]]</text>
      <sha1>rqygquv2ym318a99mtswkigukckvzfy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953617</id>
      <parentid>3953610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T16:25:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>discretiva</comment>
      <origin>3953617</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2846" sha1="qharhe7fwdbl1zzqvj4lffdvlykojz6" xml:space="preserve">{{discretiva}}
'''Sanctus Leodegarius''' ad plurimos sanctos nomine ''Leodegarius'' refertur intra quorum:

* [[Leodegarius Augustodunensis]] († 678), episcopus [[Dioecesis Augustodunensis|Augustodunensis]].

Postea, diversis locis nomine huius sancti designatis refertur, intra quorum:

== [[Francia]] ==
* [[Fanum Sancti Leodegarii]] (Alpes maritimae)
* [[Sanctus Leodegarius (Metullum)]] (Utraque Separis)
* [[Sanctus Leodegarius de Montebruno]] (Utraque Separis)
* [[Sanctus Leodegarius (Ella et Vicenonia)]]
* [[Sanctus Leodegarius in Acquilina]] (Evelinae)

Necnon:
* [[Saint-Léger (Carantonus)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Carantonus Maritimus)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Oltis et Garumna)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Meduana)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Fretum Calisii)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Sabaudia)]]
* [[Saint-Léger (Sequana et Matrona)]]
* [[Saint-Léger-aux-Bois (Esia)]]
* [[Saint-Léger-aux-Bois (Sequana Maritima)]]
* [[Saint-Léger-Bridereix]] (Crosa)
* [[Saint-Léger-de-Balson]] (Girundia)
* [[Saint-Léger-de-Fougeret]] (Niverna)
* [[Saint-Léger-de-Montbrillais]] (Vigenna)
* [[Saint-Léger-de-Peyre]] (Lesura)
* [[Saint-Léger-de-Rôtes]] (Ebura)
* [[Saint-Léger-des-Aubées]] (Ebura et Lidericus)
* [[Saint-Léger-des-Bois]] (Meduana et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-des-Vignes]] (Niverna)
* [[Saint-Léger-du-Bois]] (Arar et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-Dubosq]] (Rupes Calvadosia)
* [[Saint-Léger-du-Bourg-Denis]] (Sequana maritima)
* [[Saint-Léger-du-Gennetey]] (Ebura)
* [[Saint-Léger-du-Malzieu]] (Lesura)
* [[Saint-Léger-du-Ventoux]] (Vallis Clausa)
* [[Saint-Léger-en-Bray]] (Oesia)
* [[Saint-Léger-la-Montagne]] (Vigenna superior)
* [[Saint-Léger-le-Guérétois]] (Crosa)
* [[Saint-Léger-le-Petit]] (Carus)
* [[Saint-Léger-les-Mélèzes]] (Alpes superiores)
* [[Saint-Léger-les-Vignes]] (Liger atlanticus)
* [[Saint-Léger-lès-Authie]] (Sumina)
* [[Saint-Léger-lès-Domart]] (Sumina)
* [[Saint-Léger-lès-Paray]] (Arar et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-Magnazeix]] (Vigenna superior)
* [[Saint-Léger-près-Troyes]] (Albula)
* [[Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray]] (Arar et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-sous-Brienne]] (Albula)
* [[Saint-Léger-sous-Cholet]] (Meduana et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-sous-la-Bussière]] (Arar et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-sous-Margerie]] (Albula)
* [[Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle]] (Sumina)
* [[Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune]] (Arar et Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-sur-Roanne]] (Liger)
* [[Saint-Léger-sur-Sarthe]] (Olina)
* [[Saint-Léger-sur-Vouzance]] (Elaver)
* [[Saint-Léger-Triey]] (Collis Aureus)
* [[Saint-Léger-Vauban]] (Icauna)
* [[La Lande-Saint-Léger]] (Ebura)
* [[Boissy-Saint-Léger]] (Vallis Matronae)
* [[Sus-Saint-Léger]] (Fretum Gallicum)
* [[Trith-Saint-Léger]] (Septentrio)
* [[Mont-Saint-Léger]] (Arar superior)

