Romania

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{{Vide discretivam|de civitate [[Europa]]e Orientalis}}
{{Capsa civitatis Vicidata}}
'''Romania'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Pius XII]], litterae apostolicae [http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xii/la/apost_letters/documents/hf_p-xii_apl_19560629_dum-maerenti-animo.html &quot;Dum maerenti&quot;] (1956).&lt;/ref&gt; est [[civitas sui iuris|civitas]] [[Europa Orientalis|Europae Orientalis]], inter [[Bulgaria]]m, [[Serbia]]m, [[Hungaria]]m, [[Ucraina]]m, ac [[Respublica Moldavica|Moldaviam]] sita. Quae [[terra]] [[Dacia (provincia Romana)|Dacia]] [[antiquitas|antiquitus]] vocabatur.

Romania 19&amp;thinsp;053&amp;thinsp;815 incolarum habet. &lt;ref&gt; [https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.01.xls Census INSSE].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Caput (urbs)|Caput]] est [[Bucarestum]]; [[urbs|urbes]] maiores, [[Corona (Dacia)|Corona]], [[Claudiopolis (Dacia)|Claudiopolis]], [[Iassium]], [[Constantia (Romania)|Constantia]], et [[Timisvaria]].

Romania est sodalis [[Unio Europaea|Unionis Europaeae]], cum aliis viginti septem civitatibus.

Anno [[2025]], praeses Romaniae est [[Nicușor Dan]] fuit.

== Topographia ==

=== Mare ===
* [[Pontus Euxinus]], sive Mare Scythicum

=== Flumina ===
{{div col|2}}
* [[Danubius]]
* [[Aluta]]
* [[Crisius]]
* [[Marisus]]
* [[Samosius]]
* [[Tisia]]
* [[Ordessus]], Argessus (''Argeș'')
* [[Hierasus]] (''Siret'')
* [[Pyretus]]
{{div col end}}

=== Montes ===
* [[Carpates]]

== Historia ==
Vide paginam de [[Historia Romaniae]]

== Lingua ==
[[Lingua Dacoromanica|Lingua Dacoromanica (''Limba română'')]] est dialectus [[Lingua Romanica|Linguae Romanicae]], et sub familia Latina subsummata, cum [[lingua Italiana]], [[lingua Hispanica]], [[lingua Francica]], [[lingua Lusitanica]], etc.

== Multitudo ==
* [[Dacoromani]] (89,6%)
* [[Hungari]] (6,6%; imprimis in [[Transsilvania]])
* [[Zingari]] (2,46%)
* [[Germani]] (0,3 %)
* [[Turcae]] (0,11 %)
* [[Ucraini]], [[Poloni]] (imprimis in [[Suceava]]) etc.&lt;ref&gt;vicipaedia romanica&lt;/ref&gt;

== Religio ==
* [[Ecclesia Orthodoxa Dacoromanica|Romanica Ecclesia Orthodoxa]] (86,8%)
* [[Ecclesia Catholica]] (4,5%)
* [[Ecclesia Pentecostalis]] (0,9 %)
* [[Protestantes]] (1,5%)&lt;ref&gt;Institutul national de statistica-A se vedea pag.VII a documentului&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geographia ==
{{vide-etiam|Index circulorum Romaniae}}

=== Regiones ===
* [[Valachia]]
* [[Transsilvania]]
* [[Moldavia]]
* [[Scythia Minor]]

Vide etiam: [[Regiones historicae Romaniae Moldaviaeque]]

=== Circuli Romaniae ===
Romania est res publica unitaria, civitas tamen est tota divisa in [[Index circulorum Romaniae|circulos]] (Dacoromanice ''Județ'') 41 et caput Bucarestum, quod est sui iuris. Omnis circulus consilium et eius praesidem eligit, qui res locales regunt. Consilium ministrorum Romaniae praeterea praefectum in omnes circulos atque in urbem Bucarestum emittit, qui res politicas totius civitatis in circulo supervideat&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160617124342/http://legislatie.resurse-pentru-democratie.org/constitutie/constitutia-romaniei-2003.php#122 Articuli 122 et 123 constitutionis Romaniae]&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Urbes ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Aegyssos]] (Tulcea)
* [[Apulum]] (Alba Iulia)
* [[Aradia]] (Arad)
* [[Bacovia]] (Bacau)
* [[Bucarestum]] (Bucureşti)
* [[Buzău]]
* [[Callatis]] (Mangalia)
* [[Cibinium]]
* [[Claudiopolis]] sive [[Napoca]] (Cluj-Napoca)
* [[Constantia (Romania)|Tomis]] (Constanța)
* [[Corona (Dacia)|Corona]] (Brașov)
* [[Dierna]] (Orșova)
* [[Drobeta]] (Turnu Severin)
* [[Galatzium]] (Galați)
* [[Iassium]] (Iași)
* [[Pelendava]] (Craiova)
* [[Potaissa]] (Turda)
* [[Sargetia]] (Deva)
* [[Sucidava]] (Corabia)
* [[Timisvaria]] (Timișoara)
* [[Varadinum]] (Oradea)
{{div col end}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Tereza Stratilesco, ''From Carpathian to Pindus : pictures of Roumanian country life'' (1906) [https://archive.org/details/fromcarpathiant00stra Textus]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Libri de peregrinationibus in Romaniam]]
* [[Litterae Romaniae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Vicivia|Romania}}
{{Communia|România|Romaniam}}
{{Grc|Δακία}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

{{Europa}}
{{Unio Europaea}}
{{Capsae collectae|Romania|politica|{{Praesides Romaniae}}{{Primi ministri Romaniae}}{{Administri Rerum Exterarum Romaniae}}}}
{{Capsae collectae|Romania|geographica|{{Circuli Romaniae}}}}
{{Myrias|Geographia}}

[[Categoria:Romania| ]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sociae Unionis Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Condita 1877]]
[[Categoria:Civitates sui iuris]]</text>
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    <title>Fretum Gaditanum</title>
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      <comment>de urbe Septa</comment>
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      <text bytes="1484" sha1="pmwp3y1d2qa5vsf14xn1z6rlmvpwlam" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Hércules3D.jpg|thumb|Despectus aërius in fretum Gaditanum supra [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]]]]
[[Fasciculus:STS059-238-074 Strait of Gibraltar.jpg|thumb|Fretum Gaditanum ex satellite circum Tellurem moventi visum. [[Septentrio]]nes sunt ad laevam: [[Paeninsula Iberica]] etiam ad laevam et [[Africa Septentrionalis|Africam septentrionalis]] ad dextram.]]

'''Fretum Gaditanum'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/isidore/14.shtml ''(Hispania) Vlterior, quae in meridiem a Celtiberis usque ad Gaditanum fretum extenditur.'' ([[Isidorus Hispalensis|Isidori Hispalensis]] [[Etymologiae]], XIV)].&lt;/ref&gt; sive '''Hispanicum,'''&lt;ref&gt;[[Suetonius]], ''[[De vita Caesarum]]'' &quot;Vitellius&quot; 13.2&lt;/ref&gt; est [[fretum]] inter [[columnae Herculis|columnas Herculis]] situm, quod unicus est inter [[mare Mediterraneum]] et [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Oceanum Atlanticum]] nexus.

Nomen ''Gaditanum'' apud [[Imperium Romanum|Romanos]] ortum est, qui aquas secundum [[Gades|civitatem Gaditanorum]] nominaverunt, quae ibi ad occasum solis sita est. ''Hispanicum'' appellatur quia ad meridiem provinciae Romanae [[Hispania]]e sita erat. 

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{NexInt}}
*[[Gibraltaria]]
*[[Septa]]

{{geo-stipula}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gauditanum Fretum}}
[[Categoria:Freta internationalia]]
[[Categoria:Freta Maris Mediterranei]]
[[Categoria:Freta Hispaniae]]
[[Categoria:Freta Maroci]]
[[Categoria:Geographia Gibraltariae]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem fecerunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].</text>
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{{Decennium|203|MMXXVI}}

== Eventa ==
* 1 Ianuarii: [[Bulgaria]] [[euro]]nem monetam induxit.
* 3 Ianuarii: [[Nicolaus Maduro]] [[Venetiola]]e praeses a militibus [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] raptus est; [[Caracae]] multis ictibus affliguntur.
* 6 Ianuarii: [[Leo XIV|Leo papa XIV]] [[Iubilaeum anni 2025]] claudit.
* 7 Ianuarii: Necatio {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Renatae Good||en|qid=Q137723290}} inter Operationem &quot;Metro Surge&quot; ad protestationes [[Minneapolis]] excitat.
* 15 Ianuarii: [[Vicipaedia]], anno 2001 a [[Iacobus Wales|Iacobo Wales]] et [[Laurentius Sanger|Laurentio Sanger]] condita, annum vicesimum quintum celebrat.
* 22 Ianuarii: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] ab [[Ordo mundi sanitarius|Ordine Mundi Sanitarii]] se recedunt.
* 28 Ianuarii: [[Sarah Mullally]] prima femina fit quae [[Ecclesia Anglicana|Ecclesiae Anglicanae]] praeest.
* 30 Ianuarii: Tria miliones paginarum ad acta [[Galfridus Epstein|Epstein]] pertinentium publicantur, multae personae publicae clarissimae toto orbe terrarum commemorantur.
* 2–6 Februarii: [[Curdistania Syriaca|Curdistaniam Syriacam]] [[Ahmedus Husainus al-Shara|rectio Damasci nova]] sibi adiungit.
* 6 Februarii: [[Olympia hiemalia 2026|Olympia hiemalia]] in [[Italia]] simul [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], [[Cortina Ampecanorum|Cortinae Ampecanorum]], [[Pralatium|Pralatii]], [[Livignum|Livigni]] et [[Resinae|Ante Silvam]] patefiunt.
* 21 Februarii: Bellum inter [[Afghania]] et [[Pakistania]] erumpit.
* 28 Februarii: Civitas [[Israël]] et [[Civitates Foederatae]] impetum in [[Irania]]m faciunt, impetum praeemptivum appellantes.
* 1 Martii: Irania [[Fretum Ormusense]] commeatui maritimo claudit.
* 8 Martii: [[Mojtaba Khamenei|Mojtaba Husainus Khamenei]], [[Ali Khamenei|Alii]] necati filius, magnus dux [[Irania]]e eligitur.
* 31 Martii: In [[Mongolia]], {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Uchral Nyam-Osor||en|qid=Q110962738}}, post abdicationem Gombojavyn Zandanshatar, primus minister iurat.
* 6 Aprilis: [[Programma Artemis|Artemis II]] cum quattuor astronautis Lunam circumvolavit.
* 9 Aprilis: [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Civitates Foederatae]] et [[Irania]] indutiis pactionem fecerunt, colloquiisque ut discrimen inter se componant.

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
* [[8 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovicus E. Brus]], chimicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1943]].
* [[10 Ianuarii]]: [[Ericus de Däniken]], scriptor [[Helvetia|Helvetiae]]; natus est anno [[1935]].
* [[13 Ianuarii]]: [[Georgius Basiliu]], politicus [[Cyprus|Cypri]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[16 Ianuarii]]: [[Ludovica Diogo]], politica [[Mozambicum|Mozambici]]; nata est anno [[1958]].
* [[24 Ianuarii]]: [[David Abulafia]], historicus [[Britanniarum regnum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1949]]. 
* [[25 Ianuarii]]: [[Yi Haechan]], politicus [[Res publica Coreana|Rei publicae Coreanae]]; natus est anno [[1952]].
* [[26 Ianuarii]]: [[Sia Figiel]], poeta, scriptrix, et pictrix [[Samoa]]na; nata est anno [[1967]].
* [[1 Februarii]]: [[Rita Süssmuth]], politica [[Germania|Germanica]]; nata est anno [[1937]].
* [[11 Februarii]]: [[Iacobus van der Beek]], actor [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1977]].
* [[15 Februarii]]: [[Robertus Duvall]], actor et moderator cinematographicus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1931]].
* [[19 Februarii]]: [[Polycarpus Pengo]], archiepiscopus [[Tanzania|Tanzanicus]]; natus est anno [[1944]].
* [[28 Februarii]]: [[Ali Khamenei]], magnus dux [[Irania]]e, ab [[Israel]]e occiditur; natus est anno [[1939]].
* [[1 Martii]]: [[David Oddi filius]], politicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1948]].
* [[5 Martii]]: [[Antonius Lobo Antunes]], scriptor et psychologus [[Portugallia|Lusitanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[8 Martii]]: [[Antonius Iacobus Leggett]], physicus [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannicus]]; natus est anno [[1936]].
* [[12 Martii]]: [[Ioachimus Wanke]], episcopus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
* [[14 Martii]]: 
**[[Georgius Habermas]], philosophus continentalis et sociologus [[Germania|Germanicus]]; natus est anno [[1929]].
**[[Christophorus A. Sims]], oeconomiae peritus [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1942]].
* [[17 Martii]]: [[Ilia II]], patriarcha Ecclesiae Orthodoxae Georgianae [[Russia|Russicus]]; natus est anno [[1933]]. 
* [[19 Martii]]:
** [[Humbertus Bossi]], politicus [[Italia|Italianus]]; natus est anno [[1941]].
** [[Carolus Norris]], artifex martialis [[CFA|Americanus]]; natus est anno [[1940]].
* [[22 Martii]]: [[Leonillus Jospin]], politicus [[Francia|Francicus]]; natus est anno [[1937]].
* [[8 Aprilis]]: [[Carolus Delhez]], presbyter et sociologicus [[Belgica|Belgicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].
* [[9 Aprilis]]: {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Björgvin Halldórsson||en|qid=Q879495}}, musicus [[Islandia|Islandicus]]; natus est anno [[1951]].</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Napoleo I (imperator Francogallorum)</title>
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{{pro pagina discretiva vide|Napoleo (discretiva)}}
{{Capsa principis Vicidata}}
'''Napoleo''' seu '''Neapolio Bonaparte''' etiam '''Napoleo Bonapars'''&lt;ref&gt;Casus nominativus: [http://www.archive.org/stream/synopsishistoria00wern/synopsishistoria00wern_djvu.txt Synopsis historiae Societatis Jesu : pro nostris tantum (1914)]; casus genitivus: [http://books.google.com/books?id=ouGfY8RBauAC&amp;pg=PA2125&amp;lpg=PA2125&amp;dq=Napoleonis+Bonapartis&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=SwkSxK5Sgp&amp;sig=3PyfuL-D9mLMrfF43Hwvdcj46zY&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=KMnrTY6nBpDItAbamYDoCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=8&amp;ved=0CEsQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&amp;q=Napoleonis%20Bonapartis&amp;f=false Internationales Germanistenlexikon: 1800 - 1950. A - G By Christoph König, Birgit Wägenbaur]; Casus genitivus: [http://books.google.com/books?id=_3EV8mv8Gj4C&amp;pg=PA122&amp;lpg=PA122&amp;dq=Napoleonis+Bonapartis&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=VRSB0ewHI8&amp;sig=WQTbxkuxY14S2AYXM3XlZMkypTA&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=DMrrTYbEKYTIsgbzkMHnCg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=9&amp;ved=0CFcQ6AEwCDgK#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Catalogue des livres imprimés sur vélin, qui se trouvent dans des . . . By Joseph-Basile-Bernard Van Praët]. Vel gen. &quot;Napoleontis,—[[Franciscus Iosephus Dumbeckius|Francisci Iosephi Dumbeckii]] [https://books.google.ru/books?hl=fr&amp;id=XrhRAAAAcAAJ&amp;q=napoleontis#v=snippet&amp;q=napoleontis&amp;f=false  ''Historiae Universae Tabulae Ethnographico-Periodico-Synchronistiae'', Berolini 1820].&lt;/ref&gt; (natus ''Napoleone di Buonaparte'' [[Adiacium|Adiacii]] in [[Corsica]] die [[15 Augusti]] [[1769]], mortuus in domicilio ''Longwood'' appellato [[Sancta Helena (insula)|Sanctae Helenae]] in [[insula]] [[Oceanus|Oceani]] [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantici]] die [[5 Maii]] [[1821]]) fuit dux [[exercitus]] inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio|Res Novas Franciae]], a [[1799]] anno usque ad [[1804]] annum, [[tyrannus]] rei publicae ([[Francogallice]] ''Premier Consul''), ab [[1804]] anno [[Imperator]] Francogallorum (Francogallice ''Empereur des Français''&lt;ref&gt;Vide [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/france/napoleon.htm#naptitles hic]&lt;/ref&gt;), ab [[1806]] rex [[Regnum Italicum (1805-1814)|Italiae]] protectorque [[Confoederatio Rhenana|Confoederationis Rhennae]], vir secundis adversisque iuxta [[famosus]].

Constat Napoleonem unum ex optimis ducibus militaribus omnium temporum fuisse. Primo praeceptis [[Suncius|Suncii]] se dedit et eis paruit, cuius [[liber (litterae)|liber]] ''de Arte belli'' in Francogallicum anno [[1782]] conversus erat. Napoleonis gesta, hominis politici, post res novas sunt etiam amplissima, cuius liber, ''Codex Civilis'' appellatur, cuius [[ius|iuribus]] adhuc in Francia servit et a promulgatione [[1804]] anni [[auctor]]itatem vehementem in evolutione civili habent.

== Corsicus natu: pueritia et adulescentia ==
[[Fasciculus:Imperial Coat of Arms of France (1804-1815).svg|thumb|upright=0.6|left|Insignia tamquam imperatoris Francorum.]]
[[Fasciculus:Carlo_Buonaparte.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Half-length portrait of a wigged middle-aged man with a well-to-do jacket. His left hand is tucked inside his waistcoat.|Napoleonis pater [[Carolus Buonaparte]] fuit legatus [[Corsica|Corsicus]] apud [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovicum XVI]].]]
Napoleo Bonaparte fuit secundus natu octo liberorum. Quinque [[liberi]] plus nati sunt, qui infantes omnes mortui sunt. Parentes ambo fuerunt minoris nobilitatis Italicae; [[pater]] fuit [[Carolus Buonaparte]] [[iurisconsultus]], et [[mater]] [[Laetitia Ramolino]]. Baptizatus est [[ecclesia Catholica|Catholicus]] die [[21 Iulii]] 1777 in Cathedrali [[Adiacium|Adiacii]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.napoleon.org/en/magazine/museums/files/Cathedral-Ajaccio.asp|title=Cathedral—Adiacii|publisher=La Fondation Napoléon|accessdate=31 Maii 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Difficile est dictu qua in [[natio]]ne Napoleo natus sit: [[Respublica Genuensis]] Corsica potita est anno [[1347]], eamque regebat usque ad annum [[1729]], quo anno res novae coeptae sunt. Bellum Corsici gerebant cum [[Genua|Genuensibus]], postquam anno [[1755]], [[Paschalis Paoli|Paschali Paoli]] ducente, facta est [[Respublica Corsica]]. Annos novem Genua insulam iterum potiri conabatur, defessa deinde clam [[Francia]]e vendit [[1764]]. Hoc palam clamato belloque parvo inter annos [[1768]]–[[1769]] gesso, Corsica in Franciam gradatim adsimilata est. Nationalismus autem inhibitus fervescitabat, et [[lingua Italica]] fuit sua lingua materna. Napoleo ergo nominatus est nomine Italico ''Napoleone di Buonaparte,'' [[Lingua Corsica|Corsico]] ''Nabolione.'' Serius se appellare coepit Napoleo modo Francico ''Napoléon Bonaparte.''

== Educatio ==
Mense Ianuario anni [[1779]] Napoleo studia coepit [[Augustodunum|Augustoduno]] in Francia, ut [[Francogallice|linguam Francicam]] disceret. Maio eiusdem anni acceptus est in academiam militarem [[Brienne-le-Château]].{{dubsig}} Late fertur sonu Corsico gravi locutum esse neque Francicam linguam recte scribere didicit, quamobrem eum valde condiscipuli eludebant.&lt;ref&gt;McLynn 1998, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=hibbert21&gt;Hibbert 1998, p. 21–22.&lt;/ref&gt; Breonnae{{dubsig}} Napoleo cognoscit [[Ioannes-Remigius Moët|Ioannem-Remigium Moët]], praeclarum vinarium [[vinum spumans|vini spumantis]], quocum facti sunt amici. Eorum amicitia secundum Ioanni-Remigio provenit, nam eius vinum Napoleo exercitui victorio saepe emit cursumque continenter divertit, si in itinere prope fuerant.&lt;!--

== Napoleo inter [[Rerum Francicarum eversio|Res Novas]] ==--&gt;

== Napoleonis cursus honorum ==
[[Fasciculus:Jean-Léon Gérôme - Bonaparte Before the Sphinx.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|alt=Person on a horse looks towards a giant statue of a head in the desert, with a blue sky|''Bonaparte ante [[Sphinx|Sphingem Gizensem]],'' (ca. [[1868]]) ab [[Ioannes Leo Gérôme|Ioanne Leone Gérôme]] facta, [[Castellum Hearst]].]]Anno [[1785]], Napoleo tribunus erat. Die [[19 Decembris]] anni [[1793]] [[Telo Martius|Telonem Martium]], urbem in [[Francia]] australi sitam, expugnavit, quae antea a [[miles|militibus]] [[Britanniarum|Britannis]] atque [[Hispania|Hispanis]] defendebatur. Quam ob rem generalis legionarius promotus est. Anno [[1795]], ad imperatorem designatus est, postquam motum Lutetiae profligavit.

Senatus [[Prima Respublica (Francia)|Rei Publicae Francicae]] ei die [[12 Maii]] [[1802]] consulatum perpetuum obtulit. Diebus [[10 Decembris|10]] et [[12 Decembris]] [[1802]], [[Lutetia]]e coram legatis [[Respublica Helvetica|Reipublicae Helveticae]] de optimo statu Helvetiae disseruit, quae tunc iurgiis internis vexabatur.&lt;!--

== Napoleo imperator ==--&gt;
== Clades Napoleonis in [[Russia]] ==
Mense Iunio anno [[1812]], copiae Napoleonis [[Imperium Russicum]] sine [[indictio belli|declaratione belli]] invaserunt et initio prospere [[Bellum Patrium|bellabant]]. Exercitus Russicus, a ducibus generalibus [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly|Michaele Barclay de Tolly]] et [[Petrus Bagration|Petro Bagration]] ductus, se Francicis dedit. Pugnae prope oppido ''Kliastitsi'' (quae ab [[30 Iulii]] ad [[1 Augusti]] durabat) gratia, finitus est incessus copiarum hostiarum ad [[Petropolis|Petropolem]]. A [[16 Augusti|16]] ad [[18 Augusti]] accidit pugna [[Smolenscum|Smolenscensis]]. A [[20 Augusti]] impositus est novus copiarum Russicarum dux: [[Michael Kutuzov]]. Die [[7 Septembris]] (26 Augusti Calendarii Iuliani) accidit pugna notabilis prope vicum [[Vorotunum]] (qui vulgo ''Borodino'' dicitur), nunc in regione Moscuensi Russiae locatum. Initio Septembris, Russi concesserunt de [[Moscua]], quae urbs paulo post occupata est a copiis Napoleonis. Sed mense Octobri anno [[1812]] Napoleo cum exercitu, cuius conditio facta est mala, de Moscua concessit. Dein copiae Francicae cedebant&lt;!--? 'surrendered' = se dederunt?--&gt; et mense Decembri anno 1812 e Russia eiectae sunt. Tamen ei pax oblata est, si tantum Germaniam reliqueret. Id Napoleo acerrime negavit.

== Abdicatio et exilium primum ==
[[16 Octobris]] - [[19 Octobris]] [[1813]] Napoleo apud Lipsiam posteaque proeliis aliis superatus est. [[31 Martii]] [[1814]] exercitus [[Russia]]e, [[Borussia]]e, [[Austria]]e sociorumque aliorum [[Lutetia]]m expugnaverunt. [[2 Aprilis]] et Napoleo coactus est ex Lutetia fugere. [[12 Aprilis]] primo abdicavit et in exilium ire a ML fidis militibus secutus in insulam [[Ilva]]m coactus est, ubi [[4 Maii]] advenit. Mansit ei titulus imperatoris et regnum per insulam decem milium incolarum. Sed hoc Napoleo contentus non erat.

{{Historia Franciae}}
== Centum dies ==
{{Vide-etiam|Centum Napoleonis dies}}
[[Fasciculus:Colonne_Vendôme.jpg|thumb|upright=0.4|left|Columna Vindocinensis.]]
In Francia, [[Ludovicus XVIII]], frater [[Ludovicus XVI|Ludovici XVI]] regno potitus est, sed die [[1 Martii]] [[1815]] Napoleo evasit ex insula cum militibus et navi egressus est in Valle Aurea, oppidum parvulum in [[Comitatus Provinciae|Provincia]] positum. Napoleo audacter per Provinciam, regionem ut omnibus notus est filoborbonicam, progredi coepit et cum pervenisset ad [[Gratianopolis|Gratianapolim]] [[7 Martii]] Borbonica legio V se coniunxit cum manu Napoleonis. Postea multae aliae legiones Borbonicum exercitum deseruerunt et se coniunxerunt cum Napoleone; ipse [[Michael Ney]], qui paulum antea regi dixerat: &quot;Illiberalem Corsum Lutetiam in ferrea cavea referam,&quot; secum Napoleone coniunxit. Postridie, Ludovicus XVIII Lutetia fugit in Belgiam, et Napoleo Lutetiam ingressus est.

Francia recuperata, res attamen arduae erant, nam totius Europae reges, qui antea de novis finibus inter se dissenserunt, tunc omnes Napoleonem imperio spoliare volebant, quare septimam inter se coalitionem conflaverunt.

Napoleoni ergo pugnandum fuit, quamquam id non voluit, et rursus attulit necessarium delectum, qui invisus omnibus erat. Quo facto, concripsit exercitum ducentorum octaginta milia hominum, Britanniae, Russiae, Austriae et Borussiae septigenti milia milites suppeditaverunt.
Napoleoni statim proelium committere melius esse visum est, nam si diutius expectavisset, hostes multo melius exercitus paravissent. Napoleo iter fecit ducens exercitum centum viginti milia hominum in Belgium, ubi [[Arthurus Wellesley|dux Wellingtoniae]] et Blücher, habentes pro se quisque in imperio similem exercitum, Britannicorum, Borussicorum et Belgarum compositum, erant.

Napoleo, in [[Proelium Waterlooense|Waterloo]], planitie apud [[Bruxellae|Bruxellas]] posita, profligatus die [[18 Iunii]] 1815, fugere debuit.

== Exsilium secundum et mors Napoleonis ==
[[Fasciculus:LocationSaintHelena.png|thumb|upright=0.8|Locus Sanctae Helenae in Oceano Atlantico, plus quam 2000 chiliometra a proxima terra.]]
Napoleo die [[22 Iunii]] secundo abdicavit. Cum Britanni eum comprehendissent, die [[18 Octobris]] eius anni in [[Sancta Helena (insula)|Sanctam Helenam]], insulam a Francia distantissimam et parvulam, rursus exsulatus est. Illic mortuus est die [[5 Maii]] [[1821]].

== Nomen ==
Nomen Napoleonis ([[Italiane]] ''Napoleone'') deductum esse a nomine [[martyr]]is Graeci appellati ''Neopolus'' (aut ''Neopolas'' aut ''Neopolis'') dicitur, sed in maxima fontium ad eum [[Latine]] spectantium parte, ''Napoleo'' legitur.

== Monumentum ==
[[Fasciculus:Colonna dell'armata, Lorenzo Bartolini 02.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|Columnae basis.]]
In Columnae Vindocinensis ([[Lutetia]]e) basi scriptum est:
:{|class=table
|align=center|NEAPOLIO IMP AVG&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;MONVMENTVM BELLI GERMANICI&lt;br /&gt;ANNO MDCCCV&lt;br /&gt;TRIMESTRI SPATIO DVCTV SVO PROFLIGATI&lt;br /&gt;EX AERE CAPTO&lt;br /&gt;GLORIAE EXERCITVS MAXIMI DICAVIT&lt;/small&gt;
|}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; De re privata et convivali
* &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510011f/f35.item Notice historique et culinaire sure la manière dont vivait Napoléon]&quot; in [[Maria Antonius Carême]], ''L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siècle'' (1833) vol. 1 pp. xxi-xliii
* &quot;[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1510011f/f59.item Traits de gastronomie, de brusquerie et de générosité de l'empereur Napoléon]&quot; in [[Maria Antonius Carême]], ''L'Art de la cuisine française au dix-neuviême siècle'' (1833) vol. 1 pp. xlv-liii
* C. F. A. Fayot, &quot;Un déjeuner aux Tuileries&quot; in ''Le Constitutionnel'' (1835); reimpressum in C. F. A. Fayot, ed., ''Les Classiques de la table: édition usuelle'' (Lutetiae, 1846) [https://archive.org/details/lesclassiquesdel00unse/page/520/mode/2up pp. 521-522]
* Frédéric Masson, ''Napoléon chez lui: la journée de l'empereur aux Tuileries''. Lutetiae: Dentu, 1894 [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96898498 Textus] apud Gallica

{{NexInt}}
* [[Bella Napoleonica]]
* [[Monumentum Hagiopolitanum proelii Lipsiensis]]
* [[Popularis rebellio secundo die Maii 1808]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Napoleon|Napoleonem}}
{{fontes biographici}}
{{Grc|Ναπολέων}}

{{Principes Franciae 1799–1946}}
{{1000 paginae}}
{{Myrias|Homines}}

{{Lifetime|1769|1821|Napoleo}}
[[Categoria:Bella Napoleonica|!]]
[[Categoria:Bonaparte]]
[[Categoria:Deistae]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Imperatores Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Corsicae]]
[[Categoria:Legis latores]]
[[Categoria:Milites Franciae]]
[[Categoria:Napoleo I|!]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Napoleonicorum]]
[[Categoria:Socii Academiae Scientiarum Francicae|Bonaparte Neapolio I]]</text>
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    <title>Ars vivendi</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Michelangelo Caravaggio 007.jpg]] → [[File:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from an old version to a newer version with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="1509" sha1="q3m7g0ij8hwngwcd0jvq2szbmsy67nw" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}[[Imago:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg|thumb|[[Bacchus]], a [[Caravaggio]] annis 1593 et 1594 pictus.]]
'''Ars vivendi''' est [[ars]] de [[vita]], in qua beati et felices versantur. 

*&quot;Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis&quot; (Hor. [[Epodi (Horatius)|epod]]. 2,1)
*&quot;[[Carpe diem]]&quot; (Hor. [[Carmina (Horatius)|od]]. 1,11,8)
*&quot;Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas&quot; (Verg. [[Georgica|georg]]. 2,490)
*&quot;Bene qui latuit, bene vixit&quot; (Ovid. [[Tristia|trist]]. 3,4,25)

==Genera==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Activitates culturales]]
**[[Ars coquinaria]]
**[[Ars rhetorica]]
**[[Ars scaenica]]
*[[Activitates religiosae]]
*[[Activitates meditativae]]
*[[Activitates altruisticae]]
*[[Activitates sociales]]
**[[Ars ingeniaria]]
**[[Ars navigandi]]
*[[Activitates politicae]]
*[[Activitates sportivae]]
**[[Ars athletica]]
*[[Activitates eroticae]]
*[[Activitates ludendi]]
{{div col end}}

==Historia==
*[[Augustinus]]
*[[Epicurus]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Habitus vitae]]
* [[Modus vivendi]]
* [[Officium]]
* [[Sensus vitae]]

==Bibliographia==
* Andreas Brenner, Jörg Zirfas: Lexikon der Lebenskunst. Reclam, Lipsiae 2002, ISBN 3-379-20015-8.
* Peter Bubmann/Bernhard Sill, Art. Lebenskunst, in WiReLex (Wissenschaftlich-Religionspädagogische Lexikon), 2021.
* Ferdinand Fellmann: Philosophie der Lebenskunst zur Einführung. Hammoniae 2009, ISBN 978-3-88506-664-4.
* Wilhelm Schmid: Philosophie der Lebenskunst. Eine Grundlegung. Suhrkamp, Francofurti 1998, ISBN 3-518-28985-3.

[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Modi vitae]]</text>
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      <text bytes="1567" sha1="kmg2lfdqou2hiwq8anodiwrldiup1nk" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg|thumb|[[Bacchus]], a [[Caravaggio]] annis [[1593]] et [[1594]] pictus.]]
'''Ars vivendi''' est [[ars]] de [[vita]], in qua beati et felices versantur. 

*&quot;Beatus ille, qui procul negotiis&quot; (Hor. [[Epodi (Horatius)|epod]]. 2,1)
*&quot;[[Carpe diem]]&quot; (Hor. [[Carmina (Horatius)|od]]. 1,11,8)
*&quot;Felix, qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas&quot; (Verg. [[Georgica|georg]]. 2,490)
*&quot;Bene qui latuit, bene vixit&quot; (Ovid. [[Tristia|trist]]. 3,4,25)

==Genera==
{{div col|2}}
*[[Activitates culturales]]
**[[Ars coquinaria]]
**[[Ars rhetorica]]
**[[Ars scaenica]]
*[[Activitates religiosae]]
*[[Activitates meditativae]]
*[[Activitates altruisticae]]
*[[Activitates sociales]]
**[[Ars ingeniaria]]
**[[Ars navigandi]]
*[[Activitates politicae]]
*[[Activitates sportivae]]
**[[Ars athletica]]
*[[Activitates eroticae]]
*[[Activitates ludendi]]
{{div col end}}

==Historia==
*[[Augustinus]]
*[[Epicurus]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Habitus vitae]]
* [[Modus vivendi]]
* [[Officium]]
* [[Sensus vitae]]

==Bibliographia==
* Brenner, Andreas, et Jörg Zirfas. [[2002]]. ''Lexikon der Lebenskunst.'' Lipsiae: Reclam, ISBN 3-379-20015-8.
* Bubmann, Peter, et Bernhard Sill. [[2021]]. &quot;Art. Lebenskunst.&quot; In WiReLex (Wissenschaftlich-Religionspädagogische Lexikon).
* Fellmann, Ferdinand. [[2009]]. ''Philosophie der Lebenskunst zur Einführung.'' Hammoniae, ISBN 978-3-88506-664-4.
* Schmid, Wilhelm. [[1998]]. ''Philosophie der Lebenskunst: Eine Grundlegung.'' Francofurti: Suhrkamp. ISBN 3-518-28985-3.

[[Categoria:Ars]]
[[Categoria:Modi vitae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Matthaeus (apostolus)</title>
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      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:The Calling of Saint Matthew by Carvaggio.jpg]] → [[File:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from a low-quality version to a higher-quality version ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3289" sha1="thlg8nkx0sz1iidnmmtsbxhqv367e4q" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|thumb|Inspiratio Sancti Matthaei (1599-1602), a [[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Caravaggio]] depicta (in ''Cappella Contarelli'' [[Ecclesia Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe|ecclesiae Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe]], Romae).]]

'''Matthaeus''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]]: מתתיהו, ''Matitjahu'' = &quot;donum [[JHVH]]s&quot;, [[Graece]]: Ματθαῖος), fuit discipulus [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]], qui eum inter duodecim [[apostolus|apostolos]] vocavit. Traditio [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] eum etiam scriptorem [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelii secundum Matthaeum]] esse vult, quod autem a multis exegeseos [[Biblia|biblicae]] auctoribus abnuitur, imprimis [[Hypothesis duorum fontium|Hypothesi duorum fontium]], quae dicitur, innixis.

== Vita ==

Filius Alphaei natus est in Galilaea. Publicanus a Romanis praefectus est ad cogendas pecunias.

Matthaeus, qui etiam dicitur '''Levi''', probabiliter a Iesu appellatus est Matthaeus, cuius nomen idem valet atque ''donum Dei''. [[Petrus|Sanctus Petrus]], exempli gratia, antea Simon dicebatur. Postquam vocatus est, reliquit officium exactoris, ut Iesum comitaretur in eius itineribus. Fuit testis mortis et resurrectionis Iesu; vidit eius ascensionem in caelum; et Spiritum Sanctum recepit die Pentecostes.

Matthaeus, ut Iudaeis praedicaret, scripsisse traditur [[Evangelium Secundum Mattheum|primum evangelium]] lingua Aramaica, ut affirmavit [[Eusebius]], sed exemplaria tantum superfuerunt conversionis in lingua Graeca.

Traditur Matthaeum profectum esse in Aethiopiam et, deinde, in Persiam, ubi martyrium subiit.

== Dies festus ==

Matthaeus [[sanctus]] celebratur ab [[Ecclesia Catholica]] die [[21 Septembris]].

== Vocatio Sancti Matthaei ==
[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]
In ipsius evangelio Sanctus Matthaeus suum describit vocationem a teloneo ad apostolum Iesu:

:''Et cum transiret inde Iesus, vidit hominem sedentem in teloneo, Matthaeum nomine, et ait illi: “Sequere me”. Et surgens secutus est eum. Et factum est, discumbente eo in domo, ecce multi publicani et peccatores venientes simul discumbebant cum Iesu et discipulis eius.
:''Et videntes pharisaei dicebant discipulis eius: “ Quare cum publicanis et peccatoribus manducat magister vester? ”.
:''At ille audiens ait: “ Non est opus valentibus medico sed male habentibus. Euntes autem discite quid est: “Misericordiam volo et non sacrificium”. Non enim veni vocare iustos sed peccatores”.'' [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html#9 Mat 9,9-13]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Evangelista]]
* ''[[Liber de infantia]]'' (textus mediaevalis sancto Matthaeo tributus)

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Matthew the Evangelist|Sanctum Matthaeum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Apostoli}}
{{evangelistae}}

[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Martyres]]
[[Categoria:Apostoli]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Syropalaestinae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de Iesu]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Biblici]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Matthaeus|!]]</text>
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'''Matthaeus''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] מתתיהו, ''Matitjahu'' = &quot;donum [[JHVH]]s&quot;, [[Graece]]: Ματθαῖος), fuit discipulus [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]], qui eum inter duodecim [[apostolus|apostolos]] vocavit. Traditio [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] eum etiam scriptorem [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelii secundum Matthaeum]] esse vult, quod autem a multis exegeseos [[Biblia|biblicae]] auctoribus abnuitur, imprimis [[Hypothesis duorum fontium|Hypothesi duorum fontium]], quae dicitur, innixis.

== Vita ==
Filius Alphaei natus est in Galilaea. Publicanus a Romanis praefectus est ad cogendas pecunias.

Matthaeus, qui etiam dicitur '''Levi''', probabiliter a Iesu appellatus est Matthaeus, cuius nomen idem valet atque ''donum Dei''. [[Petrus|Sanctus Petrus]], exempli gratia, antea Simon dicebatur. Postquam vocatus est, reliquit officium exactoris, ut Iesum comitaretur in eius itineribus. Fuit testis mortis et resurrectionis Iesu; vidit eius ascensionem in caelum; et Spiritum Sanctum recepit die Pentecostes.

Matthaeus, ut Iudaeis praedicaret, scripsisse traditur [[Evangelium Secundum Mattheum|primum evangelium]] lingua Aramaica, ut affirmavit [[Eusebius]], sed exemplaria tantum superfuerunt conversionis in lingua Graeca.

Traditur Matthaeum profectum esse in Aethiopiam et, deinde, in Persiam, ubi martyrium subiit.

== Dies festus ==

Matthaeus [[sanctus]] celebratur ab [[Ecclesia Catholica]] die [[21 Septembris]].

== Vocatio Sancti Matthaei ==
[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]
In ipsius evangelio Sanctus Matthaeus suum describit vocationem a teloneo ad apostolum Iesu:

:''Et cum transiret inde Iesus, vidit hominem sedentem in teloneo, Matthaeum nomine, et ait illi: “Sequere me”. Et surgens secutus est eum. Et factum est, discumbente eo in domo, ecce multi publicani et peccatores venientes simul discumbebant cum Iesu et discipulis eius.
:''Et videntes pharisaei dicebant discipulis eius: “ Quare cum publicanis et peccatoribus manducat magister vester? ”.
:''At ille audiens ait: “ Non est opus valentibus medico sed male habentibus. Euntes autem discite quid est: “Misericordiam volo et non sacrificium”. Non enim veni vocare iustos sed peccatores”.'' [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html#9 Mat 9,9-13]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Evangelista]]
* ''[[Liber de infantia]]'' (textus mediaevalis sancto Matthaeo tributus)

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Matthew the Evangelist|Sanctum Matthaeum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Apostoli}}
{{evangelistae}}

[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Martyres]]
[[Categoria:Apostoli]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Syropalaestinae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de Iesu]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Biblici]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
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      <text bytes="3290" sha1="0hekmlp9wgjmekw5fzd9b58mofx445n" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|thumb|''Inspiratio{{dubsig}} Sancti Matthaei'' (1599-1602), a [[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Caravaggio]] depicta (in ''Cappella Contarelli'' [[Ecclesia Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe|ecclesiae Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe]] Romae).]]

'''Matthaeus''' ([[Lingua Hebraica|Hebraice]] מתתיהו, ''Matitjahu'' = &quot;donum [[JHVH]]s&quot;, [[Graece]]: Ματθαῖος), fuit discipulus [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christi]], qui eum inter duodecim [[apostolus|apostolos]] vocavit. Traditio [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] eum etiam scriptorem [[Evangelium secundum Matthaeum|Evangelii secundum Matthaeum]] esse vult, quod autem a multis exegeseos [[Biblia|biblicae]] auctoribus abnuitur, imprimis [[Hypothesis duorum fontium|Hypothesi duorum fontium]], quae dicitur, innixis.

== Vita ==
Filius Alphaei natus est in Galilaea. Publicanus a Romanis praefectus est ad cogendas pecunias.

Matthaeus, qui etiam dicitur '''Levi''', probabiliter a Iesu appellatus est Matthaeus, cuius nomen idem valet atque ''donum Dei''. [[Petrus|Sanctus Petrus]], exempli gratia, antea Simon dicebatur. Postquam vocatus est, reliquit officium exactoris, ut Iesum comitaretur in eius itineribus. Fuit testis mortis et resurrectionis Iesu; vidit eius ascensionem in caelum; et Spiritum Sanctum recepit die Pentecostes.

Matthaeus, ut Iudaeis praedicaret, scripsisse traditur [[Evangelium Secundum Mattheum|primum evangelium]] lingua Aramaica, ut affirmavit [[Eusebius]], sed exemplaria tantum superfuerunt conversionis in lingua Graeca.

Traditur Matthaeum profectum esse in Aethiopiam et, deinde, in Persiam, ubi martyrium subiit.

== Dies festus ==

Matthaeus [[sanctus]] celebratur ab [[Ecclesia Catholica]] die [[21 Septembris]].

== Vocatio Sancti Matthaei ==
[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|thumb|130px|left|Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]
In ipsius evangelio Sanctus Matthaeus suum describit vocationem a teloneo ad apostolum Iesu:

:''Et cum transiret inde Iesus, vidit hominem sedentem in teloneo, Matthaeum nomine, et ait illi: “Sequere me”. Et surgens secutus est eum. Et factum est, discumbente eo in domo, ecce multi publicani et peccatores venientes simul discumbebant cum Iesu et discipulis eius.
:''Et videntes pharisaei dicebant discipulis eius: “ Quare cum publicanis et peccatoribus manducat magister vester? ”.
:''At ille audiens ait: “ Non est opus valentibus medico sed male habentibus. Euntes autem discite quid est: “Misericordiam volo et non sacrificium”. Non enim veni vocare iustos sed peccatores”.'' [http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_nt_evang-matthaeum_lt.html#9 Mat 9,9-13]

{{NexInt}}
* [[Evangelista]]
* ''[[Liber de infantia]]'' (textus mediaevalis sancto Matthaeo tributus)

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint Matthew|Sanctum Matthaeum}}
{{Fontes biographici}}

{{Apostoli}}
{{evangelistae}}

[[Categoria:Sancti]]
[[Categoria:Martyres]]
[[Categoria:Apostoli]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Syropalaestinae Graecoromanae]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores de Iesu]]
[[Categoria:Auctores Graeci antiqui]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Biblici]]
[[Categoria:Nati saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Mortui saeculo 1]]
[[Categoria:Matthaeus|!]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Natalieomamg</username>
        <id>207763</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>mutare novum prophetam.</comment>
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      <text bytes="7014" sha1="rf0iqatalnuiwjwal3kvb14urs3by9e" xml:space="preserve">{{L|-1}}
[[Fasciculus:Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg|thumb|Sacrum [[Mormones|Mormonum]][[templum]] [[Urbs Lacus Salsi|Lacus Salsi in Urbe]] erectum.]]

'''Ecclesia Iesu Christi Diebus Ultimis Sanctorum'''{{Convertimus}}  ([[Anglice]] ''The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints''), etiam nominibus '''Ecclesia Mormonica''' vel '''Ecclesia Mormonum''' appellata, est [[religio]] maxima ex [[America]] orta, a [[Iosephus Smith|Iosepho Smith]] in [[Civitatum Foederatarum civitas|civitate]] [[Novum Eboracum|Novo Eboraco]] die [[6 Aprilis]] [[1830]] condita.

[[Ecclesia]]e fidelibus, qui Diebus Ultimis Sancti (vulgo Mormones) se appellant, quattuor [[liber (litterae)|libri]] sacri sunt: [[Biblia Sacra]], ''[[Liber Mormonis]],'' ''[[Doctrina Conventaque]]'', et ''[[Pretiosa Margarita|Pretiosissima Margarita]].'' 

Mormones credunt praesidem ecclesiae, nunc [[Dallin Harris Oaks|Dallin H. Oaks]] (n. 1937), &quot;[[propheta]]m, [[vates|vatem]], revelatorem&quot; esse solumque cui revelationem [[Deus|Dei]] quae totius ecclesiae interest accipere licet.

== Visio Prima ==
[[Fasciculus:Joseph Smith first vision stained glass.jpg|left|thumb|upright=0.8|In [[vitrum tinctum|vitro tincto]] [[pictura]] de Visione Primā [[Iosephus Smith|Iosephi Smith unioris]], anno [[1913]] completa ab [[artifex|artifice]] ignoto (Museum Historiae Artisque Ecclesiae).]]

Diebus Ultimis Sancti credunt Iosephum Smith, cum quattuordecim annos habuerit, in [[silva]]m prope domum quae nunc [[Silva Sacra]] appellatur ivisse, Deum quae ecclesia vera esset rogatum. Iosephus divino spiritu hoc agere instinctus est postquam in libro [[Iacobus|Iacobi]] in Bibliis Sacris legit: &quot;Si quis autem vestrum indiget sapientia, postulet a Deo, qui dat omnibus affluenter, et non improperat; et dabitur ei.&quot;—Iacobi 1:5, [[Vulgata]].

In Silvā Sacrā, dum Iosephus orabat, [[Satanas]] eum superavit atque eius [[lingua]]m ligavit ut loqui non posset. Tenebrae eum obsederunt, et Iosephus se interire putavit. Nihilominus, Iosephus contra Satanam contendit et totā fortitudine Deum oravit ut e potestatem Satanae liberaretur. Cum desperaturus esset, pila lucis apparuit et in Iosephum cecidit; e vinculis Satanae liberatus est, et duas personas veste alba amictas vidit. Alter Iosephum nomine vocavit atque, alterum digito monstrans, dixit: &quot;Hic est Filius Meus Amatus. Audi eum.&quot;

Iosephus has duas personas Deum Patrem et [[Iesus Christus|Iesum Filium]] esse credidit. Igitur, eos rogavit quae ecclesia vera esset quācumque se sociare oporteret. At ei responderunt nullam ecclesiam veram esse, eum cum nullā se sociare oportere, omnium fides abominationem in [[Iesus|Iesu]] visu esse. Iosephus domum ivit et [[mater]] eum rogavit quid ei esset. Respondit ille, &quot;Numquam cura; totum bene est. . . . Mihi ipsi didici [[Presbyterianismus|Presbyterianismum]] non verum esse.&quot;

Nemo Iosephum Deum Patrem et Jesum Filium vero vidisse crediderunt, ac multi eum irriserunt atque aggressi sunt, etiamsi modo [[puer]] iuvenis erat. Nihilominus, ille [[historia]]m suam numquam negabat; dixit quidem, &quot;Visionem enim vidi; scivi, et scivi Deum scire, et negare non potui, neque ausus sum; utique scivi sic agendo me Deum offensurum damnandumque esse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://lds.org/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.25?lang=eng#24 &quot;Joseph Smith—History 1: 25.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Liber Mormonis ==
[[Fasciculus:The Hill Cumorah by C.C.A. Christensen.jpeg|thumb|upright=0.8|Iosephus Smith laminas aureas a Moroni Angelo accipit, e quibus Liber Mormonis transcriptus est.]]
Tribus post annis, [[Moroni Angelus|angelus nomine Moroni]] in cubiculo Iosephi Smith ter apparuit donec [[peccatum|peccatorum]] ignosci orabat. Moroni Iosepho de libro in laminis aureis scripto qui historiam incolarum antiquarum Americae partis terrae narravit atque plenum Evangelium a Iesu Christo ipso incolis antiquis datum continuit. Moroni Iosephum ad laminas aureas duxit, quae sub [[collis|collem]] prope eius domum sepultae erant, sed laminas auferre quattuor annos licitum non erat. Inter quos annos Iosephus multa a Moroni doctus paratusque Iesu regressui{{dubsig}} est. Anno [[1827]], Iosepho tandem laminas aureas auferre licuit, et potestate [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritūs Sancti]] [[Liber Mormonis|Librum Mormonis]] e laminis aureis in [[Anglice|linguam Anglicam]] transcripsit.

== Capitula Fidei Mormonica&lt;ref&gt;The Articles of Faith [http://lds.org/scriptures/pgp/a-of-f/1?lang=eng]&lt;/ref&gt; ==
# Credimus [[Deus#Proprietates_Dei_Christianorum|Deo]], Patri Aeterno, Eiusque Filio, [[Iesus Christus|Iesu Christo]], atque [[Spiritus Sanctus|Spiritui Sancto]].
# Credimus homines propter peccata sua neque [[peccatum originale|Adami transgressiones]], punitum iri.
# Credimus, Expiatione Christi, omnes homines legibus edictisque [[Evangelium|Evangelicis]] parentes servari posse.
# Credimus leges edictaque primae Evangelicae esse: primam, fidem Domino Iesu Christo; secundam, paenitentiam; tertiam, [[baptisma]]tem immersione ad peccatis ignoscendum; quartam, impositionem manuum ad donum Spiritus Sancti dandum.
# Credimus virum a Deo, vaticinatione, magistratuum manuum impositione vocandum esse ad Evangelium praedicandum eiusque edicta administrandum.
# Credimus eidem constitutioni quae in Ecclesiā Primitivā exstitit, nominibus apostolis, pastoribus, doctoribus, evangelistis, et ceteris.
# Credimus dono linguarum, vaticationi, revelationi, visionibus, curationi, linguarum interpretationi, et ceteris.
# Credimus [[Biblia]] verbum Dei esse dum modo recte translata sint; etiam credimus [[Liber Mormonis|Librum Mormonis]] verbum Dei esse.
# Credimus omnibus quae Deus revelavit, quae nunc revelat, atque multa magna et gravia de Regno Dei adhuc revelaturum esse.
# Credimus ad verbum conventui [[Israel]]is et restaurationi [[Decem Gentes Amissi Israelis|Decem Gentium]]; atque Sion ([[Hierosolyma|Hierosolymam]] Novam) in parte terrae [[America]]nā conditum iri; atque Christum ipsum in terra regnaturum esse; atque terram renovatum iri gloriamque paradisicam accepturam esse.
# Privilegium Deum Omnipotentem per dicta conscientiae nostrae venerari affirmamus, atque omnibus hominibus idem privilegium, quoquomodo vel ubique vel quidquid velint, sinimus.
# Credimus regibus et praesidentibus et rectoribus et magistris subiectioni, legemque honorando et parendo et sustinendo.
# Credimus honestati, veritati, castitati, benevolentiae, virtuti, omnes homines benefaciendo; quidem, nobis licet dicere nos admonitionem Pauli parere—Omnibus credimus, omnia speramus, multa passi sumus, omnia pati posse speramus. Si aliquid est virtus, vel amabilium, vel bonae famae vel laudabile, hoc appetimus.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Kolob]]
*[[Universitas Brigham Young]]

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
*Brooke, John L. [[1994]]. ''The Refiner's Fire: the making of Mormon cosmology 1644–1844.'' Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. {{Google Books|eyvftt-1F_kC|Paginae selectae}}

[[Categoria:Constituta 1830]]
[[Categoria:Mormonismus|!]]
[[Categoria:Sectae non trinitarianae]]</text>
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Linguae: '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis|Salve!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|Welcome!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|Willkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|¡Bienvenidos!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|Добро пожаловать!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|Velkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|Bun venit!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|Maligayang pagdating!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|Benvenuti!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|Benvinguts!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/sv|Välkommen!]]''' - '''...'''
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[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]]
[[Categoria:Subpaginae translatoriae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>13 Octobris</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
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      <comment>de Mordechai Vanunu</comment>
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      <text bytes="5706" sha1="8ne48ui1rt20dsy37xg164726crohuo" xml:space="preserve">'''13 Octobris''' dies 286ª anni est (287ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 79 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est ''ante diem tertium Idus Octobres'', quae a.d. III Id. Octobres [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

{{Calendarium-Octobris}}

== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1837]] - [[Cirta]] urbs [[Algerium|Algerii]] a copiis [[Francia|Francicis]] expugnatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1943]] - [[Regnum Italiae (1861-1946)|Italia]] [[Germania]]e bellum indicit.
* [[1956]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 118 de [[Canalis Suesiensis|Canale Suesensi]] decernit.
* [[1960]] - [[Nicetas Chruščëv]], dux [[Unio Sovietica|Sovieticus]], inter [[Communis Conventus Consociationis Nationum|Conventum Communem]] [[Consociatio Nationum|Consociationis Nationum]] [[Novum Eburacum|Novi Eburaci]] calceo suo pede detracto tabulam pulsat, ut contra legatum intercederet, qui dixerat [[Unio Sovietica]] colonias novas deduxisse, cum civitates Europae orientalis occupavisset.
* [[1988]] - [[Nagib Mahfuz]] [[praemium Nobelianum litterarum]] accipit.
* [[1990]] - [[Bellum civile]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] factum finitur.
* [[1994]] - [[Kenzaburo Oe]] praemium Nobelianum litterarum accipit.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2008]] - [[Academia catholica Franciae]] [[Lutetia]]e constituitur.
* [[2016]] - [[Robertus Dylan]] praemium Nobelianum litterarum accipit.
* [[2017]] - [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] et [[Israël]] statum apud [[Unesco]] deponent.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1499]] - [[Claudia (regina Franciae)|Claudia]], regina Franciae (mortua anno [[1524]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1819]] - [[Aurelius Saffi]], politicorum peritus et [[rerum novarum cupidi|rerum novarum cupidus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus anno [[1890]])
* [[1821]] - [[Rudolphus Virchow]], medicus et vir publicus Germanicus (mortuus anno [[1902]])
* [[1829]] - [[Gulielmus Thomas Pritchard]], legatus et [[explorator]] [[Britanniarum Regnum|Britannicus]] (mortuus anno [[1907]])
* [[1872]] - [[Blasius Diagne]], politicorum peritus [[Senegalia]]e (mortuus [[1934]])
* [[1877]] - [[Theodorus Gilmore Bilbo]], rerum politicarum peritus Americanus atque [[Mississippia]]e gubernator (mortuus anno [[1947]])
* [[1895]] - [[Robertus Wagner]], vir publicus Germaniae et sodalis [[NSDAP]] (supplicio affectus anno [[1946]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1909]] - [[Arthurus Tatum]], clavilista Americanus (mortuus anno [[1956]])
* [[1921]] - [[Ivo Montand]], cantor et histrio Italo-Francicus (mortuus anno [[1991]])
* [[1925]] - [[Margarita Thatcher]], prima ministra Britanniarum Regni (mortua anno [[2013]])
* [[1928]] - [[Fridericus Orlando]], diurnarius et politicus Italicus (mortuus anno [[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Raimundus Kopa]], pedilusor Francicus (mortuus anno 2017)
* [[1934]] - [[Ioanna Muschure]], cantrix [[Graecia|Graeca]].
* [[1945]] - [[Desideratus Bouterse]], praeses [[Surinamia]]e.
* [[1952]] - [[Mordechai Vanunu]], ingeniarius et pacifista [[Israel|Israelicus]].
* [[1957]] - [[Christianus Carter]], moderator cinematographicus Americanus 
* 1960 - [[Ericus Joyce]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris|Laboris]].
* [[1964]]
** [[Christophorus Judge]], actor Americanus  
** [[Marcus Travaglio]], diurnarius Italicus 
* [[1978]] - [[Marcus Heikkinen]], pedilusor [[Finnia|Finnicus]].
* [[1980]] - [[Scott Parker]], pedilusor [[Anglia|Anglicus]].
* [[1989]] - [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], politica Americana

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 1 ===
* [[54]] - [[Claudius (imperator)|Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus]] sive Claudius imperator (natus anno [[10 a.C.n.]])

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1118]] - [[Gualdinus Pais]], [[Templarii|Templariorum]] magister (natus est anno [[1118]])
* [[1119]] - [[Alanus IV (dux Britanniae)|Alanus IV]] dux Britanniae annis [[1084]] - [[1112]] (natus circa annum [[1060]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1815]] - [[Ioachim Murat]], marescalcus Franciae et [[Regnum Neapolitanum|rex Neapolis]] supplicio affit (natus est anno [[1767]])
* [[1825]] - [[Maximilianus I Iosephus (rex Bavariae)|Maximilianus I Iosephus]], rex [[Bavaria]]e (natus anno [[1756]])
* [[1828]] - [[Vincentius Monti]], [[scriptor]] praecipue fabularum scaenicarum et [[poeta]] Italicus (natus est anno [[1752]])
* [[1886]] - [[Iohannes Prichard]], architectus [[Cambria|Cambrensis]] (natus anno [[1817]])
* [[1899]] - [[Aristides Cavaillé-Coll]], [[Organum tubulatum|organorum tubulatorum]] creator Francicus (natus anno [[1811]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1913]] - [[Leonidas Sobolev]], miles et vir publicus [[Imperium Russicum|Russico]]-[[Bulgaria|Bulgaricus]]; natus est anno [[1844]].
* [[1928]] - [[Gulielmus Fließ]], [[biologus]] et [[medicus]] othorinuslaringoiatra Germanicus (natus anno [[1858]])
* [[1956]] - [[Robertus Lehr]], vir publicus Germanicus factionis [[CDU]] (natus anno [[1883]])
* [[1969]] - [[Helena Wessel]], rerum politicarum perita Germanica factionis [[Centrum (factio)|Centri]] et deinde [[SPD]] (nata anno [[1898]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2012]]
** [[Stuart Bell]], vir publicus Britannicus (natus anno [[1938]])
** [[Antonius P. Browne]], dissignator partium interiorum Americanus (natus est anno [[1941]])
* 2016
** [[Darius Fo]], scriptor scaenicus, histrio et director theatralis Italicus (natus est anno [[1926]])
** [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]], rex [[Thailandia|Siamensis]] (natus anno [[1927]])
* [[2023]] - [[Ludovica Glück]], poetria Americana (nata anno [[1943]])

== Festa et Feriae ==
* [[Roma antiqua]] : '''[[Fontinalia]]''' in honorem dei aquarum Fontis habita
* Dies internationalis [[calamitas|calamitates]] praeveniendi (Nationes Unitae)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
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        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Pauca redegi.</comment>
      <origin>3954042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8239" sha1="to2dsbcwcrtp20xiw0azszwisj624qg" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''10 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 100ª anni est (101ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 265 dies manent.

Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem quartum Idus Apriles''', quod a. d. IV Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Pope St. Leo IV (cropped).jpg|90px|thumb|left|[[Leo IV]] [[papa]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 9 ===
* [[847]] - [[Leo IV]] [[papa]] fit.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1827]] - [[Georgius Canning]] primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum Regni]] fit.
* [[1858]] - Campana ad [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] sonans ''[[Big Ben]]'' nominatur. 
* [[1881]] - [[Demetrius C. Brătianu]] primus minister [[Romania]]e successor fratris sui [[Ioannes Constantinus Brătianu|Ioannis Constantini Brătianu]] nominatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1913]] - Prima taberna societatis [[ALDI]] [[Assindia]]e aperitur.
* [[1932]] - In [[Germania]] [[Paulus de Hindenburg]] iterum praeses eligitur. Accipit in secundo suffragio 53 per centum votorum, [[Adolphus Hitler]] 36 et [[Ernestus Thälmann]] 10 per centum.
* [[1948]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 45 de [[Birmania]] decernit.
* [[1953]] - [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] secretarius generalis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] fit.
* [[1959]] - [[Imperator Iaponiae]] [[Akihito]] uxorem [[Michika]] in matrimonium ducit.
* [[1972]] - [[Pactio de armis biologicis]] decernitur.
* [[1998]] - [[Foedus feriae sextae passionis]] de [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]] [[Belfastum|Belfasti]] decernitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
*[[2019]] - Programma internationale ''Event Horizon Telescope'' [[photographia]]m [[Foramen nigrum|foraminis nigri]] cuiusdam publicat.

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[401]] - [[Theodosius II]], imperator Romanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[450]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1513]] - [[Iacobus V (rex Scotiae)|Iacobus V]], rex [[Scotia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1542]])
* [[1583]] - [[Hugo Grotius]], [[humanista]], [[philosophus]], rerum politicarum peritus, [[theologus]], iuris peritus [[Nederlandia|Batavus]] (mortuus [[1654]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1755]] - [[Samuel Hahnemann]], medicus et medicinae [[scriptor]] Germanicus, homoeopathiae conditor (mortuus [[1843]])
* [[1794]] - [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]] (mortuus [[1858]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1806]] - [[Iulia Drouet]], [[Actor|actrix]] [[Francia|Francica]] et [[Victor Hugo|Victoris Hugo]] “musa” (†&amp;nbsp;[[1883]])
* [[1817]] - [[Constantinus Aksakov]], scriptor, historicus, philologus et philosophus [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1860]])
* [[1838]] - [[Gustavus Droysen]], etiam rerum gestarum scriptor Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1908]])
* [[1847]] - [[Ioseph Pulitzer]], editor et politicus [[Hungaria|Hungaro]]-[[CFA|Americanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1911]])
* [[1864]] - [[Eugenius d'Albert]], [[clavicen]] et compositor Scoto-Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;1932)
* [[1873]] - [[Gustavus Kallio]], praeses [[Finnia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1940]])
* [[1882]] - [[Francisca Perkins]], rerum politicarum perita Americana, factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1965]])
* [[1887]] - [[Bernardus Houssay]], physiologus [[Argentina|Argentinus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano physiologiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp; [[1971]])
* [[1892]] - [[Victor de Sabata]], [[concentus magister]] et [[compositor]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1967]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* 1911 - [[Aloisius Niederalt]], vir publicus [[Bavaria]]e et sodalis [[Unio socialis Christiana Bavariensis|Christianae Socialis Unionis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2004]])
* [[1917]] - [[Robertus Burns Woodward]], chemicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1919]] - [[Georgius Silant'ev|Georgius (''Jurij'') Silant'ev]], syntonarius et compositor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1983]])
* [[1927]] - [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]], biochemicus et geneticus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano physiologiae affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2010]])
* [[1929]] - [[Yozo Aoki]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ludovicus Cabral]], praeses [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2009]])
* 1932 - [[Omar Sharif]], histrio [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2015]])
* [[1935]] - [[Nicolaus Cabibbo]], physicus Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;2010)
* [[1937]] - [[Bella Achmadulina]], [[poeta|poetria]] Sovietica et [[Russia|Russica]] (†&amp;nbsp;2010)
* [[1938]] - [[Franciscus van der Lugt]], presbyter catholicus Nederlandicus (†&amp;nbsp;2014)
* [[1941]] - [[Paschalis Mocumbi]], primus minister [[Mozambicum|Mozambicarum]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2023]])
* [[1944]] - [[Robertus Marshall-Andrews]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]].
* [[1952]] - [[Keith Newton]], olim [[Ecclesia Anglicana|ecclesiae Anglicanae]] [[episcopus]], anno 2010 tamen ad confessionem [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholicam]] conversus et [[praelatus]] tunc [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae Catholicae]]
* [[1954]] - [[Petrus MacNicol]], histrio Americanus
* [[1956]] - [[Masafumi Yokoyama]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* 1959 - [[Stanislaus Tillich]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus 
* [[1961]] - [[Henricus Steinfest]], scriptor praecipue [[mythistoria]]rum criminalium et artifex [[Austria]]cus.
* [[1963]] - [[Doris Leuthard]], rerum politicarum perita [[Helvetia|Helvetica]]
* [[1973]] - [[Robertus Carlos]], pedilusor [[Brasilia]]nus
* [[1974]] - [[Ericus Greitens]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e 
* [[1982]] - [[Chyler Leigh]], [[actrix]], [[cantrix]] et  ostentatrix Americana
* [[1986]]
** [[Vincentius Kompany]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]]
** [[Tore Reginiussen]], pedilusor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]]
* [[1987]] - [[Shannon Ashley Mitchell]], actrix [[Canada|Canadiensis]]

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1585]] - [[Gregorius XIII]] papa (natus [[Hugo Buoncampagni]] [[1502]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1603]] - [[Laurentius Haechtanus]], [[historiographia|historiographus]] lingua Belgica utens et poeta latinae linguae natione Belgica (*&amp;nbsp;[[1527]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1807]] - [[Anna Amalia]] Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti, ducissa [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach]], fautrix artium et compositrix (*&amp;nbsp;[[1739]])
* [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]], [[mathematicus]] et [[astronomus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] et Francicus (natus [[1736]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1911]] - [[Nicolaus Constantinus Čiurlionis]], pictor et compositor [[Lituania|Lituanicus]] (natus [[1875]]) 
* [[1919]] - [[Aemilianus Zapata]], rerum novarum [[Mexicum|Mexici]] dux (natus [[1879]])
* [[1932]] - [[Michael Pokrovskij]], historicus Russicus Sovieticus (natus [[1868]])
* [[1966]] - [[Evelyn Waugh]], scriptor Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1903]])
* [[1985]] - [[Cora Coralina]], scriptrix poetriaque Brasiliensis (*&amp;nbsp;[[1889]])
* [[1992]] - [[Petrus Mitchell]], chemicus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1920]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2006]] - [[Claudius Esteban]], poeta Francicus (natus anno [[1935]])
* [[2010]] In sinistro casu [[Aeroplanum|aeroplani]] hi homines [[Polonia|Polonici]] prope [[Smolenscum]] necantur:
** [[Lechus Kaczyński]] Poloniae praeses (natus [[1949]])
** [[Ricardus Kaczorowski]], rerum politicarum peritus et postremus administrationis Polonicae in exsilio praeses (*&amp;nbsp;[[1919]])
** [[Ioannes Kurtyka]], rerum gestarum scriptor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1960]])
** [[Slavomirus Skrzypek]], oeconomiae peritus et argentarius (*&amp;nbsp;1963).
** [[Anna Walentynowicz]], [[Collegium opificum|collegiorum operariorum]] dux Polonica (*&amp;nbsp;1929)
* [[2012]] - [[Barbara Buchholz]], musica et [[compositor|compositrix]] Germanica (*&amp;nbsp;1959)
* [[2013]] - [[Robertus Edwards]], medicus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1925]])
* 2014
** [[Dominicus Baudis]], diurnarius et politicus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1947]])
** [[Iacobus Michael Flaherty]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (*&amp;nbsp;1949)
* [[2015]] - [[Rosa Francine Rogombé]], rerum politicarum perita [[Gabonia|Gabona]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1942]])
* [[2021]] - [[Eduardus Cassidy]], cardinalis [[Australia]]nus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1924]])
* 2023 - [[Anna Perry]], scriptrix Britannica (*&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])

== Festa et Feria ==
*Dies libri legis ([[Thelema]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>to2dsbcwcrtp20xiw0azszwisj624qg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954043</id>
      <parentid>3954042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T21:36:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Pauca redegi.</comment>
      <origin>3954043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8238" sha1="nd1uggyls95k6nx6bcq6pbfzl6e0m1j" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}
'''10 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 100ª anni est (101ª [[Annus bisextilis|anni bisextilis]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 265 dies manent.
Secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem quartum Idus Apriles''', quod a. d. IV Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Pope St. Leo IV (cropped).jpg|90px|thumb|left|[[Leo IV]] [[papa]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 9 ===
* [[847]] - [[Leo IV]] [[papa]] fit.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1827]] - [[Georgius Canning]] primus minister [[Britanniarum regnum|Britanniarum Regni]] fit.
* [[1858]] - Campana ad [[Parlamentum Britannicum]] sonans ''[[Big Ben]]'' nominatur. 
* [[1881]] - [[Demetrius C. Brătianu]] primus minister [[Romania]]e successor fratris sui [[Ioannes Constantinus Brătianu|Ioannis Constantini Brătianu]] nominatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1913]] - Prima taberna societatis [[ALDI]] [[Assindia]]e aperitur.
* [[1932]] - In [[Germania]] [[Paulus de Hindenburg]] iterum praeses eligitur. Accipit in secundo suffragio 53 per centum votorum, [[Adolphus Hitler]] 36 et [[Ernestus Thälmann]] 10 per centum.
* [[1948]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 45 de [[Birmania]] decernit.
* [[1953]] - [[Dag Hammarskjöld]] secretarius generalis [[Nationes Unitae|Nationum Unitarum]] fit.
* [[1959]] - [[Imperator Iaponiae]] [[Akihito]] uxorem [[Michika]] in matrimonium ducit.
* [[1972]] - [[Pactio de armis biologicis]] decernitur.
* [[1998]] - [[Foedus feriae sextae passionis]] de [[Hibernia Septentrionalis|Hibernia Septentrionali]] [[Belfastum|Belfasti]] decernitur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
*[[2019]] - Programma internationale ''Event Horizon Telescope'' [[photographia]]m [[Foramen nigrum|foraminis nigri]] cuiusdam publicat.

== Natales ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[401]] - [[Theodosius II]], imperator Romanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[450]])

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1513]] - [[Iacobus V (rex Scotiae)|Iacobus V]], rex [[Scotia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1542]])
* [[1583]] - [[Hugo Grotius]], [[humanista]], [[philosophus]], rerum politicarum peritus, [[theologus]], iuris peritus [[Nederlandia|Batavus]] (mortuus [[1654]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1755]] - [[Samuel Hahnemann]], medicus et medicinae [[scriptor]] Germanicus, homoeopathiae conditor (mortuus [[1843]])
* [[1794]] - [[Matthew Calbraith Perry]] (mortuus [[1858]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1806]] - [[Iulia Drouet]], [[Actor|actrix]] [[Francia|Francica]] et [[Victor Hugo|Victoris Hugo]] “musa” (†&amp;nbsp;[[1883]])
* [[1817]] - [[Constantinus Aksakov]], scriptor, historicus, philologus et philosophus [[Russia|Russicus]] (mortuus [[1860]])
* [[1838]] - [[Gustavus Droysen]], etiam rerum gestarum scriptor Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1908]])
* [[1847]] - [[Ioseph Pulitzer]], editor et politicus [[Hungaria|Hungaro]]-[[CFA|Americanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1911]])
* [[1864]] - [[Eugenius d'Albert]], [[clavicen]] et compositor Scoto-Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;1932)
* [[1873]] - [[Gustavus Kallio]], praeses [[Finnia]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1940]])
* [[1882]] - [[Francisca Perkins]], rerum politicarum perita Americana, factionis [[Factio Democratica (CFA)|Democraticae]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1965]])
* [[1887]] - [[Bernardus Houssay]], physiologus [[Argentina|Argentinus]], [[Praemium Nobelianum physiologiae et medicinae|praemio Nobeliano physiologiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp; [[1971]])
* [[1892]] - [[Victor de Sabata]], [[concentus magister]] et [[compositor]] [[Italia|Italicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1967]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* 1911 - [[Aloisius Niederalt]], vir publicus [[Bavaria]]e et sodalis [[Unio socialis Christiana Bavariensis|Christianae Socialis Unionis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2004]])
* [[1917]] - [[Robertus Burns Woodward]], chemicus Americanus, [[Praemium Nobelianum chemiae|praemio Nobeliano chemiae]] affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1979]])
* [[1919]] - [[Georgius Silant'ev|Georgius (''Jurij'') Silant'ev]], syntonarius et compositor [[URSS|Sovieticus]] (mortuus [[1983]])
* [[1927]] - [[Marshall W. Nirenberg]], biochemicus et geneticus Americanus, praemio Nobeliano physiologiae affectus (†&amp;nbsp;[[2010]])
* [[1929]] - [[Yozo Aoki]], pedilusor [[Iaponia|Iaponicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2014]])
* [[1931]] - [[Ludovicus Cabral]], praeses [[Guinea Bissaviensis|Guineae Bissaviensis]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2009]])
* 1932 - [[Omar Sharif]], histrio [[Aegyptus|Aegyptius]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2015]])
* [[1935]] - [[Nicolaus Cabibbo]], physicus Italicus (†&amp;nbsp;2010)
* [[1937]] - [[Bella Achmadulina]], [[poeta|poetria]] Sovietica et [[Russia|Russica]] (†&amp;nbsp;2010)
* [[1938]] - [[Franciscus van der Lugt]], presbyter catholicus Nederlandicus (†&amp;nbsp;2014)
* [[1941]] - [[Paschalis Mocumbi]], primus minister [[Mozambicum|Mozambicarum]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[2023]])
* [[1944]] - [[Robertus Marshall-Andrews]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus factionis [[Factio Laboris (Britanniarum Regnum)|Laboris]].
* [[1952]] - [[Keith Newton]], olim [[Ecclesia Anglicana|ecclesiae Anglicanae]] [[episcopus]], anno 2010 tamen ad confessionem [[Ecclesia Catholica|catholicam]] conversus et [[praelatus]] tunc [[Ecclesia Catholica|ecclesiae Catholicae]]
* [[1954]] - [[Petrus MacNicol]], histrio Americanus
* [[1956]] - [[Masafumi Yokoyama]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* 1959 - [[Stanislaus Tillich]], rerum politicarum peritus Germanicus 
* [[1961]] - [[Henricus Steinfest]], scriptor praecipue [[mythistoria]]rum criminalium et artifex [[Austria]]cus.
* [[1963]] - [[Doris Leuthard]], rerum politicarum perita [[Helvetia|Helvetica]]
* [[1973]] - [[Robertus Carlos]], pedilusor [[Brasilia]]nus
* [[1974]] - [[Ericus Greitens]], gubernator [[Missuria]]e 
* [[1982]] - [[Chyler Leigh]], [[actrix]], [[cantrix]] et  ostentatrix Americana
* [[1986]]
** [[Vincentius Kompany]], pedilusor [[Belgica|Belgicus]]
** [[Tore Reginiussen]], pedilusor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]]
* [[1987]] - [[Shannon Ashley Mitchell]], actrix [[Canada|Canadiensis]]

== Mortes ==
=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1585]] - [[Gregorius XIII]] papa (natus [[Hugo Buoncampagni]] [[1502]])

=== Saeculo 17 ===
* [[1603]] - [[Laurentius Haechtanus]], [[historiographia|historiographus]] lingua Belgica utens et poeta latinae linguae natione Belgica (*&amp;nbsp;[[1527]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1807]] - [[Anna Amalia]] Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti, ducissa [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach]], fautrix artium et compositrix (*&amp;nbsp;[[1739]])
* [[1813]] - [[Iosephus Ludovicus Lagrange]], [[mathematicus]] et [[astronomus]] [[Italia|Italicus]] et Francicus (natus [[1736]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1911]] - [[Nicolaus Constantinus Čiurlionis]], pictor et compositor [[Lituania|Lituanicus]] (natus [[1875]]) 
* [[1919]] - [[Aemilianus Zapata]], rerum novarum [[Mexicum|Mexici]] dux (natus [[1879]])
* [[1932]] - [[Michael Pokrovskij]], historicus Russicus Sovieticus (natus [[1868]])
* [[1966]] - [[Evelyn Waugh]], scriptor Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1903]])
* [[1985]] - [[Cora Coralina]], scriptrix poetriaque Brasiliensis (*&amp;nbsp;[[1889]])
* [[1992]] - [[Petrus Mitchell]], chemicus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1920]])

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2006]] - [[Claudius Esteban]], poeta Francicus (natus anno [[1935]])
* [[2010]] In sinistro casu [[Aeroplanum|aeroplani]] hi homines [[Polonia|Polonici]] prope [[Smolenscum]] necantur:
** [[Lechus Kaczyński]] Poloniae praeses (natus [[1949]])
** [[Ricardus Kaczorowski]], rerum politicarum peritus et postremus administrationis Polonicae in exsilio praeses (*&amp;nbsp;[[1919]])
** [[Ioannes Kurtyka]], rerum gestarum scriptor (*&amp;nbsp;[[1960]])
** [[Slavomirus Skrzypek]], oeconomiae peritus et argentarius (*&amp;nbsp;1963).
** [[Anna Walentynowicz]], [[Collegium opificum|collegiorum operariorum]] dux Polonica (*&amp;nbsp;1929)
* [[2012]] - [[Barbara Buchholz]], musica et [[compositor|compositrix]] Germanica (*&amp;nbsp;1959)
* [[2013]] - [[Robertus Edwards]], medicus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1925]])
* 2014
** [[Dominicus Baudis]], diurnarius et politicus Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1947]])
** [[Iacobus Michael Flaherty]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Canada|Canadiensis]] (*&amp;nbsp;1949)
* [[2015]] - [[Rosa Francine Rogombé]], rerum politicarum perita [[Gabonia|Gabona]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1942]])
* [[2021]] - [[Eduardus Cassidy]], cardinalis [[Australia]]nus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1924]])
* 2023 - [[Anna Perry]], scriptrix Britannica (*&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])

== Festa et Feria ==
*Dies libri legis ([[Thelema]])

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>nd1uggyls95k6nx6bcq6pbfzl6e0m1j</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>11 Aprilis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>16441</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954038</id>
      <parentid>3949610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T21:05:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
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      <text bytes="7303" sha1="i6u1q2uem3310t3hw4xiav4m08hyj4x" xml:space="preserve">{{Calendarium-Aprilis}}#
'''11 Aprilis''' [[dies]] 101ª anni est (102ª [[Annus bisextilis|annis bisextilibus]]) in [[Calendarium Gregorianum|calendario Gregoriano]]. 264 dies manent.

Haec dies secundum [[calendarium Romanum]] est '''ante diem tertium Idus Apriles''', quod a. d. III Id. Apr. [[abbreviatio|abbreviatur]].

[[Fasciculus:Flavius Anastasius Probus 01c (Anastasius I) (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.42|[[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasius I]]]]
== Eventa ==
=== Saeculo 5 ===
* [[491]] - [[Anastasius I (imperator)|Anastasius I]] [[imperatores Constantinopolitani|imperator Romanus orientalis]] fit.

=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[672]] - [[Adeodatus II]] papa eligitur.

=== Saeculo 12 ===
* [[1111]] - [[Henricus V (imperator)|Henricus V]] rex [[Germaniae]] [[Roma]]e [[Paschalis II|Paschalem II]] [[papa]]m obsidem facit.

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1713]] - [[Pax Traiecti ad Rhenum|Instrumentum pacis Ultraiectensis]] [[Bellum de successione Hispanica|bello de successione Hispanica gesto]] finem affert.

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1814]] - [[Foedus Fontis Bleaudi (1814)|Foedus Fontis Bleaudi]] de abdicatione [[Napoleo]]nis I imperatoris [[Francia|Francorum]] signatur.
* [[1844]] - [[Alexander Maurocordatus]] successor [[Constantinus Canares|Constantini Canares]] [[Primi ministri Graeciae|primus minister]] [[Graecia]]e nominatur.
* [[1868]] - Finis regni ''[[Shogun]]'' [[Tokugawa Bakufu]], cum [[aetas Meiji|aetate Meiji]].{{dubsig}}
* [[1889]] - In [[Romania]] [[Lascăr Catargiu]] in successione [[Theodorus Rosetti|Theodori Rosetti]] tertium praeses ministrorum nominatur.

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1909]] - [[Telavivum]], caput [[Israel]]is, conditur.
* [[1919]] - [[Ordo internationalis a laboribus]] decernitur.
* [[1963]] - Epistula encyclica ''[[Pacem in terris]]'' ab [[Ioannes XXIII|Ioanne XIII papa]] scripta publicatur.
* [[1970]] - Navigatio spatialis, cuius nomen erat [[Apollo 13]], incipit.
* [[1996]] - &quot;''[[International Taekwon-Do Federation]]''&quot; [[Seulum|Seuli]] conditur.

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2011]] - [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutionem 1976 de [[Somalia]] decernit.
* [[2019]] - [[Iulianus Assange]] a [[vigil|politica]] [[Regnum Britanniarum|Britannica]] [[Londinium|londinii]] in custodiam datur.

== Nati ==
=== Saeculo 2 ===
* [[145]] - [[Septimius Severus]], [[imperator Romanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[211]])

=== Saeculo 14 ===
* [[1357]] - [[Ioannes I (rex Lusitaniae)|Ioannes I]], rex [[Lusitania]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1433]])

=== Saeculo 15 ===
* [[1492]] - [[Margarita (regina Navarrae)|Margarita]], regina [[Navarra]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1549]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1749]] - [[Adelhaidis Labille-Guiard]], [[pictor|pictrix]] [[Francia|Francica]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1803]])
* [[1770]] - [[Georgius Canning]], primus minister Britanniarum Regni (†&amp;nbsp;[[1827]])
* [[1794]] - [[Eduardus Everett]], gubernator [[Massachusetta]]e (†&amp;nbsp;[[1865]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* [[1825]] - [[Ferdinandus Lassalle]], scriptor atque vir publicus [[Germania|Germanicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1864]])
* [[1845]] - [[Otto Hense]], sermonum antiquorum [[philologus]] Germanicus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1931]])
* [[1859]] - [[Basilius Harwood]], [[organista]] et [[compositor]] [[Anglia|Anglicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1949]])
* [[1862]] 
**[[Carolus Evans Hughes]], causidicus et politicorum peritus [[CFA|Americanus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1948]])
**[[Gulielmus Wallace Campbell]], astronomus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1938]])
* [[1869]] - [[Gustavus Vigeland]], sculptor [[Norvegia|Norvegicus]] (†&amp;nbsp;[[1943]])
* [[1893]] - [[Dean Gooderham Acheson]], legatus et politicus Americanus (†&amp;nbsp;[[1971]])
* [[1900]] - [[Alexander Márai]], [[scriptor]] [[Hungaria|Hungaricus]] (mortuus [[1989]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1903]] - [[Misuzu Kaneko]], poetria [[Iaponia|Iaponica]] (mortua [[1930]])
* [[1911]]
** [[Mauritius Schumann]], vir publicus Francicus (mortuus [[1998]])
** [[Miecislaus Broscius]], poeta Latinus natione [[Polonia|Polonicus]] (mortuus [[2000]])
* [[1913]] - [[Egon Franke]], vir publicus Germanicus et sodalis factionis [[SPD]] (mortuus [[1995]])
* [[1920]] - [[Aemilius Colombo]], politicorum peritus [[Italia|Italicus]] (mortuus [[2013]])
* [[1930]] - [[Antonius Szandor LaVey]], conditor ecclesiae Satanae (mortuus [[1997]])
* [[1931]] - [[Sergius Sebastiani]], cardinalis Italicus (mortuus [[2024]])
* [[1934]] - [[Marcus Strand]], poeta [[Canada|Canado]]-Americanus (mortuus [[2014]])
* [[1945]] - [[Winston Peters]], rerum politicarum peritus [[Nova Zelandia|Novozelandicus]]
* [[1949]] - [[Bernardus Eichinger]], moderator cinematographicus Germanicus (mortuus 2011)
* [[1950]] - [[Bill Irwin]], comicus et histrio Americanus
* [[1953]] - [[Guido Verhofstadt]], primus minister [[Belgica]]e 
* [[1955]] - [[Coemgenus Brady]], politicarum rerum peritus Americanus
* [[1958]] - [[Ludovica Diogo]], politicorum perita [[Mozambicum|Mozambicana]]
* [[1971]] - [[Ioannes Leech]], rerum politicarum peritus Britannicus]] factionis [[Factio Liberalis Democratica (Britanniarum Regnum)|Liberalis Democraticae]]
* [[1973]] - [[Guenevera Esposito]], actrix Americana
* [[1980]]
** [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], vir politicus Americanus
** [[Keiji Tamada]], pedilusor Iaponicus
* [[1981]] - [[Alexandra Ambrosio]], ostentatrix et actrix [[Brasilia]]na
* [[1987]] - [[Joss Stone]], cantrix Britannica

== Mortui ==
=== Saeculo 7 ===
* [[678]] - [[Donus]] papa (*&amp;nbsp;ignoto anno)

=== Saeculo 16 ===
* [[1554]] - [[Thomas Wyatt iunior]], coniurator Anglicus contra [[Maria I (regina Angliae)|Mariam I]] reginam pugnans supplicio affectus est (*&amp;nbsp;[[1521]])

=== Saeculo 18 ===
* [[1744]] - [[Antiochus Cantemir]], poeta [[Russia|Russicus]] (natus [[1711]])
* [[1779]] - [[Iosephus de Jussieu]], botanista Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1704]])

=== Saeculo 19 ===
* 1869 - [[Alexander Dreyschock]], [[clavile|clavicen]] et compositor [[Bohemia|Bohemicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1818]])
* [[1875]] - [[Andreas Jackson Hamilton]], gubernator [[Texia]]e (*&amp;nbsp;[[1815]])

=== Saeculo 20 ===
* [[1931]] - [[Sophus Claussen]], poeta et scriptor [[Dania|Danicus]] (*&amp;nbsp;1865)
* [[1958]] - [[Marcellus Pilet-Golaz]], vir publicus [[Helvetia|Helveticus]] (*&amp;nbsp;1889)
* [[1977]] - [[Iacobus Prévert]], poeta et scriptor Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;1900)
* [[1983]] - [[Dolores del Río]], actrix [[Mexicum|Mexicana]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1905]])
* [[1984]] - [[Hildegarda Schaeder]], rerum gestarum scriptrix Germanica (*&amp;nbsp;[[1902]])
* [[1985]] - [[Manfredus Uhlmann]], causidicus et rerum politicarum peritus, [[pictor]] et scriptor Germanicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1901]])
* [[1987]] - [[Primus Levi]], scriptor Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;1919)

=== Saeculo 21 ===
* [[2007]] - [[Curtius Vonnegut]], scriptor Americanus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1922]])
* [[2010]] - [[Edmundus Berselli]], [[diurnarius]] Italicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1951]])
* [[2012]] - [[Ahmed Ben Bella]], vir publicus [[Algerium|Algerius]] (*&amp;nbsp;[[1918]])
* [[2015]] - [[Franciscus Maspero]], editor, scriptor et librarius Francicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1917]])
* [[2020]] - [[Iohannes Conway]], mathematicus Britannicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1937]])
* [[2024]] - [[Shigeharu Ueki]], pedilusor Iaponicus (*&amp;nbsp;[[1954]])

== Festa et Feria ==
* Dies mundialis [[morbus Parkinson|morbi Parkinson]]
* Festum [[Leo I (papa)|Sancti Leonis I]], papae et doctoris ecclesiae (ecclesia catholica - secundum Kalendarium antiquum)

{{menses}}

[[Categoria:Dies]]</text>
      <sha1>i6u1q2uem3310t3hw4xiav4m08hyj4x</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Historia destructionis Troiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>20397</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953997</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */</comment>
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      <text bytes="3740" sha1="ry7ncu8lvhcs6n3oc3ha49oxl5uuo5t" xml:space="preserve">{{L1}}
{{Titulus italicus}}
[[Fasciculus:Guido delle Colonne français 22553 f 7 Jason and Aeetes.jpeg|thumb|[[Iason]] cum [[Medea (mythologia)|Medea]] et [[Aeetes|Aeëte]] prandium sumit, e versione Francogallica manu scripta ''[[Historia destructionis Troiae|Historiae destructionis Troiae]]'' ([[Bibliotheca Nationalis Francica]] MS [[BNF Français 22553|Français 22553]] f. 7r)]]
'''''Historia destructionis Troiae''''' est historia [[bellum Troianum|belli Troiani]] a [[Guido de Columnis|Guidone de Columnis]], scriptore [[Sicilia]]no, [[Latine]] anno [[1272]] incepta, anno [[1287]] rapidissime confecta. Fons principalis narrationis fuit poëma [[Lingua Francogallica|Francogallicum]] ''[[Roman de Troie]],'' a [[Benedictus de Sancta Maura|Benedicto de Sancta Maura]] conscriptum.

[[Galfridus Chaucer]] poëta Anglicus fabulas ex ''Historia destructionis Troiae'' et operibus [[Iohannes Boccacius|Boccacii]] traxit, quas in carmine suo ''[[Troilus and Criseyde (Chaucer)|de Troilo et Cressida]]'' inseruit. Saeculis insequentibus multae translationes ''Historiae'' factae sunt [[Catalane]], [[Anglice]], Francogallice, [[Theodisce]], [[Lingua Italiana|Italiane]], videlicet:
* ''Històries troianes'' Catalane a [[Iacobus Conesa|Iacobo Conesa]] anno fere 1367 versae
* [[Ioannes Lydgate]], ''[[Troy Book (Lydgate)|Troy Book]]'', Anglice circa 1412–1420 scripta
* ''The gest hystoriale of the destruction of Troy'', Anglice
* [[Iacobus Milet]], ''La destruction de la Troye'', Francogallice
* ''Historia (...) o zburzeniu a zniszczeniu onego sławnego a znamienitego miastha y państwa trojańskiego'', [[Polonice]] versa et Cracoviae, [[1563]] impressa
* ''Historische, warhaffte und eigentliche Beschreibung von der alten Statt Troia'', Theodisce versa, Basiliae, [[1599]] impressa
* ''La storia della guerra di Troia'', Italice versa, Neapoli, [[1665]] impressa

== Bibliographia ==
; Editiones et versiones
* 1475 : ''Hystoria destructionis Troie per iudicem Guidonem de Columpna Messanensem'' [https://archive.org/details/ned-kbn-all-00002045-001/page/n11 Textus] apud ''Internet Archive''
* 1480 : ''Historia destructionis Troie per iudicem Guidonem de Columna Messanensem''. Lovanii? [https://digital.ub.uni-duesseldorf.de/ink/content/pageview/1996678 Textus] apud bibliothecam universitatis Dusseldorpensis
* 1936 : Nathaniel Edward Griffin, ed., ''Guido de Columnis: Historia destructionis Troiae''. Cantabrigiae Massachusettensium: Medieval Academy of America [https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.medievalacademy.org/resource/resmgr/maa_books_online/griffin_0026.htm Recensio interretialis]
* 1974 : Mary Elizabeth Meek, interpr., ''Historia destructionis Troiae: Guido delle Colonne''. Bloomingtoniae: Indiana University Press {{Ling|Anglice}}

; Eruditio
* C. David Benson, ''The History of Troy in Middle English Literature: Guido delle Colonne's Historia Destructionis Troiae in Medieval England''. Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 1980. ISBN 0847662896
* Hermann Dunger, ''Die Sage vom troianischen Kriege in den Bearbeitungen des Muttelalters und ihre antiken Quellen''. Dresdae: Teubner, 1869 [http://mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10731964-8 Textus apud Monacenses]
* Aristide Joly, ''Benoît de Sainte-More et le Roman de Troie'' (Lutetiae: Franck, 1870) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97399467/f482.image pp. 470-520]

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://mlat.uzh.ch/browser/15546:1 Textus editionis Nathanielis Griffin] (1936) apud ''Corpus corporum''
* &quot;[https://www.arlima.net/eh/guido_delle_colonne.html Guido delle Colonne]&quot; apud ''ARLIMA''

[[Categoria:Siciliae scripta]]
[[Categoria:Libri de bello Troiano]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]
[[Categoria:Scripta 1287]]
[[Categoria:Guido de Columnis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Michaël Angelus Caravagius</title>
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        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>172423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:The Deposition by Caravaggio.jpg]] → [[File:The Entombment of Christ-Caravaggio (c.1602-3).jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from an old and lower-quality version to a newer version with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3530" sha1="akmer3itpbra1bl7oue6o6izin3hnlk" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Michaël Angelus Merisi}}, dictus {{res|Caravagius}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Michael Angelus Caravagius&quot; {{Google Books|sGIPAAAAQAAJ|p. 615}} et [http://la.sandrart.net/text/763 hac pagina].&lt;/ref&gt; et {{res|Caravaggius}}&lt;ref&gt;Latine &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0720b.html Caravaggius]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Italiane]] ''Caravaggio'' tantum, ita a ''[[Caravagium|Caravagio]],'' nomine [[pater|patris]] [[vicus|vici]] natalis appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1571]]; mortuus [[Portus Herculis (Mons Argentarius)|Portu Herculis]] die [[18 Iulii]] [[1610]]), fuit [[pictor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], qui [[Roma]]e [[floruit]]. Eius modus [[lux|lucis]] [[umbra]]eque pingendarum [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petrum Paulum Rubens]]. [[Iosephus de Ribera|Iosephum de Ribera]], [[Ioannes Laurentius Bernini|Ioannem Laurentium Bernini]], [[Rembrandus|Rembrandum]], aliosque magnopere movit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''[[Amor vincit omnia]]''
* ''[[Cena in Emmao (Caravaggius)|Cena in Emmao]]''
* ''[[Captura Christi (Caravaggio)|Christus Captus]]''
* ''[[Crucifixio Sancti Petri (Caravaggius)|Crucifixio Sancti Petri]]''
* ''[[Paginarum lusores (Caravaggius)|Paginarum lusores]]''
* ''[[Virginis mors (Caravaggius)|Virginis mors]]''
* ''[[Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]''

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|[[Sanctus Matthaeus]] et angelus ([[1602]])
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - David with the Head of Goliath - Vienna.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]]-[[1601]])
Fasciculus:David and Goliath by Caravaggio.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 066.jpg|[[Virgo Maria|Virgo]] [[Rosarium|rosarii]] ([[1606]]-[[1607]])
Fasciculus:1596 Caravaggio, The Lute Player New York.jpg|Psaltes ([[1596]])
Fasciculus:1606 Caravaggio, Ecce Homo Palazzo Bianco, Genoa.jpg|Ecce Homo ([[1606]])
Fasciculus:Medusa by Carvaggio.jpg|Medusa ([[1598]])
Fasciculus:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio.jpg|Dubius [[Sanctus Thomas|Thomas]]
Fasciculus:The Entombment of Christ-Caravaggio (c.1602-3).jpg|Depositio
Fasciculus:Penitent Magdalene-Caravaggio (1594-6).jpg|[[Maria Magdalena]]
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 019.jpg|Canistrum pomarum 
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 007.jpg|[[Bacchus]]
Fasciculus:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg|Puer cum corbe fructuum ([[1593]])
Fasciculus:John the Baptist (Galleria Borghese)-Caravaggio (1610).jpg|[[Ioannes Baptista]] ([[1610]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 021.jpg|Decollatio [[Sanctus Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Aaron H. De Groft, ed., ''Caravaggio: Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge: papers of the Muscarelle Museum of Art, vol. 1''. College of William and Mary, 2006? [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152349/http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf Textus.]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Caravaggio (pellicula)|Caravaggio]]'' ([[pellicula]] a [[Derek Jarman]] docta anno 1986)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Jules Janick, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151216/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop%20/Hort_306/reading/Reading%2040-1.pdf &quot;Caravaggio’s Fruit: A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture]&quot; (2013).

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1571|1610|Caravagius, Michaël Angelus}}

[[Categoria:Caravaggius|!]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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      <text bytes="3534" sha1="sbm9as7bmmf73lhk6wnspjzm3vk4mno" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Michaël Angelus Merisi}}, dictus {{res|Caravagius}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Michael Angelus Caravagius&quot; {{Google Books|sGIPAAAAQAAJ|p. 615}} et [http://la.sandrart.net/text/763 hac pagina].&lt;/ref&gt; et {{res|Caravaggius}}&lt;ref&gt;Latine &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0720b.html Caravaggius]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Italiane]] ''Caravaggio'' tantum, ita a ''[[Caravagium|Caravagio]],'' nomine [[pater|patris]] [[vicus|vici]] natalis appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1571]]; mortuus [[Portus Herculis (Mons Argentarius)|Portu Herculis]] die [[18 Iulii]] [[1610]]), fuit [[pictor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], qui [[Roma]]e [[floruit]]. Eius modus [[lux|lucis]] [[umbra]]eque pingendarum [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petrum Paulum Rubens]]. [[Iosephus de Ribera|Iosephum de Ribera]], [[Ioannes Laurentius Bernini|Ioannem Laurentium Bernini]], [[Rembrandus|Rembrandum]], aliosque magnopere movit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''[[Amor vincit omnia]]''
* ''[[Cena in Emmao (Caravaggius)|Cena in Emmao]]''
* ''[[Captura Christi (Caravaggio)|Christus Captus]]''
* ''[[Crucifixio Sancti Petri (Caravaggius)|Crucifixio Sancti Petri]]''
* ''[[Paginarum lusores (Caravaggius)|Paginarum lusores]]''
* ''[[Virginis mors (Caravaggius)|Virginis mors]]''
* ''[[Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]''

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|[[Sanctus Matthaeus]] et [[angelus]] ([[1602]])
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - David with the Head of Goliath - Vienna.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]]-[[1601]])
Fasciculus:David and Goliath by Caravaggio.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 066.jpg|[[Virgo Maria|Virgo]] [[Rosarium|rosarii]] ([[1606]]-[[1607]])
Fasciculus:1596 Caravaggio, The Lute Player New York.jpg|Psaltes ([[1596]])
Fasciculus:1606 Caravaggio, Ecce Homo Palazzo Bianco, Genoa.jpg|Ecce Homo ([[1606]])
Fasciculus:Medusa by Carvaggio.jpg|Medusa ([[1598]])
Fasciculus:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio.jpg|Dubius [[Sanctus Thomas|Thomas]]
Fasciculus:The Entombment of Christ-Caravaggio (c.1602-3).jpg|Depositio
Fasciculus:Penitent Magdalene-Caravaggio (1594-6).jpg|[[Maria Magdalena]]
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 019.jpg|Canistrum pomarum 
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 007.jpg|[[Bacchus]]
Fasciculus:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg|Puer cum corbe fructuum ([[1593]])
Fasciculus:John the Baptist (Galleria Borghese)-Caravaggio (1610).jpg|[[Ioannes Baptista]] ([[1610]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 021.jpg|Decollatio [[Sanctus Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Aaron H. De Groft, ed., ''Caravaggio: Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge: papers of the Muscarelle Museum of Art, vol. 1''. College of William and Mary, 2006? [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152349/http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf Textus.]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Caravaggio (pellicula)|Caravaggio]]'' ([[pellicula]] a [[Derek Jarman]] docta anno 1986)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Jules Janick, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151216/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop%20/Hort_306/reading/Reading%2040-1.pdf &quot;Caravaggio’s Fruit: A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture]&quot; (2013).

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1571|1610|Caravagius, Michaël Angelus}}

[[Categoria:Caravaggius|!]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
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        <id>172423</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Michelangelo Caravaggio 007.jpg]] → [[File:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from an old version to a newer version with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3527" sha1="tln27o8lyklnakmdiu6kjcrq80hr2xh" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Michaël Angelus Merisi}}, dictus {{res|Caravagius}}&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Michael Angelus Caravagius&quot; {{Google Books|sGIPAAAAQAAJ|p. 615}} et [http://la.sandrart.net/text/763 hac pagina].&lt;/ref&gt; et {{res|Caravaggius}}&lt;ref&gt;Latine &quot;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof1/s0720b.html Caravaggius]&quot; in {{Hofmannus}} &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Italiane]] ''Caravaggio'' tantum, ita a ''[[Caravagium|Caravagio]],'' nomine [[pater|patris]] [[vicus|vici]] natalis appellatus.&lt;/ref&gt; (natus [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]] die [[29 Septembris]] [[1571]]; mortuus [[Portus Herculis (Mons Argentarius)|Portu Herculis]] die [[18 Iulii]] [[1610]]), fuit [[pictor]] [[Italia|Italicus]], qui [[Roma]]e [[floruit]]. Eius modus [[lux|lucis]] [[umbra]]eque pingendarum [[Petrus Paulus Rubens|Petrum Paulum Rubens]]. [[Iosephus de Ribera|Iosephum de Ribera]], [[Ioannes Laurentius Bernini|Ioannem Laurentium Bernini]], [[Rembrandus|Rembrandum]], aliosque magnopere movit.

== Opera selecta ==
* ''[[Amor vincit omnia]]''
* ''[[Cena in Emmao (Caravaggius)|Cena in Emmao]]''
* ''[[Captura Christi (Caravaggio)|Christus Captus]]''
* ''[[Crucifixio Sancti Petri (Caravaggius)|Crucifixio Sancti Petri]]''
* ''[[Paginarum lusores (Caravaggius)|Paginarum lusores]]''
* ''[[Virginis mors (Caravaggius)|Virginis mors]]''
* ''[[Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]''

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|[[Sanctus Matthaeus]] et [[angelus]] ([[1602]])
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - David with the Head of Goliath - Vienna.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]]-[[1601]])
Fasciculus:David and Goliath by Caravaggio.jpg|[[David]] cum capite [[Goliath]] ([[1600]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 066.jpg|[[Virgo Maria|Virgo]] [[Rosarium|rosarii]] ([[1606]]-[[1607]])
Fasciculus:1596 Caravaggio, The Lute Player New York.jpg|Psaltes ([[1596]])
Fasciculus:1606 Caravaggio, Ecce Homo Palazzo Bianco, Genoa.jpg|Ecce Homo ([[1606]])
Fasciculus:Medusa by Carvaggio.jpg|Medusa ([[1598]])
Fasciculus:The Incredulity of Saint Thomas by Caravaggio.jpg|Dubius [[Sanctus Thomas|Thomas]]
Fasciculus:The Entombment of Christ-Caravaggio (c.1602-3).jpg|Depositio
Fasciculus:Penitent Magdalene-Caravaggio (1594-6).jpg|[[Maria Magdalena]]
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 019.jpg|Canistrum pomarum 
Fasciculus:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg|[[Bacchus]]
Fasciculus:Boy with a Basket of Fruit-Caravaggio (1593).jpg|Puer cum corbe fructuum ([[1593]])
Fasciculus:John the Baptist (Galleria Borghese)-Caravaggio (1610).jpg|[[Ioannes Baptista]] ([[1610]])
Fasciculus:Michelangelo Caravaggio 021.jpg|Decollatio [[Sanctus Ioannes Baptista|Ioannis Baptistae]] 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* Aaron H. De Groft, ed., ''Caravaggio: Still Life with Fruit on a Stone Ledge: papers of the Muscarelle Museum of Art, vol. 1''. College of William and Mary, 2006? [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114152349/http://www.johntspike.com/uploads/CaravaggioFinalText12-23.pdf Textus.]

{{NexInt}}
* ''[[Caravaggio (pellicula)|Caravaggio]]'' ([[pellicula]] a [[Derek Jarman]] docta anno 1986)

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biographici}}
* Jules Janick, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151216/http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop%20/Hort_306/reading/Reading%2040-1.pdf &quot;Caravaggio’s Fruit: A Mirror on Baroque Horticulture]&quot; (2013).

{{bio-stipula}}
{{Lifetime|1571|1610|Caravagius, Michaël Angelus}}

[[Categoria:Caravaggius|!]]
[[Categoria:Pictores Italiae]]
{{Myrias|Homines}}</text>
      <sha1>tln27o8lyklnakmdiu6kjcrq80hr2xh</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rosa (praenomen)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>24368</id>
    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-04-09T23:27:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Quae hoc praenomen habuerint */</comment>
      <origin>3954054</origin>
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      <text bytes="1137" sha1="gi5kjrhqq1h3vf1dhrgpo39imi8s2wa" xml:space="preserve">{{Disnomen}}
{{Videdis|Rosa (discretiva)}}
{{Nomen
	| genus = Femininum
	| origo = Latina
	| significatio = “[[rosa]]”
	| imago = Gregorio Vásquez de Arce y Ceballos - Saint Rose of Lima -sXVII -Museo de Arte Colonial Bogota.jpg
	| capitulum = [[Rosa Limana]], sancta Peruviana
}}

{{res|Rosa}} est nomen [[praenomen|praenomenque]] femininum, Latina origine.

== Quae hoc nomen habuerint ==
* [[Rosa Limana]]
* [[Rosa Viterbiensis]]

== Quae hoc praenomen habuerint ==
* [[Rosa Anna Arquette]]
* [[Rosa Anna Benzi]]
* [[Rosa Anna Marani]]
* [[Rosa Bonheur]]
* [[Rosa Cleveland]]
* [[Rosa Escenazy]]
* [[Rosa Leslie]]
* [[Rosa Linn]]
* [[Rosa Luxemburg]]
* [[Rosa Matteucci]]
* [[Rosa Christiana Ossouka Raponda]]
* [[Rosa Otunbaeva]]
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Rosa Francine Rogombé]]
* [[Rosa Russo Iervolino]]
* [[Rosa Vercellana]]

{{NexInt}}
* [[223 Rosa]], asteroides
* [[Rosa Maria]]
[[Categoria:Nomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Anglica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Batava]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Hispanica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Italica]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Lusitana]]
[[Categoria:Praenomina Theodisca]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Imagines disputatae/Tabularium 1</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>25158</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953996</id>
      <parentid>3935437</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T16:30:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>172423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Michelangelo Caravaggio 007.jpg]] → [[File:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from an old version to a newer version with better quality ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3461" sha1="76ve7lesbmbb1he62asp3lcvy60i7sm" xml:space="preserve">{{Antiquae disputationes|ab=2007-02-03|ad=2007-02-09}}

Some images in the Latin Wikipedia have been discussed or are in discussion. The questions with an image mostly are:
*Shall we include it?
*Shall we hide it, using our {{fn|monstrare}} template?
*Is it offending?
*etc.

==[[Activitates eroticae]]==
===Carracci Le Satyre et la Nymphe.jpg===
[[Fasciculus:Carracci Le Satyre et la Nymphe.jpg|right|50px]]
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=181607
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=190555
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;curid=10219&amp;diff=191029&amp;oldid=190719
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disputatio:Activitates_eroticae&amp;curid=25137&amp;diff=191030&amp;oldid=190716
*Hiding this illustration is ridiculous. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 18:50, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
*I disagree. Just because it is illustrated doesn't mean that the content should be displayed. It isn't &quot;tame&quot; as Iacobus put it. [[Usor:Alexanderr|Alexanderr]] 18:53, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Consentio Rolando: ridiculous.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 04:22, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Et consentio Iacobo: tame.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 04:23, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
*[[Disputatio:Actus_Sexuales#template]]

==[[Pornographia]]==
===Carracci Jupiter et Junon.jpg===
[[Imago:Carracci Jupiter et Junon.jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Disputatio:Pornographia]]

==[[Homophylophilia]]==
===Hyakinthos.jpg===

*[[Disputatio:Homophylophilia#.22Hadrianus_Augustus_et_Antinous.22]]


==[[Eiaculatum]]==
===Semen2.jpg===

*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiaculatum&amp;diff=181616&amp;oldid=181571
===Ejaculate (semen).jpg===
[[Imago:Ejaculate (semen).jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Disputatio:Eiaculatum]]

==[[Ars vivendi]]==
===Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg===
[[Imago:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg|right|50px]]
[[Imago:Drinking Bacchus WGAREG001.jpg|right|50px]]
*Has not been discussed yet ...

*What, in all creation, could be offensive about this image? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:42, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)

*Sorry, I forgot the smiley, when I listed this image here. ;-) After all: This [[Bacchus|man]] is half naked and he is drinking a red liquid which might be wine. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 15:08, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Ha! He's only 23.6 percent naked. If you go to a respectable public beach on any continent, you'll see men 95.7 percent naked. The Bible and the Koran favorably mention wine. Bacchus seems to be wearing wearing fruits. Could that be what's objectionable? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 19:27, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
::Silly, they favorably mention [http://zdrake.blogspot.com/2007/02/slacktivist-critiques-evangelical.html grape juice]. But yes, you are right, everyone knows that God Hates Fruits. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:25, 9 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:::Of course! How could I have missed that!&amp;thinsp; ¶ Regarding ancient wine: there's almost no proposition so stupid that people won't trick themselves into believing. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:36, 9 Februarii 2007 (UTC)

==[[Coitus oralis]]==
===Roemer2.JPG===
[[Imago:Sexual_scene_on_pompeian_mural.jpg|right|50px]]
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coitus_oralis&amp;diff=193131&amp;oldid=193096

==Vide etiam==
*[[Vicipaedia:Index]]</text>
      <sha1>76ve7lesbmbb1he62asp3lcvy60i7sm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954023</id>
      <parentid>3953996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:15:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>3954023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3450" sha1="skw8ruv4o82vdv2xe1d91cyyfsftru2" xml:space="preserve">{{Antiquae disputationes|ab=2007-02-03|ad=2007-02-09}}

Some images in the Latin Wikipedia have been discussed or are in discussion. The questions with an image mostly are:
*Shall we include it?
*Shall we hide it, using our {{fn|monstrare}} template?
*Is it offending?
*etc.

==[[Activitates eroticae]]==
===Carracci Le Satyre et la Nymphe.jpg===
[[Fasciculus:Carracci Le Satyre et la Nymphe.jpg|right|50px]]
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=181607
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;diff=next&amp;oldid=190555
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Activitates_eroticae&amp;curid=10219&amp;diff=191029&amp;oldid=190719
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disputatio:Activitates_eroticae&amp;curid=25137&amp;diff=191030&amp;oldid=190716
*Hiding this illustration is ridiculous. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 18:50, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
*I disagree. Just because it is illustrated doesn't mean that the content should be displayed. It isn't &quot;tame&quot; as Iacobus put it. [[Usor:Alexanderr|Alexanderr]] 18:53, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Consentio Rolando: ridiculous.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 04:22, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Et consentio Iacobo: tame.--[[Usor:Ioshus Rocchio|Ioshus]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[[Disputatio Usoris:Ioshus Rocchio|(disp)]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; 04:23, 4 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
*[[Disputatio:Actus_Sexuales#template]]

==[[Pornographia]]==
===Carracci Jupiter et Junon.jpg===
[[Imago:Carracci Jupiter et Junon.jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Disputatio:Pornographia]]

==[[Homophylophilia]]==
===Hyakinthos.jpg===
*[[Disputatio:Homophylophilia#.22Hadrianus_Augustus_et_Antinous.22]]

==[[Eiaculatum]]==
===Semen2.jpg===
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiaculatum&amp;diff=181616&amp;oldid=181571
===Ejaculate (semen).jpg===
[[Imago:Ejaculate (semen).jpg|right|50px]]
*[[Disputatio:Eiaculatum]]

==[[Ars vivendi]]==
===Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg===
[[Imago:Baco, por Caravaggio.jpg|right|50px]]
[[Imago:Drinking Bacchus WGAREG001.jpg|right|50px]]
*Has not been discussed yet ...

*What, in all creation, could be offensive about this image? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 14:42, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)

*Sorry, I forgot the smiley, when I listed this image here. ;-) After all: This [[Bacchus|man]] is half naked and he is drinking a red liquid which might be wine. --[[Usor:Rolandus|Rolandus]] 15:08, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:Ha! He's only 23.6 percent naked. If you go to a respectable public beach on any continent, you'll see men 95.7 percent naked. The Bible and the Koran favorably mention wine. Bacchus seems to be wearing fruits. Could that be what's objectionable? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 19:27, 3 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
::Silly, they favorably mention [http://zdrake.blogspot.com/2007/02/slacktivist-critiques-evangelical.html grape juice]. But yes, you are right, everyone knows that God Hates Fruits. --[[Usor:Iustinus|Iustinus]] 17:25, 9 Februarii 2007 (UTC)
:::Of course! How could I have missed that!&amp;thinsp; ¶ Regarding ancient wine: there's almost no proposition so stupid that people won't trick themselves into believing. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] 17:36, 9 Februarii 2007 (UTC)

==[[Coitus oralis]]==
===Roemer2.JPG===
[[Imago:Sexual_scene_on_pompeian_mural.jpg|right|50px]]
*http://la.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coitus_oralis&amp;diff=193131&amp;oldid=193096

==Vide etiam==
*[[Vicipaedia:Index]]</text>
      <sha1>skw8ruv4o82vdv2xe1d91cyyfsftru2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Superbia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>42004</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953987</id>
      <parentid>3837962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T15:10:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adnarimiranda</username>
        <id>160643</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>referentias emendavi</comment>
      <origin>3953987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8171" sha1="cin1agjtprtxpv07miwdb9obuv9v32o" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-2}}
[[Fasciculus:Superbia (mosaic, Basilique Notre-Dame de Fourvière).jpg|thumb|''Superbia.'' [[Opus tessellatum]] in [[Basilica Nostrae Dominae de Fourvière]].]]
[[Fasciculus:US 4menbobsled bronze medal 2002.jpg|thumb|Athletae [[CFA]] superbiam suam monstrant post victoriam in [[Olympia (certamina)|ludis olimpicis]] anni [[2002]].]]
'''Superbia''' est notio [[philosophia|philosophica]] et [[psychologia|psychologica]], cuius definitio exacta multum a [[scaenographia]] philosophica pendet. [[Augustinus]] superbiam definivit esse &quot;amorem propriae excellentiae&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Est autem superbia amor proprie excellentie, et fuit [[peccatum originale|initium peccati]] superbia.&quot;[http://freespace.virgin.net/angus.graham/DeAmore4.htm ''De amore liber IV'' apud freespace.virgin.net].&lt;/ref&gt; Superbia quidem multum de [[gloria (affectus)|gloria]] personali deque confidentia agit. Et conceptio omnes actiones, [[virtus|virtutes]], vitiaque ab eo provenientibus complectitur. 

Quia [[Lucifer]] propter superbiam contra Deum rebellare putatur, Augustinus docuit superbiam &quot;initium peccati&quot; esse et [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana]], superbiam numerat inter [[septem peccata mortalia|septem peccata capitalia]]. Superbia, autem, in [[lingua Latina]] etiam sensum positivum complectitur, animam elevatam et voluntatem ad gloriam adeptam significans.&lt;ref&gt;Vide [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3D%2346643 Lewis &amp; Short] dant &quot;In a good sense, lofty spirit, honorable pride.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notiones religiosae ==
[[Fasciculus:Buen Retiro Angel caido02.jpg|thumb|Angelus [[Lucifer]], statua [[Matritum|Matritensi]] nomine ''El Ángel Caído'' (sc Latine ''Angelus Casus'') depictus, postquam, secundum [[mythologia]]m [[christianitas|Christianam]], de caelo expulsus est ob superbiae causa contra Deum rebellandum.]]

===Religio Christiana===
In [[religio Christiana|religione Christiana]], superbia habetur esse &quot;inordinata praesumptio alios superandi.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Thomas Aquinas]], ''[[Summa Theologiae]],'' II,II 162, 3.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;In [https://web.archive.org/web/20090420135304/http://users.telenet.be/rwmeijer/spinoza/essay2.htm#existimatio philosophia Spinozae], similiter &quot;superbia est de se prae amore sui plus iusto sentire.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ecclesia Catholica]], quae defectionem [[Lucifer]]is a [[Deus|Deo]] habet fuisse superbiae causa, superbiam numerat inter [[septem peccata mortalia|septem peccatorum capitalium]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Ioannes Francus Ravasi]], ''Le porte del peccato'', Mondadori. Imprimatur [[Mediolanum|Mediolani]], anno [[2007]] (pagg 51–83).&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notiones philosophicae ==
===Aquinas===
[[Thomas Aquinas]], doctor [[Ecclesia Catholica Romana|Ecclesiae Catholicae Romanae]], censuit superbiam quoque sensus bonos habere, cum scripsit in libro ''Summa Theologica'': 
:&quot;superbia dupliciter accipi potest. Uno modo ex eo quod supergreditur regulam rationis, et sic dicimus eam esse peccatum. Alio modo potest superbia nominari simpliciter a superexcessu: et secundum hoc omne superexcedens potest nominari superbia, et ita repromittitur a Deo superbia, quia quidam superexcessus bonorum. Unde et ''Glossa'' Hieronymi, super illa Isa., ''Vos autem sacerdotes'', dicit quod ''est superbia bona et mala; vel superbia in vitio cui Deus resistit, et superbia quae accipitur pro gloria quam confert.''&quot;&lt;ref name =&quot;Summa&quot;&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=2PYOOTjJd2EC&amp;pg=PA118&amp;lpg=PA118&amp;dq=aquinas+superbia&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=kooTl7Av0k&amp;sig=WEPGJeJ0sOgKbrWlcGwR13YkLAo&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=R_b-ScfDMY3AMoOEsMAE&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=3#PPA118,M1 Summa Theologiae, Vol. 44 (Google Books)]&lt;/ref&gt;

Aquinas igitur ponitur superbiam esse peccatum solum cum homines eam ''praeter [[ratio]]nem'' habent. Haec superbia irrationalis 
:&quot;appetit excellentiam in excessu ad rationem rectam. Unde Augustinus dicit quod ''superbia est perversae celsitudinis appetitus.'' Et inde est etiam quod, sicut Augustinus dicit, ''superbia perverse imitatur Deum: odit namque cum sociis aequalitatem sub illo sed imponere vult sociis dominationem suam pro illo.''&quot;&lt;ref name =&quot;Summa&quot; /&gt;

Postea autem Aquinas semper superbiam ut peccatum tractacturus est, quia non censuit superbiam rationalem tam significantem esse. Potius proposuit [[magnanimitas|magnanimitatem]] esse virtutem quae [[pusillanimitas|pusillinanimitatem]] opponit ne homines animos applicent ad aliquia viliora quam eos deceant, et [[humilitas|humilitatem]] (non rationem per se) esse virtutem quae superbiam opponit ne homines animos ad aliqua superiora.&lt;ref name =&quot;Summa&quot; /&gt;

===Rand===
In philosophia [[Obiectivismus|Obiectivista]], superbia dicitur ''voluntas ad propriam perfectionem moralem attingendam;''&lt;ref name=&quot;OPAR&quot;&gt;Leonard Peikoff. &quot;Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand&quot; (Obiectivismus: Philosophia Ayn Randis), Meridian, 1993, ISBN 978-0-452-01101-4.&lt;/ref&gt; Quam perfectionem [[Ayn Rand]] habuit homines possunt attingere ''vivendo in plena consistentia cum valoribus personalibus rationalibus.''&lt;ref&gt;Vide etiam [[:es:Orgullo|paginam de superbia in Vicipaedia hispanica]], [http://www.aynrandlexicon.com/lexicon/pride.html Lexicon Ayn Rand: Superbia], et [[:es:Obietivismo (Ayn Rand)]]: &quot;El orgullo es una virtud, Para el objetivismo el orgullo racional es la corona de todas las demás virtudes. Si uno se esfuerza en llevar una vida racional y productiva, uno se gana el derecho a estar orgulloso de los valores morales y materiales que uno obtenga. . . . No obstante, el objetivismo condena inequívocamente los orgullos irracionales: El orgullo de ser de determinado país, de pertenecer a una u otra raza o tribu, de tener grandes riquezas heredadas, de pertenecer a una familia con títulos nobiliarios. . . . En ninguna de estos casos el individuo ha hecho nada para ganarse el derecho a estar orgulloso.&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sic superbiam definiens Rand cum Aquinate de superbia evidenter consensit, condicens superbiam [[irrationalitas|irrationalem]] esse [[malum (ethica)|malum]]. Quia autem Rand habuit omnes virtutes esse distinctos [[rationalitas|rationalitatis]] aspectús, ea sensum vitiosum superbiae ponit iam exclusum esse a disputationibus ethicis. Atque Rand sensit magnam rationem habere quia [[virtus]] quam superbia praebet magnopere extollenda est. Rand enim contendit omnem hominem oportere colere [[aestimatio sui|sui aestimationem]], et superbia sola est virtus qua homo sui aestimationem colere potest. Sicut Aquinas dixit, ''superbia nominatur ex hoc quod aliguis per voluntantem tendit supra id quod est.''&lt;ref name =&quot;Summa&quot; /&gt; Rand igitur, Aristotelei condicens, superbiam habuit esse ''coronam omnium virtutum'', quia ab hominibus sola attenta est postquam omnes alias virtutes rationalitate inclusa attineantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;OPAR&quot; /&gt;

==Superbia homophylophilica==
Superbia [[homophylophilia|homophylophilica]] (vulgo Anglice ''pride'', ''LGTB pride,'' ''gay pride'') duae res dicitur: 
*superbia personalis quam homines attineant homophylophilici propter [[sexualitas|sexualitatem]] suam 
*publicus ostentus quem homines [[homophylophilia|homophylophilici]] et socii eorum faciunt, postulans populum late agnoscere causam homophylophiliae esse naturalem et inamovibilem, ut [[dignitas|dignitatem hominum]] homophylophilicorum et bonitatem diversitatis honorentur.

{{NexInt}}
*[[Effectus Dunning–Kruger]]
*[[Narcissismus]]
*[[Aestimatio sui]]
*[[Inclinatio cognitiva]]
*''[[Superbia et odium]]''

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Bibliographia==
*Cairns, Douglas L. [[1996]]. Hybris, Dishonour, and Thinking Big. ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 116: 1–32. doi:10.2307/631953.
*Fisher, Nick. [[1992]]. ''Hybris: a study in the values of honour and shame in Ancient Greece.'' Warminster, UK: Aris &amp; Phillips.
*MacDowell, Douglas. [[1976]]. Hybris in Athens. ''Greece and Rome'' 23: 14–31. doi:10.1017/s0017383500018210.
*Owen, David. [[2007]]. ''The Hubris Syndrome: Bush, Blair and the Intoxication of Power.'' Methuen Publishing.

[[Categoria:Animi motus]]
[[Categoria:Ethica]]
[[Categoria:Peccata capitalia]]
[[Categoria:Superbia| ]]
[[Categoria:Virtutes]] &lt;!-- +
Psychological attitude
Religious belief and doctrine--&gt;

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neva</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3953993</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <comment>/* Pontes */</comment>
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      <text bytes="7274" sha1="hj6agkxxwxt0o1dus5wgoiuq4r2ls3e" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}{{flumen|Neva |[[Fasciculus:Spb Finland Bridge asv2019-09 img2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Neva Petropoli ad pontem ferriviarium Finnicum.]]| 74 | 4,29 | 2500 (ad pontem Volodarskii)  | 281 000 |[[Ladoga]] [[Schlusselburgum|Schlusselburgi]]| [[Sinus Finnicus]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] | [[regio Leninopolitana]]}}
'''Neva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=dw7RAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA701&amp;dq=Neva+flumen&amp;cd=6#v=onepage&amp;q=Neva%20flumen&amp;f=false ''Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae'' (1772), tomus XVI., p. 701].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nieva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0322a.html I. Hofmannus, ''Lexicon universale'' (1698), tomus III., p. 322].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Нева) est [[flumen]] in [[Russia]], in [[regio Leninopolitana|regione Leninopolitana]] et [[Petropolis|Petropoli]]. Breve est, sed aquosissimum; nam [[lacus|lacuum]] [[Ladoga]]e et [[Onega]]e et [[Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] et [[Saima]]e [[aqua]]s omnes fert. 
[[Fasciculus:Albert Nikolaevich Benois An der Newa.jpg|thumb|Ad Nevam (Alberti Benois pictura, ante annum [[1936]] facta)]]

==Fluxus==
E [[Lacus Ladoga|lacu Ladoga]] fluit, 74 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] patet et in [[Sinus Finnicus|Sinum Finnicum]] [[mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] effunditur per [[delta fluminis|delta]]m magnam, ubi, in multa deverticula divisa, permultas insulas facit. [[Schlusselburgum]] urbs in fonte Nevae situm est et [[Petropolis]] in delta eius. 
[[Fasciculus:Martynov Summer Palace of Peter I 1809.jpg|thumb|Petri Magni Palatium Aestivum (Andreae Martynov pictura, 1809)]]

==Systema aquarium==
[[Canalis Ladogensis]] vetus e [[Volchova]] flumine et [[canalis Ladogensis novus]] e [[Svir]]e secundum litus Ladogae ducentes cum Neva Schlusselburgi coniunguntur. [[Tosna]] est accola Nevae longissimus, [[Mga]] alter, [[Ochta]] ipsa in Petropoli in Nevam se effundit.
[[Fasciculus:Silvestr Feodosievitš Štšedrin (1791–1830)- A View from St. Petersburg - Näkymä Pietarista - Vy från Petersburg (29433021226).jpg|thumb|Petropolis aspectus (Silvestris Ščedrin pictura, 1809)]]

==Delta Nevae==
[[Insula]]rum maxima est [[insula Basilii]] inter [[Neva Maior|Nevam Maiorem]] et [[Neva Minor|Nevam Minorem]]. [[Smolenka]], Nevae Minoris bracchium parvum, [[insula Decembristarum|insulam Decembristarum]] ab insula Basilii separat.

[[Nevula Maior]], quae iam fluxu superiore a Neva abiit, a [[pars Viburgiensis|parte Viburgiensi]] (sic Petropoli Nevae ripa septentrionalis nuncupatur, nam inde via ad [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] fuit) [[Pars Petropolitana|partem Petropolitanam]] (''Petrogradskaia storona'') dictam separat necnon regionem, quae tota ''[[Insulae (Petropolis)|Insulae]]'' (''Ostrova'') appellatur. [[Nevula Minor]] partem Petropolitanam ab Insulis separat et cum Neva Minore [[aestuarium]] commune habet. 

[[Fasciculus:Obvodny Channel SPB 1.jpg|thumb|Canalis Circumductionis]]
Insula maxima partis Petropolitanae [[insula Petropolitana|insula eiusdem nominis]] (''Petrogradskij'') est. Prope eam [[insula Leporina]] parva sita est, [[fretum Operis Coronati|freto Operis Coronati]]&lt;ref&gt;''Кронверкский пролив''.&lt;/ref&gt; separata, in qua [[Arx Petri et Pauli]] aedificata est. [[Insula Apothecaria|Insulam Apothecariam]] ab insula Petropolitana [[Karpovka]] deverticulum separat et [[insula Petri|insulam Petri]] [[Ždanovka]]. 

[[Fasciculus:Pryazhka River SPB 01.jpg|thumb|Priažka]]
''Insulae'' maiores tres sunt: [[insula Lapidea|insulam Lapideam]] ab [[insula Crucis]] [[Krestovka]] deverticulum separat easque ambas ab [[insula Elaginis]] [[Nevula Media]].

Ripa Nevae laeva, quae et australis est, Petropoli medio [[pars Admiraliatus]] (de aedificio [[Admiraliatus (Petropolis)|Admiraliatus Principalis]] hic sito) nuncupabatur. Multis deveticulis parvis et canalibus dissecata est. Maior eorum est [[Fontanka]], quae partem mediam urbis omnem circumvenit, a Neva in laevam partem abiens et cum Nevam Maiorem in ostio eius coniungens. A Fontanka haud longe a fonte [[Moika]] in partem dextram abit, quae secundum Nevam fluit et in Nevam Maiorem effunditur. A Moika haud longe a fonte [[canalis Griboiedovii]] in laevam partem abit, qui post multas versuras in Fontankam influit. Moika cum Neva duobus canaliculis coniuncta est, [[canaliculus Cygnorum|canaliculo Cygnorum]] et [[canaliculus Hiemalis|canaliculo Hiemali]] et [[canalis Admiraliatus Novi|canali Admiraliatus Novi]] cum Neva Maiore. [[Priažka]] a Moika  iuxta ostium eius in laevam partem abit et Nevam Maiorem se effundit. [[Canalis Kriukovii]] Moikam et canalem Griboiedovii transgreditur et cum Fontanka coniungitur; [[canalis Admiraliatus]] pars, quae sola manet, canalem Kriukovii cum Moika coniungit, [[Hollandia Nova|Hollandiam Novam]] separans.

Insulae in parte Admiraliatus sua nomina habent, quamquam raro usitata. Pars inter Moikam et Nevam olim ''Usadisa'' nominabatur (sic et nomen vicus Finnici, qui hic ante Petropolim fuit). Nunc pars Usadisae superior (inter Moikam, Fontankam, Nevam et canalilcum Cygnorum) [[insula Horti Aestivi]] nominantur, secunda (a canaliculo Cygnorum ad canaliculum Hiemalem) [[insula Admiraliatus prima]] est, tertia (a canaliculo Hiemali ad canalem Admiraliatus Novi) [[insula Admiraliatus altera]], quarta (inter canalem Admiraliatus Novi, Moikam et Nevam Maiorem) [[insula Admiraliatus Novi]]. Pars inter Moikam et Fontankam in fluxu superiore (ante canalem Kriukovii) a canali Griboiedovii in [[insula Casanensis|insulam Casanensem]] septentrionalem et [[insula Salvatoris|insulam Salvatoris]] (''Spasskij'') meridionalem divisa est; in fluxu inferiore (post canalem Kriukoii) in [[insula Columnae|insulam Columnae]] (''Kolomenskij'') septentrionalem et [[insula Omophorii|insulam Omophorii]] (''Pokrovskij'') meridionalem.

Fontankae ripa laeva australis est [[insula Innominata]], quam [[canalis Circumductionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''Obvodnyi''.&lt;/ref&gt;, Nevam per rivum Catharinhofianum cum portu marino coniungens, a terra continente separat.

[[Insula Rotunda]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Kruglyj'', nunc insulae ''Gutuevskij'' pars, — ''Flora Petropolitana'', Petropoli 1799, p. 61 {{Google Books|M80ZAAAAYAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ad meridiem ab ostio Nevae Maioris iacet, ubi [[portus]] maritimus Petropolitanus situs est.

==Aestuarium==

Post delta Neva [[aestuarium]] magnum habet, cuius aqua a flumine paene [[aqua dulcis|dulcis]] facta est. Saepe [[sinus Nevensis]] (''Невская губа'') id appellatur. Pars eius magna nunc [[moles Petropolitana|mole Petropolitana]] a mari separata est, quae Petropolim ab [[inundatio]]nibus defendit.

==Pontes==

Pontes trans Nevam in Petropoli, a media parte urbis as fluxum superiorem enumerati, sunt [[pons Trinitatis]], [[pons Fusorius]] (''Litejnyj''), [[pons Ochtae Maior]] (prius ''pons Petri Magni''), [[pons Alexandri Nevensis]], pons (vel exactius pontes) [[pons ferriviarius Finnicus|ferriviarius Finnicus]], [[pons Volodarskij]], [[pons Obuchovianus Maior]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[1603 Neva]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neva River|Nevam}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina et canales Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Ladoga]]
[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nevae fluminis|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7274" sha1="inlp1b98f4lrfrhcd1yyxhy1k83l4ri" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}{{flumen|Neva |[[Fasciculus:Spb Finland Bridge asv2019-09 img2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Neva Petropoli ad pontem ferriviarium Finnicum.]]| 74 | 4,29 | 2500 (ad pontem Volodarskii)  | 281 000 |[[Ladoga]] [[Schlusselburgum|Schlusselburgi]]| [[Sinus Finnicus]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] | [[regio Leninopolitana]]}}
'''Neva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=dw7RAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA701&amp;dq=Neva+flumen&amp;cd=6#v=onepage&amp;q=Neva%20flumen&amp;f=false ''Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae'' (1772), tomus XVI., p. 701].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nieva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0322a.html I. Hofmannus, ''Lexicon universale'' (1698), tomus III., p. 322].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Нева) est [[flumen]] in [[Russia]], in [[regio Leninopolitana|regione Leninopolitana]] et [[Petropolis|Petropoli]]. Breve est, sed aquosissimum; nam [[lacus|lacuum]] [[Ladoga]]e et [[Onega]]e et [[Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] et [[Saima]]e [[aqua]]s omnes fert. 
[[Fasciculus:Albert Nikolaevich Benois An der Newa.jpg|thumb|Ad Nevam (Alberti Benois pictura, ante annum [[1936]] facta)]]

==Fluxus==
E [[Lacus Ladoga|lacu Ladoga]] fluit, 74 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] patet et in [[Sinus Finnicus|Sinum Finnicum]] [[mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] effunditur per [[delta fluminis|delta]]m magnam, ubi, in multa deverticula divisa, permultas insulas facit. [[Schlusselburgum]] urbs in fonte Nevae situm est et [[Petropolis]] in delta eius. 
[[Fasciculus:Martynov Summer Palace of Peter I 1809.jpg|thumb|Petri Magni Palatium Aestivum (Andreae Martynov pictura, 1809)]]

==Systema aquarium==
[[Canalis Ladogensis]] vetus e [[Volchova]] flumine et [[canalis Ladogensis novus]] e [[Svir]]e secundum litus Ladogae ducentes cum Neva Schlusselburgi coniunguntur. [[Tosna]] est accola Nevae longissimus, [[Mga]] alter, [[Ochta]] ipsa in Petropoli in Nevam se effundit.
[[Fasciculus:Silvestr Feodosievitš Štšedrin (1791–1830)- A View from St. Petersburg - Näkymä Pietarista - Vy från Petersburg (29433021226).jpg|thumb|Petropolis aspectus (Silvestris Ščedrin pictura, 1809)]]

==Delta Nevae==
[[Insula]]rum maxima est [[insula Basilii]] inter [[Neva Maior|Nevam Maiorem]] et [[Neva Minor|Nevam Minorem]]. [[Smolenka]], Nevae Minoris bracchium parvum, [[insula Decembristarum|insulam Decembristarum]] ab insula Basilii separat.