== [[Belgium]] ==
* [[Saint-Léger (Gaume)]] (Luxemburgum (provincia Belgica))
[[Categoria:Sancti|Leodegarius]]</text>
      <sha1>qharhe7fwdbl1zzqvj4lffdvlykojz6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:Augenda a mense Aprili 2026</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>324282</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953619</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:27:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Categoriam non vacuam creavi</comment>
      <origin>3953619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="250" sha1="rhsic6pwut5thlacnllzt72qsz00wn9" xml:space="preserve">{{Categoria vestigatoria formularum
	| Augenda
	| descriptio = Haec categoria paginas numerat quas inter mensem Aprilem 2026 et mensem Iulium 2026 augere oportet.
}}

{{Categoria celata utinam vacua}}

[[Categoria:Corrigenda|Augenda a mense 2026-04]]</text>
      <sha1>rhsic6pwut5thlacnllzt72qsz00wn9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Topologia classium punctorum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324283</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953622</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T17:50:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953622</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="488" sha1="evjhc5mmfvfq4sohutqznwnj21rgb9j" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>evjhc5mmfvfq4sohutqznwnj21rgb9j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953640</id>
      <parentid>3953622</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? */</comment>
      <origin>3953640</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="688" sha1="2clvgaokdfy4titvmafnr7c37wgecpg" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligimus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2clvgaokdfy4titvmafnr7c37wgecpg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953641</id>
      <parentid>3953640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T18:46:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="688" sha1="m6i65b0gh9qeslkblgxkft4p4511q2n" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>m6i65b0gh9qeslkblgxkft4p4511q2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953649</id>
      <parentid>3953641</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:01:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953649</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1067" sha1="6fqro717imw966ri4dh7yggx8fdu831" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>6fqro717imw966ri4dh7yggx8fdu831</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953653</id>
      <parentid>3953649</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:27:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus in Vicidata */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953653</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1382" sha1="rj9t21l6g8yqttykonaxb6xkx8e1qve" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>rj9t21l6g8yqttykonaxb6xkx8e1qve</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953654</id>
      <parentid>3953653</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:27:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Signatura additur</comment>
      <origin>3953654</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1384" sha1="fcacpsbjat273wblvqsd05rlahzw78b" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>fcacpsbjat273wblvqsd05rlahzw78b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953655</id>
      <parentid>3953654</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:28:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Additur referentia Grufoni</comment>
      <origin>3953655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1391" sha1="qh7wgwec0ksnptmncxmz2i8ra3jrh19" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qh7wgwec0ksnptmncxmz2i8ra3jrh19</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953687</id>
      <parentid>3953655</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T22:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Disputatio:Topologiam classium punctorum]] ad [[Disputatio:Topologia classium punctorum]]: cur accusativus?</comment>
      <origin>3953655</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1391" sha1="qh7wgwec0ksnptmncxmz2i8ra3jrh19" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>qh7wgwec0ksnptmncxmz2i8ra3jrh19</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953692</id>
      <parentid>3953687</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T23:15:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus in Vicidata */</comment>
      <origin>3953692</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1601" sha1="erbt69oh73lv64wbtzthhzqmj46px1u" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>erbt69oh73lv64wbtzthhzqmj46px1u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953698</id>
      <parentid>3953692</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:35:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verba obscura */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953698</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1953" sha1="16h7p76gupm6rt1wpboqfqo7rr06nf1" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Verba obscura ==

Dicitur quasdam expressiones esse obscuras quae de classibus apertis versantur. Quatenus corrigitur per meam recensionem? Ignoscete, quod praecipito editam est, priusquam corrigi partem quamdam textus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:35, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>16h7p76gupm6rt1wpboqfqo7rr06nf1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953699</id>
      <parentid>3953698</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T00:38:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Verba obscura */  correxi soloecismos</comment>
      <origin>3953699</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1958" sha1="609lt7v5beakunb8dglvg9ruwioyzhl" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Verba obscura ==

Dicitur quasdam expressiones esse obscuras quae de classibus apertis versantur. Quatenus corrigitur per meam recensionem? Ignoscete, quod praecipito editam est a me, priusquam correxi partem quamdam textus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:35, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>609lt7v5beakunb8dglvg9ruwioyzhl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953710</id>
      <parentid>3953699</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T04:32:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verba obscura */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953710</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2241" sha1="1aq2k5h9pdld1gwppifbqxxcd9lwr2q" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Verba obscura ==