[[Nevula Maior]], quae iam fluxu superiore a Neva abiit, a [[pars Viburgiensis|parte Viburgiensi]] (sic Petropoli Nevae ripa septentrionalis nuncupatur, nam inde via ad [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] fuit) [[Pars Petropolitana|partem Petropolitanam]] (''Petrogradskaia storona'') dictam separat necnon regionem, quae tota ''[[Insulae (Petropolis)|Insulae]]'' (''Ostrova'') appellatur. [[Nevula Minor]] partem Petropolitanam ab Insulis separat et cum Neva Minore [[aestuarium]] commune habet. 

[[Fasciculus:Obvodny Channel SPB 1.jpg|thumb|Canalis Circumductionis]]
Insula maxima partis Petropolitanae [[insula Petropolitana|insula eiusdem nominis]] (''Petrogradskij'') est. Prope eam [[insula Leporina]] parva sita est, [[fretum Operis Coronati|freto Operis Coronati]]&lt;ref&gt;''Кронверкский пролив''.&lt;/ref&gt; separata, in qua [[Arx Petri et Pauli]] aedificata est. [[Insula Apothecaria|Insulam Apothecariam]] ab insula Petropolitana [[Karpovka]] deverticulum separat et [[insula Petri|insulam Petri]] [[Ždanovka]]. 

[[Fasciculus:Pryazhka River SPB 01.jpg|thumb|Priažka]]
''Insulae'' maiores tres sunt: [[insula Lapidea|insulam Lapideam]] ab [[insula Crucis]] [[Krestovka]] deverticulum separat easque ambas ab [[insula Elaginis]] [[Nevula Media]].

Ripa Nevae laeva, quae et australis est, Petropoli medio [[pars Admiraliatus]] (de aedificio [[Admiraliatus (Petropolis)|Admiraliatus Principalis]] hic sito) nuncupabatur. Multis deveticulis parvis et canalibus dissecata est. Maior eorum est [[Fontanka]], quae partem mediam urbis omnem circumvenit, a Neva in laevam partem abiens et cum Nevam Maiorem in ostio eius coniungens. A Fontanka haud longe a fonte [[Moika]] in partem dextram abit, quae secundum Nevam fluit et in Nevam Maiorem effunditur. A Moika haud longe a fonte [[canalis Griboiedovii]] in laevam partem abit, qui post multas versuras in Fontankam influit. Moika cum Neva duobus canaliculis coniuncta est, [[canaliculus Cygnorum|canaliculo Cygnorum]] et [[canaliculus Hiemalis|canaliculo Hiemali]] et [[canalis Admiraliatus Novi|canali Admiraliatus Novi]] cum Neva Maiore. [[Priažka]] a Moika  iuxta ostium eius in laevam partem abit et Nevam Maiorem se effundit. [[Canalis Kriukovii]] Moikam et canalem Griboiedovii transgreditur et cum Fontanka coniungitur; [[canalis Admiraliatus]] pars, quae sola manet, canalem Kriukovii cum Moika coniungit, [[Hollandia Nova|Hollandiam Novam]] separans.

Insulae in parte Admiraliatus sua nomina habent, quamquam raro usitata. Pars inter Moikam et Nevam olim ''Usadisa'' nominabatur (sic et nomen vicus Finnici, qui hic ante Petropolim fuit). Nunc pars Usadisae superior (inter Moikam, Fontankam, Nevam et canalilcum Cygnorum) [[insula Horti Aestivi]] nominantur, secunda (a canaliculo Cygnorum ad canaliculum Hiemalem) [[insula Admiraliatus prima]] est, tertia (a canaliculo Hiemali ad canalem Admiraliatus Novi) [[insula Admiraliatus altera]], quarta (inter canalem Admiraliatus Novi, Moikam et Nevam Maiorem) [[insula Admiraliatus Novi]]. Pars inter Moikam et Fontankam in fluxu superiore (ante canalem Kriukovii) a canali Griboiedovii in [[insula Casanensis|insulam Casanensem]] septentrionalem et [[insula Salvatoris|insulam Salvatoris]] (''Spasskij'') meridionalem divisa est; in fluxu inferiore (post canalem Kriukoii) in [[insula Columnae|insulam Columnae]] (''Kolomenskij'') septentrionalem et [[insula Omophorii|insulam Omophorii]] (''Pokrovskij'') meridionalem.

Fontankae ripa laeva australis est [[insula Innominata]], quam [[canalis Circumductionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''Obvodnyi''.&lt;/ref&gt;, Nevam per rivum Catharinhofianum cum portu marino coniungens, a terra continente separat.

[[Insula Rotunda]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Kruglyj'', nunc insulae ''Gutuevskij'' pars, — ''Flora Petropolitana'', Petropoli 1799, p. 61 {{Google Books|M80ZAAAAYAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ad meridiem ab ostio Nevae Maioris iacet, ubi [[portus]] maritimus Petropolitanus situs est.

==Aestuarium==

Post delta Neva [[aestuarium]] magnum habet, cuius aqua a flumine paene [[aqua dulcis|dulcis]] facta est. Saepe [[sinus Nevensis]] (''Невская губа'') id appellatur. Pars eius magna nunc [[moles Petropolitana|mole Petropolitana]] a mari separata est, quae Petropolim ab [[inundatio]]nibus defendit.

==Pontes==

Pontes trans Nevam in Petropoli, a media parte urbis ad fluxum superiorem enumerati, sunt [[pons Trinitatis]], [[pons Fusorius]] (''Litejnyj''), [[pons Ochtae Maior]] (prius ''pons Petri Magni''), [[pons Alexandri Nevensis]], pons (vel exactius pontes) [[pons ferriviarius Finnicus|ferriviarius Finnicus]], [[pons Volodarskij]], [[pons Obuchovianus Maior]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[1603 Neva]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neva River|Nevam}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina et canales Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Ladoga]]
[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nevae fluminis|!]]</text>
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      <text bytes="7272" sha1="pb8qntg38mwhensrfvrxokrpnvweils" xml:space="preserve">{{latinitas}}{{flumen|Neva |[[Fasciculus:Spb Finland Bridge asv2019-09 img2.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Neva Petropoli ad pontem ferriviarium Finnicum.]]| 74 | 4,29 | 2500 (ad pontem Volodarskii)  | 281 000 |[[Ladoga]] [[Schlusselburgum|Schlusselburgi]]| [[Sinus Finnicus]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] | [[regio Leninopolitana]]}}
'''Neva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.ru/books?id=dw7RAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=RA1-PA701&amp;dq=Neva+flumen&amp;cd=6#v=onepage&amp;q=Neva%20flumen&amp;f=false ''Novi commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis petropolitanae'' (1772), tomus XVI., p. 701].&lt;/ref&gt; seu '''Nieva'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/hofmann/hof3/s0322a.html I. Hofmannus, ''Lexicon universale'' (1698), tomus III., p. 322].&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Russice]] Нева) est [[flumen]] in [[Russia]], in [[regio Leninopolitana|regione Leninopolitana]] et [[Petropolis|Petropoli]]. Breve est, sed aquosissimum; nam [[lacus|lacuum]] [[Ladoga]]e et [[Onega]]e et [[Ilmenus|Ilmeni]] et [[Saima]]e [[aqua]]s omnes fert. 
[[Fasciculus:Albert Nikolaevich Benois An der Newa.jpg|thumb|Ad Nevam (Alberti Benois pictura, ante annum [[1936]] facta)]]

==Fluxus==
E [[Lacus Ladoga|lacu Ladoga]] fluit, 74 [[chiliometrum|chiliometra]] patet et in [[Sinus Finnicus|Sinum Finnicum]] [[mare Balticum|Maris Baltici]] effunditur per [[delta fluminis|delta]]m magnam, ubi, in multa deverticula divisa, permultas insulas facit. [[Schlusselburgum]] urbs in fonte Nevae situm est et [[Petropolis]] in delta eius. 
[[Fasciculus:Martynov Summer Palace of Peter I 1809.jpg|thumb|Petri Magni Palatium Aestivum (Andreae Martynov pictura, 1809)]]

==Systema aquarium==
[[Canalis Ladogensis]] vetus e [[Volchova]] flumine et [[canalis Ladogensis novus]] e [[Svir]]e secundum litus Ladogae ducentes cum Neva Schlusselburgi coniunguntur. [[Tosna]] est accola Nevae longissimus, [[Mga]] alter, [[Ochta]] ipsa in Petropoli in Nevam se effundit.
[[Fasciculus:Silvestr Feodosievitš Štšedrin (1791–1830)- A View from St. Petersburg - Näkymä Pietarista - Vy från Petersburg (29433021226).jpg|thumb|Petropolis aspectus (Silvestris Ščedrin pictura, 1809)]]

==Delta Nevae==
[[Insula]]rum maxima est [[insula Basilii]] inter [[Neva Maior|Nevam Maiorem]] et [[Neva Minor|Nevam Minorem]]. [[Smolenka]], Nevae Minoris bracchium parvum, [[insula Decembristarum|insulam Decembristarum]] ab insula Basilii separat.

[[Nevula Maior]], quae iam fluxu superiore a Neva abiit, a [[pars Viburgensis|parte Viburgensi]] (sic Petropoli Nevae ripa septentrionalis nuncupatur, nam inde via ad [[Viburgum (Russia)|Viburgum]] fuit) [[Pars Petropolitana|partem Petropolitanam]] (''Petrogradskaia storona'') dictam separat necnon regionem, quae tota ''[[Insulae (Petropolis)|Insulae]]'' (''Ostrova'') appellatur. [[Nevula Minor]] partem Petropolitanam ab Insulis separat et cum Neva Minore [[aestuarium]] commune habet. 

[[Fasciculus:Obvodny Channel SPB 1.jpg|thumb|Canalis Circumductionis]]
Insula maxima partis Petropolitanae [[insula Petropolitana|insula eiusdem nominis]] (''Petrogradskij'') est. Prope eam [[insula Leporina]] parva sita est, [[fretum Operis Coronati|freto Operis Coronati]]&lt;ref&gt;''Кронверкский пролив''.&lt;/ref&gt; separata, in qua [[Arx Petri et Pauli]] aedificata est. [[Insula Apothecaria|Insulam Apothecariam]] ab insula Petropolitana [[Karpovka]] deverticulum separat et [[insula Petri|insulam Petri]] [[Ždanovka]]. 

[[Fasciculus:Pryazhka River SPB 01.jpg|thumb|Priažka]]
''Insulae'' maiores tres sunt: [[insula Lapidea|insulam Lapideam]] ab [[insula Crucis]] [[Krestovka]] deverticulum separat easque ambas ab [[insula Elaginis]] [[Nevula Media]].

Ripa Nevae laeva, quae et australis est, Petropoli medio [[pars Admiraliatus]] (de aedificio [[Admiraliatus (Petropolis)|Admiraliatus Principalis]] hic sito) nuncupabatur. Multis deveticulis parvis et canalibus dissecata est. Maior eorum est [[Fontanka]], quae partem mediam urbis omnem circumvenit, a Neva in laevam partem abiens et cum Nevam Maiorem in ostio eius coniungens. A Fontanka haud longe a fonte [[Moika]] in partem dextram abit, quae secundum Nevam fluit et in Nevam Maiorem effunditur. A Moika haud longe a fonte [[canalis Griboiedovii]] in laevam partem abit, qui post multas versuras in Fontankam influit. Moika cum Neva duobus canaliculis coniuncta est, [[canaliculus Cygnorum|canaliculo Cygnorum]] et [[canaliculus Hiemalis|canaliculo Hiemali]] et [[canalis Admiraliatus Novi|canali Admiraliatus Novi]] cum Neva Maiore. [[Priažka]] a Moika  iuxta ostium eius in laevam partem abit et Nevam Maiorem se effundit. [[Canalis Kriukovii]] Moikam et canalem Griboiedovii transgreditur et cum Fontanka coniungitur; [[canalis Admiraliatus]] pars, quae sola manet, canalem Kriukovii cum Moika coniungit, [[Hollandia Nova|Hollandiam Novam]] separans.

Insulae in parte Admiraliatus sua nomina habent, quamquam raro usitata. Pars inter Moikam et Nevam olim ''Usadisa'' nominabatur (sic et nomen vicus Finnici, qui hic ante Petropolim fuit). Nunc pars Usadisae superior (inter Moikam, Fontankam, Nevam et canalilcum Cygnorum) [[insula Horti Aestivi]] nominantur, secunda (a canaliculo Cygnorum ad canaliculum Hiemalem) [[insula Admiraliatus prima]] est, tertia (a canaliculo Hiemali ad canalem Admiraliatus Novi) [[insula Admiraliatus altera]], quarta (inter canalem Admiraliatus Novi, Moikam et Nevam Maiorem) [[insula Admiraliatus Novi]]. Pars inter Moikam et Fontankam in fluxu superiore (ante canalem Kriukovii) a canali Griboiedovii in [[insula Casanensis|insulam Casanensem]] septentrionalem et [[insula Salvatoris|insulam Salvatoris]] (''Spasskij'') meridionalem divisa est; in fluxu inferiore (post canalem Kriukoii) in [[insula Columnae|insulam Columnae]] (''Kolomenskij'') septentrionalem et [[insula Omophorii|insulam Omophorii]] (''Pokrovskij'') meridionalem.

Fontankae ripa laeva australis est [[insula Innominata]], quam [[canalis Circumductionis]]&lt;ref&gt;''Obvodnyi''.&lt;/ref&gt;, Nevam per rivum Catharinhofianum cum portu marino coniungens, a terra continente separat.

[[Insula Rotunda]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Russice]] ''Kruglyj'', nunc insulae ''Gutuevskij'' pars, — ''Flora Petropolitana'', Petropoli 1799, p. 61 {{Google Books|M80ZAAAAYAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ad meridiem ab ostio Nevae Maioris iacet, ubi [[portus]] maritimus Petropolitanus situs est.

==Aestuarium==

Post delta Neva [[aestuarium]] magnum habet, cuius aqua a flumine paene [[aqua dulcis|dulcis]] facta est. Saepe [[sinus Nevensis]] (''Невская губа'') id appellatur. Pars eius magna nunc [[moles Petropolitana|mole Petropolitana]] a mari separata est, quae Petropolim ab [[inundatio]]nibus defendit.

==Pontes==

Pontes trans Nevam in Petropoli, a media parte urbis ad fluxum superiorem enumerati, sunt [[pons Trinitatis]], [[pons Fusorius]] (''Litejnyj''), [[pons Ochtae Maior]] (prius ''pons Petri Magni''), [[pons Alexandri Nevensis]], pons (vel exactius pontes) [[pons ferriviarius Finnicus|ferriviarius Finnicus]], [[pons Volodarskij]], [[pons Obuchovianus Maior]].

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus interni==
*[[1603 Neva]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Neva River|Nevam}}
{{fontes geographici}}

[[Categoria:Flumina et canales Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Flumina Russiae Europaeae]]
[[Categoria:Ladoga]]
[[Categoria:Regio Leninopolitana]]
[[Categoria:Systema Nevae fluminis|!]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paeninsula Sinaitica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>112210</id>
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      <id>3953965</id>
      <parentid>3876908</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T13:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="1153" sha1="3raxoxhbyxmzxb8fh7ewfm0a5s5cjxk" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Sinai-peninsula-map.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Tabula Paeninsulae Sinaiticae (Anglice signata).]]
'''Paeninsula Sinaitica'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.archive.org/stream/atlasgeographia00gramgoog/atlasgeographia00gramgoog_djvu.txt ''Atlas Geographiae Biblicae Addita Brevi Notitia Regionum et Locorum''] (Bergomi: Istituto Italiano d'Art Grafiche, 1921), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; vel '''paeninsula Sinai'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://ephemeris.alcuinus.net/archi2005/nuntii/eph57/index.php ''Ephemeris,''] 17–23 Iulii 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; est [[paeninsula]] quae ad [[oriens|orientem]] [[Aegyptus|Aegypti]] iacet, in parte boreali [[Mare Erythraeum|Maris Erythraei]], inter duos sinus eius, [[Sinus Heroopolites|Heroopolitem]] et [[Sinus Aelaniticus|Aelaniticum]], sub fine [[meridies|meridiani]] [[Israel (civitas)|Israelis]]. Ibi reperitur [[Mons Sinai]]; iuxta culmen huius montis condita est antiquum [[Monasterium Sanctae Catharinae (Sinai)|Monasterium Sanctae Catharinae]].

== Notae ==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

{{Geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Loci Biblici]]
[[Categoria:Mare Rubrum]]
[[Categoria:Sinai|!]]
[[Categoria:Paeninsulae Aegypti]]

{{Myrias|Geographia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecclesia Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953969</id>
      <parentid>3952828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T13:59:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ziv</username>
        <id>172423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Michelangelo Caravaggio 040.jpg]] → [[File:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from a low-quality version to a higher-quality version ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="2117" sha1="62zrg5pc5ad79h345upu7sv6hnbqg05" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:San Luigi dei Francesi - facciata.jpg|thumb|Exteriores Ecclesiae Sancti Ludovici Francorum partes.]]
'''Ecclesia Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe''' est sacra aedes [[Roma]]na prope [[Area Agonalis|Aream Agonalem]] sita. Hoc in [[templum|templo]] [[Cappella Contarelli]] tres [[tabula picta|tabulae]] a [[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Michaele Angelo Merisi Caravaggio]] pictae affixae sunt.

Ecclesia inter annos [[1518]] et [[1589]] cum [[cardinalis]] [[Matthaeus Contarellus|Matthaei Contarellus]] et [[Catharina Medicaea|Catharinae Medicaeae]] auxilio exstructa, [[Sanctus|Sancto]] [[Ludovicus IX (rex Franciae)|Ludovico IX]] [[rex|regi]] [[Francia|Francorum]] dicata est.

Caravaggii picturae vocationem ac martyrium [[Matthaeus (apostolus)|Matthaei apostoli]] nec non eius ab angelo inspirationem evangelio scribendo demonstrantes inter annos 1599 et 1602 confectae sunt.

[[Organum (instrumentum musicum)|Organum]] portae principali superpositum anno [[1879]] a [[Iosephus Merklin|Iosepho Merklin]] aedificatum est; triginta quinque voces in quattuor operibus continet.

Hoc [[templum]] semper est [[Titulus cardinalitius|titulus]] illorum [[cardinalis|cardinalium]], qui et [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopi]] [[Archidioecesis Parisiensis|Parisienses]] sunt.

== Presbyteri cardinales ==
* [[Petrus Veuillot]] (1967–1968)
* [[Franciscus Marty]] (1969–1994) 
* [[Ioannes Maria Lustiger]] (1994–2007)
* [[Andreas Vingt-Trois]] ex 2007

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ordines Cardinalium]]

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:SLDF_small.jpg|''Aedes interior cum tectorio''
Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|''Vocatio Matthaei Evangelistae''
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|''Inspiratio Sancti Matthaei''
Fasciculus:The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew-Caravaggio (c. 1599-1600).jpg|''Martyrium Sancti Matthaei''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

== Weblinks ==
{{Communia|San Luigi dei Francesi (Rome)|ecclesiam sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe}}

[[Categoria:Aedificia Romae urbis]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Romae]]
[[Categoria:Tituli cardinalitii]]</text>
      <sha1>62zrg5pc5ad79h345upu7sv6hnbqg05</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3954031</id>
      <parentid>3953969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:28:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3954031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2127" sha1="juywmvfd3h743o35zgxr5f77db3wvq6" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:San Luigi dei Francesi - facciata.jpg|thumb|Exteriores Ecclesiae Sancti Ludovici Francorum partes.]]
'''Ecclesia Sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe''' est sacra aedes [[Roma]]na prope [[Area Agonalis|Aream Agonalem]] sita. Hoc in [[templum|templo]] [[Cappella Contarelli]] tres [[tabula picta|tabulae]] a [[Michael Angelus Merisi Caravaggius|Michaele Angelo Merisi Caravaggio]] pictae affixae sunt.

Ecclesia inter annos [[1518]] et [[1589]] cum [[cardinalis]] [[Matthaeus Contarellus|Matthaei Contarellus]] et [[Catharina Medicaea|Catharinae Medicaeae]] auxilio exstructa, [[Sanctus|Sancto]] [[Ludovicus IX (rex Franciae)|Ludovico IX]] [[rex|regi]] [[Francia|Francorum]] dicata est.

Caravaggii picturae vocationem ac martyrium [[Matthaeus (apostolus)|Matthaei apostoli]] nec non eius ab angelo inspirationem evangelio scribendo demonstrantes inter annos 1599 et 1602 confectae sunt.

[[Organum (instrumentum musicum)|Organum]] portae principali superpositum anno [[1879]] a [[Iosephus Merklin|Iosepho Merklin]] aedificatum est; triginta quinque voces in quattuor operibus continet.

Hoc [[templum]] semper est [[Titulus cardinalitius|titulus]] illorum [[cardinalis|cardinalium]], qui et [[Archiepiscopus|archiepiscopi]] [[Archidioecesis Parisiensis|Parisienses]] sunt.

== Presbyteri cardinales ==
* [[Petrus Veuillot]] (1967–1968)
* [[Franciscus Marty]] (1969–1994) 
* [[Ioannes Maria Lustiger]] (1994–2007)
* [[Andreas Vingt-Trois]] ex 2007

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ordines Cardinalium]]

&lt;center&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fasciculus:SLDF_small.jpg|''Aedes interior cum tectorio''
Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|''Vocatio Matthaei Evangelistae''
Fasciculus:Caravaggio - La inspiración de San Mateo (San Luigi dei Francesi, Roma).jpg|''Inspiratio{{dubsig}} Sancti Matthaei''
Fasciculus:The Martyrdom of Saint Matthew-Caravaggio (c. 1599-1600).jpg|''Martyrium Sancti Matthaei''
&lt;/gallery&gt;
&lt;/center&gt;

== Weblinks ==
{{Communia|San Luigi dei Francesi (Rome)|ecclesiam sancti Ludovici Francorum de Urbe}}

[[Categoria:Aedificia Romae urbis]]
[[Categoria:Ecclesiae Romae]]
[[Categoria:Tituli cardinalitii]]</text>
      <sha1>juywmvfd3h743o35zgxr5f77db3wvq6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Domloup</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127376</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954084</id>
      <parentid>3953233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T07:39:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nexus externi */ nexus novus</comment>
      <origin>3954084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="788" sha1="fadfh97580j0or2kbc44sd3q04jzoji" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Domloup église.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Domloup: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus Lupus|Sancto Lupo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Domloup}} ([[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Domloup'') est commune {{formatnum:3877}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Illa et Vicinonia|Illae et Vicinoniae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Illae et Vicinoniae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Domloup|Domloup}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.domloup.fr/|titulus=Domloup pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]</text>
      <sha1>fadfh97580j0or2kbc44sd3q04jzoji</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nulliacum super Vicenoniam</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>127676</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954085</id>
      <parentid>3723522</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T07:54:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et novissima</comment>
      <origin>3954085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1468" sha1="e0uabijdwuqvlkdmpsvoec35fsal9y6" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Hotel de ville Noyal sur Vilaine.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Nulliaci super Vicenoniam [[municipium]].]]
{{res|Nulliacum super Vicenoniam}}&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|titulus=Cartulaire de l'Abbaye de Redon en Bretagne (832-1134)|auctor=Aurelianum de Courson |series=Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France publiés par les soins du ministre de l'instruction publique - première série : Histoire politique|locus = Parisiis|annus= 1863|domus editoria= Imprimerie impériale|pagina= 458|url=https://archive.org/details/cartulairedelabb00redo/page/457/mode/2up?}} {{Ling|Francogallice}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Noyal-sur-Vilaine'', [[Lingua Gallonica]] ''Nóyau-sur-Vilaèyn'', [[Lingua Britonica|Britonice]] ''Noal-ar-Gwilen'') est commune {{formatnum:6269}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Illa et Vicinonia|Illae et Vicinoniae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Britannia Minor]]e.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Illae et Vicinoniae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Noyal-sur-Vilaine|Nulliacum super Vicenoniam}}
{{INSEE commune|35207|de=Nulliaco super Vicenoniam}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.ville-noyalsurvilaine.fr/|titulus=Nulliaci super Vicinoniam pagina interretialis}}{{Ling|Francice}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Ellae et Vicenoniae]]</text>
      <sha1>e0uabijdwuqvlkdmpsvoec35fsal9y6</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Augustus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>137297</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954102</id>
      <parentid>3298718</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T11:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)]] ad [[Carolus Augustus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
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      <text bytes="2972" sha1="j4b1gdkm8ghod7drqpywc75mrtpxq0d" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:1757 Carl August.JPG|thumb|left|Dux iuvenis anno 1769]]
'''Carolus Augustus''', Theod. ''Carl August'' (natus [[3 Septembris]] [[1757]] [[Vimaria]]e, mortuus [[14 Iunii]] [[1828]] castello ''Graditz'' apud [[Torgavia]]m) ab anno [[1758]] dux et ab anno [[1815]] Dux Magnus [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach|Saxoniae-Vimarii-Eisenach]] erat. Ad usque annum [[1775]] [[Anna Amalia]] Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti eius procuratrix erat.

==Iuventus==
Pater eius [[Ernestus Augustus II (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)|Ernestus Augustus II]] dux mortuus die [[28 Maii]] [[1758]] est, cum Carolus infans unius annis esset. Mater Anna Amalia Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti eius procuratrix [[cogitatio libera|cogitatione libera]] facta est. [[Christophorus Martinus Wieland|Christophorum Martinum Wieland]] praeceptorem Caroli Augusti Vimariam vocavit. Qui iuvenem ducem consiliis [[Aevum illuminationis|Aevi illuminationis]] instituit. 

==Dux et dux magnus==
Die [[3 Septembris]] [[1775]] ipse regnum suscepit et paulo post Ludovicam principissam [[Magnus Ducatus Hassiae|Hassiae-Darmstadii]] in matrimonium duxit. Carolus Augustus fautor artium erat et poetas et artifices ut [[Ioannes Wolfgang Goethe|Ioannem Wolfgangum Goethe]] (anno 1775), [[Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder|Ioannem Gottfriedum Herder]] (anno 1776) atque [[Fridericus Schiller|Fridericum Schiller]] (anno 1799) Vimariam in aulam suam vocavit. Die [[5 Novembris]] [[1782]] Carolöus Augustus [[francomurarius]] factus est. Ab anno [[1786]] dux militum exercitus [[Borussia]]e fuit. Inter [[Bella Coalitionum]] ab anno [[1792]] contra [[Francia]]m certavit. Post [[Proelium Ienense]] anno [[1806]] imperio militari se abdicavit et Ducatum in [[Confoederatio Rhenana|Confoederatio Rhenana]] induxit. Quod filius [[Carolus Fridericus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)|Carolus Fridericus]] anno [[1801]] Mariam Romanovam, filiam [[Paulus I (imperator Russiae)|Pauli I]] imperatoris [[Imperium Russicum|Russiae]] in matrimonium duxerat, [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)|Alexandro I]] imperatore Russico suadente anno [[1814]] ad [[Consilium Vindobonense]] invitatus est: Ita anno [[1815]] Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach Ducatus Magnus elatus est. Die 5 Maii [[1816]] prima [[constitutio]] [[liberalismus|liberalis]] Ducati Magni promulgata est. Anno [[1817]] Carolo Augusto adnuente studiosi [[Universitas Litterarum Ienensis|Universitatis Litterarum Ienensis]] ad [[Festum Wartburgense]] convenerunt. Anno 1828 mortuus est, filius suus [[Carolus Fridericus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)|Carolus Fridericus]] ei successit.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.mdr.de/geschichte-mitteldeutschlands/reise/personen/artikel12170.html Biographia Caroli Augusti stationis televisifica MDR (lingua Theodisca)]

{{Duces et Duces Magni Coloniae-Vimarii-Eisenach}}

{{Lifetime|1757|1828|Carolus Augustus}}
[[Categoria:Duces Magni Saxoniae-Vimarii-Eisenach]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Napoleonicorum]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954104</id>
      <parentid>3954102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T11:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2970" sha1="lnvlwk0p44p6529n1k8vvh4wanidene" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:1757 Carl August.JPG|thumb|left|Dux iuvenis anno 1769]]
'''Carolus Augustus''', Theod. ''Carl August'' (natus [[3 Septembris]] [[1757]] [[Vimaria]]e, mortuus [[14 Iunii]] [[1828]] castello ''Graditz'' apud [[Torgavia]]m) ab anno [[1758]] dux et ab anno [[1815]] Dux Magnus [[Saxonia-Vimarii-Ysenaci|Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci]] erat. Ad usque annum [[1775]] [[Anna Amalia]] Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti eius procuratrix erat.

==Iuventus==
Pater eius [[Ernestus Augustus II (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)|Ernestus Augustus II]] dux mortuus die [[28 Maii]] [[1758]] est, cum Carolus infans unius annis esset. Mater Anna Amalia Brunsvici-Guelpherbyti eius procuratrix [[cogitatio libera|cogitatione libera]] facta est. [[Christophorus Martinus Wieland|Christophorum Martinum Wieland]] praeceptorem Caroli Augusti Vimariam vocavit. Qui iuvenem ducem consiliis [[Aevum illuminationis|Aevi illuminationis]] instituit. 

==Dux et dux magnus==
Die [[3 Septembris]] [[1775]] ipse regnum suscepit et paulo post Ludovicam principissam [[Magnus Ducatus Hassiae|Hassiae-Darmstadii]] in matrimonium duxit. Carolus Augustus fautor artium erat et poetas et artifices ut [[Ioannes Wolfgang Goethe|Ioannem Wolfgangum Goethe]] (anno 1775), [[Ioannes Gottfriedus Herder|Ioannem Gottfriedum Herder]] (anno 1776) atque [[Fridericus Schiller|Fridericum Schiller]] (anno 1799) Vimariam in aulam suam vocavit. Die [[5 Novembris]] [[1782]] Carolöus Augustus [[francomurarius]] factus est. Ab anno [[1786]] dux militum exercitus [[Borussia]]e fuit. Inter [[Bella Coalitionum]] ab anno [[1792]] contra [[Francia]]m certavit. Post [[Proelium Ienense]] anno [[1806]] imperio militari se abdicavit et Ducatum in [[Confoederatio Rhenana|Confoederatio Rhenana]] induxit. Quod filius [[Carolus Fridericus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)|Carolus Fridericus]] anno [[1801]] Mariam Romanovam, filiam [[Paulus I (imperator Russiae)|Pauli I]] imperatoris [[Imperium Russicum|Russiae]] in matrimonium duxerat, [[Alexander I (imperator Russiae)|Alexandro I]] imperatore Russico suadente anno [[1814]] ad [[Consilium Vindobonense]] invitatus est: Ita anno [[1815]] Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci Ducatus Magnus elatus est. Die 5 Maii [[1816]] prima [[constitutio]] [[liberalismus|liberalis]] Ducati Magni promulgata est. Anno [[1817]] Carolo Augusto adnuente studiosi [[Universitas Litterarum Ienensis|Universitatis Litterarum Ienensis]] ad [[Festum Wartburgense]] convenerunt. Anno 1828 mortuus est, filius suus [[Carolus Fridericus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)|Carolus Fridericus]] ei successit.

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.mdr.de/geschichte-mitteldeutschlands/reise/personen/artikel12170.html Biographia Caroli Augusti stationis televisifica MDR (lingua Theodisca)]

{{Duces et Duces Magni Coloniae-Vimarii-Eisenach}}

{{Lifetime|1757|1828|Carolus Augustus}}
[[Categoria:Duces Magni Saxoniae-Vimarii-Eisenach]]
[[Categoria:Francomurarii]]
[[Categoria:Participes bellorum Napoleonicorum]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Auvers-le-Hamon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>147669</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954034</id>
      <parentid>3461828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:38:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3954034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="753" sha1="q01i7ravjxh62uij9iopnk2ch7bf35f" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise d'Auvers le Hamon.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Auvercium: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Petrus|Sancto Petro]] dicata.]]
{{res|Auvercium}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Graesse}}&lt;/ref&gt; est commune {{formatnum:1445}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Auvers-le-Hamon |Auvers-le-Hamon }}
{{INSEE commune|72016|de=Auvers-le-Hamon}}

{{geo-stipula}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>q01i7ravjxh62uij9iopnk2ch7bf35f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Courtillers</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148288</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954032</id>
      <parentid>3461899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:33:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="719" sha1="q3d8iu0i32ah81ghqjpmhe0hcw4c5f0" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Courtillers - Church - 2.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Courtillers: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[sanctus|sancto]] [[Ioannes Baptista|Ioanni Baptistae]] dicata.]]

{{res|Courtillers}} est [[commune]] 901 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Courtillers |Courtillers }}
{{INSEE commune|72106|de=Courtillers}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>q3d8iu0i32ah81ghqjpmhe0hcw4c5f0</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sabolium super Sartham</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>148922</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954033</id>
      <parentid>3462065</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:35:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="951" sha1="p0fs2t9xxh1ie37e35rxh5izpe7gz3y" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Sablé-sur-Sarthe - Town hall - 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Sabolii [[vici conciliabulum]] et forum [[Raphaël Élizé|Raphaëli Élizé]] dicatum.]]

{{res|Sabolium super Sartham}}&lt;ref&gt;'''Sabolium''': Augusti Longnon liber ''Pouillés de la province de Tours'' (Lutetiae anno 1903 editus), [http://books.google.com/books?id=x6QtAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA527 p. 527].&lt;/ref&gt; est commune {{formatnum:12326}} incolarum (censu anno [[2023]] habito) [[tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Sartha (praefectura Franciae)|Sarthae]] in [[Francia]]e occidentalis regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]] situm.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Sarthae]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sablé-sur-Sarthe |Sabolium}}
{{INSEE commune|72264|de=Sabolio}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Sarthae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Sarthae]]</text>
      <sha1>p0fs2t9xxh1ie37e35rxh5izpe7gz3y</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Feuillie (Manica)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>150106</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954024</id>
      <parentid>3443420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:19:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="704" sha1="tplrys1yhco91syv9h97agemnn3ijuo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise la feuillie.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Feuillie : [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Sancto Nicolao]] dicata.]]

{{res|La Feuillie}} est [[commune]] 293 incolarum (anno [[2009]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|La Feuillie |La Feuillie }}
{{INSEE commune|50182|de=La Feuillie}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>tplrys1yhco91syv9h97agemnn3ijuo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954025</id>
      <parentid>3954024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:19:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>recnetius</comment>
      <origin>3954025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="704" sha1="snzli4x5xmraaj8e6m2rwhge7lxehx7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Eglise la feuillie.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|La Feuillie : [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Nicolaus|Sancto Nicolao]] dicata.]]

{{res|La Feuillie}} est [[commune]] 302 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|La Feuillie |La Feuillie }}
{{INSEE commune|50182|de=La Feuillie}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]</text>
      <sha1>snzli4x5xmraaj8e6m2rwhge7lxehx7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Servon (Manica)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>151071</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954015</id>
      <parentid>3443729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T19:50:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="702" sha1="c0c16cp93gf996v5x8tylg3m5chzih4" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Servon (50) Église.jpg |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Servon: [[Ecclesia (aedificium)|Ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Martinus|Sancto Martino]] dicata.]]

{{res|Servon}} est [[commune]] 252 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Manica (praefectura Franciae)|Manicae]] in [[Francia]]e borealis provincia [[Normannia (regio Franciae)|Normannia]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Manicae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Servon (Manche)|Servon}}
{{INSEE commune|50574|de=Servon}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Oceani Britannici]]

[[pms:Servon]]</text>
      <sha1>c0c16cp93gf996v5x8tylg3m5chzih4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Monties</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954013</id>
      <parentid>3429096</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T19:47:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="731" sha1="rg3f8b3c7qnnenml4xu7ip1h7rah60g" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus: Monties kerk.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Monties: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] Nativitati [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Nostrae Dominae]] dicata.]]
{{res|Monties}} ([[Gasconice]] ''Montias'') est [[commune]] 83 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Aegirtius (praefectura Franciae)|Aegirtii]] in regione [[Occitania (regio hodierna)|Occitania]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Aegirtii|Indicem communium praefecturae Aegirtii]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Monties|Monties}}
{{INSEE commune|32287|de=Monties}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Aegircii]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Aegircii]]</text>
      <sha1>rg3f8b3c7qnnenml4xu7ip1h7rah60g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Bassignac</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>152827</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954012</id>
      <parentid>3453447</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T19:45:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3954012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="776" sha1="rprivy78z0ugcybmdaoj4tupuaphfr3" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint George church in Bassignac (5).jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Bassignac: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Georgius|Sancto Georgio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Bassignac}} est [[commune]] 223 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Bassignac|Bassignac}}
{{INSEE commune|15019|de=Bassignac}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
      <sha1>rprivy78z0ugcybmdaoj4tupuaphfr3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Hisde</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>153576</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954009</id>
      <parentid>3453500</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T19:38:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1140" sha1="dwkm1dikaag3obi1wx108v4mcoglvak" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Ydes-Bourg - Eglise -15.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Ydes: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Georgius|Sancto Georgio]] dicata.]]
{{res|Hisde}} sive '''Hisda'''&lt;ref&gt;{{opus|auctor=Émile Amé |titulus= Dictionnaire topographique du département du Cantal|locus =[[Lutetia]]e|domus editoria= Imprimerie nationale|annus=1897|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=5ucJAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA541 |pagina= 541}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Francogallice]] ''Ydes'') est commune {{formatnum:1641}} incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Mons Celtorum (praefectura Franciae)|Montis Celtorum]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum|Indicem communium praefecturae Montis Celtorum]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ydes|Hisde}}
{{INSEE commune|15265|de=Hisde}}
* {{opus|url=https://www.ydes.fr/|titulus=Hisde pagina interretialis}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Cantalini]]</text>
      <sha1>dwkm1dikaag3obi1wx108v4mcoglvak</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Grandeyrolles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>154132</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954086</id>
      <parentid>3457459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T07:57:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="781" sha1="sau53sc31ilv4bqr6fscu6e4o4img6n" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Grandeyrolles1.JPG |thumb|upright=0.8|left|Grandeyrolles: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Lupus|Sancto Lupo]] dicata, mense Iulio [[2011]].]]
{{res|Grandeyrolles}} est [[commune]] 55 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Francia]]e [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Podium Dumiatis (praefectura Franciae)|Podii Dumiatis]] in regione [[Arvernia Rhodanus Alpes|Arvernia Rhodano Alpibus]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis|Indicem communium praefecturae Podii Dumiatis]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Grandeyrolles|Grandeyrolles}}
{{INSEE commune|63172|de=Grandeyrolles}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Montis Dumae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Montis Dumae]]</text>
      <sha1>sau53sc31ilv4bqr6fscu6e4o4img6n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saint-Loup-du-Dorat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>158316</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954035</id>
      <parentid>3453022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:41:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et imago</comment>
      <origin>3954035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="728" sha1="gibhc2j9bmxby7p1i1kt7uwhf9msmdd" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Saint-Loup-du-Dorat (53) Église.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Saint-Loup-du-Dorat: [[ecclesia (aedificium)|ecclesia]] [[Sanctus Lupus|Sancto Lupo]] dicata.]]
{{res|Saint-Loup-du-Dorat}} est [[commune]] 338 incolarum (anno [[2023]]) [[Tabula administrativa Franciae|praefecturae]] [[Meduana (praefectura Franciae)|Meduanae]] in [[Francia]]e regione [[Pagi Ligeris (regio Franciae)|Pagis Ligeris]].

{{NexInt}}
* [[Index communium praefecturae Meduanae]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Saint-Loup-du-Dorat|Saint-Loup-du-Dorat}}
{{INSEE commune|53233|de=Saint-Loup-du-Dorat}}

{{geo-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Communia praefecturae Meduanae]]
[[Categoria:Loci habitati praefecturae Meduanae]]</text>
      <sha1>gibhc2j9bmxby7p1i1kt7uwhf9msmdd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Riells i Viabrea</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162226</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954088</id>
      <parentid>3881340</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T08:06:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fontes</comment>
      <origin>3954088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="687" sha1="0nuct3h69yy1j542t63ongkhbso224r" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Sant Llop Ermita Viabrea.JPG| left|upright=0.8 |thumb|Riells i Viabrea: [[eremitorium]] [[Sanctus Lupus|Sancto Lupo]] dicatus]]
{{res|Riells i Viabrea}} (usque ad annum [[1860]] ''San Martín de Riells'', [[Hispanice]]: ''Riells'') est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Gerundensis|Provincia Gerundensi]] situm, cui anno [[2025]] {{formatnum:4635}} incolae sunt. 

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Riells i Viabrea|Riells i Viabrea}}
{{Fontes geographici}}
*{{opus|url=https://riellsiviabrea.cat/|titulus=Communis pagina interretialis}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Communia Hispaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>0nuct3h69yy1j542t63ongkhbso224r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Les Piles</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162819</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954087</id>
      <parentid>3821851</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T08:05:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954087</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="643" sha1="fb0nf1dbuw0l7srcmfcn5ewkye3gtgq" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Ermita de Santa Eugenia.jpg| 300 px |thumb|Les Piles: [[eremitorium]] [[Sancta Eugenia|Sanctae Eugeniae]] dicatus ([[saeculum 19|saeculum XIX]])]]
''' Les Piles''' ([[Hispanice]]: '' Las Pilas '') est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Tarraconensis|Provincia Tarraconensi]] situm, cui anno [[2011]] 219 incolarum sunt. 

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Les Piles|Les Piles}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210123111140/http://www.piles.altanet.org/ Communis pagina interretialis]

{{urbs-stipula}}
{{Communia Provinciae Tarraconensis}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Communia Hispaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>fb0nf1dbuw0l7srcmfcn5ewkye3gtgq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fogars de Montclús</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>163401</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954089</id>
      <parentid>3867164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T08:07:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nexus</comment>
      <origin>3954089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="538" sha1="gpntz7zagwyqzaw75qxrrdk602ry3pu" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa urbis Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Santa Fe del Montseny.jpg| 250 px |thumb|Fogars de Montclús: [[eremitorium]] [[Sancta Fides|Sanctae Fidei]] in Montseny]]
''' Fogars de Montclús''' ([[Hispanice]]: '' Fogás de Monclús'') est [[commune]] [[Hispania|Hispanicum]] in [[Catalaunia]]e [[Provincia Barcinonensis|Provincia Barcinonensi]] situm, cui anno [[2011]] 453 incolarum sunt. 

== Nexus externus ==
{{CommuniaCat|Fogars de Montclús|Fogars de Montclús}}

{{urbs-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Catalonia]]
[[Categoria:Communia Hispaniae]]</text>
      <sha1>gpntz7zagwyqzaw75qxrrdk602ry3pu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universitas Tromsoënsis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171309</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954039</id>
      <parentid>3304552</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T21:07:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>de qualitate universitatis</comment>
      <origin>3954039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="730" sha1="t8bfs8pweswv8r7d0c8id2giokqjdar" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidata}}
[[Fasciculus:Tromsouniversity administrationbuilding.jpg|thumb|Aedificium universitatis]]
'''Universitas Tromsoënsis'''&lt;ref&gt;&quot;eodem die, quo portas suas studiosis aperuit Universitas Tromsoensis&quot;: vide [https://www.academia.edu/9936194/Rara_avis_in_Ultima_Thule_Libellus_festivus_Sunnivae_des_Bouvrie_dedicatus hic]&lt;/ref&gt; (vulgo ''Universitetet i Tromsø—Norges arktiske universitet''), anno [[1968]] condita, est [[universitas publica]] [[Tromsonda]]e in [[Norvegia]] sita. Universitas 8 000 discipulos habet.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
*[http://uit.no/startsida Pagina officialis]

{{Universitates Norvegiae}}

[[Categoria:Universitas Tromsoensis|!]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1968]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harpastum Americanum</title>
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      <text bytes="614" sha1="awkhq9rb2261dicyyi1utkcbf87nxqx" xml:space="preserve">{{Non stipula}}
[[Fasciculus:Santana moss leaping catch.jpg|thumb|Lusor follem captat.]]
{{res|Harpastum Americanum}} est [[ludus]] [[pila]]e [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]]. Pila vel [[follis]] paulo minor est folle [[harpastum XV|harpasti XV]], et acrior in acuminibus; ludus turmis undecim hominum luditur.

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ha Ha Clinton-Dix]]
* [[Super Bowl XLIX]]
* [[Super Bowl LX]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|American football|harpasta Americana}}&lt;!--

{{ludus-stipula}}--&gt;

[[Categoria:Artes athleticae in Civitatibus Foederatis ortae]]
[[Categoria:Harpastum]]

{{Myrias|Anthropologia}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tenebrae</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:CaravaggioContarelli.jpg]] → [[File:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg]] → File replacement: Updating from a low-quality version to a higher-quality version ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="4120" sha1="k0hi6u1rlr64f8ewxcopf7gxmiohcs2" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Creation of Light.png|thumb|''Creatio Lucis,'' a [[Gustavus Doré|Gustavo Doré]] picta.]]
{{videdis|Tenebrae (discretiva)}}
'''Tenebrae''',  vel '''obscuritas,''' ipsa res exadverso [[nitor]]is, est absentia [[lux visibilis|lucis visibilis]] vel etiam species [[niger|nigri]] in [[spatium|spatio]] [[color]]ato. [[Homo|Homines]] colores distinguere non possunt cum aut [[lux]] aut tenebrae praevaleant.&lt;ref&gt;W. Wundt, [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~psycho/wundt/opera/wundt/OLiPsych/OLiPsy06.htm &quot;Puire Sensations&quot;] (1907).&lt;/ref&gt; In statibus lucis haud sufficientibus [[perceptio]] est [[achromaticus|achromatica]] et ad ultimum nigra. Responsum [[animi motus|animi motuum]] tenebris [[metaphora|metaphoricos]] verbi usus in multis [[cultura|culturis]] generavit.

[[Fasciculus:Afterimage.svg|thumb|Intuere imaginem uno [[minutus|minuto]] et tum limis oculis aspice. [[Oculus]] complementa clarum et obscurum imagini suppeditabit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|thumb|''[[Vocatio Sancti Matthaei (Caravaggius)|Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]'' [[Caravaggius|Caravaggii]] tenebris pro effectu [[chiaroscuro]] utitur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dividing Light from Darkness.jpg|thumb|Separatio [[lux|lucis]] et tenebrarum primo creationis die, in [[lacunar Cappellae Sixtinae|lacunari Cappellae Sixtinae]] a [[Michaelangelus|Michaelangelo]] picta.]]

== In litteris ==
Obscuritas ut [[verbum (generale)|verbum]] [[poesis|poeticum]] in [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|mundo Occidentali]] adhibita est ad significandam praesentiam [[umbra]]rum, [[malum (ethica)|malorum]], et portentorum.

Prima creationis [[narratio]] in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] in obscuritate incipit, in quam creatio lucis introducitur, separatioque huius lucis ab obscuritate efficitur (a creatione [[sol]]is et [[luna]]e quarto creationis die distincta). Itaque, quamquam ambo lux et obscuritas in totis operibus [[Deus|Dei]] omnipotentis comprehenduntur, obscuritas [[pestilentia]]&lt;!--+next-to-last--&gt; considerabatur ([[Liber Exodus|Exodus]] 10:21), et locus ubi &quot;erit fletus et stridor [[dens|dentium]]&quot; ([[Evangelium Matthaei|Matthaeus]] 8:12). [[Alcoranum]] apud certos eruditos dicit homines qui fines [[mos|morum]] iustorum violant &quot;desperationem ardentem et obscuritatem [[glacies|glacialem]]&quot; accipere&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;burning despair and ice-cold darkness.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Nab 78.25).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamicity.com/quransearch/ Textus conversus interretialis].&lt;/ref&gt; In [[philosophia Sinica]], [[yin et yang|yin]] est [[femina|feminea]] [[Taijitu]] pars complementaria, quae per lobum obscurum repraesentantur.
 
Notio tenebrarum ut [[artificium rhetoricum]] [[fabula|fabulis]] diutissime adhibetur. [[Gulielmus Shakesperius]], [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]] et [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]], [[persona]]m principem tenebrarum(''prince of darkness'') appellatam fecit (''[[King Lear]]'' 3.iv), faucesque tenebris dedit per quas [[amor]]em comedere possent (''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' 1.i).&lt;ref&gt;[[Shakesperius]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905100554/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/ ''The Complete Works''] (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: The Tech, MIT.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[scriptor]] [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] [[lingua Anglica Media]] scripsit [[eques|equites]] opera tenebrarum (''works of darkness'') abicere deberent.&lt;ref&gt;[[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2383 &quot;The Second Nun's Tale,&quot;] ''The Canterbury Tales, and Other Poems''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dantes Alagherius]] inferos descripsit &quot;solidas tenebras maculatas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;solid darkness stain’d,&quot; [[Dantes Alagherius]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8800 ''The Divine Comedy,''] conv. Henry Francis.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Biblia Sacra]]
* [[Levitas (color)]]
* [[Nox]]
* [[Numerus grammaticus]]
* [[Orcus (mythologia Romana)|Orcus]]
* [[Tenebrarum metus]]
* [[Theoria colorum]]
* [[Umbra]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darkness|obscuritatem}}
{{Wiktionary|Darkness|obscuritatem}}
{{Wikiquote|Darkness|obscuritatem}}

[[Categoria:Lux| ]]
[[Categoria:Symboli]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>3954029</id>
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      <text bytes="4165" sha1="nblkpr80nxvkeloc63c6d7pg08otp6x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Creation of Light.png|thumb|''Creatio Lucis,'' a [[Gustavus Doré|Gustavo Doré]] picta.]]
{{videdis|Tenebrae (discretiva)}}
'''Tenebrae''',  vel '''obscuritas,''' ipsa res exadverso [[nitor]]is, est absentia [[lux visibilis|lucis quae videri potest]] vel etiam species [[niger|nigri]] in [[spatium|spatio]] [[color]]ato. [[Homo|Homines]] colores distinguere non possunt cum aut [[lux]] aut tenebrae praevaleant.&lt;ref&gt;W. Wundt, [http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~psycho/wundt/opera/wundt/OLiPsych/OLiPsy06.htm &quot;Puire Sensations&quot;] (1907).&lt;/ref&gt; In statibus lucis haud sufficientibus [[perceptio]] est [[achromaticus|achromatica]] et ad ultimum nigra. Responsum [[animi motus|animi motuum]] tenebris [[metaphora|metaphoricos]] verbi usus in multis [[cultura|culturis]] generavit.

[[Fasciculus:Afterimage.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|Intuere imaginem uno [[minutus|minuto]] et tum limis oculis aspice. [[Oculus]] complementa clarum et obscurum imagini suppeditabit.]]
[[Fasciculus:Caravaggio — The Calling of Saint Matthew.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|''[[Vocatio Sancti Matthaei (Caravaggius)|Vocatio Sancti Matthaei]]'' [[Caravaggius|Caravaggii]] tenebris pro effectu [[chiaroscuro]] utitur.]]
[[Fasciculus:Dividing Light from Darkness.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Separatio [[lux|lucis]] et tenebrarum primo creationis die, in [[lacunar Cappellae Sixtinae|lacunari Cappellae Sixtinae]] a [[Michaelangelus|Michaelangelo]] picta.]]

== In litteris ==
Obscuritas ut [[verbum (generale)|verbum]] [[poesis|poeticum]] in [[Humanus Cultus Occidentalis|mundo Occidentali]] adhibita est ad significandam praesentiam [[umbra]]rum, [[malum (ethica)|malorum]], et portentorum.

Prima creationis [[narratio]] in [[Biblia Sacra|Bibliis Sacris]] in obscuritate incipit, in quam creatio lucis introducitur, separatioque huius lucis ab obscuritate efficitur (a creatione [[sol]]is et [[luna]]e quarto creationis die distincta). Itaque, quamquam ambo lux et obscuritas in totis operibus [[Deus|Dei]] omnipotentis comprehenduntur, obscuritas [[pestilentia]]&lt;!--+next-to-last--&gt; considerabatur ([[Liber Exodus|Exodus]] 10:21), et locus ubi &quot;erit fletus et stridor [[dens|dentium]]&quot; ([[Evangelium Matthaei|Matthaeus]] 8:12). [[Alcoranum]] apud certos eruditos dicit homines qui fines [[mos|morum]] iustorum violant &quot;desperationem ardentem et obscuritatem [[glacies|glacialem]]&quot; accipere&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;burning despair and ice-cold darkness.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; (Nab 78.25).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.islamicity.com/quransearch/ Textus conversus interretialis].&lt;/ref&gt; In [[philosophia Sinica]], [[yin et yang|yin]] est [[femina|feminea]] [[Taijitu]] pars complementaria, quae per lobum obscurum repraesentantur.
 
Notio tenebrarum ut [[artificium rhetoricum]] [[fabula|fabulis]] diutissime adhibetur. [[Gulielmus Shakesperius]], [[saeculum|saeculis]] [[saeculum 16|sexto decimo]] et [[saeculum 17|septimo decimo]], [[persona]]m principem tenebrarum(''prince of darkness'') appellatam fecit (''[[King Lear]]'' 3.iv), faucesque tenebris dedit per quas [[amor]]em comedere possent (''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' 1.i).&lt;ref&gt;[[Shakesperius]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20120905100554/http://shakespeare.mit.edu/ ''The Complete Works''] (Cantabrigiae Massachusettae: The Tech, MIT.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [[scriptor]] [[saeculum 14|saeculo quarto decimo]] [[lingua Anglica Media]] scripsit [[eques|equites]] opera tenebrarum (''works of darkness'') abicere deberent.&lt;ref&gt;[[Geoffrey Chaucer]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/2383 &quot;The Second Nun's Tale,&quot;] ''The Canterbury Tales, and Other Poems''&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dantes Alagherius]] inferos descripsit &quot;solidas tenebras maculatas.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Anglice]] &quot;solid darkness stain’d,&quot; [[Dantes Alagherius]], [http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/8800 ''The Divine Comedy,''] conv. Henry Francis.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Biblia Sacra]]
* [[Levitas (color)]]
* [[Nox]]
* [[Numerus grammaticus]]
* [[Orcus (mythologia Romana)|Orcus]]
* [[Tenebrarum metus]]
* [[Theoria colorum]]
* [[Umbra]]

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Darkness|obscuritatem}}
{{Wiktionary|Darkness|obscuritatem}}
{{Wikiquote|Darkness|obscuritatem}}

[[Categoria:Lux| ]]
[[Categoria:Symboli]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Super Bowl XLIX</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>3954051</id>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="2965" sha1="5h9qjf61g5nv7w1xiqmf05dbktp7kvx" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Cardinals stadium crop.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Stadium Universitatis Phoenicis]] [[Glendale (Arizona|Glendale]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Arizona]]e locus Super Bowl XLIX fuit.]]
{{res|Super Bowl XLIX}} fuit [[ludus]] [[harpastum Americanum|harpasti Americani]] a [[2014 New England Patriots season|New England Patriots]], victore [[Conferentia Pediludii Americana|Conferentiae Pediludii Americanae]], et [[Seattle Seahawks]], victore [[Conferentia Pediludii Nationalis|Conferentiae Pediludii Nationalis]], certatus ad titulum victoriae [[Foedus Pediludii Nationale|Foederis Pediludii Nationalis]] [[NFL annus 2014|anni 2014]] decernandum. Patriots vicerunt, 28–24. Certamen pugnatum est die [[1 Februarii]] [[2015]] in [[Stadium Universitatis Phoenicis|Stadio Universitatiis Phoenicis]] [[Glendale (Arizona)|Glendale]] in [[urbs|urbe]] [[Arizona]]e.&lt;ref name=&quot;AriNotTampa&quot;&gt;Robert Klemko, [http://content.usatoday.com/communities/thehuddle/post/2011/10/tampa-bay-arizona-super-bowl-xlix-2015/1 &quot;Arizona, not Tampa, will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015,&quot;] in [http://content.usatoday.com/communities/thehuddle/ The Huddle,] ''USA Today,'' 11 Octobris 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; Prima [[calx]], initium certaminis, [[hora]] 4:30 post [[meridies|meridiem]] tempore loci, [[Zona Temporalis Montana]] (23:30 [[UTC]]), factum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;nfl.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/49 &quot;Super Bowl 49,&quot;] Nfl.com&lt;/ref&gt; Hoc fuit secundum ''superbowl'' in illo [[stadium|stadio]] certatum (aliud fuit [[Super Bowl XLII]]), et tertium in regione metropolitana [[Phoenix (Arizona)|Phoenicis]] habitum (aliud fuit [[Super Bowl XXX]] in [[Stadium Diabolorum Solis|Stadio Diabolorum Solis]] [[Tempe (Arizona)|Tempe]] in [[urbs|urbe]] Arizonae). Ludus per [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] ab [[NBC Sunday Night Football|NBC]], societate [[televisio|televisifica]], emissus est.&lt;ref&gt;David Barron, [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029222210/http://blog.chron.com/ultimatetexans/2011/12/nfl-extends-broadcast-agreements-through-2022-generating-billions/ &quot;NFL extends broadcast agreements through 2022, generating billions,&quot;] ''Houston Chronicle,'' 14 Decembris 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!--[[Fasciculus:Arrowhead Stadium 2010.JPG|thumb|[[Arrowhead Stadium]] was originally selected for Super Bowl XLIX, but plans to add a retractable roof ultimately fell through.]]--&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;div class=&quot;references-small&quot;&gt;&lt;references/&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Super Bowl LX]]

==Nexus externi==
* [http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/49 Situs proprius,] www.nfl.com
&lt;!--
[[Category:Super Bowl|Super Bowl 049]]
[[Category:2014 National Football League season]]
[[Category:2015 in American football]]
[[Category:2015 in Arizona]]
[[Category:American football in Arizona]]
[[Category:New England Patriots postseason]]
[[Category:Seattle Seahawks postseason]]
[[Category:Sports in Glendale, Arizona]]
[[Category:Scheduled sports events]]--&gt;

[[Categoria:Foedus Pediludii Nationale]]
[[Categoria:Harpastum Americanum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Adumbratio:Ascalon</title>
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      <text bytes="16000" sha1="9jzhb8ufl6m80969nsydbdpgri6a1sp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="16108" sha1="1y4uwaz0nw0lyxme6l1voatmjyqflxl" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
Urbs [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in narrationibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Qua urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. Archeologi in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]] et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="16142" sha1="nacgaobnz43dwsg41f87qff78eng8ca" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
[[Urbs]] [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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      <id>3954036</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
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      <comment>/* Medium Aevum */Nescio quemadmodum nomina horum oppidorum Latine scribam.</comment>
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      <text bytes="16271" sha1="1tqrkq0npsmd85ek7hm203bpuxdd80j" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Adumbratio}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{Capsa urbis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:93439_marina_ashkelon_PikiWiki_Israel.jpg|thumb]]

{{res|Ascalon}} ([[Hebraice]] אַשְׁקְלוֹן) est [[urbs]] in [[Israël]]e sita. Quae urbs primum condita esse abhinc annorum decem milia dicitur. [[Portus|Portum]] habebat, unde [[merx|merces]] et inferebantur et exportabantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = &quot;העבר של אשקלון הוא הנשמה שלה, ועדות לכל מה שהיא מסמלת&quot;
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = The Marker
	| url = https://www.themarker.com/labels/ashkelon/2022-09-22/ty-article-labels/00000183-6525-dd85-a9f3-67bfe3d00000
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon una ex quinque urbibus [[Philistaei|Philistaeorum]] est quae in [[Liber Iosue|libro Iosue]] 13:3 memorantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ascalon
	| domus editoria = New Advent
	| url = https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01766b.htm
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Urbs autem hodierna anno [[1948]] condita est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = היסטוריה ותרבות באשקלון – כשישן וחדש נפגשים
	| domus editoria = אלדן
	| url = https://www.eldan.co.il/magazine/carrental/rentcarashkelon/history-ashkelon#
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Anno [[2020]] circiter 146&amp;thinsp;500 homines ibi habitabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = אשקלון
	| lingua = he
	| domus editoria = הלשקה המרכזית לסטטיסטיקה
	| url = https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/local_authorities20_1879/58_7100.pdf
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historia ==
=== Historia antiqua ===
{{Paginae principales|Ascalon (urbs antiqua)}}
[[Fasciculus:Ashkelon – The Canaanite city gate and ramparts.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Ascalonis Chananaeae porta.]]
[[Urbs]] [[Chanaan|Chananaea]] [[Saeculum 20 a.C.n.|saeculo vicensimo a.C.n.]] condita est, longitudine 1100 metrorum et latitudine 600 metrorum, moenibus quindecim metra altis circumdata.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Tel Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Bible Walks
	| url = https://www.biblewalks.com/ashkelon/
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Primum memorantur Ascalon in textibus execrationis [[Aegyptus|Aegyptiis]] quae ad undecimam dynastiam referuntur, et per dynastias XVIII ad XX fortasse urbs Chananaea Aegyptiorum imperio subiecta erat. Anno [[1280 a.C.n.]], frustra Ascalon contra [[Rhamses II|Ramsem II]] rebellavit. Anno [[1229 a.C.n.]] urbs a [[Pharao]]ne [[Amenephthis|Amenephthe]] rursus capta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = Ashkelon
	| domus editoria = Jewish Virtual Library
	| url = https://jewishvirtuallibrary.org/ashkelon
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ascalon a [[Tribus Iudae|tribu Iudae]] capta est:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Cepitque Iudas Gazam cum finibus suis et Ascalonem atque Accaron cum terminis suis. (Iudicum 1:18)&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_iudicum_lt.html | titulus= Nova Vulgata LIBER IUDICUM | domus editoria= Vatican}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[Saeculum 12 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodecimo a.C.n.]] urbs a Philistaeis capta est. Ascalon saepe in [[narratio]]nibus de [[Samson]]e in [[Biblia|Bibliis]] commemoratur. Quae urbs tempore monarchiae Israeliticae adhuc erat Philistaeorum una ex praecipuis urbibus.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt; [[Saul (Rex)|Saul]], Israëlis Rex primus, Philistinos Philistinos vicit et multas urbes cepit. Rex ipse in proelio cecidit, Davidque lugens eos versiculos recitavit:&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;
&lt;blockquote&gt;Incliti, o Israel, super montes tuos interfecti, quomodo ceciderunt fortes! Nolite annuntiare in Geth neque annuntietis in compitis Ascalonis, ne forte laetentur filiae Philisthim, ne exsultent filiae incircumcisorum. (II Samuelis 1:19-20)&lt;ref&gt;{{opus |titulus=Nova Vulgata LIBER SECUNDUS SAMUELIS |domus editoria= Vatican | url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-samuelis_lt.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Ascalonem punitum iri preaedixerunt prophetae [[Ieremias]], [[Amos (propheta)|Amos]], [[Sophonias]], et [[Zacharias (propheta)|Zacharias]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; [[Saeculum 18 a.C.n.|Saeculo duodevicensimo a.C.n.]] a regno Ascalonis multas terras a regno expugnavit [[Assyria]], et Anno [[734 a.C.n.]] urbs a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Tiglatpileser III|Tiglatpilesero III|en|qid=Q210074}} capta est. Anno [[732 a.C.n.]] Rex Ascalonis frustra contra Assyrios rebellavit, propter quod urbs graviter punita est. [[Rex Sidqia]] postea participavit in alia rebellione contra Assyriam, duce [[Ezechias|Ezechia]]. Apud [[Sennacherib]], urbes Sidqiae prope [[Iappa|Iappam]] captae sunt, et Ascalon ipse se dedidit, cuius rex exsulatus est. Tributum quod Ascalon reddidit in inscriptionibus principum Esarhaddon et Assurbanipal memoratur, qui urbem fine [[Saeculum 7 a.C.n.|saeculi 7]] et initio [[Saeculum 6 a.C.n.|sexto a.C.n.]] ad [[Aegyptus antiqua|Aegyptum]] pugnandum adhibuit. De calamitatibus quas urbs sufferebat scripserunt prophetae biblici.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Cum imperium Assyriorum caderet, Aegyptus urbem occupavit. Anno [[604 a.C.n.]], Ascalon a [[Nabuchodonosor II|Nabuchodonosore]] deleta est, qui multos cives urbis exsulavit, quo facto sexcentorum annorum praesentiae Philistaeorum in Israele finis impositus est. Munitiones Ascalonis post Babylonicam excidionem non reaedificatae sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Sub [[Imperium Achaemenidarum|imperio Persarum]], quod Ascalonem a Babyloniis cepit, Iudaeis [[Ierusalem]] redire licuit, sed Ascalon tum pars provinciae Iudaeae non fuit. In Ascalone ceterisque urbibus Philistaeorum, habitabant [[Phoenices]], et ipsa Ascalon [[Tyros|Tyriorum]] dicioni parebat. Id urbi magnas divitias attulit. [[Archaeologus|Archeologi]] in Ascalone magnum [[Ascalonis Canum Coemeterium|canum coemeterium]] invenerunt, quod ad ritum Phoenicum pertinebat. In eo coemeterio plus quam mille [[Canis|canes]] erant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[Alexander Magnus|Alexandro Magno]] Ascalon se anno [[332 a.C.n.]] dedit, neque, ut [[Gaza]], laesa est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Post divisionem imperii [[Alexander Magnus|Alexandri]], Ascalon in [[Regnum Ptolemaicum|regno Ptolemaico]] erat, et urbs sui iuris facta est. Tum [[Iudaei]] in Ascalone floruerunt. Urbs deinde ab [[Antiochus III|Antiocho III]] capta sedes [[Cultura Graeca|culturae Graecae]] magni momenti facta est. Propter imminutam potentiam [[Seleucidae|Seleucidarum]], Anno [[104 a.C.n.]] Ascalon rursus in libertatem se recepit. Reges {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Ioannes Hyrcanus|Ioannes Hyrcanus|en|he|qid=Q319043}} et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Alexander Jannaeus|Alexander Jannaeus|en|he|qid=Q319107}} ex [[Hasmonaei|genere Hasmonaeorum]] urbem capere frustra conati sunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Ask NTL PARK.jpg|thumb|Columnae Romanae in Saepto Nationali Ascalonis.]]
[[Imperium Romanum|Aetate Romana]], Colonia Ascalonensis liberate et foederata fuit. In urbe [[Paganismus|pagani]] [[Apollo|Apollinem]], [[Hercules|Herculem]], et [[Atargatis|Atargatidem]] venerati sunt, deam facie et parte superiore corporis muliebri, parte inferiore corporis et cauda piscis. [[Herodes Magnus|Herodes]], quamquam urbem non regebat, fora tamen ibi atque balnea publica hortosque exstruxit, fortasse quod ibi natus erat. In [[Primum Bellum Iudaicum|primo bello Iudaico]], Ascalon Iudaeos aggressus, victor exiit.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Tempore [[Misna]] et [[Talmud]], [[Iudaei]] in urbe degere soliti sunt, quarum [[Synagoga|synagogas]] [[Synagoga|archeologi]] invenerunt. In Talmude de [[Arbustum|pomariis]], quae reditus e [[Babylonia]] prope Ascalonem fundaverunt, legitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;JewishLibrary&quot;/&gt;