Dicitur quasdam expressiones esse obscuras quae de classibus apertis versantur. Quatenus corrigitur per meam recensionem? Ignoscete, quod praecipito editam est a me, priusquam correxi partem quamdam textus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:35, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:@Grufo: Duo classes sunt ''sejunctae'' quando intersectionem earum est vacua classis. Fortasse non est terma consueta, etiamsi videbatur mihi quod erat. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:32, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1aq2k5h9pdld1gwppifbqxxcd9lwr2q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953713</id>
      <parentid>3953710</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T04:57:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verba obscura */</comment>
      <origin>3953713</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2422" sha1="tqxnu3na7mstrruwfoty6a6cx9mj5wl" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Verba obscura ==

Dicitur quasdam expressiones esse obscuras quae de classibus apertis versantur. Quatenus corrigitur per meam recensionem? Ignoscete, quod praecipito editam est a me, priusquam correxi partem quamdam textus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:35, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:@Grufo: Duo classes sunt ''sejunctae'' quando intersectionem earum est vacua classis. Fortasse non est terma consueta, etiamsi videbatur mihi quod erat. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:32, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Verbum igitur abest: “elementa {{verba inserta|classium}} apertarum seiunctarum”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:57, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>tqxnu3na7mstrruwfoty6a6cx9mj5wl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953716</id>
      <parentid>3953713</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T05:14:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pseudo-philodoxia</username>
        <id>207639</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Verba obscura */ Reply</comment>
      <origin>3953716</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2631" sha1="0rop73tie93lewuuvnum05cu3fsjfbt" xml:space="preserve">== Nomen: &quot;Topologia&quot; vel &quot;Analysis situs&quot;? ==

Postquam hanc scripsi paginam, memini quod Gauss, Poincare, et alii utuntur non &quot;topologia&quot; sed &quot;analysis situs&quot;. 

Ergo nescio utrum debet haec pagina moveri ad &quot;analysis situs generale&quot;, etiam quia &quot;topologia&quot; solet uti pro objectum mathematicale et ambaginem quamdam videtur afferre quando utimur pro ambobus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 17:50, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Iam est pagina [[Topologia]]. Quicquid eligamus, nomenclatura nostrarum paginarum manere debet uniformis. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 18:43, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Ignosce, oportuit mihi rogare huius in disputatione paginae. Sed quandoquidem texti primi de topologia (e.g. Henrici Poincari et Osvaldi Vebleni) utuntur nomen &quot;analysis situs&quot;, fortasse videtur nomen &quot;topologii&quot; appropinquare magis ad neologismum. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:01, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Nexus in Vicidata ==

@Grufo Videtur mihi quod non convenit haec pagina necti in Vicidata donec nomen &quot;Topologiam&quot; vertitur in &quot;Topologia&quot;. Ignosce autem: adhuc non possum sic movere paginam. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 19:27, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Noster Demetrius titulum correxit. Si paginam nectis et postea movebitur, nexus ad Vicidata sponte redintegrabitur. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 23:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

== Verba obscura ==

Dicitur quasdam expressiones esse obscuras quae de classibus apertis versantur. Quatenus corrigitur per meam recensionem? Ignoscete, quod praecipito editam est a me, priusquam correxi partem quamdam textus. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 00:35, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

:@Grufo: Duo classes sunt ''sejunctae'' quando intersectionem earum est vacua classis. Fortasse non est terma consueta, etiamsi videbatur mihi quod erat. --[[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 04:32, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:: Verbum igitur abest: “elementa {{verba inserta|classium}} apertarum seiunctarum”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:57, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Intelligo. Etiam mutavi, magis concretam et facilem faciendo. Gratias tibi ago! [[Usor:Pseudo-philodoxia|Pseudo-philodoxia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Pseudo-philodoxia|disputatio]]) 05:14, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0rop73tie93lewuuvnum05cu3fsjfbt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ibn Sahl</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324284</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953656</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T19:38:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Victor Anserinus</username>
        <id>207678</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens ''''Ibn Sahl'''&lt;ref&gt;Non confundendus est Ibn Sahl nec cum [[Sahel ibn Bishr]], Iudaeo, astrologo et mathematico, qui Latine, inter alia nomina, Zahel appellatur, nec cum filio eius [[Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[mathematicus]] et [[physicus]] [[Persia|Persicus]] [[saeculum 10|saeculi decimi]] fuit, cuius tractatus de [[optica]] primam expositionem [[lex refractionis|legis refractionis]] continet.  == De lege refractionis ==  Fasciculus:Ibn Sahl man...'</comment>
      <origin>3953656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1232" sha1="rsb0xe9jz2i9ulo710ix7iwngrcb8qn" xml:space="preserve">'''Ibn Sahl'''&lt;ref&gt;Non confundendus est Ibn Sahl nec cum [[Sahel ibn Bishr]], Iudaeo, astrologo et mathematico, qui Latine, inter alia nomina, Zahel appellatur, nec cum filio eius [[Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]].&lt;/ref&gt; [[mathematicus]] et [[physicus]] [[Persia|Persicus]] [[saeculum 10|saeculi decimi]] fuit, cuius tractatus de [[optica]] primam expositionem [[lex refractionis|legis refractionis]] continet.

== De lege refractionis ==

[[Fasciculus:Ibn Sahl manuscript.jpg|thumb|right|Manuscriptum tractatus optici Ibn Sahl.]]

Postquam optica [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudii Ptolemaei]] ad mathematicos Arabicos pervenerat, Ibn Sahl circa annum 984 tractatum de [[speculum|speculis]] comburentibus scripsit.

[[Historicus]] Roshdi Rashed [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] invenit hunc librum iam [[lex refractionis|legem refractionis]] exposuisse, vel potius rationem proportionalem inter duas longitudines continere, quae huic legi aequivalet&lt;ref&gt;Rashed, Roshdi (1990) ''A Pioneer in Anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on Burning Mirrors and Lenses''. https://www.jstor.org/stable/233423&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus interni ==

* [[Claudius Ptolemaeus]]
* [[Renatus Cartesius]]

[[Categoria:Physici]]
[[Categoria:Mathematici]]</text>
      <sha1>rsb0xe9jz2i9ulo710ix7iwngrcb8qn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953662</id>
      <parentid>3953656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T20:11:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953662</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1291" sha1="f2mt76mgiypk97h7gjf7u0vowkh0z74" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ibn Sahl manuscript.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Manuscriptum]] tractatus optici Ibn Sahl.]]
'''Ibn Sahl'''&lt;ref&gt;Non confundendus est Ibn Sahl nec cum [[Sahel ibn Bishr]], [[Iudaei|Iudaeo]], [[astrologus|astrologo]], et [[mathematicus|mathematico]], qui Latine, inter alia nomina, Zahel appellatur, nec cum filio eius [[Ali Ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari]].&lt;/ref&gt; fuit [[mathematicus]] et [[physicus]] [[Persia|Persicus]] [[saeculum 10|saeculi decimi]], cuius tractatus de [[optica]] primam [[lex refractionis|legis refractionis]] expositionem continet.

== De lege refractionis ==
Postquam optica [[Claudius Ptolemaeus|Claudii Ptolemaei]] ad mathematicos Arabicos pervenerat, Ibn Sahl circa annum 984 tractatum de [[speculum|speculis]] comburentibus scripsit.

Roshdi Rashed [[historicus]] [[saeculum 20|saeculo vicesimo]] invenit hunc librum iam [[lex refractionis|legem refractionis]] exposuisse, vel potius rationem proportionalem inter duas longitudines continere, quae huic legi aequivalet&lt;ref&gt;Rashed, Roshdi (1990) ''A Pioneer in Anaclastics: Ibn Sahl on Burning Mirrors and Lenses''. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/233423 Textus in JSTOR.]&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Renatus Cartesius]]
* [[Claudius Ptolemaeus]]