Aetate Byzantina, urbs [[Religio Christiana|Christiana]] facta est. Ascalon centrum commercii [[vinum|vini]] optimi et [[frumentum|frumenti]] erat.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt; Vinum ex Ascalone illo tempore in [[Anglia]] repertum est.&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://cbnisrael.org/2024/10/15/biblical-israel-ashkelon-4/ | titulus= Biblical Israel: Ashkelon | cognomen auctoris= Turnage | nomen auctoris= Marc | tempus=15-10-2024 | domus editoria=CBN Israel}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medium Aevum ===
Anno [[637]] Ascalon ab Arabibus capta atque deleta est. Anno [[685]] urbs restituta est, in qua iam et [[Christianus|Christiani]] et [[Iudaei]] et [[Samaritani]] et [[Musulmanus|Musulmani]] habitabant. Inter religiones interdum erant conflictus, propter quos ecclesia in urbe anno [[937]] combusta est.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

[[File:Battle of Ascalon-engraving.jpg | thumb | Pugna Ascalonis]]
Cum [[Regnum Hierosolymitanum]] a [[Expeditio sacra|crucesignatis]]  conditum esset, urbs inter Christianos et Musulmanos finis facta est. Diu exercitus circa urbem pugnaverunt, et anno [[1099]] [[Pugna Ascalonis|pugna Ascalonis]] committeretur. Crucesignati Ascalonem aliquandiu teneuerunt, deinde ad [[Oriens|orientem]] se receperunt. Ab anno [[1101]] ad annum [[1114]] Aegyptii terram sanctam capere conabantur, dum duus exercitus circa urbem saepissime puganabant. Anno [[1125]] Rex [[Balduinus II (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus II]] Ascalonem capere frustra conatus est, anno autem [[1154]] [[Balduinus III (rex Hierosolymitanus)|Balduinus III]] successit. Urbs crucesignatis magni momenti fuit; anno autem [[1187]], [[4 Septembris|quarto die mensis Septembris]], a [[Saladinus|Saladino]] capta est, qui castella, ne Christiani eis uterentur, delevit.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

Anno [[1191]], [[Ricardus I (rex Angliae)|Rex Ricardus I]] Ascalonem recepit atque muros aedificavit, quos Arabes rursus deleverunt. Anno [[1240]], [[Ricardus (comes Cornubiae)|Ricardus comes Cornubiae]] urbem iterum munivit. Anno autem [[1247]], [[Ayyubidae]] urbem ceperunt. Anno [[1270]], urbs a [[Mamluci|Mamlucis]] capta atque deleta est, nec Crucesignati eam rursus condiderunt. Dua [[oppidum|oppida]] Arabum, Maj’dal et Jurah, prope Ascalonem antiquam condita sunt, in quibus homines ex Aegypto vivebant.&lt;ref name=&quot;BibleWalks&quot;/&gt;

== Urbes Geminae ==
* {{Vexillum icon|Canada}} [[Côte Saint-Luc]], [[Quebecum]], [[Canada]] (ab anno [[1975]])&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://cotesaintluc.org/en/the-city/about-csl/ | titulus=About CSL | domus editoria= cotesaintluc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{opus | url=https://www.bnaibrith.ca/advocacy/jewish-heritage-month/jhm-cote-saint-luc/ | titulus=JEWISH HERITAGE MONTH PARTNER: COTE SAINT LUC, QUEBEC | domus editoria= Bnai Brith Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Ruthenia Alba}} [[Grodna]], [[Ruthenia Alba]] (ab anno [[2011]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 23-02-2011 | url= https://ashkelon.news/article/9023 |titulus= עוד עיר תאומה ברית ערים תאומות נחתמה בין העיר אשקלון לגרודנו (בלרוס). רה&quot;ע של גרודנו קוזלקוב בוריס הגיע לאשקלון עם אנשי עסקים המעוניינים ליצור קשרי מסחר | domus editoria= ashkelon.news}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | tempus= 2011-03-01 13:16 | url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402150430/https://news.tut.by/society/216834.html | titulus= Израильский город Ашкелон стал двенадцатым городом-побратимом Гродно | domus editoria=news.tut.by}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Francia}} [[Aquae Sextiae]], [[Francia]] (ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.aixenprovence.fr/Ashkelon-ISRAEL | titulus=Ashkelon (ISRAEL) | domus editoria= aixenprovence.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Germania}} [[Pancovium]], [[Germania]] (Ab anno [[1994]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.berlin.de/ba-pankow/ueber-den-bezirk/staedtepartner/artikel.1535473.en.php | titulus = City Partnerships | domus editoria= Bezirksamt
Pankow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://pankow-ashkelon.org/en/about-us | titulus= About Us | domus editoria= Freundeskreis Berlin Pankow-Ashkelon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Portlandia (Oregonia)|Portlandia]], [[Oregonia]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[1987]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.studycountry.com/wiki/what-is-portland-oregon-sister-city | titulus=What is Portland Oregon sister city? | domus editoria= studycountry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Baltimora (Terra Mariae)|Baltimora]], [[Terra Mariae]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2003]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://baltimorefishbowl.com/stories/baltimores-awkward-relationship-sister-cities/ |domus editoria= Baltimore Fish Bowl | titulus=Baltimore’s Awkward Relationship with Our Sister Cities |nomen auctoris=Rachel | cognomen auctoris=Monroe | tempus=22-04-2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url= https://www.jewishtimes.com/baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-supports-israeli-city-after-rocket-strikes/ | titulus= Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership Supports Israeli City After Rocket Strikes | nomen auctoris=Jillian |cognomen auctoris=Diamond | tempus=24-05-2023 | domus editoria=Jewish Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://associated.org/stories/the-baltimore-ashkelon-partnership-celebrating-20-years/ | titulus=The Baltimore-Ashkelon Partnership: Celebrating 20 Years | domus editoria= The Associated Jewish Federation in Baltimore}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Civitates Foederatae Americae}} [[Sacramentum (California)|Sacramentum]], [[California]], [[Civitates Foederatae Americae]] (ab anno [[2012]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-battle-sacramento-okays-sisterhood-with-ashkelon/ | domus editoria= Times of Israel | titulus= After battle, Sacramento okays sisterhood with Ashkelon | nomen auctoris= Joshua | cognomen auctoris= Davidovich | tempus=15-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sacramento/news/sumy-ukraine-becomes-sacramentos-latest-sister-city/ | titulus=Sumy, Ukraine becomes Sacramento's latest Sister City | domus editoria= CBS News | nomen auctoris=Cecilio | cognomen auctoris=  Padilla| tempus=29-06-2023}} “Eleven other cities have been named Sister Cities with Sacramento … Ashkelon, Israel”&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus |url=https://jweekly.com/2012/08/17/its-unanimous-sacramento-ashkelon-now-sister-cities/ | domus editoria= Jewish Weekly | titulus= Its unanimous: Sacramento, Ashkelon now sister cities | nomen auctoris= Emma | cognomen auctoris=Silvers |tempus=17-08-2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{Vexillum icon|Polonia}} [[Sopot (Polonia)|Sopot]], [[Polonia]] (ab anno [[1993]] ad annum [[2025]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= Sopot pierwszym samorządem w Polsce, który zerwał partnerstwo z izraelskim miastem. Zdecydowali o tym radni | url= https://trojmiasto.wyborcza.pl/trojmiasto/7,35612,32429747,sopot-pierwszy-w-polsce-zerwal-partnerstwo-z-izraelskim-miastem.html | tempus=27-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= Maciej | cognomen auctoris= Pietrzak | domus editoria= wyborcza.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= הלחץ הפרו-פלסטיני הכריע 30 שנות יחסים: בוטל הסכם &quot;ערים תאומות&quot; בין אשקלון לסופוט | url= https://www.maariv.co.il/news/world/article-1257675 | tempus=01-12-2025 | nomen auctoris= דן | cognomen auctoris= עזרא | domus editoria= מעריב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;בגלל רצח העם בעזה&quot;: עיירת נופש בפולין ביטלה ברית ערים תאומות עם אשקלון | url= https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/r1ucjukbbx | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris 1= איתמר | cognomen auctoris 1= אייכנר | domus editoria= ynet | nomen auctoris 2= רוני | cognomen auctoris 2= גרין שאולוב}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= לאחר 32 שנים: בוטלה שותפות עיר תאומה עם אשקלון בגלל &quot;רצח עם בעזה&quot; | url= https://www.kan-ashkelon.co.il/news/99197 | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= דוד | cognomen auctoris= לוי | domus editoria= כאן חדשות דרום אשקלון}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus | titulus= &quot;רצח עם&quot;: העיר באירופה שביטלה הסכם ערים עם אשקלון | url= https://www.i24news.tv/he/news/international/europe/artc-30d542eb | tempus=30-11-2025 | nomen auctoris= מעיין | cognomen auctoris= רפאל | domus editoria= i24}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus interni ==
* [[Ascalon (urbs antiqua)]]
* [[Israël]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Ashkelon|Ascalonam}}
{{Fontes geographici}}

&lt;!--[[Categoria:Urbes Israelis]]--&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ostrea edulis</title>
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      <text bytes="22839" sha1="6gz5vqf5mk8f0ozebc0po3dxuzute7c" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus italicus}}
{{Capsa taxinomica
| image = Ostrea edulis 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'': testa intus extusque visa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| ordo = [[Ostreoida]]
| subordo = [[Ostreina]]
| familia = [[Ostreidae]]| genus = ''[[Ostrea]]''
| species = ''O. edulis''
| species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}
'''''Ostrea edulis''''', Latinitate classica '''ostrea''' seu rarius '''ostreum''' ([[Graece]] ὄστρεον, ὄστρειον),&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S}} s.v. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dostrea &quot;ostrea&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; est illa species [[bivalvia|bivalvium]] generis ''[[Ostrea]]e'' quae olim fere ubique in litoribus [[Europa]]e reperta multis locis culta est. Ibidem hodie species ''[[Magallana gigas]]'' introducta est. ''Ostrea edulis'' in variis partibus Europae rursus introducta, rarius viget. Ad litora multarum [[Europa]]e civitatum colitur, insuper in [[Tunesia]], [[Marocum|Maroco]], [[Namibia]], [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] necnon [[Cenomannica]]. ''O. edulium'' cultarum anno 2015 2&amp;nbsp;872&amp;nbsp;000 [[chiliogramma]]ta venditata sunt, pretio $19&amp;nbsp;363&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref&gt;''FAO Fisheries Yearbook 2015: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/navigation/index_intro_e.htm Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics]'' (2017) [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/root/aquaculture/b53.pdf pp. 116-117]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Exeter Book f 127r Oyster riddle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Aenigma]] ostrei: [[liber Exoniensis]] (saeculo XI exscriptus) f. 127r]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Fobsen Van Es Déjeuner Nancy 250808.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Prandium e cibo marino compositum ab {{creanda|nl|Jacob Foppens van Es|Iacobus Foppens van Es|Iacobo van Es}} medio saeculo XVII pictum ([[Museum Bellarum Artium Nanceiense]])]]
[[Fasciculus:2017-02 Johann Wilhelm Preyer - Still life with champagne and oysters.jpg|thumb|''Ostreae edules'' cum [[limon]]e, [[capsicum (fructus)|capsico]], [[prunum|prunis]] et [[vinum Campanicum|Campanico]] ad comedendum oblatae. Tabula [[Ioannes Gulielmus Preyer|Ioannis Gulielmi Preyer]] anni 1857]]

== Historia ==
Iam aevo praehistorico ostreae huius speciei ad litora [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranea]] et [[Europa]]ea ab hominibus quaerebantur. Graeci Romanique ostreas saepe cruda, saepe et cocta comederunt: ita de nutrimento [[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]] saeculo II exeunte &quot;ostrea inter alia testacea&quot; ait &quot;carnem habent mollissimam ... alvum valentius subducunt, corpus autem imbecillius nutriunt&quot;; at quamquam alia ostracoderma &quot;omnia elixantur, ostrea vero citra elixationem mandunt[ur]; quidam autem etiam in sartagine frigunt&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]], ''[[De alimentorum facultatibus]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hapantaoperaomni06galeuoft/page/734/mode/1up vol. 6 p. 734 Kühn]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Geographia ostrearia antiqua ===
Sub monarchiis [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticis]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanoque]] gastronomi assidui ostreas harum regionum fere omnium degustare potuerunt: ita aestimatio ostrearum nonnumquam in fontibus Graecis et Romanis descripta est. [[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis|Xenocrates]] diaeteticus saeculo I p.C.n., facultatibus ostrearum diaeteticis expositis, ostrea optima e talibus explorationibus reperta sic enumeravit:
:Ὄστρεα τὰ πελάγια σπάνια καὶ ἀχρεῖα διὰ τὸ μὴ θεωρεῖσθαι ὑφ' ἡλίου ... διὸ κάλλιστα κατὰ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Νείλου ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. Καὶ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τοῦ Καϋστρίου εἰς καταβόλους ... πάλιν κατὰ Βρεντέσιον, Ταρακῶνα, Ναρβῶνα, Δικαιαρχείαν ἐν Λουκρίνῳ λάκκῳ, Χελιδονίας, Λευκάδα, Ἄκτιον, Λιβυκοὺς κόλπους
(&quot;Ostrea pelagica tenues et sine nutrimento quia sole non videntur ... ergo pulcherrima ad ostia [[Nilus|Nili]] reperiuntur [[Ephesus|Ephesique]] in aditu [[Cayster|Caystri]] ... [[Brundisium|Brundisii]] etiam, [[Tarraco]]ne, [[Narbo]]ne, [[Puteoli|Dicaearchiae]] in [[lacus Lucrinus|lacu Lucrino]], Chelidoniis, [[Leucas|Leucade]], [[Actium|Actii]] et in [[Syrtes|sinubus Libycis]]&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Xenocrates}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius]] encyclopaedicus eodem aevo e relationibus [[Gaius Licinius Mucianus|Muciani]] ter consulis haec citavit:
:sunt ergo Muciani verba, quae subiciam: [[Cyzicus|Cyzicena]] maiora [[lacus Lucrinus|Lucrinis]], dulciora [[Britannia|Britannicis]], suaviora [[Meduli]]s, acriora [[Ephesus|Ephesiis]], pleniora [[Illici|Iliciensibus]], sicciora [[Coryphantis|Coryphantenis]], teneriora [[Istria|Histricis]], candidiora [[Circeii|Circeiensibus]]: sed his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla esse compertum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#62 32.62]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Variantur coloribus&quot;, addidit Plinius, fonte non citato, &quot;rufa Hispaniae, fusca Illyrico, nigra et carne et testa Circeiis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#60 32.60]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]] saeculo IV exeunte productius, sed praecipue de provinciis occidentalibus:
:Sed mihi prae cunctis mitissima quae [[Meduli|Medulorum]]&lt;br/&gt;
:Educat oceanus, quae [[Burdigala|Burdigalensia]] nomen&lt;br/&gt;
:Usque ad Caesareas tulit admiratio mensas ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Proxima sint quaevis, sed longe proxima multo&lt;br/&gt;
:Ex intervallo quae [[Massilia|Massiliensia]]: portum&lt;br/&gt;
:Quae [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Veneris]] nutrit; cultuque carentis&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Hellespontus|Hellespontiaci]] quae protegit aequor [[Abydus|Abydi]]:&lt;br/&gt;
:Vel quae [[Baiae|Baianis]] pendent qui tantia pilis:&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Oceanus Santonicus|Santonico]] quae tecta salo: quae nota Genonis:&lt;br/&gt;
:Aut [[Ebora]]e mixtus pelago quae protegit amnis ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Sunt et [[Armorica|Aremorici]] qui laudent ostrea ponti:&lt;br/&gt;
:Et quae [[Pictavi|Pictonici]] legit accola litoris: et quae&lt;br/&gt;
:Mira [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonius]] nonnunquam detegit aestus.&lt;br/&gt;
:Accedunt, quae fama recens [[Byzantium|Byzantia]] subter&lt;br/&gt;
:Litora, et insana generata [[Propontis|Propontidis]] acta,&lt;br/&gt;
:Promoti celebrata ducis de nomine, laudat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 3.18-40 (ed. Green [1991] pp. 194-195, 608-611); Ferdinand Gidon, &quot;Sur la biogéographie de l'huître dans Ausone, huîtres du Calvados ou huîtres d'Eboura?&quot; in ''Comptes rendus sommaires des séances de la Société de Biogéographie'' vol. 16 no. 132 (1939) [https://orage.univ-lorraine.fr/files/original/ea4dc900dfd317d4cbdf33ed8c5d009de62c9b91.pdf prima pagina]&lt;/ref&gt;

E talibus citationibus pluribus, inter se haud dissonantibus, geographia classica ''Ostreae edulis'' reconstruitur in qua regiones, quae sequuntur, innotuunt:
* Ostia [[Nilus|Nili]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Syrtis minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hellespontus]]: &quot;ora Hellespontia, ceteris ostreosior oris&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[Catullus]], fragmenta 1.3-4&lt;/ref&gt; praesertim [[Abydos]]: &quot;aspera ostrea plurima Abydi&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Ennius|Ennius]], ''[[Hedyphagetica]]'', post [[Archestratus|Archestratum]] fr. 7 ed. Olson et Sens {{apud Ath}} 92d&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ostriferi fauces ... Abydi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]], ''[[Georgica]]'' 1.207&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aenigma ostrei ''P. Louvre inv. 7733 verso'': P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR], cf. [[Ostrearium genus]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Propontis]], praesertim [[Cyzicus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; &quot;ostrifer [[Calchedon]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' 9.968&lt;/ref&gt; necnon &quot;ostrifer [[Geraestus]]&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Flaccus]], ''[[Argonautica (Valerius Flaccus)|Argonautica]] 1.456&lt;/ref&gt; [[Constantinopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Aegaeum mare]], praesertim [[Ephesus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; [[Coryphantis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Actium]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Leucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Illyricum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; [[Istria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Brundisium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Puteoli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; et praesertim [[lacus Lucrinus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt;
* [[Circeii]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; &quot;nigra et carne et testa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; &quot;his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Narbonensis]], praesertim [[Massilia]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Portum Veneris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hispania]]e &quot;rufa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; praesertim [[Tarraco]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Illici]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Oceanus Santonicus]], praesertim civitates [[Meduli|Medulorum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Santones|Santonum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Pictavi|Pictonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Armorica|Aremorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Britannia|Britannica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; (ostrea &quot;[[Rutupiae|Rutupino]] ... edita fundo&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis|Iuvenalis]], ''Saturae'' 4.140; ''These oysters may have come from Whitstable or from Colchester'': {{qc|id=Thompson (1947)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Caillebotte Nature morte aux huîtres.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gustavus Caillebotte]], ''Nature morte aux huîtres'' anno 1881 picta. Marie Berhaut, ''Caillebotte'' (Wilderstein Institute, 1994) no. 195]]
[[Fasciculus:Huitres Cancale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Ostreae edules'' [[Cancale]] in oppido [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] ad comedendum parantur]]

=== Cultura antiqua ===
Graeci antiqui ostreas viventes transvehebant, teste [[Aristoteles|Aristotele]], a [[Pyrrha (Lesbos)|Pyrrha]] in insula [[Lesbos|Lesbo]] ad [[Chius|Chium]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De generatione animalium]]'' 763 b 1&lt;/ref&gt; Ita transvectae semper florebant, dixit Plinius.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#61 32.61]&lt;/ref&gt; Ad usum Romanorum ostreae [[Brundisium|Brundisinae]], per [[mons Appenninus|Appenninos]] transportatae, in lacu Lucrino saturabantur vel impinguebantur (&quot;Ostrea tu sumis stagno saturata Lucrino&quot; ait cliens, [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]] epigrammatistae persona).&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]], ''Epigrammata'' 3.60&lt;/ref&gt; Testimonia picta culturae ostrearum Romanae collegit R. T. Günther.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Günther (1897)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliae in [[vivarium|vivariis]] ostreariis colebantur, per exemplum [[Baiae|Baiis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassiodorus]], ''Varia'' 9.6&lt;/ref&gt; Quas consuetudines [[Sergius Orata]] saeculo I a.C.n. primum invenisse &quot;non gulae causa, sed avaritiae&quot; dictus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/9*.html#168 9.168-169]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Britannia]] nuper in statum provinciae Romanae reducta ostreae a Rutupiis missa Romae celebrabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; Coquus [[Apicius (saeculum 2)|Apicius]] appellatus, tertius fortasse huius cognominis, in expeditione [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamena]] iuxta imperatorem [[Traianus|Traianum]] operam dans, methodum ostrearum crudarum a [[Syria]] ad exercitum transvehendarum primum invenisse dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Deipnosophistarum epitome]]'' 7d&lt;/ref&gt; Talis methodus in libro ''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicius]]'' nuncupato, saeculo fere IV confecto, descripta est: &quot;Ostrea ut diu durent: Vas ab aceto, aut ex aceto vasculum picitum laba, et ostrea compone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Apicius}} 1.12 (Grocock et Grainger [2006] pp. 136-137)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aestimatio recentior ===
[[Thomas Flatman]] poëta anno 1674 sermonem [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatianam]] de Catio ganeone ([[Unde et quo Catius|''Satirae'' 2.4]]) [[lingua Anglica|Anglice]] refecit: ibi ostreariam gastronomiam Britannicam saeculi XVII recapitulavit, ''Your Wallfleet Oysters no man will prefer Before the juicy Grass-green Colchester,'' insulam Wallfleet [[Essexia]]e urbemque [[Camulodunum]] fontes ostrearum [[Londinium|Londinii]] requisitarum indicans.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Flatman (1674)}}; Drew Smith, &quot;[http://theoysterman.blogspot.com/2008/05/mystery-of-wellfleet.html Mystery of Wellfleet]&quot; (2008)&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]] in [[Scotia]] ostreae insulae [[Cramond (insula)|Cramond]] laudabantur.&lt;ref&gt;''Ye ar sib to Cramond oysters &amp; puiter vessel ye ar ay clattering'' (c. 1625?) in E. Beveridge, J. D. Westwood, edd., ''Fergusson's Scottish Proverbs'' (1924) no. 1562 fide {{OED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multo tardius, ''The English green oysters are the best that is known'' (&quot;virides ostreae Anglicae optimae sunt omnium nobis cognitorum&quot;), ait anno [[1813]] [[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude]] coquus Francicus in [[Anglia]] degens.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude|Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The French Cook'' (Londinii, 1813) [https://archive.org/details/b21471721/page/358/mode/2up p. 359]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Etiam anno [[1861]] [[Herbertus Byng Hall]] Europaea litora ostreifera huius speciei plurima enumerare potuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Hall (1861)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sed a saeculo XIX abundantia ''Ostreae edulis'' ad litora [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantica]] boreorientalibus rapidissime deminuta est, tribus rationibus:&lt;ref&gt;Piscatus ostrearum in insula Cramond iam anno [[1806]] deletus est: ''Oysters beds on the coast, and about the islands of Cramond and Inchmickery, are almost destroyed from over fishing'' {{Google Books|TnBbAAAAQAAJ|s.v. &quot;Cramond&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; invasionem speciei ''[[Magallana gigas|Magallanae gigantis]]'' (iamdudum in aquas [[Portugallia]]e incaute introductae); urbibus litoralibus peregrinatione frequentatis et magnopere auctis, aquas adiacentes polluentibus; piscatum nimis assiduum ad incolas magnarum urbium procul mare iacentium per vias ferreas suppeditandos.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Huxley (1885)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie ergo maxima quantitas ostrearum, quas in [[Europa]] venditantur, ad speciem ''M. gigantem'' pertinent. Plura inquisitiones scientificae de oecologia huius speciei citari possunt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Acarlı (2015)}}; {{qc|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)}}; {{qc|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)}}&lt;/ref&gt; nihilominus perpauca litora manent ubi species ''O. edulis'' contra invasores protegitur et sine pollutione viget.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Laing et al.}}; {{qc|id= Oysters galore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* ante 79 : {{ec|id=Plinius|c={{Pnh}} 2.109, 9.168-169, 32.59-62 et alibi}}
* saeculo I medio : {{ec|id=Xenocrates|c=[[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis]], ''De alimento ex aquatilibus'' 95-96 apud [[Oribasius|Oribasii]] ''[[Collectiones medicae]]'' [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/oribase/deuxgrec.htm 2.58] (Ioannes Raeder, ed., ''Oribasii Collectionum medicarum reliquiae''. 2 voll. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1929 [https://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_06_01_01.php vol. 1 p. 53])}}
* saeculo IV exeunte: [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 5 [https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CQC-381/page/12/mode/2up Textus]
* saec. IV? : {{ec|id=Apicius|c=''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 1.12], [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 9.6, 9.11] (Christopher Grocock, Sally Grainger, edd., ''Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation'' [Totenais: Prospect Books, 2006. ISBN 1903018137] pp. 136, 292, 296)}}
* saeculo VIII/X : [[Liber Exoniensis]] aenigma 74 vel 77 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903091110/http://www2.kenyon.edu/AngloSaxonRiddles/Riddles/Riddle74.htm Textus]
* 1594 : [[Ioannes Norden|John Norden]], ''Speculi Britanniae pars: an historical and chorographical description of the county of Essex'' ([[Henricus Ellis|Henry Ellis]], ed., ''Speculi Britanniae pars''. Londinii: Camden Society, 1840 {{Google Books|bc0_AAAAcAAJ}}
* ante 1674 : {{ec|id= Flatman (1674)|c= &quot;A character of a belly god&quot; in [[Thomas Flatman]], ''Poems and songs'' (Londinii: Benjamin Took, 1674) [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A39652.0001.001/1:62?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Recensio interretialis] }}
* 1778 : Emanuel Mendes da Costa, ''Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae, or, The British conchology'' (Londinii: Millan) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13116783#page/173/mode/1up pp. 154-163] (&quot;Ostreum vulgare&quot;)
* 1805 : [[Grimod de la Reynière]] et al., ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' vol. 3 (2a ed. 1805) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0003 pp. 176-177]; vol. 5 (1807) p. 24; vol. 8 (1812) pp. 37-40
* 1817/1827 : [[Gulielmus Kitchiner|William Kitchiner]], ''Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle''. Londinii: Bagster, 1817 [https://archive.org/details/b21533908/page/n171/mode/2up no. 181]; [https://archive.org/details/b22016430/page/n247/mode/2up no. 181-183 novae ed. 1827]
* 1825 : [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (Lutetiae, 1826) [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0001/page/168/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 169-171], 347-348; [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0002/page/322/mode/2up vol. 2 p. 323]
* 1861 : {{ec|id= Hall (1861)|c= [[Herbertus Byng Hall]], ''The Oyster: where, how, and when to find, breed, cook, and eat it''. Londinii: Trübner, 1861 [https://archive.org/details/b21526862 Textus] }}
* 1883 : {{ec|id= Huxley (1885)|c= [[Thomas Henricus Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], &quot;[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgltm&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=11&amp;skin=2021 Oysters and the Oyster Question]&quot; in ''Articles on the propagation of oysters'' (Sydneii: Government Printer, 1885) pp. 1-44 }}
* 1890-1891 : John R. Philpots, ''Oysters, and all about them''. 2 voll. Londinii: John Richardson, 1890-1891 [https://archive.org/details/oystersallaboutt01phil Textus] {{GB|8lkYAAAAYAAJ|Vol. 1}} {{Google Books|R1oYAAAAYAAJ|vol. 2}}

; Eruditio
* Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21827693/Comparative_Growth_Survival_and_Condition_Index_of_Flat_Oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Linnaeus_1758_in_Mersin_Bay_Aegean_Sea_Turkey Comparative Growth, Survival and Condition Index of Flat Oyster, Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus 1758) in Mersin Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey]&quot; in ''Kafkas Universitet Vet. Fac. Dergisi'' vol. 17 (2011) pp. 203-210
* {{ec|id= Acarlı (2015)|c= Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1601 Seasonal variation in reproductive activity and biochemical composition of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in the Homa Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Turkey]&quot; in ''Scientia Marina'' vol. 74 (2015) }}
* A. C. Andrews, &quot;Oysters as a food in Greece and Rome&quot; in ''Classical Journal'' vol. 43 (1948) pp. 299-303
* {{ec|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)|c= Andy Beaumont et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41706017_Genetics_of_Scottish_populations_of_the_native_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Gene_flow_human_intervention_and_conservation Genetics of Scottish populations of the native oyster, Ostrea edulis: Gene flow, human intervention and conservation]&quot; in ''Aquatic Living Resources'' vol. 19 (2006) }}
* {{ec|id=Günther (1897)|c=R. T. Günther, &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37287#page/390/mode/1up The Oyster Culture of the Ancient Romans]&quot; in ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'' n.s. vol. 4 (1895/1897) pp. 360-365}}
* {{ec|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)|c= Margot Maathuis, Joop W.P. Coolen, Tom Van der Have, Pauline Kamermans, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337937622_Factors_determining_the_timing_of_swarming_of_European_flat_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_L_larvae_in_the_Dutch_Delta_area_Implications_for_flat_oyster_restoration Factors determining the timing of swarming of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) larvae in the Dutch Delta area: Implications for flat oyster restoration]&quot; in ''Journal of Sea Research'' (Decembri 2019) }}
* P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR]
* Ramasamy Santhanam, ''Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs'' (Apple Academic Press, 2018) pp. 40-41, 389-391 {{Google Books|8llgDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Thompson (1947)|c=D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, ''Glossary of Greek Fishes'' (Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1947) pp. 190-192}}
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.winder Oysters and Other Marine Shells]&quot; in M. Atkinson, S.J. Preston, ''Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5'' (''Internet Archaeology vol. 40, 2015)
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[https://conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld25/8 Two thousand years of eating oysters in the UK: an archaeological perspective]&quot; in ''Mollusc World'' no. 25 (2011)

; Praecepta culinaria
{{Vide-etiam|Ostrearium genus#Praecepta culinaria}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ostrearium genus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Ostrea edulis|Ostream edulem}}
{{Vicispecies}}
* &quot;[http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Ostrea_edulis/en Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758)]&quot; apud [[FAO]] ''Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme''
* {{ec|id= Laing et al.|c= Ian Laing, Peter Walker, Francisco Areal, &quot;[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/119344/response/296705/attach/6/A%20feasibility%20study%20of%20native%20oyster%20Ostrea%20edulis%20stock%20regeneration%20in%20the.pdf A feasibility study of native oyster (Ostrea edulis) stock regeneration in the United Kingdom]&quot; }}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211022155558/https://www.kentandessex-ifca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Appendix-1.pdf Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries Marine Conservation Zone: native oyster permit byelaw consultation]&quot;
* &quot;[https://www.pangeashellfish.com/belon-oyster Belon Oysters: Quahog Bay, Harpswell, Maine]&quot; apud ''Oysterology''
* &quot;[http://wsg.washington.edu/oysterstew/cool/oystervarieties.html Oyster Varieties]&quot; (i.e. species in civitate Vasingtoniensi cultae) apud universitatem Vasingtoniensem
* {{ec|id= Oysters galore|c= &quot;[http://edinburghshoreline.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Shoreline-detailed-file-oysters.pdf Oysters galore!]&quot; }} (de ostreis Scoticis)
* Connor Law, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231102170803/https://nen.press/2021/04/17/cramond-islands-rich-history/ Cramond Island’s rich history]&quot; (Aprili 2021) apud ''North Edinburgh News''

[[Categoria:Ostreidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Mollusca culta]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
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{{Capsa taxinomica
| image = Ostrea edulis 01.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'': testa intus extusque visa
| regnum = [[Animalia]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
| ordo = [[Ostreoida]]
| subordo = [[Ostreina]]
| familia = [[Ostreidae]]| genus = ''[[Ostrea]]''
| species = ''O. edulis''
| species_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]]
}}
'''''Ostrea edulis''''', Latinitate classica '''ostrea''' seu rarius '''ostreum''' ([[Graece]] ὄστρεον, ὄστρειον),&lt;ref&gt;{{L&amp;S}} s.v. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3Dostrea &quot;ostrea&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; est illa species [[bivalvia|bivalvium]] generis ''[[Ostrea]]e'' quae olim fere ubique in litoribus [[Europa]]e reperta multis locis culta est. Ibidem hodie species ''[[Magallana gigas]]'' introducta est. ''Ostrea edulis'' in variis partibus Europae rursus introducta, rarius viget. Ad litora multarum [[Europa]]e civitatum colitur, insuper in [[Tunesia]], [[Marocum|Maroco]], [[Namibia]], [[Africa Australis|Africa Australi]] necnon [[Cenomannica]]. ''O. edulium'' cultarum anno 2015 2&amp;nbsp;872&amp;nbsp;000 [[chiliogramma]]ta venditata sunt, pretio $19&amp;nbsp;363&amp;nbsp;000.&lt;ref&gt;''FAO Fisheries Yearbook 2015: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/navigation/index_intro_e.htm Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics]'' (2017) [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/root/aquaculture/b53.pdf pp. 116-117]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Exeter Book f 127r Oyster riddle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Aenigma]] ostrei: [[liber Exoniensis]] (saeculo XI exscriptus) f. 127r]]
[[Fasciculus:Jacob Fobsen Van Es Déjeuner Nancy 250808.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Prandium e cibo marino compositum ab {{creanda|nl|Jacob Foppens van Es|Iacobus Foppens van Es|Iacobo van Es}} medio saeculo XVII pictum ([[Museum Bellarum Artium Nanceiense]])]]
[[Fasciculus:2017-02 Johann Wilhelm Preyer - Still life with champagne and oysters.jpg|thumb|''Ostreae edules'' cum [[limon]]e, [[capsicum (fructus)|capsico]], [[prunum|prunis]] et [[vinum Campanicum|Campanico]] ad comedendum oblatae. Tabula [[Ioannes Gulielmus Preyer|Ioannis Gulielmi Preyer]] anni 1857]]

== Historia ==
Iam aevo praehistorico ostreae huius speciei ad litora [[Mare Mediterraneum|Mediterranea]] et [[Europa]]ea ab hominibus quaerebantur. Graeci Romanique ostreas saepe cruda, saepe et cocta comederunt: ita de nutrimento [[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]] saeculo II exeunte &quot;ostrea inter alia testacea&quot; ait &quot;carnem habent mollissimam ... alvum valentius subducunt, corpus autem imbecillius nutriunt&quot;; at quamquam alia ostracoderma &quot;omnia elixantur, ostrea vero citra elixationem mandunt[ur]; quidam autem etiam in sartagine frigunt&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Claudius Galenus|Galenus]], ''[[De alimentorum facultatibus]]'' [https://archive.org/details/hapantaoperaomni06galeuoft/page/734/mode/1up vol. 6 p. 734 Kühn]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Geographia ostrearia antiqua ===
Sub monarchiis [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticis]] [[Imperium Romanum|Romanoque]] gastronomi assidui ostreas harum regionum fere omnium degustare potuerunt: ita aestimatio ostrearum nonnumquam in fontibus Graecis et Romanis descripta est. [[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis|Xenocrates]] diaeteticus saeculo I p.C.n., facultatibus ostrearum diaeteticis expositis, ostrea optima e talibus explorationibus reperta sic enumeravit:
:Ὄστρεα τὰ πελάγια σπάνια καὶ ἀχρεῖα διὰ τὸ μὴ θεωρεῖσθαι ὑφ' ἡλίου ... διὸ κάλλιστα κατὰ τὰς ἐκβολὰς τοῦ Νείλου ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ. Καὶ ἐν Ἐφέσῳ κατὰ τὴν εἰσβολὴν τοῦ Καϋστρίου εἰς καταβόλους ... πάλιν κατὰ Βρεντέσιον, Ταρακῶνα, Ναρβῶνα, Δικαιαρχείαν ἐν Λουκρίνῳ λάκκῳ, Χελιδονίας, Λευκάδα, Ἄκτιον, Λιβυκοὺς κόλπους
(&quot;Ostrea pelagica tenues et sine nutrimento quia sole non videntur ... ergo pulcherrima ad ostia [[Nilus|Nili]] reperiuntur [[Ephesus|Ephesique]] in aditu [[Cayster|Caystri]] ... [[Brundisium|Brundisii]] etiam, [[Tarraco]]ne, [[Narbo]]ne, [[Puteoli|Dicaearchiae]] in [[lacus Lucrinus|lacu Lucrino]], Chelidoniis, [[Leucas|Leucade]], [[Actium|Actii]] et in [[Syrtes|sinubus Libycis]]&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Xenocrates}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Gaius Plinius Secundus|Plinius]] encyclopaedicus eodem aevo e relationibus [[Gaius Licinius Mucianus|Muciani]] ter consulis haec citavit:
:sunt ergo Muciani verba, quae subiciam: [[Cyzicus|Cyzicena]] maiora [[lacus Lucrinus|Lucrinis]], dulciora [[Britannia|Britannicis]], suaviora [[Meduli]]s, acriora [[Ephesus|Ephesiis]], pleniora [[Illici|Iliciensibus]], sicciora [[Coryphantis|Coryphantenis]], teneriora [[Istria|Histricis]], candidiora [[Circeii|Circeiensibus]]: sed his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla esse compertum est.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#62 32.62]&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Variantur coloribus&quot;, addidit Plinius, fonte non citato, &quot;rufa Hispaniae, fusca Illyrico, nigra et carne et testa Circeiis&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot;&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#60 32.60]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]] saeculo IV exeunte productius, sed praecipue de provinciis occidentalibus:
:Sed mihi prae cunctis mitissima quae [[Meduli|Medulorum]]&lt;br/&gt;
:Educat oceanus, quae [[Burdigala|Burdigalensia]] nomen&lt;br/&gt;
:Usque ad Caesareas tulit admiratio mensas ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Proxima sint quaevis, sed longe proxima multo&lt;br/&gt;
:Ex intervallo quae [[Massilia|Massiliensia]]: portum&lt;br/&gt;
:Quae [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Veneris]] nutrit; cultuque carentis&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Hellespontus|Hellespontiaci]] quae protegit aequor [[Abydus|Abydi]]:&lt;br/&gt;
:Vel quae [[Baiae|Baianis]] pendent qui tantia pilis:&lt;br/&gt;
:[[Oceanus Santonicus|Santonico]] quae tecta salo: quae nota Genonis:&lt;br/&gt;
:Aut [[Ebora]]e mixtus pelago quae protegit amnis ...&lt;br/&gt;
:Sunt et [[Armorica|Aremorici]] qui laudent ostrea ponti:&lt;br/&gt;
:Et quae [[Pictavi|Pictonici]] legit accola litoris: et quae&lt;br/&gt;
:Mira [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonius]] nonnunquam detegit aestus.&lt;br/&gt;
:Accedunt, quae fama recens [[Byzantium|Byzantia]] subter&lt;br/&gt;
:Litora, et insana generata [[Propontis|Propontidis]] acta,&lt;br/&gt;
:Promoti celebrata ducis de nomine, laudat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 3.18-40 (ed. Green [1991] pp. 194-195, 608-611); Ferdinand Gidon, &quot;Sur la biogéographie de l'huître dans Ausone, huîtres du Calvados ou huîtres d'Eboura?&quot; in ''Comptes rendus sommaires des séances de la Société de Biogéographie'' vol. 16 no. 132 (1939) [https://orage.univ-lorraine.fr/files/original/ea4dc900dfd317d4cbdf33ed8c5d009de62c9b91.pdf prima pagina]&lt;/ref&gt;

E talibus citationibus pluribus, inter se haud dissonantibus, geographia classica ''Ostreae edulis'' reconstruitur in qua regiones, quae sequuntur, innotuunt:
* Ostia [[Nilus|Nili]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Syrtis minor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hellespontus]]: &quot;ora Hellespontia, ceteris ostreosior oris&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[[Catullus]], fragmenta 1.3-4&lt;/ref&gt; praesertim [[Abydos]]: &quot;aspera ostrea plurima Abydi&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Quintus Ennius|Ennius]], ''[[Hedyphagetica]]'', post [[Archestratus|Archestratum]] fr. 7 ed. Olson et Sens {{apud Ath}} 92d&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ostriferi fauces ... Abydi&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]], ''[[Georgica]]'' 1.207&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Aenigma ostrei ''P. Louvre inv. 7733 verso'': P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR], cf. [[Ostrearium genus]]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Propontis]], praesertim [[Cyzicus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; &quot;ostrifer [[Calchedon]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[Lucanus]], ''[[Pharsalia]]'' 9.968&lt;/ref&gt; necnon &quot;ostrifer [[Geraestus]]&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;[[Valerius Flaccus]], ''[[Argonautica (Valerius Flaccus)|Argonautica]] 1.456&lt;/ref&gt; [[Constantinopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Aegaeum mare]], praesertim [[Ephesus]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; [[Coryphantis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Actium]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Leucas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Illyricum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; [[Istria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Brundisium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;
* [[Puteoli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; et praesertim [[lacus Lucrinus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt;
* [[Circeii]]:&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; &quot;nigra et carne et testa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; &quot;his neque dulciora neque teneriora ulla&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Narbonensis]], praesertim [[Massilia]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Narbo]] ad [[Portus Veneris|Portum Veneris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Hispania]]e &quot;rufa&quot;;&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius 32.60&quot; /&gt; praesertim [[Tarraco]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Xenocrates&quot; /&gt; [[Illici]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;
* [[Oceanus Santonicus]], praesertim civitates [[Meduli|Medulorum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Santones|Santonum]];&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt; [[Pictavi|Pictonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Armorica|Aremorica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;
* Litora [[Britannia|Britannica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Plinius&quot; /&gt; (ostrea &quot;[[Rutupiae|Rutupino]] ... edita fundo&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot;&gt;[[Decimus Iunius Iuvenalis|Iuvenalis]], ''Saturae'' 4.140; ''These oysters may have come from Whitstable or from Colchester'': {{qc|id=Thompson (1947)}} p. 192&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Oceanus Deucaledonius|Caledonia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Caillebotte Nature morte aux huîtres.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|[[Gustavus Caillebotte]], ''Nature morte aux huîtres'' anno 1881 picta. Marie Berhaut, ''Caillebotte'' (Wilderstein Institute, 1994) no. 195]]
[[Fasciculus:Huitres Cancale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|''Ostreae edules'' [[Cancale]] in oppido [[Britannia Minor|Britanniae Minoris]] ad comedendum parantur]]

=== Cultura antiqua ===
Graeci antiqui ostreas viventes transvehebant, teste [[Aristoteles|Aristotele]], a [[Pyrrha (Lesbos)|Pyrrha]] in insula [[Lesbos|Lesbo]] ad [[Chius|Chium]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Aristoteles]], ''[[De generatione animalium]]'' 763 b 1&lt;/ref&gt; Ita transvectae semper florebant, dixit Plinius.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/32*.html#61 32.61]&lt;/ref&gt; Ad usum Romanorum ostreae [[Brundisium|Brundisinae]], per [[mons Appenninus|Appenninos]] transportatae, in lacu Lucrino saturabantur vel impinguebantur (&quot;Ostrea tu sumis stagno saturata Lucrino&quot; ait cliens, [[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]] epigrammatistae persona).&lt;ref&gt;[[Marcus Valerius Martialis|Martialis]], ''Epigrammata'' 3.60&lt;/ref&gt; Testimonia picta culturae ostrearum Romanae collegit R. T. Günther.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Günther (1897)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aliae in [[vivarium|vivariis]] ostreariis colebantur, per exemplum [[Baiae|Baiis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ausonius&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Cassiodorus]], ''Varia'' 9.6&lt;/ref&gt; Quas consuetudines [[Sergius Orata]] saeculo I a.C.n. primum invenisse &quot;non gulae causa, sed avaritiae&quot; dictus est.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Plinius}} [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/L/Roman/Texts/Pliny_the_Elder/9*.html#168 9.168-169]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Britannia]] nuper in statum provinciae Romanae reducta ostreae a Rutupiis missa Romae celebrabantur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Iuvenalis&quot; /&gt; Coquus [[Apicius (saeculum 2)|Apicius]] appellatus, tertius fortasse huius cognominis, in expeditione [[Mesopotamia|Mesopotamena]] iuxta imperatorem [[Traianus|Traianum]] operam dans, methodum ostrearum crudarum a [[Syria]] ad exercitum transvehendarum primum invenisse dicitur.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Deipnosophistarum epitome]]'' 7d&lt;/ref&gt; Talis methodus in libro ''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria|Apicius]]'' nuncupato, saeculo fere IV confecto, descripta est: &quot;Ostrea ut diu durent: Vas ab aceto, aut ex aceto vasculum picitum laba, et ostrea compone.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Apicius}} 1.12 (Grocock et Grainger [2006] pp. 136-137)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aestimatio recentior ===
[[Thomas Flatman]] poëta anno 1674 sermonem [[Quintus Horatius Flaccus|Horatianam]] de Catio ganeone ([[Unde et quo Catius|''Satirae'' 2.4]]) [[lingua Anglica|Anglice]] refecit: ibi ostreariam gastronomiam Britannicam saeculi XVII recapitulavit, ''Your Wallfleet Oysters no man will prefer Before the juicy Grass-green Colchester,'' insulam Wallfleet [[Essexia]]e urbemque [[Camulodunum]] fontes ostrearum [[Londinium|Londinii]] requisitarum indicans.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Flatman (1674)}}; Drew Smith, &quot;[http://theoysterman.blogspot.com/2008/05/mystery-of-wellfleet.html Mystery of Wellfleet]&quot; (2008)&lt;/ref&gt; Eodem aevo [[Edinburgum|Edinburgi]] in [[Scotia]] ostreae insulae [[Cramond (insula)|Cramond]] laudabantur.&lt;ref&gt;''Ye ar sib to Cramond oysters &amp; puiter vessel ye ar ay clattering'' (c. 1625?) in E. Beveridge, J. D. Westwood, edd., ''Fergusson's Scottish Proverbs'' (1924) no. 1562 fide {{OED}}&lt;/ref&gt; Multo tardius, ''The English green oysters are the best that is known'' (&quot;virides ostreae Anglicae optimae sunt omnium nobis cognitorum&quot;), ait anno [[1813]] [[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude]] coquus Francicus in [[Anglia]] degens.&lt;ref&gt;[[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude|Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The French Cook'' (Londinii, 1813) [https://archive.org/details/b21471721/page/358/mode/2up p. 359]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Etiam anno [[1861]] [[Herbertus Byng Hall]] Europaea litora ostreifera huius speciei plurima enumerare potuit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Hall (1861)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sed a saeculo XIX abundantia ''Ostreae edulis'' ad litora [[Oceanus Atlanticus|Atlantica]] boreorientalibus rapidissime deminuta est, tribus rationibus:&lt;ref&gt;Piscatus ostrearum in insula Cramond iam anno [[1806]] deletus est: ''Oysters beds on the coast, and about the islands of Cramond and Inchmickery, are almost destroyed from over fishing'' {{Google Books|TnBbAAAAQAAJ|s.v. &quot;Cramond&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; invasionem speciei ''[[Magallana gigas|Magallanae gigantis]]'' (iamdudum in aquas [[Portugallia]]e incaute introductae); urbibus litoralibus peregrinatione frequentatis et magnopere auctis, aquas adiacentes polluentibus; piscatum nimis assiduum ad incolas magnarum urbium procul mare iacentium per vias ferreas suppeditandos.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Huxley (1885)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hodie ergo maxima quantitas ostrearum, quas in [[Europa]] venditantur, ad speciem ''M. gigantem'' pertinent. Plura inquisitiones scientificae de oecologia huius speciei citari possunt;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Acarlı (2015)}}; {{qc|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)}}; {{qc|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)}}&lt;/ref&gt; nihilominus perpauca litora manent ubi species ''O. edulis'' contra invasores protegitur et sine pollutione viget.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id= Laing et al.}}; {{qc|id= Oysters galore}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Fontes antiquiores
* ante 79 : {{ec|id=Plinius|c={{Pnh}} 2.109, 9.168-169, 32.59-62 et alibi}}
* saeculo I medio : {{ec|id=Xenocrates|c=[[Xenocrates Aphrodisiensis]], ''De alimento ex aquatilibus'' 95-96 apud [[Oribasius|Oribasii]] ''[[Collectiones medicae]]'' [http://remacle.org/bloodwolf/erudits/oribase/deuxgrec.htm 2.58] (Ioannes Raeder, ed., ''Oribasii Collectionum medicarum reliquiae''. 2 voll. Lipsiae: Teubner, 1929 [https://cmg.bbaw.de/epubl/online/cmg_06_01_01.php vol. 1 p. 53])}}
* saeculo IV exeunte: [[Decimus Magnus Ausonius|Ausonius]], ''Epistulae'' 5 [https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CQC-381/page/12/mode/2up Textus]
* saec. IV? : {{ec|id=Apicius|c=''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 1.12], [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 9.6, 9.11] (Christopher Grocock, Sally Grainger, edd., ''Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation'' [Totenais: Prospect Books, 2006. ISBN 1903018137] pp. 136, 292, 296)}}
* saeculo VIII/X : [[Liber Exoniensis]] aenigma 74 vel 77 [https://web.archive.org/web/20060903091110/http://www2.kenyon.edu/AngloSaxonRiddles/Riddles/Riddle74.htm Textus]
* 1594 : [[Ioannes Norden|John Norden]], ''Speculi Britanniae pars: an historical and chorographical description of the county of Essex'' ([[Henricus Ellis|Henry Ellis]], ed., ''Speculi Britanniae pars''. Londinii: Camden Society, 1840 {{Google Books|bc0_AAAAcAAJ}}
* ante 1674 : {{ec|id= Flatman (1674)|c= &quot;A character of a belly god&quot; in [[Thomas Flatman]], ''Poems and songs'' (Londinii: Benjamin Took, 1674) [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A39652.0001.001/1:62?rgn=div1;view=fulltext Recensio interretialis] }}
* 1778 : Emanuel Mendes da Costa, ''Historia naturalis testaceorum Britanniae, or, The British conchology'' (Londinii: Millan) [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13116783#page/173/mode/1up pp. 154-163] (&quot;Ostreum vulgare&quot;)
* 1805 : [[Grimod de la Reynière]] et al., ''[[Almanach des gourmands]]'' vol. 3 (2a ed. 1805) [https://archive.org/details/b21525250_0003 pp. 176-177]; vol. 5 (1807) p. 24; vol. 8 (1812) pp. 37-40
* 1817/1827 : [[Gulielmus Kitchiner|William Kitchiner]], ''Apicius Redivivus, or The Cook's Oracle''. Londinii: Bagster, 1817 [https://archive.org/details/b21533908/page/n171/mode/2up no. 181]; [https://archive.org/details/b22016430/page/n247/mode/2up no. 181-183 novae ed. 1827]
* 1825 : [[Ioannes Anthelmus Brillat-Savarin]], ''[[Physiologie du goût]]'' (Lutetiae, 1826) [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0001/page/168/mode/2up vol. 1 pp. 169-171], 347-348; [https://archive.org/details/b28748177_0002/page/322/mode/2up vol. 2 p. 323]
* 1861 : {{ec|id= Hall (1861)|c= [[Herbertus Byng Hall]], ''The Oyster: where, how, and when to find, breed, cook, and eat it''. Londinii: Trübner, 1861 [https://archive.org/details/b21526862 Textus] }}
* 1883 : {{ec|id= Huxley (1885)|c= [[Thomas Henricus Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], &quot;[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgltm&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=11&amp;skin=2021 Oysters and the Oyster Question]&quot; in ''Articles on the propagation of oysters'' (Sydneii: Government Printer, 1885) pp. 1-44 }}
* 1890-1891 : John R. Philpots, ''Oysters, and all about them''. 2 voll. Londinii: John Richardson, 1890-1891 [https://archive.org/details/oystersallaboutt01phil Textus] {{GB|8lkYAAAAYAAJ|Vol. 1}} {{Google Books|R1oYAAAAYAAJ|vol. 2}}

; Eruditio
* Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/21827693/Comparative_Growth_Survival_and_Condition_Index_of_Flat_Oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Linnaeus_1758_in_Mersin_Bay_Aegean_Sea_Turkey Comparative Growth, Survival and Condition Index of Flat Oyster, Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus 1758) in Mersin Bay, Aegean Sea, Turkey]&quot; in ''Kafkas Universitet Vet. Fac. Dergisi'' vol. 17 (2011) pp. 203-210
* {{ec|id= Acarlı (2015)|c= Sefa Acarlı, &quot;[https://scientiamarina.revistas.csic.es/index.php/scientiamarina/article/view/1601 Seasonal variation in reproductive activity and biochemical composition of flat oyster (Ostrea edulis) in the Homa Lagoon, Izmir Bay, Turkey]&quot; in ''Scientia Marina'' vol. 74 (2015) }}
* A. C. Andrews, &quot;Oysters as a food in Greece and Rome&quot; in ''Classical Journal'' vol. 43 (1948) pp. 299-303 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3293643 JSTOR]
* {{ec|id= Beaumont et al. (2006)|c= Andy Beaumont et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/41706017_Genetics_of_Scottish_populations_of_the_native_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_Gene_flow_human_intervention_and_conservation Genetics of Scottish populations of the native oyster, Ostrea edulis: Gene flow, human intervention and conservation]&quot; in ''Aquatic Living Resources'' vol. 19 (2006) }}
* {{ec|id=Günther (1897)|c=R. T. Günther, &quot;[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/37287#page/390/mode/1up The Oyster Culture of the Ancient Romans]&quot; in ''Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom'' n.s. vol. 4 (1895/1897) pp. 360-365}}
* Auguste-François Lièvre, &quot;Les huitres nourries en eau douce dans l'ancienne Aquitaine: problème d'archéologie et de zooéthique&quot; in ''Revue archéologique'' (1883). Separatim: Lutetiae: J. Baer, 1883; [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100536489 Textus apud Hathi Trust]
* {{ec|id= Maathuis et al. (2019)|c= Margot Maathuis, Joop W.P. Coolen, Tom Van der Have, Pauline Kamermans, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/337937622_Factors_determining_the_timing_of_swarming_of_European_flat_oyster_Ostrea_edulis_L_larvae_in_the_Dutch_Delta_area_Implications_for_flat_oyster_restoration Factors determining the timing of swarming of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) larvae in the Dutch Delta area: Implications for flat oyster restoration]&quot; in ''Journal of Sea Research'' (Decembri 2019) }}
* Marx, &quot;Austern&quot; in {{PW}} vol. 2 pars ii (1896) pp. 2589-2592
* P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR] (de quo carmine vide [[Ostreum (aenigma Graecum)]])
* Ramasamy Santhanam, ''Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs'' (Apple Academic Press, 2018) pp. 40-41, 389-391 {{Google Books|8llgDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Thompson (1947)|c=D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson, ''Glossary of Greek Fishes'' (Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1947) pp. 190-192}}
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.40.1.winder Oysters and Other Marine Shells]&quot; in M. Atkinson, S.J. Preston, ''Heybridge: A Late Iron Age and Roman Settlement, Excavations at Elms Farm 1993-5'' (''Internet Archaeology vol. 40, 2015)
* Jessica M. Winder, &quot;[https://conchsoc.org/MolluscWorld25/8 Two thousand years of eating oysters in the UK: an archaeological perspective]&quot; in ''Mollusc World'' no. 25 (2011)

; Praecepta culinaria
{{Vide-etiam|Ostrearium genus#Praecepta culinaria}}

{{NexInt}}
* [[Ostrearium genus]]

== Nexus externi ==
{{Fontes biologici}}
{{CommuniaCat|Ostrea edulis|Ostream edulem}}
{{Vicispecies}}
* &quot;[http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Ostrea_edulis/en Ostrea edulis (Linnaeus, 1758)]&quot; apud [[FAO]] ''Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme''
* {{ec|id= Laing et al.|c= Ian Laing, Peter Walker, Francisco Areal, &quot;[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/119344/response/296705/attach/6/A%20feasibility%20study%20of%20native%20oyster%20Ostrea%20edulis%20stock%20regeneration%20in%20the.pdf A feasibility study of native oyster (Ostrea edulis) stock regeneration in the United Kingdom]&quot; }}
* &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20211022155558/https://www.kentandessex-ifca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Appendix-1.pdf Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries Marine Conservation Zone: native oyster permit byelaw consultation]&quot;
* &quot;[https://www.pangeashellfish.com/belon-oyster Belon Oysters: Quahog Bay, Harpswell, Maine]&quot; apud ''Oysterology''
* &quot;[http://wsg.washington.edu/oysterstew/cool/oystervarieties.html Oyster Varieties]&quot; (i.e. species in civitate Vasingtoniensi cultae) apud universitatem Vasingtoniensem
* {{ec|id= Oysters galore|c= &quot;[http://edinburghshoreline.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Shoreline-detailed-file-oysters.pdf Oysters galore!]&quot; }} (de ostreis Scoticis)
* Connor Law, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231102170803/https://nen.press/2021/04/17/cramond-islands-rich-history/ Cramond Island’s rich history]&quot; (Aprili 2021) apud ''North Edinburgh News''

[[Categoria:Ostreidae]]
[[Categoria:Taxa 1758]]
[[Categoria:Taxa Linnaei]]
[[Categoria:Mollusca culta]]
[[Categoria:Species animalium]]
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    <title>Ostrearium genus</title>
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      <text bytes="24275" sha1="2nrgkzzg5q53v76l8f6mo3f6n72vjtp" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:2017-02 Johann Wilhelm Preyer - Still life with champagne and oysters.jpg|thumb|''[[Ostrea edulis|Ostreae edules]]'' cum [[limon]]e, [[capsicum (fructus)|capsico]], [[prunum|prunis]] et [[vinum Campanicum|Campanico]] ad comedendum oblatae. Tabula [[Ioannes Gulielmus Preyer|Ioannis Gulielmi Preyer]] anni 1857]]
'''Ostrearium genus'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Google Books|0B9DAAAAcAAJ|index s.v. &quot;ostrearium genus omne&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; est grex paraphyleticus [[bivalvia|bivalvium]] quae homines ad comedendum quaerunt, venditant, saepe colunt, quae etiam incocta sumere solent. Per orbem terrarum anno 2015 ostreorum omnium generum 5 321 737 000 chiliogrammata venditata sunt, pretio dollarium 4 094 411 000.&lt;ref&gt;''FAO Fisheries Yearbook 2015: [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/navigation/index_intro_e.htm Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics]'' (2017) [http://www.fao.org/fishery/static/Yearbook/YB2015_CD_Master/root/aquaculture/b53.pdf pp. 116-117]&lt;/ref&gt; Anno 2019 per [[aquacultura]] chiliogrammata 6 126 000 000 venditata sunt, pretio dollarium 7 243 000 000; eodem anno chiliogrammata 134 000 000 ostreorum incultorum per [[piscatus|capturam]] venditata sunt, pretio dollarium 174 000 000.&lt;ref&gt;''FAO Fisheries Yearbook: [https://www.fao.org/3/cb7874t/cb7874t.pdf Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics 2019]'' p. 53&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Exeter Book f 127r Oyster riddle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Aenigma]] ostrei: [[liber Exoniensis]] (saeculo XI exscriptus) f. 127r]]
Aenigma [[lingua Graeca|Graecum]] [[Hellenismus|Hellenisticum]] papyro servatum, cui &quot;ostreum&quot; respondet, sic reconstructum est:
:[Μέ]μνονος Αἰθιοπῆος ὅπου χυτὸν ἤρίον ἐστίν&lt;br /&gt;
::[ . . .&lt;br /&gt;
:&amp;nbsp;...&amp;nbsp;]ης δ' ἀδάμαντο[ς ἐ]πὶ σπιλάδεσσι τιθήνει,&lt;br /&gt;
::Ἀγροτέρης ἐραταῖς λαμπάσι τερπόμενον·&lt;br /&gt;
:θ[οίν]η δ' [εἰ]μὶ βροτοῖσιν ἀφέψαλος, ἡνίκα Δωσοῦς&lt;br /&gt;
::[νυμφί]ος [ἀ]νδιχάσῃ ῥινοτόροις βέλεσιν&lt;br /&gt;
(&quot;Prope tumulum [[Memnon (heros)|Memnon]]is Aethiopis [non Nilus me nutrivit sed Pontus Helles virgineae] ad scopulos adamantinos dum radiis Agroterae [Artemidos] perfundor. Igne expers dapes sum mortalibus, cum Dosus [Aphrodites] sponsus mihi cutem cultello desecet.&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;''P. Louvre inv. 7733 verso'': P. J. Parsons, &quot;The Oyster&quot; in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' vol. 24 (1977) pp. 1-12 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20181273 JSTOR]&lt;/ref&gt; Memnonium prope [[Abydos|Abydum]] ad litus [[Hellespontus|Hellesponti]] suggeritur; ostrea Abydi scriptores Graeci Romanique saepe laudaverunt.&lt;ref&gt;[[Archestratus]] fr. 7 ed. Olson et Sens {{apud Ath}} 92d; post illum &quot;aspera ostrea plurima Abydi&quot;, [[Quintus Ennius|Ennius]], ''[[Hedyphagetica]]''; &quot;ostriferi fauces ... Abydi&quot;, [[Publius Vergilius Maro|Vergilius]], ''[[Georgica]]'' 1.207. Haud dissentiens &quot;ora Hellespontia, ceteris ostreosior oris&quot;, [[Catullus]], fragmenta 2.4&lt;/ref&gt; Aenigma [[lingua Anglo-Saxonica|Anglosaxonicum]], saeculo fere X scriptum, ostreum simili modo annuit (apud [[Britannia|Britannos]] eius aevi species ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'' tantum cognita est):
:''Sæ mec fedde, sundhelm þeahte,''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Ond mec yþa wrugon eorþan getenge''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Feþelease; oft ic flode ongean''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Muð ontynde. Nu wile monna sum''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Min flæsc fretan, felles ne recceð,''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Siþþan he me of sidan seaxes orde''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Hyd arypeð, [...]ec hr[...]þe siþþan''&lt;br /&gt;
:''Iteð unsodene ea[...]d''&lt;br /&gt;
(&quot;Mari nutrita, sub litore celata, Frigido undarum amplexu prehensa, Sine pede, saepe fluctu Labra distendi: homo iam cutem osteosam A meo latere claro cultello Detondet carnemque meam Crudam avide haurit&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;[[Liber Exoniensis]] f. 127r [https://archive.org/details/cu31924013337617/page/488/mode/2up Textus]&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fasciculus:Østers (5198916903).jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ars coquinaria Danica]]: ''[[Magallana gigas|Magallanae gigantes]]'' cum [[liquamen e capsicis|liquamine e capsicis]] [[Tabasco (liquamen)|Tabasco]] in [[Dania]] inferuntur]]
[[Fasciculus:Ostiones en su concha, Tabasco..jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|''[[Crassostrea virginica|Crassostreae virginicae]]'' [[Paraíso (Tabasca)|Paraíso]] in urbe civitatis [[Tabasca]]e in [[Mexicum|Mexico]] inlata]]
[[Fasciculus:Japanese cuisine at Takujo, Marina Square, Singapore - 20170110-01.jpg|thumb|''[[Saccostrea cuccullata|Saccostreae cuccullatae]]'' (?) cum [[capsicum (fructus)|capsico]] viridi rubrique et [[limon]]e in [[Singapura]] inferuntur]]
[[Fasciculus:New Zealand bluff oysters.jpg|thumb|''[[Ostrea chilensis|Ostreae chilenses]]'' in Nova Zelandia ad comedendum paratae]]
== Species quaesitissimae ==
* ''[[Alectryonella plicatula]]'' Sinarum
* ''[[Crassostrea brasiliana]]'' Brasiliae
* ''[[Crassostrea columbiensis]]'' litorum occidentalium Americae mediae australisque; species culta
* ''[[Crassostrea corteziensis]]'' litorum occidentalium Mexici
* ''[[Crassostrea mangle]]'' Brasiliae
* ''[[Crassostrea rhizophorae]]'' litorum Caribicorum
* ''[[Crassostrea tulipa]]'' Africae occidentalis
* ''[[Crassostrea virginica]]'' litorum orientalium Civitatum Foederatarum et Mexici; species culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana angulata]]'' Sinarum et Portugalliae; species culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana ariakensis]]'' Coreae et apud Sinas; species culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana belcheri]]'' Thailandiae
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana bilineata]]'' litorum Pacificorum et Indicorum; species culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana gigas]]'' litorum maris Sinensis Orientalis et Iaponiae; species latissime culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana hongkongensis]]'' Sericae meridianae; species culta
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana nippona]]'' Iaponiae
* ''Crassostrea'' vel ''[[Magallana sikamea]]'' Iaponiae et apud Sinas; species culta
* ''[[Dendostrea folium]]'' Malaesiae
* ''[[Ostrea angasi]]'' Australiae meridianae
* ''[[Ostrea chilensis]]'' Novae Zelandiae et Chiliae
* ''[[Ostrea conchaphila]]'' litorum occidentalium Mexici
* ''[[Ostrea edulis]]'' litorum Europae; species culta
* ''[[Ostrea lurida]]'' litorum occidentalium Civitatum Foederatarum
* ''[[Ostrea puelchana]]'' litorum Argentinae; species culta
* ''[[Ostrea stentina]]'' litorum Mediterraneorum
* ''[[Saccostrea cuccullata]]'' litorum oceani Indici
* ''[[Saccostrea echinata]]'' Indonesiae et Australiae
* ''[[Saccostrea glomerata]]'' litorum Australiae et Novae Zelandiae; species rarius culta
* ''[[Saccostrea palmula]]'' litorum Civitatum Foederatarum; species culta
* ''[[Saccostrea malabonensis]]'' litorum Philippinarum meridianarum
* ''[[Saccostrea scyphophilla]]'' Vitiorum et Australiae
* ''[[Striostrea prismatica]]'' Mexici

[[Fasciculus:Oysters Bienville at Arnaud's Jazz Bistro.jpg|thumb|&quot;{{Creanda|en|Oysters Bienville|Ostreae Bienville}}&quot; [[Nova Aurelia|Novae Aureliae]] inlatae in popina ''[[Arnaud's]]'' ubi primum inventae sunt]]
[[Fasciculus:Fried oysters, soft-shell crab.jpg|thumb|Ostreae frictae ad sinistram, [[cancrarium genus|cancer]] mollis frictus ad dextram partem, [[Nova Aurelia|Novae Aureliae]] apud ''Casamento's'' inlati]]
== De arte coquinaria ==
Ostrea aevo tam antiquo quam recentiori cruda comedi solent.

Qui ostrea ad comedendum parent variis modis utuntur. Testis etiam latentes simplicissime [[Ostreae craticula tostae|craticula torrentur]]. Testis apertis furno assantur;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Cooper (1654)}} pp. 61-62 (&quot;How to roast oysters&quot;); {{qc|id=May (1685)}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22790/22790-h/cook2.html p. 388] (&quot;To roast Oysters; ... otherways&quot;); {{qc|id=Marin (1742)}} vol. 3 p. 198 (&quot;Huîtres sautées&quot;); {{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;roast oysters&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; in testis suis bulliantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=La Chapelle (1733)}} vol. 3 p. 304 (&quot;Oysters in shells&quot;); {{qc|id=Marin (1742)}} vol. 3 p. 196 (&quot;Huîtres en coquilles dans leur eau; Huîtres en coquilles aux fines herbes&quot;); [[Anna Glasse|Hannah Glasse]], ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'' (Londinii, 1747) [https://archive.org/details/artofcookerymade00glas/page/94/mode/2up p. 95] (&quot;To make collups of oysters&quot;); [[Ludovicus Eustathius Ude|Louis Eustache Ude]], ''The French Cook'' (Londinii, 1813) [https://archive.org/details/b21471721/page/358/mode/2up p. 359] (&quot;escalopes d'huîtres vertes&quot;); {{qc|id=Lee (1832)}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220108170144/https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/18#page/172/mode/2up p. 131] (&quot;Oysters, scalloped&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;

E testis extractae [[Ostreae verubus tostae|verubus torrentur]], aqua coquuntur,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Marin (1742)}} vol. 3 p. 199 (&quot;Huîtres au gratin&quot;); {{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;Baked oysters&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; oleo [[Ostreae frictae|friguntur]]. [[Iuscellum ostrearum|Iuscellum]] sive cramum ex ostreis&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;French creamed oysters&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; paratur. Variis modis [[potagium ostrearum]] conficitur aut [[Civerium ostrearum|e civeto]], e brodio,&lt;ref&gt;''[[Diversa servicia]]'' no. 73 ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 59-79) (&quot;oystryn in bruet&quot;); {{ec|id=Liber cure cocorum|c=''[[Liber cure cocorum]]'' (Richard Morris, ed., ''Liber cure cocorum'' [Londinii: Philological Society, 1862] [https://archive.org/details/libercurecocorum00morr/page/52/mode/2up pp. 53-54]) (&quot;oystere in browet&quot;); ''Potage Dyvers I'' (British Library, MS Harl. 279, c.1420) (Thomas Austin, ed., ''Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books'' [EETS OS. 91] 1888, pp. 5-56) [https://archive.org/details/twofifteenthcent00austuoft/page/22/mode/2up p. 23] (&quot;oystrys in bruette&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; e gravato parantur;&lt;ref&gt;''[[Forme of cury]]'' no. 124 ([[Constantia Hieatt|Constance B. Hieatt]], Sharon Butler, edd., ''Curye on Inglysch'' [Londinii: Oxford University Press, 1985] pp. 93-145) (&quot;oystres in grave&quot;); ''Potage Dyvers I'' (British Library, MS Harl. 279, c.1420) (Thomas Austin, ed., ''Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books'' [EETS OS. 91] 1888, pp. 5-56) [https://archive.org/details/twofifteenthcent00austuoft/page/12/mode/2up p. 13] (&quot;oystres en gravey; oystrys in gvy bastard&quot;); ''Potage Dyvers II'' (British Library, MS Harl. 4016, c.1440) (Thomas Austin, ed., ''Two Fifteenth-Century Cookery Books'' [EETS OS. 91] 1888, pp. 69-107) [https://archive.org/details/twofifteenthcent00austuoft/page/100/mode/2up p. 100] (&quot;oystres in gvey&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; in [[galantina]] offeruntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=May (1685)}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22790/22790-h/cook2.html p. 388] (&quot;To Jelly Oysters&quot;); {{qc|id=Dubois (1870)}} [https://archive.org/details/b28131241/page/116/mode/2up p. 116] (&quot;Aspic of oysters&quot;); {{qc|id=Dubois (1872)}} [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442310/f160 p. 136] (&quot;Aspic aux huîtres&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Ostreae farciuntur;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=La Chapelle (1733)}} vol. 3 pp. 302, 304 (&quot;Forc'd oysters&quot;); {{qc|id=Menon (1742)}} p. 278 (&quot;Huîtres farcies&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; e caseo,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Menon (1742)}} p. 278 (&quot;Huîtres au Parmesan&quot;); {{qc|id=Dumas (1873)}} [https://archive.org/details/b28092818/page/648/mode/2up p. 648] (&quot;huîtres au parmesan&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; e cepis accommodantur;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;oysters and onions&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Pastillum ostrearum|pastillo]] coquuntur seu [[Ostreae pane involutae|pane involvuntur]]; in [[pastillum bubulum ostrearumque|pastillo bubulo]] commiscuntur. Praecepta specialia permulta reperiuntur, &quot;ostreae ad minutum&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Menon (1742)}} p. 276 (&quot;Huîtres à la minute&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ostreae modo bonae&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Menon (1742)}} p. 279 (&quot;Huîtres à la bonne femme&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;ostreae modo Moscuae&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=La Chapelle (1733)}} vol. 3 p. 303 (&quot;Oysters the Muscovite way&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[ostreae Rockefeller]]&quot;, &quot;[[omelette ostrearum]]&quot; ope [[ovum|ovorum]], &quot;[[angeli equitantes]]&quot; [[baco]]ne involuti, &quot;[[Hangtown fry]]&quot; ovis et bacone commixtis, &quot;embractum Baianum&quot; saeculo fere IV in ''[[Apicius seu De re coquinaria|Apicio]]'' praescriptum,&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Apicius}} [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 9.11] (Grocock et Grainger, edd., p. 296)&lt;/ref&gt; ''hash of oysters'' saeculo XVII a [[Robertus May|Roberto May]] datum.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=May (1685)}} [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22790/22790-h/cook2.html pp. 385-386] (&quot;To make a Hash of Oysters&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt;

Coqui farcimen ex ostreis parantur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;oyster stuffing&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; Ostreae apud [[Sinae (regio)|Sinas]] desiccantur;&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Fisher (1941)}} (&quot;''Ho tsee sooung'': dried oysters with vegetables&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; in [[Europa]] variis modis condiuntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|id=Murrell (1615)}} (&quot;To sowce oysters&quot;); [[Cooper (1654)]] pp. 45-46 (&quot;How to pickle oysters&quot;); {{qc|id=May (1685)}} {{GB|7dhopy-AJ98C|pp. 388-389 editionis 1665}} (&quot;To pickle Oysters; Otherways; To souce Oysters to serve hot or cold&quot;); [[Anna Glasse|Hannah Glasse]], ''[[The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy]]'' (Londinii, 1747) [https://archive.org/details/artofcookerymade00glas/page/134/mode/2up p. 135] (&quot;To pickle oysters ...&quot;); {{qc|id=Lee (1832)}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220108170144/https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/18#page/172/mode/2up p. 130] (&quot;Oysters, preserved; Oysters, to pickle&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; Ex ostreis [[Liquamen ostrearum|liquamen]] conficitur et venditatur. [[Iusculum ostrearum]] ad tempus paratur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
; Opera antiquiora
* 1796 : &quot;[https://wayoftheeating.wordpress.com/2014/11/22/seafoods-9-oysters-蠣黃/ 蠣黃 = Oysters]&quot; in [[Yuan Mei]], ''[[Praecepta ex horto plenitudinis|Suiyuan shidan]]'' (Sean J. S. Chen, ed. et interpr., ''Recipes from the Garden of Contentment'' [Great Barrington Massachusettensium: Berkshire Publishing, 2018])
* 1832 : {{ec|id=Lee (1832)|c=&quot;Oysters&quot; in N. K. M. Lee, ''The cook's own book, being a complete culinary encyclopedia'' (Bostoniae: Munroe and Francis, 1832) [https://d.lib.msu.edu/fa/18#page/170/mode/2up pp. 128-131]}}
* 1855/1861 : {{Creanda|fr|Jacques Marie Cyprien Victor Coste|Victor Coste}}, ''Voyage d'exploration sur le littoral de la France et de l'Italie''. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_d5LomsVLskoC Textus]; [https://archive.org/details/voyagedexplorati00cost 2a ed., 1861]
* 1861 : [[Herbertus Byng Hall|Herbert Byng Hall]], ''The Oyster: where, how, and when to find, breed, cook, and eat it''. Londinii: Trübner, 1861 [https://archive.org/details/b21526862 Textus]
* 1865 : &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110429200132/http://thoreau.eserver.org/capecd05.html#3 The Wellfleet Oysterman]&quot; in [[Henricus David Thoreau|Henry D. Thoreau]], ''Cape Cod'' (1865)
* 1873 : {{ec|id=Dumas (1873)|c=&quot;Huîtres&quot; in [[Alexander Dumas (pater)|Alexandre Dumas]], ''Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine'' (Lutetiae: Lemerre, 1873) [https://archive.org/details/b28092818/page/640/mode/2up pp. 641-648]}}
* 1885 : [[Thomas Henricus Huxley|T. H. Huxley]], &quot;[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hwgltm&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=11&amp;skin=2021 Oysters and the Oyster Question]&quot; in ''Articles on the propagation of oysters'' (Sydneii: Government Printer, 1885) pp. 1-44
* 1905 : &quot;Huître&quot; in [[Iosephus Favre|Joseph Favre]], ''Dictionnaire universel de cuisine pratique'' (2a ed. 1905) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57280474/f214 vol. 3 pp. 1150-1152]

; De re biologica
* Brian Bayne, ''Biology of Oysters''. Londinii: Academic Press, 2017
* Hong Yu, Qi Li, &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51117667_Complete_mitochondrial_DNA_sequence_of_Crassostrea_nippona_Comparative_and_phylogenomic_studies_on_seven_commercial_Crassostrea_species Complete mitochondrial DNA sequence of Crassostrea nippona: Comparative and phylogenomic studies on seven commercial Crassostrea species]&quot; in ''Molecular Biology Reports'' vol. 39 (2011) pp. 999-1009
* George C. Matthiessen, ''Oyster Culture''. Oxoniae: Fishing News Books, 2001. ISBN 0-85238-279-0
* Ramasamy Santhanam, ''Biology and Ecology of Edible Marine Bivalve Molluscs'' (Apple Academic Press, 2018) pp. 20-86 et alibi {{Google Books|8llgDwAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}

; Ostrea singulis regionibus nota
* Zoila G. Castillo Rodriguez, Antonio García-Cubas, &quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210620010056/http://biblioweb.tic.unam.mx/cienciasdelmar/instituto/1986-2/articulo230.html Taxonomía y anatomía comparada de las ostras en las costas de México]&quot; in ''Anales del Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología'' (1985?)
* Yulin Jin et al., &quot;[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276248031_High-resolution_melting_HRM_analysis_A_highly_sensitive_alternative_for_the_identification_of_commercially_important_Crassostrea_oysters High-resolution melting (HRM) analysis: A highly sensitive alternative for the identification of commercially important Crassostrea oysters]&quot; in ''Journal of Molluscan Studies'' vol. 81 (2014) pp. 167-170 [ostrearia Sinarum]
* Katherine Lam, Brian Morton, &quot;[https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/dc30/37a2848302df643165fc75ba583c34041675.pdf The oysters of Hong Kong (Bivalvia: Ostreidae and Gryphaeidae)]&quot; in ''Raffles Bulletin of Zoology'' vol. 52 (2004) pp. 11-28
* Alessandro Lovatelli, ''[https://www.fao.org/3/AB716E/AB716E01.htm Status of oyster culture in selected Asian countries]''. Bancoci: National Inland Fisheries Institute, 1988
* Clyde L. MacKenzie et al., edd., ''The history, present condition, and future of the molluscan fisheries of North and Central America and Europe''. 3 voll. (''NOAA technical report NMFS'' no. 127-129. US Department of Commerce, 2017) [https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3011 vol. 1] [https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/3028 vol. 2] [https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/2997 vol. 3]

; De archaeologia
* Jessica M. Winder, ''[https://oystersetcetera.wordpress.com/2021/05/19/a-study-of-the-variation-in-oyster-shells-from-archaeological-sites-and-a-discussion-of-oyster-exploitation-phd-thesis/ A study of the variation in oyster shells from archaeological sites and a discussion of oyster exploitation]'' (dissertatio 1992 universitatis Hantoniensis)
* Jessica M. Winder, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211215233448/https://oystersetcetera.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/oystershellmethodsmanualversion11.pdf Oyster Shells from Archaeological Sites – a brief illustrated guide to basic processing]'' (2011); &quot;[https://natureinfocus.blog/2019/11/05/oyster-shells-from-archaeological-sites-a-brief-illustrated-guide-to-basic-processing/ praefatio]&quot; (2019)

; De re gastronomica
* &quot;Des huîtres d’été&quot; in ''Les Cahiers de la gastronomie'' n° 17 (2013?)
* {{ec|id=Davidson (1999)|c=&quot;Oyster&quot; in [[Alanus Davidson|Alan Davidson]], ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (Oxonii: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-19-211579-0) pp. 562-564; [[Thomas Jaine|Tom Jaine]], ed., 2a ed. 2006; 3a ed. 2014}}
* {{ec|id=Fisher (1941)|c=[[M. F. K. Fisher]], ''Consider the Oyster''. Duell, Sloan and Pierce, 1941}}
* Rowan Jacobsen, ''A geography of oysters: the connoisseur's guide to oyster eating in North America''. Novi Eboraci: Bloomsbury, 2010. ISBN 9781596918146
* Cathy Moser Marlett, ''Shells on a Desert Shore: Mollusks in the Seri World''. University of Arizona Press, 2014 {{Google Books|sdgxEAAAQBAJ|Paginae selectae}}
* {{ec|id=Montagné (1938)|c=[[Prosper Montagné]], ''[[Larousse gastronomique]]'' (Lutetiae: Larousse, 1938) pp. 610-613}}
* John R. Philpots, ''Oysters, and all about them''. 2 voll. Londinii: John Richardson, 1890-1891 [https://archive.org/details/b2812117x_0001 Vol. 1] [https://archive.org/details/b2812117x_0002 vol. 2]
* Drew Smith, ''Oyster: a gastronomic history''. Novi Eboraci: Abrams, 2015. ISBN 978-1-4197-1922-6
* Rebecca Stott, ''Oyster''. Londinii: Reaktion Books, 2004. ISBN 1-86189-221-7
* Máirín Uí Chomáin, Michael Ó Meara, ''Oyster Gastronomy''. Connemara: Artisan House, 2017. ISBN 9780992690878

; Praecepta culinaria
* saec. IV? : {{ec|id=Apicius|c=''[[Apicius sive De re coquinaria]]'' [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re01.html 1.12], [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost04/Apicius/api_re09.html 9.6, 9.11] (Christopher Grocock, Sally Grainger, edd., ''Apicius. A critical edition with an introduction and an English translation'' [Totenais: Prospect Books, 2006. ISBN 1903018137] pp. 136, 292, 296)}}
* saec. XV ineunte : ''[[Viandier]]'': manuscriptum Vaticanum (Terence Scully, ed., The Viandier of Taillevent: an edition of all extant manuscripts [Ottavae: University of Ottawa Press, 1988] no. 82, 148) (&quot;civé d'oistres; oestres&quot;)
* 1604 : [[Lancelot de Casteau]], ''[[Ouverture de cuisine]]'' [https://www.uni-giessen.de/de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/ouv3.htm Textus] (&quot;Pour faire pastez d'huistres&quot;)
* 1615 : {{ec|id=Murrell (1615)|c=[[Ioannes Murrell|I. M.]], ''A New Booke of Cookerie ... London Cookerie'' (Londinii: John Browne, 1615) [https://www.uni-giessen.de/fbz/fb05/germanistik/absprache/sprachverwendung/gloning/tx/1615murr.htm Editio interretialis] (&quot;To sowce oysters; To make an oyster pye; To frye mussels, perywinckels, or oysters, to serue with a ducke, or single by themselves&quot;)}}
* 1654 : {{ec|id=Cooper (1654)|c=[[Iosephus Cooper|Jos. Cooper]], ''The Art of Cookery Refin'd and Augmented, containing an Abstract of Some Rare and Rich Unpublished Receipts of Cookery collected from the Practise of that Incomparable Master of These Arts, Mr. Jos. Cooper, Chiefe Cook to the Late King''. Londinii: R. Lowndes {{Google Books|CY9mAAAAcAAJ|pp. 32-33, 45-46, 61-62, 72-73, 102-103}}}}
* 1685 : {{ec|id=May (1685)|c=[[Robertus May|Robert May]], ''The Accomplisht Cook'' (5a ed. Londinii) [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/22790/22790-h/cook2.html pp. 383-397]}}
* 1733 : {{ec|id=La Chapelle (1733)|c=[[Vincentius La Chapelle|Vincent La Chapelle]], ''The Modern Cook'' (3 voll. Londinii: Nicolas Prevost, 1733) [https://archive.org/details/moderncook03lach/page/302/mode/2up vol. 3 pp. 302-304]}}
* 1742 : {{ec|id=Menon (1742)|c=[Menon], ''La Nouvelle Cuisine ... continuation au Nouveau traité de la cuisine''. Lutetiae, 1742 {{Google Books|9YU7AAAAcAAJ|pp. 276-279}}}}
* 1742 : {{ec|id=Marin (1742)|c=[[Franciscus Marin|François Marin]], ''Suite des Dons de Comus''. Lutetiae: veuve Pissot {{Google Books|7yA_clSTZc0C|vol. 3 pp. 196-199}}}}
* 1870 : {{ec|id=Dubois (1870)|c=[[Urbanus Dubois|Urbain-Dubois]], ''Cosmopolitan cookery: popular studies'' (Londinii: Longmans) [https://archive.org/details/b28131241/page/46/mode/2up pp. 47], [https://archive.org/details/b28131241/page/112/mode/2up 113-117] et alibi}}
* 1872 : {{ec|id=Dubois (1872)|c=[[Urbanus Dubois|Urbain Dubois]], ''Cuisine de tous les pays: études cosmopolites''. 3a ed. (Lutetiae: Dentu, 1872) [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442310/f91 pp. 69-70], [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k65442310/f157 135-139] et alibi}}
* 1895 : Thomas J. Murrey, ''The Murrey Collection of Cookery Books'' (Novi Eboraci) [https://archive.org/details/murreycollectio00murrgoog/page/n400/mode/2up &quot;Oysters and Fish&quot; pp. 1-31]
* 1907 : {{ec|id=Escoffier (1907)|c=[[Augustus Escoffier|Auguste Escoffier]], ''Le Guide culinaire'' (2a ed. Lutetiae, 1907) pp. [https://archive.org/details/b21525912/page/274/mode/2up 274], [https://archive.org/details/b21525912/page/306/mode/2up 307-309], [https://archive.org/details/b21525912/page/538/mode/2up 539-540]}}

== Nexus externi ==
* Jessica M. Winder, ''[https://oystersetcetera.wordpress.com/ Oysters etc.]''
* Rowan Jacobsen, &quot;[https://greatist.com/eat/what-do-oysters-taste-like-oyster-flavor-guide The Taste of an Oyster]&quot; (9 Septembris 2021) apud ''Greatist''
* &quot;[http://wsg.washington.edu/oysterstew/cool/oystervarieties.html Oyster varieties]&quot; apud universitatem Vasingtoniensem
* &quot;[https://www.britishfoodinamerica.com/Oystermania-and-A-Riverine-Expedition/the-lyrical/On-oysters-The-British-origin-of-a-robust-American-tradition/#.Ydn94_DMKBY On oysters: The British origin of a robust American tradition]&quot; apud ''British Food in America''
* Elisabeth Sherman, &quot;[https://matadornetwork.com/read/best-oyster-regions-us/ Your Guide To the 14 Best Oyster Regions in the US]&quot;

[[Categoria:Alimenta ex ostreis|!]]
[[Categoria:Greges paraphyletici]]
[[Categoria:Mollusca edulia]]
[[Categoria:Ostreidae]]
[[Categoria:Saturea cibaria]]</text>
      <sha1>2nrgkzzg5q53v76l8f6mo3f6n72vjtp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Nevula Maior</title>
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        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
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      <text bytes="1709" sha1="1x86h9sbgqt5dwpicnrqtlkooa75gfl" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Большая Невка с Каменного острова.jpg|thumb|Nevula Maior hieme (despectus de [[insula Lapidea]]).]]
'''Nevula Maior'''{{Convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Большая Невка'') est [[ramus fluminis|bracchium]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] longissimum. Ante cetera bracchia a Neva in partem dextram abit et finem borealem delta totius format; [[pars Petropolitana|partem 
Petropolitanam]] a [[Pars Viburgensis|parte Viburgensi]] continentalem separat. In initio Nevulae Maioris et [[Aurora (navis)|''Aurora'']] navus stat. Deverticulo parvo [[Karpovka]] a Nevula Maiore in partem laevaem abeunte [[insula Apothecaria]] a parte Petropolitama dividitur; post quod, [[Nevula Minor]] a Nevula Maiore in eadem partem inter insulam Apothecariam et [[insula Lapidea|insulam Lapideam]] abit et post eam [[Nevula Media]] inter insulam Lapideam et [[insula Elaginis|insulam Elaginis]], quae mox cum Nevula Maiore rursum coniungitur et [[aestuarium]] commune inter [[insula Crucis|insulam Crucis]] et partem Viburgiensem habent. [[Flumen Parvum Nigrum]] (''Černaia rečka'') accola Nevulae Maioris est, in parte Viburgiensi se effundens.

Longitudo Nevulae Maioris 8,5 [[chm]] est, latitudo a 50 ad 360 [[metrum|m]], altitudo maxima 8,5 m. Sex [[pons|pontes]] in Nevula Maiore constructi sunt.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://textual.ru/gvr/index.php?card=153238 Nevula Maior] in ''Registro nationali aquarum'' {{ling|Russice}}
* [https://www.citywalls.ru/search-street1763.html Pontes trans Nevulam Maiorem] in ''Citywalls'' {{ling|Russice}}
 
[[Categoria:Bracchia et canales in delta Nevae]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Kirk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
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      <text bytes="3513" sha1="cvdvy3bu7f84fa07xoe3sl8sfrrxzwi" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Charlie Kirk (54507064098).jpg|thumb|Carolus Kirk, [[acroasis|acroasim]] mense Martio 2025 habet.]]

{{res|Carolus Iacobus Kirk}} (vulgo ''Charles James Kirk'', natus Arlington Heights in [[Cook Comitatus (Illinoesia)|Comitatu Cook]] die [[14 Octobris]] [[1993]]; necatus [[Orem (urbs)|Orem]] in [[Uta Comitatus|Comitatu Uta]] die [[10 Septembris]] [[2025]]) fuit [[Civitates Foederatae Americae|Americanus]] [[scriptor]] atque [[actor politicus]], series radiophonicas interretiales praetitulatas ''The Charlie Kirk Show'' conficiens, in quibus [[conservatismus|conservatismum]] affirmabat atque annuebat. Kirk innotuit etiam ob [[theoria coniurationis|theorias coniurationis]] et [[falsimonia|falsas doctrinas]] a se propugnatas, velut falsam accusationem fraudum in electione Donaldi Trump anni [[2020]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Budryk
	| nomen = Zack
	| titulus = Geraldo Rivera, Charlie Kirk clash over voter fraud: 'That is so dishonest'
	| lingua = en
	| tempus = 2020-12-15
	| url = https://thehill.com/homenews/media/530239-geraldo-rivera-charlie-kirk-clash-over-voter-fraud-that-is-so-dishonest
	| domus editoria = TheHill
	| tempus inspectionis = 2020-12-18
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen = Collman
	| nomen = Ashley
	| titulus = Fox News star Geraldo Rivera called out die-hard Trump fan Charlie Kirk for continuing to push voter-fraud theories after the Electoral College confirmed Biden's victory
	| domus editoria = Business Insider
	| tempus = 2020-12-15
	| tempus inspectionis = 2020-12-18
	| url = https://www.businessinsider.com/geraldo-rivera-to-charlie-kirk-stop-denying-trump-loss-2020-12
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; praesumptam efficaciam {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|hydroxychlorocinum|hydroxychlorocini|d|en|qid=Q421094}} in [[COVID-19 pandemia]]m,&lt;ref&gt;{{Opus
	| cognomen auctoris 1 = Rosenberg
	| nomen auctoris 1 = Matthaeus
	| cognomen auctricis 2 = Rogers
	| nomen auctricis 2 = Caterina
	| titulus = For Charlie Kirk, Conservative Activist, the Virus Is a Cudgel
	| tempus = 2020-04-19
	| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/us/politics/charlie-kirk-conservatives-coronavirus.html
	| salus url = vivit
	| domus editoria = [[The New York Times]]
	| tempus inspectionis = 2021-05-05
	| retrospectio = 20200419091021
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; et multas alias.

Anno [[2012]], unā cum aliis, consociationem ''Turning Point USA''&lt;ref&gt;[https://tpusa.com/meetthefounder/ de sodalitatis maioribus]&lt;/ref&gt; condiderat, cui variae turbae secundum utilitatem se subdiderunt, velut ''Turning Point Action'', ''Students for Trump'', ''Turning Point Academy'', ''Turning Point Faith,'' et ''Turning Point Endowment''. Kirk insuper ''Concilio politicae nationalis'' aderat, quod [[Factio republicana (Civitates Foederatae)|Factionem Republicanam]] fovet. [[Donaldus Trump]] eum in altum efferebat, et vice versa. In campis {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Universitas Vallis Utensis|Universitatis Vallis Utensis|d|en|qid=Q940919}}, occisor ei insidiatus est et virum pubicum efflixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://orf.at/stories/3405100/ &quot;Trump-Aktivist bei Attentat erschossen&quot;] - apud: ''orf.at,'' 10 Septembris 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{CommuniaCat|Charlie Kirk|Carolum Kirk}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*Series percontativa digitalis [https://www.charliekirk.com/podcasts ''The Charlie Kirk Show''] (in eius pagina domestica)

{{lifetime|1993|2025|Kirk, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Necati]]
[[Categoria:Scriptores Civitatum Foederatarum]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Insula Petropolitana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1129" sha1="5jubwxx53wjyrc162pm772z6n37o7jm" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Map of Petrogradsky Island.svg|thumb|Insulae tabula.]]
'''Insula Petropolitana'''{{Convertimus}} vel '''Petrogradensis''' ([[Russice]] ''Петроградский остров, Petrogradskij ostrov'') est insula in [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] in [[delta fluminis|delta]] [[Neva]]e; a [[pars Admiraliatus|parte Admiraliatus]] [[Neva]] eam separat, a [[pars Viburgensis|parte Viburgensi]] [[Nevula Maior]], ab [[insula Apothecaria]] [[Karpovka]] deverticulum parvum, ab [[insula Crucis]] [[Nevula Minor]], ab [[insula Petri]] [[Ždanovka]], ab [[insula Basilii]] [[Neva Minor]] et ab [[insula Leporina]] [[fretum Operis Coronati]]. [[Via Insulae Lapideae]] est via insulae maxima et [[Ecclesia cathedralis ducis Vladimiri]] ecclesia maxima. [[Pons Trinitatis|Ponte Trinitatis]] cum parte urbis australi et [[pons Bursae|ponte Bursae]] cum insula Basilii coniuncta est.

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}
*[https://encspb.ru/object/2803998848 insula Petropolitana] in ''Encyclopaedia Petropolis'' {{ling|Russice}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petropolitana insula}}

[[Categoria:Insula Petropolitana|!]]</text>
      <sha1>5jubwxx53wjyrc162pm772z6n37o7jm</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Michael Zemtsov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>321765</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954017</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
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      <text bytes="2235" sha1="ejjc1gzh91gbjufqeijgjk0kpy0bb4t" xml:space="preserve">{{capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Michael Gregorii filius Zemtsov}} ([[Russice]] Михаи́л Григо́рьевич Земцо́в, ''Michail Grigor'evič Zemcov''; natus [[Moscua]]e anno [[1688]] et mortuus [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] [[28 Septembris]] [[1743]]) fuit [[architectus]] [[Russia|Russicus]].

==Vita==
[[Dominicus Trezzini|Dominici Trezzini]] et [[Nicolaus Michetti|Nicolai Michetti]] adiutor in laboribus fuit. Annis 1720—1722 cum Michetti palatium [[Vallis Catharinae]] (''Kadriorg'') [[Revalia]]e aedificabat. Anno 1723 [[Holmia]]m visitavit. [[hortus Aestivus|Horto Aestivo]], aedificio [[Technophylacium (Petropolis)|Technophylacii]] operam dabat. [[Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae (Petropolis)|Ecclesiam Symeonis et Annae]] Petropolitanam annis 1728—1734 aedificavit et cum [[Ioannes Blank|Ioanne Blank]] [[Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis (Villa  Augusti)|Ecclesiam Signi Dei Genetricis]] [[Villa Augusti|Villae Augusti]] (1734). Trezzini mortuo aedificium [[Duodecim collegia|Duodecim collegiorum]] perficiebat. Fortasse et [[ecclesia cathedralis Sampsonis Hospitalis|ecclesiam cathedralem Sampsonis Hospitalis]] in [[pars Viburgensis|parte Viburgensi]] construxit&lt;ref&gt;Vel [[Ioseph Trezzini]], vel [[Petrus Antonius Trezzini]].&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Palatium Aničkovianum]] construere incepit (a [[Bartholomaeus Rastrelli|Bartholomaeo Rastrelli]] finitum).

== Pinacotheca ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Tallinn asv2022-04 img55 Kadriorg Palace.jpg|Palatium [[Vallis Catharinae]] [[Revalia]]e
Spb 06-2012 Simeon and Anna Church 02.jpg|[[Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae (Petropolis)|Ecclesia Symeonis et Annae]] Petropolitana
Tcarskoe Selo 1900-e 008.jpg|[[Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis (Villa  Augusti)|Ecclesia Signi Dei Genetricis]] [[Villa Augusti|Villae Augusti]]
Spb 06-2012 Nevsky various 04.jpg|Palatium Aničkovianum
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{fontes biographici}}
*[https://bigenc.ru/c/zemtsov-mikhail-grigor-evich-5772dd Michael Zemtsov] in ''Encyclopaedia Russica magna'' 
*[[:s:ru:РБС/ВТ/Земцов,_Михаил_Григорьевич|Michael Zemtsov]] in ''Lexico biographico Russiae'' 

{{Lifetime|1688|1743|Zemtsov, Michael }}
[[Categoria:Architecti Russiae]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Petropolis]]</text>
      <sha1>ejjc1gzh91gbjufqeijgjk0kpy0bb4t</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Universitas Sedis Sapientiae</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322142</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954060</id>
      <parentid>3935680</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
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      <text bytes="1512" sha1="dhrb7gxqt9bkogq80kx9duhifvysyed" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa scholae Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Universitas Sedis Sapientiae}} ([[Iaponice]] 上智大学|上智大学), etiam [[Lingua Graeca antiqua|Graeco]] nomine {{ires|Sophia}} nota, est [[universitas privata]] [[Ecclesia Catholica|Catholica]] [[Societas Iesu|Iesuitica]] [[Tokium|Tokii]] in [[Iaponia]] sita. Prima [[universitas]] Catholica in Iaponia condidit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sophia.ac.jp/jpn/aboutsophia/sophia_spirit/historical_record/ 上智大学の沿革｜上智大学] ''Universitas Sedis Sapientiae''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ecclesia Catholica Kōjimachi ==
[[Fasciculus:St. Ignatius Church 02.jpg|thumb|left|Ecclesia Sancti Ignatii]]
Ecclesia [[Ignatius de Loyola|Sancti Ignatii]] (Iaponice 聖イグナチオ教会) Iesuitis in campo universitatis administratur, studentibus et communitati Catholicae locali serviens. Ecclesia anno [[1949]] aedificata est, postquam ecclesia [[Teresia Lexoviensis|Sanctae Theresiae Infantis Iesu]] [[secundum bellum mundanum|incursione aerea]] anno [[1945]] deleta est.

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Sophia University|Universitatem Sedis Sapientiae}}
{{fontes geographici}}
* [https://www.sophia.ac.jp/ Situs interretialis universitatis] {{ling|Iaponice|Anglice}}
* [http://www.stignatius.jp/ Situs interretialis ecclesiae] {{ling|Iaponice|Anglice|Hispanice}}

{{stipula}}

[[Categoria:Academiae et Universitates Societatis Iesu|Sedis Sapientiae]]
[[Categoria:Constituta 1913]]
[[Categoria:Tokium]]
[[Categoria:Universitates Iaponiae|Sedis Sapientae]]</text>
      <sha1>dhrb7gxqt9bkogq80kx9duhifvysyed</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Super Bowl LX</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>322763</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954052</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
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      <text bytes="1672" sha1="ptbut69ccmj9wp9oufmaeb6jt818coc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Levi's Stadium in February 2016 prior to Super Bowl 50 (24398261729).jpg|thumb|Stadium Leviense, prope [[Iosephopolis (California)|Iosephopolim]] [[California]]e, locus Super Bowl LX erit.]]

{{res|Super Bowl LX}} fuit [[ludus]] [[harpastum Americanum|harpasti Americani]] a {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|New England Patriots||en|qid=Q17015844}}, victore [[Conferentia Pediludii Americana|Conferentiae Pediludii Americanae]], et {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Haliaeti Seattlenses|Haliaetis Seattlensibus|en|qid=Q221878}}, victore [[Conferentia Pediludii Nationalis|Conferentiae Pediludii Nationalis]], certaturus ad titulum victoriae [[Foedus Pediludii Nationale|Foederis Pediludii Nationalis]] [[NFL annus 2025|anni 2025]] decernandum.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.espn.com/nfl/game/_/gameId/401772988/seahawks-patriots Super Bowl LX.] ESPN.&lt;/ref&gt; Haliaeti Seattlenses vicerunt, 29–13. Prima calx, initium certaminis, [[hora]] 3:30 post [[meridies|meridiem]] tempore loci, {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Zona Temporalis Pacifica|Zonae Temporalis Pacificae|en|qid=Q847142}} (23:30 [[UTC]]), fiat. Certamen pugnabitur die [[8 Februarii]] [[2026]] in {{safesubst:Nexus ad paginam creandam creatamve|Stadio Leviensi||Stadium Leviense|en|qid=Q7419343}} prope [[Iosephopolis (California)|Iosephopolim]] in [[California]]. Ludus per [[Civitates Foederatae|Civitates Foederatas]] ab [[NBC Sunday Night Football|NBC]], societate [[televisio|televisifica]], emittetur.

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{NexInt}}
* [[Super Bowl XLIX]]

{{Ludus-stipula}}

[[Categoria:Foedus Pediludii Nationale]]
[[Categoria:Harpastum Americanum]]</text>
      <sha1>ptbut69ccmj9wp9oufmaeb6jt818coc</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rosa Linn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323448</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954055</id>
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        <username>Bartholomite</username>
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      <text bytes="1036" sha1="le8mwu6psz1xoa4emeahzf8aiw8lis7" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Rosa Kostandyan}}, ([[Armenice]] Ռոզա Կոստանդյան; nata in [[Vanadzor]] die [[28 Novembris]] [[2000]]) {{res|Rosa Linn}} (Armenice Ռոզա Լին) tantum se appellans, [[cantor|cantrix]] [[Armenia|Armenica]] est. Pro Armenio in [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2022|Eurovisionis anno 2022]] certavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220203043125/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2022-semi-finals Eurovision 2022: Which Semi-Final is your country performing in? 🇮🇹]. [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis 2022]].{{ling|Anglice}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Carmen]] eia ''Snap'' apud [[Certamen cantionum Eurovisionis|Eurovisionem]] per [[TikTok]] late diffusum est.

== Opera ==
* [[2023]]: ''Lay Your Hands Upon My Heart'' ([[Latine]] ''Pone manus tuas super cor meum'')

{{Notae}}

== Nexus externi ==
* [https://www.rosalinnofficial.com/ Situs interretialis] {{ling|Anglice}}

{{Bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|2000||Rosa Linn}}

[[Categoria:Cantores Armeniae]]
[[Categoria:Compositores Armeniae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Carolus Kirk</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>323558</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954016</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21205-82</username>
        <id>207775</id>
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      <comment>/* Censebam Vicipædiam Latinam paulo basātiōrem esse. */ Reply</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3359" sha1="8uyof1pb2i4g28h95p68to2nv6m2m6g" xml:space="preserve">== Censebam Vicipædiam Latinam paulo basātiōrem esse. ==
Censebam Vicipædiam Latinam paulo basātiōrem esse, nē iaceat (sinistristē) verba ut &quot;falsās doctrīnās&quot;, &quot;theorias coniurationis&quot;, &quot;falsam accusationem fraudum&quot; tam libenter. Certē tamen censērem iacendum esse tālia verba in pāginā Donaldī Trump vel aliōrum quoniam tam multī eum tam valdē (ut vidētur) prope sine causā ōdērunt. (Nōlī mē interdīcere(?) neque hoc delēre, quaesō) [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-11014-26|&amp;#126;2026-11014-26]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-11014-26|talk]]) 23:25, 20 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Recte mones ut res melior fieri possit, sed apud vicipaediam Anglicam legimus: &quot;His more controversial positions included criticism of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Martin Luther King Jr., as well as promotion of COVID-19 misinformation, false allegations of electoral fraud in 2020, and the white genocide conspiracy theory.&quot; Quid facere debemus? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 00:10, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Ita. Meā sententiā nimis multā moderatione usi sumus, quia tantummodo haec apud nos legi possunt:
:: &lt;blockquote&gt;Kirk innotuit etiam ob theorias coniurationis et falsas doctrinas a se propugnatas, velut falsam accusationem fraudum in electione Donaldi Trump anni 2020, praesumptam efficaciam hydroxychlorocini in COVID-19 pandemiam, et multas alias.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:: Revera etiam alias falsas doctrinas atque odium ipse divulgavit quae mentionem quandam mereant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:46, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

Quid significat ''basatus, -a, -um,'' adiectivum cui ''basatior'' comparativum est? Neque in Cassell's neque in Traupman inveni videtur. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:17, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Nescio num machina translatoria textum genuerit, sed ''Google Translate'' eum [https://translate.google.com/?sl=la&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Censebam%20Vicip%C3%A6diam%20Latinam%20paulo%20bas%C4%81ti%C5%8Drem%20esse%2C%20n%C4%93%20iaceat%20(sinistrist%C4%93)%20verba%20ut%20%22fals%C4%81s%20doctr%C4%ABn%C4%81s%22%2C%20%22theorias%20coniurationis%22%2C%20%22falsam%20accusationem%20fraudum%22%20tam%20libenter.%20Cert%C4%93%20tamen%20cens%C4%93rem%20iacendum%20esse%20t%C4%81lia%20verba%20in%20p%C4%81gin%C4%81%20Donald%C4%AB%20Trump%20vel%20ali%C5%8Drum%20quoniam%20tam%20mult%C4%AB%20eum%20tam%20vald%C4%93%20(ut%20vid%C4%93tur)%20prope%20sine%20caus%C4%81%20%C5%8Dd%C4%93runt.%20(N%C5%8Dl%C4%AB%20m%C4%93%20interd%C4%ABcere(%3F)%20neque%20hoc%20del%C4%93re%2C%20quaes%C5%8D).&amp;op=translate intellegere videtur]. “Basatus” fortasse adiectivum/participium Anglicum “based” mendaciter imitat (≈ “verax”). Aliae mendae in textu sunt “sinistristē” (“left-leaningly”), “iaceat” pro “iaciat” (sagittae accusatoriae iaciuntur, non iacentur), “iacendum” pro “iaciendum”, “noli” pro “nolite”, “me interdicere” pro “(aliquid) mihi interdicere”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:22, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::Machina translatoria non usus sum (ipse illud scripsi). [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21205-82|&amp;#126;2026-21205-82]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21205-82|talk]]) 19:59, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>8uyof1pb2i4g28h95p68to2nv6m2m6g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954020</id>
      <parentid>3954016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:02:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21205-82</username>
        <id>207775</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Emandavi meos errores Latinitatis.</comment>
      <origin>3954020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3360" sha1="73j3s8gyuryvc1g49j3vp5psfh5akoe" xml:space="preserve">== Censebam Vicipædiam Latinam paulo basātiōrem esse. ==
Censebam Vicipædiam Latinam paulo basātiōrem esse, nē iaciat (sinistristē) verba ut &quot;falsās doctrīnās&quot;, &quot;theorias coniurationis&quot;, &quot;falsam accusationem fraudum&quot; tam libenter. Certē tamen censērem iaciendum esse tālia verba in pāginā Donaldī Trump vel aliōrum quoniam tam multī eum tam valdē (ut vidētur) prope sine causā ōdērunt. (Nōlī mē interdīcere(?) neque hoc delēre, quaesō) [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-11014-26|&amp;#126;2026-11014-26]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-11014-26|talk]]) 23:25, 20 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:Recte mones ut res melior fieri possit, sed apud vicipaediam Anglicam legimus: &quot;His more controversial positions included criticism of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Martin Luther King Jr., as well as promotion of COVID-19 misinformation, false allegations of electoral fraud in 2020, and the white genocide conspiracy theory.&quot; Quid facere debemus? [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 00:10, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
:: Ita. Meā sententiā nimis multā moderatione usi sumus, quia tantummodo haec apud nos legi possunt:
:: &lt;blockquote&gt;Kirk innotuit etiam ob theorias coniurationis et falsas doctrinas a se propugnatas, velut falsam accusationem fraudum in electione Donaldi Trump anni 2020, praesumptam efficaciam hydroxychlorocini in COVID-19 pandemiam, et multas alias.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:: Revera etiam alias falsas doctrinas atque odium ipse divulgavit quae mentionem quandam mereant. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 04:46, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)

Quid significat ''basatus, -a, -um,'' adiectivum cui ''basatior'' comparativum est? Neque in Cassell's neque in Traupman inveni videtur. [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 14:17, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
: Nescio num machina translatoria textum genuerit, sed ''Google Translate'' eum [https://translate.google.com/?sl=la&amp;tl=en&amp;text=Censebam%20Vicip%C3%A6diam%20Latinam%20paulo%20bas%C4%81ti%C5%8Drem%20esse%2C%20n%C4%93%20iaceat%20(sinistrist%C4%93)%20verba%20ut%20%22fals%C4%81s%20doctr%C4%ABn%C4%81s%22%2C%20%22theorias%20coniurationis%22%2C%20%22falsam%20accusationem%20fraudum%22%20tam%20libenter.%20Cert%C4%93%20tamen%20cens%C4%93rem%20iacendum%20esse%20t%C4%81lia%20verba%20in%20p%C4%81gin%C4%81%20Donald%C4%AB%20Trump%20vel%20ali%C5%8Drum%20quoniam%20tam%20mult%C4%AB%20eum%20tam%20vald%C4%93%20(ut%20vid%C4%93tur)%20prope%20sine%20caus%C4%81%20%C5%8Dd%C4%93runt.%20(N%C5%8Dl%C4%AB%20m%C4%93%20interd%C4%ABcere(%3F)%20neque%20hoc%20del%C4%93re%2C%20quaes%C5%8D).&amp;op=translate intellegere videtur]. “Basatus” fortasse adiectivum/participium Anglicum “based” mendaciter imitat (≈ “verax”). Aliae mendae in textu sunt “sinistristē” (“left-leaningly”), “iaceat” pro “iaciat” (sagittae accusatoriae iaciuntur, non iacentur), “iacendum” pro “iaciendum”, “noli” pro “nolite”, “me interdicere” pro “(aliquid) mihi interdicere”. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 16:22, 21 Februarii 2026 (UTC)
::Machina translatoria non usus sum (ipse illud scripsi). [[Specialis:Conlationes/&amp;#126;2026-21205-82|&amp;#126;2026-21205-82]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:&amp;#126;2026-21205-82|talk]]) 19:59, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>73j3s8gyuryvc1g49j3vp5psfh5akoe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carme Carminum Buranorum</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323562</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954098</id>
      <parentid>3953743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:44:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>del</comment>
      <origin>3954098</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1854" sha1="ijjeu0voakxvxou8tgavv6od2repgw7" xml:space="preserve">{{Confestim delenda|Titulus erratus}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ijjeu0voakxvxou8tgavv6od2repgw7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carme Carminum Buranorum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>323563</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954099</id>
      <parentid>3953731</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:44:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>del</comment>
      <origin>3954099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1913" sha1="5u79wcnpvow7tfqys0il5bdmitqvmot" xml:space="preserve">{{Confestim delenda|Titulus erratus}}
{{Subpagina documentationis}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad res gestas et indicia carminum e manuscripto ''Carminum Buranorum'' depromptorum breviter demonstranda. Haec formula Wikidata utitur: si argumentum vacuum relictum est, systema indicia ex Wikidata automatice extrahit.

== De usu ==
Ecce exemplum quomodo formula in paginis apparet:

{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    = O Fortuna
| Imago      = Carmina Burana Fortuna.jpg
| Descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano.
| Categoria  = Carmina moralia et satirica
| Numerus    = 17
| Auctor     = Anonymus
| Argumenta  = De varietate fortunae
| Datum      = Saeculum XIII
| Lingua     = [[Latina mediaevalis]]
| Album      = [[Codex Buranus]]
| Praecedi   = Fortune plango vulnera
| Sequi      = Veris leta facies
}}

=== Syntaxis vacua ===
Potes hoc volumen exscribere et in paginam carminis inserere:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Argumenta et Wikidata ==
Si argumentum non scribis, formula has proprietates ex Wikidata petet:

*Titulus: P1476 (titulus operis).
*Imago: P18 (imago).
*Categoria: P136 (genus litterarium).
*Numerus: P1545 (numerus in serie). Nota: Formula praefixum &quot;CB&quot; addit si ex Wikidata venit.
*Auctor: P50 (auctor).
*Argumenta: P921 (argumentum primarium).
*Datum: P571 (tempus creationis).
*Lingua: P407 (lingua operis).
*Album: P1433 (opus in quo invenitur).
*Praecedi / Sequi: P155 et P156 (nexus ad res vicinas).

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam anni 2026</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323740</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954048</id>
      <parentid>3953762</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T22:47:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>eventa addo</comment>
      <origin>3954048</origin>
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      <text bytes="10313" sha1="cgd6xw34r01nvqxelm9feqqcyr19mlh" xml:space="preserve">{{Latinitas|-5}}
[[Fasciculus:Middle East strikes, February 2026.png|thumb|Charta de impetus in Iraniam anno 2026]]
'''Impetus Israëlis et Civitatum Foederatarum in Iraniam''' est [[bellum]] in [[Irania]]m quod ab impetus [[bomba]]rum [[Israël]] et [[CFA|Civitatum Foederatarum]] die [[28 Februarii]] [[2026]] initiat, ratione periculum [[arma nuclearia|armarum nuclearium]] abrogandi. A hic impetu, dux civitatis [[Ali Khamenei]] die 28 Februarii 2026 necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israelattack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt; Postea, rectio Iraniae impetum [[propugnaculum]] Israël et Civitatum Federatarum in [[Medius Oriens|Medio Oriente]] facit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c875rjd990go 'Everything has changed': Missile attacks shatter Dubai's safe heaven image]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cursus belli ==
[[Fasciculus:2026 Iran war collage.jpg|thumb|Compilatio imaginum belli]]
Dum [[Consilium securitatis]] rem die 28 Februarii 2026 disputat, [[Antonius Guterres]], secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum, usum [[metus]] [[violentia]]e [[res militaris|militaris]] abstinere apud Articulum II [[Charta Nationum Unitarum|Chartae Consociationis Nationum]] et a medio [[diplomatia]]e rem solvere postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/02/1167062 Iran strikes 'squandered a change for diplomacy': Guterres]&lt;/ref&gt; Legatus Franciae obligationem iuris internationali ad Iraniam postulat, dum legati Russiae Sinarumque impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemnant.

Papa [[Leo XIV]], dux [[civitas Vaticana|civitatis Vaticanae]], violentiam militarem negat et pacem non metu sed dialogo dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2026-03/pope-leo-xiv-angelus-appeal-peace-middle-east-iran.html &quot;Pope on Iran: Peace not built with mutual threats or death-dealing arms.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[2 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Palatium Golestan]] ab impetu bombarum Civitatum Foederatarum destruitur.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.euronews.com/culture/2026/03/03/unesco-expresses-concern-over-the-protection-of-cultural-heritage-sites-in-middle-east UNESCO expresses concern over the protection of cultural heritage sites in Middle East].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[3 Martii]] [[2026]], Ravina Shamdasi, socia [[Curator supremus Nationum Unitarum iuribus humanis tuendis|Curatoris supremi Consociationis Nationum iuribus humanis tuendis]] multos homines cives, inter eas, multas [[puella]]s ad [[ludus litterarius|scholam primariam]] Minab necatas esse quod violationem [[humanitarium belli ius|humanitarii belli iuris]] dicit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167071 &quot;Iran crisis: Schoolgirls killed, thousands displaced and aid compromised.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Et [[Malala Yousafzai]] cum [[UNESCO]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167063 Deadly bombing of Iran primary school 7 a grave violation of humanitarian law': UNESCO].&lt;/ref&gt; et [[Consilium iurum humanorum Nationum Unitarum]] hoc impetum condemnaverunt, quod plus quam 165 puellae necatae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-release/2026/03/un-experts-strongly-condemn-dealdly-missile-strike-girls-school-iran-call &quot;UN experts strongly condemn dealdy missile strike on girls' schoolin Iran, call for independent investigation.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[5 Martii]] [[2026]], rectio [[Hispania]]e contra bellum in Irania, impetum Israël et Civitatum Foederatarum condemavit, et provistionem propugnaculi in Hispania negat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.https://www.npr.org/2026/03/05/nx-s1-5737285/iran-war-spain-trump &quot;A rift between Spain and Trump widens over Spanish opposition to the Iran war.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Donaldus Trump]], praeses Civitatum Foederatarum, [[deditio]]nem sine conditione Iraniae postulat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/6/no-deal-with-iran-except-unconditional-surrender-trump-says &quot;'No deal with Iran: expect unciditional surrender, Trump says.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Masudus Pezeshkian]], praeses Iraniae impetum militarem ad civitates [[Asia occidentalis|Medii Orientis]] confutare sed deditionem ad Civitates Foederatas America negare dixit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/7/iran-to-halt-strikes-on-neighbours-unless-attacks-from-there-pezeshkian &quot;Iran to halt strikes on neighbours unless attacks from there: Pezeshkian.&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[8 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] magnus dux Iraniae creatus est, post Ali Khamenei eius patrem.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c78xxg05w0zo &quot;Who is Mojtaba Khamenei, Iran's news supreme leader?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[10 Martii]] [[2026]], &lt;!--unus???--&gt; auctoritas militariae Israëlis legatos Iraniae [[Berytus|Beryti]] in [[Libanus|Libano]] necavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c2k8y7vy78no &quot;War expands to central Beirut as Israeli strikes Iranians in luxury hotel.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; Miletes Civitatum Foederatarum [[navis|naves]] Iraniae qui [[mina marina|minas marinas]] dandi{{dubsig}} apud [[Fretum Ormusense]] destruit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgrzken84q5o &quot;US his minelaying ship in Iran after warning of 'intense' day of bombing.&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[11 Martii]] [[2026]], [[Procuratio energiae internationalis]] reservarium [[petroleum|petrolei]] emergentiae mittere decernavit, dum [[pretium]] petrolei in discrimine fit ratione claudendi [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cly093xxlzzo Countries agree to record relaese of emergency oil reserves as prices surge]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[14 Martii]] [[2026]], Donaldus Trump vi militari impetum bombarum in insulam Kharg in [[Sinus Persicus|Sinu Persico]] dare publicat.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8jxzlwvd8ro &quot;Why had US targeted Iran's Kharg Island?&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[17 Martii]] [[2026]], Ali Larijani, dux Consilii supremi securitatis nationalis ab impetu militatiae Israël necatus est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c24deezq6meo Iranian security cheif Ali Larijani killed in air strike]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Iosephus Clay Kent]], bello adversans, ab administratione Trumpiana se abdicavit.&lt;ref&gt;Stepansky, J. (17 Martii 2026). [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/17/us-national-counterterrorism-center-director-joe-kent-resigns-over-iran-war US National Counterterrorism Center director Joe Kent resigns over Iran war]. ''[[Al Jazeera]]''. &lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[19 Martii]] 2026, [[Antonius Guterres]] secretarius generalis Consociationis Nationum colloquium [[Consilium Europaeum|Consilii Europaei]] participavit, et dixit Israël et Civitates Foederatarum bellum in Iran finire necesse est, a quo discrimen pretii energiae [[civitas provectibilis|civitatibus provectibilibus]] consequentiam [[tragoedia|tragicam]] fit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/03/1167165 Middle East war: 'Force of the law' must prevail over the law of force, urges Guterres].&lt;/ref&gt; 

Die [[23 Martii]] 2026, Donaldus Trump, [[praeses Civitatum Foederatarum]] tempum{{dubsig}} impetus militaris ad [[electrificina]]m Iraniae quinque diei sustinere dixit.{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/3/23/trump-postpones-military-strikes-on-iranian-power-plants Trump postpones military strikes on Iranian power plants for five days].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[25 Martii]] 2026, activistae pro iuribus humanis Iraniae (HRANA) plus quam 3300 homines, inter eos 1464 cives et 217 [[impubes|impberes]] necati esse ab initio belli publicaverunt. Atque minister salutis Libani 1094 homines, inter eos 121 impberes necasi ab Israël vi militariae esse publicavit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2dyz6p3weo Why did US and Israel attack Iran and how long could the war last?]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[28 Martii]] 2026, [[exercitus]] Huthianus, qui cum auxilio Iraniae [[Bellum civile Iemeniense (anno 2015 incipiens)|Bellum civile Iemeniense]] contra rectionem Iemaniam pugnavit, impetum [[missile|missilis]] primum ad Israël dedit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd6l5n8jv4yo Iran-backed Houthis join war with attack against Israel].&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[1 Aprilis]] 2026, Donaldus Trump praeses Civitatum Foederatarum orationem dedit: impetum vehementer duo vel tres hebdomas dare, a quo Iraniam ad &quot;[[Aetas lapidea|Aetatem lapideam]]&quot; mittere potest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/2/bomb-back-to-the-stone-age-us-history-of-threats-and-carpet-bombing 'Bomb back to the Stone Age': US history of therats and carpet bombing]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[4 Aprilis]] 2026, [[Raphael Grossi]], praeses [[Procuratio energiae atomicae internationalis|Procurationis energiae atominae internationalis]] impetum ad [[ergasterium atomicum]] Bushehr ab Israël et Civitatibus Foederatarum profundus indicat.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167250 UN nuclear agency chief 'deeply concerned' by reports of latest attack on Iran power plant]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[6 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Irania]]e propositum [[indutiae|indutiarum]] conditione liberationis [[Fretum Ormusense|Freti Ormusensis]] e Civitatibus Foederatarum refusit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/trump-vows-hell-iran-if-strait-stays-shut-says-deal-is-possible-2026-04-06/ Iran rejects ceasfire as Trump says entire country can be 'taken out']&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[7 Aprilis]] 2026, apud [[Consilium securitatis]] resolutio de liberatione Freti Ormusensis negata est a &quot;veto&quot; [[Res publica popularis Sinarum|Rei publicae popularis Sinarum]] et [[Russia]]e.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/04/1167261 Security Concil Russia and China veto resolution on Strait of Hormuz].&lt;/ref&gt; Atque rectio Iraniae et Civitatum Foederatarum [[indutiae|indutias]] conditionales duo hebdomas cum liberatione securaque Freti Ormusensis consensae sunt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.com/news/live/c5yw4g3z7qgt Iran and US agree to conditionaltwo-week ceasfire and opning of Hormuz strait.]&lt;/ref&gt;

Die [[9 Aprilis]] 2026, rectio [[Israël]] dialoum cum rectio [[Libanus|Libani]] conatur, quod negatio indutiarum in Libani contra [[Hizbullah]] indutias Iraniae praevenit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.edition.cnn.com/2026/04/09/world/live-news/iran-war-trump-us-ceasefire Israel says it wants talks with Lebanon as fight against Hezbollah threatens Iran ceasfire]&lt;/ref&gt;
== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|2026 Iran war|De Impetu in Iraniam anni 2026}}

[[Categoria:Historia Iraniae]]
[[Categoria:Donaldus Trump]]
[[Categoria:2026]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Manus ferens munera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>323899</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954097</id>
      <parentid>3953935</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:41:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>carmen - initium</comment>
      <origin>3954097</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5582" sha1="au3erqvmlthst10q91juq15b17noacd" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
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}}

{{lres|Manus ferens munera}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero I reperitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Manus ferens munera
pium facit impium;
nummus iungit federa,
nummus dat consilium;
nummus lenit aspera,
nummus sedat prelium.
nummus in prelatis
est pro iure satis;
nummo locum datis
vos, qui iudicatis.

Nummus ubi loquitur,
fit iuris confusio;
pauper retro pellitur,
quem defendit ratio,
sed dives attrahitur
pretiosus pretio.
hunc iudex adorat,
facit, quod implorat;
pro quo nummus orat,
explet, quod laborat.

Nummus ubi predicat,
labitur iustitia,
et causam, que claudicat,
rectam facit curia,
pauperem diiudicat
veniens pecunia.
sic diiudicatur,
a quo nichil datur;
iure sic privatur,
si nil offeratur.

Sunt potentum digiti
trahentes pecuniam;
tali preda prediti
non dant gratis gratiam,
sed licet illiciti
censum censent veniam.
clericis non morum
cura, sed nummorum,
quorum nescit chorum
chorus angelorum.

«Date, vobis dabitur:
talis est auctoritas»
danti pie loquitur
impiorum pietas;
sed adverse premitur
pauperum adversitas.
quo vult, ducit frena,
cuius bursa plena;
sancta dat crumena,
sancta fit amena.

Hec est causa curie,
quam daturus perficit;
defectu pecunie
causa Codri deficit.
tale fedus hodie
defedat et inficit
nostros ablativos,
qui absorbent vivos,
moti per dativos
movent genitivos.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

==Descriptio==
Nummus est argumentum principale clarissimi carminis satirici medii aevi, in codicibus sicut Carminibus Buranis servati, quod de potentia corruptrice pecuniae in societate Christiana, praesertim in curiis et inter clericos, severe disputat. Hoc opus, stilo eleganti sed acerbo scriptum, describit mundum ubi divina lex et iustitia humana omnino pecuniae imperio subiciuntur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In hoc textu, Nummus quasi [[numen]] quoddam fingitur, cuius praesentia naturam rerum hominumque commutat. Auctor affirmat manus munera ferentes etiam pios in impios convertere posse, cum pecunia non solum foedera iungat et consilia det, sed etiam asperas res leniat et proelia sedet. In iudiciis autem, Nummus pro iure ipso habetur, ita ut iudices non secundum veritatem, sed secundum praemia sibi oblata sententias pronuntient. Ubi enim pecunia loquitur, ibi ius confunditur et ratio ipsa, licet pauperem defendat, ante divitum potentiam cedit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Iustitia ipsa nutare dicitur ubi Nummus praedicat; curiae enim causas claudicantes ac pravas rectam in speciem vertunt si pecunia intervenit. Qui nihil dare valet, iure suo privatur, dum dives, pretio suo fultus, a iudicibus adoratur et voti compos efficitur. Haec corruptio praecipue in clero reprehenditur, ubi non morum cura, sed nummorum cupido regnat. Auctor ironice asseverat choros horum clericorum a choro angelorum penitus ignorari, cum gratia divina non gratis, sed sub pretio turpi detur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, scriptor singulari metaphora utitur ad describendam avaritiam potentum, grammaticos casus ad res pecuniarias transferens. &quot;Ablativi&quot; dicuntur illi qui alios exhauriunt et vivos absorbent, qui solum &quot;dativis&quot; (id est donis) moventur ut &quot;genitivos&quot; (possessores) adiuvent vel creent. Sic tota societas, a summis curiis usque ad infimos clericos, foedere pecuniae inficitur, et causa cuiuslibet hominis, sicut olim Codri egeni, sola inopia penitus deficit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Carmen corruptionem et pecuniae potentiam denuntiat, quae argumenta in parte morali codicis praevalent.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Auctor avaritiam ac [[simonia|simoniam]] reprehendit, deplorans liberalitatem (largitatem) evanuisse dum probitas veritasque negleguntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Textus, in scholis cathedralibus Franciae borealis exortus, subtili intertextualitate et parodia distinguitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 15, 29.&lt;/ref&gt; Notabile est in carmine usus metaphoricus terminorum grammaticorum ad satiram faciendam.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt; In versibus extremis (1.6.5-10), casus Latini (ablativus, dativus, genitivus) ad aviditatem cleri describendam adhibentur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt; Per hos schematismos scholasticos, clerici minores hierarchiam ecclesiasticam, praesertim Curiam Romanam, libere iudicabant.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 47, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Disputatio Adumbrationis:Ascalon</title>
    <ns>119</ns>
    <id>323908</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954100</id>
      <parentid>3948346</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:51:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Archaeocursor</username>
        <id>206441</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Nomina oppidorum */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3954100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="903" sha1="4csrqhzps2c9hqroz5htz42tr4up2iz" xml:space="preserve">== Adumbratio ==

Haec pagina ex anno 2019 est. Nimisne vetus est ut sit Adumbratio? [[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bartholomite|disputatio]]) 22:34, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
: @[[Usor:Bartholomite|Bartholomite]]: Ita, sed vetus pagina [[Specialis:PermanentLink/3427721|erat redirectio]]. Attamen bonum est quod hoc indicavisti! Veteres redirectiones factae paginae nostris regulis tractandae sunt. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:37, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)
:: {{tpe|Nova}} [[Specialis:Diff/3947776/3948345|Factum est]]. --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 22:42, 12 Martii 2026 (UTC)

== Nomina oppidorum ==

Quomodo Latine scribenda sunt nomina Arabica quae Anglice “Majdal” et “Jurah” dicuntur? -[[Usor:Archaeocursor|Archaeocursor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Archaeocursor|disputatio]]) 10:51, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Responde, qui tanta cupis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324020</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954096</id>
      <parentid>3953936</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:40:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>carmen</comment>
      <origin>3954096</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3376" sha1="88j3rwhssu7esed972htfha5lmx4tv7" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
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}}
{{lres|Responde, qui tanta cupis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero II reperitur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 14, 15, 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Carmen breviter avaritiam hominis reprehendit, qui, opibus numquam contentus, semper plura flagitat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
	| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
	| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
	| cid = Deavaritia1-25
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
&lt;poem&gt;
Responde, qui tanta cupis! modo Copia dicat.
Pone modum! que vis dono. ― Volo plena sit arca. ―
Plena sit! ― Adde duas! ― Addo. ― Si quattuor essent,
Sufficerent. ― Sic semper agis: cum plurima dono,
Plus queris, nec plenus eris, donec morieris.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/poem&gt;

== Descriptio ==
Carmen sermonem fingit inter personam (fortasse Copiam vel Fortunam) et hominem cupidum. Cum homo arcam plenam petat et accipiat, statim duplicari ac quadruplicari opes vult. Textus demonstrat naturam insatiabilem avaritiae, quae neminem satiat usque ad mortem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
CB 2 in nucleo initiali codicis ponitur, ubi venalitas et potestas pecuniae acriter reprehenduntur.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Sicut carmen praecedens (''[[Manus ferens munera]]''), hoc quoque vitium avaritiae stigmatizat, quod argumentum apud clericos litteratos illius aetatis maximi momenti erat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Hoc carmen refert sollicitudinem ordinis clericalis de amissa liberalitate (''largitas'') et de incremento oeconomiae monetariae, quae prisca officia mutua corrumpebat.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 138, 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Satira hic adhibetur ut &quot;logica moralis&quot; ad denuntiandam distortionem virtutum in mundo sublunari.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 62, 125, 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Codex Buranus|Codice Burano]], carmen folio 43 reperitur, quod est initium antiquissimi nuclei collectionis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamvis auctor ignotus sit, sumptuositas codicis (ca. 1225/1230 scripti) indicat compilationem ab alta auctoritate ecclesiastica in Europa centrali curatam esse.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 10, 12, 15, 32.&lt;/ref&gt; Stilus eruditionem scholarum Franciae septentrionalis sapit, crebris allusionibus ad auctores classicos sicut [[Horatius]] et [[Iuvenalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 15, 16, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ecce torpet probitas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324046</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954095</id>
      <parentid>3953937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>carmen</comment>
      <origin>3954095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4131" sha1="7per5mr791m7gdlcjwmq6543zkiziqd" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
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| Categoria  =
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}}

{{lres|Ecce torpet probitas}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero III reperitur. Hoc opus, de morum corruptela et de virtutum interitu lamentatur, praecipue avaritiam saeculi reprehendens.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
1. Ecce torpet probitas,
virtus sepelitur;
fit iam parca largitas,
parcitas largitur;
verum dicit falsitas,
veritas mentitur.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad res illicitas
licite recedunt.

2. Regnat avaritia,
regnant et avari;
mente quivis anxia
nititur ditari,
cum sit summa gloria
censu gloriari.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad prava quelibet
impie recedunt.

3. Multum habet oneris
do das dedi dare;
verbum hoc pre ceteris
norunt ignorare
divites, quos poteris
mari comparare.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et in rerum numeris
numeros excedunt.

4. Cunctis est equaliter
insita cupido;
perit fides turpiter,
nullus fidus fido,
nec Iunoni Iupiter
nec Enee Dido.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et ad mala devia
licite recedunt.

5. Si recte discernere
velis, non est vita,
quod sic vivit temere
gens hec imperita;
non est enim vivere,
si quis vivit ita.

Refl. Omnes iura ledunt
et fidem in opere
quolibet excedunt.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
Carmini argumentum est vehemens vituperatio contra ethicam dissolutionem. Auctor queritur probitatem torpere et virtutem quasi sepultam esse. Dominatur in mundo avaritia, quae radix omnium malorum habetur. Veritas in mendacium vertitur et iura passim violantur. Notabilis est satira contra divites, qui verbum &quot;dare&quot; coniugare nesciunt et mari insatiabili comparantur.&lt;ref name=Deavaritia1-25&gt;{{cite web |title=De avaritia 1-25 |url=https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Investigatio critica ==
Hoc carmen in prima parte [[Carmina Burana|Codicis Burani]] invenitur, quae textus morales ac satiricos colligit.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; In codice MS clm 4660, textus folio 43 legitur, quae est prima charta archetypi servati.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt; Quamquam editiones modernae quinque strophas praebent, in Codice Burano tantum tres priores exstant; ceterea (4 et 5) ab Alfons Hilka et Otto Schumann ex aliis fontibus hausta sunt.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 139.&lt;/ref&gt;

Productum est hoc opus intra cultum clericorum litteratorum inter saecula XII et XIII.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, pp. 9, 25.&lt;/ref&gt; Sicut aliae satirae de venalitate, &quot;Ecce torpet probitas&quot; respondet mutationibus oeconomicis illius aetatis, cum pecuniaria ratio et administratio burocratica antiquas necessitudines mutarent.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 142.&lt;/ref&gt; Usus terminorum grammaticorum (ut coniugatio verbi &quot;do&quot;) ad ethicam docendam mos erat communis in scholis cathedralibus illius temporis.&lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
	| id = Lehtonen, 1995
	| c = {{Opus
		| cognomen = Lehtonen
		| nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
		| nomenclatura = compendiaria
		| titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
		| annus = 1995
		| lingua = en
		| locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
		| domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
		| isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
	}}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Lingua macaronica]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]

[[fr:Ecce torpet probitas]]
[[es:Ecce torpet probitas]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amaris stupens casibus</title>
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        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
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      <text bytes="4125" sha1="crvxvi94elmgdu5g3n2bj2mv84y5ohz" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Amaris stupens casibus}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero IV reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
    | titulus = De avaritia 1-25
    | url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Amaris stupens casibus
vox exultationis
organa in salicibus
suspendit Babylonis;
captiva est confusionis,
involuta doloribus
Sion cantica leta sonis
permutavit flebilibus.