[[Categoria:Mathematici]]
[[Categoria:Physici]]</text>
      <sha1>f2mt76mgiypk97h7gjf7u0vowkh0z74</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Topologiam classium punctorum</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324286</id>
    <redirect title="Disputatio:Topologia classium punctorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953688</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T22:09:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Disputatio:Topologiam classium punctorum]] ad [[Disputatio:Topologia classium punctorum]]: cur accusativus?</comment>
      <origin>3953688</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="53" sha1="j8z1pfb8etqrhim12sczcy95up6igf0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Disputatio:Topologia classium punctorum]]</text>
      <sha1>j8z1pfb8etqrhim12sczcy95up6igf0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Topologia generalis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324287</id>
    <redirect title="Topologia classium punctorum" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953691</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-07T23:12:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirectionem creavi</comment>
      <origin>3953691</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="42" sha1="sbt8snlu2pu3za03vusz87nwirf91n1" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Topologia classium punctorum]]</text>
      <sha1>sbt8snlu2pu3za03vusz87nwirf91n1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nūr al-Dīn Badawī</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324288</id>
    <redirect title="Noradinus Badawī" />
    <revision>
      <id>3953734</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T08:23:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Andrew Dalby</username>
        <id>1084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Andrew Dalby movit paginam [[Nūr al-Dīn Badawī]] ad [[Noradinus Badawī]] praeter redirectionem: praenomen Latinum, vide historiam paginae</comment>
      <origin>3953734</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="58szyeuyrhf5eg70z4ivfnwsyrsada4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Noradinus Badawī]]</text>
      <sha1>58szyeuyrhf5eg70z4ivfnwsyrsada4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Usoris:Victor Anserinus</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>324289</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953751</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-08T11:07:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Salve, Victor Anserine! */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3953751</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3373" sha1="2m4he8lqtnm9zmlsogduocso4e05ooa" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} secundum recensionem 3944079 hic incipit --&gt;== Salve, Victor Anserine! ==
Gratus aut grata in Vicipaediam Latinam acciperis! Ob [[Specialis:Conlationes/Victor Anserinus|contributa tua]] gratias agimus speramusque te delectari posse et manere velle.

Cum nostra Vicipaedia parva humilisque sit, paucae et exiguae sunt paginae auxilii, a quibus hortamur te ut incipias:

* [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio|Ops nexusque usoribus novis]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:D-A-CH Flag.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|de]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Bandiera de Interlingua.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ia|ia]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Italy.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|it]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Russia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|ru]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Romania.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|ro]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Norway.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|no]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of the Philippines.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|tl]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Esperanto.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/eo|eo]])
* [[Vicipaedia:De orthographia|De orthographia]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/ca|ca]], [[Fasciculus:English language.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/en|en]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Spain.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/es|es]], [[Fasciculus:Flag of Philippines.svg|28px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:De orthographia/tl|tl]])
* [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide|Enchiridion interpretis]] ([[Lingua Anglica|Anglice]] scriptum)
* [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]]
* [[Lexica Neolatina]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia|Lexica Latina interretialia]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum|Fontes nominum Latinorum]] ([[Fasciculus:Flag of Catalonia.svg|24px]]&amp;nbsp;[[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum Latinorum/ca|ca]])
* [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum|Fontes nominum geographicorum]]
* [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum|Index formularum]]

Si plura de [[mos|moribus]] et institutis Vicipaedianis scire vis, tibi suademus, roges in nostra [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]], vel roges unum ex [[Vicipaedia:Magistratus|magistratibus]] directe.

In paginis encyclopaedicis mos noster non est nomen dare, sed in paginis disputationis memento editis tuis nomen [[Vicipaedia:Subscriptio|subscribere]], litteris impressis &lt;code&gt;--~~&lt;nowiki /&gt;~~&lt;/code&gt;, quibus insertis nomen tuum et dies apparebit. Quamquam vero in paginis ipsis nisi lingua Latina uti non licet, in paginis disputationum qualibet lingua scribi solet. Quodsi quid interrogare velis, vel [[Vicipaedia:Taberna|Taberna]] vel [[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|pagina disputationis mea]] tibi patebit. Ave! Spero te “Vicipaedianum” aut “Vicipaedianam” fieri velle!&lt;!-- Substitutio formulae {{Salve}} hic finit --&gt; [[Usor:Demetrius Talpa|Demetrius Talpa]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Demetrius Talpa|disputatio]]) 11:07, 8 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>2m4he8lqtnm9zmlsogduocso4e05ooa</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>