Propter scelus perfidie,
quo mundus inquinatur,
fluctuantis ecclesie
sic status naufragatur.
gratia prostat et scortatur
foro venalis curie;
iuris libertas ancillatur
obsecundans pecunie.

Hypocrisis, fraus pullulat
et menda falsitatis,
que titulum detitulat
vere simplicitatis.
frigescit ignis caritatis,
fides a cunctis exulat,
aculeus cupiditatis
quos mordet atque stimulat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, scriptor allegoriam biblicam captivitatis Babylonicae adhibet ad deplorandum statum corruptum Ecclesiae et mundi sui temporis. Vox exultationis, amaris casibus perculsa, organa sua in salicibus suspendit, sicut olim Hebraei fecerunt, quia laetitia spiritualis in fletum et confusionem conversa est. Sion, quae Ecclesiam vel animam iustam significat, captiva tenetur in doloribus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum centrale est naufragium morale Ecclesiae, quod accidit propter &quot;scelus perfidiae&quot; et ubique diffusam mundi inquinamentum. Auctor acerbe denuntiat gratiam divinam iam non gratis dari, sed in curiis venalem prostare sicut meretricem. Libertas iuris, quae libera esse deberet, ancillatur et pecuniae imperio omnino obsecundat, quod est gravis accusatio simoniae et corruptionis iudiciariae.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen describit societatem ubi virtutes Christianae penitus exstinguuntur. Hypocrisis, fraus, et mendacia pro vera simplicitate regnant. Caritas, quae est fundamentum legis Christianae, frigescit, et fides exulat ab hominibus. Omnia haec mala ex &quot;aculeo cupiditatis&quot; oriuntur, qui hominum mentes stimulat et ad perniciem trahit, ordinem divinum evertens.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
Carmen praecipue avaritiam reprehendit atque liberalitatis (sive ''largitatis'') interitum deplorat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 139.&lt;/ref&gt;. Una cum ceteris primae partis carminibus, ''Amaris stupens casibus'' mentem refert clericorum saeculi XII et XIII eruditorum, qui poesi tamquam instrumento ad ethica argumenta et moralem suasionem utebantur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 40.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Textus quendam animi stuporem exprimit erga aetatis commutationes sociales: clerici enim illius temporis novam oeconomiam monetariam reformidabant, quam putabant ordinem moralem antiquasque necessitudines delere &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 13, 142.&lt;/ref&gt;. Itaque carmen quasi &quot;speculum&quot; (sive ''speculum clericorum'') mundi sublunaris habetur, quo instabilitas corruptioque rerum humanarum ante oculos ponuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 40, 169.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
* {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
        | cognomen = Lehtonen
        | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
        | nomenclatura = compendiaria
        | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
        | annus = 1995
        | lingua = en
        | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
        | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
        | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
}}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Index urbium et communium Rhenaniae et Palatinatus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324083</id>
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      <id>3954107</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
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      <text bytes="127675" sha1="d0g659bd0qgrnbwzn5o4whusxt00aci" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Municipalities (Ortsgemeinden) in Rhineland-Palatinate.svg|thumb|Communia Rhenaniae et Palatinatus usque ad gradum ordinationis communis localis (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinde'').]]

'''Index urbium et communium [[Rhenania et Palatinatus|Rhenaniae et Palatinatus]]''' [[urbs|urbes]] et [[commune|communia]] in [[Terra foederalis (Germania)|terra foederali]] [[Germania|Germanica]] Rhenania et Palatinatu sita continet. Sunt 2&amp;nbsp;300 communibus politice independentibus (e Kalendis Ianuariis anni 2025).

Haec ita distribuuntur:

* 130 urbes, inter quas
** 12 [[circuli urbani]] (Theodisce ''Kreisfreie Stadt''),
** 8 urbes magnae circulo subiectae (Theodisce ''kreisangehörige Städte''),
** 13 urbes sine consociatione communium (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Städte''),
** 97 urbes consociationi communium adscriptae (Theodisce ''verbandsangehörige Städte'');

* 2170 alia communia, inter quae
** 8 communia sine consociatione (Theodisce ''verbandsfreie Gemeinden''),
** 2162 communia localia -consociationi adscripta- (Theodisce ''Ortsgemeinden'').

Illae 97 urbes et 2162 communia localia ad 129 consociationes communium pertinent, quae administrationem pro communibus sibi subiectis gerunt. 

== Circuli urbani ==
{{div col|3}}
# [[Augusta Treverorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;&gt;{{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Trier''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Tréier'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Bipontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Zweibrücken''; [[Palatinice]] ''Zweebrigge'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Caesarea Lutra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaiserslautern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Lautre'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Koblenz''; dialectaliter ''Kowelenz'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Francodalia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Frankenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Landavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Landau in der Pfalz''; [[Palatinice]] ''Landaach'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Ludovici Portus Rhenanus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bezzel 1845&quot;&gt;Bezzel, H. M. (1845). ''Historia Rei Literariae Norimbergensis''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ludwigshafen am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Moguntiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mainz'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Neapolis Palatinorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neustadt an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Neischdadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Sancti Pirminii Sedes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Pirmasens''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bärmesens'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Spira (urbs)|Spira]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Speyer'')&lt;/small&gt;
# [[Wormatia]]&lt;ref&gt;Vide [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/groo001brie14_01/groo001brie14_01_0023.php ''Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius''], ubi dicitur &quot;Dux Carolus a Wormatia militem mittit tuendo Ascafenburgo.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Worms'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes magnae circulo subiectae ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Angulisamum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ingelheim am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antunnacum]]&lt;ref&gt;[[Tabula Peutingeriana]]: ''Antunnaco''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Venantius Fortunatus: ''Antonnacensis castelli …'' Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Auctores antiquissimi, 4.4. Fortunati carminum liber X (de navigatione Childeberti regis).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Andernach''; dialectaliter ''Annenach'' seu ''Annernach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bingium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;&gt;{{Lexicon Universale}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bingen am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Kreuznach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Idara-Supra Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;&gt;Steininger, J. (1834). ''Codex diplomaticus Trevirensis e-archivio et libris manuscriptis'' (Vol. 1). In Commission der Fr. Lintz’schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;&gt;Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der, jetzt die Preussischen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier bildenden mittelrheinischen Territorien'' (Vol. 1). J. Hölscher; et : Beyer, H. (1860). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der mittelrheinischen Territorien: Erster Band. Von den ältesten Zeiten bis zum Jahre 1169''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: J. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Idar-Oberstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahnstenium]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dilibri.de/rlb/content/thumbview/63151 ''37 - (46) - Lahnstenium (ubi Loganum Rhenus suscipit) Confluentia venienti || Lhaanstein, komende van Koblenz - +â+ôbersicht - Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz'' apud www.dilibri.de] &quot;Lahnstenium ubi [[Loganus|Loganum]] [[Rhenus]] suscipit.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lahnstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mayen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neoweda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuwied'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes sine consociatione communium ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Alceia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alzey'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bendorffium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Merian 1646&quot;&gt;Merian, M. (1646). ''Topographia Palatinatus Rheni et Vicinarum Regionum: Das ist Beschreibung und Eigentliche Abbildung der Vornehmsten Stätte Plätze der Untern Pfalz am Rhein''. Matthäus Merian.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Babardia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boppard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bedense Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bitburg''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bebuersch'' seu ''Beburig''; [[Luxemburgice]] ''Béibreg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Insula Rheni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mone 1848&quot;&gt;Mone, F. J. (1848). ''Zeitschrift für die Geschichte des Oberrheins'' (Vol. 1). G. Braun'sche Hofbuchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wörth am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Iulius Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Germersheim'' seu ''Germersheim am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novae Aquae-Arvilare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;&gt;Egli, J. J. (1893). ''Nomina Geographica: Sprach- und Sacherklärung von 42000 Geographischen Namen aller Erdräume''. [[Lipsia]]e: Friedrich Brandstetter.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Neuenahr-Ahrweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rigomagus (Germania)|Rigomagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Remagen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sentiaca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sinzig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Turingum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Dürkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Nautica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X. (1852). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer'' (Vol. 1). Kirchheim und Schott.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schifferstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Viridopolis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Irenicus 1518&quot;&gt;Irenicus, F. (1518). ''Germaniae exegeseos volumina duodecim''. Impensis Urbani Regii.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Grünstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vitelliacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wittlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Urbes consociationi communium adscriptae ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Adenova]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050912?p=1&amp;cq=Antonius%20%E3%80%88de%20Brixia%E3%80%89&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus : Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 1. A-D''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Adenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Algesheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gau-Algesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Angulus Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lauterecken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anvilara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1849&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1849). ''Regesta Imperii: Die Regesten des Kaiserreichs unter den Karolingern'' (Vol. 1). Verlag der J.G. Cotta'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Annweiler am Trifels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Brisiacenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Peutinger 1888&quot;&gt;Peutinger, C. (1888). ''Tabula Peutingeriana: Codex Vindobonensis 324'' (K. Miller, Ed.). Otto Maier Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Breisig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Mariaemontanae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat II 1824&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1824). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2). Johann Peter Bachem.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Marienberg''; dialectaliter ''Marmerich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Sobernheimenses]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Sobernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bacaracum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bacharach'' seu ''Bacharach am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bemondula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Stadt Baumholder&quot;&gt;Stadt Baumholder. (s. f.). [https://www.baumholder.de/en/our-city/history/ ''History''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baumholder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bernicastellum-Cusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx 1905&quot;&gt;Marx, J. (1905). ''Geschichte des Armen-Hospitals zum h. Nicolaus zu Cues'' (Vol. 1). Kommissions-Verlag der Paulinus-Druckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bernkastel-Kues'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betzdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;&gt;Bärsch, G. (1844). ''Eiflia illustrata, oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (Vol. 2).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Betzdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bollenheimum ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rheinböllen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brubacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Caesariacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaisersesch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Candela (Palatinatus)|Candela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kandel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Kyllae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kyllburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cattimelibocum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Katzenelnbogen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cella ad Mosellam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Zell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cochemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cochem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Contionacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Konz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cosla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kusel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cuba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cuba]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kaub'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dada (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dada]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;&gt;Gensicke, H. (1999). ''Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes'' (II ed.). Historische Kommission für Nassau.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daaden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;&gt;Görz, A. (1879). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten oder chronologische Zusammenstellung des Quellenmaterials für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier'' (Vol. II). Denkert &amp; Groos.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Decia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diez'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didesheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deidesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dierdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Bousonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Busenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Sancti Goaris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sankt Goarshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dumno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daun'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ecclesiae ad Segam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ecclesiopolium Bolandicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Cellarius 1703&quot;&gt;Cellarius, C. (1703). ''Geographia Antiqua iuxta et Nova''. Ienae: Bielckius.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchheimbolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Kerschem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ediginhovum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;&gt;Glöckner, K. (1933). ''Codex Laureshamensis'' (Vol. 3). Historischer Verein für Hessen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Edenkoben''; [[Palatinice]] ''Edekowe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Embasis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Ems'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelshusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Emmelshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freinsheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Freinsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Fränsem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gamundium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Gamundium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;&gt;[https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050913?p=249&amp;cq=Ludwigshafen%20u.a.&amp;lang=en ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 2. E - M''].&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hornbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gerolstenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Gerolstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hachenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hachenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Herdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Herdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hermenskeila]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hermeskeil'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hillesheimium (Eiflia)|Hillesheimium]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hillesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hoinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Becker, Mayer, Prinz &amp; Halpern 2021&quot;&gt;Becker, W., Mayer, M. G., Prinz, S. T., &amp; Halpern, J. P. (2021). ''Hoinga: A large and nearby ROSAT-detected supernova remnant''. Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics, 648, A30. doi.org&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Hönningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horium-Grancineshausa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Höhr-Grenzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hunnorum Castellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kastellaun'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago ad Rivum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Hagenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kyrina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Kyrina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Landstulia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Landstuhl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lincia ad Rhenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Linz am Rhein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lupi Petra (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Lupi Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wolfstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Manderscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Manderscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meisenheimium (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Meisenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Latomus 1562&quot;&gt;Latomus, B. (1562). ''Genealogia d. d. baronum in Meisenheimium et Oberstein''. (Reimpressio a I. Friderico edita, anno 1870, Reuther).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Meisenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mendigum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mendig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Molendinopolis-Kerlecha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mülheim-Kärlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monasterium Meinfeldiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Münstermaifeld''; dialectaliter ''Meenster'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ecclesiae (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Ecclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Kirchberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ferreus (Palatinatus)|Mons Ferreus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisner 1623&quot;&gt;Meisner, D. (1623). ''Thesaurus Philo-Politicus: Hoc est: Emblemata sive Moralia Politica'' (Vol. 1). Eberhard Kieser seu Enno Koenig.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eisenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Tabor (Germania)|Mons Tabor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Montabaur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Torrentis (Tergum Caninum)|Mons Torrentis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Stromberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Moschela Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat II 1824&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Obermoschel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nassovia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nassau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nastadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nastätten'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neristeinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nierstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novum Castellum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Novum Castellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Neuerburg''; dialectaliter [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Neierbuersch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Occidentale Castrum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Occidentale Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke II 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Westerburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oppenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oppenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ostowa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Osthofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Otterburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Otterberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Policha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Polch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pruma (urbs)|Pruma]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Prüm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ramsteinium-Mesenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ramstein-Miesenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ransbacum-Babenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz II 1879&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ransbach-Baumbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Renneroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rennerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rensa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rhens'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rocconis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rockenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodalba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Rodalben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Saltrissa in Silva Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Selters''; dialectaliter ''Seldersch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sancti Goaris Cella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Sankt Goar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sanctus Lambertus (Palatinatus)|Sanctus Lambertus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der ehemaligen Abteien und Klöster im jetzigen Rheinbayern'' (Vol. 1). Ensslin; et: Remling, F. X. (1836). ''Urkundenbuch zur Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Lambrecht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Saravicastrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Saarburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Simmera]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Simmern/Hunsrück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Soiacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Schweich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spicarium (Eiflia)|Spicarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Speicher'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tabernae Montanae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Bergzabern''; [[Palatinice]] ''Berchzawwre'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Trabena-Trarbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Traben-Trarbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Turris Alba (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Turris Alba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Weißenthurm''; dialectaliter ''Thur'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulmena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ulmen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ulmena Inferior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Greule 2021&quot;&gt;Greule, A. (2021). ''Die Ortsnamen der Verbandsgemeinde Nieder-Olm''. Regionalgeschichte.net&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Nieder-Olm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Unchela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lacomblet 1840&quot;&gt;Lacomblet, T. J. (1840). ''Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins oder des Erzstifts Cöln'' (Vol. 1). Wolf'sche Buchdruckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Unkel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valendra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus N-Z&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Vallendar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vesalia Superior]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Oberwesel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vetus Ecclesia (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Moraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Waldmohr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wachenheimium ad Viam Vinariam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wachenheim an der Weinstraße'' seu ''Wachenheim an der Haardt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weristadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Glöckner III 1933&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wörrstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wiridicha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wirges'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wissena ad Segam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wissen'' seu ''Wissen/Sieg'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Communia sine consociatione ==
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bobenhemium-Roxhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling Geschichte 1852&quot;&gt;Remling, F. X., (1852); ''Geschichte der Bischöfe zu Speyer''. [[Moguntiacum|Moguntiaci]]: Kirchheim &amp; Schott.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenheim-Roxheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bohila et Ugelhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böhl-Iggelheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Budenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim III 1839&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J. (1839). ''Pragmatische Geschichte der deutschen Concilien: vom vierten bis zum Ende des fünfzehnten Jahrhunderts'' (Vol. 3). Moguntiaci: Verlag von Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Budenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Comitatus (Rhenania)|Comitatus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive memorabilis et geographica historicaque dominorum eifliae illustrium''. Typis Ioannis Baptistae; et: Schannat, J. F. (1723). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica descriptionis comitatus Eifliae''. Typis J.A. Köthen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Grafschaft'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curia Limburgensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Limburgerhof'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasela (Palatinatus)|Hasela]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus E-M&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Haßloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Morbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Morbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mutterstadium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Mutterstadt'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

== Communia localia ==
=== A ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Abbatis Villa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Abbatis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Abtweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Abentheuerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;&gt;Binterim, A. J., &amp; Mooren, J. H. (1831). ''Die alte und neue Erzdiözese Köln in ihrer ehemaligen Ausdehnung'' (Vol. 2). Moguntiaci: Kirchheim, Schott und Thielmann. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Abentheuer'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Acta (Eiflia)|Acta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Acht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Adinbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae II 1770&quot;&gt;Academia Electoralis Theodoro-Palatinae. (1770). ''Historia et commentationes Academiae Electoralis Scientiarum et Elegantiorum Litterarum Theodoro-Palatinae'' (Vol. 2). Typis Academicis.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Adenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Afflaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Affler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Agathonis Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Echtershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Agitelsbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Achtelsbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Agonis Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ehweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ailertchenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ailertchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albersweilerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albersweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albessenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albia (Occidentalis Silva)|Albia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pokorny 1959 &amp; 1989&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Elben'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Albis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albucha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Albulfi Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Albisheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alflona]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alflen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alcana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Alcana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alisontia (Palatinatus)|Alisontia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsenz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allenbachum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allendorfium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Allendorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Allenfeldium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Allenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Almersbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Almersbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alni Divisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ehlscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alpenrodium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alpenrod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsbacum (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsdorfium (Eiflia)|Alsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alsdorfium (Occidentalis Silva)|Alsdorfium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alta Regia (Rhenania)|Alta Regia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alta Ripa (Palatinatus)|Alta Ripa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altrip'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alterkulzium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Alterkülz''; [[Hunnice]] ''Allerkilz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Alua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bleialf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ammeldinga ad Novum Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen bei Neuerburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ammeldinga ad Ouram]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ammeldingen an der Our'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Angulocampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eckfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anhusium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Anhausen''; dialectaliter ''Onese'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Anschavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Anschau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Dizuna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altendiez'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Laya]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altlay'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Scheida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiqua Villa (Palatinatus)|Antiqua Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Boimburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;&gt;Gudenus, V. F. (1743). ''Codex diplomaticus: exhibens anecdota Moguntiaca, iura, provincias, et adiacentes regiones'' (Vol. 1). Typis Ioannis Baptistae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenbamberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Strimmigium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altstrimmig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antiquum Widelbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altweidelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Aldweirelbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Antweilerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Antweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Appenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Appenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aqua (prope Augustam Treverorum)|Aqua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aquae Ferreae (Eiflia)|Aquae Ferreae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Browerus &amp; Masenius 1670&quot;&gt;Browerus, C., &amp; Masenius, J. (1670). ''Antiquitatum et annalium Trevirensium libri XXV''. Henricus Dehmen.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eisenach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ara (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenahr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aremontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aremberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arenrathium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arenrath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arftium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arft'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Argenthalium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Argenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Ajedahl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ariswancum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dotzauer 2001&quot;&gt;Dotzauer, W. (2001). ''Geschichte des Nahe-Hunsrück-Raumes: Von den Anfängen bis zur Französischen Revolution''. Franz Steiner Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Argenschwang'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Armshemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Armsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Arzbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arzbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ardesfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arzfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aridum Nemus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dürrholz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Asbachium (Occidentalis Silva)|Asbachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Asbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aspishemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aspisheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Astertium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Astert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Attenhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Attenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Atzelgiftium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Atzelgift'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auderathium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auderath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Audonis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Edesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Esem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Auelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auel'')&lt;/small&gt;.
* [[Augia (Tergum Caninum)|Augia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trithemius 1601&quot;&gt;Trithemius, I. (1601). ''Chronicon Coenobii Sponheimensis''. Typis Ioannis Albini; et: Trithemius, I. (1601). Chronicon Sponheimense, ca. 1495-1509. (Ed. Carl Velten, 1969). [[Cruciniacum|Cruciniaci]]: Eigenverlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia ad Kyllam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auw an der Kyll'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia ad Prumiam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Auw bei Prüm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Augia Dusonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dausenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Aullium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aull'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== B ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Bachenbergium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bachenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bacunnum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bekond'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bademium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Badenhardia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badenhard''; [[Hunnice]] ''Banert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Badenhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Badenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baldringum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gnodalius 1570&quot;&gt;Gnodalius, P. (1570). ''Seditio repentina vulgi, praecipue rusticorum, anno M.D.XXV. per universam fere Germaniam exorta''. Henricus Petri&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baldringen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bannum (Palatinatus)|Bannum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;&gt;Lehmann, J. G. (1857). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der Pfalz''. Verlag der Joh. Chr. Hermann'sche Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bann'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bannberscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steub 1846&quot;&gt;Steub, L. (1846). ''Die oberdeutschen Familiennamen''. Verlag von George Joseph Manz.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bannberscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Barae (Eiflia)|Barae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baar'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baudobrica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büdlich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baulerum (Circulus terrae Arvilarensis)|Baulerum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1855&quot;&gt;Schannat, J. F. (1855). ''Eiflia illustrata, sive geographica et historica comitatus Eifliae descriptio''. Jacobus Antonius Mayer.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Arvilarensis|Circulo Arvilarensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;&gt;Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' -secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo- vertit&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Arvilarensis&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bauler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Baustertum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1855&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Baustert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bechelum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;&gt;Steininger, J. (1836). ''Codex principis et metropolis Trevirensis: res Trevericas a saeculo X. usque ad nostra tempora illustrans''. Friederich Lintz.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becheln'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bechtrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechtheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beindersheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Widder 1788&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beindersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belgica (Germania)|Belgica]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Belg''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellisch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belinga (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Belinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beilingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Belinga (Occidentalis Silva)|Belinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz 1886&quot;&gt;Görz, A. (1886). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. Verlag von F. Hölscher.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bellingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bellum (Tergum Caninum)|Bellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bellum (prope Mendigum)|Bellum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Mendigum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bell'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Beltema]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beltheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Belldem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bercilingua]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bermola]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bertriacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gilles 1988&quot;&gt;Gilles, K.-J. (1988). ''Die Entersburg bei Bad Bertrich. Ein &quot;Troja&quot; der Eifel''. Apud ''Jahrbuch für den Kreis Cochem-Zell''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bad Bertrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bettilonis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Betteldorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bettinga (Eiflia)|Bettinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betularia-Honigsessenium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885&quot;&gt;Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Provinz Rheinland'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus; et: Königliches Statistisches Bureau (Ed.) (1885). ''Gemeindelexikon für das Königreich Preußen: Auf Grund der Materialien der Volkszählung vom 1. Dezember 1885'' (Vol. 12). Berolini: Verlag des Königlichen Statistischen Bureaus.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birken-Honigsessen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Betularum Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berkhem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bibaraha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebern''; [[Hunnice]] ''Biewere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bibericum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebrich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bickenbacum (Tergum Caninum)|Bickenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bickenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bidasium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;&gt;Lehmann, J. G. (1841). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der ehemaligen Pfalz am Rheine''. Kaiserslautern: Tascher. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biedesheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Birressem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bilestinum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beilstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binninga (Eiflia)|Binninga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Binningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Binsfelda (Eiflia)|Binsfelda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Binsfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birgelium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wackenroder 1928&quot;&gt;Wackenroder, E. (1928). ''Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Daun'' (P. Clemen, Ed.; Vol. 12/III). Dusseldorpii: L. Schwann.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birgel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birgesbura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birresborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Birtinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birtlingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bitzenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Königliches Statistisches Bureau XII 1885&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bitzen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bochinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böchingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bolandia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bolanden''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bolanne'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bollanevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bollendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Borlerium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;&gt;Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Erläuterungen zum geschichtlichen Atlas der Rheinprovinz: Zweiter Band. Die Karte von 1789''. Bonnae: Hermann Behrendt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bovina (Nava)|Bovina]] &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Nava (flumen)|Navam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boos'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Braunshornium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braunshorn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brousert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bredallum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Briedel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Breidena]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Briedern'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bremba]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bremm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bretzenheimum ad Navam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bretzenheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Brätzenem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Briedina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brieden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Briminga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;&gt;Linden, I. (1852). ''Hierarchia Trevirensis: Catalogus omnium ecclesiarum et cleri dioecesis Trevirensis''. Ex Officina Typographica B. Herder.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brimingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brinichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brenk'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brocscheidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1829&quot;&gt;Schannat, I. F. (1829). ''Eiflia illustrata oder geographische und historische Beschreibung der Eifel'' (G. Bärsch, Tranl.). Mayer. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brockscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brodenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brodenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brohla-Luezilinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Brommer 2003&quot;&gt;Brommer, P. (2003). ''Die Kanzlei der Erzbischöfe von Trier im 12. Jahrhundert''. Gesellschaft für Mittelrheinische Kirchengeschichte.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brohl-Lützing'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchamulbacum-Misavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchmühlbach-Miesau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchertseifia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchertseifen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruchwilarius-Berenbacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler-Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brucusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brula]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Brunswillarium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brauweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brey'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruscheida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruschied'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bruttigum-Fancale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruttig-Fankel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bobach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubenheimium (Hassia Rhenana)|Bubenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Brilmayer, K. I. (1905). ''Rheinhessen in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart''. [[Giessa]]e: Roth.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubonum Villa (Palatinatus)|Bubonum Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bubenheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Buwerum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bubura]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Budonis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büdesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buidonivilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenheim am Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulenberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buhlenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beulich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bulleia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bullay'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Bunglum (Mosella)|Bunglum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bengel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Mosella)|Burgus]] &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Mosella Inferior)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(ad [[Mosella (flumen)|Mosellam Inferiorem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (Eiflia)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burgus (prope Bernicastellum-Cusam)|Burgus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Bernicastellum-Cusam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Marx 1905&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burovillare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burrweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Burtscheidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burtscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Buveza]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boos'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== C ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Caminus Picis (Palatinatus)|Caminus Picis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechhofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Animalium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Baierorum et Steckweilerum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Widder 1788&quot;&gt;Widder, J. G. (1788). ''Versuch einer vollständigen Geographisch-Historischen Beschreibung der Kurfürstlichen Pfalz am Rheine''. Francofurti et Lipsiae.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bayerfeld-Steckweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Balesii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;&gt;Hontheim, N. (1750). ''Historia Trevirensis diplomatica et pragmatica''. Apud viduam et filium Joannis Gulielmi Huisch.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Balesfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Bettonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettenfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Bonini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bonefeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Dedinis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deudesfeld''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Deisseld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Campus Vallis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Campus Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dellfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Cana (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Cana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Caan'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carolomontium (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Carolomontium]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Charlottenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Carolomontium (Circulus terrae Turingensis)|Carolomontium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Turingensis|Circulo terrae Turingensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTTuringensis&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Turingensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Dürkheim'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Turingensis-e&quot; ad [[Turingum]] refertur.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Carlsberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casa Bubonum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börfink'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae ad Montem (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Casae ad Montem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berghausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Beionis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beinhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bennonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bennhausen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bennese'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bergonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergenhausen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bärjehouse'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Berizonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Bidari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biedershausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Casae Faginae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büchenbeuren''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bischebäjere'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Brule]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgbrohl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Castrum Larae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burglahr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Clausa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Clausa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Clausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Collis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wasserzieher 1927&quot;&gt;Wasserzieher, E. (1927). ''Hans und Grete: Eine Einführung in die Studium der deutschen Personennamen''. Ferdinand Dümmler Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Büchel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Collis Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenbeul'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Condate Vicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Condate Vicus&quot;&gt;Vide [https://www.gemeinde-contwig.de/index.php/ortsgeschichte ''Gemeinde Contwig''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Namen „condate vicus“ (oder ähnlich) erhielt (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Contwig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curiae Arnonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gudenus 1743&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Arnshöfen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curtes Dissonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dessighofen''; dialectaliter ''Dessje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Curtis Ferrea]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Meisner 1623&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eisighofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== D ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Dackenheimium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dackenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dackscheidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dackscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Daleidium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daleiden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dancano]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahnen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Datinberga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dattenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Decima (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Decima]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Detzem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deesenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deesen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deinspure]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Densborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dernavia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Derschenum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Derschen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Deslochium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Desloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dieblichum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dieblich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Difficilis Scissus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bisterschied'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Didonevilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dingdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis|Circulo terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Vetero-Ecclesiensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheidt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Amplum (Tergum Caninum)|Discrimen Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Dammae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Damscheid''; [[Hunnice]] ''Domschiehd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Darsonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Darscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Exustum (Eiflia)|Discrimen Exustum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Exustum (Occidentalis Silva)|Discrimen Exustum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brandscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Discrimen Spissum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickenschied''; [[Hunnice]] ''Diggeschiehd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Divortium (Tergum Caninum)|Divortium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bescheid''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Baäschd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Divortium Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Docconis Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dockweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Docconisvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dockendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dommari Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dommershausen''; dialectaliter [[Hunnice]] ''Dommasch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Candida (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Domus Candida]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bleckhausen''; dialectaliter [[Eiflice]] ''Blääkes'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Davilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dauwelshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Domus Tabulata]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bretthausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dossinhusa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Moos &amp; Kober 2009&quot;&gt;Moos, P. S., &amp; Kober, K. (2009). ''Die Geschichte von Dachsenhausen''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dachsenhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dreisa (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Dreisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Drees'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudonis Castrum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dodenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudonis Curtes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dudenhofen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dudonis Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Duchroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dulgisvilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dolgesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunechinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Düngenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Dunonis Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dunzweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Duodelonis Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dudeldorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== E ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Eberhardi Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ebertshausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eberolfidomus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ebertsheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Ewwertsem'' seu ''Ewwertzum'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egihari Villare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eckersweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egili Divisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eilscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Egla (Germania)|Egla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ayl'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eichana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eichelhardia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius I 1898&quot;&gt;Fabricius, W. (1898). ''Die Herrschaften des unteren Nahegebietes: Der Nahegau und seine Umgebung''. [[Bonna]]e: Behrendt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eichelhardt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ekkilonis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eckelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elbinga (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Elbinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Elbingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elchweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elkenroth]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Ellenberg]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt; 
* [[Ellenhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellenz-Poltersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellern (Tergum Caninum)]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellerstadt]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellscheid]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ellweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elmstein]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elsoff (Occidentalis Silva)]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Elzweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmelbaum]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Emmerzhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Endlichhofen]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Engelstadt]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Enkenbach-Alsenborn]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Enkirch]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ensch]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce '''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ensheim]]
* [[Enspel]]
* [[Enzen (Eiflia)|Enzen]]
* [[Episcopi Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Episcopi Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bischheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bischem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eppelsheim]]
* [[Eppenberg (Eiflia)|Eppenberg]]
* [[Eppenbrunn]]
* [[Eppenrod]]
* [[Era (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Era]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ehr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erbach (Tergum Caninum)|Erbach]]
* [[Erbes-Büdesheim]]
* [[Erden (Mosel)|Erden]]
* [[Erdesbach]]
* [[Erfweiler]]
* [[Ergeshausen]]
* [[Ericetum Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenheide'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Erlenbach bei Dahn]]
* [[Erlenbach bei Kandel]]
* [[Ernst (Mosel)|Ernst]]
* [[Ernzen]]
* [[Erpel]]
* [[Erpolzheim]]
* [[Ersfeld]]
* [[Erzenhausen]]
* [[Esch (bei Gerolstein)|Esch]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Gerolstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Esch (bei Wittlich)|Esch]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Wittlich)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschbach (bei Nastätten)|Eschbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Nastätten)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschbach (Pfalz)|Eschbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Eschfeld]]
* [[Esselborn]]
* [[Essenheim]]
* [[Essingen (Pfalz)|Essingen]]
* [[Eßlingen]]
* [[Eßweiler]]
* [[Esthal]]
* [[Etgert]]
* [[Ethigira et Alara]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ediger-Eller'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Etschberg]]
* [[Etteldorf]]
* [[Ettinghausen]]
* [[Ettringen (Eiflia)|Ettringen]]
* [[Etzbach]]
* [[Eulenberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Eulenberg]]
* [[Eulenbis]]
* [[Eulgem]]
* [[Euscheid]]
* [[Eußerthal]]
* [[Ewighausen]]
* [[Exstirpatio Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berndroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
{{div col end}}

=== F ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Fachbach]]
* [[Fagetum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Fagetum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buchet'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fagus (Taunus)|Fagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fagus (Tergum Caninum)|Fagus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buch''; [[Hunnice]] ''Booch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Faid]]
* [[Falkenstein (Pfalz)|Falkenstein]]
* [[Farschweiler]]
* [[Fehl-Ritzhausen]]
* [[Feilbingert]]
* [[Feilsdorf]]
* [[Fell (Mosel)|Fell]]
* [[Fensdorf]]
* [[Ferrifodina (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Ferrifodina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eisenschmitt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ferschweiler]]
* [[Feuerscheid]]
* [[Feusdorf]]
* [[Fiersbach]]
* [[Filsen]]
* [[Filz (Eiflia)|Filz]]
* [[Finkenbach-Gersweiler]]
* [[Fisch (Saargau)|Fisch]]
* [[Fischbach bei Dahn]]
* [[Fischbach (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Fischbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fischbach (bei Kaiserslautern)|Fischbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kaiserslautern)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fischbach-Oberraden]]
* [[Flacht]]
* [[Flammersfeld]]
* [[Flemlingen]]
* [[Fleringen]]
* [[Flexus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Flexus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bogel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fließem]]
* [[Flomborn]]
* [[Flonheim]]
* [[Flörsheim-Dalsheim]]
* [[Flußbach]]
* [[Fluterschen]]
* [[Fluxus Dammae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Damflos'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Föckelberg]]
* [[Föhren]]
* [[Fohren-Linden]]
* [[Fons Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bereborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fons Boeri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börsborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fons Tumuli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böllenborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Forst an der Weinstraße]]
* [[Forst (bei Wissen, Sieg)|Forst]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Wissen, Sieg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Forst (Eiflia)]]
* [[Forst (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Forstmehren]]
* [[Framersheim]]
* [[Frankelbach]]
* [[Frankeneck]]
* [[Frankenstein (Pfalz)|Frankenstein]]
* [[Frankweiler]]
* [[Franzenheim]]
* [[Frauenberg (Nahe)|Frauenberg]]
* [[Fraxinibachium (Palatinatus Occidentalis)|Fraxinibachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Aschbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fraxinibachium (Tergum Caninum)|Fraxinibachium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Asbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freckenfeld]]
* [[Frei-Laubersheim]]
* [[Freilingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Freilingen]]
* [[Freimersheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Freimersheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Freimersheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Freirachdorf]]
* [[Freisbach]]
* [[Frettenheim]]
* [[Freudenburg]]
* [[Friedelsheim]]
* [[Friedewald (Occidentalis Silva)|Friedewald]]
* [[Friesenhagen]]
* [[Friesenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Friesenheim]]
* [[Frohnhofen]]
* [[Fronhofen]]
* [[Frücht]]
* [[Fuchshofen]]
* [[Fundus (Occidentalis Silva)|Fundus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boden'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Fürfeld]]
* [[Fürthen]]
* [[Fußgönheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== G ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Gabsheim]]
* [[Gackenbach]]
* [[Galenberg]]
* [[Gamlen]]
* [[Gappenach]]
* [[Gau-Bickelheim]]
* [[Gau-Bischofsheim]]
* [[Gauersheim]]
* [[Gaugrehweiler]]
* [[Gau-Heppenheim]]
* [[Gau-Odernheim]]
* [[Gau-Weinheim]]
* [[Gebhardshain]]
* [[Gebroth]]
* [[Gefell (Eiflia)|Gefell]]
* [[Gehlert]]
* [[Gehlweiler]]
* [[Gehrweiler]]
* [[Geichlingen]]
* [[Geilnau]]
* [[Geiselberg]]
* [[Geisfeld]]
* [[Geisig]]
* [[Gelenberg]]
* [[Gemmerich]]
* [[Gemünd (Our)|Gemünd]]
* [[Gemünden (Tergum Caninum)|Gemünden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gemünden (Occidentalis Silva)|Gemünden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gensingen]]
* [[Gentingen]]
* [[Gerach (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Gerach]]
* [[Gerbach]]
* [[Gerhardsbrunn]]
* [[Gering]]
* [[Gerolsheim]]
* [[Gevenich]]
* [[Gieleroth]]
* [[Gielert]]
* [[Gierschnach]]
* [[Giershausen]]
* [[Giesdorf]]
* [[Giesenhausen]]
* [[Gillenbeuren]]
* [[Gillenfeld]]
* [[Gilzem]]
* [[Gimbsheim]]
* [[Gimbweiler]]
* [[Gindorf]]
* [[Ginsweiler]]
* [[Gipperath]]
* [[Girkenroth]]
* [[Girod]]
* [[Gladbach (Eiflia)|Gladbach]]
* [[Glan-Münchweiler]]
* [[Glanbrücken]]
* [[Glanna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenglan'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Glees]]
* [[Gleisweiler]]
* [[Gleiszellen-Gleishorbach]]
* [[Göcklingen]]
* [[Goddert]]
* [[Gödenroth]]
* [[Gollenberg (prope Bircofeldam)|Gollenberg]]
* [[Göllheim]]
* [[Gommersheim]]
* [[Gonbach]]
* [[Gondenbrett]]
* [[Gondershausen]]
* [[Gondorf]]
* [[Gönnersdorf (bei Bad Breisig)|Gönnersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Bad Breisig)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gönnersdorf (Eiflia)|Gönnersdorf]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gönnheim]]
* [[Görgeshausen]]
* [[Gornhausen]]
* [[Gösenroth]]
* [[Gossersweiler-Stein]]
* [[Graach an der Mosel]]
* [[Gräfendhron]]
* [[Gransdorf]]
* [[Greimerath (bei Trier)|Greimerath]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Trier)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Greimerath (Eiflia)|Greimerath]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Greimersburg]]
* [[Grenderich]]
* [[Griebelschied]]
* [[Gries (Pfalz)|Gries]]
* [[Grimburg]]
* [[Grolsheim]]
* [[Großbundenbach]]
* [[Großfischlingen]]
* [[Großholbach]]
* [[Großkampenberg]]
* [[Großkarlbach]]
* [[Großlangenfeld]]
* [[Großlittgen]]
* [[Großmaischeid]]
* [[Großniedesheim]]
* [[Großseifen]]
* [[Großsteinhausen]]
* [[Grumbach (Landkreis Kusel)|Grumbach]]
* [[Grünebach]]
* [[Guckheim]]
* [[Gückingen]]
* [[Guldental]]
* [[Güllesheim]]
* [[Gumbsheim]]
* [[Gunderath]]
* [[Gundersheim]]
* [[Gundersweiler]]
* [[Gundheim]]
* [[Guntersblum]]
* [[Gurgitis Campus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dümpelfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Gusenburg]]
* [[Gusterath]]
* [[Gutenacker]]
* [[Gutenberg/Nahe|Gutenberg]]
* [[Gutweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== H ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Habscheid]]
* [[Hackenheim]]
* [[Hahn am See]]
* [[Hahn bei Marienberg]]
* [[Hahn (Tergum Caninum)|Hahn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hahnenbach]]
* [[Hahnheim]]
* [[Hahnstätten]]
* [[Hahnweiler]]
* [[Hainau]]
* [[Hainfeld (Pfalz)|Hainfeld]]
* [[Halbs]]
* [[Hallgarten (Pfalz)|Hallgarten]]
* [[Hallschlag]]
* [[Halsdorf]]
* [[Halsenbach]]
* [[Hambach (bei Diez)|Hambach]]
* [[Hambuch]]
* [[Hamm am Rhein]]
* [[Hamm (Eiflia)|Hamm]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hamm (Sieg)]]
* [[Hammerstein (am Rhein)|Hammerstein]]
* [[Hangen-Weisheim]]
* [[Hanhofen]]
* [[Hanroth]]
* [[Harbach (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Harbach]]
* [[Hardert]]
* [[Hardt (Occidentalis Silva)|Hardt]]
* [[Hargarten (Eiflia)|Hargarten]]
* [[Hargesheim]]
* [[Harschbach]]
* [[Harscheid (bei Adenau)|Harscheid]]
* [[Harspelt]]
* [[Hartenfels]]
* [[Harthausen]]
* [[Härtlingen]]
* [[Harxheim]]
* [[Hasborn (Eiflia)|Hasborn]]
* [[Haschbach am Remigiusberg]]
* [[Haserich]]
* [[Hasselbach (Tergum Caninum)|Hasselbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hasselbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Hasselbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hattert]]
* [[Hattgenstein]]
* [[Hatzenbühl]]
* [[Hatzenport]]
* [[Hauenstein (Pfalz)|Hauenstein]]
* [[Hauptstuhl]]
* [[Hauroth]]
* [[Hausbay]]
* [[Hausen (Tergum Caninum)|Hausen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hausen (Wied)]]
* [[Hausten]]
* [[Hausweiler]]
* [[Hecken (Tergum Caninum)|Hecken]]
* [[Heckenbach]]
* [[Heckenmünster]]
* [[Heckhuscheid]]
* [[Heddert]]
* [[Hefersweiler]]
* [[Heidenburg]]
* [[Heidweiler]]
* [[Heilbach]]
* [[Heilberscheid]]
* [[Heilenbach]]
* [[Heiligenmoschel]]
* [[Heiligenroth]]
* [[Heimbach (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Heimbach]]
* [[Heimborn]]
* [[Heimweiler]]
* [[Heinzenbach]]
* [[Heinzenberg (bei Kirn)|Heinzenberg]]
* [[Heinzenhausen]]
* [[Heisdorf]]
* [[Heistenbach]]
* [[Helferskirchen]]
* [[Hellenhahn-Schellenberg]]
* [[Hellertshausen]]
* [[Helmenzen]]
* [[Helmeroth]]
* [[Helonze]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ehlenz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Heltersberg]]
* [[Hemmelzen]]
* [[Henau (Tergum Caninum)|Henau]]
* [[Hennweiler]]
* [[Henschtal]]
* [[Hentern]]
* [[Herborn (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Herborn]]
* [[Herbstmühle]]
* [[Herchweiler]]
* [[Herforst]]
* [[Hergenfeld]]
* [[Hergenroth]]
* [[Hergersweiler]]
* [[Herl]]
* [[Hermersberg]]
* [[Herold (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Herold]]
* [[Herren-Sulzbach]]
* [[Herresbach]]
* [[Herrstein]]
* [[Herschbach]]
* [[Herschbach (Oberwesterwald)]]
* [[Herschberg]]
* [[Herschbroich]]
* [[Herschweiler-Pettersheim]]
* [[Hersdorf]]
* [[Herxheim am Berg]]
* [[Herxheim bei Landau/Pfalz]]
* [[Herxheimweyher]]
* [[Herzfeld (Eiflia)|Herzfeld]]
* [[Heßheim]]
* [[Hesweiler]]
* [[Hettenhausen (Pfalz)|Hettenhausen]]
* [[Hettenleidelheim]]
* [[Hettenrodt]]
* [[Hetzerath (Eiflia)|Hetzerath]]
* [[Heuchelheim bei Frankenthal]]
* [[Heuchelheim-Klingen]]
* [[Heupelzen]]
* [[Heuzert]]
* [[Hilgenroth]]
* [[Hilgert]]
* [[Hillesheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Hillesheim]]
* [[Hillscheid]]
* [[Hilscheid]]
* [[Hilst]]
* [[Himmighofen]]
* [[Hintertiefenbach]]
* [[Hinterweidenthal]]
* [[Hinterweiler]]
* [[Hinzenburg]]
* [[Hinzert-Pölert]]
* [[Hinzweiler]]
* [[Hirschberg (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Hirschberg]]
* [[Hirschfeld (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Hirschhorn/Pfalz]]
* [[Hirschthal (Pfalz)|Hirschthal]]
* [[Hirten]]
* [[Hirz-Maulsbach]]
* [[Hochborn]]
* [[Hochdorf-Assenheim]]
* [[Hochscheid]]
* [[Hochspeyer]]
* [[Hochstadt (Pfalz)]]
* [[Hochstätten]]
* [[Höchstberg]]
* [[Höchstenbach]]
* [[Hochstetten-Dhaun]]
* [[Hockweiler]]
* [[Hof (Occidentalis Silva)|Hof]]
* [[Hoffeld (Eiflia)|Hoffeld]]
* [[Höheinöd]]
* [[Höheischweiler]]
* [[Hohenfels-Essingen]]
* [[Hohenleimbach]]
* [[Hohenöllen]]
* [[Hohen-Sülzen]]
* [[Höhfröschen]]
* [[Höhn]]
* [[Holler (Occidentalis Silva)|Holler]]
* [[Hollnich]]
* [[Holsthum]]
* [[Holzappel]]
* [[Holzbach]]
* [[Holzerath]]
* [[Holzhausen an der Haide]]
* [[Holzheim (Aar)|Holzheim]]
* [[Homberg (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Homberg]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Homberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Homberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hömberg]]
* [[Hommerdingen]]
* [[Honerath]]
* [[Hönningen]]
* [[Hontheim]]
* [[Hoppstädten]]
* [[Hoppstädten-Weiersbach]]
* [[Horath]]
* [[Horbach (bei Simmertal)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Simmertal)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbach (Pfalz)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Horbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horbruch]]
* [[Hördt]]
* [[Horhausen (Nassau)|Horhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horhausen (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Höringen]]
* [[Horn (Tergum Caninum)|Horn]]
* [[Hornbacum Antiquum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Althornbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Horperath]]
* [[Horrweiler]]
* [[Horschbach]]
* [[Hörscheid]]
* [[Hörschhausen]]
* [[Hortus Arborum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bongard'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Hosten]]
* [[Hottenbach]]
* [[Hövels]]
* [[Hübingen]]
* [[Hüblingen]]
* [[Hüffelsheim]]
* [[Hüffler]]
* [[Hümmel]]
* [[Hümmerich]]
* [[Hundsangen]]
* [[Hundsbach]]
* [[Hundsdorf (Occidentalis Silva)|Hundsdorf]]
* [[Hungenroth]]
* [[Hunzel]]
* [[Hupperath]]
* [[Hütschenhausen]]
* [[Hütten (Eiflia)|Hütten]]
* [[Hütterscheid]]
* [[Hüttingen an der Kyll]]
* [[Hüttingen bei Lahr]]
{{div col end}}

=== I ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Idelberg]]
* [[Idenheim]]
* [[Idesheim]]
* [[Igel (Mosel)|Igel]]
* [[Ilbesheim (Donnersbergkreis)|Ilbesheim]] &lt;small&gt;(Donnersbergkreis)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ilbesheim bei Landau in der Pfalz]]
* [[Illerich]]
* [[Immerath]]
* [[Immert]]
* [[Immesheim]]
* [[Impflingen]]
* [[Imsbach]]
* [[Imsweiler]]
* [[Indago Apri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ebernhahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Indago ad Montem]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berzhahn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ingelbach]]
* [[Ingendorf]]
* [[Insheim]]
* [[Insul]]
* [[Ippenschied]]
* [[Irmenach]]
* [[Irmtraut]]
* [[Irrel]]
* [[Irrhausen]]
* [[Irsch (bei Saarburg)|Irsch]]
* [[Isenburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Isenburg]]
* [[Isert]]
* [[Isselbach]]
{{div col end}}

=== J ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Jakobsweiler]]
* [[Jeckenbach]]
* [[Jettenbach (Pfalz)|Jettenbach]]
* [[Jockgrim]]
* [[Jucken (Gemeinde)|Jucken]]
* [[Jugenheim in Rheinhessen]]
* [[Jünkerath]]
{{div col end}}

=== K ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Kaden]]
* [[Kadenbach]]
* [[Kaifenheim]]
* [[Kail]]
* [[Kalenborn (bei Altenahr)|Kalenborn]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Altenahr)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kalenborn (bei Kaisersesch)|Kalenborn]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kaisersesch)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kalenborn-Scheuern]]
* [[Kalkofen (Pfalz)|Kalkofen]]
* [[Kallstadt]]
* [[Kalt]]
* [[Kaltenborn]]
* [[Kaltenengers]]
* [[Kaltenholzhausen]]
* [[Kammerforst (Occidentalis Silva)|Kammerforst]]
* [[Kamp-Bornhofen]]
* [[Kanzem]]
* [[Kapellen-Drusweiler]]
* [[Kaperich]]
* [[Kappel (Tergum Caninum)|Kappel]]
* [[Kappeln (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kappeln]]
* [[Kapsweyer]]
* [[Karbach (Tergum Caninum)|Karbach]]
* [[Karl (Eiflia)|Karl]]
* [[Karlshausen]]
* [[Kasbach-Ohlenberg]]
* [[Kaschenbach]]
* [[Kasdorf]]
* [[Kasel (bei Trier)|Kasel]]
* [[Käshofen]]
* [[Kastel-Staadt]]
* [[Katzenbach (Donnersbergkreis)|Katzenbach]]
* [[Katzweiler]]
* [[Katzwinkel (Eiflia)|Katzwinkel]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Katzwinkel (Sieg)]]
* [[Kausen]]
* [[Kehlbach (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Kehlbach]]
* [[Kehrig]]
* [[Keidelheim]]
* [[Kelberg]]
* [[Kell am See]]
* [[Kellenbach]]
* [[Kemmenau]]
* [[Kempenich]]
* [[Kempfeld]]
* [[Kenn]]
* [[Keppeshausen]]
* [[Kerben]]
* [[Kerpen (Eiflia)]]
* [[Kerschenbach (Eiflia)|Kerschenbach]]
* [[Kerzenheim]]
* [[Kescheid]]
* [[Kesfeld]]
* [[Kesseling]]
* [[Kesten]]
* [[Kestert]]
* [[Kettenhausen]]
* [[Kettenheim]]
* [[Kettig]]
* [[Kickeshausen]]
* [[Kindenheim]]
* [[Kinderbeuern]]
* [[Kindsbach]]
* [[Kinheim]]
* [[Kinzenburg]]
* [[Kirburg]]
* [[Kircheib]]
* [[Kirchheim an der Weinstraße]]
* [[Kirchsahr]]
* [[Kirchwald]]
* [[Kirchweiler]]
* [[Kirf]]
* [[Kirrweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Kirrweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Kirrweiler (Pfalz)]]
* [[Kirsbach]]
* [[Kirschroth]]
* [[Kirschweiler]]
* [[Kisselbach]]
* [[Klausen (Eiflia)|Klausen]]
* [[Kleinbundenbach]]
* [[Kleinfischlingen]]
* [[Kleinich]]
* [[Kleinkarlbach]]
* [[Kleinlangenfeld]]
* [[Kleinmaischeid]]
* [[Kleinniedesheim]]
* [[Kleinsteinhausen]]
* [[Klein-Winternheim]]
* [[Kliding]]
* [[Klingelbach]]
* [[Klingenmünster]]
* [[Klosterkumbd]]
* [[Klotten]]
* [[Kludenbach]]
* [[Klüsserath]]
* [[Knittelsheim]]
* [[Knopp-Labach]]
* [[Knöringen]]
* [[Kobern-Gondorf]]
* [[Kölbingen]]
* [[Kollig]]
* [[Kollweiler]]
* [[Kolverath]]
* [[Kommen]]
* [[Köngernheim]]
* [[Königsau]]
* [[Königsfeld (Eiflia)|Königsfeld]]
* [[Konken]]
* [[Kopp (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Kopp]]
* [[Körborn]]
* [[Kordel (Eiflia)|Kordel]]
* [[Kördorf]]
* [[Korlingen]]
* [[Körperich]]
* [[Korweiler]]
* [[Kottenborn]]
* [[Kottenheim]]
* [[Kötterichen]]
* [[Kottweiler-Schwanden]]
* [[Köwerich]]
* [[Koxhausen]]
* [[Kraam]]
* [[Kradenbach]]
* [[Krähenberg]]
* [[Kratzenburg]]
* [[Krautscheid]]
* [[Kreimbach-Kaulbach]]
* [[Kretz]]
* [[Krickenbach]]
* [[Kriegsfeld]]
* [[Kronweiler]]
* [[Kroppach]]
* [[Kröppen]]
* [[Krottelbach]]
* [[Kröv]]
* [[Kruchten]]
* [[Kruft]]
* [[Krümmel (Occidentalis Silva)|Krümmel]]
* [[Krummenau (Tergum Caninum)|Krummenau]]
* [[Krunkel]]
* [[Kuhardt]]
* [[Kuhnhöfen]]
* [[Külz (Tergum Caninum)]]
* [[Kümbdchen]]
* [[Kundert]]
* [[Kurtscheid]]
* [[Kyllburgweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== L ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Lahr (Eiflia)|Lahr]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lahr (Tergum Caninum)|Lahr]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lambertsberg]]
* [[Lambsborn]]
* [[Lambsheim]]
* [[Lampaden]]
* [[Landkern]]
* [[Landscheid]]
* [[Langenbach bei Kirburg]]
* [[Langenbach (Pfalz)|Langenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langenfeld (Eiflia)|Langenfeld]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langenhahn]]
* [[Langenlonsheim]]
* [[Langenscheid]]
* [[Langenthal (Tergum Caninum)|Langenthal]]
* [[Langscheid (bei Mayen)|Langscheid]]
* [[Langsur]]
* [[Langweiler (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Langweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langweiler (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Langweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Angulus Lutrae|Angulum Lutrae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Langwieden]]
* [[Lascheid (Eiflia)|Lascheid]]
* [[Lasel]]
* [[Latitudo (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Latitudo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breit'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubach (Eiflia)|Laubach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubach (Tergum Caninum)|Laubach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Laubenheim]]
* [[Laudert]]
* [[Laufeld]]
* [[Laufersweiler]]
* [[Laumersheim]]
* [[Lauperath]]
* [[Laurenburg]]
* [[Lauschied]]
* [[Lautersheim]]
* [[Lautert]]
* [[Lautzenbrücken]]
* [[Lautzenhausen]]
* [[Lehmen]]
* [[Leidenborn]]
* [[Leienkaul]]
* [[Leimbach (bei Adenau)|Leimbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Adenau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leimbach (bei Neuerburg)|Leimbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Neuerburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Leimen (Pfalz)|Leimen]]
* [[Leimersheim]]
* [[Leiningen (Tergum Caninum)|Leiningen]]
* [[Leinsweiler]]
* [[Leisel]]
* [[Leitzweiler]]
* [[Leiwen]]
* [[Lemberg (Pfalz)|Lemberg]]
* [[Lettweiler]]
* [[Leubsdorf (am Rhein)|Leubsdorf]]
* [[Leuterod]]
* [[Leutesdorf]]
* [[Lichtenborn]]
* [[Liebenscheid]]
* [[Liebshausen]]
* [[Lieg]]
* [[Lierfeld]]
* [[Lierschied]]
* [[Liesenich]]
* [[Lieser (Gemeinde)|Lieser]]
* [[Ließem (Eiflia)|Ließem]]
* [[Limbach (bei Kirn)|Limbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kirn)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Limbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Limbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lind (bei Altenahr)|Lind]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Altenahr)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lind (bei Mayen)|Lind]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linden (Pfalz)|Linden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Linden (Occidentalis Silva)|Linden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Lindenberg (Pfalz)|Lindenberg]]
* [[Lindenschied]]
* [[Lingenfeld]]
* [[Lingerhahn]]
* [[Linkenbach]]
* [[Lipporn]]
* [[Lirstal]]
* [[Lissendorf]]
* [[Lochum]]
* [[Locus Paludis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Börrstadt''; [[Palatanice]] ''Berrschdadd'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Löf]]
* [[Lohnsfeld]]
* [[Lohnweiler]]
* [[Lohrheim]]
* [[Löllbach]]
* [[Lollschied]]
* [[Longen]]
* [[Longkamp]]
* [[Longuich]]
* [[Lonnig]]
* [[Lonsheim]]
* [[Lorscheid]]
* [[Lörzweiler]]
* [[Lösnich]]
* [[Lötzbeuren]]
* [[Luckenbach]]
* [[Lückenburg]]
* [[Ludwigshöhe]]
* [[Ludwigswinkel]]
* [[Lug (Pfalz)|Lug]]
* [[Lünebach]]
* [[Lustadt]]
* [[Lütz]]
* [[Lutzerath]]
* [[Lützkampen]]
* [[Luxem]]
* [[Lykershausen]]
{{div col end}}

=== M ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Macken]]
* [[Mackenbach]]
* [[Mackenrodt]]
* [[Mähren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mähren]]
* [[Maikammer]]
* [[Maisborn]]
* [[Maitzborn]]
* [[Malberg (Eiflia)|Malberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Malberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Malberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Malbergweich]]
* [[Malborn]]
* [[Mammelzen]]
* [[Mandel (Gemeinde)|Mandel]]
* [[Mandern]]
* [[Manderscheid (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Manderscheid]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannebach (bei Saarburg)|Mannebach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Saarburg)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannebach (Eiflia)|Mannebach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mannweiler-Cölln]]
* [[Manubach]]
* [[Marienfels]]
* [[Marienhausen]]
* [[Marienrachdorf]]
* [[Maring-Noviand]]
* [[Marnheim]]
* [[Maroth]]
* [[Martinshöhe]]
* [[Martinstein]]
* [[Marzhausen (Westerwaldkreis)|Marzhausen]]
* [[Masburg]]
* [[Maßweiler]]
* [[Mastershausen]]
* [[Masthorn]]
* [[Matzenbach]]
* [[Matzerath]]
* [[Mauchenheim]]
* [[Mauden]]
* [[Mauel]]
* [[Mauschbach]]
* [[Maxdorf]]
* [[Maxsain]]
* [[Mayschoß]]
* [[Meckel]]
* [[Meckenbach (prope Bircofeldam)|Meckenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckenbach (bei Kirn)|Meckenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Kirn)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Meckenheim (Pfalz)|Meckenheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Medard (Glan)|Medard]]
* [[Meddersheim]]
* [[Meerfeld]]
* [[Mehlbach]]
* [[Mehlingen]]
* [[Mehren (Eiflia)|Mehren]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mehren (Occidentalis Silva)|Mehren]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mehring (Mosel)|Mehring]]
* [[Meinborn]]
* [[Meisburg]]
* [[Melsbach]]
* [[Mengerschied]]
* [[Menningen (an der Prüm)|Menningen]]
* [[Merkelbach]]
* [[Merlscheid (bei Pronsfeld)|Merlscheid]]
* [[Mermuth]]
* [[Merschbach]]
* [[Mertesdorf]]
* [[Mertesheim]]
* [[Mertloch]]
* [[Merxheim (Nahe)|Merxheim]]
* [[Merzalben]]
* [[Merzkirchen]]
* [[Merzweiler]]
* [[Mesenich]]
* [[Messerich]]
* [[Mettendorf (Eiflia)|Mettendorf]]
* [[Mettenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mettenheim]]
* [[Metterich]]
* [[Mettweiler]]
* [[Metzenhausen]]
* [[Meudt]]
* [[Meuspath]]
* [[Michelbach (Tergum Caninum)|Michelbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Michelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Miehlen]]
* [[Miellen]]
* [[Minden (Sauer)|Minden]]
* [[Minderlittgen]]
* [[Minfeld]]
* [[Minheim]]
* [[Misselberg]]
* [[Mittelbrunn]]
* [[Mittelfischbach]]
* [[Mittelhof]]
* [[Mittelreidenbach]]
* [[Mittelstrimmig]]
* [[Mogendorf]]
* [[Molsberg]]
* [[Mölsheim]]
* [[Molzhain]]
* [[Mommenheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Mommenheim]]
* [[Monreal]]
* [[Mons (Palatinatus)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons (Taunus)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons (prope Arvilare)|Mons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Arvilare]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Basii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Basberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Battonis (Palatinatus)|Mons Battonis]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Battenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Bilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;&gt;Gensicke, H. (1999). Landesgeschichte des Westerwaldes (3ª ed.). [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Nassau.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bölsberg''; dialectaliter ''Bilsbisch'' seu ''Bölsberisch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Busonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Busenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Coronae (prope Angulum Lutrae)|Mons Coronae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cronenberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Crampii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Cramberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Dasonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dasburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Didonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deimberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Fuscus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Fuscus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Karp-Schreiber 1664&quot;&gt;Karp-Schreiber, W. (1664). ''Chronica Braunebergensis: De vineis et uvis in Iuffer sitis''. Monte Fusco: Officina Domestica.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brauneberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Hirci (Eiflia)|Mons Hirci]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Boxberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Lucidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Lucidus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berglicht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Ruborum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Mons Ruborum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bremberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Mons Vallis (prope Cruciniacum)|Mons Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dalberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monsheim]]
* [[Möntenich]]
* [[Montes (prope Kyrinam)|Montes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergen''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berje'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Monzelfeld]]
* [[Monzernheim]]
* [[Monzingen]]
* [[Moritzheim]]
* [[Mörlen]]
* [[Mörsbach]]
* [[Mörschbach]]
* [[Morscheid]]
* [[Morschheim]]
* [[Mörschied]]
* [[Mörsdorf (Tergum Caninum)|Mörsdorf]]
* [[Mörsfeld]]
* [[Morshausen]]
* [[Mörstadt]]
* [[Mosbruch]]
* [[Moschheim]]
* [[Moselkern]]
* [[Mückeln]]
* [[Müden (Mosel)]]
* [[Mudenbach]]
* [[Mudersbach]]
* [[Mudershausen]]
* [[Mühlpfad]]
* [[Mülbach]]
* [[Mülheim an der Mosel]]
* [[Müllenbach (bei Adenau)|Müllenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Adenau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Müllenbach (bei Mayen)|Müllenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Münchwald]]
* [[Münchweiler am Klingbach]]
* [[Münchweiler an der Alsenz]]
* [[Münchweiler an der Rodalb]]
* [[Mündersbach]]
* [[Münk]]
* [[Münsterappel]]
* [[Münster-Sarmsheim]]
* [[Mürlenbach]]
* [[Müsch]]
* [[Müschenbach]]
* [[Musweiler]]
* [[Mutterschied]]
* [[Mützenich (bei Prüm)|Mützenich]]
* [[Muxerath]]
{{div col end}}

=== N ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Nachtsheim]]
* [[Nack]]
* [[Nackenheim]]
* [[Nannhausen]]
* [[Nanzdietschweiler]]
* [[Nasingen]]
* [[Nattenheim]]
* [[Naunheim]]
* [[Nauort]]
* [[Nauroth]]
* [[Naurath (Eiflia)]]
* [[Naurath (Wald)]]
* [[Neef]]
* [[Nehren (Mosel)|Nehren]]
* [[Neichen]]
* [[Neidenbach]]
* [[Neidenfels]]
* [[Neitersen]]
* [[Nentershausen (Occidentalis Silva)|Nentershausen]]
* [[Nerdlen]]
* [[Neroth]]
* [[Nerzweiler]]
* [[Netzbach]]
* [[Neu-Bamberg]]
* [[Neuburg am Rhein]]
* [[Neuendorf (Eiflia)|Neuendorf]]
* [[Neuerkirch]]
* [[Neuhäusel]]
* [[Neuheilenbach]]
* [[Neuhemsbach]]
* [[Neuhofen (Pfalz)|Neuhofen]]
* [[Neuhütten (Silva Alta)|Neuhütten]]
* [[Neuleiningen]]
* [[Neumagen-Dhron]]
* [[Neunkhausen]]
* [[Neunkirchen am Potzberg]]
* [[Neunkirchen (Tergum Caninum)|Neunkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neunkirchen (Occidentalis Silva)|Neunkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Neupotz]]
* [[Neustadt/Westerwald]]
* [[Neustadt (Wied)]]
* [[Newel]]
* [[Ney (Tergum Caninum)|Ney]]
* [[Nickenich]]
* [[Niederahr]]
* [[Niederalben]]
* [[Niederbachheim]]
* [[Niederbreitbach]]
* [[Niederbrombach]]
* [[Niederburg]]
* [[Niederdreisbach]]
* [[Niederdürenbach]]
* [[Niederelbert]]
* [[Niedererbach]]
* [[Niederfell]]
* [[Niederfischbach]]
* [[Niederhambach]]
* [[Niederhausen (Nahe)|Niederhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(Nahe)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederhausen an der Appel]]
* [[Niederheimbach]]
* [[Nieder-Hilbersheim]]
* [[Niederhofen]]
* [[Niederhorbach]]
* [[Niederhosenbach]]
* [[Niederirsen]]
* [[Niederkirchen (Westpfalz)|Niederkirchen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederkirchen bei Deidesheim]]
* [[Nieder Kostenz]]
* [[Niederkumbd]]
* [[Niederlauch]]
* [[Niedermohr]]
* [[Niedermoschel]]
* [[Niederneisen]]
* [[Niederöfflingen]]
* [[Niederotterbach]]
* [[Niederpierscheid]]
* [[Niederraden]]
* [[Niederroßbach]]
* [[Niedersayn]]
* [[Niederscheidweiler]]
* [[Niederschlettenbach]]
* [[Niedersohren]]
* [[Niederstadtfeld]]
* [[Niederstaufenbach]]
* [[Niederstedem]]
* [[Niedersteinebach]]
* [[Niedert]]
* [[Niedertiefenbach]]
* [[Niederwallmenach]]
* [[Niederwambach]]
* [[Niederweiler (Eiflia)|Niederweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederweiler (Tergum Caninum)|Niederweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Niederweis]]
* [[Niederwerth]]
* [[Nieder-Wiesen]]
* [[Niederwörresbach]]
* [[Niederzissen]]
* [[Niehl]]
* [[Niersbach]]
* [[Nievern]]
* [[Nimshuscheid]]
* [[Nimsreuland]]
* [[Nister (Gemeinde)|Nister]]
* [[Nisterau]]
* [[Nisterberg]]
* [[Nister-Möhrendorf]]
* [[Nistertal]]
* [[Nittel]]
* [[Nitz]]
* [[Nochern]]
* [[Nohen]]
* [[Nohn]]
* [[Nomborn]]
* [[Norath]]
* [[Nordhofen]]
* [[Norheim]]
* [[Norken]]
* [[Nörtershausen]]
* [[Nothweiler]]
* [[Novale Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berkoth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Beronis ad Vallemerodam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berod bei Wallmerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Beronis prope Hachenburgum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berod bei Hachenburg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Bonii]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fabricius II 1898&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Borod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Bononis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bonerath''; [[Franconice-Mosellanice]] ''Bönert'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Candidum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Blankenrath''; [[Hunnice]] ''Blanggad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Daconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Datzeroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Danckradi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dankerath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Novale Diemundi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Demerath'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Nünschweiler]]
* [[Nürburg (Gemeinde)|Nürburg]]
* [[Nusbaum]]
* [[Nußbach (Pfalz)|Nußbach]]
* [[Nußbaum]]
{{div col end}}

=== O ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Oberahr]]
* [[Oberalben]]
* [[Oberarnbach]]
* [[Oberbachheim]]
* [[Oberbettingen]]
* [[Oberbillig]]
* [[Oberbrombach]]
* [[Oberdiebach]]
* [[Oberdreis]]
* [[Oberdürenbach]]
* [[Oberehe-Stroheich]]
* [[Oberelbert]]
* [[Oberelz]]
* [[Obererbach (bei Montabaur)|Obererbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Montabaur)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Obererbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Oberfell]]
* [[Oberfischbach]]
* [[Ober-Flörsheim]]
* [[Obergeckler]]
* [[Oberhaid (Occidentalis Silva)|Oberhaid]]
* [[Oberhambach]]
* [[Oberhausen (bei Bad Bergzabern)|Oberhausen]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Bad Bergzabern)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oberhausen an der Appel]]
* [[Oberhausen an der Nahe]]
* [[Oberhausen bei Kirn]]
* [[Oberheimbach]]
* [[Ober-Hilbersheim]]
* [[Oberhonnefeld-Gierend]]
* [[Oberhosenbach]]
* [[Oberirsen]]
* [[Oberkail]]
* [[Oberkirn]]
* [[Ober Kostenz]]
* [[Oberlahr]]
* [[Oberlascheid]]
* [[Oberlauch]]
* [[Oberndorf (Pfalz)|Oberndorf]]
* [[Oberneisen]]
* [[Obernheim-Kirchenarnbach]]
* [[Obernhof]]
* [[Oberöfflingen]]
* [[Ober-Olm]]
* [[Oberotterbach]]
* [[Oberpierscheid]]
* [[Oberraden]]
* [[Oberreidenbach]]
* [[Oberrod]]
* [[Oberroßbach]]
* [[Oberscheidweiler]]
* [[Oberschlettenbach]]
* [[Obersimten]]
* [[Oberstadtfeld]]
* [[Oberstaufenbach]]
* [[Oberstedem]]
* [[Obersteinebach]]
* [[Oberstreit]]
* [[Obersülzen]]
* [[Obertiefenbach (Taunus)|Obertiefenbach]]
* [[Oberwallmenach]]
* [[Oberwambach]]
* [[Oberweiler (Eiflia)|Oberweiler]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Oberweiler im Tal]]
* [[Oberweiler-Tiefenbach]]
* [[Oberweis]]
* [[Oberwies]]
* [[Oberwiesen]]
* [[Oberwörresbach]]
* [[Oberzissen]]
* [[Obrigheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Ochtendung]]
* [[Ockenfels]]
* [[Ockenheim]]
* [[Ockfen]]
* [[Odenbach]]
* [[Odernheim am Glan]]
* [[Oelsberg]]
* [[Offenbach an der Queich]]
* [[Offenbach-Hundheim]]
* [[Offenheim]]
* [[Offstein]]
* [[Ogilonis Novale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eckenroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ohlenhard]]
* [[Ohlweiler]]
* [[Ohmbach]]
* [[Ollmuth]]
* [[Olmscheid]]
* [[Olsbrücken]]
* [[Olsdorf (Eiflia)|Olsdorf]]
* [[Ölsen]]
* [[Olzheim]]
* [[Onsdorf]]
* [[Oppertshausen]]
* [[Orbis]]
* [[Orenhofen]]
* [[Orfgen]]
* [[Orlenbach]]
* [[Ormont]]
* [[Orsfeld]]
* [[Osann-Monzel]]
* [[Osburg]]
* [[Osterspai]]
* [[Otterbach (Westpfalz)|Otterbach]]
* [[Ottersheim]]
* [[Ottersheim bei Landau]]
* [[Otterstadt]]
* [[Ötzingen]]
* [[Otzweiler]]
{{div col end}}

=== P ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Palus (Eiflia)|Palus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;&gt;Wampach, C. (1935). ''Urkunden- und Quellenbuch zur Geschichte der altluxemburgischen Territorien bis zur burgundischen Zeit''. St. Paulus-Druckerei.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Palzem]]
* [[Pantenburg]]
* [[Panzweiler]]
* [[Partenheim]]
* [[Paschel]]
* [[Pascua Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkenhördt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Patersberg]]
* [[Peffingen]]
* [[Pellingen]]
* [[Pelm]]
* [[Perscheid]]
* [[Petersberg (Pfalz)|Petersberg]]
* [[Peterslahr]]
* [[Peterswald-Löffelscheid]]
* [[Petra Darstonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Darstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pfaffen-Schwabenheim]]
* [[Pfalzfeld]]
* [[Pfeffelbach]]
* [[Philippsheim]]
* [[Pickließem]]
* [[Piesport]]
* [[Pillig]]
* [[Pintesfeld]]
* [[Pittenbach]]
* [[Plaidt]]
* [[Plascheid]]
* [[Platten (bei Wittlich)|Platten]]
* [[Pleckhausen]]
* [[Plein]]
* [[Pleisweiler-Oberhofen]]
* [[Pleitersheim]]
* [[Pleizenhausen]]
* [[Plütscheid]]
* [[Pluwig]]
* [[Pohl (Nassau)|Pohl]]
* [[Pölich]]
* [[Pommern (Mosel)|Pommern]]
* [[Pomster]]
* [[Pons (Palatinatus)|Pons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons (prope Birconfeldam)|Pons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Birconfelda (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Bircofeldam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Orbis Latinus A-D&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons Alaphotis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Remling 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ahrbrück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pons Epternacensis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Camillus 1889&quot;&gt;Camillus, W. (1889). ''Annales Epternacenses. In Monumenta Germaniae Historica'' (SS 13). [[Hannovera]]e: Impensis Bibliopolii Hahniani.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Echternacherbrück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Porta (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Porta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dohr'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pottum]]
* [[Pracht]]
* [[Prath]]
* [[Pratum Amplum (Occidentalis Silva)|Pratum Amplum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Gensicke III 1999&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Pratum Fagineum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bockenau'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Preischeid]]
* [[Preist]]
* [[Pronsfeld]]
* [[Prümzurlay]]
* [[Puderbach]]
* [[Pünderich]]
{{div col end}}

=== Q ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Queidersbach]]
* [[Quercetum (Occidentalis Silva)|Quercetum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eichen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quercirivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eichenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quiddelbach]]
* [[Quirnbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Quirnbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Quirnbach/Pfalz]]
* [[Quirnheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== R ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Racksen]]
* [[Ralingen]]
* [[Ramberg (Pfalz)|Ramberg]]
* [[Rammelsbach]]
* [[Ramsen (Pfalz)|Ramsen]]
* [[Ranschbach]]
* [[Ransweiler]]
* [[Rascheid]]
* [[Rathskirchen]]
* [[Rathsweiler]]
* [[Ratzert]]
* [[Raubach]]
* [[Raumbach]]
* [[Ravengiersburg]]
* [[Raversbeuren]]
* [[Rayerschied]]
* [[Rech]]
* [[Reckenroth]]
* [[Reckershausen]]
* [[Rehbach (bei Sobernheim)|Rehbach]]
* [[Rehborn]]
* [[Rehe (Occidentalis Silva)|Rehe]]
* [[Rehweiler]]
* [[Reich (Tergum Caninum)|Reich]]
* [[Reichenbach (bei Baumholder)|Reichenbach]]
* [[Reichenbach-Steegen]]
* [[Reichenberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Reichenberg]]
* [[Reichsthal]]
* [[Reichweiler]]
* [[Reidenhausen]]
* [[Reifenberg]]
* [[Reiferscheid]]
* [[Reiff]]
* [[Reiffelbach]]
* [[Reifferscheid]]
* [[Reil]]
* [[Reimerath]]
* [[Reinsfeld]]
* [[Reipeldingen]]
* [[Reipoltskirchen]]
* [[Reitzenhain (Taunus)|Reitzenhain]]
* [[Relsberg]]
* [[Rengsdorf]]
* [[Retterath]]
* [[Rettersen]]
* [[Rettershain]]
* [[Rettert]]
* [[Reudelsterz]]
* [[Reuth (Eiflia)|Reuth]]
* [[Rhaunen]]
* [[Rheinbreitbach]]
* [[Rheinbrohl]]
* [[Rheinzabern]]
* [[Rhodt unter Rietburg]]
* [[Riedelberg]]
* [[Rieden (Eiflia)|Rieden]]
* [[Riegenroth]]
* [[Rieschweiler-Mühlbach]]
* [[Riesweiler]]
* [[Rimsberg]]
* [[Rinnthal]]
* [[Rinzenberg]]
* [[Riol]]
* [[Rittersdorf (Eiflia)|Rittersdorf]]
* [[Rittersheim]]
* [[Rivenich]]
* [[Riveris]]
* [[Rivulus Becheri (Palatinatus)|Rivulus Becheri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becherbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivulus Bedonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bedesbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivulus Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Amplus (Palatinatus)|Rivus Amplus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Becheri prope Kyrinam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Becherbach bei Kirn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birlenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Bisonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bosenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Bottonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bottenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Rivus Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Rhenus]]&quot; et &quot;[[Tergum Caninum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Hunsrück'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Hunsrück'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Hunsrück'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Hunsrück'' et Рейн-Хунсрюк.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Budenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Burebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Budonis (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Rivus Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis|Circulo terrae Birkenfeldensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Circulus terrae&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nomen Latinum completum &quot;Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bundenbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bundebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Caeruleus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Blaubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Calidus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Calidus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Callbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Columbae (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Columbae]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Columbae (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Columbae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daubach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dammarum (prope Bircofeldam)|Rivus Dammarum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dambach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dedonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dedenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (ad Tabernas Montanas)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; (ad [[Tabernae Montanae|Tabernas Montanas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;) &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Circulus terrae Neowidensis)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Neowidensis|Circulo terrae Neowidensi]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Neowidensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Neuwied'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latinum gentilicium &quot;Neowidensis-e&quot; Theodiscum toponymum ''Neuwied'' vertit. Quo de gentilicio, vide [https://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/maximilian-alexander-philipp-prinz-zu-wied-neuwied-/DE-2086/lido/57c92ef68392a6.35258846 ], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Sein Ma­nu­skript „Fau­na Neo­wi­den­sis“, 1847 voll­endet, ist die ers­te Re­gio­nal­fau­na für den Mit­tel­rhein. Die Ver­öf­fent­li­chung ein­zel­ner Er­kennt­nis­se über­ließ er je­doch an­de­ren, vor al­lem dem Neu­wie­der Apo­the­ker Franz Pe­ter Brahts (...)&quot;. Quo de Latino toponymo, vide [https://www.bavarikon.de/object/bav:BSB-MDZ-00000BSB00050914?p=27&amp;cq=M%C3%BCnchen&amp;lang=de ''Orbis latinus: Lexikon lateinischer geographischer Namen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit / 3. N-Z'']&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Occidentalis Silva)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Deronis (Palatinatus)|Rivus Deronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dernbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dictilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dichtelbach''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dieschdelbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Dusonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Deuselbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Fundi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bodenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Hirundinis]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgschwalbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Longus in Monte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berglangenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Novalis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brachbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Oneris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bürdenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Pirorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birnbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Profundus (prope Vitelliacum)|Rivus Profundus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diefenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Purgans (Eiflia)|Rivus Purgans]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Siccus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Rivus Siccus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrenbach''; [[Palatinice]] ''Derrebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Spissus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickesbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Tumuli]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bollenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rivus Ursorum (Tergum Caninum)|Rivus Ursorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rockeskyll]]
* [[Rodder]]
* [[Rödelhausen]]
* [[Rodenbach (Westpfalz)|Rodenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu Occidentali]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rodenbach bei Puderbach]]
* [[Rödern (Tergum Caninum)|Rödern]]
* [[Rodershausen]]
* [[Rödersheim-Gronau]]
* [[Roes]]
* [[Röhl]]
* [[Rohrbach (bei Baumholder)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Baumholder)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrbach (Tergum Caninum)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rohrbach (Pfalz)|Rohrbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Römerberg (Pfalz)|Römerberg]]
* [[Rommersheim]]
* [[Rorodt]]
* [[Roschbach]]
* [[Roscheid]]
* [[Rosenheim (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Rosenheim]]
* [[Rosenkopf]]
* [[Roßbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Roßbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roßbach (Wied)|Roßbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Wied)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rota Barwardi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Barbelroth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rotenhain]]
* [[Roth (Landkreis Altenkirchen)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(Landkreis Altenkirchen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (bei Stromberg)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTCru&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Roth]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Roth an der Our]]
* [[Roth bei Prüm]]
* [[Rothenbach]]
* [[Rothselberg]]
* [[Rötsweiler-Nockenthal]]
* [[Rott (Occidentalis Silva)|Rott]]
* [[Roxheim]]
* [[Rüber]]
* [[Rückeroth]]
* [[Rückweiler]]
* [[Rüdesheim (Nahe)|Rüdesheim]]
* [[Rülzheim]]
* [[Rumbach]]
* [[Rümmelsheim]]
* [[Rupes Abietum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dannenfels'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Ruppach-Goldhausen]]
* [[Ruppertsecken]]
* [[Ruppertsberg]]
* [[Ruppertshofen (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Ruppertshofen]]
* [[Ruppertsweiler]]
* [[Ruschberg]]
* [[Rüscheid]]
* [[Rüssingen]]
* [[Ruthweiler]]
* [[Rutsweiler am Glan]]
* [[Rutsweiler an der Lauter]]
{{div col end}}

=== S ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Saalstadt]]
* [[Saffig]]
* [[Salm (Eiflia)|Salm]]
* [[Salmtal]]
* [[Salz (Occidentalis Silva)|Salz]]
* [[Salzburg (Occidentalis Silva)|Salzburg]]
* [[Sankt Alban (Pfalz)|Sankt Alban]]
* [[Sankt Aldegund]]
* [[Sankt Johann (bei Mayen)|Sankt Johann]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Johann (Hassia Rhenana)|Sankt Johann]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Julian]]
* [[Sankt Katharinen (prope Cruciniacum)|Sankt Katharinen]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sankt Katharinen (Landkreis Neuwied)]]
* [[Sankt Martin (Pfalz)|Sankt Martin]]
* [[Sankt Sebastian (am Rhein)|Sankt Sebastian]]
* [[Sankt Thomas (Eiflia)|Sankt Thomas]]
* [[Sargenroth]]
* [[Sarmersbach]]
* [[Sassen (Eiflia)|Sassen]]
* [[Sauerthal]]
* [[Saulheim]]
* [[Saxler]]
* [[Saxum Balduini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1839&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1839). ''Regesta chronologico-diplomatica metropolitae Moguntinae: inde a primo archiepiscopo usque ad seculi decimi sexti finem''. F. Varrentrapp.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Balduinstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schalkenbach]]
* [[Schalkenmehren]]
* [[Schallodenbach]]
* [[Schankweiler]]
* [[Scharfbillig]]
* [[Schauerberg]]
* [[Schauren (bei Blankenrath)|Schauren]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Blankenrath)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schauren (bei Idar-Oberstein)|Schauren]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Scheibenhardt]]
* [[Scheid (Eiflia)|Scheid]]
* [[Scheidt (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Scheidt]]
* [[Scheitenkorb]]
* [[Schellweiler]]
* [[Schenkelberg]]
* [[Scheuerfeld]]
* [[Scheuern]]
* [[Schiersfeld]]
* [[Schiesheim]]
* [[Schillingen]]
* [[Schindhard]]
* [[Schladt]]
* [[Schleich]]
* [[Schleid (prope Bedense Castrum)|Schleid]]
* [[Schlierschied]]
* [[Schloßböckelheim]]
* [[Schmalenberg]]
* [[Schmidthachenbach]]
* [[Schmißberg]]
* [[Schmitshausen]]
* [[Schmitt (Eiflia)|Schmitt]]
* [[Schmittweiler]]
* [[Schneckenhausen]]
* [[Schneppenbach]]
* [[Schnorbach]]
* [[Schoden]]
* [[Schömerich]]
* [[Schönau (Pfalz)]]
* [[Schönbach (Eiflia)|Schönbach]]
* [[Schönberg (bei Thalfang)|Schönberg]]
* [[Schönborn (Tergum Caninum)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönborn (Pfalz)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönborn (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Schönborn]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöndorf (an der Ruwer)|Schöndorf]]
* [[Schöneberg (Tergum Caninum)|Schöneberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schöneberg (Occidentalis Silva)|Schöneberg]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Schönecken]]
* [[Schönenberg-Kübelberg]]
* [[Schopp]]
* [[Schornsheim]]
* [[Schuld (Ahr)|Schuld]]
* [[Schüller]]
* [[Schürdt]]
* [[Schutz (Eiflia)|Schutz]]
* [[Schutzbach]]
* [[Schwabenheim an der Selz]]
* [[Schwall (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Schwall]]
* [[Schwanheim (Pfalz)|Schwanheim]]
* [[Schwarzen]]
* [[Schwarzenborn (Eiflia)|Schwarzenborn]]
* [[Schwarzerden]]
* [[Schwedelbach]]
* [[Schwegenheim]]
* [[Schweigen-Rechtenbach]]
* [[Schweighausen]]
* [[Schweighofen]]
* [[Schweinschied]]
* [[Schweisweiler]]
* [[Schweix]]
* [[Schweppenhausen]]
* [[Schwerbach]]
* [[Schwirzheim]]
* [[Schwollen]]
* [[Seck]]
* [[Seelbach (Nassau)|Seelbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seelbach bei Hamm (Sieg)]]
* [[Seelbach (Occidentalis Silva)]]
* [[Seelen]]
* [[Seesbach]]
* [[Seffern]]
* [[Sefferweich]]
* [[Sehlem (Eiflia)|Sehlem]]
* [[Seibersbach]]
* [[Seifen (Occidentalis Silva)|Seifen]]
* [[Seinsfeld]]
* [[Seiwerath]]
* [[Selbach (Sieg)]]
* [[Selchenbach]]
* [[Sellerich]]
* [[Selzen]]
* [[Sembach]]
* [[Sengerich]]
* [[Senheim]]
* [[Senscheid]]
* [[Sensweiler]]
* [[Serrig]]
* [[Sessenbach]]
* [[Sessenhausen]]
* [[Sevenig bei Neuerburg]]
* [[Sevenig (Our)]]
* [[Sicca Muschella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrmoschel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Siebeldingen]]
* [[Siebenbach]]
* [[Siefersheim]]
* [[Sien]]
* [[Sienhachenbach]]
* [[Sierscheid]]
* [[Siershahn]]
* [[Siesbach]]
* [[Silva Fagina (Occidentalis Silva)|Silva Fagina]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Buchholz'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Silz (Pfalz)|Silz]]
* [[Simmern (Occidentalis Silva)|Simmern]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Simmertal]]
* [[Singhofen]]
* [[Sinspelt]]
* [[Sippersfeld]]
* [[Sitters]]
* [[Sohren]]
* [[Sohrschied]]
* [[Sommerau (an der Ruwer)|Sommerau]]
* [[Sommerloch (prope Cruciniacum)|Sommerloch]]
* [[Sonnenberg-Winnenberg]]
* [[Sonnschied]]
* [[Sörgenloch]]
* [[Sörth]]
* [[Sosberg]]
* [[Spabrücken]]
* [[Spall]]
* [[Spangdahlem]]
* [[Spanhemium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Trithemius 1601&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Burgsponheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spay]]
* [[Spesenroth]]
* [[Spessart (Brohltal)|Spessart]]
* [[Spiesheim]]
* [[Spinifex Mons]] &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörnberg'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spinifex Theodericidomus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorn-Dürkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spinosi Nemoris Casae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dornholzhausen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Spirkelbach]]
* [[Sponheim]]
* [[Sprendlingen]]
* [[Stadecken-Elsheim]]
* [[Stadtkyll]]
* [[Stahlberg]]
* [[Stahlhofen (Occidentalis Silva)|Stahlhofen]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Stahlhofen am Wiesensee]]
* [[Standenbühl]]
* [[Starkenburg (Mosel)|Starkenburg]]
* [[Statio Danonis-Domus Scauerni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dannstadt-Schauernheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Staudernheim]]
* [[Staudt]]
* [[Stebach]]
* [[Steffeln]]
* [[Steimel]]
* [[Steinalben]]
* [[Steinbach (Tergum Caninum)|Steinbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Steinbach am Donnersberg]]
* [[Steinbach am Glan]]
* [[Stein-Bockenheim]]
* [[Steinborn]]
* [[Steinebach an der Wied]]
* [[Steinebach/Sieg]]
* [[Steineberg]]
* [[Steinefrenz]]
* [[Steinen (Occidentalis Silva)|Steinen]]
* [[Steineroth]]
* [[Steinfeld (Pfalz)|Steinfeld]]
* [[Steiningen]]
* [[Stein-Neukirch]]
* [[Steinsberg (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Steinsberg]]
* [[Steinweiler]]
* [[Steinwenden]]
* [[Stein-Wingert]]
* [[Stelzenberg]]
* [[Stetten (Pfalz)|Stetten]]
* [[Stipshausen]]
* [[Stockem (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Stockem]]
* [[Stockhausen-Illfurth]]
* [[Stockum-Püschen]]
* [[Straßenhaus]]
* [[Streithausen]]
* [[Strickscheid]]
* [[Strohn]]
* [[Strotzbüsch]]
* [[Strüth]]
* [[Stürzelbach]]
* [[Sülm]]
* [[Sulzbach (Tergum Caninum)|Sulzbach]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Idar-Oberstein)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sulzbach (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Sulzbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Sulzheim (Hassia Rhenana)|Sulzheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== T ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Taben-Rodt]]
* [[Talling]]
* [[Tawern]]
* [[Tellig]]
* [[Temmels]]
* [[Teschenmoschel]]
* [[Thaleischweiler-Fröschen]]
* [[Thalfang]]
* [[Thalhausen]]
* [[Thallichtenberg]]
* [[Theisbergstegen]]
* [[Theodericenovale]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörth'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theoderici Separatio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;&gt;Lamprecht, K. (1886). ''Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter: Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der materiellen Kultur des platten Landes auf Grund der Quellen zunächst des Mosellandes'' (Vol. 1). Alphons Dürr.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dierscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericicella]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorsel'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidivisa |Theodericidivisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidivisa (Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis)|Theodericidivisa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis|Circulo terrae Magniacensi et Confluentensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTMEC&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Magniacensis et Confluentensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Magniacensis-e&quot; et &quot;Confluentensis-e&quot; ad urbes [[Magniacum (Germania)|Magniacum]] et [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentes]] referuntur. Quibus de toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Ditscheid'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidomium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dintesheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidomus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dorsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericidomus et Coryletum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dittelsheim-Heßloch'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericifons (Circulus Montis Iovis)|Theodericifons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Montis Iovis|Circulo Montis Iovis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Egli 1893&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dreisen''; [[Palatinice]] ''Drase'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericifons (Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci)|Theodericifons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci|Circulo terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci]]&lt;ref&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Tabernarum Mosellanicarum-Cusae et Vitelliaci&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et de Latinis toponymis &quot;[[Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa|Tabernae Mosellanicae-Cusa]]&quot; et &quot;[[Vitelliacum]]&quot;, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dreis'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericifons et Pons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dreis-Brück'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericifusum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dünfus''; dialectaliter Duenfusensice&lt;ref name=&quot;Duenfusensice&quot;&gt;Adverbium in gentilicio &quot;Duenfusensis-e&quot; fundatur. Quo de gentilicio, vide: Görz, A. (1874). ''Mittelrheinische Regesten: oder chronologische Zusammenstellung der Quellenbriefe für die Geschichte der Territorien der heutigen Regierungsbezirke Coblenz und Trier''. [[Confluentes (Germania)|Confluentibus]]: Denkert &amp; Groos.&lt;/ref&gt; ''Dimmes'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericinga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dietrichingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis)|Theodericirivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis|Circulo terrae Cruciniacensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTCru&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Cruciniacensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Landkreis Bad Kreuznach'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum substantivum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit, et de Latino toponymo &quot;[[Cruciniacum]]&quot; -ad quod gentilicium &quot;Cruciniacensis-e&quot; refertur-, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörrebach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericirivus (Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae)|Theodericirivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae|Circulo terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CTEV&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus terrae Eiflae Vulcanicae&quot; -Theodisce ''Vulkaneifel'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum syntagma &quot;circulus terrae&quot; Theodiscum ''Landkreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) et Latinum toponymum &quot;[[Eifla]]&quot; Theodiscum lexema ''-eifel'' et Latinum adiectivum &quot;[[Mons ignifer|vulcanicus-a-um]]&quot; Theodiscum praefixum ''Vulkan-'' vertit. Quo de toponymo, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Duppach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericirivus (Occidentalis Silva)|Theodericirivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Occidentalis Silva|Occidentali Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dreisbach''; dialectaliter ''Draasbich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericisedes]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Donsieders''; [[Palatanice]] ''Dunsiters'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericistreia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dirmstein'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Theodericivilla]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dörsdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericivilla (Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini)|Theodericivilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dillendorf''; [[Hunnice]] ''Dilledoref'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericocampus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Döttesfeld'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericohardus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Diethardt'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericorivus (Palatinatus)|Theodericorivus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dimbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Theodericovilla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dittweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomae et Lamberti Villa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dohm-Lammersdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thomm]]
* [[Thörlingen]]
* [[Thörnich]]
* [[Thulinkircha]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dielkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Thür]]
* [[Tiefenbach (Tergum Caninum)|Tiefenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Tergum Caninum|Tergo Canino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tiefenthal (Pfalz)|Tiefenthal]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tiefenthal (Hassia Rhenana)|Tiefenthal]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Todenroth]]
* [[Torrens Ursorum (prope Idaram-Supra Petra)|Torrens Ursorum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Idara-Supra Petra|Idaram-Supra Petra]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1834&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärenbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Traisen (Nahe)|Traisen]]
* [[Trassem]]
* [[Trechtingshausen]]
* [[Treis-Karden]]
* [[Tricampia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce 'Dreifelden''')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Tricclesiae]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dreikirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Trierscheid]]
* [[Trierweiler]]
* [[Trimbs]]
* [[Trimport]]
* [[Trippstadt]]
* [[Trittenheim]]
* [[Troneccum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Linden 1852&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dhronecken'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Trulben]]
{{div col end}}

=== U ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Übereisenbach]]
* [[Udenheim]]
* [[Üdersdorf]]
* [[Udilonis Fons]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Pokorny 1959 &amp; 1989&quot;&gt;Pokorny, J. (1959). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag; et: Pokorny, J. (1989). ''Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch''. Francke Verlag. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eitelborn'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Udler]]
* [[Uelversheim]]
* [[Uersfeld]]
* [[Ueß]]
* [[Uhler]]
* [[Ulmet]]
* [[Uminis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Eimsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Undenheim]]
* [[Uniclivium]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Einöllen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Unicum (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Unicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lamprecht I 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Einig'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Unkenbach]]
* [[Unnau]]
* [[Unterjeckenbach]]
* [[Untershausen]]
* [[Unzenberg]]
* [[Uppershausen]]
* [[Urbach (Occidentalis Silva)|Urbach]]
* [[Urbar (bei Koblenz)|Urbar]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Koblenz)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Urbar (Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis)|Urbar]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rheni et Tergi Canini|Circulo Rheni et Tergi Canini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CRETC&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Urmersbach]]
* [[Urmitz]]
* [[Urschmitt]]
* [[Ürzig]]
* [[Usch (Eiflia)|Usch]]
* [[Utscheid]]
* [[Üttfeld]]
* [[Utzenhain]]
* [[Utzerath]]
* [[Üxheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== V ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Vallemeroda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Wallmerod'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Ampla (Tergum Caninum)|Vallis Ampla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenthal''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bränel'' seu ''Brään'l'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Bodonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bobenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Domus (Hassia Rhenana)|Vallis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dalheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Domus (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Vallis Domus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahlheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Picta]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bundenthal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Pontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brücktal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vallis Servitutis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienethal'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Valwig]]
* [[Veitsrodt]]
* [[Veldenz]]
* [[Vendersheim]]
* [[Venningen]]
* [[Vettelschoß]]
* [[Vetus Ecclesia (Palatinatus)|Vetus Ecclesia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altenkirchen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vetus Lininga]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Binterim &amp; Mooren II 1831&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Altleiningen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vicus Beronis (Eiflia)|Vicus Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berndorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vielbach]]
* [[Vierherrenborn]]
* [[Villa Ampla (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Ampla]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breitenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Baltrammi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bassonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bassenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Beconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bellonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1857&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bellheim''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bellem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bermari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bermersheim vor der Höhe'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bertolfi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Roth, Stolper &amp; von Bechtolsheim 2007&quot;&gt;Roth, M. T., Stolper, M. W., &amp; von Bechtolsheim, P. (2007). ''Studies presented to Robert D. Biggs, June 4, 2000''. The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bechtolsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bettonis (Taunus)|Villa Bettonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bettendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bibilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebelsheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bickonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bickendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bieri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kyll 1988&quot;&gt;Kyll, T. (1988). ''Biersdorf - Eine kleine Chronik: Dorfgeschichte von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart''. Villae Bieri.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biersdorf am See'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bilca]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Vogel 1843&quot;&gt;Vogel, C. D. (1843). ''Beschreibung des Herzogthums Nassau''. [[Aquae Mattiacae|Aquis Mattiacis]]: Beyerle.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bilkheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Billingi et Ingeni]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1867&quot;&gt;Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Burgen und Bergschlösser in den ehemaligen Gauen, Grafschaften und Herrschaften der bayerischen Pfalz''. [[Caesarea Lutra|Caesareae Lutrae]]: Tascher: et; Lehmann, I. G. (1867). ''Urkundliche Geschichte der Klöster in der vormaligen Pfalz''. Verlag der J. J. Tascher'schen Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Billigheim-Ingenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bizzirichi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bissersheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bobonis (Palatinatus)|Villa Bobonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Böbingen'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bocconis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bockenheim an der Weinstraße''; [[Palatinice]] ''Bockrem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bodonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann 1976&quot;&gt;Kaufmann, H. (1976). ''Rheinhessische Ortsnamen''. Monaci: Wilhelm Fink Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bodenheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bousonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bausendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Brachiti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brecht'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Brachti]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Brachtendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Bubilonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biebelnheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Budonis (Eiflia)|Villa Budonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;&quot;&gt;Meiller, A. von. (1866). ''Regesta archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium: Regesten zur Geschichte der Mainzer Erzbischöfe''. [[Aeni Pons (Austria)|Aeni Ponte]]: Wagner’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Biesdorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Crassa]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dickendorf'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Deghonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dexheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Dinonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis|Circulo Rhenano et Lauganensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CREL&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Rhein-Lahn-Kreis'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-Kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Rhenanus-a-um&quot; et &quot;Lauganensis-e&quot; ad flumina [[Rhenus|Rhenum]] et [[Laugana]]m referuntur. De primo hydronymo, vide {{Graesse}}; de secundo, vide {{Murray}}. De Latinā huius circuli versione, confer aliarum linguarum versiones ''Distrito de Rin-Lahn'' et ''Arrondissement de Rhin-Lahn'' et ''Distrito do Reno-Lano'' et ''Circondario del Reno-Lahn'' et ''Zemský okres Rýn-Lahn'' et Рейн-Лан.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornich'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Hassia Rhenana)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Kaufmann 1976&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Hassia Rhenana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassia Rhenana&quot;&gt;Vide [https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/a608058900schuuoft/a608058900schuuoft.pdf ''Status dioecesium catholicarum in Austria germanica''], ubi dicitur &quot;(...) Hassia rhenana (ubi jus francogallicum valet) (...)&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Fontis (Palatinatus)|Villa Fontis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bornheim'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Solitaria (Rhenania et Palatinatus)|Villa Solitaria]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Böhmer 1870&quot;&gt;Böhmer, J. F. (1870). ''Regesta Archiepiscoporum Maguntinensium''. Wagner.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Einselthum''; [[Palatinice]] ''Oinseldumm'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villa Vallis (prope Bedense Castrum)|Villa Vallis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dahlem'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare ad Casas (Eiflia)|Villare ad Casas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beuren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare ad Casas (Silva Alta)|Villare ad Casas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in Silva Alta&lt;ref name=&quot;Steininger 1836&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Beuren'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Battonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Battweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Bavonis (Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis)|Villare Bavonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(in [[Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis|Circulo Eiflensi Bedensi et Prumiensi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CEBEP&quot;&gt;Fingitur nomen &quot;Circulus Eiflensis Bedensis et Prumiensis&quot; -Theodisce ''Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm'' nuncupatum- sic: Latinum substantivum &quot;circulus&quot; Theodiscum suffixum ''-kreis'' (secundum ''Lexicon Latinum Hodiernum'', auctore Petro Lucusaltiano Latinophilo) vertit et Latina gentilicia &quot;Eiflensis-e&quot; et &quot;Bedensis-e&quot; et &quot;Prumiensis-e&quot; ad [[Eifla]]m et &quot;Bedense castrum&quot; et &quot;[[Prumia (monasterium)|Prumiam]]&quot; referuntur. Omnibus de his toponymis, vide {{Graesse}}.&lt;/ref&gt;)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bauler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Belgicum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Belgweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bellischwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Benzonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Görz 1886&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Benzweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bensad'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Berichonis prope Bemondulam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Stadt Baumholder&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Baumholder'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Berichonis prope Kyrinam]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Berschweiler bei Kirn''; [[Hunnice]] ''Berschwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Beronis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Beyer 1860&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Barweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Betularum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Bärsch 1844&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Birkweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Bruningis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Breunigweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Brunonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Lehmann 1841&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Braunweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dannonis-Rivus Dominicus]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dennweiler-Frohnbach'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dassonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schannat 1723&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Daxweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Dintzonis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Dienstweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare in Monte]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bergweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Paludosum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Wampach 1935&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bruchweiler''; [[Hunnice]] ''Bruchwilla'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Villare Ursi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hontheim 1750&quot;/&gt; &lt;small&gt;(Theodisce ''Bärweiler'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Vinningen]]
* [[Virneburg]]
* [[Völkersweiler]]
* [[Volkerzen]]
* [[Volkesfeld]]
* [[Vollmersbach]]
* [[Vollmersweiler]]
* [[Volxheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== W ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Wachenheim (Pfrimm)|Wachenheim]]
* [[Wagenhausen (Eiflia)|Wagenhausen]]
* [[Wahlbach (Tergum Caninum)|Wahlbach]]
* [[Wahlenau]]
* [[Wahlheim]]
* [[Wahlrod]]
* [[Wahnwegen]]
* [[Waigandshain]]
* [[Waldalgesheim]]
* [[Waldböckelheim]] (Theodisce ''Waldböckelheim''; [[Hunnice]] ''Beggelum'')
* [[Waldbreitbach]]
* [[Waldesch]]
* [[Waldfischbach-Burgalben]]
* [[Waldgrehweiler]]
* [[Waldhambach (Pfalz)|Waldhambach]]
* [[Waldhof-Falkenstein]]
* [[Waldlaubersheim]]
* [[Waldleiningen]]
* [[Waldmühlen]]
* [[Waldorf (Rheinland-Pfalz)|Waldorf]]
* [[Waldrach]]
* [[Waldrohrbach]]
* [[Waldsee (Pfalz)|Waldsee]]
* [[Waldweiler]]
* [[Walhausen]]
* [[Wallenborn]]
* [[Wallendorf (Eiflia)|Wallendorf]]
* [[Wallersheim (Eiflia)|Wallersheim]]
* [[Wallertheim]]
* [[Wallhalben]]
* [[Wallhausen (prope Cruciniacum)|Wallhausen]]
* [[Wallmenroth]]
* [[Wallscheid]]
* [[Walsdorf (Eiflia)|Walsdorf]]
* [[Walshausen]]
* [[Walsheim]]
* [[Walterschen]]
* [[Warmsroth]]
* [[Wartenberg-Rohrbach]]
* [[Wasenbach]]
* [[Wassenach]]
* [[Wasserliesch]]
* [[Wattenheim]]
* [[Watzerath]]
* [[Wawern (Eiflia)|Wawern]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Wawern (Saar)|Wawern]] &lt;small&gt;(Saar)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Waxweiler]]
* [[Wehr (Eiflia)|Wehr]]
* [[Weibern (Eiflia)|Weibern]]
* [[Weiden (Circulus terrae Birkenfeldensis)|Weiden]]
* [[Weidenbach (Eiflia)|Weidenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weidenbach (Taunus)|Weidenbach]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Taunus mons|Tauno]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hofmann&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weidenhahn]]
* [[Weidenthal]]
* [[Weidingen]]
* [[Weiler (bei Mayen)|Weiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Mayen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weiler (bei Ulmen)|Weiler]] &lt;small&gt;(bei Ulmen)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weiler bei Bingen]]
* [[Weiler bei Monzingen]]
* [[Weilerbach]]
* [[Weinähr]]
* [[Weingarten (Pfalz)]]
* [[Weinolsheim]]
* [[Weinsheim (prope Cruciniacum)|Weinsheim]] &lt;small&gt;(prope [[Cruciniacum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weinsheim (Eiflia)|Weinsheim]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Eiflia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Weisel (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weisel]]
* [[Weisenheim am Berg]]
* [[Weisenheim am Sand]]
* [[Weitefeld]]
* [[Weitersbach]]
* [[Weitersborn]]
* [[Weitersburg]]
* [[Weitersweiler]]
* [[Welcherath]]
* [[Welchweiler]]
* [[Welgesheim]]
* [[Welkenbach]]
* [[Wellen (Mosel)|Wellen]]
* [[Welling]]
* [[Welschbillig]]
* [[Welschenbach]]
* [[Welschneudorf]]
* [[Welterod]]
* [[Weltersburg]]
* [[Wendelsheim]]
* [[Werkhausen]]
* [[Wernersberg]]
* [[Weroth]]
* [[Wershofen]]
* [[Weselberg]]
* [[Westernohe]]
* [[Westheim (Pfalz)]]
* [[Westhofen]]
* [[Wettlingen]]
* [[Weyer (Circulus Rhenanus et Lauganensis)|Weyer]]
* [[Weyerbusch]]
* [[Weyher in der Pfalz]]
* [[Wickenrodt]]
* [[Wiebelsheim]]
* [[Wied (bei Hachenburg)|Wied]]
* [[Wierschem]]
* [[Wiersdorf (Eiflia)|Wiersdorf]]
* [[Wiesbach (Pfalz)|Wiesbach]]
* [[Wiesbaum]]
* [[Wiesemscheid]]
* [[Wiesweiler]]
* [[Wilgartswiesen]]
* [[Willingen (Occidentalis Silva)|Willingen]]
* [[Willmenrod]]
* [[Willroth]]
* [[Willwerscheid]]
* [[Wilsecker]]
* [[Wiltingen]]
* [[Wilzenberg-Hußweiler]]
* [[Wimbach]]
* [[Wincheringen]]
* [[Winden (Nassau)|Winden]] &lt;small&gt;(Nassau)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winden (Pfalz)|Winden]] &lt;small&gt;(in [[Palatinatus|Palatinatu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Graesse&quot;/&gt;)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Windesheim]]
* [[Windhagen]]
* [[Winkel (Eiflia)]]
* [[Winkelbach]]
* [[Winnen]]
* [[Winnerath]]
* [[Winningen]]
* [[Winnweiler]]
* [[Winringen]]
* [[Winterbach (Pfalz)]]
* [[Winterbach (Soonwald)|Winterbach]] &lt;small&gt;(Soonwald)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Winterborn (Pfalz)|Winterborn]]
* [[Winterburg]]
* [[Winterscheid]]
* [[Wintersheim]]
* [[Winterspelt]]
* [[Winterwerb]]
* [[Wintrich]]
* [[Wirft]]
* [[Wirfus]]
* [[Wirscheid]]
* [[Wirschweiler]]
* [[Wißmannsdorf]]
* [[Wittgert]]
* [[Woldert]]
* [[Wölferlingen]]
* [[Wolfsheim (Gemeinde)|Wolfsheim]]
* [[Wolken (bei Koblenz)|Wolken]]
* [[Wollmerath]]
* [[Wöllstein]]
* [[Wölmersen]]
* [[Wolsfeld]]
* [[Womrath]]
* [[Wonsheim]]
* [[Woppenroth]]
* [[Würrich]]
* [[Würzweiler]]
* [[Wüschheim (Tergum Caninum)|Wüschheim]]
{{div col end}}

=== Z ===
{{div col|3}}
* [[Zehnhausen bei Rennerod]]
* [[Zehnhausen bei Wallmerod]]
* [[Zeiskam]]
* [[Zellertal]]
* [[Zeltingen-Rachtig]]
* [[Zemmer]]
* [[Zendscheid]]
* [[Zerf]]
* [[Zettingen]]
* [[Ziegenhain (Occidentalis Silva)|Ziegenhain]]
* [[Zilshausen]]
* [[Zimmerschied]]
* [[Zornheim]]
* [[Zotzenheim]]
* [[Züsch]]
* [[Zweifelscheid]]
{{div col end}}

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria: Urbes Rhenaniae-Palatinatus]]</text>
      <sha1>d0g659bd0qgrnbwzn5o4whusxt00aci</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:Electronica</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324269</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954037</id>
      <parentid>3953842</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:44:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */</comment>
      <origin>3954037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1556" sha1="k9b978za6h9r0ebxahm2aeqvwn16hic" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio:
:* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]]
:* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]]
:* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]]
:* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]]
:* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]]
: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Sensum quod dicere volo &quot;consumer electronics&quot; bene capit. Sed, mea sententia, terminus &quot;merx electronica&quot; non convenit. Fortasse terminus &quot;electronica quotidiana&quot; placetne omnibus? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:43, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Consumers in this sense are buyers, so 'consumer electronics' literally = ''electronica emptorum,'' but maybe the idea is better given as ''electronica venalia'' ('electronics for sale'), in which ''electronica'' here is neuter plural (the products), distinct from ''[[electronica]]'' (the discipline). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:44, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)

=== Annotationes ===
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k9b978za6h9r0ebxahm2aeqvwn16hic</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954091</id>
      <parentid>3954037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:25:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grufo</username>
        <id>64423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* de electronica sensu lato */</comment>
      <origin>3954091</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1714" sha1="smz7o3oql8ycu3a67nsmb7yu7wq600p" xml:space="preserve">== de electronica sensu lato ==

Quo titulo distinguenda est electronica sensu displinae physicae a electronica sensu lato, quae telephonula, televisoria, radiophonia et alia technologia commercialis complectitur? Licet enim  dicere &quot;electronica&quot; pro sensu lato et &quot;physica electronica&quot; pro senum quem haec paginae collit? Consentimusne? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:16, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
: Apud Vicidata has entitates invenio:
:* [[Electronica]] → [[:d:Q11650]]
:* [[Ingeniaria electronica]] → [[:d:Q126095]]
:* [[Merx electronica]] (?) → [[:d:Q581105]]
:* [[Electronica numerica]] → [[:d:Q173156]]
:* [[Industria electronica]] → [[:d:Q5358497]]
: --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 02:15, 7 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
::Sensum quod dicere volo &quot;consumer electronics&quot; bene capit. Sed, mea sententia, terminus &quot;merx electronica&quot; non convenit. Fortasse terminus &quot;electronica quotidiana&quot; placetne omnibus? [[Usor:Rafaelgarcia|Rafaelgarcia]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Rafaelgarcia|disputatio]]) 00:43, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::Consumers in this sense are buyers, so 'consumer electronics' literally = ''electronica emptorum,'' but maybe the idea is better given as ''electronica venalia'' ('electronics for sale'), in which ''electronica'' here is neuter plural (the products), distinct from ''[[electronica]]'' (the discipline). [[Usor:IacobusAmor|IacobusAmor]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:IacobusAmor|disputatio]]) 20:44, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)
:::: [[Usor:IacobusAmor|Iacobe]], quid censeas de nomine “[[Merx electronica]]” ([[:d:Q581105]])? --[[Usor:Grufo|Grufo]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Grufo|disputatio]]) 10:24, 10 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Lex municipalis Irnitana</title>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4836" sha1="mj743tfsy3uqty758z634qr4td9598v" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*H. Horstkotte, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187131 Dekurionat und römisches Bürgerrecht nach der Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1989: 169-177
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*H. Horstkotte, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187131 Dekurionat und römisches Bürgerrecht nach der Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1989: 169-177
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187380 The Jurisdiction of Local Magistrates: Chapter 84 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1990: 147-161 
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
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'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*H. Horstkotte, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187131 Dekurionat und römisches Bürgerrecht nach der Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1989: 169-177
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Wolfgang Dieter Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171921 La &quot;Lex Lati&quot; di Domiziano (Lex Irnitana): Le strutture giuridiche dei capitoli 84 e 86]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1993: 159-178 
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187380 The Jurisdiction of Local Magistrates: Chapter 84 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1990: 147-161 
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>3q0o8w4n4hhnm8w4l2yjdy004pokgvc</sha1>
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        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <text bytes="6004" sha1="g6t7o0ttel5osokfx2hsvudo8uz2g5z" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] civitatibus [[Ius Latii|iure Latino]] a se donatis edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*H. Horstkotte, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187131 Dekurionat und römisches Bürgerrecht nach der Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1989: 169-177
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Wolfgang Dieter Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171921 La &quot;Lex Lati&quot; di Domiziano (Lex Irnitana): Le strutture giuridiche dei capitoli 84 e 86]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1993: 159-178 
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187380 The Jurisdiction of Local Magistrates: Chapter 84 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1990: 147-161 
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>g6t7o0ttel5osokfx2hsvudo8uz2g5z</sha1>
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    <revision>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Marcus Terentius Bibliophilus</username>
        <id>2059</id>
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      <comment>/* Plura legere si cupis */</comment>
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      <text bytes="6325" sha1="3u7dnt5w4wvcjnlpocegmsgq0zglun4" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:LexirnitataAE1986,333(rLXXXX).tiff|thumb|Pars laminae decimae.]]
'''Lex municipalis Irnitana''' est longissima [[Epigraphia|inscriptio]] [[Gens Flavia|aetatis Flavianae]] in [[Baetica]] anno [[1981]] inventa et in decem laminis [[Aes (mixtura)|aeneis]] olim exarata e quibus sex manent cum parvis fragmentis reliquorum. Illa inscriptio nobis instituta servavit  ''municipii Flaviani Irnitani'' et magni momenti est ad localem  administrationem imperii Romani cognoscendam. Sex laminae paene integrae numeros praebebant (III, V, VII, VIII, IX, X) et muro (in Foro ?) adfixae erant anno [[91]] [[Domitianus|Domitiano]] imperante. Lex Irnitana praecepta ''Legis Flaviae municipalis'' a [[Vespasianus|Vespasiano]] civitatibus [[Ius Latii|iure Latino]] a se donatis edictae sequebatur quae lex administrationem municipalem per imperium ordinarat.

== Editiones et animadversiones criticae  ==
*Alvaro d'Ors, Javier d'Ors. ''Lex irnitana'', Santiago de Compostela, 1989 (textus cum interpretatione Hispanica).
*	''Die Lex Irnitana : ein römisches Stadtrecht aus Spanien : Lateinisch und Deutsch'', herausgegeben, eingeleitet und übersetzt von Joseph Georg Wolf, [[Darmstadium|Darmstadii]], 2011
*M. H. Crawford, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20430672 The Text of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 2008: 182 
*W. D. Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20188772 Textkritisches zur Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1992: 297-304

== Plura legere si cupis ==
*J. A. Crook, D. E. L. Johnston, P. G. Stein. &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186715 Intertiumjagd and the Lex Irnitana: A Colloquium]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1987: 173-184 
*Hartmut Galsterer, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/301451 Municipium Flavium Irnitanum: A Latin Town in Spain]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1988: 78-90 
*Julián González et Michael H. Crawford, «[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300371  The Lex Irnitana: A New Copy of the Flavian Municipal Law] », ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1986: 147-243 
*J. F. Gardner, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctv2gjwvbr.18 Making citizens: the operation of the lex Irnitana]&quot; in ''Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire: Proceedings of the First Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire'', Lugduni Batavorum, 2001: 215-229
*H. Horstkotte, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187131 Dekurionat und römisches Bürgerrecht nach der Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1989: 169-177
*	François Jacques, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1990_act_134_1_3885 Quelques problèmes d'histoire municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana. Actes du colloque de Rome (3-5 décembre 1987)]&quot; in ''L'Afrique dans l'Occident romain (Ier siècle av. J.-C. - IVe siècle ap. J.-C.)'', [[Schola Francica Romae|Schola Gallica Romae]], 1993: 381-401
*David Johnston, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20189745 Municipal Funds in the Light of Chapter 69 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1996: 199-207 
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300575 Three Thoughts on Roman Private Law and the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1987: 62-77 
*Francesca Lamberti, ''[https://www.academia.edu/2563813/_Tabulae_Irnitanae_Municipalit%C3%A0_e_ius_Romanorum_vol_VI_delle_Pubblicazioni_del_Dipartimento_di_Diritto_romano_e_storia_della_scienza_romanistica_dellUniversit%C3%A0_di_Napoli_Napoli_Jovene_ed_1993_p_X_602 Tabulae Irnitanae : municipalità e ius romanorum]'', Neapoli, Jovene ed., 1993
* Patrick Le Roux, &quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_1991_num_2_1_1336 Le juge et le citoyen dans le municipe d'Irni]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 1991: 99-124
**&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4109 Municipium Latinum et municipium Italiae : à propos de la lex Irnitana. Actes de colloque de Rome (27-28 mai 1988)] in ''Epigrafia. Actes du colloque international d'épigraphie latine en mémoire de Attilio Degrassi pour le centenaire de sa naissance'', Schola Gallica Romae, 1991: 565-582
** ''[https://books.openedition.org/pur/49388 Espagnes romaines. L’empire dans ses provinces],'' Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014 [https://www.persee.fr/doc/rea_0035-2004_2015_num_117_2_5952_t16_0807_0000_4 Recensio critica]
*Wolfgang Dieter Lebek, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20171921 La &quot;Lex Lati&quot; di Domiziano (Lex Irnitana): Le strutture giuridiche dei capitoli 84 e 86]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1993: 159-178 
*Rosa Mentxaka,	&quot;El senado municipal en la Bética Hispana a la luz de la lex irnitana&quot;, Vitoria, 1993 
*Alan Rodger, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/300490 The Lex Irnitana and Procedure in the Civil Courts]&quot;, ''The Journal of Roman Studies'', 1991: 74-90
**&quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187380 The Jurisdiction of Local Magistrates: Chapter 84 of the Lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 1990: 147-161 
*W. Simshäuser, &quot;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/43849337 La juridiction municipale à la lumière de la lex Irnitana]&quot;, ''Revue historique de droit français et étranger'', 1989: 619-650
*Juan Francisco Rodríguez Neila,	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/ccgg_1016-9008_2003_num_14_1_1579 Administración financiera y documentación de archivo en las leyes municipales de Hispania]&quot;, ''Cahiers du Centre Gustave Glotz'', 2003: 115-129
*J.E. Spruit et R. Forrez.	&quot;[https://www.persee.fr/doc/rbph_0035-0818_2021_num_99_1_9624 De Lex municipii Flavii Irnitani : Proeve van een vertaling in het Nederlands]&quot;, ''Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire'', 2021: 5-88
*	Joseph Georg Wolf, ''Lex Irnitana : gesammelte Aufsätze'', Berolini, 2014

== Nexus externi ==
*[[Vicimedia Communia|Vicimedia communia]] plura habent quae ad [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lex_Irnitana legem Irnitanam] spectant.
*  {{AE|1986|333}}: textus apud ''Epigraphik Datenbank Clauss''
* [https://www.academia.edu/4401697/Lex_Irnitana_Encyclopedia_of_Ancient_History_ Encyclopaedia of ancient history]
* [https://spokenpast.com/articles/what-is-the-lex-irnitana/ spokenpast.com]: What is the Lex Irnitana?

[[Categoria:Hispania Romana]]
[[Categoria:Leges Romanae]]
[[Categoria:Inscriptiones]]</text>
      <sha1>3u7dnt5w4wvcjnlpocegmsgq0zglun4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Mordechai Vanunu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324295</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953999</id>
      <parentid>3953938</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T18:14:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>corrigendum</comment>
      <origin>3953999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1433" sha1="3p13w1zazg0eclwb18w6bo07ovtl552" xml:space="preserve">{{Succurre}}
[[Fasciculus:Mordechai Vanunu 2009.jpg|thumb|Mordechai Vanunu]]
'''Mordechai Vanunu''' ([[Hebraice]] תרדכי ואנונו natus [[Marrochium|Marrochii]] die [[13 Octobris]] [[1952]]) est [[ars ingeniaria|ingerinus]]{{dubsig}} [[technologia nuclearis|nuclearis]] et [[activismus|activista]] [[pacifismus|pacifista]] [[Israel|Israelicus]], qui existentiam{{dubsig}} [[arma nuclearia|armae nuclearis]]{{dubsig}} in institutio nucleario{{dubsig}} [[Dimona]]e in [[Negev]] accusavit,{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/12/germany.israel Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe]&lt;/ref&gt; per diarium Britannicum ''The Sunday Times'', a{{dubsig}} quo ab auctoritate Israel captus in{{dubsig}} [[Roma]]&lt;ref&gt;A collegio secretario Mossad.{{dubsig}}&lt;/ref&gt; et in custodiam{{dubsig}} datur. Anno 2004, Vanunu liberatus post 18 annos custodiam in [[carcer]]e{{dubsig}} tamen anno 2010 bis in custodiam datur. 

Anno [[1987]], [[Praemium Recte Vivendi]] accepit et anno [[2007]], [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Vanunu unum [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.{{dubsig}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mordechai Vanunu|Mordechai Vanunu}}
*[https://www.israelshamir.net/shamirImages/Shamir/VanunuFR.htm Le retour de Vanunu] ([[Francogallice]])

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1952]]</text>
      <sha1>3p13w1zazg0eclwb18w6bo07ovtl552</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>3954030</id>
      <parentid>3953999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T20:28:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pippobuono</username>
        <id>54500</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>capsa et lifetime</comment>
      <origin>3954030</origin>
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      <text bytes="1455" sha1="h5lovr1b91pwi7gb6mjsrpr3hgz0aui" xml:space="preserve">{{Succurre}}
{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
[[Fasciculus:Mordechai Vanunu 2009.jpg|thumb|Mordechai Vanunu]]
'''Mordechai Vanunu''' ([[Hebraice]] מרדכי ואנונו natus [[Marrochium|Marrochii]] die [[13 Octobris]] [[1952]]) est [[ars ingeniaria|ingeniarus]] [[technologia nuclearis|nuclearis]] et [[activismus|activista]] [[pacifismus|pacifista]] [[Israel|Israelicus]], qui existentiam{{dubsig}} [[arma nuclearia|armae nuclearis]]{{dubsig}} in institutione nuclearia [[Dimona]]e in [[Negev]] accusavit,{{dubsig}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/dec/12/germany.israel Calls for Olmert to resign after nuclear gaffe]&lt;/ref&gt; per diarium Britannicum ''The Sunday Times'', a{{dubsig}} quo ab auctoritate Israel captus in{{dubsig}} [[Roma]]&lt;ref&gt;A collegio secretario Mossad.{{dubsig}}&lt;/ref&gt; et in custodiam{{dubsig}} datur. Anno 2004, Vanunu liberatus post 18 annos custodiam in [[carcer]]e{{dubsig}} tamen anno 2010 bis in custodiam datur. 

Anno [[1987]], [[Praemium Recte Vivendi]] accepit et anno [[2007]], [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Vanunu unum [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.{{dubsig}}

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Mordechai Vanunu|Mordechai Vanunu}}
{{Fontes biographici}}
*[https://www.israelshamir.net/shamirImages/Shamir/VanunuFR.htm Le retour de Vanunu] ([[Francogallice]])
{{Lifetime|1952||Vanunu, Mordechai}}

[[Categoria:Incolae Israelis]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]</text>
      <sha1>h5lovr1b91pwi7gb6mjsrpr3hgz0aui</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Maxima Drusilla</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954068</id>
      <parentid>3953896</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:06:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954068</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="444" sha1="9zk1ipz8ftx7fgs6mrjj14ljgph4h7i" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==

* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>9zk1ipz8ftx7fgs6mrjj14ljgph4h7i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954072</id>
      <parentid>3954068</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:16:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954072</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="544" sha1="c7i9b7w4888zx9w56k7irgfgh8o9pdj" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==
===Fortasse mox paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]

===Fortasse mox non paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2671]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>c7i9b7w4888zx9w56k7irgfgh8o9pdj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954075</id>
      <parentid>3954072</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:19:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fortasse mox paratum erit */</comment>
      <origin>3954075</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="608" sha1="2f1ygkf6mx5eea34n4h9lsabqqxegmi" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==
===Fortasse mox paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2033]]
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2034]]

===Fortasse mox non paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2671]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>2f1ygkf6mx5eea34n4h9lsabqqxegmi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954079</id>
      <parentid>3954075</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:24:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954079</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="576" sha1="6eho0dgwtzt8v5ou949fshwe1y1jhll" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==
===Fortasse mox paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2034]]

===Fortasse mox non paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2671]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>6eho0dgwtzt8v5ou949fshwe1y1jhll</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954081</id>
      <parentid>3954079</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:29:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Fortasse mox non paratum erit */</comment>
      <origin>3954081</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="507" sha1="mg71wqww1308g5cglf4yik0aru083lt" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==
===Fortasse mox paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2034]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>mg71wqww1308g5cglf4yik0aru083lt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954083</id>
      <parentid>3954081</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:29:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954083</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="475" sha1="m3ouuf3vgsx0bjjzulk37l2wdc3kjlp" xml:space="preserve">[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla|Maxima Drusilla]] ([[Lingua Theodisca|Theodisce]] ''Max Drusilla''), puer adulescen [[Germania|Germanicus]] [[Berolinum|Berolinensis]]. 5 annis abhinc Latinam discere coepi.

Lingua mea prima est [[lingua Theodisca]], et [[lingua Suecica]] et [[Lingua Catalana|Catalana]] et [[Lingua Anglica|Anglica]] quoque utor.

== Articuli mei imperfecti ==
===Fortasse mox paratum erit===
* [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4]]

[[sv:Användare:Maxima Drusilla]]</text>
      <sha1>m3ouuf3vgsx0bjjzulk37l2wdc3kjlp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/sv</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>324299</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954058</id>
      <parentid>3953940</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T23:46:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21953-14</username>
        <id>207783</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3088" sha1="p2btsuddo15d4uf2b9o4iogalysoqbi" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0 0em; border: 1px dashed blue; padding: 3px; text-align: center; background: #eef; font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;
Linguae: '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis|Salve!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|Welcome!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|Willkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|¡Bienvenidos!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|Добро пожаловать!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|Velkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|Bun venit!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|Maligayang pagdating!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|Benvenuti!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|Benvinguts!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/sv|Välkommen!]]''' - '''...'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

==Länkar och tips för nya användare==
# [[Vicipaedia:Index]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Legatio nostra]] - vår ambassad.
# [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] - Ställ dina frågor där.
# Läs [[:sv:Wikipedia:Introduktion]].
# Registrera dig och logga in istället för att redigera som anonym användare.
# Skriv ditt namn på diskussionssidorna med 4 tildetecken (i. e. &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;).
# [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]]
# Använd inte bokstäverna J och j. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Undvik att använda ligaturer som Æ och æ eller Œ och œ. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Använd arabiska siffror för år, inte romerska siffror. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Se kategorierna på [[:Categoria:Omnia]].
# Kategorisera artiklar med &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:xxxxx]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;. En artikel kan tillhöra flera kategorier.
# Användning &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delenda}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; om du anser att en artikel bör tas bort av en administratör.
# Användning &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{maxcorrigenda}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; om du vill ha hjälp med korrekturläsning av ditt bidrag.
# Sök efter andra användare i [[:Categoria:Usores lingua digesti]].
# [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Glossarium]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia]]
# [[Lexica Neolatina]]
# [[:Categoria:Fontes Vicipaediae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum]]
# Lägg till (interna) länkar till artiklar som är [[Specialis:Deadendpages]].
# Mer utmanande: Länka från andra sidor till [[Specialis:Lonelypages]] (kanske med hjälp av ett avsnitt &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;==Vide etiam==&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; där)
# Besök [[Vicipaedia:Tituli petiti]] om du är osäker på hur du ska döpa en ny artikel.
# [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum Vicipaediae Latinae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Nexus intervici]] och [[Formula:Nexus desiderati]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Structura paginae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Numeri Romani]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Categoriae et paginae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:FAQ]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]]
# [[Vicipaedia:A est B]] (svenska sida ''[[Vicipaedia:A est B/sv]]'')
# [[:Categoria:Paginae desideratae]]

[[Categoria:Subpaginae translatoriae]]
[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]]</text>
      <sha1>p2btsuddo15d4uf2b9o4iogalysoqbi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954059</id>
      <parentid>3954058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T00:00:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-21953-14</username>
        <id>207783</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Länkar och tips för nya användare */</comment>
      <origin>3954059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3101" sha1="ilqyyr6on0k18eqoug7xn43tbu0h55n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;margin: 0 0em; border: 1px dashed blue; padding: 3px; text-align: center; background: #eef; font-size:14pt;&quot;&gt;
Linguae: '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis|Salve!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/en|Welcome!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/de|Willkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/es|¡Bienvenidos!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ru|Добро пожаловать!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/no|Velkommen!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ro|Bun venit!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/tl|Maligayang pagdating!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/it|Benvenuti!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/ca|Benvinguts!]]''' - '''[[Vicipaedia:Ops nexusque usoribus novis/sv|Välkommen!]]''' - '''...'''
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;

==Länkar och tips för nya användare==
# [[Vicipaedia:Index]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Legatio nostra]] - vår ambassad.
# [[Vicipaedia:Taberna]] - Ställ dina frågor där.
# Läs [[:sv:Wikipedia:Introduktion]].
# Registrera dig och logga in istället för att redigera som anonym användare.
# Skriv ditt namn på diskussionssidorna med 4 tildetecken (i. e. &lt;nowiki&gt;~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;).
# [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]]
# Använd inte bokstäverna J och j. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Undvik att använda ligaturer som Æ och æ eller Œ och œ. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Använd arabiska siffror för år, inte romerska siffror. (Se [[Vicipaedia:Auxilium pro editione (latine)]].)
# Se kategorierna på [[:Categoria:Omnia]].
# Kategorisera artiklar med &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:xxxxx]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt;. En artikel kan tillhöra flera kategorier.
# Användning &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{delenda}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; om du anser att en artikel bör tas bort av en administratör.
# Användning &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{maxcorrigenda}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; om du vill ha hjälp med korrekturläsning av ditt bidrag.
# Sök efter andra användare i [[:Categoria:Usores lingua digesti]].
# [[Usor:Iustinus/Translator's Guide]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Glossarium]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Lexica Latina interretialia]]
# [[Lexica Neolatina]]
# [[:Categoria:Fontes Vicipaediae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Fontes nominum locorum]]
# Lägg till (interna) länkar till artiklar som är [[Specialis:Deadendpages]].
# Mer utmanande: Länka från andra sidor till [[Specialis:Lonelypages]] (kanske med hjälp av ett avsnitt &lt;tt&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;==Vide etiam==&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/tt&gt; där)
# Besök [[Vicipaedia:Tituli petiti]] om du är osäker på hur du ska döpa en ny artikel.
# [[Vicipaedia:Index formularum Vicipaediae Latinae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Nexus intervici]] och [[Formula:Nexus desiderati]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Structura paginae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Numeri Romani]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Categoriae et paginae]]
# [[Vicipaedia:FAQ]]
# [[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]]
# [[Vicipaedia:A est B]] (för den svenska sidan se ''[[Vicipaedia:A est B/sv]]'')
# [[:Categoria:Paginae desideratae]]

[[Categoria:Subpaginae translatoriae]]
[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]]</text>
      <sha1>ilqyyr6on0k18eqoug7xn43tbu0h55n</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vicipaedia:A est B/sv</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>324300</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953963</id>
      <parentid>3953882</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T12:40:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IacobusAmor</username>
        <id>1163</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>3953963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1117" sha1="pkzxl70hy8lfdoyc6w0agcmrdirco30" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!--
Redintegravistine hanc translationem cum ultima recensione paginae superioris? In locum formulae sequentis substitue {{subst:subpagina translatoria/hic et nunc}}.
--&gt;{{Subpagina translatoria|3828344}}

==Använd &quot;A est B&quot;==
Det rekommenderas att artiklar inleds med: '' '''[LEMMA]''' est [DEFINIENS]'', exempel: '' '''Roma''' est caput Italiae''.

===Motivering===
Det finns ett antal äldre modeller&lt;ref&gt;[[Disputatio Vicipaediae:A est B]]&lt;/ref&gt; för denna ordföljd i definitioner. Detta mönster ger också den tydlighet som krävs i en uppslagsbok.

==Undvik &quot;A B est&quot;==
Det rekommenderas inte att inleda artiklar på följande sätt: '' '''[LEMMA]''' [DEFINIENS] est'', exempel:  '' '''Roma''' caput Italiae est''.

===Motivering===
Detta mönster leder ofta till tvetydighet&lt;ref&gt;[[Disputatio Vicipaediae:A est B]]&lt;/ref&gt;, vilket kan göra det svårt att läsa, särskilt för dem som bara har börjat lära sig latin.

==Se även==
*[[Disputatio Vicipaediae:A est B]]
*[[Disputatio_Usoris:IacobusAmor#A B est / A est B]]
*[[Vicipaedia:Praefatio]]

== Anmärkningar ==

&lt;references/&gt;

[[Categoria:Vicipaedia]]</text>
      <sha1>pkzxl70hy8lfdoyc6w0agcmrdirco30</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Pons Trinitatis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324308</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3953970</id>
      <parentid>3953944</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T14:06:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953970</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1316" sha1="eayabrdy8vrv5x42vm52xjet97j58bj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Trinity Bridge Panorama (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Trinitatis ab occidente visus anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Trinitatis}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Троицкий мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Ultimus pons in Neva est, post quem in [[ramus fluviatilis|ramos]] flumen dividitur; longitidunem 582 [[metrum|m]] habet. A foro Suvorovii et [[campus Martius (Petropolis)|Campo Martio]] in ripa australi in [[insula Petropolitana|insulam Petropolitanam]] ducit, in eum locum prope [[arx Petri et Pauli|arcem Petri et Pauli]], ubi [[ecclesia cathedralis Trinitatis Petropolitana]] usque ad annum 1933 stabat; ab ea ecclesia et nomen cepit. Post annum 1918 &quot;pons Aequalitatis&quot; nominabatur, ab annum 1933 ad 1001 &quot;pons [[Sergius Kirov|Kirovii]]&quot;. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una pars, ripae australi proxima, elevatur. 

[[Fasciculus:Rostral Сolumns of Trinity Bridge SPB.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Obelisci rostrales Pontis Trinitatis]]

==Historia==
Ab anno 1897 ad annum 1903 construebatur, sed ab anno 1803 hoc loco pons natans exstiterat.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Троицкий мост. 115 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Aedificia Petropolis]]
[[Categoria:Pontes]]</text>
      <sha1>eayabrdy8vrv5x42vm52xjet97j58bj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953973</id>
      <parentid>3953970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T14:22:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Project:HotCat|HotCat]]: −[[Categoria:Pontes]]; ±[[Categoria:Aedificia Petropolis]]→[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</comment>
      <origin>3953973</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1292" sha1="kpnskc5m4snlr8j3r915bkrv62v0g5j" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Trinity Bridge Panorama (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Trinitatis ab occidente visus anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Trinitatis}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Троицкий мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Ultimus pons in Neva est, post quem in [[ramus fluviatilis|ramos]] flumen dividitur; longitidunem 582 [[metrum|m]] habet. A foro Suvorovii et [[campus Martius (Petropolis)|Campo Martio]] in ripa australi in [[insula Petropolitana|insulam Petropolitanam]] ducit, in eum locum prope [[arx Petri et Pauli|arcem Petri et Pauli]], ubi [[ecclesia cathedralis Trinitatis Petropolitana]] usque ad annum 1933 stabat; ab ea ecclesia et nomen cepit. Post annum 1918 &quot;pons Aequalitatis&quot; nominabatur, ab annum 1933 ad 1001 &quot;pons [[Sergius Kirov|Kirovii]]&quot;. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una pars, ripae australi proxima, elevatur. 

[[Fasciculus:Rostral Сolumns of Trinity Bridge SPB.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Obelisci rostrales Pontis Trinitatis]]

==Historia==
Ab anno 1897 ad annum 1903 construebatur, sed ab anno 1803 hoc loco pons natans exstiterat.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Троицкий мост. 115 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</text>
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    <title>Flete flenda</title>
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{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
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| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
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{{lres|Flete flenda}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero V reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|

    Flete / flenda / perhorrete / perhorrenda / lugete / lugenda / pavete / pavenda / dolete / dolenda!

    Etates / currunt / anni / labuntur / vitium / remanet / peccata / crescunt / tyranni / statuuntur.

    Virtus / cessat / ecclesia / calcatur / clerus / ambit / Mammon / regnat / simonia / dominatur.

    Pontifices / errant / reges / turbantur / proceres / turbant / sacraria / sordent / leges / violantur.

    Abbas / inflatur / possessa / vastat / prebendam / minuit / contio / declamitat / fessa / astat.

    Militibus / gaudet / laude / inescatur / monachos / horret / mundalia / colit / fraude / insidiatur.

    Subiecti / dissiliunt / stulti / gaudent / gnari / merent / contemptus / attollitur / inulti / audent.

    Ordo / languet / pudicitia / sordescit / pietas / refugit / doctrina / rarescit / sophia / hebescit.

    Insons / plectitur / pupillus / artatur / humilis / teritur / viduata / premitur / pusillus / spoliatur.

    Ingenuus / servit / servus / honoratur / parasitus / tonat / scurra / imperitat / protervus / domniatur.

    Elluo / prestat / periurus / ditatur / raptor / viget / fallax / excellit / Epicurus / decoratur.

    Delicie / enervant / fastus / turget / inimicitie / exercentur / tumor / furit / astus / urget.

    Blandimenta / suadent / mine / adduntur / rabies / sevit / usura / tractatur / rapine / aguntur.

    Idcirco / cedimur / pesti / incidimus / detrimentum / patimur / grave / languescimus / mesti / imus.

    Aër / tabet / languores / adaugentur / incendia / consumunt / mucro / sevit / timores / habentur.

    Aurum / fallit / censores / falluntur / pravi / presunt / iusti / desunt / meliores / rapiuntur.

    Giraldus / prefuit / mores / ornavit / deflendus / ruit / ovile / orbavit / dolores / cumulavit.

    Omnipotens / audi / penis / tollatur / hostis / fugiat / paradisus / pateat / amenis / foveatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
    }}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, brevibus et concisis metris compositum, est lamentatio morum quae corruptionem generalem societatis mediaevalis depingit. Auctor auditorem invitat ad fletum et pavorem, quia mundus in peius ruit: dum anni labuntur, peccata crescunt et tyranni potestatem occupant. Ecclesia ipsa videtur conculcata, dum clerus ambitione ducitur et simonia ubique dominatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Scriptor per singulos gradus hierarchiae percurrit, denuntians pontifices errantes, reges turbatos, et abbates superbiā inflatos qui opes ecclesiae vastant. In hoc mundo inverso, virtutes sicut pudicitia, pietas, et sophia obsolescunt, dum vitia vigent. Ordo socialis pariter confunditur: ingenui serviunt, servi honorantur, et parasiti in aulis imperitant. Iustitia deest, et divitiae (aurum) vel ipsos censores corrumpunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, mentio fit cuiusdam Giraldi, cuius mors dolores cumulavit et ovile orbum reliquit, quod ad certum eventum historicum alludere videtur. Carmen clauditur precatione ad Deum Omnipotentem, ut poenas tollat, hostes fugat, et fidelibus aditum ad paradisum patefaciat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
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| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
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{{lres|Flete flenda}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero V reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|

    Flete / flenda / perhorrete / perhorrenda / lugete / lugenda / pavete / pavenda / dolete / dolenda!

    Etates / currunt / anni / labuntur / vitium / remanet / peccata / crescunt / tyranni / statuuntur.

    Virtus / cessat / ecclesia / calcatur / clerus / ambit / Mammon / regnat / simonia / dominatur.

    Pontifices / errant / reges / turbantur / proceres / turbant / sacraria / sordent / leges / violantur.

    Abbas / inflatur / possessa / vastat / prebendam / minuit / contio / declamitat / fessa / astat.

    Militibus / gaudet / laude / inescatur / monachos / horret / mundalia / colit / fraude / insidiatur.

    Subiecti / dissiliunt / stulti / gaudent / gnari / merent / contemptus / attollitur / inulti / audent.

    Ordo / languet / pudicitia / sordescit / pietas / refugit / doctrina / rarescit / sophia / hebescit.

    Insons / plectitur / pupillus / artatur / humilis / teritur / viduata / premitur / pusillus / spoliatur.

    Ingenuus / servit / servus / honoratur / parasitus / tonat / scurra / imperitat / protervus / domniatur.

    Elluo / prestat / periurus / ditatur / raptor / viget / fallax / excellit / Epicurus / decoratur.

    Delicie / enervant / fastus / turget / inimicitie / exercentur / tumor / furit / astus / urget.

    Blandimenta / suadent / mine / adduntur / rabies / sevit / usura / tractatur / rapine / aguntur.

    Idcirco / cedimur / pesti / incidimus / detrimentum / patimur / grave / languescimus / mesti / imus.

    Aër / tabet / languores / adaugentur / incendia / consumunt / mucro / sevit / timores / habentur.

    Aurum / fallit / censores / falluntur / pravi / presunt / iusti / desunt / meliores / rapiuntur.

    Giraldus / prefuit / mores / ornavit / deflendus / ruit / ovile / orbavit / dolores / cumulavit.

    Omnipotens / audi / penis / tollatur / hostis / fugiat / paradisus / pateat / amenis / foveatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
    }}

== Descriptio ==
Hoc carmen, brevibus et concisis metris compositum, est lamentatio morum quae corruptionem generalem societatis mediaevalis depingit. Auctor auditorem invitat ad fletum et pavorem, quia mundus in peius ruit: dum anni labuntur, peccata crescunt et tyranni potestatem occupant. Ecclesia ipsa videtur conculcata, dum clerus ambitione ducitur et simonia ubique dominatur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Scriptor per singulos gradus hierarchiae percurrit, denuntians pontifices errantes, reges turbatos, et abbates superbiā inflatos qui opes ecclesiae vastant. In hoc mundo inverso, virtutes sicut pudicitia, pietas, et sophia obsolescunt, dum vitia vigent. Ordo socialis pariter confunditur: ingenui serviunt, servi honorantur, et parasiti in aulis imperitant. Iustitia deest, et divitiae (aurum) vel ipsos censores corrumpunt.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In fine carminis, mentio fit cuiusdam Giraldi, cuius mors dolores cumulavit et ovile orbum reliquit, quod ad certum eventum historicum alludere videtur. Carmen clauditur precatione ad Deum Omnipotentem, ut poenas tollat, hostes fuget, et fidelibus aditum ad paradisum patefaciat.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
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{{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Florebat olim studium,
nunc vertitur in tedium;
iam scire diu viguit,
sed ludere prevaluit.
iam pueris astutia
contingit ante tempora,
qui per malivolentiam
excludunt sapientiam.
sed retro actis seculis
vix licuit discipulis
tandem nonagenarium
quiescere post studium.
at nunc decennes pueri
decusso iugo liberi
se nunc magistros iactitant,
ceci cecos precipitant,
implumes aves volitant,
brunelli chordas incitant,
boves in aula salitant,
stive precones militant.
in taberna Gregorius
iam disputat inglorius;
severitas Ieronymi
partem causatur obuli;
Augustinus de segete,
Benedictus de vegete
sunt colloquentes clanculo
et ad macellum sedulo.
Mariam gravat sessio,
nec Marthe placet actio;
iam Lie venter sterilis,
Rachel lippescit oculis.
Catonis iam rigiditas
convertitur ad ganeas,
et castitas Lucretie
turpi servit lascivie.
quod prior etas respuit,
iam nunc latius claruit;
iam calidum in frigidum
et humidum in aridum,
virtus migrat in vitium,
opus transit in otium;
nunc cuncte res a debita
exorbitantur semita.
vir prudens hoc consideret,
cor mundet et exoneret,
ne frustra dicat «Domine!»
in ultimo examine;
quem iudex tunc arguerit,
appellare non poterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et sapientiae, querens quod veterum disciplina in otium et ludum conversa sit. Describitur mundus inversus ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, magistros se iactant et &quot;ceci cecos precipitant&quot;. Allegoriae animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: boves in aula saltant et asini (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praecipue iuvenum discipulorum (&quot;puerorum decennes&quot;) arguitur superbia, qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini lyram pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut Gregorium, Ieronymum, Augustinum et Benedictum in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in tabernis disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut Maria, Martha, Lia et Rachel, necnon exempla virtutis antiquae sicut Cato et Lucretia, vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In sectione media, satira ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pariter personae biblicae et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi &quot;virtus migrat in vitium&quot; et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione eschatologica clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum dies iudicii advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Hoc opus speciem praebet planctus more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac hierarchiae funditus evertuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Investigatio critica==

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5702" sha1="s1yb15k8hqxrmgvyg8iwd2pr0tdoxkj" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
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{{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Carmen auctore caret nec de tempore compositionis constat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quamvis codex Carminum Buranorum circiter annos 1225/1230 exaratus sit, hic textus contentiones ingenii saeculo XII ortas refert &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 15.&lt;/ref&gt;. In hac sylloge, carmen CB 6 exemplum praebet poesis ad ethicam argumentationem ac criticam socialem adhibitae &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 31, 165.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Florebat olim studium,
nunc vertitur in tedium;
iam scire diu viguit,
sed ludere prevaluit.
iam pueris astutia
contingit ante tempora,
qui per malivolentiam
excludunt sapientiam.
sed retro actis seculis
vix licuit discipulis
tandem nonagenarium
quiescere post studium.
at nunc decennes pueri
decusso iugo liberi
se nunc magistros iactitant,
ceci cecos precipitant,
implumes aves volitant,
brunelli chordas incitant,
boves in aula salitant,
stive precones militant.
in taberna Gregorius
iam disputat inglorius;
severitas Ieronymi
partem causatur obuli;
Augustinus de segete,
Benedictus de vegete
sunt colloquentes clanculo
et ad macellum sedulo.
Mariam gravat sessio,
nec Marthe placet actio;
iam Lie venter sterilis,
Rachel lippescit oculis.
Catonis iam rigiditas
convertitur ad ganeas,
et castitas Lucretie
turpi servit lascivie.
quod prior etas respuit,
iam nunc latius claruit;
iam calidum in frigidum
et humidum in aridum,
virtus migrat in vitium,
opus transit in otium;
nunc cuncte res a debita
exorbitantur semita.
vir prudens hoc consideret,
cor mundet et exoneret,
ne frustra dicat «Domine!»
in ultimo examine;
quem iudex tunc arguerit,
appellare non poterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et sapientiae, querens quod veterum disciplina in otium et ludum conversa sit. Describitur mundus inversus ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, magistros se iactant et &quot;ceci cecos precipitant&quot;. Allegoriae animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: boves in aula saltant et asini (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praecipue iuvenum discipulorum (&quot;puerorum decennes&quot;) arguitur superbia, qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini lyram pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut Gregorium, Ieronymum, Augustinum et Benedictum in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in tabernis disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut Maria, Martha, Lia et Rachel, necnon exempla virtutis antiquae sicut Cato et Lucretia, vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In sectione media, satira ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pariter personae biblicae et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi &quot;virtus migrat in vitium&quot; et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione eschatologica clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum dies iudicii advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Hoc opus speciem praebet planctus more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac hierarchiae funditus evertuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Investigatio critica==

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
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{{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Carmen auctore caret nec de tempore compositionis constat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quamvis codex Carminum Buranorum circiter annos 1225/1230 exaratus sit, hic textus contentiones ingenii saeculo XII ortas refert &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 15.&lt;/ref&gt;. In hac sylloge, carmen CB 6 exemplum praebet poesis ad ethicam argumentationem ac criticam socialem adhibitae &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 31, 165.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Florebat olim studium,
nunc vertitur in tedium;
iam scire diu viguit,
sed ludere prevaluit.
iam pueris astutia
contingit ante tempora,
qui per malivolentiam
excludunt sapientiam.
sed retro actis seculis
vix licuit discipulis
tandem nonagenarium
quiescere post studium.
at nunc decennes pueri
decusso iugo liberi
se nunc magistros iactitant,
ceci cecos precipitant,
implumes aves volitant,
brunelli chordas incitant,
boves in aula salitant,
stive precones militant.
in taberna Gregorius
iam disputat inglorius;
severitas Ieronymi
partem causatur obuli;
Augustinus de segete,
Benedictus de vegete
sunt colloquentes clanculo
et ad macellum sedulo.
Mariam gravat sessio,
nec Marthe placet actio;
iam Lie venter sterilis,
Rachel lippescit oculis.
Catonis iam rigiditas
convertitur ad ganeas,
et castitas Lucretie
turpi servit lascivie.
quod prior etas respuit,
iam nunc latius claruit;
iam calidum in frigidum
et humidum in aridum,
virtus migrat in vitium,
opus transit in otium;
nunc cuncte res a debita
exorbitantur semita.
vir prudens hoc consideret,
cor mundet et exoneret,
ne frustra dicat «Domine!»
in ultimo examine;
quem iudex tunc arguerit,
appellare non poterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et sapientiae, querens quod veterum disciplina in otium et ludum conversa sit. Describitur mundus inversus ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, magistros se iactant et &quot;ceci cecos precipitant&quot;. Allegoriae animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: boves in aula saltant et asini (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praecipue iuvenum discipulorum (&quot;puerorum decennes&quot;) arguitur superbia, qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini lyram pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut Gregorium, Ieronymum, Augustinum et Benedictum in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in tabernis disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut Maria, Martha, Lia et Rachel, necnon exempla virtutis antiquae sicut Cato et Lucretia, vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In sectione media, satira ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pariter personae biblicae et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi &quot;virtus migrat in vitium&quot; et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione eschatologica clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum dies iudicii advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Hoc opus speciem praebet planctus more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac hierarchiae funditus evertuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Investigatio critica==
Ex parte culturae, carmen Florebat olim studium habetur index mundi visus monastici, qui cum scholis cathedralibus urbis tunc nascentibus decertat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Auctor veterem discendi rationem, stabilem ac contemplativam in divina pagina positam, extollit; contra novos studiorum locos, certaminis ac passionis plenos, impugnat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Stilus ironia sophistica et parodia intertextuali distinguitur. Scripturarum Sacrarum auctoritatumque classicarum loci adhibentur sed in diversum detorti, ut praesentis aetatis falsitas demonstretur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 132, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Carmen monitu eschatologico clauditur: ad extremum Iudicium provocatur, ubi vir prudens cor purgare iubetur, cum apud divinum iudicem nulla appellatio possit admitti &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Carmen auctore caret nec de tempore compositionis constat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quamvis codex Carminum Buranorum circiter annos 1225/1230 exaratus sit, hic textus contentiones ingenii saeculo XII ortas refert &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 15.&lt;/ref&gt;. In hac sylloge, carmen CB 6 exemplum praebet poesis ad ethicam argumentationem ac criticam socialem adhibitae &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 31, 165.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Florebat olim studium,
nunc vertitur in tedium;
iam scire diu viguit,
sed ludere prevaluit.
iam pueris astutia
contingit ante tempora,
qui per malivolentiam
excludunt sapientiam.
sed retro actis seculis
vix licuit discipulis
tandem nonagenarium
quiescere post studium.
at nunc decennes pueri
decusso iugo liberi
se nunc magistros iactitant,
ceci cecos precipitant,
implumes aves volitant,
brunelli chordas incitant,
boves in aula salitant,
stive precones militant.
in taberna Gregorius
iam disputat inglorius;
severitas Ieronymi
partem causatur obuli;
Augustinus de segete,
Benedictus de vegete
sunt colloquentes clanculo
et ad macellum sedulo.
Mariam gravat sessio,
nec Marthe placet actio;
iam Lie venter sterilis,
Rachel lippescit oculis.
Catonis iam rigiditas
convertitur ad ganeas,
et castitas Lucretie
turpi servit lascivie.
quod prior etas respuit,
iam nunc latius claruit;
iam calidum in frigidum
et humidum in aridum,
virtus migrat in vitium,
opus transit in otium;
nunc cuncte res a debita
exorbitantur semita.
vir prudens hoc consideret,
cor mundet et exoneret,
ne frustra dicat «Domine!»
in ultimo examine;
quem iudex tunc arguerit,
appellare non poterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et [[sapientia|sapientiae]], querens quod veterum [[disciplina]] in [[otium]] et ludum conversa sit. Describitur [[mundus inversus]] ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, [[magister|magistros]] se iactant et &quot;ceci cecos precipitant&quot;. [[Allegoria|Allegoriae]] animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: [[bos|boves]] in aula saltant et [[asinus|asini]] (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praecipue iuvenum [[discipulus|discipulorum]] (&quot;puerorum decennes&quot;) arguitur [[superbia]], qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini [[lyra]]m pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut [[Gregorius I|Gregorium]], [[Hieronymus|Ieronymum]], [[Augustinus (sanctus)|Augustinum]] et [[Benedictus de Nursia|Benedictum]] in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in [[taberna]]s disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]], [[Martha]], [[Lia]] et [[Rachel]], necnon exempla [[virtus|virtutis]] antiquae sicut [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Cato]] et [[Lucretia (matrona)|Lucretia]], vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In sectione media, [[satira]] ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pariter personae [[Biblia|biblicae]] et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi &quot;virtus migrat in [[vitium]]&quot; et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione [[eschatologia|eschatologica]] clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum [[dies iudicii]] advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Hoc opus speciem praebet [[planctus]] more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac [[hierarchia]]e funditus evertuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Investigatio critica==
Ex parte culturae, carmen ''Florebat olim studium'' habetur index mundi visus [[monachus|monastici]], qui cum [[schola cathedralis|scholis cathedralibus]] urbis tunc nascentibus decertat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Auctor veterem discendi rationem, stabilem ac contemplativam in divina pagina positam, extollit; contra novos studiorum locos, certaminis ac passionis plenos, impugnat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Stilus [[ironia]] sophistica et [[parodia]] intertextuali distinguitur. [[Scriptura Sacra|Scripturarum Sacrarum]] auctoritatumque classicarum loci adhibentur sed in diversum detorti, ut praesentis aetatis falsitas demonstretur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 132, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Carmen monitu eschatologico clauditur: ad extremum [[Iudicium Universale|Iudicium]] provocatur, ubi vir prudens cor purgare iubetur, cum apud divinum iudicem nulla appellatio possit admitti &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{lres|Florebat olim studium}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VI reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 185).&lt;/ref&gt;.

Carmen auctore caret nec de tempore compositionis constat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Quamvis codex Carminum Buranorum circiter annos 1225/1230 exaratus sit, hic textus contentiones ingenii saeculo XII ortas refert &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 11, 15.&lt;/ref&gt;. In hac sylloge, carmen CB 6 exemplum praebet poesis ad ethicam argumentationem ac criticam socialem adhibitae &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 31, 165.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Florebat olim studium,
nunc vertitur in tedium;
iam scire diu viguit,
sed ludere prevaluit.
iam pueris astutia
contingit ante tempora,
qui per malivolentiam
excludunt sapientiam.
sed retro actis seculis
vix licuit discipulis
tandem nonagenarium
quiescere post studium.
at nunc decennes pueri
decusso iugo liberi
se nunc magistros iactitant,
ceci cecos precipitant,
implumes aves volitant,
brunelli chordas incitant,
boves in aula salitant,
stive precones militant.
in taberna Gregorius
iam disputat inglorius;
severitas Ieronymi
partem causatur obuli;
Augustinus de segete,
Benedictus de vegete
sunt colloquentes clanculo
et ad macellum sedulo.
Mariam gravat sessio,
nec Marthe placet actio;
iam Lie venter sterilis,
Rachel lippescit oculis.
Catonis iam rigiditas
convertitur ad ganeas,
et castitas Lucretie
turpi servit lascivie.
quod prior etas respuit,
iam nunc latius claruit;
iam calidum in frigidum
et humidum in aridum,
virtus migrat in vitium,
opus transit in otium;
nunc cuncte res a debita
exorbitantur semita.
vir prudens hoc consideret,
cor mundet et exoneret,
ne frustra dicat «Domine!»
in ultimo examine;
quem iudex tunc arguerit,
appellare non poterit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor deplorat occasum studiorum et [[sapientia|sapientiae]], querens quod veterum [[disciplina]] in [[otium]] et ludum conversa sit. Describitur [[mundus inversus]] ubi pueri decennes, iugo disciplinae excusso, [[magister|magistros]] se iactant et &quot;ceci cecos precipitant&quot;. [[Allegoria|Allegoriae]] animalium adhibentur ad stultitiam temporis demonstrandam: [[bos|boves]] in aula saltant et [[asinus|asini]] (brunelli) chordas incitant, quod significat confusionem ordinis naturalis et socialis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In parte prima, auctor praeteritum tempus, studiis florens ac severum, cum praesenti otio lusuque depravato comparat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131.&lt;/ref&gt;. Praecipue iuvenum [[discipulus|discipulorum]] (&quot;puerorum decennes&quot;) arguitur [[superbia]], qui laborem discendi recusantes, ante tempus sese magistros profitentur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Haec rerum condicio per imagines paradoxas describitur: caeci caecos ducunt, asini [[lyra]]m pulsant, boves saltant et rustici praedicant &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Argumentum carminis ad corruptionem auctoritatum religiosarum extenditur, inducendo Sanctos Patres ut [[Gregorius I|Gregorium]], [[Hieronymus|Ieronymum]], [[Augustinus (sanctus)|Augustinum]] et [[Benedictus de Nursia|Benedictum]] in actibus mundanis vel indecoris. Hi sancti, qui olim sapientiam et severitatem repraesentabant, nunc in [[taberna]]s disputant aut de mercibus et segetibus in macello colloqui dicuntur. Etiam figurae biblicae sicut [[Maria (mater Iesu)|Maria]], [[Martha]], [[Lia]] et [[Rachel]], necnon exempla [[virtus|virtutis]] antiquae sicut [[Marcus Porcius Cato Uticensis|Cato]] et [[Lucretia (matrona)|Lucretia]], vitiis aut sterilitati succumbere videntur, significantes penitus subversionem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In sectione media, [[satira]] ad auctoritates religiosas moralesque pertinet. Sancti Patres (Gregorius, Hieronymus, Augustinus ac Benedictus) in tabernis inter epulas potusque degentes aut de nummulis rixantes finguntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pariter personae [[Biblia|biblicae]] et antiquae degenerant: Maria et Martha officia neglegunt, casta Lucretia luxuriae indulget et severus Cato gulae deservit &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 133.&lt;/ref&gt;.

In ultima parte, scriptor universalem diagnosim praebet mundi ubi &quot;virtus migrat in [[vitium]]&quot; et omnia a debita semita exorbitant. Carmen cum admonitione [[eschatologia|eschatologica]] clauditur: vir prudens debet cor mundare ante ultimum examen divinum. Nam cum [[dies iudicii]] advenerit, nemo contra sententiam Iudicis aeterni appellare poterit, et stultitia praesentis saeculi tunc penitus arguetur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Hoc opus speciem praebet [[planctus]] more conservativo compositi, quo corruptela studiorum ac morum illius aetatis denuntiatur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Textus in topo mundi inversi cardine vertitur, ubi pristina bona ac [[hierarchia]]e funditus evertuntur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Investigatio critica==
Ex parte culturae, carmen ''Florebat olim studium'' habetur index mundi visus [[monachus|monastici]], qui cum [[schola cathedralis|scholis cathedralibus]] urbis tunc nascentibus decertat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Auctor veterem discendi rationem, stabilem ac contemplativam in divina pagina positam, extollit; contra novos studiorum locos, certaminis ac passionis plenos, impugnat &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Stilus [[ironia]] sophistica et [[parodia]] intertextuali distinguitur. [[Scriptura Sacra|Scripturarum Sacrarum]] auctoritatumque classicarum loci adhibentur sed in diversum detorti, ut praesentis aetatis falsitas demonstretur &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 132, 134.&lt;/ref&gt;. Carmen monitu eschatologico clauditur: ad extremum [[Iudicium Universale|Iudicium]] provocatur, ubi vir prudens cor purgare iubetur, cum apud divinum iudicem nulla appellatio possit admitti &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 131, 132.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>2032</title>
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      <text bytes="764" sha1="j4oj57b1smqsnp7dplmryr2tigrrmnt" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|204|MMXXXII}}

== Eventa ==
* [[23 Iulii]] ad [[8 Augusti]] — [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiada]] Aestiva 2032 [[Brisbane|Brisbanae]] in [[Terra Reginae]] [[Australia|Australiae]] habenda constituta est.&lt;ref&gt;https://apnews.com/article/brisbane-2020-tokyo-olympics-olympic-games-sports-ee557ff07e482a6d0410a39ab503c58c&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0273-14bc33f7da5d-6b636cc7fc20-1000/&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[24 Augusti]] ad [[5 Septembris]] — Paralympici Aestivi 2032 Brisbanae haberi exspectantur.
* [[13 Novembris]] — [[Transitus Mercurii]] erit.&lt;ref&gt;https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="785" sha1="ai1so80l6uh7rc7zmp4b9rmlmkyekwi" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|204|MMXXXII}}

== Eventa ==
* [[23 Iulii]] ad [[8 Augusti]] — [[Olympia (certamina)|Olympiada]] Aestiva 2032 [[Brisbane|Brisbanae]] in [[Terra Reginae]] [[Australia|Australiae]] habenda constituta est.&lt;ref&gt;[https://apnews.com/article/brisbane-2020-tokyo-olympics-olympic-games-sports-ee557ff07e482a6d0410a39ab503c58c Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/mediaservices/mediareleases/news/0273-14bc33f7da5d-6b636cc7fc20-1000/ Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[24 Augusti]] ad [[5 Septembris]] — Paralympici Aestivi 2032 Brisbanae haberi exspectantur.
* [[13 Novembris]] — [[Transitus Mercurii]] erit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/MercuryCatalog.html Res.]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}

==Notae==
&lt;references/&gt;</text>
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{{CommuniaCat|2032}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pons Palatii</title>
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      <text bytes="1133" sha1="nd8emb906o6tr41k3ogzix5ymdd9d1r" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Palace Bridge SPB (img2).jpg|thumb|Pons Palatii anno 2017 et [[Technophylacium (Petropolis)|Technophylacium]] inter partes pontis elevatas.]]
{{res|Pons Palatii}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Дворцовый мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva Maior]]e [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Primus pons in Neva Maiore a divisione [[Neva]]e in bracchia est; longitidunem 260 [[metrum|m]] habet. A foro Palatii inter [[Aula Hiemalis|Aulam Hiemalem]] (a qua nomen cepit) et [[Admiraliatus (Petropolis)|Admiraliatum]] in ripa australi in [[acumen insulae Basilii|acumen]] [[insula Basilii|insulae Basilii]] ducit, ad [[Bursa (Petropolis)|Bursam]] et [[Academia Scientiarum Petropolitana|Academiam Scientiarum]]. [[Pons subductarius]] est; mediae partis dimidiae elevantur. 

==Historia==
Ab anno 1911 ad annum 1916 construebatur, sed ab anno 1850 hoc loco pons natans exstiterat.

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Новиков Ю. В. Мосты и набережные Ленинграда / Сост. П. П. Степнов. Leninopoli, 1991.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="7swxtv5g74tu9r2wknhpaeu950118oc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Liteyny Bridge SPB (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Fusoria anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Fusoria}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Литейный мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Nomen habet ab Aula Fusoria (''Litejnyj dvor'') quae his locis sita erat. Neva hoc loco altissima est, usque ad 24 [[metrum|m]]; longitidunem 396 [[metrum|m]] habet. A [[via Fusoria]] in [[pars Viburgensis|partem Viburgensem]] ducit. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una e quinque partibus pontis elevatur. 

[[Imago:Liteiny bridge fence 640.jpg|thumb|Consaeptum pontis Fusoriae]]
==Historia==
Ab anno 1871 ad annum 1875 construebatur, sed et ante hoc loco pons natans exstiterat. Annis 1966 et 1967 reconstructum est

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Литейный мост. 140 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</text>
      <sha1>7swxtv5g74tu9r2wknhpaeu950118oc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953989</id>
      <parentid>3953988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T15:36:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Demetrius Talpa movit paginam [[Pons Fusoria]] ad [[Pons Fusorius]]: erravi</comment>
      <origin>3953988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="938" sha1="7swxtv5g74tu9r2wknhpaeu950118oc" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Liteyny Bridge SPB (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Fusoria anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Fusoria}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Литейный мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Nomen habet ab Aula Fusoria (''Litejnyj dvor'') quae his locis sita erat. Neva hoc loco altissima est, usque ad 24 [[metrum|m]]; longitidunem 396 [[metrum|m]] habet. A [[via Fusoria]] in [[pars Viburgensis|partem Viburgensem]] ducit. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una e quinque partibus pontis elevatur. 

[[Imago:Liteiny bridge fence 640.jpg|thumb|Consaeptum pontis Fusoriae]]
==Historia==
Ab anno 1871 ad annum 1875 construebatur, sed et ante hoc loco pons natans exstiterat. Annis 1966 et 1967 reconstructum est

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Литейный мост. 140 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</text>
      <sha1>7swxtv5g74tu9r2wknhpaeu950118oc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953991</id>
      <parentid>3953989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T15:36:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="939" sha1="lj7dgfyx6bk0qfpjarw606bxge9ny3i" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Liteyny Bridge SPB (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Fusoria anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Fusorius}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Литейный мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Nomen habet ab Aula Fusoria (''Litejnyj dvor'') quae his locis sita erat. Neva hoc loco altissima est, usque ad 24 [[metrum|m]]; longitidunem 396 [[metrum|m]] habet. A [[via Fusoria]] in [[pars Viburgensis|partem Viburgensem]] ducit. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una e quinque partibus pontis elevatur. 

[[Imago:Liteiny bridge fence 640.jpg|thumb|Consaeptum pontis Fusoriae]]
==Historia==
Ab anno 1871 ad annum 1875 construebatur, sed et ante hoc loco pons natans exstiterat. Annis 1966 et 1967 reconstructum est

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Литейный мост. 140 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</text>
      <sha1>lj7dgfyx6bk0qfpjarw606bxge9ny3i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3953992</id>
      <parentid>3953991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T15:36:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Demetrius Talpa</username>
        <id>81729</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3953992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="939" sha1="7xhaa28eotc294j67d2k3zw0rvck41k" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Liteyny Bridge SPB (img1).jpg|thumb|Pons Fusorius anno 2017.]]
{{res|Pons Fusorius}}{{convertimus}} ([[Russice]] ''Литейный мост'') est [[pons]] in [[Neva]] [[Petropolis|Petropoli]] situs. Nomen habet ab Aula Fusoria (''Litejnyj dvor'') quae his locis sita erat. Neva hoc loco altissima est, usque ad 24 [[metrum|m]]; longitidunem 396 [[metrum|m]] habet. A [[via Fusoria]] in [[pars Viburgensis|partem Viburgensem]] ducit. [[Pons subductarius]] est; una e quinque partibus pontis elevatur. 

[[Imago:Liteiny bridge fence 640.jpg|thumb|Consaeptum pontis Fusorii]]
==Historia==
Ab anno 1871 ad annum 1875 construebatur, sed et ante hoc loco pons natans exstiterat. Annis 1966 et 1967 reconstructus est

==Nexus externi==
{{fontes geographici}}

==Fontes==
* Литейный мост. 140 лет / науч. ред. Богданов Г. И. Petropoli, 2018.

==Notae==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Categoria:Pontes Petropolis]]</text>
      <sha1>7xhaa28eotc294j67d2k3zw0rvck41k</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Disputatio:11 Aprilis</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
    <id>324321</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954041</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T21:09:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bis-Taurinus</username>
        <id>70496</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Finis regni &quot;Shogun&quot; in Iaponia */ nova pars</comment>
      <origin>3954041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="232" sha1="0yew92qku1n0j6exr4ymztmwsjw4oqb" xml:space="preserve">== Finis regni &quot;Shogun&quot; in Iaponia ==

Nusquam ullum fontem inveni, quod regnum Shogun die 11 Aprilis 1968 finitum esset. [[Usor:Bis-Taurinus|Bis-Taurinus]] ([[Disputatio Usoris:Bis-Taurinus|disputatio]]) 21:09, 9 Aprilis 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>0yew92qku1n0j6exr4ymztmwsjw4oqb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raji Sournani</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324322</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954044</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T22:19:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '[[Fasciculus:Raji Sourani.jpg|thumb|Raij Sournani]] '''Raji Sournani''' (natus [[Gaza]]e [[31 Decembris]] [[1953]]) est [[iuris consultus]] et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Civitas Palaestinae|Palaestinus]] qui praeses Centri Palaesitini de iuribus humanis. Anno 1985 et anno 1988, [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Sournai unus [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sourani-raji Raji Sourani] (The Guard...'</comment>
      <origin>3954044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1097" sha1="mbzcab54bzjasp6zocru9l3nxv4j690" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Raji Sourani.jpg|thumb|Raij Sournani]]
'''Raji Sournani''' (natus [[Gaza]]e [[31 Decembris]] [[1953]]) est [[iuris consultus]] et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Civitas Palaestinae|Palaestinus]] qui praeses Centri Palaesitini de iuribus humanis. Anno 1985 et anno 1988, [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Sournai unus [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sourani-raji Raji Sourani] ([[The Guardian]])&lt;/ref&gt; Et socius [[Commissio internationalis iurisperitorum|Commissionis internationalis iurisperitorum]] et praeses vicarius [[Foederatio Internationalis pro Iuribus Humanis|Foederationis internationalis pro iuribus humanis]] fuit.

Anno [[2013]], [[Praemium Recte Vivendi]] accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/alternative-nobel-prize-awarded-for-fight-against-chemical-weapons/a-17116300 Alternative Nobel Prizes]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raji Sourani|Raij Sourani}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Palaestinae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>mbzcab54bzjasp6zocru9l3nxv4j690</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954045</id>
      <parentid>3954044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T22:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>LilyKitty movit paginam [[Raji Sournai]] ad [[Raji Sournani]]: corrigendum orthgraphiae</comment>
      <origin>3954044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1097" sha1="mbzcab54bzjasp6zocru9l3nxv4j690" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Raji Sourani.jpg|thumb|Raij Sournani]]
'''Raji Sournani''' (natus [[Gaza]]e [[31 Decembris]] [[1953]]) est [[iuris consultus]] et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Civitas Palaestinae|Palaestinus]] qui praeses Centri Palaesitini de iuribus humanis. Anno 1985 et anno 1988, [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Sournai unus [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sourani-raji Raji Sourani] ([[The Guardian]])&lt;/ref&gt; Et socius [[Commissio internationalis iurisperitorum|Commissionis internationalis iurisperitorum]] et praeses vicarius [[Foederatio Internationalis pro Iuribus Humanis|Foederationis internationalis pro iuribus humanis]] fuit.

Anno [[2013]], [[Praemium Recte Vivendi]] accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/alternative-nobel-prize-awarded-for-fight-against-chemical-weapons/a-17116300 Alternative Nobel Prizes]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raji Sourani|Raij Sourani}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Palaestinae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>mbzcab54bzjasp6zocru9l3nxv4j690</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954047</id>
      <parentid>3954045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T22:26:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>corrigendum</comment>
      <origin>3954047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1164" sha1="1phz6ndwh9rnfubydfsu7t36a5vbzqd" xml:space="preserve">[[Fasciculus:Raji Sourani.jpg|thumb|Raij Sourani]]
'''Raji Sourani''' (natus [[Gaza]]e [[31 Decembris]] [[1953]]) est [[iuris consultus]] et [[iurum humanorum defensor]] [[Civitas Palaestinae|Palaestinus]] qui praeses Centri Palaesitini de iuribus humanis est et ante socius Frontis popularis pro liberatione Palastinae fuit. Anno 1985 et anno 1988, [[Amnestia Internationalis]] Sournai unus [[captivus conscientiae|captivorum conscientiae]] admissit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/profile/sourani-raji Raji Sourani] ([[The Guardian]])&lt;/ref&gt; Et socius [[Commissio internationalis iurisperitorum|Commissionis internationalis iurisperitorum]] et praeses vicarius [[Foederatio Internationalis pro Iuribus Humanis|Foederationis internationalis pro iuribus humanis]] fuit.

Anno [[2013]], [[Praemium Recte Vivendi]] accepit.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.dw.com/en/alternative-nobel-prize-awarded-for-fight-against-chemical-weapons/a-17116300 Alternative Nobel Prizes]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notae ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Nexus externi ==
{{CommuniaCat|Raji Sourani|Raij Sourani}}

[[Categoria:Homines vivi]]
[[Categoria:Incolae Palaestinae]]
[[Categoria:Pacis fautores]]
[[Categoria:Nati 1953]]</text>
      <sha1>1phz6ndwh9rnfubydfsu7t36a5vbzqd</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raji Sournai</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324323</id>
    <redirect title="Raji Sournani" />
    <revision>
      <id>3954046</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-09T22:20:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LilyKitty</username>
        <id>18316</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>LilyKitty movit paginam [[Raji Sournai]] ad [[Raji Sournani]]: corrigendum orthgraphiae</comment>
      <origin>3954046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="8bo2gxura1nrgq5b1740taomicl3v6j" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Raji Sournani]]</text>
      <sha1>8bo2gxura1nrgq5b1740taomicl3v6j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Delhez</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324324</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954061</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T00:37:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bartholomite</username>
        <id>116968</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>nova</comment>
      <origin>3954061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2133" sha1="hcp6zt6z6hz1es2dhjixd6gbls73jpo" xml:space="preserve">{{Capsa hominis Vicidatorum}}
{{res|Carolus Delhez}} (natus [[Uccla]]e die [[30 Octobris]] [[1951]]; mortuus [[Ottiniacum-Novum Lovanium|Ottiniaci-Novi Lovanii]] die [[8 Aprilis]] [[2026]]) fuit [[presbyter]] et [[sociologia|sociologicus]] Belgicus. 

== Vita ==
[[Societas Iesu|Societati Iesu]] anno [[1973]] ingressus est et [[Bruxellae|Bruxellis]] sacerdos ordinatus est anno [[1982]]. Professor [[Universitas Namurcensis|Universitatis Namurcensis]] fuit.

== Opera ==
*''Dieu à notre service'' (1975)
*''Au jardin de Dieu'' (1983)
*''Ce Dieu inutile : éloge de la gratuité'' (1988)
*''Une vie au souffle de l'Esprit'' (1995)
*''Il est une foi, Valeurs et croyances des Belges'' (1996)
*''Ces questions sur la foi que tout le monde se pose'' (1997)
*''« Dites: Notre Père... »'' (1998)
*''Les derniers des Mohicans ? : les catholiques en Belgique'' (1998)
*''Mal, où est ta victoire ?'' (1999)
*''Nouvelles questions sur la foi'' (2001)
*''Apprendre à lire la Bible'' (2007)
*''Sous le ciel étoilé'' (2009)
*''Le sexe et le goupillon'' (2010)
*''L’Essentiel du christianisme'' (2011)
*''Le Grand ABC de la foi'' (2013)
*''Quel homme pour demain ? : sciences, éthique, christianisme'' (2015)
*''Petites et grandes histoire de Noël'' (2015)
*''En vacances avec le pape François 2015'' (2015)
*''En vacances avec le pape François 2016'' (2016)
*''Trop envie de le dire'' (2017)
*''Où allons-nous? De la modernité au transhumanisme'' (2018)
*''Si je vous contais la foi'' (2021)
*''Église catholique. Renaître ou disparaître'' (2022)

== Bibliographia ==
* Delcorps, V. (2026).  [https://www.cathobel.be/2026/04/le-pretre-jesuite-charles-delhez-est-decede-a-lage-de-74-ans/ Le prêtre jésuite Charles Delhez est décédé à l'âge de 74 ans]. ''CathoBel''. {{ling|Francogallice}}
* d'Otreppe, B. (2026). [https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/societe/2026/04/08/le-jesuite-charles-delhez-est-decede-3GM33ABGQ5GQHPODSMRFTWS42A/ Le jésuite Charles Delhez est décédé]. ''La Libre.'' {{ling|Francogallice}}

{{bio-stipula}}

{{Lifetime|1951|2026|Delhez, Carolus}}
[[Categoria:Clerici Belgicae]]
[[Categoria:Iesuitae]]</text>
      <sha1>hcp6zt6z6hz1es2dhjixd6gbls73jpo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324325</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954066</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:04:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '&lt;div align=center&gt; [[millennium 2]] | [[millennium 3]] | '''[[millennium 4]]''' &lt;br /&gt; [[saeculum 31]] | [[saeculum 32]] | [[saeculum 33]] | [[saeculum 34]] | [[saeculum 35]] | [[saeculum 36]] | [[saeculum 37]] | [[saeculum 38]] | [[saeculum 39]] | [[saeculum 40]] &lt;br /&gt; [[3001]] – [[4000]]&lt;br /&gt; &lt;/div&gt; ----  '''Quartum millennium''' erit spatium mille annorum quod die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[3001]] ([[calendarium Gregorianum|calendarii Gregoriani]]) incipiet et die...'</comment>
      <origin>3954066</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="580" sha1="24zldildf9qci21swvo9166hlf92wbp" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=center&gt;
[[millennium 2]] | [[millennium 3]] | '''[[millennium 4]]'''
&lt;br /&gt;
[[saeculum 31]] | [[saeculum 32]] | [[saeculum 33]] | [[saeculum 34]] | [[saeculum 35]] | [[saeculum 36]] | [[saeculum 37]] | [[saeculum 38]] | [[saeculum 39]] | [[saeculum 40]]
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3001]] – [[4000]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
----

'''Quartum millennium''' erit spatium mille annorum quod die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[3001]] ([[calendarium Gregorianum|calendarii Gregoriani]]) incipiet et die [[31 Decembris]] [[4000]] finiet.


&lt;small&gt;''Voluntas adde ad:''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:Millennia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>24zldildf9qci21swvo9166hlf92wbp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954067</id>
      <parentid>3954066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:05:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>3954067</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="584" sha1="7jcurzudbu2dd32ji0kjovuic9k8k46" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=center&gt;
[[millennium 2]] | [[millennium 3]] | '''[[millennium 4]]'''
&lt;br /&gt;
[[saeculum 31]] | [[saeculum 32]] | [[saeculum 33]] | [[saeculum 34]] | [[saeculum 35]] | [[saeculum 36]] | [[saeculum 37]] | [[saeculum 38]] | [[saeculum 39]] | [[saeculum 40]]
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3001]] – [[4000]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
----

'''Quartum millennium''' erit spatium mille annorum quod die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[3001]] ([[calendarium Gregorianum|calendarii Gregoriani]]) incipiet et die [[31 Decembris]] [[4000]] finiet.
----

&lt;small&gt;''Voluntas adde ad:''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:Millennia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7jcurzudbu2dd32ji0kjovuic9k8k46</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954069</id>
      <parentid>3954067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:08:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>redintegro</comment>
      <origin>3954069</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="618" sha1="dpof9mxo572ndhne21w5qo3rhk1vg8d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=center&gt;
[[millennium 2]] | [[millennium 3]] | '''[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/millennium 4|millennium 4]]'''
&lt;br /&gt;
[[saeculum 31]] | [[saeculum 32]] | [[saeculum 33]] | [[saeculum 34]] | [[saeculum 35]] | [[saeculum 36]] | [[saeculum 37]] | [[saeculum 38]] | [[saeculum 39]] | [[saeculum 40]]
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3001]] – [[4000]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
----

'''Quartum millennium''' erit spatium mille annorum quod die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[3001]] ([[calendarium Gregorianum|calendarii Gregoriani]]) incipiet et die [[31 Decembris]] [[4000]] finiet.
----

&lt;small&gt;''Voluntas adde ad:''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:Millennia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dpof9mxo572ndhne21w5qo3rhk1vg8d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954070</id>
      <parentid>3954069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:08:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>redintegro</comment>
      <origin>3954070</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="618" sha1="507c7r7cviiq1vsznjau8vtxf4v5ip1" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div align=center&gt;
[[millennium 2]] | [[millennium 3]] | '''[[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/Millennium 4|millennium 4]]'''
&lt;br /&gt;
[[saeculum 31]] | [[saeculum 32]] | [[saeculum 33]] | [[saeculum 34]] | [[saeculum 35]] | [[saeculum 36]] | [[saeculum 37]] | [[saeculum 38]] | [[saeculum 39]] | [[saeculum 40]]
&lt;br /&gt;
[[3001]] – [[4000]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
----

'''Quartum millennium''' erit spatium mille annorum quod die [[1 Ianuarii]] [[3001]] ([[calendarium Gregorianum|calendarii Gregoriani]]) incipiet et die [[31 Decembris]] [[4000]] finiet.
----

&lt;small&gt;''Voluntas adde ad:''&lt;/small&gt;

&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Categoria:Millennia]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;</text>
      <sha1>507c7r7cviiq1vsznjau8vtxf4v5ip1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2671</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324326</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954071</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:13:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Decennium|268|MMDCLXXI}}  == Eventa == {{Eventa desiderata}}  == Nati == {{Nati desiderati}}  == Mortui == {{Mortui desiderati}}'</comment>
      <origin>3954071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" sha1="386168sdo4mrnch66pksd8hmpkmelbe" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|268|MMDCLXXI}}

== Eventa ==
{{Eventa desiderata}}

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
      <sha1>386168sdo4mrnch66pksd8hmpkmelbe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954080</id>
      <parentid>3954071</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:29:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam vacuavit</comment>
      <origin>3954080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2033</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324327</id>
    <redirect title="2033" />
    <revision>
      <id>3954073</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:17:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3954073</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" sha1="9j2a7utjb44is47o675isip6nbh0n4v" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|204|MMXXXIII}}

== Eventa ==
{{Eventa desiderata}}

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
      <sha1>9j2a7utjb44is47o675isip6nbh0n4v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954078</id>
      <parentid>3954073</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:24:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Redirigens ad [[2033]]</comment>
      <origin>3954078</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="78" sha1="2it1ndmy25lx1v5btllm7fff81ra8a3" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[2033]]
&lt;small&gt;Pagina ad spatium articulorum translata est.&lt;/small&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2it1ndmy25lx1v5btllm7fff81ra8a3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2034</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>324328</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954074</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:18:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Prima adumbratio</comment>
      <origin>3954074</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="129" sha1="kzawkzzbjyhxmagyw8kb42j59y75nsb" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|204|MMXXXIV}}

== Eventa ==
{{Eventa desiderata}}

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
      <sha1>kzawkzzbjyhxmagyw8kb42j59y75nsb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954082</id>
      <parentid>3954074</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:29:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam vacuavit</comment>
      <origin>3954082</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="0" sha1="phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1" />
      <sha1>phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>2033</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324329</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954076</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:21:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Motus ex [[Usor:Maxima Drusilla/2033]]</comment>
      <origin>3954076</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="130" sha1="9j2a7utjb44is47o675isip6nbh0n4v" xml:space="preserve">{{Decennium|204|MMXXXIII}}

== Eventa ==
{{Eventa desiderata}}

== Nati ==
{{Nati desiderati}}

== Mortui ==
{{Mortui desiderati}}</text>
      <sha1>9j2a7utjb44is47o675isip6nbh0n4v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Categoria:2033</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>324330</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954077</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T03:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Maxima Drusilla</username>
        <id>207750</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paginam instituit, scribens '{{Categoria anni}} {{CommuniaCat|2033}}'</comment>
      <origin>3954077</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="39" sha1="53wcka3h5f7mctzpg7ajg9hxjb8973f" xml:space="preserve">{{Categoria anni}}
{{CommuniaCat|2033}}</text>
      <sha1>53wcka3h5f7mctzpg7ajg9hxjb8973f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324331</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954092</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:32:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formula cum titulo recto</comment>
      <origin>3954092</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1816" sha1="3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Metacapsa tabellaria
| caput 1 = {{PAGENAME}}

| si 2 = {{#if:{{{Imago|}}}{{#property:P18}}|1}}
| res 2 = [[Fasciculus:{{#if:{{{Imago|}}}|{{{Imago}}}|{{#property:P18}}}}|250x250px]]{{#if:{{{Descriptio|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;{{{Descriptio}}}&lt;/small&gt;}}

| si 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}{{#property:P136}}|1}}
| caput 3 = Categoria
| res 3 = {{#if:{{{Categoria|}}}|{{{Categoria}}}|[[{{#property:P136}}]]}}

| si 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}{{#property:P1545}}|1}}
| caput 4 = Numerus
| res 4 = {{#if:{{{Numerus|}}}|{{{Numerus}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P1545}}|CB {{#property:P1545}}}}}}

| si 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}{{#property:P50}}|1}}
| caput 5 = Auctor
| res 5 = {{#if:{{{Auctor|}}}|{{{Auctor}}}|[[{{#property:P50}}]]}}

| si 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}{{#property:P921}}|1}}
| caput 6 = Argumenta
| res 6 = {{#if:{{{Argumenta|}}}|{{{Argumenta}}}|[[{{#property:P921}}]]}}

| si 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}{{#property:P571}}|1}}
| caput 7 = Datum
| res 7 = {{#if:{{{Datum|}}}|{{{Datum}}}|{{#property:P571}}}}

| si 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}{{#property:P407}}|1}}
| caput 8 = Lingua
| res 8 = {{#if:{{{Lingua|}}}|{{{Lingua}}}|[[{{#property:P407}}]]}}

| si 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}{{#property:P1433}}|1}}
| caput 9 = Album
| res 9 = {{#if:{{{Album|}}}|{{{Album}}}|[[{{#property:P1433}}]]}}

| si 10 = {{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}{{#property:P155}}{{{Sequi|}}}{{#property:P156}}|1}}
| res 10 = &lt;div style=&quot;display: flex; justify-content: space-between; border-top: 1px solid #aaa; padding-top: 5px; font-size: 0.9em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Praecedi|}}}|← [[{{{Praecedi}}}]]|{{#if:{{#property:P155}}|← [[{{#property:P155}}]]}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;{{#if:{{{Sequi|}}}|[[{{{Sequi}}}]] →|{{#if:{{#property:P156}}|[[{{#property:P156}}]] →}}}}&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentatio}}
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ynrs9tduimqhj0o7ye3jjfc8lvtwoo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Formula:Carmen Carminum Buranorum/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>324332</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954093</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:34:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formula cum titulo recto</comment>
      <origin>3954093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1875" sha1="nwqcg1vkmc6vl3o0ddt8nbcbh1iapbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad res gestas et indicia carminum e manuscripto ''Carminum Buranorum'' depromptorum breviter demonstranda. Haec formula Wikidata utitur: si argumentum vacuum relictum est, systema indicia ex Wikidata automatice extrahit.

== De usu ==
Ecce exemplum quomodo formula in paginis apparet:

{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    = O Fortuna
| Imago      = Carmina Burana Fortuna.jpg
| Descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano.
| Categoria  = Carmina moralia et satirica
| Numerus    = 17
| Auctor     = Anonymus
| Argumenta  = De varietate fortunae
| Datum      = Saeculum XIII
| Lingua     = [[Latina mediaevalis]]
| Album      = [[Codex Buranus]]
| Praecedi   = Fortune plango vulnera
| Sequi      = Veris leta facies
}}

=== Syntaxis vacua ===
Potes hoc volumen exscribere et in paginam carminis inserere:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Carme Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Argumenta et Wikidata ==
Si argumentum non scribis, formula has proprietates ex Wikidata petet:

*Titulus: P1476 (titulus operis).
*Imago: P18 (imago).
*Categoria: P136 (genus litterarium).
*Numerus: P1545 (numerus in serie). Nota: Formula praefixum &quot;CB&quot; addit si ex Wikidata venit.
*Auctor: P50 (auctor).
*Argumenta: P921 (argumentum primarium).
*Datum: P571 (tempus creationis).
*Lingua: P407 (lingua operis).
*Album: P1433 (opus in quo invenitur).
*Praecedi / Sequi: P155 et P156 (nexus ad res vicinas).

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nwqcg1vkmc6vl3o0ddt8nbcbh1iapbj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>3954094</id>
      <parentid>3954093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T10:35:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Formula cum titulo recto</comment>
      <origin>3954094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1877" sha1="qhoupx08gc8rye1s8rf1tf80r24nms7" xml:space="preserve">{{Subpagina documentationis}}

Haec formula adhibetur ad res gestas et indicia carminum e manuscripto ''Carminum Buranorum'' depromptorum breviter demonstranda. Haec formula Wikidata utitur: si argumentum vacuum relictum est, systema indicia ex Wikidata automatice extrahit.

== De usu ==
Ecce exemplum quomodo formula in paginis apparet:

{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    = O Fortuna
| Imago      = Carmina Burana Fortuna.jpg
| Descriptio = Rota Fortunae in Codice Burano.
| Categoria  = Carmina moralia et satirica
| Numerus    = 17
| Auctor     = Anonymus
| Argumenta  = De varietate fortunae
| Datum      = Saeculum XIII
| Lingua     = [[Latina mediaevalis]]
| Album      = [[Codex Buranus]]
| Praecedi   = Fortune plango vulnera
| Sequi      = Veris leta facies
}}

=== Syntaxis vacua ===
Potes hoc volumen exscribere et in paginam carminis inserere:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Argumenta et Wikidata ==
Si argumentum non scribis, formula has proprietates ex Wikidata petet:

*Titulus: P1476 (titulus operis).
*Imago: P18 (imago).
*Categoria: P136 (genus litterarium).
*Numerus: P1545 (numerus in serie). Nota: Formula praefixum &quot;CB&quot; addit si ex Wikidata venit.
*Auctor: P50 (auctor).
*Argumenta: P921 (argumentum primarium).
*Datum: P571 (tempus creationis).
*Lingua: P407 (lingua operis).
*Album: P1433 (opus in quo invenitur).
*Praecedi / Sequi: P155 et P156 (nexus ad res vicinas).

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{in harenario aut alibi||
[[Categoria:Formulae|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae marginales|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae quae seorsos versus creant|{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Categoria:Formulae litterarum]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qhoupx08gc8rye1s8rf1tf80r24nms7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Postquam nobilitas</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324333</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954101</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T11:03:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>novo carmen</comment>
      <origin>3954101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3036" sha1="b8lydus7zvdjb7bl605fss4r4iign4i" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Postquam nobilitas}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Postquam nobilitas servilia cepit amare,
Cepit nobilitas cum servis degenerare.

Nobilitas, quam non probitas regit atque tuetur,
Lapsa iacet nullique placet, quia nulla videtur.

Nobilitas hominis mens est, deitatis imago.
Nobilitas hominis virtutum clara propago.
Nobilitas hominis mentem frenare furentem.
Nobilitas hominis humilem relevare iacentem.
Nobilitas hominis nature iura tenere.
Nobilitas hominis nisi turpia nulla timere.

Nobilis est ille, quem virtus nobilitavit;
Degener est ille, quem virtus nulla beavit.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor naturam verae nobilitatis investigat et deplorat corruptionem classis nobilium sui temporis. Primum asserit nobilitatem degenerare cum servilia vitia et mores plebeios amare incipit. Sine probitate et virtute, nobilitas ipsa dilabitur et prorsus evanescit, quia honor externus sine interiori dignitate nullius momenti est.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum centrale carminis est definitio ethica et philosophica nobilitatis, quae non ex genere sed ex mente oriri dicitur. Mens humana describitur ut &quot;deitatis imago&quot; et fons clarus virtutum. Vera nobilitas in actionibus moralibus consistit: in refrenandis cupiditatibus furestibus, in adiuvandis humilibus, in legibus naturae servandis et in timendo nihil nisi turpitudinem moralem.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

In ultima parte, carmen conclusionem percutientem de hominis statu proponit. Nobilis appellari non potest nisi is quem virtus re vera nobilitavit; contra, quicumque virtute caret, degener habendus est, quantumvis alto loco natus sit. Sic auctor idealem goliardicum et humanisticum praebet, ubi meritum personale nobilitati sanguinis anteponitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*    {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>b8lydus7zvdjb7bl605fss4r4iign4i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324334</id>
    <redirect title="Carolus Augustus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)" />
    <revision>
      <id>3954103</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T11:09:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyprianus Marcus</username>
        <id>66550</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Cyprianus Marcus movit paginam [[Carolus Augustus (Saxonia-Vimarii-Eisenach)]] ad [[Carolus Augustus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)]]: Orthographia emendata</comment>
      <origin>3954103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="57" sha1="i9gnphhwyxxdydup1ay08kl9hbjyrg5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Carolus Augustus (Saxoniae-Vimarii-Ysenaci)]]</text>
      <sha1>i9gnphhwyxxdydup1ay08kl9hbjyrg5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Licet eger cum egrotis</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>324335</id>
    <revision>
      <id>3954105</id>
      <timestamp>2026-04-10T11:24:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>~2026-22060-90</username>
        <id>207798</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>novo carmen</comment>
      <origin>3954105</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4099" sha1="9dq1i86g8xtlww2z1d0ax4o5jwmibcp" xml:space="preserve">{{Titulus ad litteram}}
{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
| Praecedi   =
| Sequi      =
}}

{{lres|Licet eger cum egrotis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{qc|Lehtonen, 1995}}, p. 18, 19.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Licet eger cum egrotis
et ignotus cum ignotis
fungar tamen vice cotis,
ius usurpans sacerdotis.
flete, Sion filie!
presides ecclesie
imitantur hodie
Christum a remotis.

Si privata degens vita
vel sacerdos vel levita
sibi dari vult petita,
hac incedit via trita:
previa fit pactio
Simonis auspicio,
cui succedit datio:
sic fit Giezita.

Iacet ordo clericalis
in respectu laicalis,
sponsa Christi fit mercalis,
generosa generalis;
veneunt altaria,
venit eucharistia,
cum sit nugatoria
gratia venalis.

Donum Dei non donatur,
nisi gratis conferatur;
quod qui vendit vel mercatur,
lepra Syri vulneratur.
quem sic ambit ambitus,
idolorum servitus,
templo sancti Spiritus
non compaginatur.

Si quis tenet hunc tenorem,
frustra dicit se pastorem
nec se regit ut rectorem,
renum mersus in ardorem.
hec est enim alia
sanguisuge filia,
quam venalis curia
duxit in uxorem.

In diebus iuventutis
timent annos senectutis,
ne fortuna destitutis
desit eis splendor cutis.
et dum querunt medium,
vergunt in contrarium;
fallit enim vitium
specie virtutis.

Ut iam loquar inamenum:
sanctum chrisma datur venum,
iuvenantur corda senum
nec refrenant motus renum.
senes et decrepiti
quasi modo geniti
nectaris illiciti
hauriunt venenum.

Ergo nemo vivit purus,
castitatis perit murus,
commendatur Epicurus
nec spectatur moriturus.
grata sunt convivia;
auro vel pecunia
cuncta facit pervia
pontifex futurus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor satiricus de gravi vitiis et corruptione cleri conqueritur. Invocans munus &quot;cotis&quot; (quae ferrum acuit sed ipsa secare non valet), scriptor sacerdotale officium usurpat ut praesides Ecclesiae reprehendat, qui Christum non sequuntur nisi a longe. Lamentatio ad filias Sion dirigitur, quia ordo clericalis ad vilitatem laicalem decidit et Ecclesia, sponsa Christi, iam facta est res mercalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum praecipue simoniam impugnat: gratia divina, quae gratuita esse deberet, venalis facta est in curiis. Auctor memorat pacta Simonis Magi et nefas Giezi, monens eos qui sacramenta (altaria, eucharistiam, chrisma) vendunt lepra morali vulnerari. Cupiditas et ambitus tamquam idolorum servitus describuntur, quae pastores a templo Spiritus Sancti separant, eos in &quot;filium sanguisugae&quot; transformantes.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Postremo, carmen describit senes et iuvenes cleri qui, virtutis speciem simulantes, vitiis carnalibus et luxuriae Epicuri indulgent. Metus inopiae in senectute eos ad pecuniam cumulandam impellit, unde castitatis murus perit et omnia jura per pecuniam pervia fiunt. Scriptor acerbe concludit neminem purum vivere, cum futuri pontifices non Deum, sed aurum et convivia colant.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
{{...}}

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*   {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
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{{Pagina principalis|Index Carminum Buranorum}}
{{Carmen Carminum Buranorum
| Titulus    =
| Imago      =
| Descriptio =
| Categoria  =
| Numerus    =
| Auctor     =
| Argumenta  =
| Datum      =
| Lingua     =
| Album      =
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}}

{{lres|Licet eger cum egrotis}} est initium carminis vagorum [[latina mediaevalis]] scripti, quod in codice [[Carmina Burana|Carminum Buranorum]] sub numero VIII reperitur.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot;&gt;{{Opus
| titulus = De avaritia 1-25
| url = https://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_cmo1.html
}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Textus ==
{{Versus numerati|
Licet eger cum egrotis
et ignotus cum ignotis
fungar tamen vice cotis,
ius usurpans sacerdotis.
flete, Sion filie!
presides ecclesie
imitantur hodie
Christum a remotis.

Si privata degens vita
vel sacerdos vel levita
sibi dari vult petita,
hac incedit via trita:
previa fit pactio
Simonis auspicio,
cui succedit datio:
sic fit Giezita.

Iacet ordo clericalis
in respectu laicalis,
sponsa Christi fit mercalis,
generosa generalis;
veneunt altaria,
venit eucharistia,
cum sit nugatoria
gratia venalis.

Donum Dei non donatur,
nisi gratis conferatur;
quod qui vendit vel mercatur,
lepra Syri vulneratur.
quem sic ambit ambitus,
idolorum servitus,
templo sancti Spiritus
non compaginatur.

Si quis tenet hunc tenorem,
frustra dicit se pastorem
nec se regit ut rectorem,
renum mersus in ardorem.
hec est enim alia
sanguisuge filia,
quam venalis curia
duxit in uxorem.

In diebus iuventutis
timent annos senectutis,
ne fortuna destitutis
desit eis splendor cutis.
et dum querunt medium,
vergunt in contrarium;
fallit enim vitium
specie virtutis.

Ut iam loquar inamenum:
sanctum chrisma datur venum,
iuvenantur corda senum
nec refrenant motus renum.
senes et decrepiti
quasi modo geniti
nectaris illiciti
hauriunt venenum.

Ergo nemo vivit purus,
castitatis perit murus,
commendatur Epicurus
nec spectatur moriturus.
grata sunt convivia;
auro vel pecunia
cuncta facit pervia
pontifex futurus.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;
}}

== Descriptio ==
In hoc carmine, auctor satiricus de gravi vitiis et corruptione cleri conqueritur. Invocans munus &quot;cotis&quot; (quae ferrum acuit sed ipsa secare non valet), scriptor sacerdotale officium usurpat ut praesides Ecclesiae reprehendat, qui Christum non sequuntur nisi a longe. Lamentatio ad filias Sion dirigitur, quia ordo clericalis ad vilitatem laicalem decidit et Ecclesia, sponsa Christi, iam facta est res mercalis.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Argumentum praecipue simoniam impugnat: gratia divina, quae gratuita esse deberet, venalis facta est in curiis. Auctor memorat pacta Simonis Magi et nefas Giezi, monens eos qui sacramenta (altaria, eucharistiam, chrisma) vendunt lepra morali vulnerari. Cupiditas et ambitus tamquam idolorum servitus describuntur, quae pastores a templo Spiritus Sancti separant, eos in &quot;filium sanguisugae&quot; transformantes.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

Postremo, carmen describit senes et iuvenes cleri qui, virtutis speciem simulantes, vitiis carnalibus et luxuriae Epicuri indulgent. Metus inopiae in senectute eos ad pecuniam cumulandam impellit, unde castitatis murus perit et omnia jura per pecuniam pervia fiunt. Scriptor acerbe concludit neminem purum vivere, cum futuri pontifices non Deum, sed aurum et convivia colant.&lt;ref name=&quot;de-avaritia-1-25&quot; /&gt;

==Investigatio critica==
{{...}}

== Notae ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliographia ==
*   {{Ecce citatio
    | id = Lehtonen, 1995
    | c = {{Opus
    | cognomen = Lehtonen
    | nomen = Thomas Martinus Samuel
    | nomenclatura = compendiaria
    | titulus = Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Eleventh-century Ethical Thought as a Paradigm for Late Medieval Moral Philosophy
    | annus = 1995
    | lingua = en
    | locus = [[Helsingia (Finnia)|Helsingiae]]
    | domus editoria = [[Societas Litterarum Finnicarum]]
    | isbn = 978-951-717-846-4
    }}
    }}

{{Carmina Burana}}

[[Categoria:Index Carminum Buranorum]]
[[Categoria:Litterae Latinae mediaevales]]</text>
      <sha1>5mjewv4a0k5abitstudhihabpla34un</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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